text: Desperate to stay in office long enough to host Eisenhower's visit, Kishi hoped to secure the streets in time for Eisenhower's arrival by calling out the Japan Self Defense Forces and tens of thousands of right-wing thugs that would be provided by his friend, the yakuza-affiliated right-wing "fixer" Yoshio Kodama. However, he was talked out of these extreme measures by his cabinet, and thereafter had no choice but to cancel Eisenhower's visit, for fears that his safety could not be guaranteed, and to announce his own resignation as Prime Minister, in order to quell the widespread popular anger at his actions.


title: Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan

text: Despite the massive size achieved by the anti-treaty movement, the protests ultimately failed to stop the treaty. Although Kishi was forced to resign and Eisenhower's visit was cancelled, under Japanese law, the treaty was automatically approved 30 days after passing the Lower House of the Diet. Article 8 of the treaty stipulated that the new treaty would immediately enter into force once ratification instruments were exchanged between Japanese and American officials in Tokyo. The instruments were officially exchanged on June 23, 1960, at which point the new treaty took effect and the old treaty expired. According to foreign minister Aiichirō Fujiyama, the official ratification instruments had to be smuggled to Kishi for his signature in a candy box, to avoid the notice of the protesters still mobbing his official residence.


text: However, once the treaty entered into force and Kishi resigned from office, the anti-treaty protest movement lost momentum and rapidly died away.


text: The anti-American aspect of the protests and the humiliating cancellation of Eisenhower's visit brought U.S.-Japan relations to their lowest ebb since the end of World War II. The new U.S. President, John F. Kennedy, appointed sympathetic Japan expert and Harvard University professor Edwin O. Reischauer as ambassador to Japan, rather than a career diplomat, and invited the new Japanese prime minister, Hayato Ikeda, to be the first foreign leader to visit the United States in his term in office. At their June 1961 summit meeting, the two leaders agreed that henceforth the two nations would consult much more closely as allies, along lines similar to the relationship between the United States and Great Britain. Back in Japan, Ikeda took a much more conciliatory stance toward the political opposition, indefinitely shelving Kishi's plans to revise the Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, and announcing the Income Doubling Plan with the explicit goal of redirecting the nation's energies away from the contentious treaty issue and toward a nationwide drive for rapid economic growth.


text: The difficult process of securing the passage of the revised treaty and the violent protests it caused contributed to a culture of secret pacts (密約, "mitsuyaku") between the two nations. Going forward, rather than putting contentious issues to a vote, the two nations secretly negotiated to expand the scope of the Security Treaty without allowing a vote. Secret pacts negotiated in the 1960s and not brought to light until decades later allowed U.S. naval vessels carrying nuclear weapons to "transit" through Japanese ports, allowed nuclear powered U.S. vessels to vent radioactive wastewater in Japanese waters, and allowed the U.S. to introduce nuclear weapons into U.S. bases on Okinawa even after its reversion to Japan in 1972, among other secret deals.


text: Throughout the decade of the 1960s, left-wing activists looked forward to the end of the revised treaty's initial 10-year term in 1970 as an opportunity to try to persuade the Japanese government to abrogate the treaty. In 1970, in the wake of the 1968-1969 student riots in Japan, a number of student groups, civic groups, and the anti-Vietnam War organization Beheiren held a series of protest marches against the Security Treaty. However, prime minister Eisaku Satō (who was Kishi's younger brother) opted to ignore the protests completely and allow the treaty to automatically renew. Since that time, no attempt has been made to abrogate the treaty by either party, and U.S. bases remain a fixture on Japanese soil. As of 2010, there were still some 85 facilities housing 44,850 U.S. military personnel and 44,289 dependents.


text: A central issue in the debate over the continued U.S. military presence is the heavy concentration of troops in the small Japanese prefecture of Okinawa. U.S. military bases cover about one fifth of Okinawa and house around 75% of the U.S. forces in Japan. Base-related frictions, disputes, and environmental problems have left many Okinawans feeling that while the security agreement may be beneficial to the United States and Japan as a whole, they bear a disproportionate share of the burden.


text: One contentious issue to many Okinawans is the noise and environmental pollution created by the US forces in Japan. Prolonged exposure to high-decibel noise pollution from the American military jets flying over residential areas in Okinawa has been found to cause heart problems, disrupt sleep patterns, and damage cognitive skills in children. Excessive noise lawsuits filed in 2009 by Okinawa's residents against Kadena Air Base and Marine Corps Air Station Futenma resulted in awards of $57 million and $1.3 million to residents, respectively. Toxic chemical runoff from U.S. bases, live-fire drills using depleted uranium rounds, and base construction and expansion activities have polluted Okinawa's water supply and damaged Okinawa's once-pristine coral reefs, reducing their economic value for fishing and tourism.


text: The most powerful opposition in Okinawa, however, stemmed from criminal acts committed by US service members and their dependents, with the latest example being the 1995 kidnapping and molestation of a 12-year-old Okinawan girl by two Marines and a Navy corpsman. In early 2008, U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice apologized after a series of crimes involving American troops in Japan, including the rape of a girl of 14 by a marine on Okinawa. The US military also imposed a temporary 24-hour curfew on military personnel and their families to ease the anger of local residents.


text: These grievances, among others, have sustained a large and enduring anti-Security Treaty movement in Okinawa.


text: Despite the strong Okinawan opposition to the US military presence on the island, there is support for the agreement in Japan as a whole. Although views of the treaty were fiercely polarized when the treaty was first approved in 1960, acceptance of the U.S.-Japan alliance has grown over time. According to a 2007 poll, 73.4% of Japanese citizens appreciated the U.S.-Japan alliance and welcomed the presence of U.S. forces in Japan.


text: In 2012, the US clarified in a statement regarding the Senkaku Islands dispute that the treaty covers the Senkaku Islands and requires the Americans to defend them.


text: On April 19, 2019, Japan and the United States confirmed that cyberattacks are also covered by the treaty. The two nations also promised to increase defense cooperation for outer space warfare, cyberwarfare, and electronic warfare.


title: Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 2)

text: The second season of the American science fiction television series "" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on November 21, 1988, and concluded on July 17, 1989, after airing 22 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship "Enterprise"-D. Season two featured changes to the main cast, following the departure of Gates McFadden. Diana Muldaur was cast as Dr. Katherine Pulaski for a single season before the return of McFadden in season three. Academy Award winner Whoopi Goldberg also joined the cast after pursuing a role from the producers.


text: There were significant changes backstage to the writing team. Maurice Hurley became head writer, and following extensive re-writes to "The Royale" and "", Tracy Tormé left the writing team. Likewise, following the submission of a script for "", David Gerrold allowed his contract to run out due to issues with Gene Roddenberry and Leonard Maizlish, Roddenberry's lawyer. Other departing writers included Leonard Mlodinow and Scott Rubenstein, while Melinda M. Snodgrass, Hans Beimler and Richard Manning joined the team. At the end of the season, Hurley also left the team. Production designer Herman F. Zimmerman left the show to work on and was replaced by Richard James, who remained with the show for the rest of the series.


text: The 1988 Writers Guild of America strike caused the season to be shortened to 22 episodes, the lowest amount for any season in the series. The strike was later blamed for the lack of quality of the first few episodes. The strike also resulted in the writing team using an unused script from the aborted "" to open the season, entitled "". Budgetary changes allowed for individual episode funding to be carried between episodes, but this resulted in a lack of funding towards the end of the season which the crew attempted to solve by creating a clip show, "".


text: "The Child" opened to 10.9 million viewers, and ratings peaked with both "A Matter of Honor" and "", which were watched by 11.3 million. Although a decrease in viewers saw the lowest number of viewers for a first-run episode in the series in "Manhunt", the show became the third most-watched series in its timeslot. Critics praised the episodes "The Measure of a Man" and "Q Who", but found "Shades of Grey" to be one of the worst episodes of the entire "Star Trek" franchise. The season was first released on DVD on May 7, 2002, on Region 1, and was subsequently released on Regions 2 and 3. The region-free Blu-ray releases came in December 2012, with "The Measure of a Man" and "Q Who" receiving a limited theatrical release.


text: The second season saw Maurice Hurley being promoted to head writer after the departure of Robert Lewin. Hurley had been brought on board during the first season. His prior experience had been with shows such as "The Equalizer" and "Miami Vice", and he later explained that he took the position because it challenged him. The 1988 Writers Guild of America strike had caused problems at the end of the first season, and these continued as the development of season two started, resulting in a shortened season. Executive producer Rick Berman blamed a decrease in quality at the start of season two on the lack of time available for proper development due to the writer's strike. Hurley felt that the writing on the show managed to get into a rhythm during the second half of the first season, and that the strike stopped that and resulted in his eventually leaving the series. He also criticised the lack of character arcs in the series, saying that "I did some good, some bad, some mediocre, but it's not a show that I could continue to do. It's not where I come from."


text: Hurley had objected to the violent and gory scenes seen in the first-season episode "", written by Tracy Tormé, and Tormé continued to feel alienated by Hurley. Tormé stepped down from his role as co-executive story editor, taking credit instead as a creative consultant. Following Hurley's modifications to Tormé's scripts for "The Royale" and "", Tormé elected to be credited under a pseudonym only. At one point, Roddenberry had thought that Tormé would become eventual showrunner, but the writer left due to the re-writes required under Hurley's tenure. Hannah Louise Shearer also left the team between seasons, due to differences with Hurley, but contributed stories in later seasons. Other writers joined the team during the second season, including "The Tears of the Singers" author Melinda M. Snodgrass, who sold the script for "". Hans Beimler and Richard Manning were hired in the newly created positions of executive script consultants. They had both been story editors for the final eight episodes of the first season. Snodgrass later explained that, "Once I came on board there suddenly seemed to be this climate of discussion among the writers about what we wanted to do with the show. My impression was that this was a new phenomenon. We were a little bit more on the same wavelength." She was hired as a story editor following the submission of her first episode, alongside Leonard Mlodinow and Scott Rubenstein. The other two editors left after four more episodes, with Snodgrass remaining as the sole story editor for the rest of the season.


text: Another writer who left the show during season two was David Gerrold. He wrote an episode for "The Original Series" called "The Trouble with Tribbles" and came on-board "The Next Generation" before the pilot and wrote the first version of the bible for the series. Rick Berman stated in an early memo that the new series was intended to be an issues-based show in the same mold as the original. Creator Gene Roddenberry concurred, and under questioning from fans at a convention which Gerrold also attended, Roddenberry agreed that it was time for a homosexual character to appear in "Star Trek". Roddenberry told his staff that "Times have changed and we have got to be aware of it." This resulted in Gerrold pitching a story called "", which included two homosexual crew members and an AIDS allegory. Roddenberry cleared the idea to be produced into a script, and Gerrold went off to appear on a "Star Trek" cruise having received a telegram telling him that everyone in the office was pleased with the new story.


text: Upon his return, he found that the story was not going to be used in the current form. Gerrold later said that "I was told that Gene's lawyer did not like the script and felt that this was not a good episode, and so on his advice, it seems, the script was cancelled. That's what I was told by someone who was in a position to know. I don't have any proof in writing, so I have to qualify it by saying someone told me." Official sources stated that Paramount became involved, and that the company felt the story was inappropriate for younger viewers in the syndicated marketplace and that complaints would be received from parents. The script was given to Herbert Wright to re-write. Roddenberry gave Wright a number notes on the script, who accidentally handed over notes on the script to Gerrold which were written by Roddenberry's lawyer, Leonard Maizlish. Due to the workload on Wright at the time, Gerrold offered to make a first attempt at the re-write with the intention of removing the homosexual characters. However, after initially clearing that with Roddenberry, Wright later received a phone call from him telling Wright not to let Gerrold work on it. Shortly after, Wright received a second call from Maizlish to reinforce the message that Gerrold must not be allowed to work on the script.


text: After numerous revisions by Wright, including a version called "Blood and Ice", the script was eventually dropped from the schedule. Gerrold asked for his contract not to be renewed following the problems with the episode. Ernie Over, Roddenberry's personal assistant at the time, later said that the claims were blown out of proportion by Gerrold, that "Blood and Fire" was simply a bad script.


text: The series bible stated the intention to create new villains for the new show, but after the failure of the Ferengi, the Romulans were introduced in the final episode of the first season and continued to be featured throughout season two. The cybernetic Borg were introduced in the episode "Q Who", modified from the insectoid race that Hurley had intended to introduce in a longer version of the season one finale "". The Borg returned sporadically throughout the rest of the series, appearing in five further episodes. But unlike other alien adversaries created for "The Next Generation", they became the only one to transition into films with "". A further change seen in season two, which increased later in the season, was an increased focus on the trio of Captain Jean-Luc Picard, Commander William T. Riker and Lt Cmdr. Data, reminiscent of Captain James T. Kirk, Dr. Leonard McCoy and Commander Spock in "". This relegated the other cast members to background roles for the majority of episodes.


text: Paramount changed the way that individual episodes were funded, with overspending on some episode budgets allowed on the proviso that it would be recouped by a reduction in others. Due to the effects of the writer's strike, the writing staff searched the scripts from "", a series which was cancelled before being filmed; the first planned episode had been developed into "". From those scripts, one was identified with potential for season two; it resulted in the opening episode "". The role of Lt. Ilia was rewritten in the story to become a part for Marina Sirtis as Counselor Deanna Troi. Sirtis praised this development, as she felt she had been overlooked during the first season due to the presence of both McFadden and Denise Crosby.


text: Episodes were developed to touch on social issues in the same manner as "The Original Series". "The Child" featured a brief debate on abortion, "Up the Long Ladder" discussed cloning, and "Loud as a Whisper" was about accepting the legitimacy of sign language for the deaf. Problems arose when the estate of Arthur Conan Doyle threatened to sue the producers if the show used Sherlock Holmes once more following the episode "Elementary, Dear Data". Budgetary reasons resulted in the season ending with the episode "", a clip show consisting mostly of footage of earlier episodes. That episode was filmed over three days instead of the usual seven, and was agreed by the production staff to be one of the worst episodes of any "Star Trek" series.


text: Following issues with his make-up throughout the first season, Michael Dorn's Klingon prosthetics were modified. Michael Westmore made the headpiece simpler, and Dorn took to wearing a headband under the headpiece to reduce a skin rash on his forehead. The headpiece was then glued down around the edges.


text: The bridge set was moved from Stage 6 to the larger Stage 8 on the Paramount lot between season 1 and 2, and in the process was re-assembled slightly asymmetrically, an error no one noticed despite remaining that way through the rest of the series. Other modifications made to the bridge set included redesigned rear bridge stations so that LeVar Burton's character Geordi La Forge, in his new role as Chief Engineer, could have a work station on the bridge, and modifications to several chairs to fit the actors better. A viewscreen was added to the observation lounge and a new set was created to represent the Ten-Forward lounge. The lounge was the final set to be designed for "The Next Generation" by Herman Zimmerman. He explained that "Ten-Forward became the place where ordinary crew and the officers could mingle, and where aliens who were not allowed on the bridge could interact with other crew-members. It was a very important set for the telling of stories."


text: Before the second season, there was a change to the main cast. Gates McFadden, who portrayed Dr. Beverly Crusher, was fired from the show and replaced with Diana Muldaur, who played a new character called Dr. Katherine Pulaski. Rick Berman later said that "There were those who believed at the end of the first season that they didn't like the way her character was developing, vis-a-vis Gates' performance, and managed to convince Mr. Roddenberry of that". He said that he did not agree with the decision. Roddenberry decided to write Crusher out rather than killing the character to allow for McFadden's return in the future. Keith DeCandido later suggested that it was Maurice Hurley who wanted McFadden out of the show, and after he left at the end of the season, the door was open for her to return. Pulaski was intended to be reminiscent of Dr. Leonard McCoy from "The Original Series". Muldaur had appeared twice in "The Original Series", first as Dr. Anne Mulhull in "Return to Tomorrow" and later as Dr. Miranda Jones in "Is There in Truth No Beauty?". She had also appeared in a Roddenberry-led pilot, "Planet Earth".


text: Christina Pickles had also been considered for the part, and Berman stated that she was the second choice for the role. Muldaur was offered a main cast credit, but declined in favor of a "special guest appearance" credit, and went into the role expecting only to be in the show for a single season. Muldaur left after season two, with McFadden returning as Crusher for season three. Muldaur said that "People have tried to create some kind of something out of it, but she played one part and I played a totally different part... it would not have been good to have continued very much longer, even though everyone was really lovely".


text: Another actress to join the show was Academy Award winner Whoopi Goldberg, who had been a long-time "Star Trek" fan. She credited Nichelle Nichols as Uhura in "The Original Series" as an inspiration, saying "Well, when I was nine years old Star Trek came on, I looked at it and I went screaming through the house, 'Come here, mum, everybody, come quick, come quick, there's a black lady on television and she ain't no maid!' I knew right then and there I could be anything I wanted to be." To appear on the show, Goldberg contacted the producers initially through LeVar Burton. The producers did not believe her as they felt that a movie star such as Goldberg would not want to appear in "Star Trek", and ignored calls from her agent, until Goldberg called them personally. A meeting was arranged between her and Rick Berman, and she agreed to appear in six episodes of season two. Her character, Guinan, was named after Mary "Texas" Guinan, a prohibition-era speakeasy owner.


text: Guest stars in season two included Teri Hatcher, who appeared in the episode "The Outrageous Okona" before she gained the role of Lois Lane in the Superman television series "Lois and Clark". She was not credited for the role as transporter chief B.G. Robinson after the majority of her scenes were cut from the final episode, resulting in her requesting that the credit be removed. That episode also featured a guest appearance by Billy Campbell, who had been the second choice in the original casting for Commander William Riker. He gained the role in the episode after contacting casting agent Junie Lowry and asking to be in an episode. Musician Mick Fleetwood made a cameo as an Antedean ambassador in the episode "Manhunt", although he did not have any lines. Robert O'Reilly, who appeared in "Manhunt", later gained the part of the Klingon Gowron in season three. His character became Klingon Chancellor, and he appeared in several more "TNG" episodes as well as having a recurring role in "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine". O'Reilly's final appearance in Star Trek was as yet another character, in the "" episode "".


text: Following work on "", production designer Herman F. Zimmerman elected to leave the franchise. He had intended to pursue a career in design for films, but after working on "Black Rain", he returned to "Star Trek" with "" and took on the role of production designer for "". For "The Next Generation", he recommended Richard James as his successor. James took the position as an interim measure while a permanent candidate was looked for. He ended up staying with "The Next Generation" as lead production designer for the rest of the series, and afterwards joined "" in the same role. John M. Dwyer left with Zimmerman, and Jim Mees was brought in to replace him. Andrew Probert, the designer of the "Enterprise"-D, left his role as principal illustrator to join The Walt Disney Company. He was replaced by Rick Sternbach, who was supervised by James in his new role.


text: By the end of season one, "The Next Generation" had become the highest-rated first-run hour-long syndicated series, and the third highest-rated syndicated show overall, behind only "Wheel of Fortune" and "Jeopardy". The first episode of season two, "The Child", aired on November 21, 1988, to Nielsen ratings of 10.9 million. After an initial slight decrease in viewers over the next five episodes, the season broke the 11 million mark with "" and then peaked as the next two episodes, "A Matter of Honor" and "The Measure of a Man", were both watched by 11.3 million viewers. After this, the ratings decreased gradually until "Manhunt", watched by 8.9 million and receiving the lowest ratings for a first-run broadcast of a "Next Generation" episode. "Shades of Grey" closed the season on July 17, 1989, watched by 9.8 million viewers. Despite the higher ratings seen in the earlier part of the season, it was only from "Q Who" onwards that "The Next Generation" rose to become the third most-viewed series in its timeslot.


text: Keith DeCandido for Tor.com said that second season was the one on which the rest of the series was based, with characters taking long-term roles such as Geordi La Forge as Chief Engineer and Worf at the Tactical station. DeCandido said that the addition of Goldberg as Guinan was "delightful", but that Diana Muldaur as Dr. Pulaski "didn't entirely work as a character". In his view, the episodes during season two were varied in quality. He gave "Q Who" ten out of ten, while he gave "Shades of Grey" a zero. It was the first time he awarded the top score to an episode; none of the first season had qualified. He gave the season an overall mark of seven out of ten and said that "Far too many people say that TNG didn't come into its own until the third season, and frankly, I think that that estimation comes a year too late."


text: Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website "Jammer's Reviews" gave full marks of four out of four to both "The Measure of a Man" and "Q Who". His highlight of the former was the performance of Patrick Stewart as Picard in the courtroom setting, while of the latter, he said that it was the "most absolutely necessary episode of "TNG" second season". Like DeCandido, Epsicokhan gave "Shades of Grey" a score of zero and described it as "the most pointless episode of "TNG" ever made". IGN's Scott Collura thought that season two was an improvement over the roughness of season one and was the first time that the show stepped out from the shadow of "". He stated that several of the more memorable elements of "Star Trek" were introduced in this season, such as the Borg. He said that "The Measure of a Man" was the highlight of the season, while he described "Shades of Grey" as "Riker's Cheap-Ass Trip Down Memory Lane".


text: Episodes in season two of "The Next Generation" were nominated for eight Emmy Awards. "Q Who" was nominated in three categories, winning two: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series. These were the only Emmy Awards won by the show; the other episodes nominated were "Elementary, Dear Data" in two categories, while "A Matter of Honor", "The Child" and "Unnatural Selection" were each nominated once. For the second year in a row, Wil Wheaton was nominated for a Youth in Film Awards, this time for Best Young Actor in a Family Syndicated Show. This year marked his first and only win, out of three nominations. The show also won the award for Best Syndicated Family Drama or Comedy. Melinda M. Snodgrass received the only nomination for the series at the Writers Guild of America Awards for for the episode "The Measure of a Man".


text: The Blu-ray release of season two includes an extended version of "The Measure of a Man", using cut footage that writer Melinda M. Snodgrass had kept on VHS. The released version includes a hybrid version with both the remastered high-definition footage interspersed with the footage from the VHS tape. The additional twelve minutes of footage is raw, and features no music or special effects, but it was the first episode of "The Next Generation" to receive an extended cut. The Blu-ray releases of seasons one and two of "The Next Generation" were awarded the Saturn Award for Best Television Series release at the 2013 awards.


text: "The Measure of a Man" and "Q Who" received a limited theatrical release for one night on November 29, 2012. The version of "The Measure of a Man" shown was the extended version. It was the second cinema release for episodes of "The Next Generation", as "Where No One Has Gone Before" and "Datalore" had been released to promote the Blu-ray release of the first season.


title: Boswellia serrata

text: Boswellia serrata is a plant that produces Indian frankincense. The plant is native to much of India and the Punjab region that extends into Pakistan.


title: Boswellia serrata

text: "Boswellia serrata" contains various derivatives of boswellic acid including β-boswellic acid, acetyl-β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid.


title: Boswellia serrata

text: Extracts of "Boswellia serrata" have been clinically studied for osteoarthritis and joint function, with the research showing trends of benefit (slight improvement) in pain and function.


title: Today's Special

text: Today's Special is a Canadian children's television program produced by Clive VanderBurgh at TVOntario, originally broadcasting 120 episodes from 1981 to 1987. Much of the series was set in a department store, based on Simpson's then-flagship location in Toronto. Some store sequences were shot at the Queen Street West and Yonge Street store after hours. The show ran on TVOntario in Canada as well as Nickelodeon in the United States. Reruns of the series continued into 2000 on stations such as PBS affiliates (most of which stopped airing by the mid-1990s) in the United States and on Treehouse TV in Canada.


title: Today's Special

text: In the children's department of a major department store, each night when Jodie arrives for work, she carries a mannequin (Jeff) upstairs, where Muffy says the magic words "hocus pocus alimagocus!" This brings him to life.


title: Today's Special

text: Many early episodes focused on a tangible object as a subject, such as hats or costumes, with the show revolving around teaching about it. Later episodes dealt with more complicated ones, such as the episode "Wishes" dealing with sacrificing one thing for another, "Butterflies", which deals with death, or "Phil's Visit", which dealt with alcoholism.


title: Today's Special

text: Short films, often less than a minute long, were often inserted as breaks in the episode's main plot, narrated by Robyn Hayle (the same actress who provided the voice of TXL). These included Mime Lady segments, animated quizzes designed to test a child's observation, narrated storybooks, and popular nursery rhymes (which an unseen Muffy would introduce with "And now I'd like to introduce a nursery rhyme by Mother Goose").


title: Today's Special

text: Many episodes featured one or more one-time visitors to the store. Some would cause problems for the characters, while others would befriend them and help solve their problems. These visitors included the characters' friends or family, people coming to the store to do their jobs, people brought there by magic ("Treasure Hunts", "The Queen of Hearts"), bizarre, non-human characters ("Space", "Sam and the Robot"), and real-life celebrities ("Opera", "Trash"). Magic was important to many episodes, and the characters sometimes would have an adventure that involved it.


title: Today's Special

text: "Hats" - Jeff wonders what hats are. The gang learns that there are all kinds of hats, with Sam singing with his cowboy hat, magic hats, and by the end of the night, nightcaps as everyone, even TXL falls asleep.


title: Today's Special

text: "Snow" - Everyone, especially Jeff is excited that it's going to snow. Learning that it's frozen water, Jeff realizes that you need a big wintery outfit to go out in the snow, complete with a coat, mittens, and a big red scarf. When Sam's memory of playing in the snow with Jodie finally comes true, the gang learns that Muff is just shovelling snow off the roof to make it look like snow is falling down the window.


title: Today's Special

text: "Noses" - Today at the department store, everyone is doing something with their noses. Jodie's smells sweet flowers, Muffy's is all stuffed up while she has a cold, Sam learns a thing or two about sneezing from TXL, and Jeff is worried that his nose would fall off. With Sam telling him that a nose is attached to your body, along with a fact or two about an elephant's trunk, everybody is glad to have one thing, and that's a nose!


title: Today's Special

text: "Family" - It seems that everyone who works at the store has a family - except for Jeff. Learning that families are "a group of people that love and care for each other," he lets the audience know that they should be glad to have a family, unlike him. Sam and Jodie see newborn babies at the hospital nursery, while Jeff tries to take a "family picture" with mannequins. Later as the security alarm rings, we learn that Jodie's aunt came over to pay her a visit, who tells Jeff later on with Jodie that he does a family, letting him know that "...families are people who look out for each other and help each other," referencing to his friends, the episode ends as she remarks, "a very special family."


title: Today's Special

text: "Camping " - Jodie is having trouble putting up a tent on display, with it collapsing down on her. With Sam helping her, instead of a now angrily distraught Muffy, they quickly set up the tent to fast-paced music. Upset that Jeff can't go camping himself, Jodie decides to have a campout in the department store. A left-out Muffy, overhearing their plans, decides to play a trick or two on the three. With a boot-and-plastic-fish-catch, a card game of go fish, a plush skunk, a tape recorder playing sounds of mountain lions and crickets, and even a bit of detective work, the threesome have plenty of fun, a surprise or two, and catch the trickster- Muffy. Owning up to her mistakes, she joins the rest of the group as they sing a song about camping, just in time for her to reveal that she was the one who bent the tent poles as the tent comes crashing down yet again.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: Jamal Clint-Ross Blackman (born 27 October 1993) is an English professional footballer, who plays as a goalkeeper for club Exeter City.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: A product of the Chelsea academy, he represented England up to under-19 level and won the Victory Shield with the under-16s in 2009. He progressed through the Chelsea academy as a youth and turned professional after winning the FA Youth Cup in 2012. However he never played a first-team game for the club, and instead was sent on several loan spells to Middlesbrough, Östersund (Sweden), Wycombe Wanderers, Sheffield United, Leeds United, Vitesse (Netherlands), Bristol Rovers and Rotherham United, before being released at the end of his contract in June 2021. He went on to have brief spells with Major League Soccer club Los Angeles FC and EFL Championship side Huddersfield Town, before joining Exeter City in July 2022.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: Blackman joined Chelsea at under-13 level and progressed through the club's youth system. He was named by manager André Villas-Boas in a senior match day squad on 29 October 2011, when he sat on the bench for a Premier League match against Arsenal at Stamford Bridge. He began to train regularly with the first-team squad in the 2011–12 season and was an ever-present as the under-18's won that season's FA Youth Cup with a 4–1 aggregate victory over Blackburn Rovers. Blackman signed a new five-year contract with the club in June 2014 and extended that contract by two years in July 2017. He left Chelsea at the expiry of his contract in June 2021, having never played a first-team match during his seven years as a senior professional.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: On 31 August 2014, Blackman joined Championship club Middlesbrough on loan until January 2015. Manager Aitor Karanka said that Blackman would compete with Dimitrios Konstantopoulos and Tomás Mejías for a first-team place. He made his full debut on 23 September against Liverpool in the third round of the League Cup as Boro drew 2–2 after 120 minutes but lost 14–13 in the resulting penalty shoot-out; his save from Raheem Sterling's shot forced the shoot-out to sudden death, in which Blackman scored his penalty kick against opposition goalkeeper Simon Mignolet. He did not feature again for the club and on 6 January 2015, following Mark Schwarzer's departure to Leicester City, Blackman was recalled from the Riverside Stadium by Chelsea to work as the third goalkeeper with the first-team squad behind Thibaut Courtois and Petr Čech.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: On 18 March 2016, Blackman joined Swedish side Östersund on loan until 31 May. On 4 April, he made his Allsvenskan debut in a 1–1 away draw against Hammarby IF, playing the full 90 minutes. He made twelve appearances, keeping three clean sheets, during his ten weeks at the Jämtkraft Arena as Graham Potter's Östersund finished in eighth-place.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: On 15 August 2016, Blackman joined League Two side Wycombe Wanderers on loan until 3 January 2017. The following day, he made his debut against Accrington Stanley in a 1–1 draw at Adams Park. On 20 August, Blackman kept his first clean-sheet for Wycombe in 0–0 draw at Blackpool. He then conceded ten goals in the following three league games. On 1 January, it was announced that Blackman's loan spell had been extended until the end of the 2016–17 season. He made 52 appearances in all competitions for Wycombe as the club narrowly missed out on the play-off positions by just one point, finishing ninth. He was named as the club's Young Player of the Year and manager Gareth Ainsworth predicted that he would go on to play at the highest level.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: On 27 July 2017, Blackman joined Championship side Sheffield United on a season-long loan. He was originally signed as second-choice for number one goalkeeper Simon Moore, however after an injury to Moore in pre-season, Blackman established himself as first-choice goalkeeper. He made his debut on 5 August as the season began with a 1–0 win over Brentford at Bramall Lane. However he was stretchered off after he picked an injury following a collision with team-mate Cameron Carter-Vickers during a 1–0 defeat at Queens Park Rangers on 31 October. He returned to the starting line-up on 17 November, in a 3–1 win over Burton Albion. Blackman lost his place in the side to Moore after picking up a groin injury in December, but returned in a 2–1 win over Yorkshire rivals Leeds United on 10 February, pulling off a vital save from Pontus Jansson. On 17 March, Blackman received the man of the match award after a string of saves in a 0–0 draw with Nottingham Forest. On 30 March, in a 1–1 draw at Brentford, he and opponent Ryan Woods were sent off for fighting over the ball after the hosts equalised. With Blackman only being at the club on loan, manager Chris Wilder decided to play Moore in goal for the final five games of the season. Blackman played 33 times in all competitions throughout the 2017–18 season, and United were believed to have been interested in a deal to bring him back for the following campaign.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: On 16 July 2018, Blackman joined Championship side Leeds United on a season-long loan to compete with Bailey Peacock-Farrell for the starting goalkeeper position. He said that he was excited to work with manager Marcelo Bielsa. On 14 August, Blackman made his debut at Elland Road, starting in a 2–1 win over Bolton Wanderers in the EFL Cup. On 16 November, Blackman suffered a broken tibia in his leg in a 3–0 defeat in an under-23 match against Birmingham City. Due to the severity of the injury, he returned to Chelsea, leaving Leeds with just one senior goalkeeper in Peacock-Farrell.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: On 3 September 2019, Blackman joined Eredivisie side Vitesse on a season-long loan. He reportedly was affected by injury and returned to Chelsea halfway through the 2019–20 campaign without having played a first-team game at the GelreDome.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: Blackman signed for League One club Bristol Rovers on a six-month loan deal on 22 January 2020; regular custodian Anssi Jaakkola was out injured with a shoulder injury, leaving Jordi van Stappershoef and Alexis André Jr. as the only fit goalkeepers at the club. He made his debut at the Memorial Stadium three days later, in a 0–0 draw with Fleetwood Town. He featured ten times in the second half of the 2019–20 season as Ben Garner's side posted a 14th-place finish.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: On 24 August 2020, Blackman joined Championship club Rotherham United on a season-long loan. On 5 September, he made his club debut in a 1–1 draw with Salford City in the first round of the EFL Cup. He played 28 games during the 2020–21 relegation campaign as manager Paul Warne rotated between Blackman and Viktor Johansson at the New York Stadium.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: On 13 September 2021, Blackman joined Major League Soccer side Los Angeles FC. He made his debut for the club on 29 September, playing the full match in a 2–1 loss to Portland Timbers. On 26 October, Blackman had his first clean sheet with LAFC during the club's 3–0 win over the Seattle Sounders and was named man of the match by fans. He played the final eight games of the 2021 season, before departing the Banc of California Stadium along with head coach Bob Bradley.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: Blackman returned to England and joined Championship side Huddersfield Town on 31 January 2022 on a deal until the end of the 2021–22 season. He played three games during his time at Kirklees Stadium, and was an unused substitute at Wembley Stadium in the play-off final defeat to Nottingham Forest, and was not retained beyond the summer by manager Carlos Corberán.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: Blackman signed for newly promoted League One side Exeter City on 26 July 2022 on a one year deal following his release from Huddersfield Town.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: Blackman has represented England at under-16, under-17 and under-19 level, and won the Victory Shield with the under-16's in 2009. He was called up to the under-21 team in August 2014.


title: Jamal Blackman

text: Whilst he has represented England at youth level, Blackman is still eligible to represent Jamaica or Barbados internationally.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: Kappa Alpha Order (), commonly known as Kappa Alpha or simply KA, is a social fraternity and a fraternal order founded in 1865 at Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia. As of December 2015, the Kappa Alpha Order lists 133 active chapters, five provisional chapters, and 52 suspended chapters. Along with Alpha Tau Omega and Sigma Nu, the order constitutes the Lexington Triad. Since its establishment in 1865, the Order has initiated more than 150,000 members.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: Kappa Alpha Order was founded as Phi Kappa Chi on December 21, 1865, at Washington College, now Washington and Lee University, in Lexington, Virginia. James Ward Wood, William Archibald Walsh, and brothers William Nelson Scott and Stanhope McClelland Scott are the founders of the fraternity. Soon after the founding, the local Virginia Beta chapter of Phi Kappa Psi protested the name "Phi Kappa Chi", due to the similarity of the names, leading Wood to change the name of the fraternity to K.A. by April 1866. Within one year, the order's ritual would be expanded upon by Samuel Zenas Ammen, who was dubbed the "practical founder". In the years that followed, the fraternity spread throughout the Southern United States, as well as other states such as California, Arizona and New Mexico.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: KA is one-third of the Lexington Triad, along with Alpha Tau Omega and Sigma Nu. The founders listed Robert E. Lee's chivalry and gentlemanly conduct as an inspiration. At the 1923 Convention, Lee was designated as the "Spiritual Founder" of the Order by John Temple Graves.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: The founding members of Kappa Alpha Order enrolled at Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) in the spring semester of 1866. Robert E. Lee was the president of the college from the summer of 1865 until his death in 1870. James Ward Wood, one of the founders of the Order, fought with Lee and the Confederacy in Company F of the 7th Virginia Cavalry. Material published by the organization describes Lee as "a true gentleman, the last gentle knight."


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: Lee became the spiritual founder (i.e. moral role model) in 1923 and part of the KA Mission Statement in 1994. Prior to this, the fraternity maintained no formal ties to Lee, but fraternity manuscripts mentioned Southern culture and Lee's influence on the fraternity in a number of ways. For example, the "History and Catalogue of the Kappa Alpha Fraternity" (published by Chi Chapter at Vanderbilt University in 1891 with permission by the Fifteenth Kappa Alpha Convention) describes the organization's founding:


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: "Conceived and matured at a college of which Gen. R. E. Lee was president, at the close of a fateful military conflict; in the Valley of Virginia made dear to Southern hearts by its vigor in battling for Southern rights...plundered and wrecked by the infamous Hunter's invading force; among the people with whom Stonewall Jackson lived till duty called him to arms... with this environment it was but natural that the Order should be of a semi-military type and have for its aim the cultivation and graces conceived to be distinctively Southern."


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: According to some early twentieth century KA's, Lee directly helped KA expand its chapters, allowing members to “leave their academic duties . . . to install chapters in other colleges.” In one KA's words, Lee promoted KA's "extension work," while the KA Journal reprinted other who believed Lee helped KA expand. In the 1915 review of The Birth of a Nation that appeared in the KA Journal, the KA reviewers wrote that Lee's personality helped to give the Ku Klux Klan's and KA's shared ideals a "stamp and character which have since connected the name of Kappa Alpha with all that is best of Southern chivalry.”


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: KA endorsed a version of the Lost Cause narrative in its early historical documents. The fraternity's history from 1891 paints the battle in Virginia as one of valor in defense of states' rights rather than in defense of slavery. It also depicts Union forces as invaders. The fraternity history reads "Southern in its loves, it took Jackson and Lee as its favorite types of the perfect Knight. Caucasian in its sympathies, it excluded the African from membership." Built into the early foundations of the organization is racially exclusionary language.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: It is with this context that the organization named Robert E. Lee the spiritual founder in 1923. There are four justifications the fraternity provides for Lee's placement on a pedestal within the organization:


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: Lee has continued to inspire the members of Kappa Alpha Order since 1923 and remains the spiritual founder. In 1994, the advisory council of KA set the mission statement of the organization as such:Kappa Alpha Order seeks to create a lifetime experience which centers on reverence to God, duty, honor, character and gentlemanly conduct as inspired by Robert E. Lee, our spiritual founder.This, too, remains unchanged, despite ongoing internal and external controversy, over KA's association with Lee.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: The Kappa Alpha Order National Administrative Office is located at Mulberry Hill, in Lexington, Virginia. It is documented that Mulberry Hill is where Robert E. Lee spent his first night in Lexington, after arriving to take over as president of Washington College. Mulberry Hill is a Virginia Historic Landmark, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The offices for the Kappa Alpha Order Educational Foundation are also housed there.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: The Number I's Leadership Institute (Number 1 is the title of the chapter president) is an intensive informational and educational retreat for chapter presidents. The retreat is held at a Baptist conference center.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: Established in 1982, the Kappa Alpha Order Educational Foundation (KAOEF) is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization. The Foundation provides grants for educational programs of the fraternity, such as the National Leadership Institute and Province Councils, and provides scholarships to graduate and undergraduate students. KAOEF funds these programs with donations contributed by KA alumni.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: "The Kappa Alpha Journal" (or "KA Journal") is the fraternity's magazine. It has been published since 1879. Members of the Kappa Alpha Order are entitled to a free subscription to "The KA Journal" if initiated within the last ten years, or are a member of The Loyal Order. Members initiated between 1936 and 1951 are given a lifetime subscription to the publication.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: The Loyal Order is an alumni program for the Kappa Alpha Order. The national office uses the money from Loyal Order memberships to help defray the cost of distributing the "KA Journal", as well as other alumni resources.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: The Military Division of Kappa Alpha Order was established in 2009. Membership is open to Kappa Alphas who are currently serving, honorably discharged, or retired from the United States Armed Forces. The Recognition Pin of the Military Order features the Maltese Cross, utilizing KA's colors crimson and old gold, and has 8 points in the cross, which symbolize the chivalric virtues of loyalty, piety, frankness, bravery, glory and honor, contempt of death, helpfulness towards the poor and sick, and respect for the church.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: The colors of The Order are traditionally Crimson and Old Gold. The colors represent the blood sacrificed (crimson red) and the money spent (old gold) in defense of the country. The flowers of the Order are the crimson rose and the magnolia blossom. The crimson rose represents masculine might and the white magnolia blossom represents purity.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: The flowers of the order and a ribbon featuring the order's motto adorn the bottom of the crest. The crest itself is representative of several things; the hand holding the axe represents the continuing power of the Knight Commander and of the order. The Helmet was, at one time, a symbol used by the Knight Commander of the Order. The badge is featured at the center of the crest, and the lions on either side represent different things each. The lion on the left, looking away, symbolizes "rampant", meaning magnanimous. The lion on the right, looking towards you, symbolizes "regardent", which means cautious or circumspect.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: The Kappa Alpha Order motto is "Dieu et les Dames" (God and the Ladies) and is written on the ceiling of the Mississippi State Capitol.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: Kappa Alpha Order's membership manual is called The Varlet. It includes KA's laws, history, structure, etc. Each member receives one in cardinal red and it is available to read online for non-members.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: Kappa Alpha Order and Kuklos Adelphon having the same initials "KA" is a coincidence, as originally Kappa Alpha Order went by the name Phi Kappa Chi, which would have given them the initials , as stated earlier.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: According to the fraternity, "The popular old antebellum society, Kuklos Adelphon, founded at the University of North Carolina in 1812, had all but perished during the recent war, but its reputation was well known in the South. Kuklos Adelphon was more than a mere college fraternity. Its “Circles” met in communities long after its members left college campuses. Wood was aware of this and the concept of a lifelong “Circle of Brothers” had great appeal to him."


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: Historian Taulby Edmondson, who has studied KA's archives, has highlighted that KA's official journal often spoke in the early twentieth century about what it believed was KA's relationship to the Ku Klux Klan Upon the release of the film "The Birth of a Nation" in 1915, a major motion picture based on the novel "" by KA alumnus Thomas Dixon, Jr., two KA brothers reviewed the film in The Kappa Alpha Journal and said that "The Kuklux Klan came and grew and served its purpose . . . [KA] came and grew and it embraced all the Southland . . . and still serves and cherishes those same ideals which the clan came forward to preserve. . . . The actions and the membership of the Klan are shrouded in mystery. . . . But its members wore upon their breast the circled cross of the Kappa Alpha Order." The review continued that "the Klan served, by militant, warlike means, those same ideals which our Order was organized to cherish.” Five years later, the KA Journal's editor proclaimed in a book he authored about KA's "Practical Founder," Samuel Zenas Ammen, that “The Ku Klux Klan was of contemporaneous origins and had an identity of purpose with Kappa Alpha."


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: Some KA groups referred to themselves as being members of a "Klan." Some members referred to themselves as being members of a "Klan." In 1917, some KA alumni wrote in The Kappa Alpha Journal that they had formed an "informal Klan" in Detroit, Michigan, and, in 1913, the KA chapter at the College of William and Mary called itself "the KA Klan living on the peninsula between the York and the James." Additionally, in 1920, the Beta Eta chapter of Oklahoma University bragged in the KA Journal about its Ku Klux Klan-themed dance, which it called "the talk of the University" and said "was the best [dance] ever given." The KA Journal wrote about the dance that "The girls were dressed in the days of 1865, and the members wore the white robe and hood of the Ku Klux, with a crimson cross on a golden background [KA's symbol], worn over the heart."


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: The 1957 edition of the University of Alabama's yearbook, The Corolla, also features an image of KAs parading in Confederate uniforms under the words "The Klan in their afternoon formals."


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: Edmondson, the historian, notes that there is a glaring historical legacy between KA's history of devotion to protecting white womanhood and a 2019 incident in which three members of its University of Mississippi chapter were suspended after they posted a photo on an Instagram account showing them posing with guns next to a bullet-riddled sign memorializing Emmett Till. Till, a 14-year-old African-American youth from Chicago, was brutally lynched in Mississippi in 1955 for allegedly offending Carolyn Bryant, a white woman. The local U.S. Attorney said that the incident regarding the Till memorial had been referred for further investigation to the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice. The students withdrew from the university, but they are not charged with a hate crime.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: The fraternity has also been criticized for identification with the Confederacy and other forms of racism. In November 2002, the Zeta Psi and Kappa Alpha Order chapters at the University of Virginia were suspended and subsequently cleared after the fraternities held a Halloween party where a few guests were photographed wearing blackface and dressed up as Uncle Sam and Venus and Serena Williams.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2009, Kappa Alpha Order at the University of Alabama was criticized for wearing Confederate uniforms for an "Old South" parade that passed by an African-American sorority house celebrating its 35th anniversary. The organization apologized for any offense that might have been caused. Kappa Alpha Order on other campuses, including Auburn, Centenary College, Mississippi State University, and the University of Georgia had already ceased to wear Confederate uniforms in public following complaints from students. The national organization banned the wearing of Confederate uniforms to its "Old South" parades in 2010, although video from 2012 showed the uniforms still being worn. Kappa Alpha order further outlawed the name, "Old South", from being used for social events in 2013.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In April 2016, the fraternity's Tulane University chapter in New Orleans, Louisiana, constructed a sand-bag wall around its house that contained spray-painted slogans in reference to Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump's proposal to build a wall between the U.S. and Mexico. The chapter said that the wall had been built for an annual "capture the flag" game and that the pro-Trump slogans were satirical and not in support of the candidate or his message. Some students protested that the wall was offensive and anti-immigrant or anti-Latino. The wall was later forcefully dismantled, allegedly in part by members of the Tulane football team.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 1980, several students at Vanderbilt University including Graham Matthews, an African-American graduate student in the divinity school, decided to hold Nat Turner Day to protest the fraternity's celebration of Old South Day, when KA brothers dressed as CSA personnel. The university administrators sided with KA, banned Nat Turner Day, and let KA parade in their Confederate costumes. Michael Patton, now a philosophy professor at the University of Montevallo, "put on a cap with antlers"; he was called a homophobic slur and beaten up by the KA chapter.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 1997, a former pledge at Texas A&M University had to have a testicle surgically removed due to a fraternity member giving him a "super wedgie." This same year a pet goat was shot and killed with a gun in front of pledges at the fraternity's chapter house. One fraternity member was indicted for the incident.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2008, the fraternity chapter at Midwestern State University was suspended for three years after a pledge almost died due to alcohol poisoning under the fraternity's supervision.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2011, the chapter at Georgetown College was suspended by the national office of the fraternity after several members allegedly shouted racial slurs at a minority student on campus during an event in which members run through campus in their boxer shorts and shout in front of women's dormitories, though no one willing to testify to this incident proved willing to step forward in the subsequent days. The national office also issued a public apology on behalf of the chapter. An African-American student who unsuccessfully demanded that the chapter take down a Confederate flag in the aftermath of the incident was suspended, however, for brandishing a toy gun.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2020, the chapter was suspended for a minimum of four years for "racial prejudice, gender discrimination, misogyny, and threatening behavior".


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2011, an investigation was started after a fraternity member fired a shotgun inside the University of Texas at Austin's chapter house. Following claims by the fraternity that the chapter had hazed pledges, hired adult performers for multiple live sex shows, and broken other fraternity rules, the fraternity suspended the chapter for one year. The chapter refuted the hazing allegation as minor and unsupported by evidence, and broke-ties with the national organization, forming a new fraternity, Texas Omicron. Kappa Alpha Order then sued Texas Omicron, unsuccessfully, for dues and other monies, as well as furnishings from the chapter house.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2013, the fraternity at the University of Virginia was temporarily suspended due to several serious allegations of hazing and misconduct.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2015, Jonathan Ford, the son of Alabama State Representative Craig Ford and a former football recruit at Birmingham-Southern College, sued the fraternity for hazing and injuries he says he sustained while pledging which resulted in his football career ending prematurely.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2015, the fraternity chapter at Virginia Wesleyan College was suspended for at least four years by the national organization. An investigation by the school determined that hazing had occurred in violation of school policy, but that it was not criminal.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2015, the chapter at Emory University was suspended for three years due to violating anti-hazing policies.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2016, the chapter at the University of Richmond was suspended after a strongly sexist and offensive email sent by the fraternity was reported to the university.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2016, the chapter at the University of Missouri was placed on suspension and investigation after a freshman pledging was hospitalized due to a hazing incident that involved drinking excessive amounts of alcohol with the purported purpose of somehow validating his manhood.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2016, the fraternity chapter at the College of Charleston was closed after the chapter president and other members were arrested for being involved in a major off-campus drug ring. The fraternity was also accused of drugging and raping several young women who attended their parties.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2017, the fraternity chapter at Southern Methodist University was suspended for four years (until 2021) and members living in the chapter house were forced to evacuate the premises for hazing pledges in the spring. The hazing found, according to the university: "paddling; servitude required of new members; forcing new members to consume alcohol; forcing new members to participate in calisthenics; forcing new members to consume food items such as jalapeños, habaneros, red onions, and milk until vomiting was induced; forcing new members to wear clothing soiled with vomit; sleep deprivation; 'underground membership.'"


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2020, the fraternity chapter at Furman University was suspended for four years following an incident involving an unapproved off-campus party during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nearly 60% of attendees subsequently tested positive for COVID-19. The chapter had previously been subject to disciplinary probation for a misconduct incident in 2019.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2020, the fraternity chapter at the University of Tennessee was suspended for four years following a years-long string of hazing- and alcohol-related incidents.


title: Kappa Alpha Order

text: In 2022, the fraternity chapter at the University of Virginia was suspended for four years following a hazing incident that included alcohol and cigarette binge consumption.


title: Comin' Thro' the Rye

text: "Comin' Thro' the Rye" is a poem written in 1782 by Robert Burns (1759–1796). The words are put to the melody of the Scottish Minstrel "Common' Frae The Town". This is a variant of the tune to which "Auld Lang Syne" is usually sung—the melodic shape is almost identical, the difference lying in the tempo and rhythm.


title: Comin' Thro' the Rye

text: The protagonist, "Jenny", is not further identified, but there has been reference to a "Jenny from Dalry" and a longstanding legend in the Drakemyre suburb of the town of Dalry, North Ayrshire, holds that "comin thro' the rye" describes crossing a ford through the Rye Water at Drakemyre to the north of the town, downstream from Ryefield House and not far from the confluence of the Rye with the River Garnock. When this story appeared in the "Glasgow Herald" in 1867, it was soon disputed with the assertion that everyone understood the rye to be a field of rye, wet with dew, which also fits better with other stanzas that substitute "wheat" and "grain" for "rye". An alternative suggestion is that "the rye" was a long narrow cobblestone-paved lane, prone to puddles of water.


title: Comin' Thro' the Rye

text: While the original poem is already full of sexual imagery, an alternative version makes this more explicit. It has a different chorus, referring to a phallic "staun o' staunin' graith" (roughly "an erection of astonishing size"), "kiss" is replaced by "fuck", and Jenny's "thing" in stanza four is identified as her "cunt".


title: Comin' Thro' the Rye

text: Even the "cleaner" version of the Burns lyrics is quite bawdy, and it is this one, or an "Anglized" version of it, that is most commonly "covered".


title: Comin' Thro' the Rye

text: The title of the novel "The Catcher in the Rye" (1951) by J. D. Salinger comes from the poem's name. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, misremembers the line of the poem as "if a body catch a body" rather than "if a body meet a body". He keeps picturing children playing in a field of rye near the edge of a cliff, and himself catching them when they start to fall off.


title: Julie Sommars

text: Julie Sergie Sommars is an American actress. She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for her role in "The Governor & J.J." in 1970, and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television for "Matlock" in 1990.


title: Julie Sommars

text: Sommars is best known for her work on television. She made her television debut In 1960, at the age of eighteen, in an episode of "The Loretta Young Show". She later appeared in "Gunsmoke", "Shirley Temple's Storybook", "The Great Adventure", "Bonanza", "Run, Buddy, Run", "Perry Mason", "Ben Casey", "Death Valley Days", "The Fugitive", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "Get Smart", and "Love, American Style".


title: Julie Sommars

text: From 1969-70, Sommars starred as Jennifer Jo "J.J." Drinkwater, the daughter of Dan Dailey's the "Governor" in the CBS comedy series, "The Governor & J.J.". In 1970, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for her performance on the show. The series was canceled after two seasons.


title: Julie Sommars

text: After "The Governor & J.J.", Sommars played the leading roles in a number of made for television movies and starred in several pilots. She guest starred on "The Rockford Files", "Harry O," "McCloud", "McMillan", "Barnaby Jones", "Fantasy Island", "Magnum, P.I.", and "". In 1984, she was a regular cast member in the short-lived syndicated soap opera, "Rituals". From 1987 to 1994, Sommars played assistant District Attorney Julie March on the NBC legal series, "Matlock". This role also garnered her a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television in 1990.


title: Julie Sommars

text: Sommars has appeared in four movies. She played the female lead in the 1965 western "The Great Sioux Massacre" with Joseph Cotten. The following year, she starred with Brian Bedford in the comedy "The Pad and How to Use It". In 1977, Sommars co-starred with Dean Jones and Don Knotts as the beautiful, assertive Diane Darcy in "Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo".


title: One Tree Hill (season 7)

text: The seventh season of "One Tree Hill" premiered on September 14, 2009. This is the first season not to include the show's original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton. After successful ratings for the first three episodes, The CW gave the series a full-season order of 22 episodes.


title: One Tree Hill (season 7)

text: The season premiere was seen by 2.55 million viewers and achieved a 1.2 rating in Adults 18–49. Episode 7 achieved season highs with 2.67 million viewers and a 1.3 rating in Adults 18–49. The season averaged 2.3 million viewers and a 1.1 rating placing it at #118 in the 2009–10 season.


title: One Tree Hill (season 7)

text: It's been a year since Lucas and Peyton left Tree Hill. A scandal threatens Nathan's career in the NBA; Haley goes back on the road, but suffers a family tragedy that causes her to battle a period of depression. Rachel and Dan return to Tree Hill and Brooke hires a new model (Alex) for "Clothes Over Bros" that in turn threatens her relationship with Julian. Mouth and Millicent's relationship is also threatened when Millie decided to become a model, but suffers serious self-image and develops a mini drug problem . Newcomers Clay and Quinn settle in Tree Hill and soon fall for one another, only to have their own dramas from ex husbands, dead spouses, and a troubling psycho. While old romances, Mia and Chase seem to struggle, new ones form, Miranda and Grubbs, give in and begin a relationship, while Victoria and Alexander decide to take their professional relationship to the next level.


title: One Tree Hill (season 7)

text: On February 25, 2009, The CW renewed "One Tree Hill" for a seventh season. On May 12, 2009, it was confirmed that both Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton would not be returning for the seventh season. On June 8, 2009, it was announced that the seventh season will occur a year into the future from the sixth season finale.


title: One Tree Hill (season 7)

text: This season includes three new characters portrayed by Robert Buckley, Shantel VanSanten, and Jana Kramer. Buckley is featured as Clayton, Nathan's agent and friend. VanSanten is featured as Haley's sister Quinn James. Kramer is featured as Alex, a model for Brooke fashion line, "Clothes Over Bros".


title: One Tree Hill (season 7)

text: Returning are both Austin Nichols who plays Julian Baker a character introduced in the sixth season and Danneel Harris who had previously portrayed bad girl Rachel Gatina. Nichols has been promoted to a series regular while Harris will be recurring for at least seven episodes, beginning with the second episode of the seventh season. In an interview with new cast member Shantel VanSanten, she had noted the return of Lindsey McKeon as Taylor James, the sister of Haley and Quinn, midway through the season.


title: One Tree Hill (season 7)

text: While speaking on the return of Taylor, VanSanten also revealed that her character's mother, played by Bess Armstrong will also return.


title: One Tree Hill (season 7)

text: The season averaged 2.28 million viewers and a 1.1 average Adults 18–49 rating placing it at #118 in the 2009–10 season.


title: One Tree Hill (season 7)

text: The DVD release of season seven was released after the season has completed broadcast on television. It has been released in Region 1 and Region 2 and Region 4. As well as every episode from the season, the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast, deleted scenes, gag reels and behind-the-scenes featurettes.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Castel Gandolfo (, , ; ), colloquially just Castello in the Castelli Romani dialects, is a town located southeast of Rome in the Lazio region of Italy. Occupying a height on the Alban Hills overlooking Lake Albano, Castel Gandolfo has a population of approximately 8,900 residents and is considered one of Italy's most scenic towns.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Within the town's boundaries lies the Apostolic Palace of Castel Gandolfo which served as a summer residence and vacation retreat for the pope, the leader of the Catholic Church. Although the palace is located within the borders of Castel Gandolfo, it has extraterritorial status as one of the properties of the Holy See and is not under Italian jurisdiction. It is now open as a museum.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: The resort community includes almost the whole coastline of Lake Albano which is surrounded by many summer residences, villas, and cottages built during the 17th century. It houses the Stadio Olimpico that staged the rowing events during the Rome Olympics.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Castel Gandolfo has several places of archaeological interest including the Emissario del Lago Albano and the remains of the Villa of Domitian. The area is included within the boundaries of the Parco Regionale dei Castelli Romani (Regional Park of Castelli Romani). There are also many points of artistic interest, such as the Collegiate Church of St. Thomas of Villanova, designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: The boundaries of the town extend obliquely in a north-northeast turn around the hilly area of the Alban Hills and the plains of Agro Romanus. It is included and protected by the Regional Park of Castelli Romani, formed in 1984. Most of the soil is of volcanic origin, with prevalence of materials such as tuff and pozzolana. Its seismic classification is rated a Zone 2 (medium-high seismicity)


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: The main water body is Lake Albano, often called Lake Castel Gandolfo. The Metropolitan City of Rome currently manages the lake. Up to 1802, it was the property of the Abbey of Saint Nilus Grottaferrata, the Apostolic Camera (Catholic Church Financial Administration) and then owned by Prince Stanislaus Poniatowski in 1870.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: The maximum elevation registered in the territory is above sea level, at the Collegio di Propaganda Fide adjoining Villa Barberini. On the crown of the hills around the Lake Albano, the elevation is only above sea level, at the summit of Monte Cucco, bordering Marino.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Towards the Tyrrhenian Sea, the land slopes gently, so from from the Casale Santa Cristina, below Castel Savello bordering Albano, goes to above sea level at Colle Lilli, to above sea level at Pozzo di Valle, to Quarto Santa bordering Marino, to above sea level of the Laghetto di Turno. The lowest elevation of the territory is above sea level at the village of Pavona.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: In terms of climate, the area falls within the domain of the temperate Mediterranean climate with mild winters, autumn temperatures higher than those of spring and ventilated summers. In the area of Colli Albani, and at Castel Gandolfo, the phenomenon known as stau, which is the reduction of water vapor in the clouds as the ground rises can be observed. Summers are hot and dry, while winter is mild and rainy without, in general, extreme low temperatures and snow. In summer, temperatures can reach with peaks of in rare cases. Climate classification: Zone D, 1966 GR / G.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: The name "Castel Gandolfo" is derived from the Latin "Castrum Gandulphi", the name of the castle on this site was presumably owned by the family of Gandolfi, originally from Genoa. Another hypothesis, supported by Pope Pius II in his commentary (1462), is that the name results from Gandulphi Sabinorum, from a certain Gandolfo Savelli.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: The site of the modern town is a candidate for the site of legendary ancient Alba Longa, capital of the Latin League. It was later developed by emperor Domitian into his vast palace.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Its name is derived from a fortification of the ducal Gandolfi family (of Genoese origin, named after St. Gondolfus) in the 12th century, which passed to the Savelli family from whom the Apostolic Camera purchased it in 1596 for 150,000 scudi. Pope Clement VIII was the first pope to come to Castel Gandolfo, but the rebuilding of the old castle was the project of Urban VIII who first came in 1626.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Archaeological findings from the 16th century BC have been found in the area of what is now Castel Gandolfo.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: During the Napoleonic Wars, some 900 anti-French citizens of neighboring Velletri held out in Castel Gandolfo, resisting the siege by Joachim Murat.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: During World War II, Pope Pius XII opened up the grounds of Castel Gandolfo to refugees escaping the fighting taking place around Rome. On January 22, 1944, the first of what became 12,000 people began arriving on the property, often bringing with them their cows, horses, mules and sheep. Included were many Roman Jews, and other non-Catholics. During the time they lived there, 36 children were born, almost all of whom were named for the Pope who gave them safe harbor. The pope's private apartment was turned into a nursery.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Castel Gandolfo does not host secondary schools. Within the municipal area lie a private kindergarten run by the Paul VI Pontifical Municipal School, which is primary and secondary level. The Scuola Media Statale "Dante Alighieri" and other religious institutions deal with primary education.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Walsh University, which has its main campus in North Canton, Ohio, United States, holds a small campus in Castel Gandolfo. Classes are held in the fall, spring and summer for Walsh students.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Castel Gandolfo has been portrayed in the video games "" and "", in which the castle is a multiplayer map location.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Pavona was centered around a tavern on the way to Nettuno and the villa of Cardinal Flavio Chigi (1631–1693), nephew of Pope Alexander VII. The place was urbanized during the 20th century, thanks to the opening of the railway Roma-Velletri, and today is divided between the municipalities of Castel Gandolfo, Albano Laziale and Rome. The part castle, known as Pavona Pond due to the above-named for Round Pond, has about 3,000 inhabitants and has as its patron saint St. Eugene III of Toledo.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Mole di Castel Gandolfo, divided in part by the town of Albano Laziale, owes their name to the presence in the place of ancient mass fed by the waters of the Emissary of Lake Albano, which were used until the 19th century by the inhabitants of Castel Gandolfo and Albano Laziale to crush the grain.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: In all the municipalities in the Alban Hills, agriculture, and particularly wine production, has always been the main economic voice and employer. Wines include the Frascati, the Marino, the Velletri and the Colli Lanuvini.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: The production of wine is maintained by major producers such as Cantina Sociale Gotto d'Oro of Marino and Frascati, which is based in the nearby town of Castelluccia, and the Wine Cellar Social Albano Laziale and Ariccia, based in Fontana di Papa.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Municipal Statute prohibits installation of equipment and systems, fixed telecommunication and radio devices, particularly equipment for radio, television and mobile telephony, and systems for radio amateurs. This prohibition is exempt for military installations, civil protection and forest protection.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Most services such as hospitals or cinemas are based outside the city in larger centers like Marino, Frascati, Albano Laziale and Genzano di Roma. However, these centres are all reached by car or public transport. In return, the city is commercially very lively, thanks to the continuous influx of Italian tourists and foreigners linked to the presence of the Papal Palace and, at certain times, of the Pope.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Castel Gandolfo is the most popular tourist town of Castelli Romani. Regular groups of Italian and foreign tourists utilize all of the parking built specifically for tourists. On the occasion of Angelus or the hearings on the Pope during his stay, many foreign pilgrims arrive in town, so that the streets and squares in the center are filled. However, Pope Francis gave up his papal residency not long after opening up the doors of the Apostolic Castle to the general public.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: For the 1960 XVII Olympiad held in Rome, the Italian Olympic Committee built the Olympic Stadium and the Federal Center for Canoeing and Kayaking on Lake Albano. At this stage the races were held in this discipline, and even today the Italian Federation of Canoe / Kayak considers this one of its most important training sites.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Since 1960, Lake Albano has been used for Olympic competitions for the sport. Currently, the Master Line Canoeing Sports Association, active since 2005, scored important achievements to promote the sport. Another school of kayaking is held by the ASD Polisportiva Giovanile Salesiana Castel Gandolfo. Prominent clubs currently running kayaking, dragon boat and canoeing activities are ASD Aisa Sport and Circolo Kayak Castel Gandolfo.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: Castel Gandolfo has had an amateur football club since 2005 at Oratory Parish St. Thomas of Villanova which organizes friendly matches with other teams in the area.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: In the 1970s, Castel Gandolfo Country Club opened in Pavona. The complex is located in the crater of the ancient dried up lake and in the ancient villa of Cardinal Flavio Chigi.


title: Castel Gandolfo

text: The league includes youth ranging from Under 6 to 16, a senior women's team, a men's and a senior men's team. The latter, formed in 2009, playing in the regional championship of the C series (season 2009/2010).


title: Bhilai Steel Plant

text: The Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP), located in Bhilai, in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh, is India's first and main producer of steel rails, as well as a major producer of wide steel plates and other steel products. The plant also produces steel and markets various chemical by-products from its coke ovens and coal chemical plant. It was set up with the help of the USSR in 1959.


title: Bhilai Steel Plant

text: Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) is eleven-time winner of the Prime Minister's Trophy for best integrated steel plant in the country. The plant is the sole supplier of the country's longest rail tracks, which measure . The 130 - meter rail, which would be the world's longest rail line in a single piece, was rolled at URM, Bhilai Steel Plant(SAIL) on 29 November 2016. The plant also produces products such as wire rods and merchant products. Bhilai Steel Plant has been the flagship integrated steel plant unit of the Public Sector steel company, the Steel Authority of India Limited and is its largest and most profitable production facility. It is the flagship plant of SAIL, contributing the largest percentage of profit.


title: Bhilai Steel Plant

text: The Bhilai Steel plant was established with Russian collaboration in Durg district of Chattisgarh and started production in 1959. Agarias, A community of iron smelters helped the discovery of a source of iron ore for Bhilai Steel Plant


title: Bhilai Steel Plant

text: Bhilai steel plant is raising its capacity of steel production through modernization and new projects. The major upcoming project is the commissioning of a giant Blast Furnace of volume 4060 cubic meters with a hot metal production capacity of 8000 mt per day.


title: Bhilai Steel Plant

text: The Bhilai steel plant has created steel for one of the Railways' most challenging projects, construction of the railway line and plane network between Jammu and Baramulla at an investment of . BSP has also developed a special grade of TMT rebars for use in the high-altitude tunnel inside the Banihal Pass. BSP had also developed the special soft iron magnetic plates for the prestigious India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). It has also developed special grade high-tensile (DMR249A) steel for building India's first indigenously built anti-submarine warfare corvette, INS Kamorta


title: Bhilai Steel Plant

text: On 12 June 2014, a gas leak in Bhilai Steel Plant killed six people, including two senior officials. Over 50 people were affected by the accident. A breakdown in the water pump house caused a leak of the poisonous gas carbon monoxide, which infiltrated the premises due to pressure differences along the purification chamber lines. Among the dead were two deputy general managers, while the injured included Central Industrial Security Force personnel as well as workers and officials of the public-sector plant. The leak started at around 6:10 pm IST.


title: Bhilai Steel Plant

text: On 9 October 2018, Thirteen plant employees died including four BSP fire services officials, and 14 were injured including six BSP fire services officials in a blast at the plant. The blast took place in a pipeline near the coke oven section at the steel plant in the town of Bhilai.


title: Luck (2009 film)

text: Luck is a 2009 Indian Hindi-language action-thriller film written and directed by Soham Shah and produced by Dhilin Mehta under Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Ltd. It stars Mithun Chakraborty, debutant Shruti Haasan, Imran Khan, Sanjay Dutt, Danny Denzongpa, Ravi Kishan and Chitrashi Rawat in pivotal roles. The camera of the film was handled by Santosh Thundiyil, whilst composer duo Salim–Sulaiman recorded the musical score.


title: Luck (2009 film)

text: Gambling kingpin Karim Musa is a very lucky person. He remained the sole survivor when a mosque collapsed in Maharashtra when he was just nine months old and was amongst very few survivors of another incident at the age of 12. When he was 14, he challenged three friends to jump from a four-storied building and remained alive, though with some injuries, and won. He started gambling at 19 and since then tried out his luck in different places of the world and became known as Musa Bhai. For him, gambling and drug smuggling have become ways to get money; his latest interest is investment on people's luck.


title: Luck (2009 film)

text: Ram Mehra is a banker who is abducted by Musa's right-hand man Lakhan Tamang, but instead of taking, he gives Ram hundred thousand rupees and explains that Ram is very lucky as Tamang bought lottery tickets for two years without any success until he took tickets from Ram both of which won him two hundred thousand rupees. He then offers Ram 200 million rupees for which Ram has to gamble with him for 20 days. After Ram agrees, Musa Bhai and Tamang create a game, getting people with luck to play, and the luckiest ones win them money.


title: Luck (2009 film)

text: Later, along with Ram, Tamang hires Major Lucky, who is a soldier as lucky once as he fought in battles and faced numerous bullets yet none that could kill him. He is in need of money for the operation of his wife Sheila. Tamang then visits Pakistan where he discovers Shortcut, a 16-year-old girl, who is also known to be lucky as any camel she rides wins the race and observes her winning one despite her camel's half-broken leg. Tamang pays four lakh rupees to "export" her to South Africa. Tamang then invites the sole-criminal, Raghav Raghuvaran to the game. Raghav was put in Tihar Jail for raping many women, and also killing them, but when he was hanged, he survived, and since the Indian law doesn't allow one person to be hanged twice, he is freed from Tihar Jail.


title: Luck (2009 film)

text: All competitors arrive in Cape Town. There, Ram meets a girl, who is later revealed to be Ayesha and Tamang says she took part in the game once before. In their first game, all competitors shoot the person to their right at the same time with a pistol. Some pistols have a bullet, some don't and all the unlucky ones die, and the lucky ones survive. Later that night, while everyone is eating at a dining table, Ram and Major Jawar Pratap befriend each other and Raghav goes to Ayesha's room, and starts flirting with her, though Ayesha pays no attention and leaves. The second game is where all of the contestants take parachutes and jump off from a helicopter. Some parachutes open while others don't. Among the unlucky is Ayesha whose parachute doesn't open but she is saved by Ram since he has developed a liking towards her, and afterwards, they start getting closer. In the third game, everyone is left in a hollow tank with one of everyone's hand locked with handcuffs and in front of them are 300 keys and one each will open the handcuffs and added to their trouble are the sharks that swim around them as they start opening the handcuffs as the tank sinks. Ram, Ayesha, Raghav and Major Pratap survive but Shortcut is attacked by a shark. The shark bites her leg off, and Ram jumps into the water, and saves the wounded Shortcut (who is then taken to the hospital). Later on, it is revealed that due to her leg, Shortcut will not be taking part in any of the games anymore.


title: Luck (2009 film)

text: Before the fourth and final game, Raghav tries to rape and kill Ayesha, but the latter is saved by Ram. Ayesha then runs away to Musa and Tamang, where it is revealed that Ayesha is dead and it is Natasha playing, taking Ayesha's character whilst seeking revenge on Musa, for her sister's death. Musa finds out about this and uses her for the final game. In the final game, Ram, on whom the bid is the highest ever, has to save Natasha before the train she's tied to hits an oil tanker while Major Singh will help him, and Raghav will shoot at Ram and the other survivors try to stop Ram. On the train, Ram starts to fight Raghav, but once Raghav is knocked out, Ram goes to save Natasha, but Raghav gets up, then interrupted by Major Singh, who to save Natasha and Ram, jumps onto Raghav. However, Raghav pushes Major Singh down to the back of the train, which later explodes. Raghav then goes to Ram, who is currently untying Natasha's hands, though Raghav attacks Ram from the back, but when the oil tank reaches right in front of the train, Ram and Natasha jump off, and Raghav dies. When Ram and Natasha realise what has happened, before they lose hope, Major Singh is seen on the floor getting up, who explains that he jumped off the train a second before his side of the train exploded. The three survivors are then approached by Musa and Tamang, who claim that they won the game and claim 200 million rupees each.


title: Luck (2009 film)

text: Ram stakes his reward and challenges Musa to a game where two pistols are dug in coal the train's carrying and one has to find one and shoot the other. Musa finds both but hands one to Ram and both shoot at the same time and hit each other, Ram is shot at the place of his heart and Musa survives as he is hit at his shoulder. Though, it is shown that Ram's heart is at his right side (dextrocardia), very rare for a human, rather than left and he survives and wins back his reward. Later, Shortcut's leg is fixed by a prosthesis, Major Singh saves his wife and maintains his title "Lucky Major Jawar Pratap Singh" and Ram frees him and his mother off the debts and marries Natasha.


title: Luck (2009 film)

text: The soundtrack album has nine songs composed by duo Salim–Sulaiman and background score by Amar Mohile. The lyrics are primarily penned by Shabbir Ahmed for eight songs and Anvita Dutt Guptan for Jee Le. The audio of the film released nationwide on 28 June 2009, a month prior to the release. The album, notably features a song sung entirely by the lead actress Shruti Haasan who made her debut with the film.


title: Luck (2009 film)

text: Luck was released worldwide on 1,110 prints in 1300 screens. In India, it was released on 976 prints (343 physical prints and 633 digital prints) in 1,150 screens and in 134 prints on 150 screens in overseas. The action-thriller Luck fetched a very good start at single screens of most circuits. The 12 noon shows in U.P., Punjab, Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra were in the 70% – 80% range. But the 3 pm shows were almost houseful everywhere. The opening at multiplexes, however, was around 40%. Mumbai was affected due to the high tide scare on Friday but soon rose up on Saturday and Sunday. Meanwhile, the film collected DHS280,000 on its opening day in UAE.


title: Isleworth

text: Isleworth ( ) is a town located within the London Borough of Hounslow in West London, England. It lies immediately east of the town of Hounslow and west of the River Thames and its tributary the River Crane. Isleworth's original area of settlement, alongside the Thames, is known as 'Old Isleworth'. The north-west corner of the town, bordering on Osterley to the north and Lampton to the west, is known as 'Spring Grove'.


title: Isleworth

text: Isleworth's former Thames frontage of approximately one mile, excluding that of the Syon Park estate, was reduced to little over half a mile in 1994 when a borough boundary realignment was effected in order to unite the district of St Margaret's wholly within London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. As a result, most of Isleworth's riverside is that part overlooking the islet of Isleworth Ait: the short-length River Crane flows into the Thames south of the Isleworth Ait, and its artificial distributary the Duke of Northumberland's River west of the Isleworth Ait, one of two Colne distributaries constructed for aesthetic reasons in the 1600–1750 period.


title: Isleworth

text: Excavations around the eastern end of the Syon Park estate have unearthed evidence of a Romano-British settlement. 'Gislheresuuyrth', meaning in Old English "Enclosure belonging to [a man called] Gīslhere", is first referred to as a permanent settlement in an Anglo-Saxon charter in the year 695. The Domesday Book says that during the reign (1042–1066) of Edward the Confessor the manor belonged to "Earl Algar" (probably Ælfgar of Mercia), and a modern road off South St today carries his name.


title: Isleworth

text: Isleworth was a well-cultivated farming and trading settlement, more valuable than many of its neighbours, stretching from the Middlesex bank of the River Thames west to the centre of Hounslow (including the land of later Hounslow Priory) and as far as the borders of Southall (in Hayes parish at the time) at the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066. The Domesday Book (1086) as "Gistelesworde" records its 55 ploughlands, 118 households and amount rendered, £72 per year, to its feudal system overlords. After the Conquest, successive Norman barons of the St Valeri family held the manor of Isleworth but there is no evidence that they ever lived there – it being held as a source of revenue and power. One of the later barons gave several manorial rents and privileges to London's Hospital of St Giles. He also gave the church and advowson to the Abbey of St Valeri, which stood at the mouth of the Somme in Picardy.


title: Isleworth

text: In 1227, when he took control of England from his childhood regents, Henry III seized Isleworth and other property of the St Valeri family and gave the manor to his brother, Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall. He built a new moated manor house, which is described in the Black Book of the Exchequer – having a tiled roof, chimney, two bedchambers and an inner courtyard. Beyond the moat was an outer courtyard with a number of buildings for servants and supplies, and a short distance away was a watermill. The exact location of this house is not recorded, but a report of an area long ago known as 'Moated Place' puts the likely place between the Northumberland Arms and Twickenham Road, with the watermill being near Railshead, on the River Crane (not where the traditional Isleworth mill 'Kidd's Mill', because the stream there is artificial and did not exist at that time). The seemingly classic medieval manor house was burned down during the Second Barons' War in 1264.


title: Isleworth

text: The Abbey of St Valeri in Picardy held the livings (benefices) and revenues of several English parish church lands and, responding to growing disquiet over these foreign holdings, in 1391 it transferred those of Isleworth (for a fee) to William of Wykeham, who endowed them to Winchester College, which he founded. The Wardens and Scholars of Winchester College therefore became proprietors of productive rectory (which had glebelands). This lasted for 150 years, then in 1543 King Henry VIII exchanged with Winchester certain manors elsewhere for five churches in Middlesex, including All Saints. Four years later he gave the Isleworth rectory and advowson to the Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, but they returned to the crown when the Duke was executed in 1552. Soon after, they were given to the Dean and Canons of St George's Chapel, Windsor, with whom they remain today. The castle-like stone church tower by the river remains from this period, see below.


title: Isleworth

text: In 1415 Henry V granted nuns from the Swedish Bridgettine order land on the bank of the Thames, in Twickenham parish opposite his new Sheen Palace, where they built their first house Syon Monastery. In 1422 Henry V transferred ownership of Isleworth Manor from the Duchy of Cornwall to Syon Monastery, which in 1431 selected a new location within their manor to rebuild their monastery. This is the site of the present Syon House.


title: Isleworth

text: Henry VIII demolished most of Syon Monastery after 1539 and the site and manor was granted to Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset. It was Seymour who built Syon House in 1548. Lady Jane Grey was taken from here to the Tower by Royal barge in anticipation of her being crowned Queen of England.


title: Isleworth

text: Forty-six years later, in 1594 Queen Elizabeth I granted a lease of the manor of Syon to Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland on his marriage to Dorothy Devereux the younger daughter of Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, who later received a grant of the freehold from King James I in 1604. It has remained in the possession of the Percy family, now the Dukedom of Northumberland, for over four hundred years. The Royalist army occupied the house during the Battle of Brentford in November 1642. Syon Park was rebuilt and landscaped by the Adam brothers and "Capability" Brown between 1766 and 1773. It became the new home of the Dukes of Northumberland when Northumberland House in the Strand was demolished in 1874.


title: Isleworth

text: Much of Isleworth became orchards in the 18th century (including part of Hugh Ronalds' renowned nursery), and then market gardens in the 19th century, supplying the London markets. Lower Square and Church Street still have buildings dating from the 18th and early 19th centuries. A striking element of this period was the establishment in Isleworth of many mansions and large houses, principally for aristocrats and high achievers. This phenomenon arose owing mainly to the collection of royal and noble residences and ecclesiastical establishments that already existed nearby. The subject is examined in depth in the "Notable houses" section.


title: Isleworth

text: There is evidence of a Black community in Isleworth in the 18th century. This community was primarily made up of enslaved people of colour, from Africa, Asia or the Caribbean. Some of these people had fled from bondage and chose to seek their freedom in the streets of London. With very few exceptions, little is known about people of colour in 18th century London. However, as a result of contemporary sources like advertisements seeking the capture and return of runaway slaves, an insight can be gained into the lives of two people, Marina Dellap and Prince, who resided in the area in 1765.