title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: A recurring race in the games are god-like beings created by Pulse and Lindzei to act as their servants in the mortal world. In the original mythos and the "XIII" games, the demigods are called fal'Cie . They take the form of crystal-powered mechanical beings in the "XIII" games. In the universe of "Type-0", they are both semi-sentient crystals and humanoid beings living among the people. The fal'Cie have the ability to imbue chosen humans with magical powers and assign them a task to complete either willingly or unwillingly. "Final Fantasy XIII" and "Type-0" refer to these people as l'Cie and the task given to them as a Focus. In the worlds of "XIII" and "Type-0", there are two possible outcomes for l'Cie: once their Focus is fulfilled, they can go into 'crystal stasis', transforming into a crystal statue, and gain eternal life, but if they fail they become mindless crystalline monsters called . In "Type-0", l'Cie are chosen by the crystal of their country, and given great power to fulfill their assigned Focus, but lose their memories if emotionally unstable. While not referred to as such using the original terminology, humans imbued with magic and burdened with a task exist in "Final Fantasy XV", one of them being the main protagonist Noctis.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: The concept for the "Fabula Nova Crystallis" series originated during late development on "Final Fantasy X-2" and the original "Kingdom Hearts". Discussing what to do once "Final Fantasy XII" was completed, Nomura, Shinji Hashimoto and Yoshinori Kitase decided to build upon the idea of multiple games connected by a single "central theme". Scenario writer Kazushige Nojima started writing the original mythology for the "Fabula Nova Crystallis" series in 2003, finishing it by February 2004. Nojima described his creation as the result of a wish to create something entirely new; a universe with its own mythos and legends. When he introduced the concept to other team members, they liked it and helped it grow. As with some of his other projects, Nojima incorporated themes of mythology due to his liking for and extensive research of Greek and Norse mythology. During his work, he received creative input from Kitase and Hashimoto, as well as Nomura, Tabata and Motomu Toriyama. Nojima wrote a series bible about the mythology, explaining concepts such as the fal'Cie and l'Cie and the feelings of the deities who created them. This bible became the basis for a video animated by Yusuke Naora's art team to showcase the mythos in 2011. None of the deities were depicted in human form in the video, as this would have undermined the developers' wishes for open interpretation by developers and players.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: The central concept for "Fabula Nova Crystallis" came from the "Compilation of Final Fantasy VII", a multimedia subseries featuring the world and characters of "Final Fantasy VII". Whereas the common link in the "Compilation" was "Final Fantasy VII", the team chose to use "the tale of new crystals" for the new series, with the mythos connecting the games rather than an overarching narrative. Another key idea behind the mythos was to ease the production of future "Final Fantasy" games by providing an established universe. The individual directors are allowed to freely interpret the base mythology when they create their games. When referring to this freedom, Tabata has compared the mythos and the concept behind it to Greek mythology; a mythos with common themes and deities, but featuring many unrelated stories.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: Toriyama based the story of "Final Fantasy XIII" around the mythos' deities and their direct relations to the world. Tabata and Nomura both focused on the human side of the story. Tabata chose to portray the divine elements from a historical standpoint in "Type-0". Nomura created a modern-day setting similar to contemporary Earth in "Final Fantasy XV", referring far less to the mythos' terminology. Nomura was also appointed as the main character designer for all entries in the subseries. In a 2007 interview, Hashimoto compared the planning of the "Fabula Nova Crystallis" series to film franchises such as "Star Wars" and "The Lord of the Rings": an expansive brand on which to build multiple "Final Fantasy" titles planned in advance. The development of all games connected to the mythos was handled by Square Enix 1st Production Department. A trademark for "Final Fantasy Haeresis XIII" hinted at another entry, but the trademark expired in 2011 and the company did not renew.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Final Fantasy XIII" began development in February 2004. It began as a title for the PlayStation 2 under the codename "Colors World", however it was moved onto PlayStation3 after the positively received Crystal Tools engine demo in 2005 and the delayed release of "Final Fantasy XII". The original titles in the series were "Final Fantasy XIII" and "Versus XIII". "Agito XIII" was conceived later, when Tabata was looking for a new project after finishing "". Originally titled "Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy XIII", the three titles were announced at E3 2006 "Final Fantasy XIII" and "Versus XIII" were intended to form the core of the series, with future games being a "facet" of "Final Fantasy XIII". "Agito XIII" and "Versus XIII" both began production in 2006. The subseries' title changed in 2011 when the "XIII" numeral was dropped as it "would have been an issue".


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "XIII" was developed by team members who had worked on "Final Fantasy VII", "VIII", "X" and "X-2". It was first announced as a PS3 exclusive. Late in its development, "Final Fantasy XIII" changed from being a console exclusive when an Xbox 360 version was announced, significantly delaying its release. After the release of "Final Fantasy XIII", the creators wanted to expand on the game's setting and tell more stories about the characters, so "XIII-2" and "Lightning Returns" were developed. For these games, Japanese developer tri-Ace was brought in to help with the games' design and graphics. The three games and their respective tie-in media were referred to as the "Lightning Saga" by Square Enix staff after the games' central character. A port for Microsoft Windows was considered, but not followed up due to platform-specific concerns and the company's view of the video game market. Later, "Final Fantasy XIII" and its sequels would receive PC ports through Steam. While there was speculation that "Fabula Nova Crystallis" would end with "Lightning Returns", Kitase repeatedly said there was still room for further titles beyond the "XIII" universe.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Agito XIII" was handled by staff from "Before Crisis". The game was originally being developed as an episodic mobile game. By 2008, "Agito XIII" had been moved onto the PlayStation Portable, then later renamed "Final Fantasy Type-0". The stated reason for the change of title was that "Final Fantasy XIII" and "Type-0" shared little besides the core mythos. "Type-0"s western release was delayed due to the flagging PSP market in western territories. A high-definition port to the same platforms as "Final Fantasy XV" was co-developed by Square Enix and HexaDrive, and was eventually announced for a western release. Tabata created "Agito" around his original ideas for "Type-0" as a mobile title. "Agito" acted both as a prequel to "Type-0" and as an alternate story set within its world. The game was co-developed by mobile game developer Tayutau K. K. Later, Chinese developer Perfect World were brought in to develop "Awakening"; it was the first "Final Fantasy" title licensed by Square Enix to an external company.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Versus XIII"s development was headed by the team behind the console "Kingdom Hearts" games. Like "XIII", the game was a PS3 exclusive. As early as 2007, Square Enix considered re-branding "Versus XIII" as a numbered entry in the main series due to the rapidly growing scale of the project. The game was eventually re-branded in 2011 as "Final Fantasy XV". As part of its later marketing, "Final Fantasy XV" was deliberately distanced from the "Fabula Nova Crystallis" brand to remove the consequent limitation on their target audience, although lore and design elements were retained. The game was also moved fully onto eighth generation consoles and developed using the company's new Luminous Studio engine. The PS3 version was abandoned due to concerns about the console's continued viability. "Final Fantasy XV" eventually had help from multiple developers, including HexaDrive, XPEC Entertainment and Umbra. In contrast to "Final Fantasy XIII", Tabata decided against creating any sequels to "Final Fantasy XV", instead expanding the base game through DLC. The first season of DLC was well received, so a second season was commissioned. All but one of these later DLC episodes was cancelled in 2018 following the decision by the team to focus on a new intellectual property.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: The games have been complemented and expanded upon through other media. For "Final Fantasy XIII", a small book of short stories titled "Final Fantasy XIII - Episode Zero" was released, first through the game's website and then as a print release in December 2009. It shows events prior to the game's opening. A second novella, "Episode i", was published via "XIII-2"s official website, bridging the narrative gap between "XIII" and "XIII-2". Alongside "XIII-2"s Japanese release, a book detailing events not shown or described in the game titled "Fragments Before" was released in December 2011 including "Episode i"; this would be followed up by "Fragments After", released in June 2012. Only "Episode i" has received an official English release. "Lightning Returns" was also set to receive a prequel novel by Benny Matsuyama alongside the game's Japanese release in November 2013, however this was later cancelled due to the author falling ill. A three-part novella exclusive to "Famitsu Weekly" magazine titled "Final Fantasy XIII Reminiscence: tracer of memories" was released across June and July 2014. It was written by Daisuke Watanabe, who handled the scripts for the "XIII" games, and takes place immediately after the ending of "Lightning Returns". "Reminiscence" was later released online.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Final Fantasy Type-0" received a manga adaptation illustrated by Takatoshi Shiozawa. It began publication in the November 2011 of "Young Gangan" and was collected into a single volume and released in April 2012. The manga was translated into English and released as part of the western collector's edition for "Type-0 HD", available exclusively through Square Enix's online store. A second manga following one of the game's secondary characters, "Final Fantasy Type-0 Side Story: Reaper of the Icy Blade", began serialization in May 2012. The latter manga was created by Shiozawa under Nomura's supervision. The manga ended in January 2014, with a bonus chapter released in February of the same year. It will be released in the west in July 2015, licensed by Yen Press. Two novels detailing an alternate version of "Type-0", titled "Final Fantasy Type-0: Change the World", were released in April and June 2012. "Agito" received another "Change the World" novel adaptation focusing on two of the game's supporting characters. Ultimania guides and companion books have been released for the majority of released games.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Final Fantasy XV" similarly had additional media released around it, forming a dedicated multimedia expansion dubbed the ""Final Fantasy XV" Universe". The majority of its content fleshed out the background for "Final Fantasy XV"s plot, which would have required multiple video games under normal circumstances. While comparing the "Final Fantasy XV" Universe to the overall structure of "Fabula Nova Crystallis", the game's director defined it as an attempt to make the narrative of "XV" work in current times rather than attempting to "reinvent" the original concept. An anime produced by Square Enix and A-1 Pictures, "", details the backstories of the main cast and how they came to be journeying together. It is being distributed online through the months leading up to the game's release. A CGI feature film produced by the same team as "Advent Children", "", was released in July 2016 in Japan and in August in America; it focuses on the main character's father Regis Lucis Caelum, alongside original characters. The cancelled DLC was turned into the novel "".


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: The "Fabula Nova Crystallis" mythos has received mixed reactions from gaming sites. "Hardcore Gamer"s Brady Hale called the series "anything but ordinary" in the variety of games it featured. In an article concerning the 25th Anniversary event for the "Final Fantasy" series, Joystiq's Ben Gilbert called the "Fabula Nova Crystallis" mythos "occasionally bizarre and often beautiful". In 2014, Jeremy Parish of USGamer said the series was "much ado about nothing", stating that since the games shared a large amount of themes and plot points with the main series, there seemed little reason for a distinction. TechnoBuffalo's Ron Duwell, in an article concerning a documentary video on "Final Fantasy XV", called the series "overly ambitious", but felt that it was worth "Fabula Nova Crystallis" "[imploding] upon itself" if "Final Fantasy XV" fulfilled its promises. Kat Bailey, writing for USGamer as part of her review for "Final Fantasy XV", said that series fans were ready for the subseries to come to an end with the game's release. RPG Site's Chelsi Laire called the subseries "a series of successes and failures, but mostly the latter" due to its troubled development, but hoped that the company would revisit the brand in the future.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: Speaking about the "XIII" games in particular, Parish suggested that their mixed reactions influenced the title changes of other games in the original series, giving the teams a chance to give those games more of their own identity. He also felt that the decision to expand the "XIII" storyline into multiple games "probably worked out just as well". The presentation of the mythos and its terms received mixed reactions in "XIII", resulting in the production team toning down their use for "XIII-2". Siliconera writer Spencer Yip, in his review of "Lightning Returns", commented that the story and pace of the game was "muddled" by the mythos. In 2016, RPGFan writer Mike Salbato wrote a retrospective of the "Final Fantasy XIII" games and their version of "Fabula Nova Crystallis": he felt that the lack of specific references to the mythos in "XIII" had harmed general comprehension, and that a reliance on foreknowledge made its sequels difficult to play as standalone titles. In contrast, the portrayal of the mythos in "Type-0" was praised by RPG Site's Erren Van Duine in an import review of the title, with him saying that "elements such as l'Cie and fal'Cie are handled in much more interesting ways". When commenting on the lore of "Final Fantasy XV", Andrew Reiner of "Game Informer" praised the story for sticking to basics and avoiding "[overwhelming] the player with lore or branching threads, something "Final Fantasy XIII" struggled with".


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Final Fantasy XIII" was positively received in Japanese magazines, garnering exceptionally high scores from both "Famitsu" and "Dengeki PlayStation". In the west, the game was praised for its graphics, battle system, and music, but opinions were mixed about its story and it was criticized for its highly linear structure. "XIII" also won an award for best graphics in "GamesRadar"s 2012 Platinum Trophy Awards. "XIII-2" received a positive reception overall, gaining perfect scores from "Famitsu" and "Dengeki PlayStation", and high scores from most western sites. Common points of praise were its non-linear nature, improved battle system and graphics, while the main points of criticism were its story and characters, which were often called weak, confusing or both. "Lightning Returns" received mixed to positive reviews, with its combat being highly praised, its graphics and time limit mechanic drawing mixed responses, and the story and characters being cited as poorly developed.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Type-0" had a highly positive reception in Japan, with it garnering near-perfect scores in "Famitsu" and "Dengeki PlayStation". Import reviews were also fairly positive, sharing many points of praise with the Japanese reviews. "Type-0 HD" also received a positive reception in the west, with main praise going to the story, characters and action-based gameplay. Other aspects came in for criticism, such as elements of the graphics upgrade, the real-time strategy segments, and the localization. Western previews of "Agito" have also been positive, with critics agreeing that it looked good on the platform and worked well from a gameplay standpoint. "Final Fantasy XV" was positively received by many journalists; praise went to aspects of the story, the main characters, battle system and graphics, while the overarching plot, supporting cast and other technical elements such as the camera and late-game changes in gameplay were criticized.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Final Fantasy XIII" broke sales records for the "Final Fantasy" franchise, selling 1.5 million units in Japan on its release day, and a further million a month after its North American release. "XIII-2" was the most purchased title of 2011 in Japan upon release, and reached second and first place in sales charts in the United States and United Kingdom respectively. "Lightning Returns" had lower first-week sales than its predecessors, but still topped the sales charts in Japan, selling over 277,000 units in its first week and over 404,000 copies by the end of 2013. It ranked as third and eighth in the UK and US February sales charts respectively. Approximately 800,000 copies were sold by as of November 2014. The three "XIII" games have collectively sold 11 million units worldwide. Speaking of the decreasing success of the "XIII" games and their effect on the "Fabula Nova Crystallis" series on USGamer, Parish felt that the initial backlash received by "XIII" had turned the ""XIII"" moniker into "box office poison".


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: "Type-0" sold over 472,000 units in its first week, and went on to sell over 740,000 units in Japan. The title was also added to the company's list of Ultimate Hits, re-releases of lucrative titles. "Type-0 HD" reached the top of the sales charts in its debut week, selling 93,000 units, though it ultimately performed poorly in Japan. It was among the ten top-selling games in March for the UK and US. By April, "Type-0 HD" had shipped over one million copies worldwide. "Agito" was highly successful in Japan, achieving 500,000 registered users within a week of release. By November of the year of release, the game had received one million downloads. "Awakening" met with commercial success in China, achieving two million downloads within its month of release. Upon its release, "Final Fantasy XV" sold five million copies worldwide through retail shipments and digital sales, breaking sales records for the "Final Fantasy" franchise. It has sold over nearly nine million copies as of October 2019.


title: Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy

text: Speaking in a 2014 feature on the series, Kitase and Toriyama commented that the initial structure and goals of the project had worked against it, causing the mythos narrative to become unfocused and difficult for players to follow within a single game. In the aftermath, Square Enix decided to move away from the complex narrative style that had accompanied the mythos, instead focusing on telling more understandable standalone stories. Tabata described the decision to distance "Final Fantasy XV" from the mythos brand as a complicated but necessary one.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: The 2020 Revolution was the inaugural Revolution professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). It took place on February 29, 2020, at the Wintrust Arena in Chicago, Illinois. The event was AEW's last PPV to be held before the COVID-19 pandemic took effect in mid-March, and AEW's final PPV event to be held with a full capacity crowd until Double or Nothing in May 2021. The event aired through traditional PPV outlets, as well as on B/R Live in North America and FITE TV internationally.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: Nine matches were contested at the event, including one on The Buy In pre-show and one dark match. In the main event, Jon Moxley defeated Chris Jericho to win the AEW World Championship. In other prominent matches, Kenny Omega and Adam Page defeated The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson) to retain the AEW World Tag Team Championship, Nyla Rose defeated Kris Statlander to retain the AEW Women's World Championship, MJF defeated Cody, and Jake Hager defeated Dustin Rhodes in Hager's AEW in-ring debut.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: On August 2, 2019, All Elite Wrestling (AEW) filed two trademarks for "AEW Revolution" along with the logo on November 21. On December 3, AEW filed a trademark for "Join The Revolution" along with the logo on December 6.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: On December 9, 2019, AEW announced that they were returning to the Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo (C2E2), taking place from February 28 to March 1, 2020. During the December 11 episode of "Dynamite", it was announced that their next pay-per-view would be Revolution, held at the Wintrust Arena in Chicago, Illinois, and would be in partnership with C2E2. Tickets for the event sold out in less than an hour.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: On February 26, 2020, immediately following "Dynamite", TNT aired a one-hour television special called "Countdown to Revolution" which averaged 383,000 viewers. A remix with Mikey Rukus to "Revelation" by Zardonic was the official theme song for the event.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: Revolution featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Storylines were produced on AEW's weekly television program, "Dynamite", the supplementary online streaming show, "Dark", and The Young Bucks' YouTube series "Being The Elite".


title: Revolution (2020)

text: After Jon Moxley's victory over Kenny Omega at Full Gear, he turned his attention to the AEW World Championship. On the December 11, 2019, episode of "Dynamite", AEW World Champion Chris Jericho invited Moxley to join his faction The Inner Circle. He offered him 49% ownership of The Inner Circle LLC, Executive Vice President position of The Inner Circle, and a Ford GT with a "MOX" vanity plate. After considering his offer for several weeks, Moxley finally agreed to join the group on the January 8, 2020 episode, even removing his jacket which revealed an Inner Circle shirt. However, this was later revealed to be a ruse as Moxley subsequently attacked Jericho and stablemate Sammy Guevara. At Bash at the Beach on January 15, after Moxley defeated Guevara, Guevara and his Inner Circle stablemates Jericho, Jake Hager, and Santana and Ortiz attacked Moxley. Jericho removed a metal spike from his jacket and hit Moxley in the right eye with it, resulting in Moxley needing to wear an eyepatch and leading to an Eye for an Eye match. Moxley then defeated Pac on the January 22 episode of "Dynamite" to become the number one contender for Jericho's championship at Revolution.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: At the start of AEW's foundation, Cody took on MJF as his protégé, who often accompanied Cody for matches. At Full Gear on November 9, 2019, Cody faced Chris Jericho for the AEW World Championship with a stipulation that if Cody lost, he could never challenge for the title again. While Jericho had Cody in the Liontamer submission hold, Cody's cornerman MJF threw in the towel as he felt that Cody could not continue, thus Jericho retained, ending any future world championship pursuits for Cody. After the match, MJF consoled a disappointed Cody, but then turned on him by performing a low blow. On the following episode of "Dynamite", MJF called Cody a liar and a sociopath and claimed that if he had not prevented Cody from winning, his career would have been over. Cody came to the ring, but was attacked by the debuting Wardlow, revealed to be MJF's bodyguard. As MJF refused to face Cody in a match, Cody asked MJF to name his price. MJF laid out three conditions to be met by Cody in order for a match between them to happen at Revolution: he could not touch MJF until the match, he would have to face Wardlow in a steel cage match, and he would have to take ten lashes with a leather belt on live TV. Cody agreed to all the stipulations. On the February 5, 2020 episode, Cody took the ten lashes from MJF, including one from Wardlow. Angered that Cody prevailed, MJF hit a low blow on Cody and quickly retreated with Wardlow. Cody then defeated Wardlow in AEW's first steel cage match on the February 19 episode to make the match with MJF at Revolution official. After Cody's moonsault from the top of the steel cage, it was revealed he suffered a non-displaced fracture of the distal phalanx bone in his right great toe, but was cleared to compete.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: On the debut episode of "Dynamite" on October 2, 2019, Jake Hager made his AEW debut by attacking Dustin Rhodes, Cody, and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson). He also gave Dustin Rhodes a gutwrench powerbomb through a table, aligning himself with Chris Jericho, Sammy Guevara, Santana, and Ortiz, who would all become known as The Inner Circle. On the October 30 episode, Hager attacked Rhodes in a parking lot and slammed his arm in a car door, injuring his arm. On the February 12, 2020 episode, after Rhodes' victory over Guevara, he insulted Hager for being a "failure" in both professional wrestling and mixed martial arts, proclaiming that he wanted a match with him at Revolution, which Hager accepted, marking Hager's AEW in-ring debut.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: On the February 19 episode of "Dynamite", The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson) won a 10-team tag team battle royal to become the number one contenders for the AEW World Tag Team Championship at Revolution. Other teams in the battle royal were Best Friends (Chuck Taylor and Trent), The Butcher and The Blade, The Dark Order (Alex Reynolds and John Silver), The Hybrid 2 (Angelico and Jack Evans), The Inner Circle (Santana and Ortiz), Jurassic Express (Jungle Boy and Luchasaurus), Private Party (Isiah Kassidy and Marq Quen), SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky), and Strong Hearts (Cima and T-Hawk). That same episode, champions Kenny Omega and Adam Page successfully defended their title against Lucha Brothers (Pentagon Jr. and Rey Fenix), pitting The Elite against one another at Revolution.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: On the January 29 episode of "Dynamite", Darby Allin teamed with Private Party (Isiah Kassidy and Marq Quen) in a losing effort against The Inner Circle (Chris Jericho, Santana, and Ortiz). After the match, The Inner Circle attacked Private Party and Allin. Sammy Guevara took Allin's own skateboard, ramming him throat-first into the ring with the edge of the skateboard. Allin made his return on the February 19 episode and went after Guevara, who, along with his Inner Circle stablemates, were beating down Jon Moxley and Dustin Rhodes. During AEW's "Road to Kansas City" video released via YouTube on February 24, a match was announced between Guevara and Allin for Revolution.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: On the February 12 episode of "Dynamite", Nyla Rose defeated Riho to win the AEW Women's World Championship. The following week, Kris Statlander interrupted Rose's interview and pointed at the championship belt. On February 24, AEW announced that Rose would have her first title defense against Statlander at Revolution.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: During Pac's match against Trent on the November 6, 2019 episode of "Dynamite", Chuck Taylor distracted the referee while Orange Cassidy rolled into the ring and hit Pac with a series of kicks. Pac responded with a Pump Kick to Cassidy's head. On the December 17 episode of "Dark", Cassidy teamed with Best Friends (Taylor and Trent) in a losing effort against Pac and The Hybrid 2 (Angelico and Jack Evans). Cassidy again delivered a series of kicks to Pac and as Pac attempted another Pump Kick, Cassidy ducked and countered with a tornado DDT. On the February 26, 2020 episode of "Dynamite", Cassidy interrupted Pac's post-match interview after Pac's loss to Kenny Omega in an Iron Man match, resulting in Pac attacking Cassidy. Later in the episode, a match between the two was confirmed for Revolution, marking Cassidy's first singles match in AEW.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: On the January 8 episode of "Dynamite", after Christopher Daniels lost to Sammy Guevara, The Dark Order came down to the ring in an attempt to recruit Daniels. Evil Uno told Daniels to "Stop losing and start winning" and offered Daniels a Dark Order mask. Daniels declined and was beaten down by Stu Grayson, Alex Reynolds, and John Silver. On the February 26 episode, a match between The Dark Order (Evil Uno and Stu Grayson) and SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) was arranged for Revolution.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: Prior to the televised portion of the event, Dr. Britt Baker, D.M.D. and Penelope Ford (accompanied by Kip Sabian) defeated Riho and Yuka Sakazaki in a tag team match taped for a future episode of "AEW Dark".


title: Revolution (2020)

text: During The Buy In pre-show, The Dark Order (Evil Uno and Stu Grayson, accompanied by Alex Reynolds and John Silver and several masked "creepers") defeated SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) when Grayson rolled up Sky using the tights as leverage after Uno performed a running elbow strike to the latter. After the match, Colt Cabana, making his AEW debut, came to the ring to attack The Dark Order, but was quickly ambushed by the group members and thrown out of the ring. Shortly afterwards, SoCal Uncensored teammate Christopher Daniels emerged in a cloak and helped Kazarian and Sky clear The Dark Order from the ring.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: The main card began with a match between Dustin Rhodes and Jake Hager. This was Hager's AEW debut match. In the end, Hager performed a "Low Blow" to Rhodes while the referee Aubrey Edwards was distracted and applied a "Arm Triangle Choke" submission hold, forcing Rhodes to submit for the victory.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: In the following match, Darby Allin took on Sammy Guevara. In the match's climax, Guevara removed a pad from the ring turnbuckle and attempted to slam Allin into it, before Allin reversed and sent Guevara's face into the exposed turnbuckle. He then climbed the top rope and performed a "Coffin Drop" for the win.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: In the third match, Kenny Omega and Adam Page defended the AEW World Tag Team Championship against The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson). After a back-and-forth match, Page performed the "Buckshot Lariat" on Nick Jackson at the outside area to incapacitate him, before performing another "Buckshot Lariat" on Matt Jackson in the ring to win and retain the championship.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: Afterwards, Nyla Rose defended the AEW Women's World Championship against Kris Statlander. During the match's conclusion, Rose performed a "Superplex" on Statlander before performing a "Powerbomb" from the top rope to win the match and retain the championship.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: Next, Cody (accompanied by Arn Anderson and Brandi Rhodes) faced MJF (accompanied by Wardlow) in a grudge match. At one point during the match, Cody performed a "Disaster Kick" on MJF that caused him to bleed from the head. Eventually, Cody performed two "Cross Rhodes" on MJF and was preparing to perform a third, but before he could, MJF hit Cody in the face with his Dynamite Diamond Ring and pinned him for the victory.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: The penultimate match pitted Orange Cassidy (accompanied by Chuck Taylor and Trent) against Pac. In the climax, the Lucha Brothers (Pentagón Jr. and Rey Fénix) came down and attacked Taylor and Trent, distracting Cassidy long enough for Pac to perform the "Brutalizer" submission hold, leading to Cassidy submitting and giving Pac the win.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: In the main event, Chris Jericho (accompanied by Santana and Ortiz) defended the AEW World Championship against Jon Moxley. After repeated interferences from Santana, Ortiz and Inner Circle teammate Jake Hager, all three men were ejected by the referee. However, as the referee was distracted, Inner Circle member Sammy Guevara ran down and hit Moxley with the AEW title belt and Jericho covered Moxley for a near-fall. In the end, Moxley removed his eyepatch that he was wearing due to an earlier attack from Jericho, revealing he could see clearly, and performed a "Paradigm Shift" DDT on Jericho to win the match and championship.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: The event was critically acclaimed, with the AEW World Tag Team Championship Match receiving overwhelming universal praise from both critics and fans, with some deeming it "one of the greatest tag matches of all time". Brent Brookhouse of CBS Sports graded the main event "B+" and wrote that Jon Moxley's AEW World Championship victory was an "iconic moment". Elsewhere on the card, the Page and Omega-Young Bucks was given a perfect score of "A+" and was described as "arguably the best match in AEW's short history", both Pac-Orange Cassidy and MJF-Cody were given a "B+" grade, the women's championship match between Nyla Rose and Kris Statlander received a "D" rating (the lowest of the card) and Hager-Rhodes was designated a "C+". John Powell, writing for Canadian Online Explorer's "Slam! Sports" section, gave the event a total rating of 9 out of 10, with the main event and tag team championship also both receiving a 9 out of 10 rating. MJF-Cody received a 8.5 out of 10, Rose-Statlander was given 6 out of 10 and Hager-Rhodes was rated 7.5 out of 10.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: Dave Meltzer of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" awarded the tag team championship match 6 stars, which is AEW's highest-rated match and the highest-rated tag team match in the history of professional wrestling, with Meltzer describing it as "the greatest tag team match in history". The tag team match also won the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" Pro Wrestling Match of the Year, "Pro Wrestling Illustrated" Match of the Year and Voices of Wrestling Match of the Year awards. The event was voted Best Major Wrestling Show of 2020.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: On the March 4 episode of "Dynamite", Jon Moxley teamed with Darby Allin to face Chris Jericho and Sammy Guevara. However, The Inner Circle attacked Moxley before the match, making the match a 2-on-1 handicap match, which Jericho and Guevara won.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: On that same episode of "Dynamite", Pac defeated Chuck Taylor in a singles match and was joined by the Lucha Brothers in attacking Taylor, Trent and Orange Cassidy after the match. Pac then proclaimed that they were forming a new stable called "Death Triangle".


title: Revolution (2020)

text: Also on that episode, Cody addressed his loss against MJF, but he was interrupted by Jake Roberts, who claimed that he had a client who will "slay" Cody and bring "the dark side" to AEW.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: Additionally on the March 4 episode of "Dynamite", SoCal Uncensored teamed with Colt Cabana to defeat The Dark Order.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic that began affecting the industry in mid-March, AEW moved its weekly programs to their home venue of Daily's Place in Jacksonville, Florida. The events were held behind closed doors with no outside spectators; instead, AEW used non-competing wrestlers and crew to serve as the live audience. In late August, AEW began to readmit a limited number of fans (10–15% venue capacity), before running full capacity shows in May 2021. AEW then resumed live touring in July.


title: Revolution (2020)

text: In November 2020, AEW President and CEO Tony Khan referred to Revolution as being one of AEW's "Big Four" PPVs, which includes Double or Nothing, All Out, and Full Gear, their four biggest shows produced quarterly. The inaugural Revolution was the fourth of these shows produced.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: The Prussian vision of was a pan-Germanist state-centric imperium, an idea that was later adopted in a modified form by Nazi geopoliticians.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: The German term "Mitteleuropa" is not used or understood in the same way in all areas of Europe. The term has also been used differently over time. In Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia and northern Italy, especially in Friuli and Trieste, the common definition is somewhat different than in Germany: Mitteleuropa is equated with the successor states of the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Regions such as the Baltic States and the North German-Polish plains are perceived as "Northern European", other parts of Germany as "Western European". For example, the today Central European (Mitteleuropean) Order of St. Georg has its centers mainly in the area of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: By the mid-14th century, when the Black Death brought an end to the 500-year-long process, populations from Western Europe had moved into the "Wendish" Central European areas of far beyond the Elbe and Saale rivers. They had moved along the Baltic coast from Holstein to Farther Pomerania, up the Oder river to the Moravian Gate, down the Danube into the Kingdom of Hungary and into the Slovene lands of Carniola. From the mouth of the Vistula river and the Prussian region, the Teutonic Knights by force continued the migration up to Estonian Reval (Tallinn). They had also settled the mountainous border regions of Bohemia and Moravia and formed a distinct social class of citizens in towns like Prague, Havlíčkův Brod (German Brod), Olomouc (Olmütz) and Brno (Brünn). They had moved into the Polish Kraków Voivodeship, the Western Carpathians and Transylvania (Siebenbürgen), introducing the practice of crop rotation and German town law.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: In the first half of the 19th century, ideas of a Central-European federation between the Russian Empire and the West European great powers arose, based on geographical, ethnic and economic considerations.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: The term was formally introduced by Karl Ludwig von Bruck and Lorenz von Stein, a first theorization of the term attempted in 1848, with the aim of a series of interlocking economic confederations. However, plans advocated by the Austrian minister-president, Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg, foundered on the resistance of the German states. After the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Prussian-led unification of Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1871, Austria had to abandon its claim to leadership and thereafter used to refer to the lands of Austria-Hungary in the Danube basin. In Austria, the concept evolved as an alternative to the German question, equivalent to an amalgamation of the states of the German Confederation and the multi-ethnic Austrian Empire under the firm leadership of the Habsburg dynasty.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: Political and ethnic visions of a began to dominate in Germany. After the Revolutions of 1848 liberal theorists like Friedrich List and Heinrich von Gagern, socialists and then later groups like the German National Liberal Party would adopt the idea. However, a distinct Pan-German notion accompanied by the concept of a renewed settler colonialism would become associated with the idea. In the German Empire, the concentrated on the achievements by ethnic Germans in Central Europe on the basis of ethnocentrism with significant anti-Slavic, especially anti-Polish notions, as propagated by the Pan-German League. By 1914 and the , , meaning central Europe under the control of Germany, had become a part of German hegemonic policy.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: The plan was to achieve an economic and cultural hegemony over Central Europe by the German Empire and subsequent economic and financial exploitation of this region combined with direct annexations, making of puppet states, and the creation of puppet states for a buffer between Germany and Russia.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: The issue of Central Europe was taken by German thinker Friedrich Naumann in 1915 in his work . According to his thought, this part of Europe was to become a politically and economically integrated bloc subjected to German rule. In his program, Naumann also supported programs of Germanization and Hungarization as well. In his book, Naumann used imperialist rhetoric combined with praises to nature, and imperial condescension towards non-German people, while advising politicians to show some "flexibility" towards non-German languages to achieve "harmony". Naumann wrote that it would stabilize the whole Central-European region. Some parts of the planning included designs on creating a new state in Crimea and have the Baltic states to be client states.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: The ruling political elites of Germany accepted the plan during World War I while drawing out German war aims and plans for the new order of Europe. was to be created by establishing a series of puppet states whose political, economic and military aspects would be under the control of the German Reich. The entire region was to serve as an economic backyard of Germany, whose exploitation would enable the German sphere of influence to better compete against strategic rivals like Britain, the United States. Political, military and economic organization was to be based on German domination, with commercial treaties imposed on countries like Poland and Ukraine. It was believed that the German working classes could be appeased by German politicians through the economic benefits of territorial annexation, a new economic sphere of influence, and


title: Mitteleuropa

text: exploitation of conquered countries for the material benefit of Germany. Partial realization of these plans was reflected in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, where guarantees of economic and military domination over Ukraine by Germany were laid out. The plan was viewed as a threat by the British Empire, which concluded it would destroy British continental trade and diminish its military power.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: While describes a geographical location, it also is the word denoting a political concept of a German-dominated and exploited Central European union that was put into motion during the First World War. The historian Jörg Brechtefeld describes as the following:


title: Mitteleuropa

text: Mitteleuropean literature of the period between the end of the 19th century and World War II has been the subject of renewed interest, starting in the 1960s. Pioneers in this revival have been Claudio Magris, Roberto Calasso, and the Italian publishing house Adelphi. In the 1920s, French scholar Pierre Renouvin published eleven volumes of documents explaining that Germany decided to bail out Austria which they believed was threatened with economic disintegration by Serbian and other nationalist movements. J Keiger maintained in the debate on the Fischer Controversy that confirmed this opinion rebutting revisionist arguments that Germany was looking for an excuse to occupy Austro-Hungary.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg's plan prepared for a Central European Economic Union. Published in September 1914, the program for interdependent development was designed to include France in a Central European Customs Federation. The German occupation of Belgium was the first phase in this process, which ultimately failed to come to fruition. Plans to create a Duchy of Flanders and a Grand Duchy of Warsaw were discussed as political units of future "localized" administration. The original economic plan was conceived pre-1914 by Walther Rathenau and Alfred von Gwinner, respectively, with the legal support of Hans Delbrück. It was a Customs Union consistent with a history of the and German Confederation of the 19th century, in which German philosophers believed in the wider sustainability of a Greater Europe. There were concerns from Schoenbeck and others that it would make Germany too inward-looking, but gained the support of von Hertling, later a Chancellor and Kurt Kuhlmann, the diplomat. The major sticking point was continued and exclusive German access to Austrian markets, while in the mind of others, like von Falkenhausen, mastery of competition was not possible before military mastery of Europe.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: An extension of was the Longwy-Briey basin. Capturing this mining area west of Alsace-Lorraine, already annexed since 1871, was a major part of the Plan and Germany's war aims. The high plateau dominated the French interior, giving the German army a wide range of fire. But the area also contained immensely prized deposits of iron. These were essential to both France and German war efforts. The development of heavy industry was a central feature of economic policy "under Imperial Protective Administration." Initially, Roedern, the treasurer, was deeply skeptical that a plan to "incorporate" French assets into a customs union and federation would succeed, but civilian doubts were overcome by January 1915, and by 26 August 1916, it was official German policy.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: The first port of was Antwerp: Belgium's occupation in August 1914 was suggestive of partition. Anglophile Albert Ballin, therefore, set up a "German–Belgian trading company" to transfer assets and people from the occupied territories back to the Reich. The Post Office was to become German, and so too the railways, and the banks, all overseen by an Economics Committee, which would be a liaison group between private enterprise and the public sector. Belgian capital markets were absorbed into Karl von Lumm's Report, and all currency issued was backed by the . German obsession with the "Race to the Sea" and right to Belgian seaports continued to be a major policy initiative in the Memorandum of "Attachement" maritime security persisted in the German-Luxembourg Customs Association finally completed on 25 November 1915. Much of the theoretical work would be carried out by Six Economic Associations discussed in memoranda from Spring 1915 designated so as to set Germany free from British tutelage.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: Mitteleuropa is also used in a cultural sense to denote a fertile region whose thought has brought many fruits, artistic and cultural. It is also sometimes denote with the expression "Habsburg thought and culture." The rich Mitteleuropean literary and cultural traditions include Polish philosophy, Czech avantgarde literature, Hungarian social theory and science, Austrian lyric poetry, and the common capacity for irony and linguistic prowess.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: According to the Jewish Hungarian writer György Konrád, the Mitteleuropean spirit is "an aesthetic sensibility that allows for complexity and multilingualism, a strategy that rests on understanding even one's deadly enemy," a spirit that "consist of accepting plurality as a value in and of itself." In Prague, in 1984, the journal Střední Evropa () was founded, albeit characterized by a Catholic revisionist view nostalgic of the pre-1918 Habsburg Empire. Polish poet Zbigniew Herbert wrote the poem , included in his 1992 book "Rovigo" (Wrocław).


title: Mitteleuropa

text: Among the main writers of the literary are Joseph Roth (1894–1939), Stefan Zweig (1881–1942), Arnold Zweig (1887–1968) and Lion Feuchtwanger (1884–1958). Roth's novel "Radetzky March" is a study of the decline and fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, via the story of a family’s elevation to the nobility.


title: Mitteleuropa

text: Other authors that have been catalogued as of Mitteleuropean literature are the Hungarians Sándor Márai (1900–1989), János Székely (1901–1958), Milán Füst (1888–1967), Ödön von Horváth (1901–1938); the Polish-Yiddish Israel Joshua Singer; the Czech-Austrians Leo Perutz (1882–1957), Alfred Kubin (1877–1959), Franz Werfel (1890–1945), Johannes Urzidil (1896–1970), Ernst Weiss (1882–1940); the Austrians Arthur Schnitzler (1862–1931), Alexander Lernet-Holenia (1897–1976), Hermann Broch (1886–1951), Soma Morgenstern (1890–1976), Karl Kraus (1874–1936), Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1874–1929), Peter Altenberg (1859–1919); the Croatian Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981); the Bulgarian Elias Canetti (1905–1994); the German Frank Wedekind (1864–1918); the Italians Italo Svevo (1861–1928), Claudio Magris (1939–), and Roberto Calasso (1941–); and the Swiss Carl Seelig (1894–1962).


title: Mitteleuropa

text: Outside of fiction, eccentric scholars of Old Austria include Léopold Szondi, Eugen Heinrich Schmitt, and Josef Popper-Lynkeus.


title: 2021–22 Northern Premier League

text: The 2021–22 season was the 54th season of the Northern Premier League. The league consists of four divisions, the Premier Division at Step 3 of the National League System, and the West, East and Midlands divisions at Step 4. The NPL continued this season with main sponsors Entain's Pitching In.


title: 2021–22 Northern Premier League

text: As the previous season was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with all results finalised, the Trident Leagues along with The Football Association decided to make the realignment to leagues at Steps 4, 5 and 6.


title: 2021–22 Northern Premier League

text: The Premier Division comprised the same set of 22 teams which competed in the aborted competition the previous season.


title: 2021–22 Northern Premier League

text: When the divisions were realigned this became Division One West instead of Division One North West from the previous season. Division One West comprised 20 teams.


title: 2021–22 Northern Premier League

text: When the divisions were realigned this became Division One East instead of Division One South East from the previous season. Division One East comprised 19 teams, with a vacancy left due to the withdrawal of Droylsden in the previous campaign.


title: 2021–22 Northern Premier League

text: As part of the realignment, the delayed formation of a third Northern Premier League First Division saw the creation of a new Midlands Division, in which it covers the Birmingham area, Nottinghamshire, western Northamptonshire and northern Cambridgeshire regions. The division consists of 20 sides for its inaugural season.


title: 2021–22 Northern Premier League

text: Seven clubs at Step 3, all four fourth-from-bottom teams and those placed third-from-bottom that are the top three on a points per game (PPG) basis, were reprieved from relegation. The remaining team was relegated to Step 4.


title: 2021–22 Northern Premier League

text: The final points-per-game ranking of the third-from-bottom placed teams in Step 3 divisions was as follows:


title: 2021–22 Northern Premier League

text: Ten of the 16 clubs at Step 4, all eight fourth-from-bottom teams and two sides placed third-from-bottom, one at the top and the other in third place on a points per game (PPG) basis, were reprieved from contesting relegation play-offs. The FA granted third-placed Sheffield a reprieve after Yorkshire Amateur's demotion. The remaining six teams contested one-off matches with six runners-up from Step 5 that had the fewest PPG at the end of the 2021–22 season. Three winners of their matches stayed at Step 4 for the 2022–23 season, while three others lost theirs and were relegated to Step 5.


title: 2021–22 Northern Premier League

text: The final points-per-game ranking of the 3rd-from-bottom-placed teams in Step 4 divisions was also as follows:


title: 2021–22 Northern Premier League

text: For the second successive season, it was announced to member clubs that the League Challenge Cup was cancelled due to any further fixture disruptions that might have occurred during to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Ennis

text: Ennis () is the county town of County Clare, in the mid-west of Ireland. The town lies on the River Fergus, north of where the river widens and enters the Shannon Estuary. Ennis is the largest town in County Clare, with a population of 25,276, making it the 6th largest town, and 12th largest urban settlement, as of 2016. Dating from the 12th century the town's Irish name is short for "" ("island of the long rowing meadow") deriving from its location between two courses of the River Fergus.


title: Ennis

text: Ennis has had considerable success in the Irish Tidy Towns competition. In 2005 and 2021, the town was named Ireland's tidiest town, and was named Ireland's tidiest large urban centre on multiple occasions.


title: Ennis

text: The name Ennis derives from the Irish word "Inis", meaning "island". This name relates to an island called ' ("Calf Island") or ' ("island of the long rowing meadow") formed between two courses of the River Fergus. The history of Ennis is closely linked with the O'Brien dynasty, descendants of Brian Boru. In the 12th century, the O'Briens, the Kings of Thomond, left their seat of power in Limerick and built a Clonroad Fort in 1210, a royal residence on the banks of the Fergus. In 1240, following the arrival of Franciscan monks, King Donnchadh O'Brien ordered the construction of an extensive church which he later donated to the Friars. The Friary quickly expanded becoming a centre for theological studies, and by 1375 had 600 students and 350 Friars in residence. As the Friary expanded, so too did the surrounding area, with the town becoming a religious centre until the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Despite its official closure in 1540, the Friary continued to operate in a limited way until 1690, remaining the last school of Catholic Theology to survive the Reformation.


title: Ennis

text: When Clare became a county under the rule of Elizabeth I in 1586, Ennis was chosen as its administrative centre and capital because of its central location and its association with the Earls of Thomond. Ennis received a grant to hold fairs and markets in 1610 and later a Charter for a Corporation with a Provost, Free Burgesses, Commonalty and a Town Clerk.


title: Ennis

text: In the colonial period, a number of landmark structures were constructed, including the Mill and Courthouse. The town contains a number of old military barracks, most notably the Old Military Barracks on the Kilrush road. Many locals served in the British Army in the First World War. The Clare Road and Clonroad areas contain terraced cottages built in the early 20th century to house soldiers. On Station Road, then called Jail Road, a gaol once stood.


title: Ennis

text: As its formation was monastic and not defensive, Ennis never had town walls and instead grew as place of commerce and trade. Over the centuries the market town slowly expanded, and eventually developed as a small manufacturing and distribution centre with commodities moved by river to the port at Clarecastle for shipping abroad. Local industries included textile and clothing manufacturing, the milling of corn and flour, as well as brewing of beer and distillation of whiskey with evidence of these industries still present in the town. The 1845 Famine and its aftermath had a substantial effect on the town with the population declining by over 20% because of famine, disease and emigration.


title: Ennis

text: Ennis was governed by a town council from around the 17th century onwards, before the Local Government Reform Act 2014 effectively dissolved this with the creation of the Ennis Municipal District under the authority of Clare County Council. Politically, Ennis has always been considered a Fianna Fáil stronghold. However, in the 2009 local elections, the party was reduced to just one member out of nine on Ennis Town Council. A monument to Éamon de Valera, founder of the party and former President of Ireland, stands outside Ennis Courthouse.


title: Ennis

text: The River Fergus runs through the middle of Ennis and is a well-known trout and salmon fishery. At one time, small sailing boats made their way up river from the Shannon and berthed in the centre of the town at Woodquay. This area of the town along with Parnell Street and Mill Road was routinely susceptible to flooding, but the flood defence system put an end to the event in Parnell Street and the Mill Road areas, although in November 2009 other parts of the town experienced severe flooding. A new pedestrian bridge, Harmony Row Bridge, was built over the river Fergus in June 2009.


title: Ennis

text: Ennis continued to expand in the following centuries, mainly as a market town and later as a manufacturing and distributing centre. Many commodities were conveyed by river to Clarecastle for shipment abroad.


title: Ennis

text: Ennis is a historically important market town. The market square is still home to market stalls on each Saturday throughout the year, although with the rise in the town's commercial retail sector it has shifted from agricultural produce to mainly textiles and home hardware. The market also has an organic farming element.


title: Ennis

text: The town centre consists of medieval narrow streets and laneways, overshadowed by structures built over the last thousand years. Of the main thoroughfares, Parnell Street has been pedestrianised, while the others, O'Connell Street, Bindon Street and Abbey Street, are one way. The Cathedral of Saint Peter and Saint Paul is on the fringe of the old town centre.


title: Ennis

text: Ennis serves as a major regional hub for County Clare. Among its emergency services, it contains the Ennis Hospital, the HQ of the Clare Divisional Garda, the Clare Fire Brigade and Civil Defence. Ennis also includes many relief organisations, such as The Samaritans, Clare Care and St. Vincent De Paul. Among its civil services, it contains Clare County Council, as well as Social and Family affairs.


title: Ennis

text: Ennis has been a centre for Irish Traditional Music, and since 1974 has hosted the "Fleadh Nua" in late May each year, the second-largest traditional music festival in Ireland. There are other traditional festivals held in the town as well such as the Ennis Trad Festival held annually in November.


title: Ennis

text: Situated 14  km from Shannon Airport, Ennis is served by both bus and rail links to all major cities and towns in Ireland. The main bus depot is adjacent to the town's train station and both are about one kilometre from the town centre. Ennis railway station is on the Clon Road toward the east of the town, which links to the main N18 in either direction.


title: Ennis

text: Bus services are provided to Shannon Airport, Galway, Limerick, Cork, Dublin and all routes in between and run nearly every hour. Shannon Airport is 15 minutes from Ennis, providing daily flights to European and US destinations.


title: Ennis

text: The M18 motorway was extended from Ennis to Limerick in 2007. The section from Ennis to Gort was opened in 2010. The section between Gort and Claregalway was opened in 2017, offering a direct connection with Galway, Tuam and Athenry.


title: Ennis

text: Eighteen rail services per day are now provided to and from Limerick, from where connecting rail services are available to both Dublin Heuston and Cork. The Western Railway Corridor north of Ennis (to Athenry and Galway) reopened on 30 March 2010 with five return services daily.


title: Ennis

text: Ennis was formerly the starting point of the West Clare Railway, a narrow-gauge railway which ran from Ennis to Ennistymon, Milltown Malbay and onwards to the towns and villages along the West Clare coastline. Trains ran from the same railway station which is still used by mainline Irish railway services. The line was CIÉ's last narrow-gauge railway and finally closed in 1961, despite investment in new diesel trains in the early/mid-1950s.


title: Ennis

text: Ennis railway station connects with Galway and with Limerick where onward trains run to Dublin, Cork via Limerick Junction (for connections to Tipperary, Cahir, Clonmel, Carrick-on-Suir and Waterford) and Mallow (for connections to Killarney and Tralee). Ennis is also served by local charity Clare bus which provides a fully wheelchair-accessible bus service around the Clare area.


title: Ennis

text: Primary Schools in Ennis include Ennis National School, established in 1897 (formerly Boys National School), Cloughleigh National School, Gaelscoil Mhichíl Cíosóg, Holy Family School, Scoil Chroist Rí, CBS and the multi-denominational Ennis Educate Together National School which opened in 1998. There are several secondary level schools in Ennis, including Rice College, Ennis Community College, Coláiste Muire, St. Flannan's College, and Gaelcholaiste an Chláir. Mid-West Management Training is a FETAC approved provider of further education and training up to Level 6 of the National Framework of Qualifications. The Ennis Business college is one of Ennis's third-level facilities. Limerick IT opened its Ennis campus in 2019. The IT merged with Athlone IT to become , in October 2021.


title: Ennis

text: Ennis is a stronghold of traditional music with many musicians in residence and regularly playing locally.


title: Ennis

text: The Ennis Book Club Festival, in association with Clare County Library, runs annually on the first weekend in March. It attracts readers and authors from all over Ireland and beyond. Glór Theatre is a concert and events venue in the town centre.


title: Ennis

text: In 2016 and 2017 Ennis hosted the Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann music competition. It is the first time that the town has hosted the event since 1977.


title: Ennis

text: Cusack Park on Francis Street in the town centre is the main county Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) playing grounds and the home of Clare GAA. Ennis has numerous football clubs (soccer, GAA and rugby) that play in various leagues from schoolboys to senior.


title: Ennis

text: The Lees Road Sports and Amenity Park, 1  km from the town centre, is set in of wood and parkland. There is ample car parking and the main building includes modern changing rooms, showers and toilets. Among the facilities available are four conventional playing pitches, full size all-weather floodlit playing pitch, a floodlit synthetic running track and a purpose-built cross country running track. There is a children's playground and skateboard park and marked walks and trails throughout the woodland area. Ennis Leisure Centre has a fully equipped gym with a 25m pool, saunas etc. There are a number of hotels around Ennis that have their own leisure facilities including gyms and 15m to 20m pools.


title: Ennis

text: Within the town, there are six adult soccer clubs (Avenue United, Lifford FC, Ennis Town, Turnpike Rovers, Hermitage FC and Ennis Dons FC), two adult GAA clubs (Éire Óg and The Banner GAA), and one rugby club (Ennis RFC).


title: Ennis

text: Ennis is twinned with Phoenix, Arizona. Each summer an average of four 4th/5th year students partake in the Phoenix Youth Ambassador Program, which is facilitated by the city of Phoenix twinning committee and the Ennis Chamber of Commerce.


title: Ennis

text: Ennis is also twinned with the town of Clare, South Australia and the city of Clare, Michigan, United States


title: Ennis

text: In September 1997, Ennis became Ireland's first and only Information Age Town. The town was greatly enhanced by the project's IR£15 million investment, which saw 4,200 computers provided to residents. A computer lab was provided for every school and every primary school classroom was provided with a computer. Elderly residents were given the chance to become computer users also as a result. The project also gave Ennis Ireland's first high-speed ISDN line infrastructure, which connected all the town's businesses together. Ennis was also used as a test site for VISA Cash, which allowed users to top up a Chip and PIN card with petty cash and purchase goods in local stores. Funding for the project ran out in 2000.


title: Ennis

text: In 2012, 2013 and 2021, Ennis won the Irish Tidy Towns Competition in the Large Urban Centre category.


title: Ennis

text: The town of Ennis is situated in parts of the civil parishes of Doora, Drumcliff, Kilraghtis and Templemaley. Townlands are:


title: Olivia Luccardi

text: Olivia Luccardi (born May 17, 1989) is an American actress and producer. She is known for her roles as Alice Woods in Syfy's horror anthology series "Channel Zero: Butcher's Block" and as Yara Davis in the supernatural thriller film "It Follows".


title: Olivia Luccardi

text: Luccardi was born to Patricia (née Bowden), a hair and makeup stylist, and Giuseppe Luccardi, a fashion photographer. Luccardi's childhood was spent in Brooklyn, but she went to high school in Chatham, New York. Luccardi revealed she was bullied throughout school.


title: Olivia Luccardi

text: After high school, Luccardi moved to Manhattan. Luccardi worked for Webster Hall, formerly a nightclub, and its "Quarterly Art Soiree", for four years until March 2013.


title: Olivia Luccardi

text: Luccardi's other notable roles include the american thriller film "Money Monster", the independent comedy drama film "Person to Person", Netflix's comedy-drama series "Orange Is the New Black", and HBO's period drama series "The Deuce".


title: Olivia Luccardi

text: Luccardi moved to Los Angeles in September 2018, from New York. Luccardi celebrated her 30th birthday in Ridgewood, Queens.


title: Helena (My Chemical Romance song)

text: "Helena" (sometimes titled "Helena (So Long & Goodnight)" on digital retailers such as iTunes) is a song by American rock band My Chemical Romance from their second studio album "Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge" (2004). It was released to radio stations as the third single from the album on March 8, 2005. The song is featured on the soundtrack for the 2005 film remake entitled "House of Wax" and played during the full credits. The song was heavily inspired by the Misfits' "Helena".


title: Helena (My Chemical Romance song)

text: "Helena" was released to radio on March 8, 2005. The single has become a moderately-selling hit, both in the US and internationally. Way stated in an interview with Channel V that the main influence behind "Helena" was from the song "Aces High" by Iron Maiden and tracks by The Ventures. This song is also My Chemical Romance's sixth overall single. Way described it as representing the band's image and sound, and as such it was often used to end the band's shows. The single was certified as a Gold record in United States. Despite charting lower than their prior hit, "I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart peaking at number four where "Helena" peaked at number 11, "Helena" was the band's first crossover hit crossing over to Top 40 radio at number 33 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and it also still had more airplay on alternative rock stations.


title: Helena (My Chemical Romance song)

text: "NME" declared that the song was one of the "20 Greatest Goth Tracks" and that it was "a pivotal moment in cross-fertilising goth with emo" and that "MCR spawned a hybrid that ensured black clothes and eyeliner became, once again, teenage rebellion's default setting"." Variety" ranked it as one of the best emo songs of all time in 2022.


title: Helena (My Chemical Romance song)

text: The music video was shot on-location in the Immanuel Presbyterian Church on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles, California, directed by Marc Webb, and choreographed by Michael Rooney. The video has a simple plot, with Gerard Way as a very emotional mourner at a funeral where the band is performing. There are also mourners who dance and mourn the death of Helena. Near the end, the dead body of Helena (played by actress and dancer Tracy Phillips, daughter of NFL coach Wade Phillips) rises and dances down the nave representing crossing over into the afterlife. After she falls back into the casket, the pallbearers (also played by My Chemical Romance and a fan named Cameron) carry the casket to the hearse (in the pouring rain), surrounded by a phalanx of dancing men and women with umbrellas.


title: Helena (My Chemical Romance song)

text: Though the song in general is about the band members Gerard Way and Mikey Way's late grandmother, it was stated in an interview that the video told a different story. The music video shows the funeral of a girl, who, according to Gerard Way, died tragically (possibly in a car crash, with the line in the bridge of the song, "When both our cars collide." Which also has links to the final track on I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love which follows the story of the Demolition Lovers who are travelling in car “And I would drive on to the end with you” which the story also follows in Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge.) The sixth pallbearer and the majority of the mourners are fans who'd received emails from the band asking if they'd like to be in the video.


title: Helena (My Chemical Romance song)

text: During the "Making of..." video, found as a bonus on the "Life on the Murder Scene" CD and DVD, it was noted that Frank Iero, while joking about being "4'9"", didn't actually carry any weight of the casket, and that it rested on the other band members and their sixth pallbearer to carry the weight. Also noted was that the rain used in the sequence between the church and the hearse wasn't planned for, but the director used it to his advantage, as it set the mood of a funeral.


title: Helena (My Chemical Romance song)

text: The video was nominated for five "Moonmen" at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards: Best Rock Video, Best Choreography, Best New Artist, and the MTV2 and Viewer's Choice Awards (both of which are chosen by viewers). They lost to bands such as Green Day, Fall Out Boy, and The Killers. Though the band did not win any awards, they did do a surprise performance of the song towards the end of the show. They also won an MTV Video Music Awards Latin America "tongue" for the Best New Artist – International. They also won a Best Video award in the 2005 "Kerrang!" Awards. In November 2005, the video was nominated for two MTVU Woodie Awards (voted on by college students) and won the Woodie of the Year. In the Philippines, Helena has reached a cult-like status because of the popularity of alternative music.


title: Helena (My Chemical Romance song)

text: The video was also voted number one by viewers of MTV Latinamerica in the 2005 "100 Most Wanted Videos" and was named the seventeenth best music video of the 21st century since 2000 by "Billboard" on July 24, 2018.


title: Helena (My Chemical Romance song)

text: The video was uploaded to YouTube on October 22, 2006, and has garnered 170 million views as of October 2022.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Flaming or roasting is the act of posting insults, often including profanity or other offensive language, on the internet. This term should not be confused with the term trolling, which is the act of someone going online, or in person, and causing discord. Flaming emerged from the anonymity that Internet forums provide cover for users to act more aggressively. Anonymity can lead to disinhibition, which results in the swearing, offensive, and hostile language characteristic of flaming. Lack of social cues, less accountability of face-to-face communications, textual mediation and deindividualization are also likely factors. Deliberate flaming is carried out by individuals known as flamers, which are specifically motivated to incite flaming. These users specialize in flaming and target specific aspects of a controversial conversation


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: While these behaviors may be typical or expected in certain types of forums, they can have dramatic, adverse effects in others. Flame wars can have a lasting impact on some internet communities where even once a flame war has concluded a division or even dissolution may occur.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: The pleasant commentaries within a chat room or message board can be limited by a "war of words" fight or "flaming" with the intent to seek out a negative reaction from the reader. Humphreys defines flaming as "the use of hostile language online, including swearing, insults and otherwise offensive language"etc. Flaming by perpetrators within the online community is commonly received by messaging through text and rarely by face to face or video communication. By basing their conversations on text and not taking full accountability as the "flamer", they have a reduced self-awareness of others feelings, emotions and reactions based on the comments that they provide within the virtual community. The reader now has the perception that this "flamer" is difficult, rude and possibly a bully. The flamer may have limited social cues, emotional intelligence to adapt to others reactions and lack of awareness of how they are being perceived. Their personal social norms, may be considered disrespectful to the reader that has different social norms, education and experience with what is and is not appropriate within virtual communities.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: The individuals that create an environment of flaming and hostility, lead the readers to disengage with the offender and may potentially leave the message board and chat room. The continual use of flaming within the online community can create a disruptive and negative experience for those involved and can lead to limited involvement and engagement within the original chat room and program.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Social researchers have investigated flaming, coming up with several different theories about the phenomenon. These include deindividuation and reduced awareness of other people's feelings (online disinhibition effect), conformance to perceived norms, miscommunication caused by the lack of social cues available in face-to-face communication, and anti-normative behavior.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Jacob Borders, in discussing participants' internal modeling of a discussion, says:Mental models are fuzzy, incomplete, and imprecisely stated. Furthermore, within a single individual, mental models change with time, even during the flow of a single conversation. The human mind assembles a few relationships to fit the context of a discussion. As debate shifts, so do the mental models. Even when only a single topic is being discussed, each participant in a conversation employs a different mental model to interpret the subject. Fundamental assumptions differ but are never brought into the open. Goals are different but left unstated. It is little wonder that compromise takes so long. And even when consensus is reached, the underlying assumptions may be fallacies that lead to laws and programs that fail. The human mind is not adapted to understanding correctly the consequences implied by a mental model. A mental model may be correct in structure and assumptions but, even so, the human mind—either individually or as a group consensus—is apt to draw the wrong implications for the future.Thus, online conversations often involve a variety of assumptions and motives unique to each individual user. Without social context, users are often helpless to know the intentions of their counterparts. In addition to the problems of conflicting mental models often present in online discussions, the inherent lack of face-to-face communication online can encourage hostility. Professor Norman Johnson, commenting on the propensity of Internet posters to flame one another, states:The literature suggests that, compared to face-to-face, the increased incidence of flaming when using computer-mediated communication is due to reductions in the transfer of social cues, which decrease individuals' concern for social evaluation and fear of social sanctions or reprisals. When social identity and ingroup status are salient, computer mediation can decrease flaming because individuals focus their attention on the social context (and associated norms) rather than themselves.A lack of social context creates an element of anonymity, which allows users to feel insulated from the forms of punishment they might receive in a more conventional setting. Johnson identifies several precursors to flaming between users, whom he refers to as "negotiation partners," since Internet communication typically involves back-and-forth interactions similar to a negotiation. Flaming incidents usually arise in response to a perception of one or more negotiation partners being unfair. Perceived unfairness can include a lack of consideration for an individual's vested interests, unfavorable treatment (especially when the flamer has been considerate of other users), and misunderstandings aggravated by the inability to convey subtle indicators like non-verbal cues and facial expressions.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: There are multiple factors that play into why people would get involved with flaming. For instance, there is the anonymity factor and that people can use different means to have their identity hidden. Through the hiding of one's identity people can build a new persona and act in a way that they normally would not when they have their identity known. Another factor in flaming is proactive aggression "which is initiated without perceived threat or provocation" and those who are recipients of flaming may counter with flaming of their own and utilize reactive aggression. Another factor that goes into flaming are the different communication variables. For instance, offline communications networks can impact the way people act online and can lead them to engage in flaming. Finally, there is the factor of verbal aggression and how people who engage in verbal aggression will use those tactics when they engage in flaming online.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Flaming can range from subtle to extremely aggressive in online behaviors, such as derogatory images, certain emojis used in combination, and even the use of capital letters. These things can show a pattern of behavior used to convey certain emotions online. Victims should do their best to avoid fighting back in an attempt to prevent a war of words. Flaming extends past social media interactions. Flaming can also take place through emails, and it may not matter so much whether someone calls an email a "flame", is based on whether she or he considers an email to be hostile, aggressive, insulting, or offensive. What matters is how the person receives the interaction. So much is lost in translation when communicating online versus in person, that it is hard to distinguish someone's intent.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Evidence of debates which resulted in insults being exchanged quickly back and forth between two parties can be found throughout history. Arguments over the ratification of the United States Constitution were often socially and emotionally heated and intense, with many attacking one another through local newspapers. Such interactions have always been part of literary criticism. For example, Ralph Waldo Emerson's contempt for Jane Austen's works often extended to the author herself, with Emerson describing her as "without genius, wit, or knowledge of the world". In turn, Thomas Carlyle called Emerson a "hoary-headed toothless baboon"


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: In the modern era, "flaming" was used at East Coast engineering schools in the United States as a present participle in a crude expression to describe an irascible individual and by extension to such individuals on the earliest Internet chat rooms and message boards. Internet flaming was mostly observed in Usenet newsgroups although it was known to occur in the WWIVnet and FidoNet computer networks as well. It was subsequently used in other parts of speech with much the same meaning.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: The term "flaming" was seen on Usenet newsgroups in the eighties, where the start of a flame was sometimes indicated by typing "FLAME ON", then "FLAME OFF" when the flame section of the post was complete. This is a reference to both The Human Torch of the Fantastic Four, who used those words when activating his flame abilities, and to the way text processing programs of the time worked, by placing commands before and after text to indicate how it should appear when printed.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: The term "flaming" is documented in "The Hacker's Dictionary", which in 1983 defined it as "to speak rabidly or incessantly on an uninteresting topic or with a patently ridiculous attitude". The meaning of the word has diverged from this definition since then.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: He added, "I noticed something: most of the irritation came from a handful of people, sometimes only one or two. If I could only ignore them, the computer conferences were still valuable. Alas, it's not always easy to do".


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Computer-mediated communication (CMC) research has spent a significant amount of time and effort describing and predicting engagement in uncivil, aggressive online communication. Specifically, the literature has described aggressive, insulting behavior as "flaming", which has been defined as hostile verbal behaviors, the uninhibited expression of hostility, insults, and ridicule, and hostile comments directed towards a person or organization within the context of CMC.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Flame trolling is the posting of a provocative or offensive message, known as "flamebait", to a public Internet discussion group, such as a forum, newsgroup or mailing list, with the intent of provoking an angry response (a "flame") or argument.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Flamebait can provide the poster with a controlled trigger-and-response setting in which to anonymously engage in conflicts and indulge in aggressive behavior without facing the consequences that such behavior might bring in a face-to-face encounter. In other instances, flamebait may be used to reduce a forum's use by angering the forum users. In 2012, it was announced that the US State Department would start flame trolling jihadists as part of Operation Viral Peace.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Among the characteristics of inflammatory behavior, the use of entirely capitalized messages, or the multiple repetition of exclamation marks, along with profanity have been identified as typical.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: A flame war results when multiple users engage in provocative responses to an original post, which is sometimes flamebait. Flame wars often draw in many users, including those trying to defuse the flame war, and can quickly turn into a mass flame war that overshadows regular forum discussion.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Resolving a flame war can be difficult, as it is often hard to determine who is really responsible for the degradation of a reasonable discussion into a flame war. Someone who posts a contrary opinion in a strongly focused discussion forum may be easily labeled a "baiter", "flamer", or "troll".


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Flame wars can become intense and can include "death threats, ad hominem invective, and textual amplifiers,” but to some sociologists flame wars can actually bring people together. What is being said in a flame war should not be taken too seriously since the harsh words are a part of flaming.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: An approach to resolving a flame war or responding to flaming is to communicate openly with the offending users. Acknowledging mistakes, offering to help resolve the disagreement, making clear, reasoned arguments, and even self-deprecation have all been noted as worthwhile strategies to end such disputes. However, others prefer to simply ignore flaming, noting that, in many cases, if the flamebait receives no attention, it will quickly be forgotten as forum discussions carry on. Unfortunately, this can motivate trolls to intensify their activities, creating additional distractions.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: "Taking the bait" or "feeding the troll" refers to someone who responds to the original message regardless of whether they are aware the original message was intended to provoke a response. Often when someone takes the bait, others will point this out to them with the acronym "YHBT", which is short for "You have been trolled", or reply with "don't feed the trolls". Forum users will usually not give the troll acknowledgement; that just "feeds the troll".


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: In sociology, history, or any kind of online ethnographic academic study, flame wars as a corpus, in a STS approach of controversies, may be used to understand what is at stake in a community. The idea is that the flame war drives the actors into abandoning a polite stance and forces them to engage into debate and to unveil otherwise concealed arguments. In this respect, the most interesting parts of an online corpus are the flame wars as "outbursts of heated, short and dense debates, in an ocean of evenly distributed polite messages".


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: A mass flamewar is a flamewar that grows out of a single post or comment into multiple other comments or posts quickly, in the same area where the original post was in. The mass flamewar usually lasts for multiple weeks or months after the first post was posted and died out.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Political flaming typically occur when people have their views challenged and they seek to have their anger known. Through the covering of one's identity people may be more likely to engage in political flaming. In a 2015 study conducted by Hutchens, Cicchirillo, and Hmielowski, they found that "those who were more experienced with political discussions—either online or offline—were more likely to indicate they would respond with a flame", and they also found that verbal aggression also played a role in a person engaging in political flaming.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Corporate flaming is when a large number of critical comments, usually aggressive or insulting, are directed at a company's employees, products, or brands. Common causes include inappropriate behavior of company employees, negative customer experiences, inadequate care of customers and influencers, violation of ethical principles, along with apparent injustices and inappropriate reactions. Flame wars can result in reputational damage, decreased consumer confidence, drops in stock prices and company assets, increased liabilities, increased lawsuits, and a decrease in customers, influencers and sponsors. Based on an assessment of the damage, companies can take years to recover from a flame war that may detract from their core purpose. Kayser notes that companies should prepare for possible flame wars by creating alerts for a predefined "blacklist" of words and monitoring fast-growing topics about their company. Alternatively, Kayser, points out that a flame war can lead to a positive experience for the company. Based on the content, it could be shared across multiple platforms and increase company recognition, social media fans/followers, brand presence, purchases, and brand loyalty. Therefore, the type of marketing that results from a flame war can lead to higher profits and brand recognition on a broader scale. Nevertheless, it is encouraged that when a company utilizes social media they should be aware that their content could be used in a flame war and should be treated as an emergency.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Any subject of a polarizing nature can feasibly cause flaming. As one would expect in the medium of the Internet, technology is a common topic. The perennial debates between users of competing operating systems, such as Windows, Classic Mac OS and macOS operating system, or operating systems based on the Linux kernel and iOS or Android operating system, users of Intel and AMD processors, and users of the Nintendo Switch, Wii U, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One video game systems, often escalate into seemingly unending "flame wars", also called software wars. As each successive technology is released, it develops its own outspoken fan base, allowing arguments to begin anew.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Popular culture continues to generate large amounts of flaming and countless flame wars across the Internet, such as the constant debates between fans of "Star Trek" and "Star Wars". Ongoing discussion of current celebrities and television personalities within popular culture also frequently sparks debate.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: In 2005, author Anne Rice became involved in a flame war of sorts on the review boards of online retailer Amazon.com after several reviewers posted scathing comments about her latest novel. Rice responded to the comments with her own lengthy response, which was quickly met with more feedback from users.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: In 2007, tech expert Kathy Sierra was a victim of flaming as an image of her depicted as a mutilated body was spread around online forums. In addition to the doctored photo being spread virally, her social security number and home address were made public as well. Consequently, Sierra effectively gave up her technology career in response to the ensuing harassment and threats that she received as a result of the flaming.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: In November 2007, the popular audio-visual discussion site AVS Forum temporarily closed its HD DVD and Blu-ray discussion forums because of, as the site reported, "physical threats that have involved police and possible legal action" between advocates of the rival formats.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: The 2016 Presidential election, saw a flame war take place between Republican candidate Donald Trump and the Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. The barbs exchanged between the two was highly publicized and is an example of political flaming and a flame war.


title: Flaming (Internet)

text: Flaming varies in severity and as such so too does the reaction of states in imposing any sort of sanction. Laws vary from country to country, but in most cases, constant flaming can be considered cyber harassment, which can result in Internet Service Provider action to prevent access to the site being flamed. However, as social networks become more and more closely connected to people and their real life, the more harsh words may be considered defamation of the person. For instance, a South Korean Identity Verification law was created to help control flaming and to stop "malicious use of the internet" but opponents to the law argue that the law infringes on the right to free speech.


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: "Live Your Life" is a song by American rapper T.I., featuring Barbadian singer Rihanna, from T.I.'s sixth studio album, "Paper Trail" (2008). It was released as the seventh single from the album on September 26, 2008. The song's lyrics speak of T.I.'s rise to fame and optimism of the future. It also gives dedication to the American troops fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan. The song both samples and interpolates the 2004 song "Dragostea Din Tei" by O-Zone.


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: "Live Your Life" was a commercial success worldwide. In the United States, the song topped the "Billboard" Hot 100, marking T.I.'s third number-one single, and Rihanna's fifth. The song also attained top ten placements in twelve other countries, reaching the top five in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, "Live Your Life" topped the US Mainstream Top 40 and Rap Songs charts and reached number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song was T.I.'s highest charting and most successful single worldwide until "Blurred Lines" in 2013.


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: The song's accompanying music video, directed by Anthony Mandler, depicts a story of T.I.'s rise to fame in a narrated form, featuring Rihanna performing in a dressing room and bar. The duo performed "Live Your Life" at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards. The song is featured in the 2009 film "The Hangover" as well as the trailer, and in the 2021 film "The Mitchells vs. the Machines".


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: "Live Your Life" includes a sample of the chorus of the O-Zone song "Dragostea Din Tei" at its beginning and ending, as well as an interpolation of the chorus, with English-language lyrics sung by Rihanna, at the beginning. The song was produced by Just Blaze and Makeba Riddick, and was written by T.I., Just Blaze (credited as Justin Smith) and Riddick. Moldovan singer-songwriter Dan Bălan, who wrote "Dragostea Din Tei", is also credited as a writer.


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: Of Rihanna's involvement, T.I. later stated, "It was a back and forth studio thing with Rihanna. I picked her. I was just able to 'hear' her voice on this record. I could hear her, so I reached out and she said, 'Yes,' thankfully."


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: The first unfinished version of "Live Your Life" leaked onto the Internet on August 26, 2008. The official album version additionally contains Rihanna's own verse, and T.I.'s spoken-word introduction, in which he states, "Ay... This a special what's happenin' to all my, all my soldiers over there in Iraq. Errbody right here, what you need to do is be thankful for the life you got you know what I'm sayin'? Stop lookin' at what you ain't got, start and be thankful for what you do got. Let's give it to 'em baby girl". The radio edit lasts for a duration of 4:01, while the album version is 5:39 long, including extended verses from Rihanna. "Live Your Life" was released in the United States on September 23, 2008. A worldwide release of the song followed on September 26 as a digital download via iTunes. It was sent to US rhythmic contemporary radio on October 20, 2008.


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy awarded "Live Your Life" two out of five stars saying, "While some will be charmed by T.I's well-meaning lyrics and Rihanna's hypnotic chorus hooks, others will find the mixture of samples and robotic effects grating. Our view? Well, hats off to Rihanna for finally taking time out from mining her "Good Girl Gone Bad" album, but it's a shame she had to waste her break on a naff novelty release like this."


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: Weekly newspaper "The Village Voice" put "Live Your Life" at number 13 on their annual "Pazz & Jop" critics' poll in 2008; T.I.'s song "Whatever You Like" ended up at number 14 on the same poll.


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: In the United States, "Live Your Life" debuted at number 80 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for the chart week of October 11, 2008. The song surged to number one the following week, setting a record for the highest jump to number one in history, a feat previously set by T.I. himself six weeks prior with his song "Whatever You Like", which jumped from number 71 to number one on the chart. However, this record was broken again the following week by Britney Spears' "Womanizer" that jumped from number 96 to one. The song marked T.I.'s second Hot 100 number one as a lead artist, and third overall, while it became Rihanna's fifth chart topper. With the latter, Rihanna became the first female artist to have five number ones in the 21st century. In addition, "Live Your Life" replaced "Whatever You Like" at number one on the Hot 100, making T.I. the ninth artist to replace themselves at number one in the history of the chart. "Whatever You Like" simultaneously occupied the number two position on the chart that week, marking the first time an artist has held the top two positions since Akon in 2006. "Live Your Life" had three separate runs at number one on the Hot 100. Prior to this, the only other songs to have three separate turns at the top had been "Le Freak" by Chic in late 1978 and early 1979 plus two other 2008 chart-toppers, Leona Lewis' "Bleeding Love" and T.I's own "Whatever You Like".


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: For the issue dated December 6, 2008, "Live Your Life" topped the US Pop Songs chart, marking T.I.'s first ever number one single on the chart, and Rihanna's fourth. The single held the top spot for two non-consecutive weeks. The song also topped the Rap Songs chart for ten consecutive weeks. The song entered the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart as the week's "Hot Shot Debut" at number 77. The following week, it rose to number 38. After ten weeks on the chart, the song made a final peak of number two, where it remained for ten consecutive weeks, being barred from the top spot by Beyoncé's hit single "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)". The song was certified triple-platinum by the RIAA and it has sold 4.7 million copies in the US. The song also peaked at number four on the Canadian Hot 100.


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: In New Zealand, "Live Your Life" debuted at number 23 on October 6, 2008. It entered the top ten in its third week on the chart, steadily rising over the following weeks culminating in its number two peak on December 8, 2008. The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand for sales of 15,000 copies. On the Australian Singles Chart, the song debuted at number 48 on October 26, 2008. By its fourth week, it had reached the top ten of the chart. The song reached its peak of number three on December 21, where it remained for four consecutive weeks. It received a Platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association for sales of 70,000 copies.


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Live Your Life" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 39 for the week dated November 15, 2008. The following week, it surged to number two, automatically becoming T.I.'s highest-charting single in the country. It also gave Rihanna her sixth top two single on the chart. The song debuted at number three on the Irish Singles Chart, giving T.I. his highest-charting single in the country. It also gave Rihanna her tenth top ten in the region.