title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Fishers Island represents a section of the same terminal moraine that formed the North Fork of Long Island, which comes ashore at Watch Hill, Rhode Island. During the late phase of the Wisconsin glaciation, glacial Lake Connecticut formed at the retreating fore edge of the ice sheet, over what now is Long Island Sound; it formed an outlet in its moraine dam at The Race, famous for rip currents, which still separates Fishers Island from the North Fork. Fishers Island is essentially a long barrow of rocky till scoured from the surface of southern Connecticut.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Wicopesset Island is a small, unoccupied island just off East Point on Fisher's Island, closer to the water boundary with Rhode Island and Connecticut than to Montauk Point. However, Montauk gets the title of New York's easternmost land point because it is farther east. Wicopesset Island is the northernmost area of Suffolk County, New York, and previously the southernmost area of New London County, Connecticut.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: North Dumpling Island is a small, privately owned island north of the coast of North Hill, that also serves as the home of the North Dumpling Lighthouse.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: South Dumpling Island is another small island north of the coast of North Hill, that is located southeast of North Dumpling Island. It is privately owned by the Audubon Society and is managed as a bird sanctuary. Angelica ("Angelica lucida"), a plant species that is endangered in New York state, has been documented on South Dumpling Island.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Flat Hammock is located slightly east of South Dumpling and is owned by the United States Government.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Mason's Island (Algonquin: "Chippachaug", meaning "a separated place") is an inhabited island at the mouth of the Mystic River in Stonington, Connecticut. The island was named after Major John Mason who was granted the island in recognition of his military services in the 1637 Pequot War in nearby Mystic.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Enders Island is an inhabited island located in Stonington, Connecticut, used as a Catholic retreat center, owned and operated by the Society of Saint Edmund. The island is connected to neighboring Mason's Island by a causeway, and Mason's Island is connected to the mainland by another causeway.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Ram Island is close in proximity to Fishers Island. However, Ram Island still remains within the political jurisdiction of Connecticut.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Fishers Island's weather is influenced by the proximity of Long Island Sound and the ocean, and prevailing winds that generally blow offshore. The climate is one of only a few locations on an east coast in the Northern Hemisphere that is oceanic (Koppen Cfb). Because the ocean stays warm during the fall and winter months, Fishers Island stays warmer than the mainland (Connecticut) during this time. Although summer days can be hot on Fishers Island, because of its oceanic climate, temperatures are lower than on the mainland in nearby Connecticut and Rhode Island. For example, the July and August, average daytime temperature on the island usually range in mid- to upper 70s when they average in the low to mid-80s in nearby areas of New England.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: The island was called "Munnawtawkit" by the Pequot Natives. Adriaen Block, the first recorded European visitor, named it Vischer's Island in 1614 after one of his companions. For the next 25 years, it remained a wilderness, visited occasionally by Dutch traders.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: John Winthrop the Younger obtained a grant of Fisher's Island in 1640 from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, "reserving the right of Connecticut if it should be decided to be theirs." He simultaneously applied to the Connecticut General Court for a similar grant in order that there might be no flaw in his title. The title was given to him in the following words, which are copied from the records of a General Court held at Hartford, Connecticut, April 9, 1641:


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Winthrop lived only one winter on the island. He was named governor of the Connecticut Colony 1657–58 and 1659–76, and he used the island to raise sheep for food and wool. He died in 1676 and his son Fitz-John installed a lessee farmer from England on the island named William Walworth. Walworth brought a system of cultivation that was continued on the island for nearly 200 years. He established farmland out of the heavily forested island. Walworth and his family vacated the island nine years later due to the threat of pirates. Fishers Island remained in the Winthrop family of Connecticut until 1863, when ownership passed to Robert R. Fox, and then to Edmund and Walton Ferguson, also of Connecticut.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: The island was the subject of a border dispute between New York and Connecticut. The states of New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island meet in the waters east of Fishers Island. Before the British took possession of New York City from the Dutch in 1664, all of Suffolk County was claimed by Connecticut, with British settlers there accepting its jurisdiction. A 1664 land patent given to the Duke of York included all islands in Long Island Sound, apparently thus granting Fishers Island also to the Province of New York. The Duke of York held a grudge against Connecticut, as the New Haven settlers had hidden three of the judges who sentenced his father King Charles I to death in 1649. Settlers throughout Suffolk County pressed to stay part of Connecticut, but Governor Sir Edmund Andros threatened to eliminate their rights to land if they did not yield, which they did by 1676. A joint commission from Connecticut and New York in 1879 reiterated that New York has legal title to Fishers Island.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: The island was a target of British soldiers during the Revolutionary War, who raided islands in Long Island Sound for supplies. Many of the residents of Fishers Island took their herds to the relative safety of Connecticut in 1776. The raids continued, though, and the British burned many of the island's homes in 1779.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: In 1783, brick-making was established as the island's only industry, using the vast amounts of available clay. This business was discontinued in 1889. In 1870, a lifesaving station was erected at the western end of the island by the State of Connecticut, which overlooked the waters between Fishers Island and Little Gull Island. The Race Rock Light was constructed in 1878 as a navigational aid for travel in the Race, located about west of Fishers Island. In the early 1900s, a permanent Coast Guard station was built on the west end. In 1898, the Fergusons sold on the western end to the federal government. This land was developed as Fort H.G. Wright, which was named after the Civil War Union commander who was born in Clinton, Connecticut. The fort was established as part of the Endicott Program, a large coastal defense project. It was largely abandoned following World War II. Over the years, Fort Wright drew a large number of residents to the island. The 1890s brought a growing summer population and the construction of the Fishers Island Yacht Club.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: The E.W. & W. Ferguson business was established to manage the Mansion House Hotel and Cottages, a ferry service, and the electricity, water, and telephone enterprises. It was renamed Fishers Island Farms in 1918, then the Fishers Island Utility Company in 1965, following the death of a company president. As of 2022, the firm still owns and operates the water, telephone service (area code 631, exchange 788), and electrical utilities. The ferry is operated by the Fishers Island Ferry District, a public entity financed through a special tax district. The town has contracts with the Ferry District to operate Elizabeth Field airport and to manage other structures that were part of Fort Wright.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Hurricanes have played an important role in the island's history, with the Great September Gale of 1815 and the New England Hurricane of 1938 causing widespread damage. The 1815 storm destroyed nearly of the trees with powerful winds and a storm surge that flooded coastal towns. The consequences for Fishers Island were visible for almost a century and a half. A 1910 panoramic photograph shows more boats in Hay and West harbors than there are mature trees. Until the 1950s, Fishers Island had the look of Ireland: stone walls, few trees, and windswept moors.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: The 1938 storm blew in seeds, returning Fishers to its pre-1815 foliage. The damage from this storm was less severe than the 1815 storm, with only a few local residences destroyed, primarily by wind. (Most Fishers Island residences have sitings above sea level that protect them from storm surge.) Winds in excess of ripped off the roof of John Nicholas Brown's ultra-modern residence Windshield, designed by Richard Neutra, which had only recently been completed. The Browns rebuilt Windshield, but it was destroyed by fire in the early 1970s.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: The island has closer links with Connecticut, to its north, than with the rest of New York, to the southwest.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Tom Clavin of "The New York Times" wrote that "the connection remains merely political, not emotional" to New York State, and that "In appearance, accent, location and sensibility, this is a decidedly New England community".


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Fishers Island's ZIP code is 06390, corresponding to Connecticut ZIP codes that begin with "06", while other residential ZIP codes in New York State begin with "1". The island is the only point in Suffolk County to which telephone calls placed from the greater New York City area are classified as long distance rather than regional; indeed, any telephone call placed from Fishers Island to anywhere else is treated as long distance. The island's local telephone service is provided by the Fishers Island Telephone Company, which is not part of the former Bell System—the only place on Long Island of which this is true (all telephone numbers on the island are on the 788 exchange within the 631 area code). The island is also part of the Boy Scouts of America's Connecticut Rivers Council. The island is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Norwich (Connecticut), while the remainder of Suffolk County is included in the Diocese of Rockville Centre.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: The only way for New York state troopers to get to Fishers Island is to travel through Connecticut and take the ferry from New London. , there was no ferry service to Long Island.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Every athletic team at Fishers Island School plays against Connecticut teams; none of the teams from the school played against any New York team in 2011-2012. Trash from the island is sent to Wallingford, Connecticut. Residents also closely adhere to Connecticut's state laws regarding recycling.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Since the turn of the 20th century, well-established and old-money families—which includes names like Rockefeller, duPont, Firestone, Whitney and Roosevelt—have selected the island as the destination for their summer vacation, and their luxurious dwellings (the island's exclusive estates) reflect an emphasis on continuity and tradition. It is, Cleveland Amory once wrote, the last resort of the big rich, and they want it kept that way. The island's more notable residents include former Governor Thomas Kean of New Jersey; former CIA Director Porter Goss; filmmaker Albert Maysles; former Whitney Museum director Tom Armstrong; former Kidder, Peabody & Co. Chairman Albert Gordon; Scudder Sinclair, president of the Sinclair Pharmacal Co. Inc. (previously based on Fishers Island where Boroleum ointment was tubed); author Rick Moody, who wrote "The Ice Storm"; and the heirs to IBM. Efrem Zimbalist, violinist, and his wife, the opera singer, Alma Gluck, owned and used the G. B. Linderman summer mansion on Fishers Island in the 1920s and 30s. There, they held house parties for eminent musicians of their day.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Most of the year-round residents of the island reside on the western end of the island. The island offers all the necessities for small-town life, including a K-12 school (Fishers Island School), bowling alley, movie theater, liquor store, grocery store, two gas stations, volunteer fire department, and post office. The west end also has a small air strip, a museum, an ice cream shop (Toppers), two boutiques (The Beach Plum and Island Outfitters), a hardware store (Island Hardware), and a restaurant-bar (The Pequot). One of the main streets on Fishers Island is named after Connecticut's John Winthrop the Younger. The island is also home to the Fishers Island Oyster Farm, a family-owned and managed suspension-culture oyster farm that sells oysters directly to customers and chefs, including Manhattan restaurants such as Balthazar and PJ Clarke’s.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: The seaside scenes in the movie "The World According to Garp", starring Robin Williams and Glenn Close, were shot on Fishers Island on and about the grounds of the mansion originally built by Bethlehem Steel heir Robert Linderman. Many other movies have also been filmed there.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: West Harbor, a large harbor that is used mainly by the yacht club, is home to Dock Beach. The smallest beach on the island, it hosts barbecues and family events. It is also a prime location from which to view the Dupont fireworks display, administered by FIOA (Fishers Island's Own Army), on the Fourth of July.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Fishers Island Club, known as "The Big Club," is at the island's eastern tip and owns a Seth Raynor-designed links golf course that was rated ninth on "Golf Digest's" 2009 list of America's 100 greatest golf courses. President Dwight D. Eisenhower called it a "real course" in a July 1957 letter to John Hay Whitney. The club also has four tennis courts, a beach club, and a members-only beachfront. The main clubhouse has two dining rooms capable of seating 250 people. There is also housing for more than 40 employees on the island. Since 1970, the club has hosted the annual HOG (Harbor Open Golf) golf tournament, which benefits the Island Health Project which helps to provide year-round medical care to everyone on the island.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Hay Harbor is a smaller club on the west part of the island with a nine-hole links-style golf course whose second hole that runs along the ocean. Its tennis club has 11 clay tennis courts, a swimming pool, and a salt water swimming area called the Shark Tank. Hay Harbor also maintains a sailing club.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Fishers Island Yacht Club (FIYC) holds races every Saturday during the summer. There are two active racing fleets: the International One Designs (IODs) of boats designed in 1936 by Bjarne Aas of Norway, and the Bullseyes, boats designed by Nathanael Herreshoff in 1914. The club has two small buildings and is casual. It hosts several parties during the summer, as well as weekly picnic barbecues.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 289 people, 138 households, and 77 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 71.3 per square mile (27.6/km). There were 625 housing units at an average density of 154.2/sq mi (59.6/km). The racial makeup of the community was 95.50% White, 1.04% African American, 1.04% Asian, and 2.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.38% of the population. More than 53% of inhabitants of the island have mainland homes in Connecticut.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: There were 138 households, out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.5% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.72.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 2.1% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: The median income for a household in the community was $50,521, and the median income for a family was $59,583. Males had a median income of $47,917 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $31,652. About 4.5% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under the age of eighteen and 7.9% of those 65 or over.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: In 2004, two officials in the Southhold government were from Fishers Island. Clavin said Fishers Island residents felt this was inadequate and that the removal of a Fishers Island resident from the Southhold zoning board of appeals led to calls for secession from New York and incorporation into Connecticut.


title: Fishers Island, New York

text: Fishers Island Union Free School District is located at 19 Greenwood Road and consists of one school that serves 68 students in grades PK through 12. In 2014, the district spent $36,811 per pupil. The district spends 71% on instruction, and 29% on support services. The district's student-teacher ratio is five students for every full-time equivalent teacher.


title: Outboard motor

text: An outboard motor is a propulsion system for boats, consisting of a self-contained unit that includes engine, gearbox and propeller or jet drive, designed to be affixed to the outside of the transom. They are the most common motorised method of propelling small watercraft. As well as providing propulsion, outboards provide steering control, as they are designed to pivot over their mountings and thus control the direction of thrust. The skeg also acts as a rudder when the engine is not running. Unlike inboard motors, outboard motors can be easily removed for storage or repairs.


title: Outboard motor

text: In order to eliminate the chances of hitting bottom with an outboard motor, the motor can be tilted up to an elevated position either electronically or manually. This helps when traveling through shallow waters where there may be debris that could potentially damage the motor as well as the propeller. If the electric motor required to move the pistons which raise or lower the engine is malfunctioning, every outboard motor is equipped with a manual piston release which will allow the operator to drop the motor down to its lowest setting.


title: Outboard motor

text: Large outboards affixed to the transom using clamps and are either tiller steer up to approx 100 hp. Generally 100 hp plus is linked to controls at the helm. These range from 2-, 3-, and 4-cylinder models generating 15 to 135 horsepower suitable for hulls up to in length to powerful V6 and V8 cylinder blocks rated up to ., with sufficient power to be used on boats of or longer.


title: Outboard motor

text: Small outboard motors, up to 15 horsepower or so are easily portable. They are affixed to the boat via clamps and thus easily moved from boat to boat. These motors typically use a manual start system, with throttle and gearshift controls mounted on the body of the motor, and a tiller for steering. The smallest of these weigh as little as , have integral fuel tanks, and provide sufficient power to move a small dinghy at around


title: Outboard motor

text: Electric outboard motors are self-contained propulsory units for boats, first invented in 1973 by Morton Ray of Ray Electric Outboards. These are not to be confused with trolling motors, which are not designed as a primary source of power. Most electric outboard motors have 0.5 to 4 kW direct current (DC) electric motors, operated at 12 to 60 volts DC. Recently developed outboard motors are powered with an alternating current (AC) or DC electric motor in the power head like a conventional petrol engine. With this setup, a motor can produce 10 kW output or more and is able to replace a petrol engine of 15 HP or more. The advantage of the induction or asynchronous motor is the power transfer to the rotor by means of electromagnetic induction. As these engines do not use permanent magnets, they require less maintenance and develop more torque at lower RPM.


title: Outboard motor

text: Pump-jet propulsion is available as an option on most outboard motors. Although less efficient than an open propeller, they are particularly useful in applications where the ability to operate in very shallow water is important. They also eliminate the laceration dangers of an open propeller.


title: Outboard motor

text: Propane outboard motors are available from several manufacturers. These products have several advantages such as lower emissions, absence of ethanol-related issues, and no need for choke once the system is pressurized. Lehr is regarded as the first manufacturer to have brought a propane-powered outboard motor to market by "Popular Mechanics" and other boating publications.


title: Outboard motor

text: The first known outboard motor was a small 5 kilogram (11 lb) electric unit designed around 1870 by Gustave Trouvé, and patented in May 1880 (Patent N° 136,560). Later about 25 petrol powered outboards may have been produced in 1896 by American Motors Co—but neither of these two pioneering efforts appear to have had much impact.


title: Outboard motor

text: The Waterman outboard engine appears to be the first gasoline-powered outboard offered for sale in significant numbers. It was developed from 1903 in Grosse Ile, Michigan, with a patent application filed in 1905 Starting in 1906, the company went on to make thousands of his "Porto-Motor" units, claiming 25,000 sales by 1914. The inboard boat motor firm of Caille Motor Company of Detroit were instrumental in making the cylinder and engines.


title: Outboard motor

text: The most successful early outboard motor, was created by Norwegian-American inventor Ole Evinrude in 1909. Historically, a majority of outboards have been two-stroke powerheads fitted with a carburetor due to the design's inherent simplicity, reliability, low cost and light weight. Drawbacks include increased pollution, due to the high volume of unburned gasoline and oil in their exhaust, and louder noise.


title: Outboard motor

text: Although four stroke outboards have been sold since the late 1920s, particularly Roness and Sharland, in 1962 Homelite introduced a commercially viable four cycle outboard a 55-horsepower motor, based on the 4 cylinder Crosley automobile engine. This was called the Bearcat and was later purchased by Fischer-Pierce, the makers of Boston Whaler, for use in their boats because of their advantages over two strokes. In 1964, Honda Motor Co. introduced its first four-stroke powerhead. In 1984, Yamaha introduced their first four-stroke powerhead. These motors were only available in the smaller horsepower range. In 1990 Honda released 35 hp and 45 hp four-stroke models. They continued to lead in the development of four-stroke engines throughout the 1990s as US and European exhaust emissions regulations such as CARB (California Air Resources Board) led to the proliferation of four-stroke outboards. At first, North American manufacturers such as Mercury and OMC used engine technology from Japanese manufacturers such as Yamaha and Suzuki until they were able to develop their own four-stroke engine. The inherent advantages of four-stroke motors included: lower pollution (especially oil in the water), noise reduction, increase fuel economy, and increased low rpm torque.


title: Outboard motor

text: Honda Marine Group, Mercury Marine, Mercury Racing, Nissan Marine, Suzuki Marine, Tohatsu Outboards, Yamaha Marine, and China Oshen-Hyfong marine have all developed new four-stroke engines. Some are carburetted, usually the smaller engines. The balance are electronically fuel-injected. Depending on the manufacturer, newer engines benefit from advanced technology such as multiple valves per cylinder, variable camshaft timing (Honda's VTEC), boosted low end torque (Honda's BLAST), 3-way cooling systems, and closed loop fuel injection. Mercury Verado four-strokes are unique in that they are supercharged.


title: Outboard motor

text: Mercury Marine, Mercury Racing, Tohatsu, Yamaha Marine, Nissan and Evinrude each developed computer-controlled direct-injected two-stroke engines. Each brand boasts a different method of DI.


title: Outboard motor

text: Fuel economy on both direct injected and four-stroke outboards measures from a 10 percent to 80 percent improvement, compared with conventional two-strokes. Depending on rpm and load at cruising speeds, figure on about a 30 percent mileage improvement.


title: Outboard motor

text: However, the gap between two-stroke and four-stroke outboard fuel economy is beginning to narrow. Two-stroke outboard motor manufacturers have recently introduced new technologies that help to improve two-stroke fuel economy.


title: Outboard motor

text: In 2012, Lehr inc. introduced some small (<5 hp) outboards based on modified Chinese petrol engines to run on propane gas. Tohatsu currently also produces propane powered models, all rated 5 hp. Conversion of larger outboards to run on Liquified petroleum gas is considered unusual and exotic although some hobbyists continue to experiment.


title: Outboard motor

text: It is important to select a motor that is a good match for the hull in terms of power and shaft length.


title: Outboard motor

text: Overpowering is a dangerous condition that can lead to the transom accelerating past the rest of the vessel and underpowering often results in a boat that is incapable of performing in the role for which it was designed. Boats built in the US have a "Coast Guard Rating Plate", which specifies the maximum recommended horsepower for the hull. A motor with less than 75% of the maximum will most likely result in unsatisfactory performance.


title: Outboard motor

text: In the united kingdom, boats will have a CE plate on the transom which specifies max HP, shaft length, max engine weight and no of max persons/luggage


title: Outboard motor

text: Outboard motor shaft lengths are standardized to fit 15-inch, 20-inch and 25-inch transoms. If the shaft is too long it will extend farther into the water than necessary creating drag, which will impair performance and fuel economy. If the shaft is too short, the motor will be prone to ventilation. Even worse, if the water intake ports on the lower unit are not sufficiently submerged, engine overheating is likely, which can result in severe damage.


title: Outboard motor

text: Different outboard engine brands require different transom dimensions and sizes, that affects performance and trim.


title: Outboard motor

text: Motor height on the transom is an important factor in achieving optimal performance. The motor should be as high as possible without ventilating or loss of water pressure. This minimizes the effect of hydrodynamic drag while underway, allowing for greater speed. Generally, the antiventilation plate should be about the same height as, or up to two inches higher than, the keel, with the motor in neutral trim.


title: Outboard motor

text: Trim is the angle of the motor in relation to the hull, as illustrated below. The ideal trim angle is the one in which the boat rides level, with most of the hull on the surface instead of plowing through the water.


title: Outboard motor

text: If the motor is trimmed out too far, the bow will ride too high in the water. With too little trim, the bow rides too low. The optimal trim setting will vary depending on many factors including speed, hull design, weight and balance, and conditions on the water (wind and waves). Many large outboards are equipped with "power trim", an electric motor on the mounting bracket, with a switch at the helm that enables the operator to adjust the trim angle on the fly. In this case, the motor should be trimmed fully in to start, and trimmed out (with an eye on the tachometer) as the boat gains momentum, until it reaches the point just before ventilation begins or further trim adjustment results in an RPM increase with no increase in speed. Motors not equipped with power trim are manually adjustable using a pin called a topper tilt lock.


title: Outboard motor

text: Ventilation is a phenomenon that occurs when surface air or exhaust gas (in the case of motors equipped with through-hub exhaust) is drawn into the spinning propeller blades. With the propeller pushing mostly air instead of water, the load on the engine is greatly reduced, causing the engine to race and the propeller to spin fast enough to result in cavitation, at which point little thrust is generated at all. The condition continues until the prop slows enough for the air bubbles to rise to the surface. The primary causes of ventilation are: motor mounted too high, motor trimmed out excessively, damage to the antiventilation plate, damage to propeller, foreign object lodged in the diffuser ring.


title: Outboard motor

text: If the helmsman goes overboard, the boat may continue under power but uncontrolled, risking serious or fatal injuries to the helmsman and others in the water. A safety measure is a "kill cord" attached to the boat and helmsman, which cuts the motor if the helmsman falls overboard.


title: Outboard motor

text: The most common type of cooling used on outboards of all eras use a rubber impeller to pump water from below the waterline up into the engine. This design has remained the standard due mainly to the efficiency and simplicity of its design. One disadvantage to this system is that if the impeller is run dry for a length of time (such as leaving the engine running when pulling the boat out of the water or in some cases tilting the engine out of the water while running), the impeller is likely to be ruined in the process.


title: Outboard motor

text: Air cooled outboard engines are currently produced by some manufacturers, these tend to be small engines of less than 5 horsepower. Outboard engines made by Briggs & Stratton are air-cooled


title: Outboard motor

text: Outboards manufactured by Seven Marine use a closed-loop cooling system with heat exchanger. This means saltwater is not pumped through the engine block as is the case with most outboards but still has to be pumped through the heat exchanger


title: Outboard motor

text: An outboard engine may stall if it does not have the correct inputs. Common problems that lead to stalling are electrical issues, low quality gas or clogged fuel filer. Other issues may include a damaged carburetor oil switch.


title: Outboard motor

text: In Vietnam and other parts of southeast Asia a long-tailed motor design is used. In Vietnam these are called "May Duoi Tom" (Shrimp Tail Motor). The outboard motors, which can be smallish air-cooled or water-cooled gasoline, diesel or even modified automotive engines, are bolted to a welded steel tube frame, with another long steel tube up to 3 m long to hold the drive shaft, driving a conventional looking propeller. The frame that holds the motor has a short, swiveling steel pin/tube approximately 15 cm long underneath, to be inserted into a corresponding hole on the transom, or a solid block or wood purposely built-in thereof.


title: Outboard motor

text: This drop-in arrangement enables extremely quick transfer of the motor to another boat or for storage - all that is needed is to lift it out. The pivoting design allows the outboard motor to be swiveled by the operator in almost all directions: Sideways for direction, up and down to change the thrust line according to speed or bow lift, elevate completely out of water for easy starting, placing the drive shaft and the propeller forward along the side of the boat for reverse, or put them inside the boat for propeller replacement, which can be a regular occurrence to the cheap cast aluminum propellers on the often debris-prone inland waterways. This design is utilized to propel long-tail boats.


title: National anthem of England

text: There is no agreed national anthem of England but it is usually defaulted in the absence of agreement to be —"God Save the King"— in 2016 some MPs felt that England should have its own distinct anthem with the result that there have been discussions on the subject in the UK Parliament.


title: National anthem of England

text: There are a number of songs which may fulfil this role. Several candidate songs have been discussed, including "Jerusalem", "I Vow to Thee, My Country" and "Land of Hope and Glory". Alternatives to "God Save the King" have been used for England teams at sporting events.


title: National anthem of England

text: On 20 April 2007, Greg Mulholland, the then Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds North West, introduced an Early Day Motion (EDM) in the House of Commons, proposing that England have its own national anthem. The EDM called for all English sporting associations to "adopt an appropriate song that English sportsmen and women, and the English public, would favour when competing as England." There has also been an EDM calling for "Jerusalem" to be given official status as the national anthem of England, proposed by Daniel Kawczynski, the Conservative Party MP for Shrewsbury and Atcham on 18 October 2006.


title: National anthem of England

text: In April 2008, Mulholland called for the England national rugby league team to replace "God Save the Queen" with an English national anthem at the Rugby League World Cup to be held in Australia in autumn 2008 and on 28 April he put forward another EDM in the House of Commons, noting that Scotland and Wales who were also taking part in the World Cup, would also have their own national anthems, and therefore calling on England to use a distinctive English anthem, with the proposal that English Rugby League fans should be given the chance to choose this. However, '"God Save the Queen" was used.


title: National anthem of England

text: On St George's Day, 23 April 2010, the Commonwealth Games Council for England launched a poll to allow the public to decide which anthem would be played at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India. Voters could choose between "God Save the Queen", "Jerusalem" and "Land of Hope and Glory" with the winning song being adopted as the official anthem for Team England. "Jerusalem" was declared the winner on 30 May 2010, securing 52% of the vote.


title: National anthem of England

text: In January 2016, Toby Perkins, Labour MP for Chesterfield, introduced a private member's bill to the House of Commons under the Ten Minute Rule calling for an anthem for England sporting fixtures; the bill passed its first reading. However, the bill did not receive a second reading and did not pass into law.


title: National anthem of England

text: The best-known version of William Blake's poem "And did those feet in ancient time" is the song "Jerusalem", with music by Hubert Parry, which was orchestrated by Edward Elgar in 1922 for a large orchestra at the Leeds Festival. Upon hearing the orchestral version for the first time, King George V said that he preferred that "Jerusalem" replace "God Save the King" as the national anthem. "Jerusalem" is also performed at the annual Last Night of the BBC Proms as are "Land of Hope and Glory" and "God Save the Queen".


title: National anthem of England

text: "Jerusalem" was used as a campaign slogan by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election when Clement Attlee said they would build "a new Jerusalem". The song is also the unofficial anthem of the Women's Institute, and historically was used by the National Union of Suffrage Societies. It has also been sung at conferences of the Conservative Party.


title: National anthem of England

text: "Jerusalem" is frequently sung as an office or recessional hymn in English cathedrals, churches and chapels on St George's Day.. However some clergy in the Church of England have refused to allow it in their churches on the grounds that it is too nationalistic and is not a prayer to God.


title: National anthem of England

text: In 2000 a rendition of "Jerusalem" by novelty act Fat Les was adopted by the English Football Association as the England football team's official song for the UEFA Euro 2000 competition. Jerusalem has been the ECB's official hymn since 2003, being played before the start of play each day of home test matches, although "God Save the Queen" was the anthem sung by England players before games at ICC events and recent Ashes series. The song was sung ironically as background during the punishment of the runaway in the film, The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962).


title: National anthem of England

text: "Land of Hope and Glory" has long been traditionally played amidst much flag-waving at the climax of the Last Night of the BBC Proms.


title: National anthem of England

text: At international rugby league matches, England often sang "Land of Hope and Glory" as their national anthem (but since the 2005 internationals switched to "God Save the Queen"). The song was also used once as the victory anthem of England at the Commonwealth Games until "Jerusalem" was adopted in 2010.


title: National anthem of England

text: Other English patriotic songs which have been proposed as possible national anthems of England include traditional songs such as "Rose of England", an English patriotic song written by Ivor Novello in 1937 for his musical "Crest of the Wave", and popularised by Vera Lynn. The flower to which the song's lyrics refer is one of England's national emblems, the Tudor Rose. The patriotic hymn "I Vow To Thee, My Country", composed by Gustav Holst and Cecil Spring Rice, has long been adopted as a symbol of national pride and remembrance, and is often considered among potential future anthems for the United Kingdom altogether. Also, "There'll Always Be an England", an English patriotic song, written and distributed in 1940 and highly popular throughout World War II. It was composed and written by Ross Parker. The words were written by Hughie Charles, and the most popular version was sung by Vera Lynn. 1950s comedy duo Flanders and Swann premiered "Song of Patriotic Prejudice" (with refrain "The English, the English, the English are best/I wouldn't give tuppence for all of the rest") in their "At the Drop of Another Hat" revue in London on 2 October 1963. Also proposed have been modern patriotic songs such as "A Place called England" written by English folk singer Maggie Holland, which won the Best Original Song award at the 2000 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. Other pop songs proposed include "Bonkers" and Blur’s "Parklife".


title: Area codes 631 and 934

text: Area codes 631 and 934 are the telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for Suffolk County, New York on Long Island. Area code 631 was created in 1999 in a split from 516; and 934 was added as an overlay in 2016. Communities within the area include Babylon, Huntington, Islip, Smithtown, Brookhaven, Riverhead, Southampton, Southold, Shelter Island, and East Hampton.


title: Area codes 631 and 934

text: With the announcement of a new nationwide telephone numbering plan by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in October 1947, Suffolk County, Nassau County, the lower Hudson Valley, and some areas adjacent were assigned area code 914.


title: Area codes 631 and 934

text: During 1951, area code 516 was assigned to Suffolk and Nassau, which were separated thereby from area code 914.


title: Area codes 631 and 934

text: On November 1, 1999, area code 631 was created solely for Suffolk County, to satisfy the increased need for telephone numbers mainly due to cellular services, while Nassau County retained area code 516. Permissive dialing for numbers in 516 across Long Island continued until the spring of 2000.


title: Area codes 631 and 934

text: On July 16, 2016, area code 934 was created to overlay 631, which was nearing depletion. This was the first overlay area code for an area in the state of New York outside New York City and required 10-digit dialing for both area codes, effective June 18, 2016.


title: Kadaseela Biriyani

text: Kadaseela Biriyani () is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language black comedy film directed and co-written by Nishanth Kalidindi in his debut. The directorial debut of Nishanth Kalidindi, it was shot in 2016 and completed in 2018, but was released theatrically over three years later on 19 November 2021. The film stars Vasanth Selvam, Dinesh Mani and Vijay Ram and met with positive reviews. Set in Kottayam, Kerala, the film contains Malayalam dialogues. Three brothers break into the rubber estate to avenge their father's death, but fate has cruel plans as they are welcomed by the landlord's psychopath son.


title: Kadaseela Biriyani

text: The narrator, Vijay Sethupathi, recounts the tale of Chikku Pandi (Vijay Ram), who as a young child is removed from the rest of his family by his father, who wishes to protect him from their violent criminal ways and instead raise him to lead a simple peaceful life. Chikku concentrates on his studies, hoping to meet his father's ambition of becoming a doctor. However when Chikku turns 16, his father is murdered by the owner of a large rubber plantation, Sathyan (Vishaal Ram). Chikku reunites with his older brothers Periya Pandi (Vasanth Selvam) and Ila Pandi (Dinesh Mani), who pressure him into a plan to avenge their father's death by killing Sathyan. The three brothers travel to Sathyan's rubber plantation in Kanjirappally, Kerala. Expecting to have to kill several of Sathyan's workers to gain access, they instead find the plantation deserted. At Sathyan's house they see that Sathyan's son Johan Kariya (Hakkim Shah), a notorious psychopath, has unexpectedly returned home, causing the plantation workers to flee in fear. The brothers overhear an argument between Johan and his father, during which Johan taunts his father by revealing that he had killed his father's mistress and burnt their son alive. Johan mocks his father's grief.


title: Kadaseela Biriyani

text: Ila Pandi wants to abort the mission but Periya Pandi insists they proceed with the plan to avenge their father's death. They sneak into the house, tie up Sathyan and move him into the nearby forest. Ila Pandi, who is acting as lookout, is discovered by Johan who questions him. Periya Pandi comes to his aid, claiming to Johan that they had stumbled upon the house while looking for their brother. Johan is sceptical, but Chikku distracts him by smashing a picture in the house, allowing all three brothers to flee into the forest. After killing Sathyan, they hitch a ride from a passing lorry driven by a fellow Tamilian, Gabriel, who is transporting coffins. On the back of the lorry, the three brothers toast their success, with Chikku planning to buy a biryani to celebrate. One of the coffins opens, and Gabriel's son Andrew, who had been sleeping in it, sits up. In shock, Ila and Periya fall off the lorry to their eventual deaths.


title: Kadaseela Biriyani

text: When the police reach the scene they take Gabriel, Andrew and Chikku into custody. Rather than taking them to the police station, the police (who are both on the payroll of and terrified of Johan), head toward's Johan's house, Johan having discovered his father's body. Gabriel, Andrew and Chikku flee into the dense forest, which is too impenetrable for the police to find them. What follows is a cat and mouse game as the police, together with Johan and his henchmen, surround the forest to prevent their escape. Johan, who wants to burn down the forest to smoke them out, expresses frustration that Chikku is too much of a weakling to provide a satisfactorily challenging prey.


title: Kadaseela Biriyani

text: Andrew seemingly manages to escape the forest, but is soon caught and returned to Johan, who burns him alive while forcing Gabriel, who had come to give himself up, to watch. Chikku, cowering in fear, is taunted by Johan who shouts into the forest that there is no escape. Realising he has no option but to fight back, Chikku leaves the forest, managing to kill two of Johan's henchmen before confronting Johan himself. Seemingly pleased with Chikku's new-found courage, Johan laughs and offers to tell him a joke. Before he can do so he is run over and killed by a lorry (driven by Vijay Sethupathi in a cameo appearance). The driver briefly laments that this is the 36th time he has hit someone, before shrugging it off and offering Chikku a lift. The film ends with Chikku in Pondicherry, ordering a biriyani in a local restaurant, as the narrator hopes that he will be able to return to living a simple life.


title: Kadaseela Biriyani

text: Aside from the narrator Vijay Sethupathi and Vijay Ram, who played an important role in Thiagarajan Kumararaja's Super Deluxe, the entire cast are newcomers to film, coming from a theatre background.


title: Kadaseela Biriyani

text: The Original Background Score or Music of the film is composed by Vinoth Thanigasalam and the songs are composed by Neil Sebastian and Judah Paul. The songs album featured seven tracks with lyrics written by Umadevi, Suhail Koya, Tenzin Rangdol, Payal John and Solar Sai.


title: Kadaseela Biriyani

text: Srivatsan S. of "The Hindu" stated that, "even though the film won't give you a wholesome feeling, the commitment from a debutant filmmaker is visible and I’m willing to give all my money". Haricharan Pudipeddi of "Hindustan Times" wrote that "the film is one of the most bizarre films to come out of Tamil cinema in recent years, unabashedly raw indie film and is largely brilliant and naive in parts". He also added that, the film manages to stay largely engaging and is worth being called one of the best films of the year. "Behindwoods" rated the film with 3/5 stars, stating that "the film does have its share of flaws but they're minuscule in nature, as the general audience might have engagement issues with the film, but once you cross that barrier, there's a Biriyani feast awaiting you from Nishanth and team".


title: Kadaseela Biriyani

text: Navein Darshan of "The New Indian Express" praised the director, saying that "the film is dark, yet hilarious, despite being filled with newcomers, but pleasantly surprises by delivering a finished product, signaling the arrival of a daring filmmaker". "Sify" called the film an amusing thriller as it deserves a watch for its unique presentation, style, and original plot. "Dinamalar" rated the film with 2.5/5 stars, stating that, "even though the film tests our patience in the first half, it turns into an engrossing product in the second half with several scenes deserving applause". M Suganth of "The Times of India" rated the film with 3.5/5 stating that, "the thriller film is full of cinematic vigour and keeps us hooked from start to finish and unfolds like a dark comic experience, filled with colourful characters". He concluded that "the filmmaker announces his arrival loud and clear and we can't wait to see where he goes from here".


title: Kadaseela Biriyani

text: The well received and critically celebrated areas are its luscious cinematography along with its intensely unique sound design and its bizarre background score or music.


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: In control system theory, the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion is a mathematical test that is a necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of a linear time-invariant (LTI) dynamical system or control system. A stable system is one whose output signal is bounded; the position, velocity or energy do not increase to infinity as time goes on. The Routh test is an efficient recursive algorithm that English mathematician Edward John Routh proposed in 1876 to determine whether all the roots of the characteristic polynomial of a linear system have negative real parts. German mathematician Adolf Hurwitz independently proposed in 1895 to arrange the coefficients of the polynomial into a square matrix, called the Hurwitz matrix, and showed that the polynomial is stable if and only if the sequence of determinants of its principal submatrices are all positive. The two procedures are equivalent, with the Routh test providing a more efficient way to compute the Hurwitz determinants (formula_1) than computing them directly. A polynomial satisfying the Routh–Hurwitz criterion is called a Hurwitz polynomial.


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: The importance of the criterion is that the roots p of the characteristic equation of a linear system with negative real parts represent solutions e of the system that are stable (bounded). Thus the criterion provides a way to determine if the equations of motion of a linear system have only stable solutions, without solving the system directly. For discrete systems, the corresponding stability test can be handled by the Schur–Cohn criterion, the Jury test and the Bistritz test. With the advent of computers, the criterion has become less widely used, as an alternative is to solve the polynomial numerically, obtaining approximations to the roots directly.


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: The Routh test can be derived through the use of the Euclidean algorithm and Sturm's theorem in evaluating Cauchy indices. Hurwitz derived his conditions differently.


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: The criterion is related to Routh–Hurwitz theorem. From the statement of that theorem, we have formula_2 where:


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: By the fundamental theorem of algebra, each polynomial of degree "n" must have "n" roots in the complex plane (i.e., for an "ƒ" with no roots on the imaginary line, "p" + "q" = "n"). Thus, we have the condition that "ƒ" is a (Hurwitz) stable polynomial if and only if "p" − "q" = "n" (the proof is given below). Using the Routh–Hurwitz theorem, we can replace the condition on "p" and "q" by a condition on the generalized Sturm chain, which will give in turn a condition on the coefficients of "ƒ".


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: Notice that we had to suppose "b" different from zero in the first division. The generalized Sturm chain is in this case formula_25. Putting formula_26, the sign of formula_27 is the opposite sign of "a" and the sign of "by" is the sign of "b". When we put formula_28, the sign of the first element of the chain is again the opposite sign of "a" and the sign of "by" is the opposite sign of "b". Finally, -"c" has always the opposite sign of "c".


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: A tabular method can be used to determine the stability when the roots of a higher order characteristic polynomial are difficult to obtain. For an "n"th-degree polynomial


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: When completed, the number of sign changes in the first column will be the number of non-negative roots.


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: In the first column, there are two sign changes (0.75 → −3, and −3 → 3), thus there are two non-negative roots where the system is unstable.


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: for stability, all the elements in the first column of the Routh array must be positive. So the conditions that must be satisfied for stability of the given system as follows:


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: there are two sign changes. The system is unstable, since it has two right-half-plane poles and two left-half-plane poles. The system cannot have jω poles since a row of zeros did not appear in the Routh table.


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: Sometimes the presence of poles on the imaginary axis creates a situation of marginal stability. In that case the coefficients of the "Routh array" in a whole row become zero and thus further solution of the polynomial for finding changes in sign is not possible. Then another approach comes into play. The row of polynomial which is just above the row containing the zeroes is called the "auxiliary polynomial".


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: In such a case the auxiliary polynomial is formula_60 which is again equal to zero. The next step is to differentiate the above equation which yields the polynomial formula_61. The coefficients of the row containing zero now become


title: Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

text: "8" and "24". The process of Routh array is proceeded using these values which yield two points on the imaginary axis. These two points on the imaginary axis are the prime cause of marginal stability.


title: Sophia Tolstaya

text: Countess Sophia Andreyevna Tolstaya (née Behrs; , sometimes anglicised as "Sophia Tolstoy"; 22 August 1844 – 4 November 1919), was a Russian diarist, and the wife of Russian writer Count Leo Tolstoy.


title: Sophia Tolstaya

text: Sophia Behrs was one of three daughters of a German physician Andrey Evstafievich (1808–1868) and his Russian wife Liubov Alexandrovna (1826–1886). Her maternal great-grandfather, Count Pyotr Zavadovsky, was the first Minister of education in Russia's history. Sophia was first introduced to Leo Tolstoy in 1862 when she was 18 years old. At 34, Tolstoy was 16 years her senior. On 17 September 1862 the couple became formally engaged after Tolstoy gave Sophia a written proposal of marriage, marrying a week later in Moscow. At the time of their marriage, Leo Tolstoy was well known as a novelist after the publication of "The Cossacks". On the eve of their marriage, Tolstoy gave Sophia his diaries that detailed his sexual relations with female serfs. In "Anna Karenina", 34-year-old Konstantin Levin, a semi-autobiographical character behaves similarly, asking his 19-year-old fiancée Kitty to read his diaries and learn of his past transgressions. The diary included the fact that Tolstoy had fathered a child by a woman who remained on the Yasnaya Polyana estate. In Anne Edwards' "Sonya: The Life of Countess Tolstoy", she describes Sophia as having a deep fear that Tolstoy would re-enter a relationship with the other woman.


title: Sophia Tolstaya

text: The Tolstoys had thirteen children, eight of whom survived childhood. The family was prosperous, owing to Tolstoy's efficient management of his estates and to the sales of his works, making it possible to provide adequately for the family. Sophia acted as copyist of "War and Peace", copying and editing the manuscript seven times from beginning to end at home at night by candlelight after the children and servants had gone to bed, using an inkwell pen and sometimes requiring a magnifying glass to read her husband's notes.


title: Sophia Tolstaya

text: In 1887, Tolstaya regained interest in the relatively new art of photography, which she had learned to practise at age 16. She took over 1,000 photographs that documented her life, including with Tolstoy, and the decline of the Russian Empire. She was a diarist and documented her life with Leo Tolstoy in a series of diaries which were published in English translation in the 1980s. Tolstaya wrote her memoirs as well, which she titled "My Life".


title: Sophia Tolstaya

text: After many years of an increasingly troubled marriage — the couple argued over Tolstoy's desire to give away all his private property — Leo left Sophia abruptly in 1910, aged 82, with their daughter Alexandra, and his doctor, Dushan Makovicki (Dušan Makovický). Tolstoy died 10 days later in a railway station, and Sophia was kept away from him (as depicted in the film "The Last Station"). Following the death of her husband, Sophia continued to live in Yasnaya Polyana and survived the Russian Revolution in relative peace. She died on 4 November 1919.


title: Sophia Tolstaya

text: With recent increased interest in Sophia Tolstaya some new biographical works, based on her memoirs and diaries, have been published:


title: Sophia Tolstaya

text: She was portrayed by Helen Mirren in the 2009 "The Last Station", based on the 1990 biographical novel of the same name by Jay Parini, and Leo Tolstoy was portrayed by Christopher Plummer. Both actors were nominated for Academy Awards in their respective categories. Her life was also serialised in August 2010 by BBC's Radio 4 with the title "A Simple Life".


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: Agency is the capacity of an actor to act in a given environment. It is independent of the moral dimension, which is called moral agency.


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: In "sociology", an agent is an individual engaging with the social structure. Notably, though, the primacy of social structure vs. individual capacity with regard to persons' actions is debated within sociology. This debate concerns, at least partly, the level of reflexivity an agent may possess.


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: Agency may either be classified as unconscious, involuntary behavior, or purposeful, goal directed activity (intentional action). An agent typically has some sort of immediate awareness of their physical activity and the goals that the activity is aimed at realizing. In ‘goal directed action’ an agent implements a kind of direct control or guidance over their own behavior.


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: Agency is contrasted to objects reacting to natural forces involving only unthinking deterministic processes. In this respect, agency is subtly distinct from the concept of free will, the philosophical doctrine that our choices are not the product of causal chains, but are significantly free or undetermined. Human agency entails the claim that humans do in fact make decisions and enact them on the world. "How" humans come to make decisions, by free choice or other processes, is another issue.


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: The capacity of a human to act as an agent is personal to that human, though considerations of the outcomes flowing from particular acts of human agency for us and others can then be thought to invest a moral component into a given situation wherein an agent has acted, and thus to involve moral agency. If a situation is the consequence of human decision making, persons may be under a duty to apply value judgments to the consequences of their decisions, and held to be responsible for those decisions. Human agency entitles the observer to ask "should this have occurred?" in a way that would be nonsensical in circumstances lacking human decisions-makers, for example, the impact of comet Shoemaker–Levy on Jupiter.


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: The philosophical discipline in charge of studying agency is action theory. In certain philosophical traditions (particularly those established by Hegel and Marx), human agency is a collective, historical dynamic, rather than a function arising out of individual behavior. Hegel's Geist and Marx's universal class are idealist and materialist expressions of this idea of humans treated as social beings, organized to act in concert. There is ongoing debate, philosophically derived in part from the works of Hume, between determinism and indeterminacy.


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: Structure and agency forms an enduring core debate in sociology. Essentially the same as in the Marxist conception, "agency" refers to the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices, based on their will, whereas "structure" refers to those factors (such as social class, but also religion, gender, ethnicity, subculture, etc.) that seem to limit or influence the opportunities that individuals have.


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: Other notions of agency have arisen in the field of economics/management, psychology and social cybernetics:


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: "Economic agency" is an internal instrumentality through which external influences operate mechanistically on action. Internal agency events are a reflection of the impact of external environments from which causal attributes are ignored, and the self-system is simply a repository and conduit for environmental forces.


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: The term of agency used in different fields of psychology with different meaning. It can refer to the ability of recognizing agents or attributing agency to objects based on simple perceptual cues or principles, for instance the principle of rationality, which holds that context-sensitive, goal-directed efficient actions are the crucial characteristics of agents. This topic is thoroughly investigated by developmental and comparative psychologists to understand how an observer is able to differentiate agentive entities from inanimate objects, but it can be also related to the term of autonomous intelligent agency used in cybernetics. Agency can also imply the sense of agency, that is the feeling of being in control.


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: "Emergent interactive agency" defines Bandura's view of agencies, where human agency can be exercised through direct personal agency. Bandura formulates his view of agency as a socio-cognitive one, where people are self-organizing, proactive, self-regulating, and engage in self-reflection, and are not just reactive organisms shaped and shepherded by external events. People have the power to influence their own actions to produce certain results. The capacity to exercise control over one’s thought processes, motivation, affect, and action operates through mechanisms of personal agency. Such agencies are emergent and interactive, apply perspectives of social cognition, and make causal contributions to its own motivations and actions using ‘reciprocal causation’.


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: "Autonomous agency" is able to embrace the concepts of both the economic agency and the emergent interactive agency. An autonomous system is self-directed, operating in, and being influenced by, interactive environments. It usually has its own immanent dynamics that impact on the way it interacts. It is also adaptable and (hence viable thus having a durable existence), proactive, self-organizing, self-regulating and so forth, participates in creating its own behaviour, and contributes to its life circumstances through cognitive and cultural functionality. Autonomous agency may also be concerned with the relationship between two or more agencies in a mutual relationship with each other and their environments, with imperatives for an agency's behaviour within an interactive context due to immanent emergent attributes.


title: Agency (philosophy)

text: Human agency refers to the ability to shape one’s life and a few dimensions can be differentiated. Individual agency is reflected in individual choices and the ability to influence one’s life conditions and chances. The individual agency differs strongly within the society across age, gender, income, education, personal health status, position in social networks, and other dimensions. Collective agency refers to situations in which individuals pool their knowledge, skills, and resources, and act in concert to shape their future. Everyday agency refers to consumer and daily choices, and finally strategic agency refers to the capacity to affect the wider system change. Political economy approaches can be used to conceptualize the agency enabling or limiting rule system, which constitutes the “grammar” for social action and that is used by the actors to structure and regulate their transactions with one another in defined situations or spheres of activity.


title: Gotham (season 1)

text: The first season of the American television series "Gotham", based on characters from DC Comics related to the Batman franchise, revolves around the characters of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The season is produced by Primrose Hill Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television, with Bruno Heller and Danny Cannon serving as the showrunners.


title: Gotham (season 1)

text: The season was ordered in September 2013. Ben McKenzie stars, alongside Donal Logue, David Mazouz, Zabryna Guevara, Sean Pertwee, Robin Lord Taylor, Erin Richards, Camren Bicondova, Cory Michael Smith, Victoria Cartagena, Andrew Stewart-Jones, John Doman and Jada Pinkett Smith. The season was broadcast over 2 runs: the first 10 episodes aired from September to November 2014; and the other 12 episodes aired from January to May 2015. The season premiered on September 22, 2014 and concluded on May 4, 2015 on Fox.


title: Gotham (season 1)

text: Bruno Heller, a fan of the DC Comics character Bruce Wayne / Batman, had been talking to DC writer Geoff Johns to discuss a potential Batman series. According to Heller, "It opened up a whole world of storytelling that we realized hadn't really been looked at before, which is the world before Batman -- the world of Gotham, young Bruce Wayne, and young James Gordon and the origin stories of the villains". In a September 2014 with "Digital Spy", Heller said he was initially hesitant to do a superhero series because he did not know how to write about people with superpowers, adding "Human beings are diminished as soon as a superhero walks onto the screen. As soon as the superhero walks out of frame, you're waiting for them to come back." But when Heller's son suggested that Gordon be the focus of the series, Heller developed the idea of Gordon investigating the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents. That idea "gave us a starting point and allowed us to tell the saga from a much earlier point than before".


title: Gotham (season 1)

text: On September 24, 2013, Fox announced that it had bypassed the traditional pilot and placed an order for "Gotham" to be written by Heller, who was named as showrunner. Danny Cannon also worked as showrunner alongside Heller. "Gotham" received a series order from Fox on May 5, 2014, with the first season reported to consist of 16 episodes rather than the standard 13 or 22. On October 13, Fox ordered an additional six episodes for the show, bringing the first season order to a full 22 episodes. Fox's Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly stated, "We were only contractually obligated to order 13, and we ordered 16, because we think that's the way that show, at least in its first iteration, will be very strong to arc to. Could we do more next season? We certainly could, but that's where we're starting with that one. That show is going to have a very strong, serialized element". Speaking of the project at the 2014 winter TCA press tour, Reilly described the series as "this operatic soap that has a slightly larger-than-life quality. This is not some adjunct companion series. This is the Batman franchise, just backing it up [in chronology]". He later added that the series is separate from any DC film universe.


title: Gotham (season 1)

text: In January 2014, rumors arose that Donal Logue would portray the series' version of Gordon. Logue denied these rumors, but was eventually cast as Gordon's partner Harvey Bullock. In February 2014, Ben McKenzie was cast as Gordon. McKenzie had previously shot a pilot with Heller for CBS titled "The Advocates" which was not picked up; this led to Heller writing his characterization of Gordon with McKenzie in mind. McKenzie described this version of Gordon as "a truly honest man. The last honest man in a city full of crooked people" and added, "He's not an anti-hero, he's a true hero – but he will have to compromise."


title: Gotham (season 1)

text: Casting Bruce Wayne was challenging in part because, as Heller put it "It's such an important casting and it would've been very dangerous to cast the wrong person", adding that the casting process for Wayne "took a lot of negotiation, a lot of back and forth so that everyone was happy and comfortable." In early March 2014, David Mazouz was cast as Bruce Wayne while Camren Bicondova was cast as Selina Kyle.<ref name="Mazouz/Bicondova"></ref> Others in the principal cast were Zabryna Guevara as Sarah Essen, Sean Pertwee as Alfred Pennyworth, Robin Lord Taylor as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin, Erin Richards as Barbara Kean, Cory Michael Smith as Edward Nygma, Victoria Cartagena as Renee Montoya, Andrew Stewart-Jones as Crispus Allen, John Doman as Carmine Falcone, and Jada Pinkett Smith as Fish Mooney, an original creation for the series. Pinkett Smith drew inspiration from various different individuals for playing Mooney: the fictional character Norma Desmond from the 1950 film "Sunset Boulevard"; and Griselda Blanco, a real-life drug lord of the Medellín Cartel.


title: Gotham (season 1)

text: Production for the season began in New York City in March 2014, and ended a year later on the same month.


title: Gotham (season 1)

text: The season was broadcast over two runs on Fox: the first 10 episodes aired from September to November 2014; and the other 12 episodes aired from February to May 2015. The season premiered on September 22, 2014, and concluded on May 4, 2015.


title: Gotham (season 1)

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season a rating of 76% based on 91 reviews, with an average rating of 6.85/10. The site's consensus states, "High production values, a talented cast, and an appealingly stylized approach to the Batman mythos help "Gotham" overcome its occasionally familiar themes." Another review aggregator Metacritic gives the season a score of 71 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Gotham (season 1)

text: David Hinckley of "New York Daily News" praised the first episode for playing "like a 45-minute movie, with stunning visuals that never feel like a shrunken TV version of the Batman films against which it will inevitably be measured" and lauded Logue's Harvey Bullock as a scene-stealer. The "San Jose Mercury News" Chuck Barney called the pilot "a fun, dark, moody and well-paced first hour" and McKenzie's James Gordon a commanding lead, while saying Jada Pinkett Smith is "an absolute blast to watch." Matt Brennan of "Indiewire" said that "Gotham" was "the perfect antidote to superhero fatigue", praising the "bright, pop-inflected aesthetic, with urban backdrops that appear as though cut out from the panels of a comic book."


title: Gotham (season 1)

text: Jeff Jensen of "Entertainment Weekly" criticized the first half of season one along with the mid-season premiere. He found the personalities of the most characters "already nearly fully formed; all they can become is more or less than what they already are." Jensen added that Gordon not being Gotham's redeemer hurt the premise of the show and heavily criticized what he saw as the under-use of Jada Pinkett Smith's character. In the end, he does not see "Gotham" "as a show for comic book fanboys" but rather as "a post-fanboy, or fanboy-irrelevant." Oliver Sava of "The A.V. Club" lamented that "there have been dozens of interpretations of Batman and his city in the 75 years since their creation, and "Gotham" has trouble finding the right balance of influences".


title: Larry Gelbart

text: Larry Simon Gelbart (February 25, 1928 – September 11, 2009) was an American television writer, playwright, screenwriter, director and author, most famous as a creator and producer of the television series "M*A*S*H", and as co-writer of the Broadway musicals "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" and "City of Angels".


title: Larry Gelbart

text: Gelbart was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Jewish immigrants Harry Gelbart, "a barber since his half of a childhood in Latvia," and Frieda Sturner, who migrated to America from Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland. Marcia Gelbart Walkenstein was his sister.


title: Larry Gelbart

text: His family later moved to Los Angeles and he attended Fairfax High School. Drafted into the United States Army shortly after World War II, Gelbart worked for the Armed Forces Radio Service in Los Angeles. Attaining the rank of sergeant, Gelbart was honorably discharged after serving 1 year and 11 days. Those last 11 days prevented Gelbart from being drafted for service during the Korean War.


title: Larry Gelbart

text: Gelbart began as a writer at the age of sixteen for Danny Thomas's radio show after his father, who was Thomas's barber, showed Thomas some jokes Gelbart had written. During the 1940s Gelbart also wrote for Jack Paar and Bob Hope. In the 1950s, his most important work in television involved writing for Red Buttons, for Sid Caesar on "Caesar's Hour", and in Celeste Holm's "Honestly, Celeste!", as well as with writers Mel Tolkin, Michael Stewart, Selma Diamond, Neil Simon, Mel Brooks, Carl Reiner and Woody Allen on two Caesar specials.


title: Larry Gelbart

text: In 1972, Gelbart was one of the main forces behind the creation of the television series "M*A*S*H", acting as "Radar", writing the pilot (for which he received a "Developed for Television by __" credit); then producing, often writing and occasionally directing the series for its first four seasons, from 1972 to 1976. "M*A*S*H" earned Gelbart a Peabody Award and an Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series and went on to considerable commercial and critical success.


title: Larry Gelbart

text: Gelbart's best known screen work is perhaps the screenplay for 1982's "Tootsie", which he co-wrote with Murray Schisgal. He was nominated for an Academy Award for that script, and also was Oscar-nominated for his adapted screenplay for 1977's "Oh, God!" starring John Denver and George Burns. On his relationship with actor Dustin Hoffman in "Tootsie", Gelbart is reported to have said, "Never work with an Oscar-winner who is shorter than the statue". He later retracted this statement, saying that it was just a joke.


title: Larry Gelbart

text: He collaborated with Burt Shevelove on the screenplay for the 1966 British film "The Wrong Box". Gelbart also co-wrote the golden-era film spoof "Movie Movie" (1978) starring George C. Scott in dual roles, the racy comedy "Blame It on Rio" (1984) starring Michael Caine and the 2000 remake of "Bedazzled" with Elizabeth Hurley and Brendan Fraser.


title: Larry Gelbart

text: His script for "Rough Cut" (1980), a caper film starring Burt Reynolds, Lesley-Anne Down and David Niven, was credited under the pseudonym Francis Burns.


title: Larry Gelbart

text: Gelbart-scripted films for television included "Barbarians at the Gate" (1993), a true story about the battle for control of the RJR Nabisco corporation starring James Garner that was based on the best-selling book of that name; the original comedy "Weapons of Mass Distraction" (1997) starring Ben Kingsley and Gabriel Byrne as rival media moguls; and "And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself" (2003) starring Antonio Banderas as the Mexican revolutionary leader.


title: Larry Gelbart

text: Gelbart co-wrote the long-running Broadway musical farce "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" with Burt Shevelove and Stephen Sondheim in 1962. After the show received poor reviews and box-office returns during its previews in Washington, D.C., rewrites and restaging helped; it was a smash Broadway hit and ran for 964 performances. Its book won a Tony Award. In a 1991 published edition of the musical, Gelbart wrote "it remains for me the best piece of work I've been lucky enough to see my name on." A film version starring Zero Mostel and directed by Richard Lester, was released in 1966. Gelbart was critical of the movie, as most of his and Shevelove's libretto was largely rewritten.


title: Larry Gelbart

text: Gelbart's other Broadway credits include the musical "City of Angels", which won him the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical, the Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical, and an Edgar Award and an off-Broadway musical, "In The Beginning", a satirical take on the Bible, with music and lyrics by Maury Yeston. He also wrote the Iran-contra satire "Mastergate", as well as "Sly Fox" and a musical adaptation of the Preston Sturges movie "Hail the Conquering Hero", whose grueling development inspired Gelbart to utter what evolved into the classic quip, "If Hitler is alive, I hope he's out of town with a musical."


title: Larry Gelbart

text: In 1997, Gelbart published his memoir, "Laughing Matters: On Writing M*A*S*H, Tootsie, Oh, God! and a Few Other Funny Things".


title: Larry Gelbart

text: Gelbart was a contributing blogger at "The Huffington Post", and also was a regular participant on the alt.tv.mash Usenet newsgroup as "Elsig".


title: Larry Gelbart

text: Gelbart was diagnosed with cancer in June and died at his Beverly Hills home on September 11, 2009. His wife of 53 years, Pat Gelbart, said that after being married for so long, "we finished each other's sentences." She declined to specify the type of cancer he had. He was buried at the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California.


title: Marseille Provence Airport

text: Marseille Provence Airport () is an international airport located 27 km (17 miles) northwest of Marseille, on the territory of Marignane, both "communes" of the Bouches-du-Rhône "département" in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur "région" of France. The airport's hinterland goes from Gap to Arles and from Toulon to Avignon.


title: Marseille Provence Airport

text: Formerly known as "Marseille–Marignane Airport", it has been managed since 1934 by the Marseille-Provence Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI).


title: Marseille Provence Airport

text: In the 1920s and 1930s, Marignane was one of France's main points of operation for flying boats. It even briefly served as a terminal for Pan American World Airways "Clipper" flying boats. Other flying boat operators were Aéropostale and Air Union, the latter moving over from Antibes in 1931. Marignane was also a production site for hydroplanes by Lioré et Olivier.


title: Marseille Provence Airport

text: Antoine de Saint-Exupery describes turning back to Marignane airport with a fuel leak in chapter 8 of "Wind, Sand and Stars", before setting out again for Tunis, and the fateful event that informed his later description of the crash-landing in his best-known book, "The Little Prince".


title: Marseille Provence Airport

text: In September 2006, the airport opened its new terminal MP2 for budget airlines. In 2013 the airport expanded its shopping and dining options, with 30 new shops and restaurants, among which is the first Burger King restaurant in France since 1997.


title: Marseille Provence Airport

text: It is the fifth busiest French airport by passenger traffic and third largest for cargo traffic. In 2012 the airport achieved the fourth highest European passenger traffic growth, at 12.7% with 8,295,479 passengers. Marseille Provence Airport serves as a focus city for Air France. In summer 2013, the airport served 132 regular destinations, the largest offer in France after the Parisian airports.


title: Marseille Provence Airport

text: The airport is served by the Vitrolles Marseille Provence Airport rail station on the TER network. A public bus runs between the airport and the station.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: Futurama: Bender's Big Score (or Bender's Big Score) is a 2007 American adult animated science fiction comedy-adventure film based on the animated series "Futurama". It was released in the United States on November 27, 2007. It was the first "Futurama" production since the original series finale "The Devil's Hands are Idle Playthings". "Bender's Big Score", along with the three follow-up films, comprise season five of "Futurama", with each film being separated into four episodes of the broadcast season. "Bender's Big Score" made its broadcast premiere on Comedy Central on March 23, 2008. The film was written by Ken Keeler, based on a story by Keeler and David X. Cohen, and directed by Dwayne Carey-Hill.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: Special appearances include Coolio as Kwanzaa-bot, Al Gore as himself, Mark Hamill as Chanukah Zombie, Tom Kenny as Fry's older brother Yancy, and Sarah Silverman returning as Fry's ex-girlfriend Michelle (having previously voiced the role in "The Cryonic Woman").


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: Two years after Box Network executives canceled Planet Express's contract, the executives are fired and Planet Express is back "on the air." As the crew celebrates, Hermes is decapitated, causing his wife LaBarbara to leave him. His head is placed in a jar while his body is repaired. Lars, who performs the procedure, flirts with Leela, much to Fry's chagrin.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: During a delivery to a nude beach planet, Leela discovers a tattoo of Bender on Fry's buttocks. Alien scammers (Nudar, Fleb and Schlump) obtain the crew's personal information and infect Bender with an obedience virus, allowing them to seize control of Planet Express. The scammers discover that Fry's tattoo has a code that allows time travel into the past. Nibbler warns the scammers against using the code.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: The scammers have Bender use the code to steal valuable objects from Earth's past, storing them in a cave beneath the Planet Express building. Hermes has Bender retrieve an earlier version of his body so he can win back his wife. Leela and Lars date, further depressing Fry.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: Once the scammers have history's treasures, they decide to eliminate the time code by killing Fry. Fry uses the code to escape to January 1, 2000, just after he was frozen. The scammers send Bender after him. Bender arrives before Fry, creating a duplicate of himself when he has to use the bathroom. Another Bender from "way at the end" appears, opens Fry's cryogenic tube and puts the tattoo on his butt. When Fry arrives, the first duplicate of Bender inadvertently initiates a self-destruct due to not going to the bathroom. Fry shoves that Bender into another tube, then escapes. The original Bender spends twelve years hunting Fry before seemingly killing him by blowing up his apartment.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: Bender reports his success to the scammers, who erase the time code and the virus. The crew holds a memorial for Fry, but he suddenly appears. Fry says he created a duplicate of himself, which remained in the past while he accidentally fell into his cryo-tube. When Fry (plus the Fry that was originally frozen) awoke 1,000 years later, the present Fry froze himself until the current year. The Fry in 2000 spent the years before Bender's attack working at Panucci's Pizzeria, then at an aquarium caring for Leelu, an orphaned narwhal. He also spent time with his family and tended to his beloved dog Seymour Asses. Nibbler removes the tattoo from Fry to keep the scammers from further abusing it. Leela and Lars decide to marry, but during the wedding, Hermes is again decapitated. Professor Farnsworth says that Hermes' body would have died anyway; time paradox duplicates are doomed to die prematurely. Lars panics and breaks up with Leela.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: The scammers trick Earth President Richard Nixon into giving Earth to them. Exiled to Neptune, the population assembles a fleet with the aid of Robot Santa, Kwanzaabot and the Hanukah Zombie. Hermes has his brain wired into the ship's battle computer, allowing him to destroy the scammers' fleet and win back his wife.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: Fry arranges for Leela to meet with Lars at the cryogenic lab. Having survived the attack, Nudar ambushes them. Lars tricks Nudar into approaching the Bender duplicate on self-destruct and holds him against the duplicate, who explodes, killing them. The explosion reveals the Bender tattoo on Lars.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: During Lars' funeral, the Planet Express crew learn from his video will that he was the duplicate of Fry who survived Bender's attack in 2012; the explosion changed his appearance and voice. Lars froze himself to return to the future and be with Leela. When he learned that time paradox duplicates were doomed, he canceled the wedding to spare Leela the pain of his death.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: Bender removes Lars' tattoo and travels to 2000 to place it on Fry in the cryogenic tube so that the events that transpired "make any sense at all". Upon returning, Bender emerges with all the duplicates from his stealing sprees. Nibbler urges everyone to evacuate the universe before swallowing himself. The Bender duplicates explode, causing a tear in the fabric of space, leading to the events of "The Beast with a Billion Backs".


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: In February 2007, "Futurama" co-creator Matt Groening addressed speculation as to whether "Futurama" had been revived in episodic or feature film form, explaining that the crew is "writing them as movies and then we're going to chop them up, reconfigure them, write new material and try to make them work as separate episodes". A preview of the film was shown at Comic-Con 2007. It was also reported at Comic-Con that once the movie is "chopped up" it will be reconfigured into four episodes that will be broadcast on Comedy Central on March 23, 2008. The same will be done with the succeeding three movies, creating a sixteen-episode fifth season. The voice recording finished on July 3, 2007. An official trailer was released on October 10, 2007.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: In addition to background musical scoring for the movie, Christopher Tyng provided two original "movie musical" style songs for the characters to sing in context in "Bender's Big Score". The song "I May As Well Jump" (also referred to as "Street Song") exposited the dissatisfaction of most of the characters with the ways their lives were progressing at that point in the plotline, except for Lars and Leela, who were contrastingly delighted to announce their happiness and their upcoming marriage. The song "This Trinity's Goin' to War" (also referred to as "This Toyshop's Goin' to War") exposited the plans of Robot Santa, Chanukah Zombie, and Kwanzaa-bot to provide military support to assist in the liberation of Earth. The movie also contains a cover of Scott Walker's "30 Century Man" performed by The Jigsaw Seen.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: "Bender's Big Score" made its broadcast premiere on Comedy Central on March 23, 2008. The film was broken into four separate episodes which served as the first part of "Futurama"s fifth season, followed by "The Beast with a Billion Backs", "Bender's Game", and "Into the Wild Green Yonder". The TV movie was screened in the United Kingdom on Sky1, which started airing "Bender's Big Score" on October 26, 2008. After being aired in four separate episodes, the next three movies were aired, with each of them being broken up into four episodes; creating a fifth season comprising 16 episodes overall. "Bender's Big Score" aired in Canada on October 12, 2008 on the Global Television Network.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: In the broadcast premiere, the extended opening from the film is placed before the scene where Hermes is decapitated as opposed to after it. The first two scenes in the montage of Leela and Lars' dates were cut. The original opening subtitle "IT JUST WON'T STAY DEAD!" is kept as the opening subtitle of the first part. The three additional opening captions are: "Watch, Rinse, Repeat", "Apply directly to the foreclaw" (a reference to HeadOn), and "Last Known Transmission of the Hubble Telescope." The billboard scene in all four is identical to the single scene in the film, a snippet from "Space Pilot 3000" where Fry gets frozen.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: "Futurama: Bender's Big Score" is the first carbon-neutral DVD to be released by 20th Century Fox. The studio worked to reduce the carbon impact of DVD manufacture and distribution. It also features "A Terrifying Message From Al Gore", an animated short produced to promote guest star Al Gore's film "An Inconvenient Truth", a discussion on the use of mathematics in "Futurama", full length audio commentary by cast and crew members. There is also a 22-minute of "Everybody Loves Hypnotoad". It was released in 16:9 widescreen format; the first 16:9 presentation of any Futurama media.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: In its first week, the DVD sold 222,036 units, for a total of $3,994,428. As of July 24, 2008, The Numbers reports DVD sales stand at 920,023, for a total of $16,662,212.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: The film holds a 100% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 7.40/10. It won the 2007 Annie Award for Best Home Entertainment Production. The movie received an "A" rating in a review at UGO, calling its two musical numbers "hilarious", and the overall quality on par with that of the show's original run. Dan Iverson of IGN gave the movie an 8 out of 10, stating that "it is easy to recommend "Bender's Big Score" to fans of the series and those new to the show alike." They also gave the DVD a 7 out of 10, praising the extras but lamenting the quality of the video transfer.


title: Futurama: Bender's Big Score

text: Torgo's Executive Powder is an elaborate running gag throughout the film in retaliation against the Fox Network for its alleged mishandling and eventual cancellation of "Futurama". The product is said to have "a million and one uses" and consists of ground-up executives, including those of the film's thinly veiled Fox Network parody (the Box Network), and makes repeated appearances due to its miraculous utility in such diverse tasks as seasoning, surgery, delousing, feeding heads in jars, cosmetics, bomb disposal, artillery, and the care of head transplant patients. In the "Everybody Loves Hypnotoad" episode released with the film, Torgo's Powder is advertised as a parody of HeadOn, stating "Torgo's Powder: apply directly to the buttocks" three times in the same fashion. When the film was aired on Comedy Central, a fake commercial was shown preceding the first break in which a woman dumps some of the powder in a toilet. It appears once in "" on Fry and Bender's kitchen counter, when Bender is washing a pot and is about to jump out of the window.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: Dravet syndrome, previously known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI), is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder which causes a catastrophic form of epilepsy, with prolonged seizures that are often triggered by hot temperatures or fever. It is very difficult to treat with anticonvulsant medications. It often begins before 1 year of age, with 6 months being the age that seizures, characterized by prolonged convulsions and triggered by fever, usually begin.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: Dravet syndrome has been characterized by prolonged febrile and non-febrile seizures within the first year of a child's life. This disease progresses to other seizure types like myoclonic and partial seizures, psychomotor delay, and ataxia. It is characterized by cognitive impairment, behavioural disorders, and motor deficits. Behavioural deficits often include hyperactivity and impulsiveness, and in more rare cases, autistic-like behaviours. Dravet syndrome is also associated with sleep disorders including somnolence and insomnia. The seizures experienced by people with Dravet syndrome become worse as the patient ages, as the disease is not very observable when symptoms first appear. This coupled with the range of severity differing between each individual diagnosed and the resistance of these seizures to drugs has made it challenging to develop treatments.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: Dravet syndrome appears during the first year of life, often beginning around six months of age with frequent febrile seizures (fever-related seizures). Children with Dravet syndrome typically experience a lagged development of language and motor skills, hyperactivity and sleep difficulties, chronic infection, growth and balance issues, and difficulty relating to others. The effects of this disorder do not diminish over time, and children diagnosed with Dravet syndrome require fully committed caretakers with tremendous patience and the ability to closely monitor them.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: Febrile seizures are divided into two categories known as simple and complex. A febrile seizure would be categorized as complex if it has occurred within 24 hours of another seizure or if it lasts longer than 15 minutes. A febrile seizure lasting less than 15 minutes would be considered simple. Sometimes modest hyperthermic stressors like physical exertion or a hot bath can provoke seizures in affected individuals. However, any seizure uninterrupted after 5 minutes, without a resumption of postictal (more normal; recovery-type; after-seizure) consciousness can lead to potentially fatal status epilepticus.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: In most cases the mutations in Dravet syndrome are not hereditary and the mutated gene is found for the first time in a single family member. In 70–90% of patients, Dravet syndrome is caused by nonsense mutations in the SCN1A gene resulting in a premature stop codon and thus a non-functional protein. This gene normally codes for neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel Na1.1. In mouse models, these loss-of-function mutations have been observed to result in a decrease in sodium currents and impaired excitability of GABAergic interneurons of the hippocampus. The researchers found that loss of Na1.1 channels was sufficient to cause the epilepsy and premature death seen in Dravet syndrome.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: The timing of the first signs and symptoms in Dravet syndrome occur about the same time as normal childhood vaccinations, leading some to believe the vaccine was the cause. However, this is likely a non-specific response to fever, as vaccination often induces fever, and fever is known to be associated with seizures in persons with Dravet syndrome. Some of the patients who put forth vaccine injury claims from encephalopathy were later found, upon testing, to actually have Dravet syndrome.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: The genotypic explanation of the disorder has been located on the specific voltage-gated sodium channel genes known as SCN1A and SCN2A. These genes are located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 2 at position 24.3 and code for the alpha subunit of the transmembrane sodium channel protein. A mutation in either of these two genes will cause an individual to develop dysfunctional sodium channels, which are crucial in the pathway for sending chemical signals in the brain, causing the phenotypic display of myoclonic epilepsy from the individual. A properly functioning channel would respond to a voltage difference across the membrane and form a pore through which only sodium ions can pass. The influx of sodium induces the generation of action potential by temporarily changing the charge of the cell. When the gene is mutated, the eventually translated protein improperly folds its pore segment within the cell membrane because it has different amino acid chemistry, which renders the channel inactive. It is also possible for a mutation to reduce the number of channels produced by an individual, which leads to the development of Dravet syndrome.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: Currently, the SCN1A gene is the most clinically relevant; the largest number of epilepsy related mutations characterized thus far occur in this gene. Typically, a missense mutation in either the S5 or S6 segment of the sodium channel pore results in a loss of channel function and the development of Dravet syndrome. A heterozygous inheritance of an SCN1A mutation is all that is necessary to develop a defective sodium channel; patients with Dravet syndrome will still have one normal copy of the gene.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: According to the Dravet Syndrome Foundation, the diagnostic criteria for DS requires the patient to present with several of the following symptoms:


title: Dravet syndrome

text: Seizures in Dravet syndrome can be difficult to manage but may be reduced by anticonvulsant medications such as clobazam, stiripentol, topiramate and valproate. Because the course of the disorder varies from individual to individual, treatment protocols may vary. A diet high in fats and low in carbohydrates may also be beneficial, known as a ketogenic diet. Although diet adjustment can help, it does not eliminate the symptoms. Until a better form of treatment or cure is discovered, those with this disease will have myoclonic epilepsy for the rest of their lives.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: Certain anticonvulsant medications that are classed as sodium channel blockers are now known to make seizures worse in most Dravet patients. These medications include carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and phenytoin.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: Treatments include cognitive rehabilitation through psychomotor and speech therapy. In addition, valproate is often administered to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures and a benzodiazepine is used for long lasting seizures, but these treatments are usually insufficient.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: Stiripentol was the only medication for which a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial was performed and this medication showed efficacy in trials. It acts as a GABAergic agent and as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA receptor. Stiripentol, can improve focal refractory epilepsy, as well as Dravet's syndrome, supplemented with clobazam and valproate was approved in Europe in 2007 as a therapy for Dravet syndrome and has been found to reduce overall seizure rate by 70%. In cases with more drug-resistant seizures, topiramate and the ketogenic diet are used as alternative treatments. A Cochrane review first published in 2014 and updated 2022 called for larger, randomized, well controlled trials to be able to draw conclusions.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: Cannabidiol (CBD) was approved in United States for treatment of Dravet syndrome in 2018. A 2017 study showed that the frequency of seizures per month decreased from 12 to 6 with the use of cannabidiol, compared with a decrease from 15 to 14 with placebo.


title: Dravet syndrome

text: Dravet syndrome is a severe form of epilepsy, responsible for roughly 10% of cases in children. It is a rare genetic disorder that affects an estimated 1 in every 20,000–40,000 births.