title: Mick Karn

text: In June 2010, Karn announced on his website that he had been diagnosed with advanced-stage cancer, though the specific type of cancer was not mentioned. Although singer Peter Murphy said during an interview that Karn was suffering terminal brain cancer, this has not been confirmed. According to David Torn, Karn's cancer had already spread, and he was undergoing chemotherapy. The website announcement stated that Karn had been struggling financially for some time and appealed for donations to help pay for his medical care and provide financial assistance for his family. In addition, several people Karn had worked with, in particular Midge Ure, Porcupine Tree, and Masami Tsuchiya, announced concerts in support of the appeal. According to a website update dated 3 September 2010, the funds raised by the appeal enabled Karn and his family to move back to London, where Karn received treatment. However, the cancer had spread beyond the possibility of treatment, and he died at his home in London on 4 January 2011.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: On March 16, 2022, at 23:36 JST, a strong earthquake struck off the coast of Fukushima, Japan. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.4 according to the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA), while the United States Geological Survey (USGS) gave a slightly lower estimate of 7.3. Immediately after the event a 30cm tsunami was reported. The event is known in Japanese as . As a result of this natural disaster, three people died and 247 were injured.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: The Pacific Plate, made of oceanic lithosphere, subducts beneath the Okhotsk Plate along a convergent boundary located off the east coast of the northern half of Japan. It runs from the Boso Triple Junction and ends near Hokkaido, where it joins the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench. At this location, the Pacific Plate moves approximately westward relative to the North American Plate at a velocity of 70 mm/yr, subducting beneath Japan at the Japan Trench. This subduction zone is capable of producing megathrust earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 8.5, evident in the historical records. It was on the subduction interface where the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami nucleated. That event involved a rupture 220 × 400 km on the subduction zone.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: The 2022 earthquake coincidentally occurred near the dates of first anniversaries of the February 2021 Fukushima and March 2021 Miyagi earthquakes. An analysis of the February 2021 earthquake suggest reverse faulting within the downgoing Pacific Plate beneath the subduction interface. Japanese scientists said that the quake ruptured along a 45 km-long, north–south striking fault that dips towards the east.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: According to the JMA, the earthquake had a magnitude of 7.4 and struck at a depth of 57 km. The USGS stated that the quake had an of 7.3 at a depth of 41.0 km. It was preceded by a 6.0 foreshock at a depth of 48.1 km. The foreshock also measured 6.1 by the JMA and was recorded with a maximum intensity of "Shindo" 5-.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: This shallow-focus earthquake occurred as a result of reverse faulting at a depth of 57 or 63.1 km within the Pacific Plate. The focal mechanism by the USGS suggest it occurred on a plane striking north northeast–south southwest. The USGS added that earthquakes of reverse mechanism with similar magnitudes are usually the result of rupture on a fault plane measuring 55 km × 30 km in size. A finite fault model by the USGS indicate the main rupture patch was an oval-shaped area situated at a depth of 50–70 km (40 × 20 km). It produced a maximum slip of 1.9 meters.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Based on seismic inversion using strong motion data, the seismic moment was calculated to be 1.3×10 Nm, corresponding to a moment magnitude of 7.4. The greatest slip occurred north of the hypocenter, measuring .


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: The earthquake may have been an aftershock of the disastrous 2011 earthquake. According to an official from the JMA, the quake had an epicenter very close to that of another earthquake in February 2021, and there may be a link between the two. Although the 2021 event was considered an aftershock, the large time span after 2011 has made determining it difficult. Determining whether the 2022 quake was an aftershock was also challenging as the earthquake had a different mechanism of faulting. The earthquake differs from the 2011 event in that the 2022 quake may have occurred within the subducting Pacific Plate while the 2011 event occurred on the boundary between the Pacific and Okhotsk plates.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: It is thought that earthquakes of magnitude 7.0–7.5 are expected to occur off the coast every 40 years, even after the 2011 earthquake aftershocks sequence have ended. It was estimated prior to the occurrence of the earthquake, that there was a 60–70% chance that a magnitude 7.0–7.5 earthquake could occur within the Pacific Plate as it subducts beneath the Tōhoku region. After the 2011 earthquake, the chances of earthquakes of a similar origin have increased.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: According to seismologists, the earthquake formed part of a sequence of three large events, including the April 2011 and February 2021 earthquakes. The epicenter of the 2022 earthquake occurred just 7 km to the southwest of the 2021 shock. While the 2021 shock ruptured in a southernly direction along a 45 km fault, the 2022 shock ruptured northwards along a fault twice as large. The two shocks have been categorized as a doublet earthquake due to their close location, timing of occurrence, and magnitude. A seismic gap exists between the northern extent of the 2022 shock and the southern extent of the 2011 shock. Coulomb stress transfer inferred from calculations showed that the gap off of the Central Miyagi coast has been increasingly stressed and is the likely source for a future rupture.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Positioning stations around northern Honshu found small crustal deformation following the earthquake. Observation points located at Ishinomaki and on the Oshika Peninsula were displaced 3 cm to the north. In the areas of Sendai and northern Fukushima, the crust moved 1 cm east, closer to the epicenter. Meanwhile in southern the crust moved 1 cm southwest.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: The Japan Meteorological Agency stated that a maximum intensity of 6+ on the JMA seismic intensity scale was recorded in Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures, while the USGS reported a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ("Severe"). It was felt as far as the cities of Nanao and Aomori. The deep focal depth of the event, as well as its magnitude, resulted in strong shaking across the Tōhoku and Kantō regions. The earthquake was felt as far north as Hokkaido to the south in Kyushu with intensities of at least "Shindo" 1.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: According to the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, a seismic intensity of close to "Shindo" 7 was recorded at Soma and Kunimi, Fukushima. "Shindo" 7 may have been recorded in Kunimi and Koori, both in Fukushima Prefecture. A peak ground acceleration of 1,233 gal was recorded at Kawasaki, Miyagi.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Class IV was assigned to northern Miyagi on the JMA long period ground motion scale. Long period ground motions are felt on upper floors of tall buildings where the period of seismic waves resonate with a building's natural resonance. The resulting effect is large short frequency movements on the top floors of buildings. Class IV intensity ground motion would make standing impossible. Ground motion of this type would cause unsecured furniture to fall over and crack partition walls.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: A tsunami measuring 20 cm was recorded by the JMA at Ishinomaki Port, Miyagi at 00:29 local time. It was followed by another wave measuring 30 cm at 02:14. At Sendai Port, the tsunami measured 20 cm and arrived at 03:15. In Ōfunato, a tsunami of 0.4 ft was detected. The earthquake did not generate a large tsunami due to its deep depth, which caused little uplift of the seafloor and only generated small displacements of seawater.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: In Kunimi, a building collapsed, causing its roof to slide off and scatter roof tiles onto an adjacent empty lot. A vehicle was trapped underneath the fallen roof. A shrine in Minamisōma sustained significant damage and partially collapsed. Shelves in offices toppled over. The exterior walls of some homes partially collapsed. Broken windows were also reported. In Yabuki, the exterior walls and doors of a hotel were damaged.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: A horse racing facility in Fukushima City suffered water leakage and damage to the walls. The Japan Racing Association stated that horse racing events in Fukushima City had to be cancelled as inspections were ongoing. The facility also suffered damage during the earthquake on February 13, 2021. The Inari Shrine in the city was also affected; three stone lanterns restored following last year's earthquake were destroyed. Shattered glass and broken bricks were reported in the city center. Minor damage including cracked tiles and floods occurred at Fukushima Station.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Part of a stone wall of the Aoba Castle in Sendai's Aoba Ward collapsed. The large statue of Date Masamune at the same site was also damaged, with the statue being tilted to one side as a result. The "White Cube", a concert hall and sports center in Shiroishi suffered a partial collapse of its ceiling. Shattered glass and ceiling debris was scattered across the seats in the hall. The water supply system in the hall was also damaged.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: In Ichikawa, Chiba, a house caught fire immediately after power was restored. It took approximately four hours for the 14 fire trucks involved to extinguish the flames.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: In an agricultural area in Yamagata City, Yamagata, a large drainage pipe was damaged and flooded, causing a section of road above it to collapse. A large sinkhole formed in place of the road, flooded with water. Nearby commercial and agricultural facilities had slight damage. At least 47 homes temporarily lost access to water. In Higashine, a shrine collapsed.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism reported that there were 25 cases of people trapped in elevators in the Greater Tokyo Area. There were three reports of people trapped in elevators across Fukushima. Another nine instances of people trapped in elevators was reported in Chiba, Kanagawa, Ibaraki and Saitama prefectures.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: At least 344 schools across eleven prefectures sustained minor damage to walls and ceilings. In the prefectures of Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate, and Yamagata, 476 schools had closed. Meanwhile, in six prefectures, lesson hours in 15 schools were reduced. Many schools in Fukushima had cracked walls and broken windows. Only a few schools had ruptured water pipes, water interruptions or collapsed ceilings.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: A number of factories suspended operations following the event. A Sapporo Breweries factory in Natori suspended beer production after damage to machines was reported. The warehouse in the factory complex also suffered a collapse, without any casualties. The company stated that shipments would experience delays due to the damage. The Kirin Company factory in Sendai would also suspend beverage production to allow inspections of equipment. In Motomiya, the Asahi Breweries also stopped production at its factory.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Four factories of Murata Manufacturing located in Fukushima and Miyagi were going through repair works on March 17. At the Tome factory, a fire caused some damage. Instances of water bursting from pipes caused significant damage at the company's Sendai, Honmiya and Koriyama factories. Three factories of Sony; two in Miyagi and one in Yamagata were closed for inspections. Only minor damage was found and operations were expected to resume soon. Productions at other factories belonging to companies including Toyota, Nissan, Kioxia, and Renesas Electronics were also impacted. One of two fires reported in Saitama occurred at Iwatsuki Ward involving a scrap facility. The fire was thought to have been caused by a battery igniting. The Onagawa fish market experienced a small switchboard fire in a room, injuring one person. It is believed the switchboard may have came into contact with water leaking from ceiling pipes and started the fire.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Extensive material damage was done to store items and storage warehouses in Miyagi, Fukushima and Niigata. Delivery bases were temporarily evacuated due to the tsunami warnings and some goods were damaged. The closure of major highways delayed the delivery of items. An audio store in Sendai was flooded by the sprinklers activating. Other stores suffered caved-in ceilings and products falling off shelves. Due to safety concerns, stores conducted business at their entrances instead of allowing customers to enter.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Major power outages occurred across the Tōhoku and Kantō regions. An estimated 2.2 million households from 13 prefectures and one metropolitan area were left without power. TEPCO reported 300,000 power outages as a result. An estimated 120,000 instances of power outages occurred in Tokyo, 60,000 in Kanagawa, and 50,000 in Chiba prefectures. Meanwhile, Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc. (TEP) stated that approximately 153,200 power outages occurred, with 90,000 in Fukushima and 50,000 in Miyagi prefectures.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: TEPCO was able to restore power to most households before sunrise on March 17, but at least 33,600 in Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures were still without power. TEP stated that, at 10:55, an estimated 3,100 households in Miyagi and Fukushima were still without power. At least 2,100 of the affected units were in Sōma, while 1,200 households were in Tome. Several power plants working with TEP, including the Haramachi Thermal Power Station and Shin-Sendai Thermal Power Station have ceased operations and are expected to resume operations once safety inspections are complete.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Power outages affected 29 cities in Saitama, including Chichibu and Kumagaya. TEPCO stated that the outages were caused by an activation of a safety mechanism at the Hirono Thermal Power Station during the earthquake, which caused it to cease operations. This also affected other power plants and caused a regional blackout.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: The East Japan Railway Company (JR East) confirmed that a Tōhoku Shinkansen train derailed between Fukushima Station and Shiroishi-Zaō Station. The company stated that the Yamabiko 223 train service was involved in the accident. Ninety-six passengers were on board at the time of the incident; all passengers and crewmen were uninjured. An overhead power line pillar on the Tōhoku line near the accident site was tilted. Extensive damage was reported on the tracks where the train derailed, and at least 17 utility poles across the Tōhoku line were severely deformed. Minor damage occurred on other sections of the line, and are expected to be reopened soon after repair works are completed.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: The JR East stated on the morning of March 17 that train services between Nasushiobara Station and Morioka Station on the Tōhoku and Hokkaido Shinkansen will be suspended until March 21 due to the derailment. Services on the train line was also slower. Shinkansen operations in Yamagata and Akita have also ceased. Trains have stopped operating on sections of the Jōban, Tōhoku Main and Ōu Main lines. Due to power outages, the Hokuriku and Jōetsu Shinkansens were temporarily suspended. Services resumed at 01:30 on March 17.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: In response to the suspension of railway services, All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines would be flying special routes from Sendai and Fukushima airports to Haneda Airport temporarily.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: A 100-meter-long crack and zone of uplift was observed on the Tōhoku Expressway between the Shiroishi interchange and Kunimi toll stop. The crack was reportedly 30–50 cm across and up to 50 cm high in the uplifted areas. Two cars suffered punctured tires when they were driven over the cracks and wedged between. In Miyagino-ku, Sendai, a large fire broke out in a condominium. There were four instances of people trapped inside elevators across the prefecture.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: The Tadamigawa Bridge over the Abukuma River in Date was uplifted by several tens of centimeters, making it impassable. At Koori, a bridge that was supposed to open to traffic on March 19 was damaged. Officials from Fukushima Prefecture stated that repair works could take up to three years.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: A man in his 60s from Sōma, Fukushima, died after jumping out of a window to escape. A second fatality was reported in Tome, Miyagi, a man in his 70s who died from a heart attack. A third fatality was reported in Shichigahama, Miyagi; a man in his 70s who collapsed and was taken to the hospital but died.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Prime Minister Fumio Kishida stated on the morning of March 17 that four people were killed. Investigations by the National Police Agency concluded that the earthquake only resulted in one confirmed death; the victim from Tome. A fourth fatality in Shiogama, Miyagi, was not caused directly by the earthquake. Two other known deaths were still under investigation as of March 17. A disaster report published in June by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA) concluded that the earthquake caused three deaths.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: The FDMA report stated 247 people were injured. At least 108 residents were injured in Miyagi Prefecture and 101 were injured in Fukushima Prefecture—some received injuries that required treatment. Four people in Kurihara, Miyagi had minor injuries due to falling objects. Six people in Saitama, five each in Kanagawa, Iwate and Yamagata, eight and Ibaraki, and 18 in other prefectures, were injured. At Yamagata University, a student was injured when evacuating the building. Six senior residents in Saitama Prefecture sustained minor injuries.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: The Earthquake Early Warning system issued a warning at 23:36:55.6 local time; 9.6 seconds after the initial detection of seismic waves from the mainshock. The earthquake was first detected 1.6 seconds after it had occurred, and was given a seismic intensity of "Shindo" 3. The early warning came 9.6 seconds later when instruments recorded an intensity of "Shindo" 5-. Another warning was issued for a seismic intensity of "Shindo" 6+.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: A tsunami advisory was issued along the coasts of Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures following the earthquake, causing evacuations. The tsunami advisory was cancelled at 05:00 local time after only small waves were observed. Officials stated that changes in tide levels at the coasts of Fukushima, Miyagi, and Iwate prefectures can be expected without damage.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno said in a press conference on March 17 that a Disaster Relief Act would be in effect in every municipality of Fukushima and Miyagi. The Japan Self-Defense Forces was deployed to Fukushima and Miyagi prefectures at the request of their respective governors to restore essential lifelines.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Workers at Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) examined the 2011 disaster-crippled Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant for damage. Officials later reported no new anomalies at the power plant. Reports soon came in that a fire alarm system sounded at the turbine hall of Unit 5 of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, but no fire had occurred. At 01:00, workers inspected the spent containment structures of Units 1, 2 and 3, as well as the cooling facilities for the spent fuel pools where nuclear fuels are stored. The water level of Unit 2's spent fuel pool fell for a while and returned to normal. At the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant, the pumps in the spent fuel pools of Units 1 and 3 had stopped working.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: The government of Fukushima Prefecture requested the assistance of the central government for water supply .


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: An evacuation order was issued to 1,961 households located along the coast in Watari, affecting at least 6,820 residents. The city of Ishinomaki opened seven evacuation shelters for affected residents to seek refuge. The cracked section of the Tōhoku Expressway was repaired and reopened to traffic at 15:30, according to police in Miyagi.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Residents have been urged to stay alert about the threat of landslides and avalanches as heavy rain and snowfall are expected to hit the Tōhoku region until March 19. Weathernews stated that due to the earthquake, steep slopes may have been destabilized, and areas with heavy snowfall are at risk of experiencing avalanches. Homes that have been damaged by shaking may be further damaged by weather elements during this period as well.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: Immediately after the earthquake, the U.S. Geological Survey issued a Yellow PAGER (Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response) which estimated the economic loss caused. There was a 37% chance that damage from the earthquake would result in losses of US$10–100 million; the likelihood for damages to fall within US$100 million to 1 billion was 30%. It was soon revised to Orange, for a 35% chance of damage in the cost range of US$100 million to 1 billion. There was a 34% chance that the financial loss would cost US$10–100. A Green PAGER was also issued for expected fatalities; the agency estimated that there was a 65% chance that no fatalities would occur. There was a 30% chance that 1–10 deaths could occur in the quake.


title: 2022 Fukushima earthquake

text: A tsunami threat was issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, but the agency clarified that the event posted no danger to the West Coast of the United States, Alaska and British Columbia.


title: Shift key

text: The Shift key is a modifier key on a keyboard, used to type capital letters and other alternate "upper" characters. There are typically two shift keys, on the left and right sides of the row below the home row. The Shift key's name originated from the typewriter, where one had to press and hold the button to shift up the case stamp to change to capital letters;


title: Shift key

text: the shift key was first used in the Remington No. 2 Type-Writer of 1878; the No. 1 model was capital-only.


title: Shift key

text: On the US layout and similar keyboard layouts, characters that typically require the use of the shift key include the parentheses, the question mark, the exclamation point, and the colon.


title: Shift key

text: When the caps lock key is engaged, the shift key may be used to type lowercase letters on many operating systems, though not on macOS.


title: Shift key

text: The keyboard symbol for the Shift key (which is called Level 2 Select key in the international standard series ISO/IEC 9995) is given in ISO/IEC 9995-7 as symbol 1, and in ISO 7000 "“Graphical symbols for use on equipment”" as a directional variant of the symbol ISO-7000-251. In Unicode 6.1, the character approximating this symbol best is U+21E7 (⇧). This symbol is commonly used to denote the Shift key on modern keyboards (especially on non-US layouts and on the Apple Keyboard), sometimes in combination with the word “shift” or its translation in the local language. This symbol also is used in texts to denote the shift key.


title: Shift key

text: On some keyboards, if both shift keys are held down simultaneously only some letters can be typed. For example, on the Dell keyboard Model RT7D20 only 16 letters can be typed. This phenomenon is known as "masking" and is a fundamental limitation of the way the keyboard electronics are designed.


title: Shift key

text: The following is a list of actions involving the shift key for the Microsoft Windows operating system.


title: Fang people

text: The Fang people, also known as Fãn or Pahouin, are a Bantu ethnic group found in Equatorial Guinea, northern Gabon, and southern Cameroon. Representing about 85% of the total population of Equatorial Guinea, concentrated in the Río Muni region, the Fang people are its largest ethnic group. The Fang are also the largest ethnic group in Gabon, making up about a quarter of the population. In other countries, in the regions they live, they are one of the most significant and influential ethnic groups notably in Cameroon, where the Fang are part of the Ekang, a tribe that dominates Cameroonian politics with, President Paul Biya belonging to this ethnic group.


title: Fang people

text: The Fang people speak the Fang language, also known as Pahouin or Pamue or Pangwe. The language is a Southern Bantu language belonging to the Niger-Congo family of languages. The Fang language is similar and intelligible with languages spoken by Beti-Pahuin peoples, namely the Beti people to their north and the Bulu people in central. Their largest presence is in the southern regions, up to the Ogooué River estuary where anthropologists refer them also as "Fang proper".


title: Fang people

text: They have preserved their history largely through a musical oral tradition. Many Fang people are fluent in Spanish, French, German and English, a tradition of second language they developed during the Spanish colonial rule in Equatorial Guinea, the French colonial rule in Gabon and the German-later-French colonial rule in Cameroon.


title: Fang people

text: The Fang people are relatively recent migrants into the Equatorial Guinea, and many of them moved from central Cameroon in the 19th century.


title: Fang people

text: Early ethnologists conjectured them to be Nilotic peoples from the upper Nile area or even ancient egyptians, but that has been debunked. Combination of evidence now places them to be of Bantu origins who began moving back into Africa around the seventh or eighth century possibly because of invasions from the north and the wars of West Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. Their migration may be related to an attempt to escape the violence of slave raiding by the Hausa people, but this theory has been contested. Using Glottochronology, historians have situated Proto-Fang speakers in the Southern Cameroon rainforest more than 4,000 years ago


title: Fang people

text: The Fang people were victims of the large transatlantic and trans-Saharan slave trade between the 16th and 19th century. They were stereotyped as cannibals by slave traders and missionaries, in part because human skulls and bones were found in open or in wooden boxes near their villages, a claim used to justify violence against them and their enslavement. When their villages were raided, thousands of their wooden idols and villages were burnt by the slave raiders. Later ethnologists who actually spent time with the Fang people later discovered that the Fang people were not cannibalistic, the human bones in open and wooden boxes were of their ancestors, and were Fang people's method of routine remembrance and religious reverence for their dead loved ones.


title: Fang people

text: They have a patrilineal kinship social structure. The villages have been traditionally linked through lineage. They are exogamous, particularly on the father's side. Polygamy was accepted in the culture of the Fang people. The independence of villages from each other is notable, and they are famed for their knowledge of animals, plants and herbs in the Equatorial forests they live in. They are traditionally farmers and hunters, but became major cocoa farmers during the colonial era.


title: Fang people

text: Under French colonial rule, they converted to Christianity. However, after independence their interest in their own traditional religion, called "Biere", also spelled "Byeri", has returned, and many practice syncretic ideas and rites. One of the syncretic traditions among Fang people is called "Bwiti", a monotheistic religion that celebrates Christian Easter but over four days with group dancing, singing and psychedelic drinks.


title: Fang people

text: The art works of Fang people, particularly from wood, iron and steatite, are regionally famous. Their wooden masks and idol carvings are on display at numerous museums of the world.


title: Fang people

text: The art works of Fang people, particularly from wood, iron and steatite, are regionally famous. Their wooden masks and idol carvings are on display at numerous museums of the world. Discovery of Fang artwork was source of inspiration for much of the European avant-garde artwork created during the 20th century. Much of the art is either used for their masquerades, or function as reliquaries and effigies. All are primarily made by the men of the village. There is reason to believe that many of these reliquaries were made during the Fang's migration as a form of burial which was also portable.


title: Fang people

text: One of the most popular art forms attributed to the Fang culture are the wooden reliquary heads, many of which contain the skull or bones of ancestors. There is a characteristic heart-shaped, concave face and large bulbous forehead. The heads are very abstract and focus on geometric form and covered in a black patina. Some appear to 'cry', which is streaks of resin made from a mixture of palm oil and other seed oils. The heads are tied to the ideas of welfare and social power.


title: Fang people

text: Heads are an effigy and can be affixed to a wooden reliquary box/barrel. The bones and skulls of deceased leaders are kept in cylindrical boxes that are decorated with wooden sculptured figures. These bones are believed to be have special powers that protect the well-being of the community. The bones are always within the possession of the deceased leader's family and it's kept hidden from the eyes of the uninitiated and of women.


title: Fang people

text: Throughout Gabon, these figures serve as talisman or guardian to protect the remains of ancestors. Known as "bieri, byeri" or "mwan bian", these reliquary figures widely range in style, but most common characteristics are:


title: Fang people

text: Some earlier figures had cavities in the abdomen as a place to store bones of ancestors. The figures aren't completed until they are ceremoniously presented and rubbed with palm oil. Members of the community will continually visit figures and rub them with oil so they maintain their protective powers.


title: Fang people

text: It was during colonization that many of these reliquaries had to be destroyed due to missionary and government pressure.


title: Fang people

text: Music plays a central to the oral history of the Fang. The "mvet" is a musical instrument popular in the Fang society, which is played by the "mbomo mvet". The instrument is a chordophone with attached resonators. Often, one resonator is regarded as 'male' and the other as 'female'. Some mvet come with two, three, or even five strings. To become a master "mbomo mvet" takes years of dedication and sacrifice.


title: Fang people

text: The "mbomo mvet" will often pass through villages once a month to play at the council house where all members of the village will gather to be entertained. Members of the community participate by keeping time while the "mbomo mvet" plays and sings praises to the ancestors.


title: Negative space

text: Negative space, in art, is the empty space around and between the subject(s) of an image. Negative space may be most evident when the space around a subject, not the subject itself, forms an interesting or artistically relevant shape, and such space occasionally is used to artistic effect as the "real" subject of an image.


title: Negative space

text: The use of negative space is a key element of artistic composition. The Japanese word "ma" is sometimes used for this concept, for example in garden design. In a composition, the positive space has the more visual weight while the surrounding space - that is less visually important is seen as the negative space.


title: Negative space

text: In a two-tone, black-and-white image, a subject is normally depicted in black and the space around it is left blank (white), thereby forming a silhouette of the subject. Reversing the tones so that the space around the subject is printed black and the subject itself is left blank, however, causes the negative space to be apparent as it forms shapes around the subject. This is called figure-ground reversal.


title: Negative space

text: In graphic design of printed or displayed materials, where effective communication is the objective, the use of negative space may be crucial. Not only within the typography, but in its placement in relation to the whole. It is the basis of why upper and lower case typography always is more legible than the use of all capital letters. Negative space varies around lower case letters, allowing the human eye to distinguish each word rapidly as one distinctive item, rather than having to parse out what the words are in a string of letters that all present the same overall profile as in all caps. The same judicious use of negative space drives the effectiveness of the entire design. Because of the long history of the use of black ink on white paper, "white space" is the term often used in graphics to identify the same separation.


title: Negative space

text: Elements of an image that distract from the intended subject, or in the case of photography, objects in the same focal plane, are not considered negative space. Negative space may be used to depict a subject in a chosen medium by showing everything around the subject, but not the subject itself. Use of negative space will produce a silhouette of the subject. Most often, negative space is used as a neutral or contrasting background to draw attention to the main subject, which then is referred to as the positive space. In photography, negative space may also connote a type of shadows called ephemeral shadows. Here, lighting is used to express the existence of an unseen space.


title: Negative space

text: Considering and improving the balance between negative space and positive space in a composition is considered by many to enhance the design. This basic, but often overlooked, principle of design gives the eye a "place to rest," increasing the appeal of a composition through subtle means.


title: Negative space

text: The use of negative space in art may be analogous to silence in music, but only when it is juxtaposed with adjacent musical ideas. As such, there is a difference between inert and active silences in music, where the latter is more closely analogous to negative space in art.


title: Negative space

text: Negative space in art, also referred to as "air space", is the space around and between objects. Instead of focusing on drawing the actual object, for a negative space drawing, the focus is on what's between the objects. For example, if one is drawing a plant, they would draw the space in-between the leaves, not the actual leaves. This technique requires one to forget about a conceptual meaning of an object and forces them to observe through shapes, rather than drawing what they may think an object looks like.


title: Negative space

text: Negative space is used with figure-ground ambigrams and tessellations to display words or pictures in different directions after rotation (one way or other depending on the symmetry of the image).


title: Emotional labor

text: Emotional labor is the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job. More specifically, workers are expected to regulate their emotions during interactions with customers, co-workers, clients and managers. This includes analysis and decision making in terms of the expression of emotion, whether actually felt or not, as well as its opposite: the suppression of emotions that are felt but not expressed. This is done so as to produce a certain feeling in the customer or client that will allow the company or organization to succeed.


title: Emotional labor

text: Roles that have been identified as requiring emotional labor include those involved in public administration, law, childcare, health care, social work, hospitality, media, advocacy and espionage. As particular economies move from a manufacturing to a service-based economy, more workers in a variety of occupational fields are expected to manage their emotions according to employer demands when compared to sixty years ago.


title: Emotional labor

text: The sociologist Arlie Hochschild provided the first definition of emotional labor, which is displaying certain emotions to meet the requirements of a job. The related term emotion work (also called "emotion management") refers to displaying certain emotions for personal purposes, such as within the private sphere of one's home or interactions with family and friends. Hochschild identified three emotion regulation strategies: cognitive, bodily, and expressive. Within cognitive emotion work, one attempts to change images, ideas, or thoughts in hopes of changing the feelings associated with them. For example, one may associate a family picture with feeling happy and think about said picture whenever attempting to feel happy. Within bodily emotion work, one attempts to change physical symptoms in order to create a desired emotion. For example, one may attempt deep breathing in order to reduce anger. Within expressive emotion work, one attempts to change expressive gestures to change inner feelings, such as smiling when trying to feel happy.


title: Emotional labor

text: While emotion work happens within the private sphere, emotional labor is emotion management within the workplace according to employer expectations. Jobs involving emotional labor are defined as those that:


title: Emotional labor

text: Hochschild (1983) argues that within this commodification process, service workers are estranged from their own feelings in the workplace.


title: Emotional labor

text: The term has been applied in modern contexts to refer to household tasks, specifically unpaid labor that is often expected of women, e.g. planning celebrations or having to remind their partner of chores. The term can also refer to informal counseling, such as providing advice to a friend or helping someone through a breakup. When Hochschild was interviewed about this shifting usage, she described it having undergone concept creep, expressing that it made the concept blurrier and was sometimes being applied to things that were simply just labor, although how carrying out this labor made a person feel could make it emotional labor as well.


title: Emotional labor

text: This modern use of the term had originally been introduced by non-professionals of the field and has therefore received criticism by medical and psychological professionals.


title: Emotional labor

text: Arlie Hochschild's foundational text divided emotional labor into two components: surface acting and deep acting. Surface acting occurs when employees display the emotions required for a job without changing how they actually feel. Deep acting is an effortful process through which employees change their internal feelings to align with organizational expectations, producing more natural and genuine emotional displays. Although the underlying processes differ, the objective of both is typically to show positive emotions, which are presumed to impact the feelings of customers and bottom-line outcomes (e.g. sales, positive recommendations, and repeat business). However, research generally has shown surface acting is more harmful to employee health. Without a consideration of ethical values, the consequences of emotional work on employees can easily become negative. Business ethics can be used as a guide for employees on how to present feelings that are consistent with ethical values, and can show them how to regulate their feelings more easily and comfortably while working.


title: Emotional labor

text: In the past, emotional labor demands and display rules were viewed as a characteristic of particular occupations, such as restaurant workers, cashiers, hospital workers, bill collectors, counselors, secretaries, and nurses. However, display rules have been conceptualized not only as role requirements of particular occupational groups, but also as interpersonal job demands, which are shared by many kinds of occupations.


title: Emotional labor

text: In 1991, Sutton did an in-depth qualitative study into bill collectors at a collection agency. He found that unlike the other jobs described here where employees need to act cheerful and concerned, bill collectors are selected and socialized to show irritation to most debtors. Specifically, the collection agency hired agents who seemed to be easily aroused. The newly hired agents were then trained on when and how to show varying emotions to different types of debtors. As they worked at the collection agency, they were closely monitored by their supervisors to make sure that they frequently conveyed urgency to debtors.


title: Emotional labor

text: Bill collectors' emotional labor consists of not letting angry and hostile debtors make them angry and to not feel guilty about pressuring friendly debtors for money. They coped with angry debtors by publicly showing their anger or making jokes when they got off the phone. They minimized the guilt they felt by staying emotionally detached from the debtors.


title: Emotional labor

text: The skills involved in childcare are often viewed as innate to women, making the components of childcare invisible. However, a number of scholars have not only studied the difficulty and skill required for childcare, but also suggested that the emotional labor of childcare is unique and needs to be studied differently. Performing emotional labor requires the development of emotional capital, and that can only be developed through experience and reflection. Through semi-structured interviews, Edwards (2016) found that there were two components of emotional labor in childcare in addition to Hochschild's original two: emotional consonance and suppression. Edwards (2016) defined suppression as hiding emotion and emotional consonance as naturally experiencing the same emotion that one is expected to feel for the job.


title: Emotional labor

text: In her 1991 study of waitresses in Philadelphia, Paules examines how these workers assert control and protect their self identity during interactions with customers. In restaurant work, Paules argues, workers' subordination to customers is reinforced through "cultural symbols that originate from deeply rooted assumptions about service work." Because the waitresses were not strictly regulated by their employers, waitresses' interactions with customers were controlled by the waitresses themselves. Although they are stigmatized by the stereotypes and assumptions of servitude surrounding restaurant work, the waitresses studied were not negatively affected by their interactions with customers. To the contrary, they viewed their ability to manage their emotions as a valuable skill that could be used to gain control over customers. Thus, the Philadelphia waitresses took advantage of the lack of employer-regulated emotional labor in order to avoid the potentially negative consequences of emotional labor.


title: Emotional labor

text: Though Paules highlights the positive consequences of emotional labor for a specific population of waitresses, other scholars have also found negative consequences of emotional labor within the waitressing industry. Through eighteen months of participant observation research, Bayard De Volo (2003) found that casino waitresses are highly monitored and monetarily bribed to perform emotional labor in the workplace. Specifically, Bayard De Volo (2003) argues that through a sexualized environment and a generous tipping system, both casino owners and customers control waitresses' behavior and appearance for their own benefit and pleasure. Even though the waitresses have their own forms of individual and collective resistance mechanisms, intense and consistent monitoring of their actions by casino management makes it difficult to change the power dynamics of the casino workplace.


title: Emotional labor

text: By using participant observation and interviews, Leidner (1993) examines how employers in fast food restaurants regulate workers' interactions with customers. According to Leidner (1993), employers attempt to regulate workers' interactions with customers only under certain conditions. Specifically, when employers attempt to regulate worker–customer interactions, employers believe that "the quality of the interaction is important to the success of the enterprise", that workers are "unable or unwilling to conduct the interactions appropriately on their own", and that the "tasks themselves are not too complex or context-dependent." According to Leidner (1993), regulating employee interactions with customers involves standardizing workers' personal interactions with customers. At the McDonald's fast food restaurants in Leidner's (1993) study, these interactions are strictly scripted, and workers' compliance with the scripts and regulations are closely monitored.


title: Emotional labor

text: Along with examining employers' attempts to regulate employee–customer interactions, Leidner (1993) examines how fast-food workers' respond to these regulations. According to Leidner (1993), meeting employers' expectations requires workers to engage in some form of emotional labor. For example, McDonald's workers are expected to greet customers with a smile and friendly attitude independent of their own mood or temperament at the time. Leidner (1993) suggests that rigid compliance with these expectations is at least potentially damaging to workers' sense of self and identity. However, Leidner (1993) did not see the negative consequences of emotional labor in the workers she studied. Instead, McDonald's workers attempted to individualize their responses to customers in small ways. Specifically, they used humor or exaggeration to demonstrate their rebellion against the strict regulation of their employee–customer interactions.


title: Emotional labor

text: According to Larson and Yao (2005), empathy should characterize physicians' interactions with their patients because, despite advancement in medical technology, the interpersonal relationship between physicians and patients remains essential to quality healthcare. Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians consider empathy a form of emotional labor. Specifically, according to Larson and Yao (2005), physicians engage in emotional labor through deep acting by feeling sincere empathy before, during, and after interactions with patients. On the other hand, Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians engage in surface acting when they fake empathic behaviors toward the patient. Although Larson and Yao (2005) argue that deep acting is preferred, physicians may rely on surface acting when sincere empathy for patients is impossible. Overall, Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians are more effective and enjoy more professional satisfaction when they engage in empathy through deep acting due to emotional labor.


title: Emotional labor

text: According to Martin (1999), police work involves substantial amounts of emotional labor by officers, who must control their own facial and bodily displays of emotion in the presence of other officers and citizens. Although policing is often viewed as stereotypically masculine work that focuses on fighting crime, policing also requires officers to maintain order and provide a variety of interpersonal services. For example, police must have a commanding presence that allows them to act decisively and maintain control in unpredictable situations while having the ability to actively listen and talk to citizens. According to Martin (1999), a police officer who displays too much anger, sympathy, or other emotion while dealing with danger on the job will be viewed by other officers as someone unable to withstand the pressures of police work, due to the sexist views of many police officers. While being able to balance this self-management of emotions in front of other officers, police must also assertively restore order and use effective interpersonal skills to gain citizen trust and compliance. Ultimately, the ability of police officers to effectively engage in emotional labor affects how other officers and citizens view them.


title: Emotional labor

text: Many scholars argue that the amount of emotional work required between all levels of government is greatest on the local level. It is at the level of cities and counties that the responsibility lies for day to day emergency preparedness, firefighters, law enforcement, public education, public health, and family and children's services. Citizens in a community expect the same level of satisfaction from their government, as they receive in a customer service-oriented job. This takes a considerate amount of work for both employees and employers in the field of public administration. There are two comparisons that represent emotional labor within public administration, "Rational Work versus Emotion Work", and "Emotional Labor versus Emotional Intelligence."


title: Emotional labor

text: Many scholars argue that when public administrators perform emotional labor, they are dealing with significantly more sensitive situations than employees in the service industry. The reason for this is because they are on the front lines of the government, and are expected by citizens to serve them quickly and efficiently. When confronted by a citizen or a co-worker, public administrators use emotional sensing to size up the emotional state of the citizen in need. Workers then take stock of their own emotional state in order to make sure that the emotion they are expressing is appropriate to their roles. Simultaneously, they have to determine how to act in order to elicit the desired response from the citizen as well as from co-workers. Public Administrators perform emotional labor through five different strategies: Psychological First Aid, Compartments and Closets, Crazy Calm, Humor, and Common Sense.


title: Emotional labor

text: According to Mary Guy, Public administration does not only focus on the business side of administration but on the personal side as well. It is not just about collecting the water bill or land ordinances to construct a new property, it is also about the quality of life and sense of community that is allotted to individuals by their city officials. Rational work is the ability to think cognitively and analytically, while emotional work means to think more practically and with more reason.


title: Emotional labor

text: Knowing how to suppress and manage one's own feelings is known as emotional intelligence. The ability to control one's emotions and to be able to do this at a high level guarantees one's own ability to serve those in need. Emotional intelligence is performed while performing emotional labor, and without one the other can not be there.


title: Emotional labor

text: Macdonald and Sirianni (1996) use the term "emotional proletariat" to describe service jobs in which "workers exercise emotional labor wherein they are required to display friendliness and deference to customers." Because of deference, these occupations tend to be stereotyped as female jobs, independent of the actual number of women working the job. According to Macdonald and Sirianni (1996), because deference is a characteristic demanded of all those in disadvantaged structural positions, especially women, when deference is made a job requirement, women are likely to be overrepresented in these jobs. Macdonald and Sirianni (1996) claim that "[i]n no other area of wage labor are the personal characteristics of the workers so strongly associated with the nature of the work." Thus, according to Macdonald and Sirianna (1996), although all workers employed within the service economy may have a difficult time maintaining their dignity and self-identity due to the demands of emotional labor, such an issue may be especially problematic for women workers.


title: Emotional labor

text: Emotional labor also affects women by perpetuating occupational segregation and the gender wage gap. Job segregation, which is the systematic tendency for men and women to work in different occupations, is often cited as the reason why women lack equal pay when compared to men. According to Guy and Newman (2004), occupational segregation and ultimately the gender wage gap can at least be partially attributed to emotional labor. Specifically, work-related tasks that require emotional work thought to be natural for women, such as caring and empathizing are requirements of many female-dominated occupations. However, according to Guy and Newman (2004), these feminized work tasks are not a part of formal job descriptions and performance evaluations: "Excluded from job descriptions and performance evaluations, the work is invisible and uncompensated. Public service relies heavily on such skills, yet civil service systems, which are designed on the assumptions of a bygone era, fail to acknowledge and compensate emotional labor." According to Guy and Newman (2004), women working in positions that require emotional labour in addition to regular work are not compensated for this additional labour because of the sexist notion that the additional labour is to be expected of them by the fact of being a woman.


title: Emotional labor

text: Positive affective display in service interactions, such as smiling and conveying friendliness, are positively associated with customer positive feelings, and important outcomes, such as intention to return, intention to recommend a store to others, and perception of overall service quality. There is evidence that emotional labor may lead to employees' emotional exhaustion and burnout over time, and may also reduce employees' job satisfaction. That is, higher degree of using emotion regulation on the job is related to higher levels of employees' emotional exhaustion, and lower levels of employees' job satisfaction.


title: Emotional labor

text: There is empirical evidence that higher levels of emotional labor demands are not uniformly rewarded with higher wages. Rather, the reward is dependent on the level of general cognitive demands required by the job. That is, occupations with high cognitive demands evidence wage returns with increasing emotional labor demands; whereas occupations low in cognitive demands evidence a wage "penalty" with increasing emotional labor demands. Additionally, innovations that increase employee empowerment — such as conversion into worker cooperatives, co-managing schemes, or flattened workplace structures — have been found to increase workers’ levels of emotional labor as they take on more workplace responsibilities.


title: Emotional labor

text: Coping occurs in response to psychological stress—usually triggered by changes—in an effort to maintain mental health and emotional well-being. Life stressors are often described as negative events (loss of a job). However, positive changes in life (a new job) can also constitute life stressors, thus requiring the use of coping skills to adapt. Coping strategies are the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that you use to adjust to the changes that occur in your life. The use of coping skills will help a person better themselves in the work place and perform to the best of their ability to achieve success. There are many ways to cope and adapt to changes. Some ways include: sharing emotions with peers, having a healthy social life outside of work, being humorous, and adjusting expectations of self and work. These coping skills will help turn negative emotion to positive and allow for more focus on the public in contrast to oneself.


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: Hridayam is the soundtrack album for the 2022 Malayalam film of the same name directed by Vineeth Sreenivasan, starring Pranav Mohanlal, Kalyani Priyadarshan, and Darshana Rajendran in the lead roles. The music and background score is composed by playback singer-composer Hesham Abdul Wahab. The soundtrack album features 15 songs with lyrics written by Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri, Arun Alat, Guna Balasubramanian and Sreenivasan. It was purchased and marketed by Think Music.


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: The music album was highly anticipated as it is the first to be released in physical formats, including audio cassettes and music CDs after more than a decade. The album was split into A-side and B-side, with the former consisting 7 tracks was released first on 31 December 2021, coinciding New Year's Eve and the latter consisting of 8 tracks, was released on 7 January 2022. A promotional event was held on the same day in Kochi, to launch the album in physical formats. In addition, a limited edition LP record of the album will be launched after the film's release, which will have 20 tracks in total.


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: Vineeth roped in Hesham Abdul Wahab as the composer instead of Shaan Rahman, who worked with all of the director's projects since the latter's debut film "Malarvadi Arts Club" (2010). Both Shaan and Vineeth wanted to "bring new talents to the industry and utilize in the right way". In an interview to "The Hindu", Wahab had stated that the opportunity to work in Hridayam came at a time, when he was struggling as a composer and did not get the projects he expected to give music as he liked. Vineeth chosen him to compose for the film's score and soundtrack, as he appreciated his work in the Sufi album "Qaddam Badha" (2015).


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: Initially, Wahab planned for 9 songs in the album. But due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India, which interrupted the production works of the film, Vineeth thought of treating some situations musically and re-wrote the script. As a result, a total of 15 songs were composed in the process, which Wahab had stated that "no other Malayalam film had several songs in recent times". Most of the songs are situational, according to the film's theme. In order to experiment on the film score and music, Vineeth went to Istanbul to record pieces of music for the film in early-January 2020, where he met many musicians from the country and recorded live instruments which will be used for the film's music. A lot of instruments from the Middle East territories were used, as he wanted to experiment a soundscape that is new in Malayalam film music, fusing Indian classical, Western and Middle-Eastern sounds.


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: The first track of the film, "Darshana", was recorded during early July 2019, in an in-built studio in Wahab's house. The track was sung by Wahab along with Darshana Rajendran, aside from acting in the film. The title was also derived from the actor's name as well. He wanted to use the instruments in the Indian context, as a result he used various instruments and blended with the sound in the songs. V. Harishankar worked on the sound mixing of the album. The song "Darshana" was mixed and mastered about 35 times, until the final version was approved the team.


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: The track "Onakka Munthiri" was made only with the use of vocals, and did not use any instruments or background score. Wahab used the same rhythm which Vineeth had sung for him. While composing the track, he needed a soft and breezy voice, and has approached Divya Vineeth to croon for the track. According to Divya, she stated that Wahab wanted to first try the song in her voice, which she did and the composer decided to go with it. In February 2020, actor Prithviraj Sukumaran recorded the track "Thathaka Thethitare" for this film. The track "Kural Kekkutha" celebrates the city of Chennai and its culture. The "Hridayam Theme" was performed by the Istanbul musicians ensemble, collaborating with Cochin Strings Orchestra. Vineeth wanted it as a song that is performed at a live concert with symphonic arrangements.


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: The track list of the film was revealed by Mohanlal through his social media accounts on 21 June 2021, coinciding the occasion of World Music Day. Without revealing the song titles, the track list featured the details of the singers and the lyricists, with Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri penned six out of 15 tracks, along with Arun Alat penning three tracks; Vineeth Sreenivasan and Guna Balasubramanian writing one track each. The album also featured a poem written by 18th century poet-philosopher Bulleh Shah, a track based on the composition of poet Tyagaraja, having two versions and an instrumental track performed by Istanbul musicians and Cochin Strings. K. S. Chithra, Srinivas, Unni Menon, Sachin Warrier, Job Kurian along with other musicians performed the tracks in the album.


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: The rights for the soundtrack album were purchased by Think Music. In an innovative approach, the makers are planning to launch the film's soundtrack through audio cassettes and audio CDs by Think Music, so as to provide a wholesome listening experience to the audience and music lovers. Eventually, it is the first film to have its soundtrack launched in analog and digital formats; the idea was a result of the discussion between Hesham and Vineeth when they went to Istanbul for recording sessions and had spotted a shop which sells CDs and cassettes which felt that it was nostalgic, and Hesham stated it as "My gateway to music was through cassettes and CDs, which I used to buy whenever I come to India for vacations. Those experiences will never go away from my heart".


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: Since the production of audio cassettes, CDs and vinyl discs were obsolete in India, the executives of Think Music had to partner with cassette manufacturer in Japan to import its physical copies to India. With its final mixing and mastering of the songs being conducted within September 2021, Hesham and Vineeth handed over the master copy to the record label. In addition, the label will also launch a limited edition vinyl records, which will have more than 20 tracks including few instrumental pieces from the film score.


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: The pre-booking of the cassettes and CDs began on late-November, through the official website of the music label which was rebranded. Excluding the cost of shipping, the price of the physical copies was fixed to be which was expected to be available within January 2022. Santhosh Kumar, the chief executive of Think Music, stated that "We have already received 1,000 pre-orders for cassettes and 500 for CDs, from listeners across Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. As a music label, our scope ends with making the cassettes and CDs. The availability of electronic equipment is not in our purview, but we do know that there are many households that still have cassette players. They are also available in some electronic shops and can be ordered online."


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: On 25 October 2021, the first single "Darshana" was launched coinciding with the re-opening of theatres in Kerala. The song is picturised on Pranav Mohanlal and Darshana Rajendran during their college days. On 6 December 2021, the second track "Arike Ninna" was released, which depicted the "pain and frustration" of the lead character. A celebratory song, titled "Onakka Mundhiri" was released as the third single on 17 December. On 31 December 2021, coinciding with the New Year's Eve, Vineeth Sreenivasan announced that the A-side of "Hridayam"'s soundtrack will be launched on the same day. The remaining tracks were released as the B-side of the soundtrack online on 7 January 2022. The same day, a promotional event held in Kochi, with the presence of Mohanlal and film producer Antony Perumbavoor, in order to release the physical copies of the album – through cassettes and CDs. Mohanlal praised Vineeth Sreenivasan and the crew for bringing the true essence of music, adding that it reminded of his films: "His Highness Abdullah" (1990), "Bharatham" (1991) and "Kamaladalam" (1992), which had a strong emphasis on Malayalam film music and particularly the former, set the record for highest sales in music cassettes in Kerala. He further added "It makes me glad to know that "Hridayam" is bringing the emphasis of music with a whole new dimension".


title: Hridayam (soundtrack)

text: Upon releases, the tracks "Darshana" and "Onakka Munthiri" were positively received by music critics, cinephiles and netizens. In an interview with "The Times of India", Nithya Mammen, who won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer for the track "Vathikkalu Vellaripravu" featured in "Sufiyum Sujatayum" (2020), listed "Darshana" as one of her favourite picks of the "Top 10 Malayalam Songs of 2021". Mammen had stated it as "a very refreshing song, which also has a positive energy". Celebrities such as Dulquer Salmaan too praised the track. "Darshana" crossed more than 3.5 million views within 48 hours. In its critical review for "The Indian Express", VS Gowtham stated that "the songs blend well with the film". Anand Kochukudy of "The Quint" had stated "Hesham Abdul Wahab’s music is also fresh and adds to the film. The “"Onakka Munthiri"” number (with just vocals) sung by debutante Divya, spouse of Vineeth Sreenivasan, stands out for its peppiness." A critical review from "Manorama Online" praised Hesham's songs as "the heart and soul of the film" that are "seamlessly blended into the narrative". Critic Vipin Nair stated the album as "a labour of love from the composer (Hesham Abdul Wahab)" and a "multilingual" and "multi-genre treat". He further wrote: "At a time when most Malayalam soundtracks do not last more than 15 minutes, a soundtrack of this length and diversity is a welcome change to a music lovers. Adding to that the way this album has been packaged and marketed, feels nice to see this level of care compared to how a lot of movies do not even have their songs come out on time."


title: Conductor (rail)

text: A conductor (North American English) or guard (Commonwealth English) is a train crew member responsible for operational and safety duties that do not involve actual operation of the train/locomotive. The "conductor" title is most common in North American railway operations, but the role is common worldwide under various job titles. In Commonwealth English, a conductor is also known as guard or train manager.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Some rapid transit systems employ conductors to make announcements and open and close doors—as opposed to an engineer performing those duties. The conductor often stays in the center of the train where they can best view the platform. While advances in automation allow most transit systems to use "one person train operation" (OPTO), a few, such as the New York City Subway, Toronto Transit Commission and Sydney Trains continue to employ conductors.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: In North America, the Conductor manages a freight, passenger, or other type of train, and directly supervises the train crew, which can include a brakeman, flagman, ticket collector, assistant conductor, and on board service personnel, and is responsible for the movement of the train. The engineer (driver) takes direction from the Conductor. The portman (station master), and additional "engine crew" members (fireman, pilot engineer) share responsibility for safe and efficient train operation and adherence to railway rules and procedures. On some railroads, union contracts specify that a conductor must progress to engineer.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Passenger trains may employ one or more brakemen/assistant conductors who assist the conductor and engineer in the safe and prompt movement of the train, to share the workload, and accept delegated responsibility. If a train crew's route, or tour of duty, exceeds a single shift, or conflicts with a legal or contractual limit on the number of work hours, more than one crew may be assigned, each with its own brakeman/assistant conductor. Onboard service crew members on passenger trains normally remain on duty for the entire run, including assigned meal and sleep breaks.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Since nearly the beginning of railroading in North America, the conductor on freight trains rode aboard a caboose, along with the rear flagman and the rear brakeman, and performed duties from there. Advances in technology and pressure to reduce operating costs made cabooses redundant, and in most cases they have been eliminated. This relocated the conductor from the rear of the train to the locomotive (or locomotives) at the head of the train. In most cases, these same conditions gradually eliminated members of the train crew, such as the head brakemen, flagmen, and others.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Most freight trains on most railroads today have a crew of two: one engineer and one conductor. Railroad companies continue to press for reduced operating and labor costs and this threatens to eliminate second men. Railroads rationalize that since the engineer is already qualified as a conductor man, he can easily assume the duties of a conductor. In fact, on most railroads, engineers begin as brakemen, then become conductors, and finally engineers. Some railroads already implement such a strategy, notably the Montana Rail Link, and operate with an engineer, and a conductor. However, most railroads are contractually obligated to employ a brakeman/assistant conductor in addition to the engineer, via crew consist agreements negotiated with the major rail unions, primarily the United Transportation Union (UTU). Therefore, eliminating the conductor's position would require that the railroads and unions negotiate a new agreement. If the railroads were successful, conductors already trained and certified as engineers would theoretically be able to work as engineers. Those that have not yet progressed to engineer would have to be trained as engineers as positions became available. Others would have to accept other positions or possibly lose their jobs. The primary union for engineers, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers does not support this movement, claiming that requiring its members to operate trains alone would be unsafe.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: By the late 1990s, remote control locomotives were increasingly popular on North American railroads for switching duties in rail yards. This system allows the conductor to directly control the locomotive(s) via a wireless remote unit, as opposed to radioing commands to an engineer in the cab. Some Class I Rail Yards utilize RCO packs for their conductors, while others do not, depending on the size and type of Yard. Class I Railroads train conductors on the use of RCO packs with classroom and hands-on instruction, culminating with on-the-job training and certification as a RCO operator. Currently, Class I railroads such as Norfolk Southern require RCO qualified conductors to work from job boards that perform RCO operations exclusively (when in a yard that utilizes RCO switching). This ensures the extra training and pay these conductors receive will provide the company with maximum value for the investment.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: As there is no explicit Federal requirement for a two-person train crew in the United States, the Utah Transit Authority originally planned their "FrontRunner" service to be operated by an operator only, with revenue collected by a proof-of-payment system. Before operation began, the FRA required "FrontRunner" to employ a second crewmember on each train to assist with emergency evacuation, disabled access, and other safety-sensitive situations. "FrontRunner" classified this job as a "train host", with a focus on customer service rather than railroad operations. Some other services, such as Amtrak's "Downeaster", also use train hosts (paid or volunteer) to assist the assistant conductor with non-revenue-related customer service duties.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: All heavy rail trains in the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority operate with two-person crews consisting of a motorman and a conductor. The conductor is located in the cab of the second-last car of the train. When a train arrives at a station, the conductor opens the doors using cab controls. Two sets of controls is provided on each side of the cab for this purpose. There are two door zones: One set of controls operates the doors in the conductor's car and the doors forward of that car, and the other set of controls operates the doors to the rear of the conductor's car. When passengers have completed boarding or exiting, the conductor looks forward and closes the doors forward of their cab. This process is repeated for the doors to the rear of the conductor's cab. A door chime is used to notify the passengers that the doors are closing.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York City) transit system operates trains using two-person crews consisting of a motorman and conductor. The conductor is located in the middle of the train and is responsible for opening the doors and closing them. When a train arrives at a station, the conductor verifies the train alignment on the platform by observing a black-and-white "zebra board" mounted to the platform wall or ceiling. When a train is aligned properly, the 6-feet long zebra board should be located directly opposite of the conductor's cab.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Before opening the doors, the train conductor is to open the cab window and point to the zebra board with their index finger to confirm the stop position to the motorman. The doors, operated from a control panel located on the appropriate side of the car, are opened once the alignment verification is made. Like MBTA, there are two separate controls for the doors, those for doors forward of the conductor and those for the doors to the rear of the conductor.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: After the doors are opened, the conductor sticks their head out the window to observe passenger boarding and exiting. The doors stay open for at least ten seconds, and when the conductor decides to close the doors, the conductor announces a door-closing warning using a PA system on the train. When the platform is clear, the conductor closes the doors in the rear cars. When a locked-door signal is received, the conductor closes the doors in the forward section of the train. Door chimes warn passengers that the doors are closing. When all the doors are closed, the conductor removes the door key, which alerts the motorman that it is safe to proceed.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: As the train departs the station, the conductor observes the platform for a distance of three car lengths. Station departure observations are made to ensure that no passenger or item is trapped between the doors and is dragged along the platform. The conductor is required to observe the forward and rear cars at least twice during these observations.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Each PATH train operates with a two-person crew consisting of a motorman and conductor. The conductor is responsible for door operation and making announcements. The conductor is located in the rear end of the first car.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: When a train enters a station, the conductor opens the doors from a control panel on the appropriate side of the car. There are two separate controls, one set operates just the doors in the conductor's car, and another set operates the rest of the doors. As the doors open, the conductor opens the cab window to observe passenger boarding and exiting. After a preliminary observation that the doors are clear, the conductor uses the train's PA system to warn passengers that the train doors are closing. When the doors are observed to be clear, the conductor closes the doors in their car. When the locked-door signal is received, the rear car doors are closed. When all the doors are closed, the conductor removes the door key, which tells the motorman to proceed. The conductor then observes the platform until the train has left the station.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Traditionally, an 'L' motorman would operate the train, and a conductor would open/close the doors and make station announcements. However, with the opening of the Yellow Line in 1964, the Chicago Transit Authority began phasing out conductors. All lines were converted to one-person operation by 1998, making the CTA the first transit agency in the nation to do so system-wide. The elimination of conductors saved an estimated $13.8 million, and most were re-trained as customer service reps at stations or supervisors.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: The Toronto Transit Commission is somewhat different because its heavy rail lines use a combination of single-person and two-person crews. On the TTC's Line 1 and Line 2, trains operate with a crew of two train operators, consisting of a motorman and a conductor. The employees who perform these roles are crosstrained, and switch roles each time when a train reaches the end of a line and needs to reverse direction. The conductor is responsible for door control and observation and is located in the rear cab of the last car in a train. A trainlined buzzer system is used to notify the motorman that it is safe to proceed.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: After arrival at a station and before opening the doors, the conductor will verify the train alignment by observing a green triangle placed on the station wall. The green triangle marks the stopping location of the conductor and should be directly in front of the conductor's cab. The conductor is required to confirm the stop position to the motorman by pointing out the cab window at the green triangle with their index finger.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: One set of door controls is provided in the cab to close all the doors at once. A door opening chime is played when the doors open. The conductor sticks their head out the cab window to observe the platform and doors, and when the doors are clear, they will press a button that closes the doors. At exactly the same time, door closing chimes are played, followed by an automated announcement of "please stand clear of the doors". The conductor will use the buzzer to notify the motorman that the train can proceed.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: When the train begins to leave the station, the conductor will observe the platform with their head out the window. An orange triangle, placed on the platform wall, marks the location where the conductor may cease platform departure observations and pull their head back into the cab. It is a safety precaution to watch the platform to make sure that no passenger is being dragged by the train into the tunnel.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: In the UK, Australia and New Zealand, the person with ultimate responsibility for operation of a train is usually called the "guard," a term that derives from stagecoach days.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Until the latter part of the 20th century, guards on passenger trains in these countries did not have routine responsibilities for ticket inspection or sale. Their jobs focused more on safe operation of their trains, timekeeping, handling parcels, and other consignments. A dedicated 'travelling ticket inspector' handled fare duties. In recent years, passenger train guards have been assigned more responsibility for on-train revenue collection and ticket inspection.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: As well as ticketing and customer care, guards must be trained in "emergency protection" duties, should an emergency arise, along with other operational roles. This involves using emergency kit such as detonators, track circuit clips and flags to prevent other trains colliding with, for example a derailed train. If in a crash the driver became incapacitated, the guard is the only person left who can protect the train. Other day-to-day duties include operating the public address system and train doors.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Under British Railways, there were several grades of guard, depending on whether the guard worked on freight or passenger trains—and a purely operational guard grade worked freight and passenger trains without customer contact. When the guard has significant customer contact, the position is usually classified as conductor-guard or conductor. Since British Rail, there have been a number of titles for a guard's grade but, with a few exceptions, all now perform some sort of customer-facing role.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: There have been other disputes over guards on Merseyrail, CrossCountry, South Western Railway, Northern Rail, Great Western Railway and ScotRail, most of which have been won by the workforce and their union, the RMT.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: It was a well-known British tradition for a guard to have two signal flags: a red one to signal the driver to stop, and a green one to signal the driver to depart. Nowadays, these flags are seldom used except on heritage railways. At night, the guard gave the signals using a lamp with red and green lights instead of using flags. Guards still occasionally use a whistle to attract the driver's attention and to warn passengers that the train is about to move, even though the electronic communication systems are now very sophisticated.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: On long-distance expresses, the conductor's title is sometimes enhanced to senior conductor, in line with the implied prestige of operating these trains. Historically, under British Rail, long-distance intercity trains were normally worked by the most senior guards at the depot, hence the name senior conductor. Several more recent private UK passenger train operators have further renamed the senior conductor's passenger facing title to "train manager". The RSSB rulebook still refers collectively to these individuals as guards.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: In the UK railway modernisation and economic pressure has made some trains lose their guards and become "driver-only operated (DOO)". The most recent axe of the conventional guard was on Southern rail in a 2-year dispute between the Train Operating Company and the workforce, which ultimately led to the guards losing their safety critical roles. British Rail first brought this in on some commuter services in London and Glasgow, as well as on almost all non-passenger trains. In 2003, a controversial amendment to the UK operational rule book moved part of the guard's safety and operational role to the driver. With rail service privatisation, train operating companies (TOC) attempted to bring in DOO to other network areas—c2c operating from London Fenchurch Street is an example of this. Currently, several titles describe a guard: "train manager", "train host", "conductor", and South West Trains and Merseyrail still use the term "guard". The role of the guard is set out by a mixture of the Railway Rule Book and train operating companies.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: In Australia, there is today a combination of driver-only operated trains and trains with a guard depending largely on state-based railway legislation.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: All passenger trains in New South Wales operate with a driver and guard. Guards were removed from freight trains in the 1980s, but these still operate with a two-man locomotive crew.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Sydney Trains—which operates metropolitan trains—and NSW TrainLink intercity trains have a train guard. The guard is ultimately responsible for the safety of all passengers on the train. They control the operation of doors and Public Address, perform platform duties, provide basic customer service, operate the train to timetable and accept and deliver internal mail. On Sydney Trains, the guard is located in the middle of older trains, whilst on the newer Waratah trains, and on NSW TrainLink intercity services, they work from the rear. The guard is not responsible for inspecting tickets - this role is performed by Transport Officers and NSW Police.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: On NSW TrainLink regional Xplorer and XPT services the train guard is known as a Passenger Service Supervisor (PSS). While still responsible for the safety of passengers, the PSS is also in charge of delivering customer service and a number of value-add functions on the train including ticket inspections and manning the cafe alongside Passenger Attendants. On Xplorer trains, the driver operates the doors when the PSS gives clearance to depart. On XPT trains, the PSS performs the platform duties of a guard in conjunction with the driver.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Passenger trains are operated by Queensland Rail, and all operate with both driver and guard for suburban passenger services, or Passenger Services Supervisor for long-distance passenger services.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Trains in metropolitan Melbourne have been driver-only since the early 1990s. When the city's rail franchise was offered to the current operator, Metro Trains Melbourne, a proposal existed to reinstate guards on some peak train services, however this option was spurned in favour of hiring additional platform staff.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Regional trains operated by V/Line are operated by a driver and conductor. The conductor performs platform duties and—on locomotive-hauled trains—operates the train doors and handles passenger luggage. They are responsible for internal mail, passenger safety and assistance (including on board announcements), and also perform ticket sales and inspection duties.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Adelaide Metro's metropolitan rail network is configured for driver-only operation, but also operate with Passenger Service Assistants (PSA). This is safety role, but with a focus on customer service and revenue protection. Normally, the train driver operates the doors, but PSA's are also able to. The Ghan, the Indian Pacific and The Overland all feature Train Managers who perform a similar role, as did the Great Southern.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: In New Zealand, inner-city commuter rail networks are staffed by a driver and a train manager (guard) as a minimum.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: In Wellington, where ticketing is still paper-based, each train has between one and three passenger operators (ticket collectors). The exact number of passenger operators depends on how many multiple units or carriages make up the train. In Auckland, off-board ticketing and smartcard systems have reduced the staff level to driver and train manager only. Auckland train managers are now not responsible for revenue on trains, as Revenue Protection officers carry out these roles.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: A conductor ("Zugführer" or "Zugchef" in German) supervises the operational safety of a train and is responsible for its proper operation. He or she is authorized to issue instructions to all employees, for example train attendants, on the train. The conductor also provides passenger service and checks tickets together with the train attendants.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: The conductor determines if a train is ready to depart from a platform and orders the engineer to depart via visual or aural signals. Conductors are trained in coupling and uncoupling cars, operating of the brakes, calculating braking power for the engineer, and other technical subjects related to the cars. They are further trained in customer services and selling and checking tickets.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: On local trains, and depending on the level of automations, the duties of a conductor can be taken over by other personnel or left to automatic systems.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: In general, conductors in Switzerland collect or punch tickets, fine people the first charge of 100 CHF for not having a valid fare, and make announcements on the public address system. They also may fine passengers if they take a longer trip than normal. For example, if one takes a train to Bern via Biel, having departed from Geneva, which is a longer trip than taking the InterCity via Lausanne, the conductor can fine the passenger a supplementary fare. They sound a warning when the train's doors are going to close. Many conductors, especially those on night shift and on isolated regional lines, are being trained in self-defence against would-be assailants.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: In Belgium and The Netherlands, train conductors have multiple tasks involving train safety and customer services. Belgian/Dutch train conductors are responsible for the departure of the train. In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver. Therefore, train conductors in Belgium and The Netherlands always close (and in some scenarios also open) the doors. They are also responsible for performing safety tasks in case of an emergency or accident, such as fire, evacuation, etc. Because of these tasks, there has to be at least one conductor on each passenger train; a train without a conductor is uncommon, but still appears on some regional Dutch trains. The departure trains always have one conductor who is conductor-in-chief. He is responsible for the entire train, the on-board crew and the passengers. Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under command of the conductor-in-chief. Besides the safety tasks, conductors also collect and punch tickets, fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: In Hungary a conductor may assist the train driver in testing the train's air brakes, and sometimes they have to lead the shunting, mostly when the trains are switching lines. Hungarian train conductors are responsible for the departure of the trains. In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver. During the day they use a disc (which is white and has a green border) to give the ready signal to the train driver.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: After sunset they give signals with flashlights. Train drivers are not allowed to move the train without the conductor in chief giving them the ready signal. Conductors, along with train drivers, are responsible for keeping the trains on schedule. There is always at least one conductor in chief on passenger trains in Hungary. No passenger trains may depart without one, as only they have the right to give the departure signal.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under the command of the conductor in chief. If there is more than one conductor on a train, then the signal procedure is as follows:


title: Conductor (rail)

text: After all passengers have left or entered the train and the departure time has arrived, the conductor in chief asks the other conductor for his ready signal. If it is safe to depart he gives a ready signal to the conductor in chief who then gives the same signal to the train driver.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: As in Belgium and in the Netherlands conductors also collect and punch tickets, fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers. They also sell tickets on the trains; if the passengers have entered the train at a station where a ticket office is operating they can buy a ticket only with payment of a fine. However, if the passengers got on at a station or stop where they didn't have an option to buy a ticket, they can buy from the conductor without having to pay a fine.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: In India, train managers (earlier called guard) are posted on all passenger trains and goods trains and no passenger-carrying train is allowed to move without a guard. The passenger train guard, generally called a "mail guard," is completely responsible for the train, its schedule, and safety of passengers and the locomotive pilot. These guards wear a specific uniform (generally white).


title: Conductor (rail)

text: During the day, the guard uses the traditional green flag to signal the pilot to depart, and the red flag to stop, assisted by two-way radios. After sunset, the guard uses lamp signals in place of the flags. A couple of minutes before signalling departure to the pilot, the guard blows a whistle to warn passengers to board the train. After ensuring all passengers are safe to travel, the guard signals the green flag by waving it from the brake van. In an emergency, the guard uses the red flag to indicate a stop, and may directly apply brakes to stop the train. The pilot is not allowed to move the train without a signal from the guard, as the guard is in charge of the train.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Passenger guards also accept heavy parcels and luggage boxes that passengers cannot carry in coaches. Some perishable goods like vegetables and milk are also transported under the supervision of the guard, who is responsible for proper loading and unloading.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Keeping the passenger train on-schedule is an important guard function. Guards carry a first aid box with their belongings, along with other important items, all in a medium-sized duty box (generally painted red). The name, designation and base location of the Guard are printed in white on the box. A designated passenger train, halting at all stations, carries a large heavy cast iron cash safe in the guard's brake van, where cash receipts from ticket sales is deposited in a leather pouch by the station manager (earlier called the station master). Since the late 1990s, each guard is provided with a two-way radio so that they can communicate with the locomotive pilot, and other trains if required. The radio has not yet replaced the traditional red and green flags.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Guards are used on most passenger railway lines in Japan. Working from the rear driving cab, their responsibilities include opening and closing of doors, sounding the departure melody, making announcements, ensuring on-time departure as well as the safety of passengers boarding and alighting.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Many antique or heritage trams (streetcars), which operated through the earlier part of the 20th century, were designed for operation by a crew of two or more. The conductor primarily collected fares and signaled the driver when safe to depart from stopping places. The conductor also assisted with shunting when necessary, changing the trolley pole and attended to passengers' needs.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: Modern vehicle design and ticketing arrangements have largely eliminated the need for conductors on street railways and light rail systems. In recent years a number of modern tram or light rail systems have introduced (or re-introduced) conductors to minimise fare evasion and to provide customer care, supervision and security functions, even in situations where a second crew member is not strictly needed.


title: Conductor (rail)

text: In England, the Sheffield Supertram and West Midlands Metro modern light rail systems have both started using conductors due to problems with ticket machine reliability. Nottingham Express Transit started with conductors. Manchester Metrolink and Croydon Tramlink both rely on ticket machines at stops.


title: Little Evil

text: Little Evil is a 2017 American supernatural horror comedy film written and directed by Eli Craig. It stars Adam Scott, Evangeline Lilly, Owen Atlas, Bridget Everett, Kyle Bornheimer, Chris D'Elia, Donald Faison, Carla Gallo, Tyler Labine, Brad Williams, Clancy Brown, and Sally Field. It was released by Netflix on September 1, 2017.


title: Little Evil

text: Gary Bloom marries Samantha, who has a 5-year-old son, Lucas. Gary struggles to connect with the quiet Lucas, who ignores him. Gary receives a telephone call from his wedding videographer Karl, warning that something very unusual is in the footage, but Gary is uninterested. Gary stops by one of his properties for sale, an old nunnery, where Father J.D. Gospel, the leader of a Doomsday cult, buys it on the spot. Gary is summoned to Lucas’ school where the principal informs him that Lucas spoke out of turn in class and told his science teacher to “go to hell”, after which she killed herself by jumping out the window and got impaled on a fence. A psychiatrist stresses that Lucas see a counselor and Gary, apparently the main source of Lucas’ erratic behavior, should do the same.


title: Little Evil

text: Samantha is upset by the news and feels that everyone, including Gary, is unfairly blaming Lucas, but Gary assures her that he loves them both. At therapy, Gary confides to the other stepfathers, including his friend Al, that he thinks his stepson might be a little evil, and they all sympathize. At Lucas’ birthday party, a clown lights himself on fire, and Gary is led to believe Lucas is responsible. Karl shows Gary the wedding video, revealing a possessed-looking Lucas untouched by a tornado. Karl tells Gary that all Samantha's previous boyfriends are dead except Gabriel, giving Gary Gabriel's address.


title: Little Evil

text: When Gary inquires about Lucas' biological father, Samantha reluctantly admits that years earlier, she was part of a cult and Lucas was conceived during a ritual. Gary convinces Al to help him, and they find Gabriel in the basement of a church where he is self-flagellating. Gabriel reveals that Lucas is the Antichrist and tells them to travel to Bethlehem to find Gozamel the demon hunter. Gary and Al view a television news report on rioting due to the Apocalypse in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, realizing that is where they need to go. They find Gozamel, who informs them they must kill the child with the Knife of Destiny to prevent the end of the world. Gozamel is killed in a car accident, but not before he gives Gary the Knife of Destiny to kill Lucas on hallowed ground.