title: Stick figure

text: The stick figure is a universally recognizable symbol, in all likelihood one of the most well known in the world. It transcends language, location, demographics, and can trace back its roots for almost 30,000 years. Its simplicity and versatility led to the stick figure being used for a variety of purposes: infographics, signage, comics, animations, games, film storyboards, and many kinds of visual media all employ the stick figure. With the advent of the World Wide Web, the stick figure became a central element within an entire genre of web-based interactive entertainment known as flash animation. Over a period of more than two decades, stick figure animation impacted and shaped the visual landscape of the internet.


title: Stick figure

text: The stick figure's earliest roots are in prehistoric art. Some of the most revealing and informative markers of early human life are cave paintings and petroglyphs, ancient depictions covering a variety of subjects left behind on stone walls. Visual representations of people, animals, and depictions of daily life can be found displayed across the walls of numerous habitation sites all over the world, such as depictions of mimis in Australia. Tens of thousands of years later, writing systems that use images for words or morphemes instead of letters—so-called logographies, such as Egyptian and Chinese—started simplifying people and other objects to be used as linguistic symbols.


title: Stick figure

text: In the early 1920s, Austrian sociologist Otto Neurath developed an interest in the concept of universal language. He quickly established the idea that, while words and phrases could always be misunderstood, pictures had a certain unifying quality that made them a perfect fit for his project. In 1925, Neurath began work on what would become the international system of typographic picture education, or isotype, a system of conveying warnings, statistics, and general information through standardized and easily understandable pictographs. Neurath made significant use of the versatile stick figure design to represent individuals and statistics in a variety of ways. Graphic designer Rudolf Modley founded Pictorial Statistics Inc. in 1934 and brought the isotype system to the United States in 1972.


title: Stick figure

text: The first international use of stick figures dates back to the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Pictograms created by Japanese designers Masaru Katzumie and Yoshiro Yamashita formed the basis of future pictograms. In 1972, Otto "Otl" Aicher developed the round-ended, geometric grid-based stick figures used on the signage, printed materials, and television for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Drawing on those and many other similar symbol sets in use at the time, the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA), commissioned by the U.S. Department of Transportation, developed the DOT pictograms: 50 public domain symbols for use at transportation hubs, public spaces, large events, and other contexts in which people speak a wide variety of different languages. The DOT pictograms, or symbols derived from them, are used widely throughout much of the world today.


title: Stick figure

text: In the early 1990s, internet pioneer and programmer Tom Fulp began to produce 2D stick figure animations on his Amiga computer for entertainment purposes. Soon, his interest expanded to include simple game design via HTML. Fulp also developed a passion for the Neo Geo series of gaming consoles and was at the time running an online club centered around Neo Geo using the Prodigy web service. In 1991, he created a fan-made magazine for members of the club, which he would continue to produce throughout his time in 7th and 8th grade. The name of this fan magazine was "new ground", a synonym for Neo Geo. A year later, Falk launched a small website to host some of his game projects under the name "newground remix". In the years that followed, this project morphed into Newgrounds, one of the most influential hosting platforms for user generated content in internet history.


title: Stick figure

text: At about the same time, Californian computer programmer Jonathan Gay and software entrepreneur Charlie Jackson founded the software company FutureWave and began work on a vector-based drawing program called SmartSketch to be used in conjunction with digital tablets. The program was ultimately a commercial failure, but Gay and Jackson came up with a new idea that they believed would prove to be a much greater success: a web-based drawing and animation program that they named "FutureSplash". In January 1997, four years after the founding of FutureWave, the company was acquired by software giant Macromedia with the primary goal being the acquisition of FutureSplash. The program's versatility and compact design had made it ideal for web media playback and production, and Macromedia was eager to capitalize on the software's increasing popularity. Re-branded into "Macromedia Flash", the software proved to be an even bigger success than FutureSplash, quickly becoming the universal standard for web animation production and playback.


title: Stick figure

text: Tom Fulp started working with Flash soon after the Macromedia acquisition, producing his first game with the software, "Telebubby Fun Land", in 1998. Despite the limited capabilities of the animator, Flash games were unprecedented. The publication of Fulp's 1999 point-and-click Flash game classic "Pico's School" kicked off the exponential growth of the genre's popularity. As a result, "newground remix" soon became a major hub of online activity. In 2000, Fulp converted the site into newgrounds.com and introduced a portal system through which users could submit Flash animations and games of their own. Other game and animation aggregator sites such as "Addicting Games" followed soon after, and even older, more niche animation platforms such as "stickdeath.com" and "stick figure death theater" reached wider notoriety.


title: Stick figure

text: On April 19, 2001, Chinese animator Zhu Zhiqiang uploaded a 75-second-long video titled "Xiao Xiao" on the newly formed Newgrounds animation portal. Accompanied by bit-crushed audio samples, it shows two simple stick figures fighting with their fists and various weapons over a white background. Inspired by over-the-top, Hong-Kong-style martial arts films, Zhiqiang let his figures perform flips, flying kicks, and a number of other exaggerated attacks and defenses. As the fight gets increasingly intense, more tools including a bow and arrow, rocket launchers, and duplication abilities are added to the mix before the battle comes to a final, violent conclusion. With this simple formula, "Xiao Xiao" quickly became the most popular Flash animation ever created. Spawning countless imitations and "Xiao-Xiao-style" descendants, it turned into the blueprint for an entire sub genre of 2D animation that has garnered hundreds of millions of views since.


title: Stick figure

text: On December 3, 2005, Adobe Systems Inc. acquired the entirety of Macromedia, once again rebranding Macromedia's now ubiquitous Flash software. Almost a decade earlier, Adobe had turned down an offer to buy FutureSplash in favor of their own Acrobat system. Now, the tables had turned and the corporation was buying flash's new owner for USD 3.4 billion. With this acquisition, the program entered its final and most recognizable stage of development. Adobe spearheaded Flash animation for the next decade and a half, and it was during this period that Flash facilitated some of the most recognizable stick figure animations and games of all time.


title: Stick figure

text: Created by animator, YouTuber, and artist Alan Becker, the first episode of "Animator vs. Animation" premiered on newgrounds.com on June 3, 2006. It showed a stick figure fighting to break out of the animation program it was created in. The video has garnered over 70 million views since its publication. As of 2021, the series contains five main episodes and a number of spin-offs, among them include the video "Animation vs. Minecraft", which has gained over 278 million views as of January 2022. In total, all of Alan Becker's animation videos were watched over three billion times with the vast majority of them being centered around stick figure animation.


title: Stick figure

text: While Adobe Flash was at every point in time the most popular Flash animation tool, there were other competitors, most notably Pivot Animator (formerly Pivot Stickfigure Animator). Created in 2005 by software developer Peter Bone, the program was specifically geared towards stick figure animation. Unlike Adobe Flash, which had grown into a highly complex 2D animation environment, Pivot Animator, with its simplicity allowed virtually anyone to create stick figure animations without requiring any form of expertise. This brought the ability to create and distribute quality stick animations to a much greater audience than before, and alongside Flash, Pivot Animator soon became another central tool for the countless internet users who were caught up in the trend.


title: Stick figure

text: Around 2012, popular stick figure animator Hyun created a brand new stick figure community after the shut down of Fluidanims. Hyun's Dojo is a primarily animation community, owned by the titular animator, which hosts collaborations, crossovers, and the popular Dojo duels wherein two animators create animated fights against one another for points known as "Rice". The community consists of a website, an official Twitter, and a YouTube channel. Hyun's Dojo Community's first video was posted on December 30th, 2012; followed by "Hyun's Dojo Promo" on March 9th, 2013; "The Dojo Collab" on August 23rd, 2013; and finally, "Hyun's Dojo - Create Together" on August 24th, 2013. Around 2015, Hyunsdojo.com was created, followed by a Discord server as a hub for animators and community members to collaborate and communicate with one another. In that time, the community was composed mostly of stick figure animators that popularized the art and animation form. However, the community has expanded past stick figures throughout the years. As of March 2021, the YouTube channel has reached over 2 million subscribers. The community posted a collaboration to celebrate the occasion. The channel slowly continues to grow in influence in the Internet stick figure community.


title: Stick figure

text: At some point between June 2008 and April 2009, an internet copypasta began to appear featuring a Unicode stick figure named Bob. There was an initial surge in popularity in April 2009, leading to a hostile response from the YouTube community wherein the community would flag the copypasta as spam. This spread of the copypasta would reach its peak in search interest around June 2010 before declining gradually. However, on September 24, 2013, YouTube announced that they would be integrating the YouTube Comments section with Google+. In response, the YouTube community brought back the Bob copypasta in a new form, with Bob "building an army" against Google+. This resulted in the biggest spike in popularity for the copypasta, reaching its peak popularity in November 2013.


title: Stick figure

text: In July 2017, Adobe Systems, which had continued to support and develop both Flash Animator and Flash Player for the past 12 years, announced that they would officially end support for the program by the end of the decade. This decision had far-reaching consequences as it entailed not only the end of development on the software but also the official end of sites that still supported Flash and the deactivation of virtually every instance of Flash player via a built-in kill switch. A number of safety issues and more versatile alternatives like HTML5 had rendered Flash obsolete. Flash advocates and fans called for preservation efforts to ensure not all games, animations and other types of Flash media would be lost forever.


title: Stick figure

text: Following Adobe's announcement of their intentions to retire Flash, the community began efforts to preserve the genre's history. In January 2018, a YouTuber named Ben Latimore, going by the online handle "BlueMaxima", started up a community project called Flashpoint. The aim of the project was to document, categorize, and most importantly preserve two decades of Flash history, culture, and community. BlueMaxima's Flashpoint grew to serve as a massive archive, a library for the most influential and renowned Flash animations and games in internet history, for anyone to view and experience. The project started slowly, but once word began to spread about the initiative, the development team began to grow and the library began to expand exponentially. Xiao Xiao, Shock Series, WPNFire, Storm the House, and countless other stick figure games and animations were saved and archived over the coming months and years.


title: Stick figure

text: Despite the impending demise of Flash, its final years saw the release of some of the most popular and most polished stick figure animations and games of all time. Notable examples include "Combat Gods" (released June 5, 2019) Collection of Henry Stickmin (August 7 2022) and the half-hour long "Animator vs. Animation V" (December 5, 2020).


title: Stick figure

text: Finally, on January 12, 2021, all instances of Flash player ceased operation, all Flash media refused to play, and Adobe Flash was officially retired. Due to the conservation efforts of Project Flashpoint, and because of big hosting platforms like Newgrounds and Kongregate developing their own workarounds, the Flash community and, with it, the stick figure animation subgenre, were preserved from extinction. Creators from that point onward found alternatives for the now defunct software, such as Pivot and Flash's official successor, Adobe Animate.


title: Stick figure

text: As of Unicode version 13.0, there are five stick figure characters in the Symbols for Legacy Computing block.


title: Stick figure

text: OpenMoji supports the five characters along with joining character sequences to give the other figures a dress.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Coos Bay (Coos language: Atsixiis) is a city located in Coos County, Oregon, United States, where the Coos River enters Coos Bay on the Pacific Ocean. The city borders the city of North Bend, and together they are often referred to as one entity called either Coos Bay-North Bend or Oregon's Bay Area. Coos Bay's population as of the 2020 census was 15,985 residents, making it the most populous city on the Oregon Coast. Oregon's Bay Area is estimated to be home to 32,308 (Coos Bay Census County Division).


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Prior to Europeans first visiting the Oregon coast, Native American tribes claimed the Coos Bay region as their homeland for thousands of years. Members of the Coos, Lower Umpqua, Siuslaw and Coquille tribes lived, fished, hunted and gathered along Coos Bay and its estuaries, along rivers, and in meadows and forests. Approximately 400 years ago, British and Spanish explorers first approached the South Coast. In 1579, Sir Francis Drake was purported to have sought shelter for his ship, the "Golden Hinde", around Cape Arago. Trader and explorer Jedediah Smith was in the region seeking furs, and the Hudson's Bay Company sent Alexander Roderick McLeod to search for an inland passage.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The earliest settlement of European Americans in the area was in January 1852 when survivors of the "Captain Lincoln" shipwreck established Camp Castaway until they and their cargo could be fully rescued. There has been a permanent settlement on Coos Bay since 1853, when the town of Marshfield was founded there and named after the Massachusetts hometown of its founder, J. C. Tolman. The first Methodist church in the area was established in 1857. By 1866 the inhabitants, who were reliant on the sea for their income, had built the Cape Arago Light. The setting up of a post office in 1871 and the arrival of the Coos Bay Wagon Road in the town a year later connected Coos County with the Umpqua River valley in neighboring Douglas County, on the other side of the Coast Range of mountains. This wagon road, although long gone in its original form, is still partially in existence since the route of Oregon Route 42 roughly follows the original right of way.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: 1870 saw Coos Bay set up its first, and the state's 48th, chartered Masonic Lodge. Named Blanco Lodge, this brotherhood was set up by several of the town's founding fathers. With this development, the incorporation of Marshfield came in 1874. One of the nation's oldest still-operating machine shops, the Nelson Machine Works-Coos Bay Iron Works, was founded in 1888.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: On September 18, 1902, the only lynching ever to be documented in Oregon occurred in Coos Bay, of Alonzo Tucker, an African-American man. He was accused of raping a white woman and escaping from jail. However, there is no record of his escape from jail. According to newspaper accounts, Tucker was discovered by two young boys who began shooting him with airguns. After a brief pursuit, local miners apprehended Tucker who was hiding inside a store. The mob considering hanging him inside the store but decided to return him to the site of the alleged rape at a nearby bridge. Tucker was shot twice and then hung from the 7th Street bridge, which spanned present-day Golden Field, where high school soccer games are now held. No charges were ever brought against the mob as officials determined "the deceased came to his death at the hands of parties unknown while resisting arrest for a felony, and that no crime was committed thereby." Despite this claim that those in the mob were unknown, the participation of multiple people, including the husband of the alleged rape victim, was noted in local newspapers. One newspaper at that time reported the mob was "quiet and orderly" and another paper wrote, "'Well done' is the consensus of public opinion." Alonzo Tucker's cause of death was asphyxiation. According to the coroner's report, cause of death was blood loss from the gunshot wound in Tucker's right thigh, in which case he died before being hanged on the Marshfield bridge.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Prior to around 1915, the Coos region was largely isolated from the rest of Oregon due to difficulties in crossing the Coast Range and fording rivers, and the Pacific Ocean was used to link people to other areas, including San Francisco, which was an easier two-day trip compared to traveling inland over rugged terrain. In 1916 a rail line was completed that linked the region to other interior settlements and towns, which increased commercial trade and tourism Significant urban growth occurred in the 1920s, and during the 1930s to 1950s large-scale growth occurred. Per the Oregon Bay Area Chamber of Commerce, during the 1930s to 1950s:


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: "Shipyards contracted with the U.S. Government to build minesweepers and rescue tugs for World War II defense purposes. Large national lumber companies set up operations and expanded significantly for the next two decades. Jetty improvements, commercial fishing, and crabbing shaped the development of Charleston. The completion of the North Bend Bridge (now McCullough Memorial Bridge) in 1936 and the Roosevelt Highway significantly improved modern transportation connections and provided the final link in opening the Coos region to the outside world. The formerly remote district known as the Coos Bay country had come of age."


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: What now makes up the central district of Coos Bay was called Marshfield until November 10, 1944. The name change, long advocated by residents, had been voted for and became effective on November 11, thus matching the name of the Bay itself. The City of Marshfield was named after the Massachusetts hometown of the Cityʼs founder, J.C. Tolman, and incorporated in 1874.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: On February 4, 1999, a Japanese ship named the "New Carissa" ran aground on a beach 2.75 miles (4.3 km) north of the entrance to Coos Bay, drawing international attention to the area. The "New Carissa" was empty of cargo at the time, heading for the Port of Coos Bay to pick up wood chips. When the captain was told that the weather was too severe for the ship to enter port, he anchored his ship close by. The crew put out only one anchor, and it appears that this was probably on too short a chain to be effective. The subsequent US Coast Guard investigation found several other aspects of the ship's company's handling of the situation to have been poor, leading to the conclusion that human error caused the grounding. 70,000 US gallons (260 m3) of fuel oil were spilled by the vessel, with a further 165,000 to 255,000 gallons (625 to 965 m3) being deliberately set alight and burnt off later. The stern of the ship remained on the beach; the bow was towed out to sea and sunk after structural damage caused by the fire split the ship in two. In 2008, the stern of the "New Carissa" was cut into pieces and removed from the beach.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The worst loss of life for a fire department in modern Oregon history occurred in Coos Bay on November 25, 2002, when three firefighters were killed by a structural failure of the roof in an auto parts store. The accidental blaze paralyzed the city for several hours, with fire departments from several neighboring towns assisting in the effort to stop the blaze. Captain Randy Carpenter, Firefighter/Engineer Robert "Chuck" Hanners and Firefighter/Engineer Jeff Common, all from Coos Bay, died when an explosion caused the roof of the building to cave in; they were inside the structure when the roof collapsed, killing the three firefighters.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. The city is quite hilly, with elevations ranging from between sea level to over . Bodies of water within the city limits include Upper Pony Creek Reservoir, Lake Merritt, Empire Lakes and numerous streams.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The City of Coos Bay comprises four districts, two of which (Eastside and Empire) were formerly independent cities.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The Marshfield District of Coos Bay is the historic central downtown and business district of the city. Old Marshfield and its surrounding neighborhoods were what comprised the original Coos Bay before the annexations of Empire and Eastside during the 20th century. The Marshfield District contains many buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places, such as the Carnegie Library, Chandler Hotel, Egyptian Theatre and Tioga Hotel. The waterfront area of the Marshfield District has a boardwalk with a city dock, bicycling trail and pavilions featuring historical and interpretive displays.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The Milner Crest district is a residential neighborhood developed in the mid-20th century, located at the crest of a hill overlooking the bay, north of Mingus Park and the Marshfield District. The majority of the Coos Bay area's medical facilities are located in this district.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The Eastside district of Coos Bay was originally called East Marshfield for its situation on the east side of the bay. East Marshfield post office was established in 1891 and it operated intermittently until 1908, when the name was changed to Eastside. The community of Eastside merged with the city of Coos Bay in 1983. Eastside is primarily a residential neighborhood and is home to Eastside Elementary, Millicoma Middle School, walking trails at Millicoma Marsh and a public boat launch.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The Empire district (Coos language: Hanisich) was founded as Empire City in 1853 by members of the Coos Bay Company from Jacksonville, Oregon, and at the time it was assumed that the area would be center of the region. The company was formed after the discovery of gold in northern California and southwestern Oregon. For a time Empire City was the county seat of Coos County. The first post office in the location was called Elkhorn, which ran from 1853 until 1854. It was the first post office in what is now Coos County, though at the time it was part of Umpqua County. Empire City post office was established in 1858 and ran until 1894, when it was renamed Empire. In 1965, the city of Empire voted to consolidate with Coos Bay. Today, Empire is the location of Madison Elementary School, Sunset Intermediate School and a business district along Cape Arago Highway.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: This region experiences cool-to-warm summers typical of the Oregon coast, with no average monthly temperatures above which means mild weather usually in the lower 40s to upper 60s Fahrenheit. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Coos Bay has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps, but that borders on an oceanic climate, due to the cool year-round temperatures and sheer volume of annual rainfall, nearly annually. Severe coastal storms (or gales) with hurricane-force winds occur frequently during the winter months, while summers can be foggy. Snowfall is uncommon, with just around an inch (2.54 cm) of snow annually.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The record high temperature of was recorded on September 22, 2009, and the record low of was recorded on December 21, 1990. The wettest "rain year" at Southwest Oregon Regional Airport in nearby North Bend was from July 1994 to June 1995 with and the driest from July 1976 to June 1977 with ; the greatest monthly rainfall was in November 1973, and the highest 24-hour rainfall on November 18, 1996.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The Coos Bay—North Bend area is in USDA plant hardiness zone 9A, with a frost-free growing season around nine months long.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The term "Oregon's Bay Area" refers to the Greater Coos Bay-North Bend-Charleston Area; a 27.71 square mile community located on the Coos Bay Peninsula in Southwest Oregon. Oregon's Bay Area (also called the Coos Bay Micropolitan Statistical Area) has a total urban population of 31,995 (2017), and a MSA population of 64,709 (2012).


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 15,967 people, 6,950 households, and 3,991 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,451.9 people per square mile (560.5/km). There were 7,542 housing units at an average density of 669.9 per square mile (258.6/km). The racial makeup of the city was 87.1% White, 0.6% African American, 2.6% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 2.8% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. 4.49% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: There were 6,950 households, of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.2% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.6% were non-families. The percentage of male householders with no wife present was 5.1%. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27, and the average family size was 2.82.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: In the city, the population dispersal was 20.3% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 15 to 19, 19.2% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.6 years. The median income for a household in the city was $37,985, and the median income for a family was $47,998. Males had a median income of $41,069 versus $26,648 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,481. 18.1% of the population and 11.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 21.6% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 15,374 people, 6,497 households, and 4,028 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,451.9 people per square mile (560.5/km). There were 7,094 housing units at an average density of 669.9 per square mile (258.6/km). The racial makeup of the city was 90.75% White, 0.37% African American, 2.27% Native American, 1.44% Asian, 0.31% Pacific Islander, 1.35% from other races, and 3.51% from two or more races. 4.49% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: There were 6,497 households, out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.0% were non-families. The percentage of male householders with no wife present was unknown. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29, and the average family size was 2.83.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: In the city, the population dispersal was 22.6% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $31,212, and the median income for a family was $38,721. Males had a median income of $32,324 versus $22,192 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,158. 16.5% of the population and 12.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 21.0% of those under the age of 18 and 9.9% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Mingus Park, near downtown Coos Bay, features a walking path that encircles a large pond with a resident population of duck and geese. An outdoor swimming pool is available during the summer months, as well as an outdoor amphitheater. An 18-hole disc golf course is in the forest on the north side of the park. A skatepark and tennis courts are in the southeast portion. In addition, there are playgrounds for children in the southwest, and a softball field in the east.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: John Topits Park, in the northwestern section of Coos Bay, is a natural area encompassing the Empire Lakes and protected coastal dune and forest land. No motor boats are permitted on the lakes. However, there is a launch for canoes, kayaks and other non-motorized boats. There are of pedestrian and cycling trails. The Empire Lakes is home to a variety of fish (bass, bluegill, perch, catfish), waterfowl and birds.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The greater Coos Bay area has a variety of outdoor recreation opportunities, including the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, which brings approximately 1.5 million visitors each year. The ocean beaches near Coos Bay are devoid of the level of development seen on other areas of the Oregon Coast, due to much of the coastline being designated state and county parks. Across the entrance bar to Coos Bay from the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area lie the rugged cliffs and pocket beaches of Bastendorf Beach County Park, Yoakam Point State Park, Sunset Bay State Park, Shore Acres State Park and Cape Arago State Park. Approximately southwest of Coos Bay is the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve and approximately east in the Coast Range is Golden and Silver Falls State Natural Area.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The City of Coos Bay operates under a council–manager form of government. The Coos Bay City Council is composed of a mayor and six councilors who are elected citywide to serve four-year terms. The council is responsible for setting policy decisions and they in turn hire a city manager to oversee the day-to-day administrative functions of the city. Coos Bay operates its own library, fire department, public works and police department. The fire department has two fire stations that are staffed 24 hours a day. There is a third station that is used to house additional apparatus.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The federally recognized Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians are headquartered in Coos Bay.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Coos Bay was historically a Democratic stronghold. Every precinct within the city voted for Democrat Barack Obama in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. However, in 2016 Coos County, in which Coos Bay is the largest population center, went for Donald Trump with 59% of the vote. In 2020 Trump again won with 59% of the vote and Coos County voted for Republican candidates on every statewide race on the ballot.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Coos Bay is represented in the United States House by Peter DeFazio (D-Springfield) and in the Oregon Legislature by State Senator Dick Anderson (R-Lincoln City) and State Representative Boomer Wright (R-Florence).


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Southwestern Oregon Community College (or SWOCC) offers certificates and associate degrees, and has a dual admissions programs in partnership with Oregon public universities.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Oregon Institute of Marine Biology (or OIMB) is the marine station of the University of Oregon. It is in Charleston, at the mouth of Coos Bay. This 100-acre (0.40 km2) marine station was first deeded to the University of Oregon in 1931.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Coos Bay has the largest concentration of health care facilities on the Oregon Coast and serves as a regional hub for the Central and Southern Coasts, as well as inland areas. Bay Area Hospital, the largest hospital on the coast has 129 beds. Other facilities in the city include North Bend Medical Center, Oregon Coast Spine Institute, Bay Clinic, South Coast Center for Cosmetic Surgery, South Coast Orthopedic Associates and Southwest Physical Therapy.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Ocean Power Technologies, a renewable energy company, based in Pennington, New Jersey, is proposing to develop a utility-scale, commercial wave park in North America at Coos Bay. The planned size of this park is up to 100 megawatts, and it will be the largest wave energy project in the world when it is completed. This project was abandoned in 2014.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The Southwest Oregon Regional Airport (ICAO: KOTH, IATA: OTH) is a public airport located in adjacent North Bend and is the 5th busiest airport in Oregon, as well as the largest airport on the Oregon Coast. Currently (2014) the airport hosts general aviation and charter services, as well as offering daily commercial flights to/from San Francisco and seasonal flights to Denver International Airport in Colorado.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Porter Stage Lines provides bus service from Coos Bay with several stops, including Eugene, which has connections with Amtrak rail services and the Greyhound bus network. Porter Stage Lines then extends to Bend and ends at Ontario in eastern Oregon, and then reverses the trip.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: Coos Transit, also known as CCAT provides daily loop service to 54 stops around Coos Bay and North Bend.


title: Coos Bay, Oregon

text: The Port of Coos Bay provides freight shipping services. The Central Oregon and Pacific Railroad operated the Coos Bay Rail Link linking the port to the national rail network. The line is now operated by Coos Bay Rail Link.


title: Farheen

text: Farheen (born as Farheen Khan; 3 August 1973), also known as Bindiya in the South Indian film industry, is an Indian actress, who has primarily worked in Bollywood, Kannada cinema and Tamil cinema. She made her debut with "Jaan Tere Naam" opposite Ronit Roy in 1992. She was famous as a look-alike of Madhuri Dixit.


title: Farheen

text: Farheen worked in films including "Aag Ka Toofan", "Fauj", "Halli Meshtru" and "Nazar Ke Samne" but her only popular film is "Jaan Tere Naam".


title: Farheen

text: In 2014, Farheen announced her comeback to films in a project directed by Deepak Balraj Vij, the director of her debut film "Jaan Tere Naam".


title: Farheen

text: Farheen was born in a Muslim family, and is married to former Indian cricketer Manoj Prabhakar and lives in Delhi, with their two children, Raahil and Manavansh and her father-in-law. Prabhakar's eldest son Rohan from his first wife, Sandhya, and Rohan's wife also live with the family.


title: Amrita Prakash

text: Amrita Prakash is an Indian actress and model. She began her acting career when she was four years old, and has acted in both Bollywood and Malayalam films. She has since, been seen in a myriad of Bollywood Films, TVCs and television reality and fiction shows.


title: Amrita Prakash

text: Amrita holds a master's degree in Commerce and Business Administration from The University of Mumbai.


title: Amrita Prakash

text: Amrita started her career as a four year old, with advertising. Her first TVC was for a local footwear company in Kerala. After which, over the course of her childhood she did over 50 commercials for prominent brands including Rasna, Ruffles Lays, Glucon-D, Dabur, etc. She was the face of Lifebuoy Soaps packaging for over two years. More recently she has been seen in commercials for Sunsilk, Gitts Processed Foods, etc.


title: Amrita Prakash

text: Her stint with television started when she was 9 years old with a drama show in which she played Gautami Gadgil's niece. Right after which she bagged her own show when she was seen anchoring "Fox Kids", a cartoon show on Star Plus for about 5 years, making her character of Miss India hugely popular, especially amongst the kids.


title: Amrita Prakash

text: She gained popularity with her first film in 2001 - Anubhav Sinha's "Tum Bin", where she played the pivotal part of Milli. Post "Tum Bin", Amrita continued with television. When she was 14, she was chosen to be part of India's first Reality Show titled "Kya Masti Kya Dhoom" which she co-anchored alongside Bollywood Actress Sonali Bendre for over two years.


title: Amrita Prakash

text: Her last television drama, where she played one of the lead protagonists was "Har Ghar Kuch Kehta Hai" for Zee TV.


title: Amrita Prakash

text: In 2004, she appeared in Malayalam film "Manjupoloru Penkutty" directed by Kamal. The story focused around a 16-year-old school girl in Kerala who was tormented by and rose against her sexually abusive stepfather. The film was dubbed and re-released in Kannada and Telugu. Amrita was nominated by the State for the National Awards as Best Actress.


title: Amrita Prakash

text: She went on to do one of her most defining roles with Rajshri Films, playing the character of Chhoti in Sooraj Barjatya's Vivah. Her performance in "Vivaah" was hugely appreciated by critics. Amrita has repeatedly been quoted saying- "Vivaah was one amongst the biggest milestones and turning points of my career. I cannot be grateful enough to him (Sooraj Barjatya) for being the teacher and guide he has been to me through and since the film. And for bringing me onto the map of every city in India."


title: Amrita Prakash

text: Amrita played the character of Sandhya in "Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi". She played a small part in Dharma Productions "We Are Family".


title: Amrita Prakash

text: She took up the show "Ek Rishta Aisa Bhi" for Sony Pal. She played the lead protagonist, Dipika on the show.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom (stylized in all lowercase) is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Halsey. It was released on June 2, 2017, through Astralwerks. The album features guest appearances from Quavo, Lauren Jauregui and Cashmere Cat. Halsey co-wrote every song on the album, while production was handled by Lido and Benny Blanco, among others. Following its release, "Hopeless Fountain Kingdom" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart in the United States and the Canadian Albums Chart. The album was also certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the US. In support of the album, Halsey embarked on the Hopeless Fountain Kingdom Tour (2017–2018). The album was described by Halsey as having more "radio friendly music" when compared to her previous releases. As a result, "Hopeless Fountain Kingdom" is primarily a pop and R&B record and features synth-pop and electropop.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: The album's lead single, "Now or Never", was released on April 4, 2017. It peaked at number 17 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, marking Halsey's first top-twenty entry on the chart as a lead artist. It also became Halsey's first track as a lead artist to earn multi-Platinum status; it was certified double Platinum by the RIAA. The second single, "Bad at Love", peaked at number five on the Hot 100, making it Halsey's highest peak as a lead artist on the chart at the time. It was certified quintuple Platinum by the RIAA. The third and final single, "Alone", reached number 66 on the Hot 100, was certified Platinum by the RIAA and reached number one on the US Dance Club Songs chart.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: "Hopeless Fountain Kingdom" is a concept album that connects with their previous album "Badlands," and Halsey has explained various parallels between lyrics on songs from both albums. Halsey also hinted that something on the album was inspired by the song "Empty Gold" from her 2014 debut EP "Room 93". Hopeless Fountain Kingdom's story and characters are mostly inspired by William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet," with the opening track "The Prologue" featuring the play's prologue spoken by Halsey. Inspiration for the album has also come from Halsey removing themself from a toxic relationship.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: The album is noted for swapping the genders of Romeo and Juliet and including same sex relationships. The main character is a bisexual female named Luna Aureum ("Luna" meaning "moon"), and her main love interest is male character Solis Angelus ("Solis" meaning "sun"), with references to female love interests in the songs "Bad at Love" and "Strangers", featuring Lauren Jauregui who is bisexual herself.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: "Billboard" has pointed out that the album title might be named after a real fountain built by Halsey's ex-boyfriend off the L train's Halsey Street stop in Brooklyn.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: In the behind-the-scenes video for the first single, "Now or Never", Halsey revealed that the Hopeless Fountain Kingdom is a sort of purgatory for people who are too bad for heaven, but too good for hell. Luna and Solis are rumored to be the only two people born inside the Kingdom. The music video for "Now or Never" was heavily influenced by Baz Luhrmann's 1996 film adaptation of the play, "Romeo + Juliet."


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: Musically, Halsey stated that she didn't want her first album to be a radio album and that although this album has a more radio-friendly sound she still sees herself as an alternative artist; Halsey also said that she is "more than capable of writing radio music". For this album, Halsey worked with several producers, including Greg Kurstin, Benny Blanco and Ricky Reed. The record is mainly rooted in pop music and R&B, specifically synth-pop and electropop, with "trap-pop vibes".


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: Halsey referenced the album as early as 2014, posting "(and the Kingdom)" on Twitter, and in 2016 when playing in Madison Square Garden she displayed the words "you can find me in the Kingdom" on a screen. In February 2017, she invited 100 fans in London to a church to hear four new songs from the album.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: In March, multiple Twitter accounts connected to Halsey began hinting at a storyline present in the album, seemingly involving two characters named Luna and Solis belonging to two different houses called the House of Aureum and the House of Angelus. Soon after the tweets were released, Halsey began mailing out quotes from "Romeo and Juliet" to fans. In the first song on the album titled "The Prologue," Halsey recites the beginning lines of the play. The story of Luna and Solis in Hopeless Fountain Kingdom takes significant influence from William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet", in particular the Baz Luhrmann directed adaptation "Romeo + Juliet". Halsey and Luhrmann would later be interviewed by Beats 1's Zane Lowe about their respective adaptation processes.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: The album was announced on March 7, 2017, via Halsey's Twitter account, along with a photograph of her holding a rose, and on March 23, announced the release date of June 2, 2017. To release the album cover, she had a global scavenger hunt, where miniature gun shaped USB's were hidden in 9 cities around the world with pieces of the cover. When all the pieces were found, they revealed the album cover art along with the announcement of the first single, "Now or Never". On May 16, 2017, Halsey hinted via her Twitter account that the album would be accompanied by a series of connected music videos.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: The album's lead single, "Now or Never", was released on April 4, 2017, along with its pre-order. The same day, the song's music video, co-directed by Halsey with Sing J Lee, was premiered. The single debuted at number 50 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It became her first single as a lead artist to reach the top 40 and her first since "Closer". The song later peaked at number 17.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: "Bad at Love" was announced by Halsey on her Twitter account as the next single off the album. It has peaked at number five in the US, making it her highest peaking solo song, until her October 2018 single, "Without Me", from her next studio album, "Manic" (2020), reached number one in January 2019.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: A remixed version of "Alone" was announced by Halsey on her Twitter as the album's third single, featuring rappers Big Sean and Stefflon Don. The song peaked at number 66 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: On May 26, Halsey confirmed "Strangers", featuring Lauren Jauregui, as the second official promotional single. It debuted at number 100 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It became Halsey's sixth entry and Jauregui's first as a solo artist.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: On February 2, 2018, Halsey released the music video for somber piano track "Sorry" as "something to hold u over". The video has racked up over 120 million views to date.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 66 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews" based on 10 reviews.


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: Rob Sheffield from "Rolling Stone" stated Halsey "shows off all her wild musical ambitions" on her "bold" second album. "It's her sprawling science-fiction breakup tale, indulging her taste for wide-screen melodrama." Musically, he opined the singer is "going for adult dystopian synth-pop realness." For "The Observer", Kitty Empire noted Halsey's "generic guest spot on a massive 2016 hit by the Chainsmokers, 'Closer', was an omen" as the album "does succumb to post-hit syndrome. It is not remotely bad; it certainly sounds just like one of the most hotly awaited pop albums of 2017. But you can discern, just off stage, the chorus of unignorable industry types bearing down on one bankable creative, advising this timely collaboration, that hot producer, this set of references."


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: Jon Caramanica in "The New York Times" opined it "liberally borrows styles from other singers." He highlighted "where Halsey sets herself apart is in her subject matter and manner of delivery. Her tales have rough edges and ellipsis endings," however, "there isn't a flicker of musical edge on this album, only a belief in the crowdsourcing of ideas." "USA Today"s Maeve McDermott expressed similar sentiments in a mixed review, noting that the album "borrows magpie-like from other stars' signature sounds, with some working better than others."


title: Hopeless Fountain Kingdom

text: "Hopeless Fountain Kingdom" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 106,000 album-equivalent units, of which 76,000 were pure album sales. This feat made Halsey the first female act in 2017 to open atop the chart. In Australia, the album debuted at number two with first-week sales of 4,300 copies. The album debuted at number 12 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 7,123 copies in its first week.


title: K.G.F: Chapter 2 (soundtrack)

text: K.G.F: Chapter 2 is the soundtrack album, composed by Ravi Basrur, to the 2022 Indian Kannada language period action film directed by Prashanth Neel starring Yash, Sanjay Dutt, Srinidhi Shetty, Raveena Tandon and Prakash Raj.


title: K.G.F: Chapter 2 (soundtrack)

text: Music sessions of the film began on April 2019, at Basrur's newly renovated recording studio in Bangalore. However, music production was disrupted in mid-March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which was resumed during that May. After work on the film's music and score being completed, Basrur later edited the score and songs, during mid-2021. The Naik Brothers (Laxman and Sandesh Datta), recorded two songs "Toofan" and "Sultan", used in the Hindi-dubbed version of the film. They stated "We went there and he dubbed four songs in Telugu and Kannada in our voice. Later, COVID-19 lockdown happened. After a long wait of two years, they recorded two songs for the Hindi dubbed version titled Toofan and Sultan and finalised for the movie".


title: K.G.F: Chapter 2 (soundtrack)

text: The music rights for "K.G.F: Chapter 2" were bought by Lahari Music and T-Series for for south languages. The music rights of Hindi version was bought by MRT Music. On 21 March 2022, the first single titled "Toofan" was released from the album. The song depicts the rise of Rocky (Yash) as a saviour of enslaved people in the gold mines of Kolar, as depicted in the . It crossed over 26 million views within 24 hours of its release. On 6 April 2022, the second single titled "Gagana Nee" was released, On 13 April 2022, the third single titled "Sulthana" was released. On 14 April 2022, the fourth single titled "Mehabooba" was released. On 16 April 2022, the makers released the soundtrack album, containing four songs. On 24 April 2022, the fifth single titled "The Monster Song" was also released.


title: Decebalus

text: Decebalus (), sometimes referred to as Diurpaneus, was the last Dacian king. He is famous for fighting three wars, with varying success, against the Roman Empire under two emperors. After raiding south across the Danube, he defeated a Roman invasion in the reign of Domitian, securing a period of independence during which Decebalus consolidated his rule.


title: Decebalus

text: When Trajan came to power, his armies invaded Dacia to weaken its threat to the Roman border territories of Moesia. Decebalus was defeated in 102 AD. He remained in power as a client king, but continued to assert his independence, leading to a final and overwhelming Roman invasion north of the Danube in 105 AD. Trajan reduced the Dacian capital Sarmizegetusa to ruins in 106 AD, absorbing some of Dacia into the Empire. Decebalus died by suicide to avoid capture.


title: Decebalus

text: After the death of Great King Burebista, Dacia split into four, then five smaller kingdoms. Nothing is known about Decebalus' youth or background. Decebalus appears to have risen to prominence in the court of the Dacian king Duras, who claimed authority over all Dacian territory. An ancient Dacian pot bearing the words “Decebalus per Scorilo” led to the suggestion that this might mean "Decebalus son of Scorilo".


title: Decebalus

text: According to Lucian Boia this suggestion was originally a "scholarly joke", but the theory has been considered plausible by several writers. It has been suggested that "Scorilo" may be identical to the "Coryllus" or "Scorillus" identified by Jordanes as a Dacian king prior to Duras. Duras may have been Decebalus' uncle, having taken over the throne by agnatic right on his brother's death.


title: Decebalus

text: In 85 AD the Dacian army began minor raids upon the heavily fortified Roman province of Moesia, located south of the Danube. In 86 King Duras ordered a more vigorous attack south into Moesia. Roman sources refer to the attack being led by "Diurpaneus" (or "Dorpaneus"). Many authors have taken this person to be Duras himself, and refer to him as "Duras-Diurpaneus". Other scholars argue that Duras and Diurpaneus are different individuals, or that Diurpaneus is identical to Decebalus. Recent sources take the view that "Diurpaneus" is most likely Decebalus.


title: Decebalus

text: The Dacians defeated and killed Oppius Sabinus, the governor of Moesia, forcing Domitian to deploy more troops to the area. Marcus Cornelius Nigrinus replaced Sabinus. Domitian took command to deal with the problem himself, arriving with his general, prefect of the Praetorian Guards, Cornelius Fuscus.


title: Decebalus

text: Domitian pushed back the Dacians from Moesia, then returned to Rome to celebrate a Triumph, leaving Fuscus in charge of the army. Fuscus advanced into Dacia, but his four or five legions suffered a major defeat when ambushed by the forces of Decebalus (the sources say "Diurpaneus" was in command, which might mean Decebalus or Duras). Two Roman legions (among which was the V "Alaudae") were ambushed and defeated at a mountain pass the Romans called Tapae (widely known as the Iron Gates of Transylvania). Fuscus was killed, and Decebalus was crowned king after the ageing Duras abdicated.


title: Decebalus

text: Fuscus was replaced by Tettius Julianus. In 88 Julianus commanded another Roman army under Domitian against the Dacians, defeating them in a battle near Tapae. However, elsewhere in Europe, Domitian was having to deal with revolts along the Rhine, and suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Marcomanni, and Sarmatian tribes in the east, notably the Iazyges. Needing the troops in Moesia, Domitian agreed to peace terms with Decebalus. He agreed to pay large sums (eight million sesterces) in annual tribute to the Dacians for maintaining peace. Decebalus sent his brother Diegis to Rome to accept a diadem from the Emperor, officially recognising Decebalus's royal status.


title: Decebalus

text: Decebalus' victory greatly increased his prestige. He proceeded to centralize power and build up his fortifications and war machines, using engineers supplied by Domitian. Decebalus's court also became a haven for malcontents and deserters from the Roman empire becoming "the nucleus for anti-Roman sentiment" in the words of historian Julian Bennett. He also sought to build alliances with independent tribes, notably the Getic Bastarnae and the Sarmatian Roxolani. He failed to secure the support of the Quadi, Marcomanni and Jazyges, but ensured that they would not interfere with his plans.


title: Decebalus

text: When Trajan came to power in 98, he immediately toured the Danube area and ordered the strengthening of fortifications along the Dacian frontier. Three years later, Trajan decided to launch an offensive against Dacia. According to Cassius Dio this was because "he had taken stock of [their] previous record, resented the annual sums of money they were getting, and saw that their powers and their pride were on the increase." Trajan's force crossed the Danube in 101 and advanced into Dacia, pushing back Dacian forces. According to Dio, Decebalus sent envoys asking for negotiations, but Trajan refused a personal meeting.


title: Decebalus

text: At the Second Battle of Tapae, Decebalus was defeated, but he inflicted serious losses on the Romans. Trajan chose not to pursue the war until the spring. Decebalus tried to wrongfoot Trajan by launching a surprise attack on Moesia, but he suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Adamclisi. Despite stiff resistance, the Romans closed on the Dacian capital by early 102. Decebalus was forced to concede defeat and accept Trajan's terms, which included the loss of some territories in the vicinity of the Danube and the dismantling of his fortresses. However, Decebalus retained his throne.


title: Decebalus

text: Decebalus had no intention of remaining subject to Rome, or giving up his lost territory. As soon as he was able to, he took revenge on those who had supported Rome. He annexed territory from the Jazyges and violated the peace treaty by re-arming and receiving refugees and deserters from Roman territory. He also restored his fortifications. This time, Decebalus did not wait for Trajan to strike. In 105 he authorised a direct attack on the newly occupied Roman territory, probably the fortress at Banat. The attack seems to have taken Trajan and the Senate by surprise. Trajan immediately travelled north to review fortifications.


title: Decebalus

text: Meanwhile, Decebalus continued to disrupt Roman positions with guerrilla attacks. He also developed a plan to assassinate Trajan by using Roman auxiliaries who had defected to the Dacians to infiltrate the emperor's camp. The plot failed. However he succeeded in capturing one of Trajan's senior officers, Pompeius Longinus, whom he tried to use as a hostage to bargain with Trajan. Longinus took poison to avoid being used.


title: Decebalus

text: Trajan, meanwhile, was building a large force for a full-scale invasion. Decebalus tried to negotiate a peace settlement, but Trajan demanded that Decebalus surrender himself, which he refused to do. Decebalus' allies among the surrounding tribes seem to have deserted him at this point. Trajan launched a direct attack on the Dacian capital, Sarmizegetusa. After a long siege of Sarmizegetusa and a few skirmishes in the nearby region, the Romans conquered the Dacian capital. Decebalus managed to escape with his family. He and his remaining supporters continued a guerrilla campaign in the Carpathian mountains.


title: Decebalus

text: Decebalus was hunted down and finally cornered by Roman detachments seeking his head. Rather than being captured only to be exhibited and humiliated at Rome, Decebalus committed suicide by slashing his own throat, as depicted on Trajan's Column (spiral 22, panel b).


title: Decebalus

text: It is likely that he killed himself as a Roman cavalry scout named Tiberius Claudius Maximus from Legio VII Claudia was approaching. He was probably still alive when Maximus reached him, as is claimed on Maximus' funerary stele discovered at Gramini in Greece. Maximus is presumably the figure seen on Trajan's column reaching out to Decebalus from his horse.


title: Decebalus

text: Decebalus' head and right hand were then taken to Trajan in "Ranisstorum" (an unidentified Dacian village, perhaps Piatra Craivii) by Maximus, who was decorated by the emperor. The trophy was sent to Rome where it was thrown down the Gemonian stairs. Tiberius Claudius Maximus' tomb cites two occasions where the legionary was decorated for his part in the Dacian wars, one of which being the acquisition of Decebalus' head.


title: Decebalus

text: Decebalus is considered a national hero in Romania, and has been portrayed in numerous literary works, movies, public sculptures, and other memorials.


title: Decebalus

text: Decebalus began to be seen in these terms during the 19th century, when he came to be associated with Romantic ideals of national freedom and resistance to imperialism. Romanian politician Mihail Kogălniceanu gave a speech in 1843 in which he called Decebalus "the greatest barbarian king of all time, more worthy to be on the throne of Rome than the rascally descendants of Augustus!"


title: Decebalus

text: Alecu Russo compared him to the medieval hero Stephen the Great, saying "The one and the other both had the same aim, the same sublime idea: the independence of their country! Both are heroes, but Stephen is a more local hero, a Moldavian hero, while Decebalus is the hero of the world." Mihai Eminescu, the Romanian national poet, wrote the historical drama "Decebalus". George Coșbuc's 1896 poem " Decebal către popor" (Decebalus to his People) lauds the Dacian leader's scorn of death.


title: Decebalus

text: Decebalus is often paired with his enemy Trajan, with the former representing national identity and the latter the grandeur and classical values brought by Rome. Decebalus and Trajan were depicted as a pair on many Romanian banknotes.


title: Decebalus

text: Decebalus and Trajan were regularly invoked at the coronation of new rulers. Both featured significantly in the imagery of Ferdinand I of Romania and his wife Marie of Romania. The Romanian poet Aron Cotruş wrote a long poem "Maria Doamna" (“Lady Marie”) after Marie's death, invoking both Decebalus and Trajan as admirers of Marie. The Dacian king, along with the Roman emperor who conquered Dacia are sometimes invoked as the fathers of the Romanian nation.


title: Decebalus

text: He remained a hero in the Communist era, especially in the Stalinist "national Communism" of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. According to Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu, "In a process paralleling the way modern Serbs perceive the defeat by the Ottomans in the Battle of Kosovo of 1389, Decebal's defeat at the hands of Trajan in 101–107 CE and the resulting population mix were reclaimed as the cornerstones of Romanian ethnic identity". The nationalist model progressed further under Nicolae Ceaușescu, under whom Decebalus was listed as one of the ten great leaders of Romania.


title: Decebalus

text: He was depicted as a great national leader in two major epic films in this period, "The Dacians" (1967, directed by Sergiu Nicolaescu), and "The Column" (1968, directed by Mircea Drăgan). In both films he was portrayed by Amza Pellea. Several public statues of Decebalus were also set up in the Ceaușescu era, including an equestrian statue in Deva created in 1978 by the sculptor Ion Jalea, and a column topped by a bust in Drobeta-Turnu Severin, created in 1972.


title: Decebalus

text: He was central to the nationalist protochronism movement, which identifies Romania as the cradle of east-European civilisation, and the Dacianism movement, which directly relates Romania as descendants of the Dacians. During the 1990s, a team of sculptors carved a 40-metre-tall rock sculpture of Decebalus from a stone outcrop overlooking the Danube near the city of Orşova, Romania. It was devised and funded by Iosif Constantin Drăgan, a supporter of the protochronist and Dacianist movement. He is quoted saying, "Anyone travelling towards 'Decebal Rex Dragan Fecit' [King Decebalus made by Dragan] is also travelling towards the origins of east-European civilization and will discover that a United Europe represents the natural course of history".


title: Megan Twohey

text: Megan Twohey () is an American journalist with "The New York Times". She has written investigative reports for Reuters, the "Chicago Tribune," and the "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel". Twohey's investigative reports have exposed exploitative doctors, revealed untested rape kits, and uncovered a secret underground network of abandoned unwanted adopted children. Her investigative reports have led to criminal convictions and helped prompt new laws aimed at protecting vulnerable people and children.


title: Megan Twohey

text: On October 5, 2017, Twohey and fellow "New York Times" journalist Jodi Kantor published a report about Harvey Weinstein detailing decades of sexual abuse allegations, and more than 80 women publicly accused Weinstein of sexually abusing or assaulting them. This led to Weinstein's firing and helped to ignite the viral #MeToo movement started by the American activist Tarana Burke. That work was honored in 2018, when "The New York Times" was awarded the 2018 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. Kantor and Twohey won the George Polk award and were named to Time magazine's list of 100 most influential people of the year. Twohey and Kantor subsequently authored a book which chronicled their report about Weinstein, titled "She Said". The book was published in 2019, and adapted into a film of the same name in 2022. In addition to winning the 2018 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, Twohey was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting in 2014.


title: Megan Twohey

text: Twohey is from Evanston, Illinois. She went to Evanston Township High School, and graduated from Georgetown University in 1998. Twohey's parents were both involved in news media; her mother Mary Jane Twohey produced news for television and her father John Twohey was an editor for the "Chicago Tribune". Twohey initially joined "The New York Times" in 2016 to investigate Donald Trump's tax history, possible business ties to Russia, and his past treatment of women. Twohey is currently a regular contributor for "The New York Times".


title: Megan Twohey

text: In 2009, Twohey reported in the "Chicago Tribune" that several suburban police departments around Chicago were not submitting all rape kits for testing. In the following year, Illinois became the first U.S. state to require every rape kit be tested, and many other states in the U.S. followed soon after.


title: Megan Twohey

text: From 2010 to 2011, Twohey published a series of articles in the "Chicago Tribune" detailing cases of doctors who had been convicted of violent felonies or sex crimes and were still practicing and abusing patients. Her reporting has been credited for leading to new legislation and policies in Illinois aimed at protecting patients, for example requiring background checks for healthcare providers.


title: Megan Twohey

text: In 2013, Twohey published an investigative report in Reuters News that detailed how some people in America were using the internet to find places to abandon their adopted children. Several segments of this story were broadcast on the Nightly News and the Today Show on NBC. She received a Sydney Award and the Michael Kelly Award for her work revealing these underground networks. Twohey was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for this work.


title: Megan Twohey

text: In 2016, Twohey and Michael Barbaro published several investigative pieces to "The New York Times" about sexual misconduct by then-presidential candidate Donald Trump. She has continued to report on the incidents into 2017. Trump has threatened to sue "The New York Times" if they don't take down the articles, though "The Times" refused.


title: Megan Twohey

text: On October 5, 2017, Twohey and Jodi Kantor co-wrote a "The New York Times" exposé on sexual misconduct by Harvey Weinstein. Twohey said they were encouraged to investigate untold stories, and that Dean Baquet, executive editor, and Rebecca Corbett, head of investigative projects, had supported them even though Weinstein had threatened to sue "The New York Times" and the exposé risked hurting advertising money. Twohey and Kantor had two in-person meetings with Weinstein. Twohey, Kantor, and Corbett also had multiple conversations with Weinstein's lawyers and publicists. A follow-up piece with fellow reporter Ellen Gabler added more allegations and expanded the Weinstein timeline. Twohey said it was an emotional experience when she began seeing friends and family using the #MeToo on her social media feed in the aftermath of the Weinstein allegations. "Jezebel" announced in 2018 Twohey and Kantor were publishing an international book, set to be published in Spring 2019, based on their investigation that would reveal more about what happened. They received a Sidney Award for their exposé. They were also given L.A. Press Club's Inaugural Impact Award and the McGill Medal for Journalistic Courage from the Grady College of Journalism. "The New York Times" won the 2018 Pulitzer Prize for public service for Twohey's and Jodi Kantor's reporting, sharing the award with Ronan Farrow at "The New Yorker", as well as the 2018 Gerald Loeb Award for Investigative business journalism.


title: Megan Twohey

text: Twohey and Kantor authored a book which chronicled their exposé into Weinstein and the structures of power that enabled him, titled "She Said: Breaking the Sexual Harassment Story that Helped Ignite a Movement", which was published by Penguin Books in September 2019. In 2022, the book was adapted into a film of the same name. The film is directed by Maria Schrader from a screenplay by Rebecca Lenkiewicz. Twohey is played by Carey Mulligan.


title: Megan Twohey

text: In November 2022, a piece co-written by Twohey for the "New York Times" came under sharp criticism from medical experts and trans activists for its criticizing the use of puberty blockers to treat trans youth. Slate magazine described the piece as "fearmongering", and noted that it "does not seem to trust the medical consensus view", while many trans voices were quoted by Fox News as referring to the piece as a "moral panic piece" and "anti-trans propaganda". Chase Strangio of the ACLU later pointed to the article as an example of how media rhetoric fuels anti-trans violence, while The Mary Sue described it as further marginalizing trans people. Teen Vogue sharply criticized the authors of the article themselves, noting that "they fail to meaningfully investigate the most compelling reason why medical providers consider puberty blockers in trans and gender diverse youth: These medications save lives" and saying that the article itself "could further marginalize a population that is already medically vulnerable and politically under siege".


title: Megan Twohey

text: The World Professional Association for Transgender Health later published a statement calling the article "misinformation about the science behind the care of trans youth".


title: Megan Twohey

text: Science-Based Medicine released a piece addressing the article, saying that “the reporting ignored evidence and important context to weave a narrative portraying puberty blockers as far more risky than they actually are”.


title: Megan Twohey

text: Her father John Twohey is a veteran journalist who joined the "Chicago Tribune" in 1977 after serving for five years as design director of "The Washington Post". Earlier in his career, he served as press secretary for Sargent Shriver's 1972 Democratic vice presidential run and for Sen. Fred Harris (D-Okla.); Megan's mother Mary Jane Twohey worked as a Congressional aide and as a news producer at WETA-TV in Washington, DC before serving for many years as a spokesperson and media-relations manager for Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. Twohey's husband Jim Rutman is a literary agent.


title: Flag of Turkmenistan

text: The flag of Turkmenistan () features a white crescent (symbol of Islam) and five stars representing the five regions of the country and the Five Pillars of Islam. Placed upon a green field is a symbolic representation of the country's famous carpet industry. It was introduced as the flag of Turkmenistan on 27 September 1992 to replace the Soviet-era flag which consisted of a red background with two light blue bars in the middle. The modified version with a 2:3 ratio was adopted on 23 January 2001. State Flag and Constitution Day is celebrated on 18 May.


title: Flag of Turkmenistan

text: It features a green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs) stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to those on the flag of the United Nations; a white waxing crescent moon, typical of Turkic and Islamic symbology, and five white five-pointed stars appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe.


title: Flag of Turkmenistan

text: The green and red colors appear in this flag because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen. The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces ("welayatlar") of Turkmenistan: Ahal, Balkan, Dashoguz, Lebap and Mary.


title: Flag of Turkmenistan

text: The five traditional carpet designs along the hoist make the flag of Turkmenistan the most complex national flag design in the world. They represent the five major tribes or houses, and form motifs in the country's state emblem and flag. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order (as well as top to bottom) are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Saryk (Saryq), Chowdur (Choudur), and Arsary (Ersary). The middle design may also represent the Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period.


title: Flag of Turkmenistan

text: Before the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan had a flag similar to all other Soviet Republics; see Flag of the Turkmen SSR.


title: Flag of Turkmenistan

text: After independence in 1991, Turkmenistan adopted a flag very similar to the current design, on 19 February 1992. However, the designs on the left were different. On 1 February 1997, an olive branch was added to symbolise the peace-loving nature of the Turkmen people. The positioning of the crescent and stars was also changed, with the crescent positioned roughly to its current position but with the stars in a much more uneven position. In 2001 the flag changed from 1:2 to 2:3 and the green field was made lighter.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: The Unknown Soldier (, ) is a 2017 Finnish independent war drama film, an adaptation of the bestselling 1954 Finnish classic novel of the same name by Väinö Linna, literature considered part of the national legacy. Directed by Aku Louhimies, it is the first one based on the novel's manuscript version, ("the war novel"). Previously adapted in 1955 and 1985, the World War II film is presented from the point of view of a machine gun company () of the Finnish Army during the Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944. It was the most expensive Finnish motion picture at its release with a budget of €7 million.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: The film opened to mixed reviews domestically on 27 October 2017, part of the official 100th anniversary of Finnish independence program, breaking the opening weekend record for a local-language film. The international premier was on 23 November 2017 at the Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival, followed by Ireland, Sweden, Iceland and Norway. The film was described by critics as gritty, forlorn, honest and realistic as well as a pacifist piece confronting less pleasant sides of Finnish history. The film won four Jussi Awards for Best Actor (Aho), along with Best Editing, Best Makeup and Hairstyling, and Best Sound Editing from a total of eleven nominations. With a €13.5 million domestic gross at the 2017 box office, it was the most successful film of the year in Finnish cinema.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: The film's setting is based on the unit Väinö Linna served in during the Continuation War, Infantry Regiment 8 (). It follows a fictional Finnish Army machine gun company in the Karelian front from mobilisation in 1941 to armistice in 1944. The soldiers of the company are sympathetic but realistic portraits of men from all over Finland with widely varying backgrounds. Their attitude is relaxed, disrespectful of formalities, and business-like, even childish and jolly, throughout the story despite the war and the losses the company suffers. The film occasionally shifts to the homefront, showing for example Kariluoto marrying his fiancée at Helsinki Cathedral and Antero Rokka visiting his wife Lyyti and children at their farm on the Karelian Isthmus.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: The machine gun company is deployed in June 1941 from their barracks to the staging area to prepare for the invasion of the Soviet Union. The company's first attack is over a swamp on Soviet positions. Following a series of battles, the soldiers advance into East Karelia and cross the old border lost during the Winter War. In October 1941, they interact with the locals while positioned in the captured and pillaged city of Petrozavodsk. The company is ordered to defend against a Soviet winter attack along the Svir river. Lahtinen is killed during a Soviet breakthrough, but Rokka halts a flanking 50-strong enemy unit by ambushing them with a Suomi KP/-31 submachine gun from high ground. The film follows the trench warfare period of the war from 1942 to 1943. The soldiers drink kilju (a home-made sugar wine) until intoxication during Commander-in-Chief Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim's birthday celebrations, a new recruit is killed by a sniper and replacements reinforce the company.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: The Soviet Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive of summer 1944 forces the Finnish Army to start a withdrawal from the conquered area and to stall the Soviet advance with counter-attacks. Hietanen is first wounded by artillery and later dies when his ambulance is attacked. In the subsequent fighting, the company suffers large numbers of casualties, including Captain Kariluoto, and abandons its machine guns during a retreat from a hopeless defence. Shortly afterwards, the company must hold the line against another Soviet attack. Koskela is killed while disabling a Soviet tank with a satchel charge. After the last counter-attack by the Finns, the war ends in a ceasefire in September 1944. The soldiers rise from their defensive fighting positions after the final Soviet artillery barrage stops and they listen to the first radio announcements on the eventual Moscow Armistice. The film closes with a montage of the impacts of the war and actual war-time footage.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: Development of "The Unknown Soldier" began in September 2014 when the Finnish Film Foundation granted 30,000 euros to Aku Louhimies' production company and his plan to base the film on the original novel's manuscript version ("the war novel"), released in 2010. According to Louhimies, his vision for the film was to make a modern version of the classic, similar to new versions of "Macbeth" or "Othello", and bring the original novel to "the audience of today" and within the reach of the younger generation—who hardly knew Väinö Linna's novel or the first film at the time. Louhimies compared the screenplay to "Thin Red Line" which both selectively feature storylines from the source material.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: With a budget of 7 million euros, "The Unknown Soldier" became the most expensive film ever made in Finland or in the Finnish language. Producers pitched the film to investors with the script alone and funding for the film was fully secured in August 2015 with €5 million of the financing coming from private investors, such as video game company Supercell, banking group LähiTapiola and foundations. Additionally €1 million came from the Finnish Film Foundation and €1 million from the national broadcaster "Yle". The film was produced by the Finnish "Elokuvaosakeyhtiö Suomi 2017" with the Icelandic "Kvikmyndafélag Íslands" and Belgian Scope Pictures as co-producers. Reportedly, Rafale International, a defense aviation manufacturer whose Dassault Rafale fighter was one of the aircraft in consideration to replace the Finnish Air Force's fleet of F/A-18 Hornets, was the film's main partner.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: Filming commenced on 6 June 2016 and was shot in 80 days with over 3,000 extras and the support of the Finnish Defence Forces at locations around Finland, such as Suomenlinna fortress and North Karelia wilderness with most of the battle scenes done at Karelia Brigade training area. Initially, over 14,000 people volunteered as extras. On 29 June 2016, the film set a Guinness World Record when Duncan Capp of IFX International Special Effects detonated the most high explosives in a single film take, 70.54 kg of TNT equivalent. By day 72 of filming, 458 hours of footage had been captured with a production team of 120 people. Benjamin Mercer edited the film releases as well as the five-part television release with the Final Cut Pro X application.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: The cast, of whom some had prior conscript military experience, went through boot camp training arranged by the auxiliary National Defence Training Association on wilderness skills, how to keep warm during winter and how to move with cross-country skis in a forest. Louhimies wanted "people to feel and understand how it is and feel to be at war". The cast slept at scene locations in stove-warmed military tents, mimicking an actual war-time unit. To imbue realism into the scenes, the film was shot without artificial lighting, using whatever conditions the crew had.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: The soundtrack of the film was composed by Lasse Enersen (with whom Louhimies had cooperated before) and recorded with the Lahti Symphony Orchestra at Sibelius Hall. Louhimies wanted the music to display "soul and fragility" while Enersen described it as "simple, stark, sometimes raw and ugly" and left out themes of heroism or victory from the score. Louhimies considered it important that the music was produced in Finland in alignment with the 100th year of Finnish independence. Enersen visited locations of the film during filming to talk with actors, find inspiration and to observe. He decided to use a synthesizer and a Hardanger fiddle, a traditional Norwegian instrument, to complement the orchestra's music. Caoimhín Ó Raghallaigh, an Irish fiddler, performed the Hardanger on the score. On 15 September 2017, the Finnish pop rock band Haloo Helsinki! released the song "Tuntematon" ("Unknown"), thematically tied to the film through its lyrics and music video. The music video was directed by Aku Louhimies and Aleksi Koskinen.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: The film was described as honestly confronting the less pleasant aspects of Finnish history, such as the nature of the war as Finnish aggression, military cooperation with Nazi Germany, and Adolf Hitler's secret visit to celebrate Field Marshal Mannerheim's 75th birthday in June 1942. For example, military historian Lasse Laaksonen said that the film's positive aspect is that it allows Finns to learn about their history. Likewise, the film was described as a gritty, forlorn, pacifist and realistic outlook on the Continuation War. Director Louhimies commented that he intended to highlight the individuals taking part in war instead of glorifying conflict and stay true to Väinö Linna's views. Allusions were drawn from the film's patriotic nature to contemporary foreign policy of Russia, tensions in the Baltic region and Mannerheim's description of Russia as Finland's “hereditary enemy from the East”. However, the film was described as using Russian actors, such as Diana Pozharskaya playing Vera in the conquered Petrozavodsk, to humanize the war.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: The film's release was tied to the centenary of Finnish independence. It premiered in Finland on 27 October 2017 at 140 locations with an age rating of 16 and distributed by SF Studios. German independent film distributor Beta Cinema purchased the international sales rights for the movie. "The Unknown Soldier" was featured at the American Film Market in November 2017, and during the same month SF Studios acquired distribution rights for Sweden, Norway and Denmark and Arrow Films the rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland. The international premier of the film was at the Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival in Estonia on 23 November 2017. It opened at the Subtitle film festival in Ireland on 25 November 2017, in Sweden on 6 December 2017, in Iceland on 25 January 2018 and in Norway on 9 February 2018. While the running time of the film's original domestic theatre release was 179 minutes, an international version was cut to 133 minutes.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: In Finland, "The Unknown Soldier" grossed €3.0 million during its previews and opening weekend. It broke the record for the biggest opening weekend for a Finnish-language film and settled overall third after "" and "Spectre". It was the highest-grossing film of 2017 in Finnish cinema with €13.5 million.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: The film received an average rating of 3.67 out of 5 in Finland according to a review aggregation article by the newspaper "Aamulehti". Marko Ahonen from the newspaper "Keskisuomalainen" appraised "The Unknown Soldier" with five out of five, describing it as "an impressive pacifist war film" where the reality of combat is forlorn and unpleasant. He criticised the mixing of spoken dialogue, which sometimes was difficult to understand. "Hufvudstadsbladet's" Krister Uggeldahl called it "as traditional as respectful" and "a movie that breathes and lives (even when death is harvesting its victims), but at no stage apologizes" and gave it four out of five while thanking the actors' complete work. Markus Määttänen from "Aamulehti" likewise put the movie at four out of five and compared it to the poetic war experience of "Thin Red Line", but disparaged how some characters, Lehto in particular, were diminished compared to previous film adaptations. Juho Rissanen and Taneli Topelius of Finnish tabloids "Iltalehti" and "Ilta-Sanomat", gave the film a full five out of five. Rissanen called it a masterpiece and "a film the 100 year old Finland truly deserves" and that the "psychological effect of war on men is now presented more visibly than before" while Topelius praised the portrayal of the homefront and the inclusion of women in the film, with both of them calling the film dark, honest and gritty.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: Conversely Juho Typpö from "Helsingin Sanomat" gave the film two stars out of five, arguing that the film failed to justify its existence because it was too similar to the novel's previous film adaptations. According to Typpö, the film was not bold enough, and instead followed conventional depictions of masculinity in Finnish cinema and was a safe, risk-free attempt to please everyone under Finland's 100 year celebrations. He also criticized that the film didn't take a stand against the rise of far right groups in Finland.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: In Sweden, "The Unknown Soldier" received an average rating of 3.2 out of 5 according to the "" review aggregator website. Björn Jansson from "Sveriges Radio" said the film is "a good depiction of the war's meaninglessness and insecurity" but that it is difficult to get along with its "futility, emptiness and waiting in muddy trenches", rating it three out of five. Johan Croneman of "Dagens Nyheter" said the film was powerful and sad at the same time, but remarked that "[u]nfortunately, we cannot see the 3-hour original version in Swedish cinemas, instead, the 47-minute cut-off international release, and it's a rumphap that the film is suffering from. Several shades have been lost, it is quite obvious even if you did not see the original." Croneman put the film at four out of five. Jens Peterson of the tabloid "Aftonbladet" rated the film at three out of five and said that it "is well-told and strong, but not as original today."


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: Sigurd Vik from the Norwegian radio channel "NRK P3" appraised the film with four out of six. He said that the film's chronicle-type screenplay "sometimes becomes a bit stiff and unobtrusive", but concluded that the film is an "interesting piece of war history" and a "raw and realistic infantry movie." Britt Sørensen of the newspaper "Bergens Tidende" commented that "The Unknown Soldier" is a film for those "who are particularly interested in war films and war history, or history in general. But it also has moments of cinematic beauty and profound humanity." She rated it at four out of six.


title: The Unknown Soldier (2017 film)

text: Extended footage from the 2017 Tuntematon sotilas fim was edited into a five part TV series totaling 4 hours and 30 minutes. The TV series premiered on December 30, 2018.


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: The was the main fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service up until 1940. Its Allied nickname was "Nate", although it was called "Abdul" in the "China Burma India" (CBI) theater by many post war sources; Allied Intelligence had reserved that name for the nonexistent Mitsubishi Navy Type 97 fighter, expected to be the successor to the carrier-borne Type 96 (Mitsubishi A5M) with retractable landing gear and an enclosed cockpit.


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: In 1935, the Imperial Japanese Army held a competition between Nakajima, Mitsubishi, and Kawasaki to design a low-wing monoplane to replace the Kawasaki Ki-10 (Army Type 95 Fighter) biplane. The new fighter was to have also a better performance than the experimental Mitsubishi Ki-18.


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: The results were the Nakajima Ki-27, the Kawasaki Ki-28, and the Mitsubishi Ki-33 (a modification of the Mitsubishi A5M carrier-based fighter). The Nakajima design was based on its earlier Ki-11 monoplane fighter which lost to the Ki-10 in the Type 95 Fighter competition. When the follow-up Nakajima Ki-12 proposal with a liquid-cooled engine and retractable landing gear was deemed too complex by the Japanese officials, the Ki-27 was designed by Koyama Yasushi to have an air-cooled radial engine and fixed landing gear. The aircraft had the Nakajima trademark wing with a straight leading edge and tapered trailing edge which would reappear again on the Ki-43, Ki-44, and Ki-84.


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: The Ki-27 made its first flight on 15 October 1936. Although it had a slower top speed and worse climb performance than its competitors, the Army chose the Nakajima design for its outstanding turning ability granted by its remarkably low wing loading. The Army ordered 10 pre-production samples (Ki-27a) for further testing, which featured an enclosed cockpit with sliding canopy and larger wings.


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: The type was officially accepted into service in 1937 as the Army Type 97 Fighter. In addition to Nakajima, the Ki-27 was also manufactured by Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd and Manshukoku Hikoki Seizo KK, with a total of 3,368 built before production ended in 1942.


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: The Ki-27 was the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force's main fighter until the start of World War II. When placed into combat service over northern China in March 1938, the Ki-27 enjoyed air superiority until the introduction of the faster Soviet-built Polikarpov I-16 fighters by the Chinese.


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: In the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol against the USSR in Mongolia, the Ki-27 faced both Polikarpov I-15 biplane and Polikarpov I-16 monoplane fighters. In the initial phase of the conflict, its performance was a match for the early model I-16s, and was considerably superior to the I-15 biplane. With better trained Ki-27 pilots, the IJAAF gained aerial superiority. The Ki-27 was armed with two 7.7 mm (.303 in) Type 89 machine guns and as with most aircraft of the period, lacked armor protection for the pilot and self-sealing or fire suppression in the fuel tanks.


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: Later, the Soviet Air Force received improved I-16s. The faster, more heavily armed (with twin wing-mounted 20mm ShVAK cannon) and armored I-16 now nullified the Ki-27's advantages and it could now escape from the Ki-27 in a dive. The VVS introduced new tactics consisting of flying in large tightly knit formations, attacking with altitude and/or speed advantage and hit-and-run (high-energy) tactics much as Claire Chennault would later formulate for the 1941-era Flying Tigers (likewise to fly against Japanese forces).


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: Japanese losses mounted but despite this they claimed 1,340 aircraft (six times the admitted Soviet losses and three times as many as Soviet aircraft admitted to being in the theatre). Japanese losses numbered 120 (including Ki-10s) while the Russians claimed 215 vs. a peak Japanese strength of 200 fighters. (Overclaiming remained commonplace through World War Two, despite gun cameras and expert intelligence assessments.) Top scoring pilot of the incident and top scoring IJAAF pilot on the Ki-27 and overall World War II IJAAF ace was Warrant Officer Hiromichi Shinohara, who claimed 58 Soviet planes (including an IJAAF record of 11 in one day) whilst flying Ki-27s, only to be shot down himself by a number of I-16s on 27 August 1939.


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: The preference of Japanese fighter pilots for the Ki-27's high rate of turn caused the Army to focus excessively on manoeuvrability, a decision which later handicapped the development of faster and more heavily armed fighters. The Ki-27 served until the beginning of World War II in the Pacific, escorting bombers attacking Malaya, Singapore, Netherlands East Indies, Burma and the Philippines (where it initially fared poorly against the Brewster F2A Buffalo).


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: The type also saw extensive action against the American Volunteer Group in the early months of the war. Soon outclassed by the American Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, the Ki-27 was replaced in front line service by the Nakajima Ki-43, while surviving examples continued to serve as a trainer.


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: The Ki-27 was also exported for use with Manchukuo and Thai armed forces, seeing combat with both. In Thai service, Ki-27s reportedly damaged two North American P-51 Mustangs and shot down one Lockheed P-38 Lightning and one North American P-51 Mustang.


title: Nakajima Ki-27

text: In the final months of the war, desperate lack of aircraft forced the Japanese to utilize all available machines and the Ki-27 and 79 were no exception. Some were equipped with up to of explosives for "kamikaze" attacks, but some were redeployed as fighters, suffering terrible losses as on 16 February 1945 when the 39th Educational Flight Regiment scrambled 16 Ki-79 trainers from Yokoshiba Airfield to oppose a massive air raid from U.S. Task Force 58 carrier group, losing six aircraft with more damaged and five pilots killed, in return damaging at least one F6F Hellcat and possibly downing a second.


title: Cerebral atrophy

text: Cerebral atrophy is a common feature of many of the diseases that affect the brain. Atrophy of any tissue means a decrement in the size of the cell, which can be due to progressive loss of cytoplasmic proteins. In brain tissue, atrophy describes a loss of neurons and the connections between them. Brain atrophy can be classified into two main categories: generalized and focal atrophy. Generalized atrophy occurs across the entire brain whereas focal atrophy affects cells in a specific location. If the cerebral hemispheres (the two lobes of the brain that form the cerebrum) are affected, conscious thought and voluntary processes may be impaired.


title: Cerebral atrophy

text: Some degree of cerebral shrinkage occurs naturally with the dynamic process of aging. Structural changes continue during adulthood as brain shrinkage commences after the age of 35, at a rate of 0.2% per year. The rate of decline is accelerated when individuals reach 70 years old. By the age of 90, the human brain will have experienced a 15% loss of its initial peak weight. Besides brain atrophy, aging has also been associated with cerebral microbleeds.


title: Cerebral atrophy

text: Many diseases that cause cerebral atrophy are associated with dementia, seizures, and a group of language disorders called the aphasias. Dementia is characterized by a progressive impairment of memory and intellectual function that is severe enough to interfere with social and work skills. Memory, orientation, abstraction, ability to learn, visual-spatial perception, and higher executive functions such as planning, organizing and sequencing may also be impaired. Seizures can take different forms, appearing as disorientation, strange repetitive movements, loss of consciousness, or convulsions. Aphasias are a group of disorders characterized by disturbances in speaking and understanding language. Receptive aphasia causes impaired comprehension. Expressive aphasia is reflected in odd choices of words, the use of partial phrases, disjointed clauses, and incomplete sentences.


title: Cerebral atrophy

text: Where an infectious agent or the inflammatory reaction to it destroys neurons and their axons, these include...


title: Cerebral atrophy

text: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a fluid that is found exclusively in the brain and spinal cord that circulates between sections of the brain offering an extra layer of protection. Studies have shown that biomarkers in the CSF and plasma can be tracked for their presence in different parts of the brain—and their presence can tell us about cerebral atrophy. One study took advantage of biomarkers, namely one called neurofilament light chain (NFL), in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Neurofilament light chain is a protein that is important in the growth and branching of neurons—cells found in the brain. In Alzheimer's Disease, neurons will stop working or die in a process called neurodegeneration. By tracking NFL, researchers can see this neurodegeneration, which this study showed was associated with brain atrophy and later cognitive decline in Alzheimer's patients. Other biomarkers like Ng – a protein important in long-term potentiation and memory – have been tracked for their associations with brain atrophy as well, but NFL had the greatest association.


title: Cerebral atrophy

text: CT and MRI are most commonly used to observe the brain for cerebral atrophy. A CT scan takes cross sectional images of the brain using X-rays, while an MRI uses a magnetic field. With both measures, multiple images can be compared to see if there is a loss in brain volume over time.


title: Cerebral atrophy

text: Cerebral atrophy can be hard to distinguish from hydrocephalus because both cerebral atrophy and hydrocephalus involve an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. In cerebral atrophy, this increase in CSF volume comes as a result of the decrease in cortical volume. In hydrocephalus, the increase in volume happens due to the CSF itself.


title: Cerebral atrophy

text: Cerebral atrophy is not usually preventable. However, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk:


title: Cerebral atrophy

text: While most cerebral atrophy is said to be irreversible, recent studies that show this is not always the case. A child who was treated with ACTH originally showed atrophy, but four months after treatment the brain was seemingly normal again.