title: Violet Parr

text: Sarah Vowell found the recording process somewhat similar to working in radio, apart from the fact that the process required more standing, gesturing and working closely with a director. The film also required Vowell to deviate from her typically underplayed, deadpan delivery due to animation being broader in tone and demanding more "exclamation", identifying the process as more similar to stage than film acting because, like the former, "animation ... require[s] more and bigger things." She revealed that voicing a teenage girl involved more acting than she had been expecting since she was "raised to be a stoic person." For the scene in which Violet and her family's plane crashes into the ocean, Vowell drank from a water bottle while gurgling and gulping to simulate the sound of a person drowning. Despite using a towel as a bib, Vowell still got considerably wet during the process. Vowell found the process of producing non-verbal sounds such as laughing, yawning and screaming on cue to be the most difficult component of the job, a task that working in radio had hardly prepared her for. During her first recording session, the actress struggled to sound as though she had just been hurt and thus asked Bird to hit her arm to help her replicate the sound of being punched. Vowell recorded her character's screams closer towards the end of filming in order to preserve her voice, calling the process "fun" and claiming, "I don't think I had screamed ... for about 20 years" at that point.


title: Violet Parr

text: Vowell found the opportunity to voice a superheroine "thrilling" because she considers herself to be "more of a walking Woody Allen movie" in real life due to her fears of driving and swimming, joking that it is "fun to listen to my voice do things [in film] that ... it would never get to do." Vowell also admitted that she tends to sound "cartoonish" and young for her age, elaborating that voicing Violet "lead[s] into some of my insecurities ... when you worry you sound like a cartoon and then someone sends me a message [asking] do I want to be in an animated movie … I guess I am who I am." Bird maintains that Vowell "knocked it out of the park" with her performance, although Vowell claims that her acting required a lot of additional direction due to being less experienced, believing that Bird was drawn to "the extra challenge of an unformed performer." Producer Nicole Paradis Grindle agreed that Vowell "genuinely thinks the way Brad [Bird] wants Violet to think", which contribute to her deliveries being "spot-on". Despite her success, Vowell maintains that she is not an actress, describing herself as merely "a writer moonlighting" as an actress for "The Incredibles" and insisting that she would be "mortified" if she were required to act in the presence of anyone apart from Bird, whose directing she trusts greatly, explaining, "I trust that he’ll be able to find something in me or he’ll be able to inspire something in me, and he’ll also be able to find the take that is the best one."


title: Violet Parr

text: Vowell stars in a documentary about her work in the film, "Vowellet: An Essay by Sarah Vowell", which is included as a bonus feature on "The Incredibles"' 2004 DVD release. In the "video essay", Vowell discusses the various differences between voicing a superhero and becoming an action figure while she was writing about presidential assassinations, contrasting the two distinct careers. The animators also animated Violet to some of Vowell's dialogue from the documentary. Bird, who voices costume designer Edna Mode, was the only other actor Vowell recorded with while working on both films. The director would sometimes temporarily provide the voices of other characters for Vowell to act opposite of, such as Elastigirl in lieu of actress Holly Hunter. For "Incredibles 2", Vowell had not been allowed to read the entire script while recording her dialogue, having only been allowed to preview small excerpts in which Violet is speaking or having conversations with other characters. Until watching the film for the first time, Vowell had been under the impression that "Incredibles 2" would mostly be about Violet's anger at her father until experiencing the film's other storylines and characters. Despite 14 years separating the releases of the first and second films, Vowell did not find resuming the role to be difficult, identifying Violet as a character to whom she feels "closely tied", having played her for approximately one-third of her life. Syfy Wire's Heather Mason observed that Vowell shares her dry sense of humor with Violet. To-date, the "Incredibles" films remain Vowell's only animated film roles.


title: Violet Parr

text: Bird had always been more interested in developing the personalities of the film's main characters than their superpowers. When it came time to determine the Parr family's powers, Bird decided to draw inspiration from the roles of typical nuclear family members, basing both their superpowers and personalities on these traditional archetypes. Describing Violet as "a typical teenager ... not comfortable in her own skin" who resides "in that rocky place between being a kid and an adult", Bird felt that invisibility would be the most suitable power for the Parr family's only daughter. Describing her as a young woman who would much prefer if other people avoided looking at her, Bird elaborated that some teenage girls are prone to feeling insecure and defensive, and thus gave her the abilities to become invisible and create protective shields. According to Vowell, Violet's superpowers of invisibility and force fields are, much like the rest of her family, "psychologically representational of who she is"; a teenage girl who longs to remain hidden and protected; the actress described her as a young woman "trapped between childhood and maturity, between self-confidence and insecurity" like many teenagers. Bird sought to balance the adventurous and "ordinary" components of the family's lives, explaining that audiences would appreciate and relate to moments when Violet uses her powers in the event that she feels humiliated. In terms of music, composer Michael Giacchino developed a theme for Violet that he described as "coy and mysterious".


title: Violet Parr

text: Although the films are set roughly during the 1950s and 1960s, shading art director Bryn Imagire opted to incorporate a more modern style into Violet's wardrobe, feeling that the hourglass silhouette, poofy skirts and tight shirts young women typically wore during this time period were not as suitable for the character due to her shy, withdrawn personality and hairstyle. Although the animators admitted to using mid-century fashion "as a jumping-off point", they deliberately designed Violet's clothes to be more baggy in appearance with a "very desaturated" color scheme, incorporating a variety of cut-off jeans, sneakers and sweaters into her attire to compliment her rebellious personality. Furthermore, the majority of the character's clothing during the first film are variations of the color purple, alluding to her name. Violet was costumed in a pink shirt towards the end of the film in order to demonstrate that she is now "much more open– sort of like she’s blossoming as a teenager." Imagire identified the character as "the perfect example of where we didn’t go mid-century; we went modern with her" instead. For the sequel, the increasing complexity of Violet's force fields required the animators to create new effects; although they remain visually similar to the first film, Violet "is able to do more with her force fields, so we had to figure out how that changes the look of her force fields," including sound effects and static as they interact with other objects, according to effects supervisor Bill Watral.


title: Violet Parr

text: "The Incredibles" required the use of computer technology that was particularly advanced for its time, some of which computers had not yet been "taught". Computers were used to simulate hair movement and determine where hair was intended to be placed on the film's respective characters. Described as a new and time-consuming process at the time, new programs and approaches were developed and implemented to assist the animators in animating Violet's hair. Since organic materials are still considered to be among the most challenging objects to animate in computer animation, Violet's hair proved to be the most difficult subject for the animators to master. Although scale models of Violet and the film's major characters were first sculpted in clay by artist Kent Melton, the animators initially struggled to replicate Melton's very detailed interpretation of Violet's hair. According to hair and cloth simulation supervisor Mark Henne, Violet's hair remained an "unsolved research project" for much of the film's production due to its type and length, which had never been featured in a computer animated film prior to "The Incredibles".


title: Violet Parr

text: For the majority of the film's production, Violet's character model was entirely bald. Producer John Walker frequently pleaded with the animators to give the character some form of hair, to which they would respond, "the hair is still theoretical"; it remained as such until significantly late into completion. Vowell recalled seeing only a bald iteration of her character for most of her recording process. Technical director Rick Sayre explained that the challenges revolving around Violet's hair were rooted in the fact that she has "no fixed hair style"; her hair constantly adopts new shapes and forms as it interacts with other objects, including other strands of her own hair, as well as her own body. Despite its challenges, the filmmakers resisted temptation to give the character a shorter, more manageable hairstyle, insisting on keeping Violet's hair long because its length plays an integral role in her story arc; Violet "is all about the fact that she hides behind her long straight bluish-black hair ... It’s such a crucial part of the character that we had to get it right." Violet is also the only member of her family to have bluish-black hair; her father, mother and younger brother each have blonde, brown and blonde hair, respectively. Bird explained that Violet's hair color is the result of a recessive gene.


title: Violet Parr

text: Violet's hair required animators a total of six months to fully render. Henne and the animators sculpted five different hairstyles for the character to be used during various moments in the film, which were modified and adjusted accordingly to suit different circumstances and environmental conditions such as rain, wind and the zero-gravity effects of her own force fields. Ultimately, Violet's hair became one of the film's greatest accomplishments, which Sayre has since deemed "a significant advance in showing hair move in a believable manner while retaining its stylistic look ... no one had ever animated this kind of hair before for a CG film." The difficulty surrounding Violet's hair ultimately influenced Mirage's hairstyle, which was originally quite long until Sayre begged the filmmakers to adopt it into a shorter and "cooler" variation due to the amount of time and effort that had already been spent on creating Violet's hair. Due to the technological advancements that computer animation has undergone since the original film was released, for the sequel animators were able to revisit and replicate Melton's more intricate, original design for Violet's hair, which "flows much more freely" in "Incredibles 2". Despite these achievements, however, simulation supervisor Tiffany Erickson Klohn admitted that animating the character's hair remained challenging due to its requirement to be "silky and straight" but be subject to "some breakup" during action-oriented sequences, combined with the fact that Violet has a larger head despite being small in frame, meaning that "there's very little for her hair to rest on" when she moves. According to character art director Matt Nolte, the filmmakers agreed that Violet's hair would be worn back entirely for the sequel to emphasize "that she's not scared anymore."


title: Violet Parr

text: Originally depicted as a shy, timid and socially withdrawn girl, Violet finds it difficult to fit in among her peers and thus prefers to remain unnoticed. According to Alissa Wilkinson of "Rolling Stone", the character's longing "to hide is familiar to virtually anyone who's ever been an awkward" teenager. Film critic Roger Ebert observed that the superhero life occasionally proves to be "too much" for Violet; she longs to be normal like her peers despite the fact that she is anything but, originally insisting that youngest brother Jack-Jack is the only "normal" member of her family since the infant had yet to exhibit signs of having superpowers. She has a tendency to hide behind her long black hair, which initially conceals most of her face for much of the film. She wears dark colors, representing the fact that she can be a particularly moody character. At times her appearance and dark-colored wardrobe have been described as "goth"; Mark Halverson of "Sacramento News & Review" wrote that "Violet hides behind a goth persona when not using her invisibility or force field to repel human contact." A writer for "IGN" likened the way in which Violet's hair drapes across her face to actress Veronica Lake. However, she grows more confident in both herself and her abilities as the film progresses, eventually emerging from behind her hair, using a headband to wear her it back and adopting a more colorful wardrobe. Grindle explained that the character successfully "turned a corner at the end of the first movie" to the point of which she is finally able to ask her crush on a date, which she partially attributes to her beginning to believe in herself as a result of fighting crime alongside her family. Violet is 14-years-old, she weighs approximately 90 pounds (41kg) and she is 5'’ 3' (160cm) tall.


title: Violet Parr

text: According to the character's official character description in press releases for "Incredibles 2", Violet is socially awkward, outspoken, sarcastic, intelligent and reserved, while Pixar's website describes her as "a typical shy, insecure teenage girl stuck at the crossroads between child and woman." "Maiden USA: Girl Icons Come of Age" author Kathleen Sweeney dubbed the character a "shrinking violet" who has a tendency to mumble and come off as angry. Similarly describing her as a shrinking violet, ReelViews' James Berardinelli observed that Violet "has entered that gawky stage of life when her body becomes uncomfortable to inhabit." Identifying her as an "oral character", John Kundert-Gibbs, author of "Action!: Acting Lessons for CG Animators", Violet's main arc revolves around transitioning "from being invisible to visible to others." According to Daphne Carr, author of N"ine Inch Nails' Pretty Hate Machine", Violet adheres to "the archetype of the introverted, introspective artist-type kid." Oliver Lyttelton of IndieWire believes that Violet has more in common with actress Thora Birch's character Enid in the film "Ghost World" (2001) than most teenage girls. Observing that Bird approached the character designs in a manner that is "less cute" and more edgy than previous Pixar characters, Jeff Otto of "IGN" likened Violet to the goth teenager Lydia Deetz (Winona Ryder) from the film "Beetlejuice" (1988).


title: Violet Parr

text: In "Incredibles 2", female characters contribute a more central role to the plot, with Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" observing that Violet has begun "to spread her wings". However, she remains an awkward teenage girl "with the power to make herself invisible (although not, sadly, to make the boy she has a crush on really see her)", according to "Slate"'s Sam Adams, with the film exploring her "adolescent, boy-crazed sanity" and first broken heart, to which she reacts by consuming ice cream and throwing her clothes. At times, Violet can be so concerned with her own struggles that she fails to notice some of the situations that are affecting the rest of her family, although she maintains the importance of family. Vowell observed that Violet's temper is explored much further in "Incredibles 2", in which she cries and yells out of annoyance and passion, summarizing the character as "a hormonal teenager." The actress believes that her character "can be hilarious" at times, "but her humor has some bite to it ... She has a tendency to comment a little too truthfully about any given scenario ... For better or worse, if she thinks it, she says it", describing Violet as incapable of "edit[ing] uncomfortable thoughts." According to Syfy Wire's Heather Mason, Violet's role in the sequel is to "break the tension and bring the superheroes back to reality" by "say[ing] what they are all thinking."


title: Violet Parr

text: Much like her brother, she often chafes against her mother's insistence that her family refrain from using their powers in an attempt to live like "normal" humans. At the same time, however, Violet and Dash are opposites in the sense that while Violet initially dislikes having superpowers, Dash, who possesses superhuman speed, is "in love" with his own abilities, thus the siblings constantly bicker about their differences.


title: Violet Parr

text: Violet is born with the superhuman abilities to render herself invisible and create force fields, the latter of which she is still attempting to master at the beginning of "The Incredibles". Her superpowers mirror the personality of an awkward teenager who dislikes attention and would rather avoid being looked at, as well as her insulated, protective nature. According to "The New York Times" film critic A. O. Scott, Violet's powers "serve mainly as metaphors for her shyness and disconnection." Several journalists agree that Violet's abilities resemble the desires of most teenage girls. Vowell herself explained that her character's powers "reflect a female teen's occasional desires to protect herself, block out the world and avoid scrutiny or surveillance." Violet uses her powers both in battle and to hide during uncomfortable situations, such as when she encounters Tony Rydinger, a schoolmate on whom she harbors a crush. This behavior establishes the character as a social outcast. "Las Vegas Weekly"'s Josh Bell identified Violet's invisibility as "the physical manifestation of the effects of peer pressure."


title: Violet Parr

text: "The Incredibles" follows Violet as she learns to control her powers. Violet's low self-esteem manifests in the use of her superpowers to the point at which she resents having them, as demonstrated when she struggles to create a force field large enough to shield her family's jet from missiles at her mother's insistence. Kundert-Gibbs attributes Violet's ineptitude to lack of energy, which the author believes is also reflected in her straight, flat hair and slouching posture. However, Sweeney argues that Violet's inability to suddenly summon a force field of such magnitude is due to the fact that she is still unaccustomed to her powers, the use of which she had long been denied prior. After rescuing herself and her children, Helen apologizes to Violet for pressuring her to perform such a large feat, but at the same time warns Violet that they can no longer afford to doubt their abilities, assuring her daughter that she has hidden potential and "When the time comes you'll know what to do. It's in your blood." "IGN" identified Helen's speech as female empowering, while Vowell cited the scene as a "dramatic" moment in which Violet dons her mask and truly "becomes a hero" for the first time, elaborating that the character evolves significantly "in terms of really discovering ... and developing her powers". Violet eventually learns to embrace her abilities. According to Sweeney, Violet transforms from a shrinking violet into "Ultra-Violet" by the end of the film, while Mic's Kevin O'Keeffe wrote that Violet uses "invisibility while growing out of her own wallflower sensibility." "Salon" film critic Stephanie Zacharek opined that Violet slowly "discovers that, when she really tries, she can build a force-field bubble that protects her whole family". Tor.com's Mari Ness believes that Violet's gradual acceptance of her powers reinforces that "happiness comes only after people embrace the extraordinary". Vowell observed that by the sequel, Violet has consequently become skilled and confident to the point at which she starts enjoying her powers, "so as the new film starts, she wants more. She wants to use her powers. She wants to be out there." Violet ultimately grows incapable of resisting the temptation to fight crime alongside her family.


title: Violet Parr

text: Violet can use her power of invisibility to render herself either wholly or partially invisible at will. Able to turn invisible rather quickly, the "Richmond Times-Dispatch"'s Mike Ward joked that the character s capable of disappearing faster than the short-lived 2004 presidential campaign of politician John Kerry. Edna designs a super suit for Violet that automatically turns invisible whenever she does. Violet's force fields consist of psychic energy, as they are created using her mind. Her fields sometimes demonstrate an anti-gravitational effect on the objects they surround, and can be used to deflect heavy oncoming artillery. Typically spherical, she can use them to surround both herself and anyone she is willing to protect. Improving her abilities over the course of the films, Violet becomes skilled to the point at which she can perform significantly more feats with her fields, capable of manipulating them to create various effects. Wilkinson believes that Violet is the most talented member of her family. Hypable contributor Aaron Locke agreed that Violet "feels like the Super with the most potential", particularly in "Incredibles 2". However, a particularly heavy, blunt force can potentially cause the wall of her shield to collide with her upon impact and dissipate, leaving her vulnerable to attacks. According to "Ottawa Life Magazine", Violet uses her force fields more often than her invisibility, although both powers have proven useful; in the first film, she uses both powers to battle hovercraft and Syndrome's robot. Additionally, Violet has also been identified as highly intellectual.


title: Violet Parr

text: Violet's superpowers are very similar to those of the Invisible Woman (Susan Storm-Richards), a Marvel Comics superheroine and founding member of the superhero team the Fantastic Four. Fans of the film quickly identified similarities between the two characters when the first film was released in 2004. Contributing to "IGN", comic book historian Peter Sanderson identified Violet's powers as "The real giveaway of the F. F.'s influence on "The Incredibles"". Similar to classic Marvel superheroes, the character is under the impression that her powers make her different from most people, and considers herself to be an outsider as a result of this. According to Eric Lichtenfeld, author of "Action Speaks Louder: Violence, Spectacle, and the American Action Movie", the character has also demonstrated the ability to manipulate the energy produced by her force fields, much like the comic book superheroine.


title: Violet Parr

text: Violet debuted in "The Incredibles" (2004) as the first-born child and only daughter of Bob and Helen Parr, a pair of retired superheroes known to the world as Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl. The character has two younger brothers: Dash and Jack-Jack. A junior high school student with the superhuman abilities to turn invisible and create force fields, Violet is shy and insecure, and would much rather be a "normal" teenager, finding it difficult to fit in among her peers. Helen resumes superhero work in search of Bob, and Violet stows away with Dash onto the jet that their mother is piloting towards Syndrome's private island. When the jet is attacked by Syndrome's missiles, Violet fails to create a force field large enough to protect its passengers at her mother's insistence; the plane is downed and the family becomes stranded on Syndrome's island. Helen leaves Violet and Dash hidden in a cave, encouraging Violet to use her powers whenever necessary. Violet and Dash are eventually pursued by Syndrome's henchmen, forcing her to use her powers to defend herself and her brother for the first time; she begins to realize her full potential while striving to master her abilities, which she had been largely suppressing prior. Violet is instrumental in helping her family escape Syndrome's lair, using a force field to interfere with the electromagnetic fields that are imprisoning them, before returning to Metroville where she teams up with her family to defeat Syndrome's robot. Once Jack-Jack is rescued from Syndrome, Violet uses a force field to protect her family from the debris falling from Syndrome's destroyed jet. At Dash's sports meet, Violet finally musters the courage to ask Tony out on a date.


title: Violet Parr

text: Violet appears in the film's sequel "Incredibles 2" (2018), in which she receives more screen time. The film follows Violet as she struggles with being a teenager and a superhero simultaneously, resuming shortly after Violet and Tony have agreed to go on their first date. Tony witnesses Violet and her family battling The Underminer, discovering that Violet is a superhero when she unknowingly removes her mask in his presence, prompting him to run away. Violet protects her family from The Underminer by creating her most powerful force field to-date. Despite limiting the destruction of the villain, superheroes remain illegal, and the Parrs remain prohibited to use their powers, which frustrates Violet. Government agent Rick Dicker erases Tony's memories of the event and inadvertently wipes Tony's memory of Violet altogether, forcing Violet to come to terms with the consequences. Violet's storyline revolves around her struggling with teenage angst, boys, dating and adolescence, while mother Helen, who has been recruited by a pair of entrepreneurs in order to repair superheroes' public image in the hopes of legalizing them again, leaves Violet and her siblings in Bob's charge, who becomes challenged with parenting Violet, attempting to make her feel better as she explores her teenage romance. Although initially resentful towards Bob for the fact that Dicker erased Tony's memories of her to the point of which she "renounces" her superhero heritage, Violet eventually offers assistance upon realizing how much effort her father is putting into raising his children. She plays an instrumental role before and during the film's climax, helping rescue her parents and Frozone, as well as coordinating a plan to steer the superyacht away from the city. At the end of the film, Violet simply re-introduces herself to Tony. Just as the characters are about to begin their first date, Violet postpones it so that she can help her family fight criminals instead, promising to rejoin him afterward.


title: Violet Parr

text: Violet has made several appearances in other media, with Vowell returning to voice the character in various media tie-ins and merchandise, including toys and cell phones.


title: Violet Parr

text: Among the video games in which Violet appears is the original 2004 video game based on the film, Violet appears mostly in stealth missions, using her invisibility to maneuver past guards and enemies unnoticed. The character's invisibility is limited by her Incredi-Meter, which can become greatly depleted by the use of her powers. In later levels, players can combine the powers of Violet and Dash to create the Incredi-Ball, in which Violet surrounds both herself and Dash using a force field, and Dash runs within it to propel it forward. The Incred-Ball has been identified as virtually indestructible. On some platforms, Violet is able to use force fields to levitate other objects. In a negative review, Alex Navarro of "GameSpot" described Violet's levels as arguably "the worst the game has to offer" due to time limits that restrict her invisibility, making it "difficult to gauge when a guard will or won't notice you." Similarly, "Eurogamer"'s Patrick Garratt wrote that younger children will find playing as Violet increasingly difficult to due to the character's tendency to "run out of Incredible Power juice" quickly, limiting her ability to "sneak her way to the end of the level," while Duke Ferris of "Game Revolution" found the character's stealth levels to be "particularly weak". "" (2004) features 10 minigames that revolve around Violet and the rest of her family, particularly using Violet's powers to avoid difficult situations. The characters are first played as their secret identifies before players unlock levels in which they can then be played as their superhuman alter egos. There are two minigames that revolve around Violet and her abilities. In the first, "Violet's Diary Drama", she projects force fields to intercept Dash and prevent him from stealing her belongings, while "Violet Surrounded" features the character using a force field to protect herself from oncoming projectiles and deflect them back at Syndrome's henchmen.


title: Violet Parr

text: In "" (2012), players explore six worlds based on various Pixar films, pairing them with Violet in some of the "Incredibles"-themed levels to navigate around hazards and obstacles. Violet is available as an add-on figurine for "Disney Infinity" (2013), sharing her abilities from the film (her force fields are identified as "plasma shields" in the game). When utilized, the character becomes a player character, and can be used in Toy Box mode, "The Incredibles" play set and her own adventure "Violet's Stealth Mission", in which the player uses Violet to retrieve as many collectibles as possible while remaining undetected by spotlights within a limited timeframe. Violet appears as a player character alongside her family in "Lego The Incredibles" (2018), in which her force fields can be used to intercept laser security systems. In early levels, Violet unites with Elastigirl and Dash to rescue Mr. Incredible from Syndrome; the titular family most often works together in order to overcome obstacles, such as Violet levitating over poisonous substances to assist Dash.


title: Violet Parr

text: In 2004 Dark Horse Comics published a four-issue comics miniseries, "The Incredibles", written by director Brad Bird and Paul Alden, and drawn by Ricardo Ruiz and Ramón K. Pérez. It was collected in a trade paperback published in 2005.


title: Violet Parr

text: In early 2009 Boom! Studios published the four-issue comics miniseries "The Incredibles: Family Matters" by writer Mark Waid and artist Marcio Takara. Later that year, Boom! premiered a monthly ongoing series, titled simply "The Incredibles", with Waid joining Landry Walker on writing duties from issues 0 - 7, after which Walker wrote the series by himself. Various artists illustrated the title during its 15-issue run, which was collected in four trade paperbacks. The series holds a rating of 8.0 out of 10 on the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up.


title: Violet Parr

text: In 2004, a children's book based on "The Incredibles" was published entitled "The Incredibles: Violet's Incredible Diary", written by children's author Richard Dungworth. Described as "Violet's side of the story", the book follows the film albeit written from Violet's perspective in the form of a diary.


title: Violet Parr

text: Violet has garnered positive reviews from film critics. "The Washington Post"'s Jennifer Frey described Violet as "instantly familiar as the teenage girl who pines for the cute boy, fights with her little brother and is so uncertain of herself". In addition to appreciating Pixar's decision to cast the lesser-known Vowell, Joshua Tyler of CinemaBlend dubbed Violet his "favorite character" in "The Incredibles", praising her many "goose-bump worthy moments as she starts to accept who she is." Commending the multidimensionality of the film's characters, Hollywood.com's Julia Emmanuele observed that, through Violet, audiences "understand how awkward and insecure being a teenager can be, even without the addition of superpowers." Vulture.com's Abraham Riesman described Vowell's voice acting as "terrific". In addition to praising Vowell's performance, Carla Meyer of the "San Francisco Chronicle" wrote that her character ultimately "emerges as the most sympathetic member of the family". In a retrospective review, Jonathon Dornbush of IGN cited "Violet’s sense of isolation and misunderstanding" among the main reasons "The Incredibles" remains "a deeply relatable, enduring film" and "one of Pixar's best". "Slate" film critic David Edelstein acknowledged the difficulty of animating Violet's hair while calling her ability to create force fields "to die for".


title: Violet Parr

text: Germain Lussier of io9 deemed Violet as "arguably [one of] the best parts of "Incredibles 2"," writing that her "journey through adolescence not only gives her a great arc, but some truly hilarious and embarrassing moments too." "The Globe and Mail"'s Barry Hertz found Violet's design and animation particularly impressive, likening the scene in which she dries her hair to "glimpsing the future of animation, where the real and the unreal fold into each other." Patricia Puentes of CNET found Violet's role in the film to be empowering for teenage girls, praising the character's decisions to re-introduce herself to Tony and ultimately choose to fight crime over their date, concluding, "This teenage girl prefers to go catch some bad guys -- because she's a hero and that's her calling -- over having a date with the guy she likes." The Ringer editor Juliet Litman identified Violet as "a galvanizing force" in the sequel, crediting her with "propelling the plot in crucial moments and injecting raw emotion into the" otherwise comedic film. Litman also commended Vowell for recognizing "The precise balance of the serious and lighthearted[ness]" required for her role, concluding that it has become difficult to imagine Violet voiced by any other actress. Syfy Wire writer Kristy Puchko described Violet's reaction to being stood up by Tony as "all too familiar". Writing for Vulture.com, Edelstein called it "wonderful to hear Sarah Vowell and her euphonious quack as the irritable Violet," describing the character as "the quintessential brilliant but ever-stricken and angry teenage girl." "The New Yorker"'s Anthony Lane wrote that Vowell "still provides the pitch and yaw of adolescent speech—now tetchy, now timid, but touched here and there with a determination that might just save the day."


title: Violet Parr

text: Some critics complained that the character was underused in the sequel. CNET contributor Mike Sorrentino wrote that the film's emphasis on Helen and Bob results in Violet being "relegated to the sidelines for most of the film", while Screen Daily's Tim Grierson wrote that the character's "awkward dating woes all streak by too quickly." For Screen Rant, Molly Freeman observed that the character's arc "largely exist[s] to serve Bob's own storyline". Writing that while Violet's storyline offered "a great deal of potential" by "exploring how a child with superpowers growing up in a world where superheroes are illegal could affect her sense of self", Freeman criticized it for being "boiled down to either focusing on her dating life or providing a challenge for Bob to overcome." However, the critic acknowledged that Violet is provided with several opportunities "to demonstrate [her] visually compelling superpowers."


title: Violet Parr

text: Vowell's performance and character have proven to be particularly popular among young women and teenager girls, from whom she continues to receive positive feedback. Cosmic Book News crowned Violet "the teen-queen of sarcasm", while Michelle Lima of Oh My Disney wrote that the character boasts "some seriously amazing sarcasm skills." Ana Luisa Suarez of Hollywood.com considers Violet's sarcasm to be among "15 Reasons Why 'The Incredibles' Is The Best Superhero Movie". "Rolling Stone" ranked Violet the 20th "Best Pixar Movie Character", ahead of Mr. Incredible (24th), with author Alissa Wilkinson calling her "super-smart ... which makes the moment when she finally transforms into a confident superheroine ... that much more delightful." Hypable ranked Violet the third best "Incredibles 2" superhero, with author Aaron Locke writing, "It would be great to see Violet take on an investigation of her own."


title: Violet Parr

text: Pajiba ranked Violet Pixar's ninth best female character. IndieWire ranked Vowell's work as Violet Pixar's 19th greatest performance, writing that her "quirky tones perfectly captures the kind of girl who wishes she could (and in this case actually can) fade into the background," continuing, "the way she eventually finds her own voice is one of the most moving aspects of the film." Similarly, The Playlist also ranked Vowell's performance 19th. The Cinemaholic ranked "The Incredibles" the third best film featuring invisible characters, with author Clarisse Tenreiro writing that Violet "possesses perhaps the coolest power of" the film's characters. In 2017, Violet served as inspiration behind the BBC article "Can a 'superpower force field' protect us from hackers?", in which technology writer Matthew Wall likened cybersecurity firm Bromium anti-malware software to the character's abilities several times.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Slash's Snakepit was an American rock supergroup from Los Angeles, California, formed by Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash in 1994. Though often described as a solo or side project, Slash stated that Snakepit was a band with equal contributions by all members. The first lineup of the band consisted of Slash, two of his Guns N' Roses bandmates—drummer Matt Sorum and guitarist Gilby Clarke—as well as Alice in Chains bassist Mike Inez and former Jellyfish live guitarist Eric Dover on lead vocals.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Their debut album, "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere", was released in 1995. For the supporting tour, Slash enlisted James LoMenzo and Brian Tichy, of Pride & Glory, in place of Inez and Sorum, who had other commitments. They played shows in the US, Europe, Japan and Australia before Geffen Records pulled their financial support for the tour, with Slash returning to Guns N' Roses and Slash's Snakepit disbanding.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Following his departure from Guns N' Roses in 1996, Slash formed the cover band Slash's Blues Ball. After a tour in 1997, Slash approached Blues Ball bassist Johnny Griparic about forming a new lineup of Slash's Snakepit. The new lineup consisted of Slash, Griparic, singer Rod Jackson, guitarist Ryan Roxie, and drummer Matt Laug (Roxie and Laug were both former members of Alice Cooper's solo band). They recorded and released their second album, entitled "Ain't Life Grand", in 2000, which was preceded by a tour supporting AC/DC and followed by their own headlining tour. For the tour, Keri Kelli joined the group in place of Ryan Roxie, who departed following the completion of the album. However, after the final show, Slash disbanded Snakepit due to a lack of commitment from his band members. Shortly after, Slash formed Velvet Revolver in 2002, along with drummer and fellow Guns N' Roses member Matt Sorum.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Following the two and a half year world tour in support of the albums "Use Your Illusion I" and "Use Your Illusion II", Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash returned to Los Angeles. He soon sold his home, the Walnut House, and moved to Mulholland Drive. He built a small home studio, nicknamed The Snakepit, over his garage and began working on demos for songs he had written during the tour. Slash worked on the demos with Guns N' Roses bandmate and drummer Matt Sorum. They were later joined by guitarist Gilby Clarke and Alice in Chains bassist Mike Inez, jamming and recording most nights. Slash played the demos for Guns N' Roses singer Axl Rose who rejected the material, though he would later want to use them for the next Guns N' Roses album. They had recorded twelve songs by 1994, the same year that Guns N' Roses went on hiatus.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Slash decided to record the Snakepit demos with Sorum, Clarke and Inez, later adding former Jellyfish live guitarist Eric Dover as lead vocalist. The decision to record with Dover led to a disagreement between Slash and Sorum, due to Slash not seeking Sorum's approval before hiring Dover.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Slash and Dover wrote the lyrics to all twelve songs with Slash using the songwriting to vent his frustrations at Guns N' Roses singer Rose. Clarke contributed the song "Monkey Chow" to the album while "Jizz da Pit" is an instrumental by Slash and Inez. They recorded the album at Conway Recording Studios and The Record Plant with Mike Clink and Slash co-producing and Steven Thompson and Michael Barbiero mixing, all of whom had worked with Guns N' Roses on their debut album "Appetite for Destruction". The album featured contributions by Duff McKagan (who co-wrote "Beggars & Hangers-On"), Dizzy Reed on keyboards, Teddy Andreadis on harmonica, and Paulinho da Costa on percussion. Slash's brother, Ash Hudson, designed the album's cover.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: The resulting album, titled "It's Five O'Clock Somewhere", was released in February 1995 through Geffen Records. The album's title was taken from a phrase Slash overheard at an airport. At the insistence of the record label, the album was released under the name Slash's Snakepit, instead of The Snakepit, despite Slash not wanting his name used. Upon release, the album charted at number 70 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 15 on the UK Albums Chart. "Beggars & Hangers-On" was released as the first, and only, single from the album; while a music video was also shot for "Good to Be Alive", directed by August Jakobsson.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Critically, the album received mainly positive reviews. "Metal Hammer" stated that "the sleazy, downtrodden blues hard rock [...] breaks new ground." AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine called Slash's contributions "quite amazing", though criticised the song-writing, stating "it's too bad that nobody in the band bothered to write any songs." Devon Jackson of "Entertainment Weekly" described the album as "relaxed headbanging and Southern-tinged blues-rock" while "Classic Rock" reviewer Malcolm Dome stated "musically, it's a loose-limbed record that has a lot of heavy guitar-led punk-style pop-rock." Slash's Snakepit toured in support of the album, with bassist James LoMenzo and drummer Brian Tichy, of Pride & Glory, replacing Inez and Sorum, who had opted out of touring, with Sorum returning to Guns N' Roses. They toured the US, Europe, Japan and Australia with Slash stating that "for the first time in years, touring was easy, [his] band mates were loads of fun and low on drama, and every gig was about playing rock and roll." While booking another leg of the tour, Slash was informed by Geffen that Rose was ready to begin work on the new Guns N' Roses album and that he was to return to Los Angeles. Geffen pulled financial support for the band's tour with Slash's Snakepit disbanding soon after.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Slash departed Guns N' Roses in 1996, due to musical differences between himself and singer Axl Rose. Following his departure, Slash toured Japan for two weeks with Chic, and worked on the soundtrack to the film "Curdled". He later began touring in a blues cover band that eventually became Slash's Blues Ball. Aside from Slash, the band consisted of Teddy Andreadis, guitarist Bobby Schneck, bassist Johnny Griparic, saxophonist Dave McClarem and drummer Alvino Bennett. The band toured on and off until 1998, which included a headline slot at a jazz festival in Budapest. They covered various artists and bands such as B.B. King, Steppenwolf, Otis Redding, as well as Guns N' Roses and early Slash's Snakepit material.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Following a tour in 1997, Slash approached Griparic about forming a new lineup of Slash's Snakepit They began looking for a singer, receiving over 300 audition tapes from mostly unknown singers. Jon Stevens of Noiseworks, who had been recording with Slash, was seen as a potential singer in early 1998. However, he returned to Australia to continue his solo career. They eventually chose Rod Jackson (earlier of Virginia based band Ragdoll) after Griparic played a tape of him for Slash. Completing the lineup were guitarist Ryan Roxie, formerly of Alice Cooper, and drummer Matt Laug, also from Alice Cooper and the band Venice. They began rehearsing at Mates Studio before rehearsing and recording in Slash's new home studio in Beverly Hills.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: The band began recording material with producer Jack Douglas at Slash's home studio as well as Ocean Way Recording. The recording featured contributions by Teddy Andreadis, Jimmy Zavala and Lee Thornburg, amongst others. Initially, the label was positive about the album, setting a release date for February 22, 2000. However, when Slash was informed by Geffen, who had folded into Interscope Records, that the album was not the type of music the label produced, he bought the album back and signed a deal with Koch Records. Following the completion of the album, Roxie departed the band with former Big Bang Babies, Warrant and Ratt guitarist Keri Kelli joining in his place.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: "Ain't Life Grand" was released on October 20, 2000 through Koch with "Mean Bone" released as the first single. The album did not sell as well as its predecessor, and critical reception to it was mixed. "Entertainment Weekly" reviewer Tony Scherman stated that "Slash's playing is as flashily incendiary as ever, but the songs and arrangements recycle hard-rock cliches worthier of Ratt than of a bona fide guitar god". Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" noted that "great guitarists need great bands, and the Snakepit dudes are barely functional backup peons". Steve Huey of Allmusic noted that "the new Snakepit does kick up a lot of noise as the album rushes by, and the strong chemistry between the members is immediately obvious". However, he stated that songwriting was the main problem, and that "it never rises above the level of solid, and too many tracks are by-the-numbers hard rock at best (and pedestrian at worst)". The band were dropped by Koch two months following the album's release.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Prior to the album's release, Slash's Snakepit supported AC/DC on their "Stiff Upper Lip" tour from August to September, followed by their own headlining tour of theatres. They played only the first two shows on the winter leg of AC/DC's tour. After falling ill and checking into a hospital in Pittsburgh, Slash was ordered by his doctor to stay at home to recuperate, reportedly from pneumonia. Due to this, Slash's Snakepit pulled out of supporting AC/DC in early 2001. Slash later revealed in his self-titled biography that he had actually suffered cardiac myopathy caused by years of alcohol and drug abuse, with his heart swelling to the point of rupture. After being fitted with a defibrillator and undergoing physical therapy, Slash returned to the group to continue touring. They later rescheduled their US tour, performing shows from June 16 – July 6, co-headlining three shows with Billy Idol. Following the tour, Jackson had developed a serious addiction to heroin. According to Slash, he was "unmotivated and a junkie" and that it was "hard to get creative with him". As a result, Slash disbanded Slash's Snakepit in an announcement made in early 2002.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Following the breakup of Slash's Snakepit, Slash announced he was to begin working on a solo album. Instead he later worked with The Black Crowes drummer Steve Gorman and an unnamed bassist on a new project. Together with his former Guns N' Roses bandmates Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum, they formed The Project, that eventually became the hard rock supergroup Velvet Revolver following the addition of former Wasted Youth guitarist Dave Kushner, and then-former Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland. They released their debut album "Contraband", in 2004, followed by "Libertad" in 2007, before they parted ways with Weiland and went on hiatus in 2008. With Velvet Revolver on hiatus, Slash began work on his debut solo album. "Slash" was released on March 31, 2010, and featured a number of guests such as Andrew Stockdale of Wolfmother, M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold, Kid Rock, Ozzy Osbourne, Myles Kennedy of Alter Bridge, and Fergie. His band for the tour in support of the album consisted of Kennedy, bassist Todd Kerns, and drummer Brent Fitz. It also included guitarist Bobby Schneck, formerly of Slash's Blues Ball.


title: Slash's Snakepit

text: Slash's Snakepit's music was often described as hard rock and blues rock with elements of southern rock. The band were also often described as Slash's solo or side project though Slash maintained that they were a band, stating "everybody wrote, everybody had equal input even though I had my name on it." "Rolling Stone" reviewer J.D. Considine noted the differences between Guns N' Roses and Slash's Snakepit on their first album, stating that "Guns [N]' Roses typically treat the melody as the most important part of the song, most of what slithers out of the Snakepit emphasizes the playing." He noted that singer Eric Dover "conveys the raw-throated intensity of a hard-rock frontman" and "he avoids the genre's most obvious excesses." The riff to "Good to Be Alive" drew a comparison to Chuck Berry while the musicianship on the album was praised. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic stated that "there's little argument that Slash is a great guitarist" who is "capable of making rock and blues clichés sound fresh". Reviewing "Ain't Life Grand" for Allmusic, Steve Huey described second singer Rod Jackson as "a combination of '80s pop-metal bluster and Faces-era Rod Stewart" with a "touch of Aerosmith", a description that he felt also fitted the band as a whole. He noted, though, that Slash's guitar playing was "tame" and stated that the main problem of the album was the songwriting, though it was "still a passable, workmanlike record that will definitely appeal to fans of grimy, old-school hard rock." Malcolm Dome of "Classic Rock" stated that "from the moment that "Been There Lately" opens, there's a vibe here that was missing before" and that "Ain't Life Grand" showed "purpose, direction and individuality."


title: Garrett Wang

text: Garrett Richard Wang () (; born December 15, 1968) is an American actor. Wang is known for his role in "" as Ensign Harry Kim.


title: Garrett Wang

text: Wang was born in Riverside, California, to Taiwanese immigrant parents. He has one sister. Growing up, Wang moved often. He attended kindergarten in Indiana before moving to Bermuda, then to Memphis, Tennessee, and then back to California.


title: Garrett Wang

text: In the summer of 1990, he attended a Taiwanese-state sponsored cultural exchange program, which was the first time in his life when he wasn't the only Asian around. One of the reasons he decided to get into acting was to provide for other Asian Americans a role model in the entertainment industry—a predominantly non-Asian environment. Wang graduated from Harding Academy High School in Memphis.


title: Garrett Wang

text: Wang's parents were not supportive of his acting ambitions. His father emigrated from Taiwan to attend graduate school in the States and did not view acting as a stable career choice. His mother had been accepted to Taiwan School of Drama in her youth but did not go due to her father's objections. When his parents met actress Bonnie Franklin at an airport in Hawaii, she told them that Wang would never make it in the business. His mother eventually even suggested that he join the military to learn some discipline.


title: Garrett Wang

text: Wang attended UCLA. He switched majors multiple times, going from biology to political science to history to economics and finally Asian studies with all his upper-division electives in theater.


title: Garrett Wang

text: When Wang decided to become a full-time actor, he made a deal with his parents that he would quit after two years on the condition that they helped finance his expenses. After months of not landing anything, he managed to book a few roles in commercials. This subsequent exposure got him a guest star role in 1994 on the episode "Submission:Impossible" of Margaret Cho's "All-American Girl" as Raymond Han, who is, ironically enough, a financially stable bachelor who is also a doctor.


title: Garrett Wang

text: Wang starred in Eric Koyanagi's MFA thesis film at USC film school, "Angry Cafe" (1995). He subsequently came back to star in Koyanagi's feature directorial debut, "hundred percent" (1998), which also was Wang's feature debut. Both films were written, directed, and starred Asian Americans.


title: Garrett Wang

text: A year and a half after his wager with his parents, Wang landed his most recognizable role: Ensign Harry Kim in "Star Trek: Voyager", which ran from 1995 to 2001.


title: Garrett Wang

text: In 2005, Wang played the role of Chow Ping in the TV miniseries "Into The West", which was executive produced by Steven Spielberg.


title: Garrett Wang

text: He played the part of Garan in the 2007 fan production "", saying, "it’s always more challenging for an actor to play the bad guy."


title: Garrett Wang

text: In 1993, Wang portrayed John Lee, a gay British Chinese teenager who kills his Irish lover, in Chay Yew's play, "Porcelain", at the now defunct Burbage Theater in Sawtelle, Los Angeles, while still a student at UCLA.


title: Garrett Wang

text: From early childhood on, actor Garrett Wang was a science-fiction fan, in particular "Star Wars" and "Battlestar Galactica".


title: Garrett Wang

text: He watched all the "Star Trek "films that came out in the theaters, but never really got into "" (TNG) prior to working on "Voyager". The first season-one TNG episode he watched was , which Garrett says is widely considered by all Trek writers to be the worst episode of Star Trek ever produced. On three occasions (in a span of a year and a half), he tried to watch TNG again, and it was always a repeat of "Code of Honor". Wang considers this a good thing, as he believes if he had been a huge fan of TNG, he might have been so nervous during his auditions for "Voyager" that he might have ended up losing the role altogether.


title: Garrett Wang

text: At Star Trek Las Vegas in 2014, Wang was announced to be reprising his role as Harry Kim in "Delta Rising", the second expansion of the massively multiplayer online role-playing game, "Star Trek Online".


title: Garrett Wang

text: He has been a celebrity moderator interviewing other celebrities at various conventions around the world since 2008.


title: Garrett Wang

text: In 2010, Wang was named the director of the Trek Track for Dragon Con, becoming the first actor to work behind the scenes at a convention.


title: Garrett Wang

text: Wang has participated in the Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo, in 2012 interviewing Stan Lee and being present at a booth among other exhibitors, as well as being a surprise speaker at TNG Exposed.


title: Garrett Wang

text: Through November 2017, Wang hosted a weekly podcast on Twitch. He discussed his post-Star Trek work as being a convention moderator, and other anecdotes of his life.


title: Garrett Wang

text: He currently co-hosts The Delta Flyers Podcast with Robert Duncan McNeill, who portrayed Tom Paris in "Voyager".


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: Bill Potts is a fictional character created by Steven Moffat and portrayed by Pearl Mackie in the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". In the show's tenth series, starting with the first episode, Bill served as a companion of the Twelfth Doctor, an incarnation of the alien time traveller known as the Doctor (portrayed by Peter Capaldi).


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: Bill Potts is introduced in the tenth series premiere, "The Pilot". In their first encounter, Bill is discovered by the Doctor, who is hiding out as a university professor. Noticing her untapped potential, he offers to privately tutor her. However, when Bill's love interest Heather (Stephanie Hyam) is turned into a water creature that can travel anywhere in space and time, the Doctor reveals to Bill his alien nature and takes her on as his travelling companion, much to the chagrin of his assistant Nardole (Matt Lucas), who urges the Doctor to stay in Bristol and keep watch over a strange safe below the university.


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: In subsequent episodes, Bill learns about the Doctor's Time Lord nature and the rules of time travel, averting alien invasions and ending conflicts on faraway planets and deep space, growing closer to the Doctor all the while. In the series finale, "World Enough and Time" / "The Doctor Falls", Bill is shot through the heart after the Doctor's crew reacts to an alien distress call aboard a spaceship, and is carried away by menacing scientists to a lower deck where time moves much more rapidly. Bill's life is saved, but ten years pass before the Doctor is able to reach her, during which time she is converted into a Cyberman. Though Cybermen are normally emotionless and hellbent on converting humans to their ranks, Bill retains her humanity and sense of identity as a result of particular experiences she has had travelling with the Doctor. When the Cybermen are defeated, Bill is entirely alone: the Doctor appears dead, Nardole has taken Mondasian refugees to safety, and she is a horrific monster. She is rescued, however, by Heather, who transforms her into a creature like herself and offers Bill the choice of travelling space and time together, or being returned to her life on Earth as a normal, living human again. Bill returns the Doctor's body to the TARDIS, and bids him a sad farewell, before taking off with Heather to explore the universe. Mackie makes a final appearance in "Twice Upon a Time" as a living avatar of Bill's memories, collected on her death by the Testimony Project. Recognising herself as a continuation of Bill, she is delighted to see the Doctor again, and helps him on his journey to accept he must regenerate again.


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: In April 2017, three new novels were released, featuring new companions Nardole and Bill Potts. They are titled "The Shining Man", "Diamond Dogs" and "Plague City". Before her premiere episode was broadcast, Bill made a cameo appearance in a "Doctor Who Magazine" comic strip, titled "The Daft Dimension", alongside Nardole in Issue #511 (May 2017).


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: Paul Cornell's novelisation of "Twice Upon a Time" reveals more details about Bill's experiences following the events of "The Doctor Falls". It states that Bill and Heather explore the Milky Way together for a time, until Bill suggests they try being human again. As they spend time together on Earth – magicking up enough money to rent a flat and adopting cats – Bill grows to know and love Heather as a person. Years later, they decide to live by the sea and grow old as humans. On her deathbed, Bill tells Heather to leave her and resume her astral form. After accepting a human death, Bill finds herself part of Testimony. When it encounters the Doctor, Testimony temporarily restricts Bill's access to some of her memories so that she can interact with the Doctor as he knew her, to test his trustworthiness; this limitation is lifted at the end of the story.


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: In April 2016, it was announced that Pearl Mackie would portray the newest companion Bill Potts, after the departure of Jenna Coleman. To avoid leaks while casting the new companion, the production team used the word "Mean Town", an anagram of "Ten Woman"; this is a reference to the fact that Bill is the companion in the tenth series, and was revealed by the casting director Andy Pryor to "Radio Times". Producer Steven Moffat said Mackie's ethnicity was a factor in the decision to cast her, as he wanted to make the cast more diverse: "We decided that the new companion was going to be non-white [...] because we need to do better on that". Bill is also the show's first openly gay companion.


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: A preview scene was filmed in April 2016 as part of a promotional clip shown on 23 April 2016 on BBC One, during the semi-final half-time of the 2015–16 FA Cup. Titled "Friend from the Future", it introduced Bill and the Doctor in an encounter with Daleks. Despite initial doubts that this scene would be included in the series itself, parts of it were incorporated into Mackie's debut episode, "The Pilot".


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: Mackie describes Bill as "cool, really fun and really excited", and that she is "really young and doesn't really know much about the world". Capaldi describes her character as coming into the series as "very much as a regular human being from the real world, to whom all of this stuff is extraordinary, she knows nothing about it". Bill challenges the Doctor in his ways, calling him out on issues that he hasn't faced in a long time, and having a curious mind, she asks him continuous questions.


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: On 23 July 2017, a trailer for the 2017 Christmas special "Twice Upon a Time" was released revealing Mackie's involvement in that episode. On the same day, Mackie officially announced at San Diego Comic-Con that she would not be returning for the eleventh series.


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: Though the character shares a name with William "Bill" Hartnell, who played the First Doctor (and whose wife, like Bill's girlfriend, was named Heather), creator Steven Moffat has said that this was a coincidence. The character's name was in fact inspired when Moffat overheard David Tennant, who portrayed the Tenth Doctor, offhandedly call out to Billie Piper by the name Bill on the set of "The Day of the Doctor" in 2013.


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: Before the episode was broadcast, an advanced screening was given for critics. General reviews for Mackie's character were mixed. Following the broadcast of her first episode, the character was received more positively.


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: Patrick Mulkern of "Radio Times" described Pearl Mackie as "instantly winning as fledgling companion Bill". Den of Geek's Simon Brew also gave a positive review of Mackie, praising the humour in Mackie's performance. Alasdair Wilkins of The A.V. Club said Mackie brought "an energy distinct from any previous new series companion" and called her first appearance a "solid introduction". Wilkins also commented on the character that "she is gay, black, and working class is another welcome step in Doctor Who’s ability to reflect the entire spectrum of who enjoy the show and identify with its characters".


title: Bill Potts (Doctor Who)

text: However, Catherine Gee of "The Telegraph" gave a more negative review, saying Mackie in her premiere episode "lacked the charismatic spark of Jenna Coleman" and said Mackie's character was a "muddle", but praised the fact Mackie's character was not middle-class.


title: Berlanti Productions

text: Berlanti Productions is an American film and television production company founded by screenwriter, producer and filmmaker Greg Berlanti and producer Mickey Liddell.


title: Berlanti Productions

text: The company was founded in 2000 as Berlanti-Liddell Productions by screenwriter, producer and filmmaker Greg Berlanti and producer Mickey Liddell.


title: Berlanti Productions

text: In March 2003, the company signed a three-year deal with Warner Bros. Television. In February 2006, the company signed a three-year overall deal with Touchstone Television. In August 2006, Liddell left the company, and the company was renamed to Berlanti Television. In July 2008, the company re-signed its overall deal with ABC Studios (formally Touchstone Television) for an additional five-year deal. In March 2011, the company signed a four-year overall deal with Warner Bros. Television, ending its overall deal with ABC Studios two years early. The company also changed its name to Berlanti Productions to reflect its television and film divisions combining together.


title: Berlanti Productions

text: In February 2014, Sarah Schechter became the company's president, overseeing the development and production of the company's television and film projects. Before joining the company, Schechter was a senior production vice president at Warner Bros.


title: Berlanti Productions

text: In June 2018, the company entered a six-year overall development and production deal with Warner Bros. Television Group until 2024.


title: Berlanti Productions

text: In February 2020, David Madden joined the company as its new president, taking over from the company's former president Sarah Schechter. Schechter moved to the newly created positions of chairwoman and partner. Before joining the company, Madden was the former president of AMC Networks and Fox Broadcasting Company.


title: Berlanti Productions

text: In August 2021, Dannah Shinder joined the company as executive vice president of television. Before joining the company, Shinder was senior vice president of television at Elizabeth Banks' Brownstone Productions. In January 2022, Suzanne Gomez joined the company as chief marketing officer, and head of talent relations. Gomez was previously senior vice president of publicity at The CW, a position she held since the inception of the network in 2006.


title: Berlanti Productions

text: Berlanti-Schechter Films was founded in 2020 by Greg Berlanti and Sarah Schechter, and is a subsidiary of Berlanti Productions. In July 2021, the company signed a first-look feature film deal at Netflix.


title: La Liga Awards

text: The La Liga Awards, previously known as the LFP Awards, were presented annually by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional (LFP) to the best players and coach in La Liga, the first division of association football in Spain. Established in the 2008–09 season, they were the first official awards in the history of the Spanish competition. La Liga's best coach and player in each position—goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and forward—were chosen based on a voting by the captain and vice-captains of each club, while the best player overall was determined via statistical analysis.


title: La Liga Awards

text: Since the La Liga Awards' creation, Barcelona players have won 32 honours in the six main categories, almost triple the number of any other club. Barcelona's forward Lionel Messi has been named La Liga's best player for six times and La Liga's best forward for seven times, both all-time records. Across all positions, the other outstanding individuals are Barcelona midfielder Andrés Iniesta with five wins, Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola with four wins, Real Madrid defender Sergio Ramos with four wins, and goalkeepers Iker Casillas of Real Madrid and Víctor Valdés of Barcelona with two wins each.


title: Anjana Vasan

text: Anjana Vasan (born 31 January 1987) is a Singaporean actress and singer-songwriter based in London. She gained prominence through her stage work, receiving an "Evening Standard" Theatre Award nomination for her performance in the 2019 production of "A Doll's House". As of 2021, she stars in the Channel 4 sitcom "We Are Lady Parts".


title: Anjana Vasan

text: Vasan was born in Chennai in India to a Tamil family and moved to Singapore when she was four. She took theatre studies at the National University of Singapore before relocating to the United Kingdom, where she graduated in 2012 with a Master of Arts in Acting from the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: Kersti Kaljulaid (; born 30 December 1969) is an Estonian politician who served as the fifth president of Estonia between 2016 and 2021. She was also the first and only female head of state of Estonia since the country declared independence in 1918, as well as the youngest president, aged 46 at the time of her election.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: Kaljulaid, a state official who at the time served as Estonia's representative in the European Court of Auditors, entered the 2016 Estonian presidential election race at the sixth round after five previous unsuccessful rounds. She was nominated on 30 September 2016 by the majority of parliamentary parties as a joint candidate for president, as the only official candidate for the sixth round. Kaljulaid was voted president on 3 October 2016, with 81 votes and 17 abstentions.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: In 1987, Kaljulaid graduated from Tallinn Secondary School no. 44. During her studies there, she was a member of the Students' Scientific Association, specializing in ornithology. In 1992, she graduated from University of Tartu "cum laude" as a biologist. She is a member of Estonian female student corporation, Filiae Patriae. In 2001, she graduated from the University of Tartu with an MBA in business management. Her thesis was titled as "Riigi poolt asutatud sihtasutuste juhtimissüsteemi täiustamine" or "The improvement of the management system of state-founded foundations" in English.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: From 1996 to 1997 Kaljulaid was a sales manager in state-owned telecom Eesti Telefon and from 1997 to 1998 a project manager in Hoiupanga Investeeringute AS. From 1998 to 1999 she was employed in Hansabank's investment banking division Hansabank Markets. From 1999 to 2002, Kaljulaid worked as the economic advisor of Estonian Prime Minister Mart Laar. From 2002 to 2004, she was the director of Iru Power Plant, a subsidiary of the state-owned energy company Eesti Energia. She was the first woman to lead a power plant in Estonia.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: In 2004, when Estonia joined the European Union, Kaljulaid was appointed the country's representative at the European Court of Auditors. Since 2011, Kaljulaid has been the chairperson of the board of the University of Tartu.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: Kaljulaid has defined herself as a liberal conservative. She has spoken in support of strong civil society with less state interference, whilst placing high importance on helping those in need. She holds liberal views on social issues such as LGBT rights and immigration. She has often published opinion pieces in Estonian media, considering the position of Estonia in the European Union and on social and economical matters. Additionally, she has been a regular participant in political analysis programmes of Radio Kuku, e.g. "Keskpäevatund".


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: From 2001 to 2004, Kaljulaid was a member of the political party Pro Patria Union, a predecessor of the current Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, yet did not run in the elections.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: As Kaljulaid's term as a member of the European Court of Auditors was due to end on 7 May 2016, she was confirmed as the next head of PRAXIS Center for Policy Studies in November 2015. Although the Estonian government should have proposed her replacement in the court by 7 February 2016, it still had not managed to do so by the end of her term, so she remained in the position.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: On 19 September 2016, the freshly founded Development Monitoring Advisory Board at the chancellery of Estonian Parliament voted Kaljulaid to be its chair.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: After several failed attempts to elect a new president in August and September 2016, a so-called "council of elders" of the Riigikogu, comprising the speaker, vice-speakers, and leaders of most parliamentary parties, asked Kaljulaid if she would be willing to stand for president. With her consent, the "council of elders" proposed her as the only potential presidential candidate to be put before the members of the Riigikogu on 3 October 2016. Her candidacy was officially registered on 30 September. Riigikogu Speaker Eiki Nestor said that Kaljulaid undoubtedly had the required 68 votes from the 101-member Riigikogu, but the exact number remained to be seen. Ultimately her candidacy was supported by 90 Riigikogu MPs. She won the elections by 81 votes with 17 abstainers and no votes against her; the parliamentary party that had publicly declared not to support her was EKRE which had only 7 votes.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: Under the Constitution, the president is a ceremonial figure without even nominal executive power; the Constitution explicitly vests executive power in the Government. Nonetheless, Kaljulaid's election was seen as historic, as she was the first female head of state in the country's history.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: The main objection raised repeatedly during her candidacy by media as well as politicians and street polls was her being relatively unknown, compared to the candidates that had participated in the campaign. She confronted the objection in her public letter and during several interviews by promising to become visible across the country, visiting different areas and talking to the people directly. In mid-October 2016, the first conducted survey showed Kaljulaid's approval rating at 73%.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: In 2020, the Estonian government nominated Kaljulaid as its candidate to succeed Angel Gurría in the position of Secretary-General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for a five-year term. In January 2021, Kaljulaid announced that she had withdrawn her candidacy, citing consultations that led her to believe that accepting the position at the end of her first term as president amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia would "not be the best solution." She had just advanced to the second round of the interview process.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: On 21 January 2021, the opposition Social Democratic Party announced that they would support Kaljulaid should she run for a second term in the 2021 Estonian presidential election. Had she been nominated by the government of Prime Minister Kaja Kallas as its presidential candidate in the election, this would have given her enough votes to be elected by the Riigikogu. By June 2021, it was stated that the government had "cooled" on the prospective of Kaljulaid serving a second term as president, finding her too polarizing. Nevertheless, Kaljulaid later confirmed that she would stand as a candidate for a second term in the election. However, she did not receive enough endorsements from MPs to be eligible; the Constitution requires presidential candidates to be nominated by at least 21 MPs in order to stand.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: In 2017, Kaljulaid became the first Estonian to be featured in the "Forbes" magazine's list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women, placed at 78th, and came twenty second among the most influential female political leaders.


title: Kersti Kaljulaid

text: Kaljulaid has a daughter and a son from her first marriage. She is also a grandmother of three. Kaljulaid's second husband is Georgi-Rene Maksimovski; they have two sons. Kaljulaid's half-brother is politician and member of parliament Raimond Kaljulaid.


title: Pre-existence

text: Pre-existence, preexistence, beforelife, or premortal existence, is the belief that each individual human soul existed before mortal conception, and at some point before birth enters or is placed into the body. Concepts of pre-existence can encompass either the belief that the soul came into existence at some time prior to conception or the belief that the soul is eternal. Alternative positions are traducianism and creationism, which both hold that the individual human soul does not come into existence until conception. It is to be distinguished from preformation, which is about physical existence and applies to all living things.


title: Pre-existence

text: Plato believed in the pre-existence of the soul, which tied in with his innatism. He thought that we are born with knowledge from a previous life that is subdued at birth and must be relearned. He saw all attainment of knowledge not as acquiring new information, but as remembering previously known information.


title: Pre-existence

text: Baháʼí literature refers in a number of places to at least four key dimensions of pre-existence. Firstly, that the individual soul of a human being comes into being at the time of conception and only thereafter is eternal; in other words, it is not pre-existent. Secondly, in distinction to the above, that the souls of the world's greatest spiritual teachers, the founders of world religions, are pre-existent. Thirdly, that God, a reality which human consciousness can not comprehend, is pre-existent, that is he exists prior to time and to his creation. Fourthly, that the relationship between God and the phenomenal or contingent world is one of emanation, as the rays of the sun are to the earth. In other words, the pre-existent world of God remains separate from and does not descend into his creation.


title: Pre-existence

text: In Buddhist cosmology, saṃsāra is the cycle of life and death. When a person dies in earth its human soul is born into the Naraka (underworld or the "purgatories" of the souls) and afterwards it is reborn on earth. Yama, a dharmapala (wrathful god), is said to judge the dead and preside over the Narakas and the cycle.


title: Pre-existence

text: A being is born into a Naraka as a direct result of its accumulated actions (karma) and resides there for a finite period of time (it varies from hundreds of millions to sextillions of years, but these periods are equivalent to hours or even years in earth time) until that karma has achieved its full result. After its karma is used up, it will be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of karma that had not yet ripened. The cycle is completed or finished when the soul reach the Nirvana.


title: Pre-existence

text: In Chinese mythology, the Naihe Bridge (奈何桥), also called the Bridge of Forgetfulness), connects earth with the Diyu ("earth prison"), that is the realm of the dead or purgatory. It is typically depicted as a subterranean maze with various levels and chambers, to which souls are taken after death to atone for the sins they committed when they were alive. The number of levels in Diyu it is said to be three, four, ten or even Eighteen "courts", each of which is ruled by a judge, collectively known as the Yama Kings. The god of the dead is King Yan, it oversees the kings of the courts. Ox-Head and Horse-Face are the guardians of Diyu, and their role is the capture of human souls who have died and bring them before the courts of Hell, where they are rewarded or punished based on the actions performed in their lifetime. Legend has it that the dead who have committed serious sins in life cannot cross the Naihe Bridge and will be pushed into the "Blood River Pool" by Ox-Head and Horse-Face to suffer the torture of insects, ants and snakes, while the dead who have done good deeds will be able to cross the bridge very easily.


title: Pre-existence

text: The goddess of forgetfulness, Meng Po, serves Meng Po Soup (孟婆汤) on the Naihe Bridge. This soup wipes the memory of the persons before they cross the bridge so they can reincarnate into their next life without the burdens of the previous life. She awaits the dead souls at the entrance of the 9th round (Fengdu). In some variations she is referred as Lady Meng Jiang


title: Pre-existence

text: A concept of pre-existence was advanced by Origen, a second and third-century church father. Origen believed that each human soul was created by God at some time prior to conception. He wrote that already "one of [his] predecessors" had interpreted the Scripture to teach pre-existence, which seems to be a reference to the Jewish philosopher Philo. Church Fathers Tertullian and Jerome held to traducianism and creationism, respectively, and pre-existence was condemned as heresy in the Second Council of Constantinople in AD 553.


title: Pre-existence

text: Origen argued that God could not love Jacob and hate Esau until Jacob had done something worthy of love and Esau had done something worthy of hatred and so the passage means only that Jacob and Esau had not yet done good or evil "in this life" and their conduct "before" this life was the reason why Esau would serve Jacob.


title: Pre-existence

text: Those who reject pre-existence, which would be every Christian denomination that accepts the conclusions of the Second Council of Constantinople (i.e., all Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians and many Protestants), simply see Jeremiah 1:5 as another passage about God's foreknowledge. This ecumenical Council explicitly stated "If anyone asserts the fabulous pre-existence of souls, and shall assert the monstrous restoration which follows from it: let him be anathema."


title: Pre-existence

text: The concept of premortal existence is an early and fundamental doctrine of Mormonism. In the faith's eponymous text, the Book of Mormon, published on March 26, 1830, the premortal spirit of Christ appears in human form and explains that individuals were created in the beginning in the image of Christ. In 1833, early in the Latter Day Saint movement, its founder Joseph Smith taught that human souls are co-eternal with God the Father just as Jesus is co-eternal with God the Father, "Man was also in the beginning with God. Intelligence, or the light of truth, was not created or made, neither indeed can be."


title: Pre-existence

text: ...the soul—the mind of man—the immortal spirit. Where did it come from? All learned men and doctors of divinity say that God created it in the beginning; but it is not so: the very idea lessens man in my estimation...We say that God Himself is a self-existing being...Man does exist upon the same principles...[The Bible] does not say in the Hebrew that God created the spirit of man. It says, "God made man out of the earth and put into him Adam's spirit, and so became a living body." The mind or the intelligence which man possesses is co-equal with God himself...Is it logical to say that the intelligence of spirits is immortal, and yet that it has a beginning? The intelligence of spirits had no beginning, neither will it have an end. That is good logic. That which has a beginning may have an end. There never was a time when there were not spirits; for they are co-equal with our Father in heaven.


title: Pre-existence

text: In the context of this core Latter Day Saint doctrine, the term "premortal existence" is a significantly more accurate term to describe the time before this mortal existence than "pre-existence", since pre-existence has a connotation of something existing before the beginning of existence, and Latter Day Saint doctrine specifically rejects "ex-nihilo" creation. Therefore, the term "premortal existence" is strongly preferred in the movement's largest denomination, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), to represent the time before this mortal life, however the term "pre-existence" is in widespread use.


title: Pre-existence

text: After Smith's death, the doctrine of premortal existence was elaborated by some other leaders within the LDS Church. Although the mind and intelligence of humanity were still considered to be co-eternal with God, and not created, Brigham Young taught that the spirit was different from the mind or intelligence, resolving the seeming conflict between Book of Mormon verses indicating God was creator and Smith's later teaching that all individuals were co-eternal with God. Young postulated that we each had a pre-spirit intelligence that later became part of a spirit body, which then eventually entered a physical body and was born on earth. In 1857, Young stated that every person was "a son or a daughter of [the Father]. In the spirit world their spirits were first begotten and brought forth, and they lived there with their parents for ages before they came here."


title: Pre-existence

text: In the LDS Church the idea of spirit birth was described in its modern doctrinal form in 1909, when the church's First Presidency issued the following statement:


title: Pre-existence

text: This description is widely accepted by modern Latter-day Saints as fundamental to the plan of salvation. However, there are differences of opinion as to the nature of the premortal existence in other Latter Day Saint denominations.


title: Pre-existence

text: The LDS Church teaches that during the premortal existence, there was a learning process which eventually led to the next necessary step in the premortal spirits' opportunity to progress. This next step included the need to gain a physical body that could experience pain, sorrow and joy and "walk by faith." According to this belief, these purposes were explained and discussed in councils in heaven, followed by the War in Heaven where Satan rebelled against the plan of Heavenly Father.


title: Pre-existence

text: In the Bhagavad Gita, considered by Hindus to be a most holy scripture, Krishna tells Arjuna; "Never was there a time when I did not exist, nor you, nor all these kings; nor in the future shall any of us cease to be." Hinduism teaches reincarnation. Consequently, everyone has pre-existed in another form.


title: Pre-existence

text: In Islam, all souls are believed to have been created in adult form before earthly life at the same time the God created the father of mankind, Adam. The Qur'an recounts the story of when the descendants of Adam were brought forth before God to testify that God alone is the Lord of creation and so only God is worthy of worship and so on the Day of Judgement, people cannot use the excuse that they worshipped others only because they were following the ways of their ancestors. Humans do not remember, as they are born with an undeveloped mind (leaving only an innate awareness that God exists and is one, known as the "Fitra"), and God decreed when every human would be born into the physical world.


title: Slater Young

text: Jan Slater Lee Young (born December 19, 1983) is a Filipino Entrepreneur, actor, engineer, model and television personality from Cebu. Young is best known for winning "" in 2012.


title: Slater Young

text: Young was born on December 19, 1987 as the eldest of four children. He attended Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu in Mandaue for high school and graduated with a civil engineering degree from the University of San Carlos in Cebu City. Young was a varsity table tennis player and a competitive shooter. After graduating, he worked for his father's steel building manufacturing company in Mandaue City, Cebu, but eventually forwent his family business and worked as a civil engineer for larger companies such as Nestlé.


title: Slater Young

text: In 2011, after finishing an acting workshop established by actor Pen Medina, Young decided to become a model and appeared on different catalogs across Cebu. During an interview with "Sun.Star", Young stated that he was aspiring to be branded as a matinée idol.


title: Slater Young

text: Slater Young officially launched his career by winning the reality show "". Young was dubbed as ""The Hotshot Engineer of Cebu"" and was also part of the first batch that entered the house. On Day 155 – the Big Night at the Grandstand (March 31, 2012), he was proclaimed as the show's first male "Big Winner" of a "Pinoy Big Brother" regular season. He garnered a total of 40.02% of votes with 18.58% lead from 2nd Big Placer, Pamu Pamorada.


title: Slater Young

text: Weeks after his winning, Young made several guest appearances in the network and with the premier of the new season of "Pinoy Big Brother" only a week after his victory, speculations rose that he is pressured of debuting quickly to the entertainment industry. On April 13, Young played his first acting role as a guest star in the series finale of "E-Boy" opposite Jessy Mendiola. On April 28, Young continued his acting stint via the drama anthology "Maalaala Mo Kaya" as Andrei with veteran actress, Dimples Romana, and "PBB: Unlimited's" 4th Big Placer, Paco Evangelista.


title: Slater Young

text: However, despite Young's retirement in entertainment career. he is known for being of one of the most popular influencers in the country. Young has gained over 600K followers and counting on his Instagram. He usually posts contents regarding to engineering, life lessons, and so much more in said social media platform. Young as well was called by Big Brother in various seasons to be a guest.


title: Slater Young

text: On February 28, 2018, Young became engaged to his girlfriend, author and blogger Kryz Uy. The couple married nearly a year later, on February 17, 2019, during a luxurious but intimate ceremony at Shangri-La's Mactan Resort & Spa in Cebu. On December 1, 2019, they announced on social media that they were expecting their first child.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: The Dunwich Horror is a 1970 American supernatural horror film directed by Daniel Haller, and starring Sandra Dee, Dean Stockwell, and Ed Begley. A loose adaptation of the short story of the same name by H.P. Lovecraft, the film concerns a young female graduate student who is targeted by a man attempting to use her in an occult ritual taken from the "Necronomicon". The screenplay was co-written by Curtis Hanson, while Roger Corman served as an executive producer on the film.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: The film's distributor, American International Pictures, had tentatively planned an adaptation of the Lovecraft story in 1963. Executive producer Corman hired Haller to direct, as he had previously directed several features for him, including "Devil's Angels" (1967). Though set in the fictional Massachusetts town of Arkham, principal photography of "The Dunwich Horror" took place in and around Mendocino, California in the spring of 1969. The film marked Sandra Dee's first adult role, following the break in her contract with Universal Pictures, and she envisioned the picture as a major departure from the films she had appeared in as a child and teen actor, in which she had been presented in a very wholesome way.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: "The Dunwich Horror" premiered in Chicago in January 1970, and screened throughout the country that year, as well as internationally. Critical response was divided, with some critics praising the film's technical elements and adaptation of the source material, while others felt the performances were ineffective, and the film generally mediocre. Despite this, some contemporary film scholars, such as Alain Silver, have championed it as one of the best film adaptations of a Lovecraft literary work. Film historian Rob Craig similarly deemed it "one of the most overall successful adaptations of a Lovecraft source work ever committed to film." Aesthetically, the film has been noted for its psychedelic imagery.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: A woman groans and writhes with the pain of childbirth in a bedroom from a bygone era as two elderly women - who appear to be twins - and an elderly man watch. She is then led out of the room by the elderly man.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: At the Miskatonic University in Arkham, Massachusetts, Dr. Henry Armitage has just finished a lecture on local history and the very rare and priceless book known as the "Necronomicon". He gives the book to his student Nancy Wagner to return to the library. She is followed by a stranger, who later introduces himself as Wilbur Whateley. Wilbur asks to see the book, and although it is closing time and the book is reputedly the only copy in existence, Nancy allows it under the influence of his hypnotic gaze.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: Wilbur's perusal of the book is cut short by Henry, who has researched Wilbur's family's sordid past. His warnings about the Whateleys go unheeded by Nancy, who decides to give Wilbur a ride back to Dunwich after he misses his bus, perhaps purposely. At a gas station on the outskirts of town, Nancy first encounters the ill-esteem in which the locals hold Wilbur.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: Once back at the Whateley house, she meets Old Whateley, Wilbur's grandfather. Wilbur disables her car, and then drugs Nancy. She decides under the influence of hypnosis and drugs to spend the weekend, and does not change her mind when Nancy's classmate Elizabeth arrives, with Henry, from Arkham the next morning. The duo do not abandon Nancy, however. They investigate further and discover that Wilbur's mother, Lavinia, is still alive and in an asylum. Dr. Cory, the town doctor, informs Henry that Lavinia delivered twins when Wilbur was born, but one was stillborn. As he was not there for the delivery, he never saw the body. The childbirth was traumatic, and Lavinia "lost her mind" during it and nearly died.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: In the meantime, on the advice of the locals, Elizabeth enters the Whateley house looking for Nancy. She opens a locked door, and releases a creature which appears to be Wilbur's monstrous twin, who kills her and escapes. Upon Wilbur and Nancy's return, Old Whateley confronts them about the presence of Nancy's car, and in the ensuing argument, falls down the stairs and dies. Wilbur takes him to the local cemetery for a decidedly non-Christian burial, but the local townsfolk vociferously stop him.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: Wilbur's twin runs amok in Dunwich, killing several people. Lavinia dies in the asylum, looking much older than her 45 years. The Whateley estate burns down in a conflagration that may have to do with a pagan ritual. At the top of a coastal cliff, Wilbur prepares Nancy for sacrifice to bring back what he calls "The Old Ones." Confronted by Armitage, Wilbur chants and calls down his demon father as his adversary chants reverse spells. Wilbur is struck by lightning in the ritual and falls in a ball of fire into the sea.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: Finally, the physically unharmed Nancy is escorted off the sacrificial altar by Armitage and Cory, who calm her by stating that the Whateley line has ended. However, Nancy is pregnant, presumably with Wilbur's ill-conceived child.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: Film scholar Alain Silver considers "The Dunwich Horror" "the first geographical and architecturally apt transliteration of Lovecraft," and "more appropriate to the source material and not just a revamping of old designs from Poe films." Silver identifies one significant difference in the portrayal of Wilbur, who appears sensual and seductive in the film, whereas he is described in the story as "goatish" and uncharismatic. Scholar Rob Craig similarly notes that, in remaining true to the "spirit of the source work," the film "may be, ironically, one of the most overall successful adaptations of a Lovecraft source work ever committed to film."


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: Several critics have noted that the film features prominent psychedelic imagery, particularly in its depiction of the disembodied energy that attacks several characters in the film.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: American International Pictures (AIP) originally announced a film version of Lovecraft's "The Dunwich Horror" in 1963. Originally, AIP had conceived an international co-production of the film between the United States and Italy. Daniel Haller, who was hired to direct, had previously directed several films for executive producer Roger Corman, including the motorcycle film "Devil's Angels" (1967).


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: Commenting on the production, Haller noted that the production was partly inspired by the success of "Rosemary's Baby" (1968), but added, "We are not making a Gothic horror story. We want a much more contemporary image—one that will bring witchcraft and necromancy into an area of credibility, at least to some extent."


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: Sandra Dee was cast in the lead role of Nancy in April 1969, and paid $65,000 plus 5% of the profits. The role was Dee's first major part after the lapse of her years-long contract with Universal Pictures, and she saw it as a notable change of pace in her career. Dissatisfied with her previous work (Dee referred to her past 25 films with Universal as "all rotten"), she stated, "The reason I decided to do "Dunwich" was because I couldn't put the script down once I started reading it. I had read so many that I had to plow through, just because I promised someone. Even if this movie turns out be a complete disaster, I guarantee it will change my image." However, Dee refused to be nude in the film's final sequence, which was written in the screenplay.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: Originally, Peter Fonda was cast in the role of Wilbur Whateley, but he backed out of the project and was replaced by Dean Stockwell. Both Stockwell and Dee were former child actors. This was the last film of actor Ed Begley, who died three months after its theatrical release.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: Principal photography of "The Dunwich Horror" took place in Mendocino County, California, including the town of Little River, in the spring of 1969. The sequences set at Arkham College were filmed in the philosophy department at the University of Southern California.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: "The Dunwich Horror" premiered in Chicago at the McVicker's Theater on January 14, 1970. During its first week, it grossed $30,000. The following week, on January 21, it opened in Los Angeles, then premiered in New York City on July 8 of that year. It premiered in London on September 20, 1970 as a double bill with "The Oblong Box" (1969). The film grossed $478,900 in 1970, per a May 12, 1971 report; however, a report in "Variety" from January 1971 indicated a total of $1,043,000 in U.S. and Canadian rentals.


title: The Dunwich Horror (film)

text: Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" praised the film, describing it as a "truly engrossing film of the supernatural that has been made with sensitivity and skill," further commending its mood and atmosphere, as well as the performances of Dee and Stockwell. John Duvoli of "Cinefantastique" noted that the film "is not Lovecraftian, but it is good technical film-making," also praising the special effects and score, but lambasting Dee's performance as ineffective. Ann Guarino of the "New York Daily News" awarded the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, noting that "Director Daniel Haller keeps interest high in the proceedings, but cannot avoid a letdown for, after all, he is dealing with the unbelievable."