title: Government of Delhi

text: The Chief Minister and lieutenant Governor are the heads of the Government. The government consists of the legislative wing, i.e. the present Legislative Assembly of Delhi, which is unicameral, consisting of 70 members of the legislative assembly.


title: Government of Delhi

text: The Legislative Assembly of Delhi was first constituted on 17 March 1952 under the Government of Part C States Act, 1951, but it was abolished on 1 October 1956. Its legislative assembly was re-established in the year of 1993, after the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 came into force, followed by the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 2021 the Sixty-ninth Amendment to the Constitution of India, declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi.


title: Government of Delhi

text: The first chief minister of Delhi was Ch. Braham Prakash (INC) and the first woman CM was Sushma Swaraj of BJP. Sheila Dikshit (INC) has been the chief minister for the maximum times (three) and oversaw immense development of the city during her tenure. Guru Radha Kishan (CPI) had the rare distinction of representing his constituency in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi for most years continuously by an individual and Ch. Prem Singh (INC) has won the maximum elections for different civic bodies in Delhi.


title: Government of Delhi

text: As per article 239AA of Indian Constitution, the number of ministers cannot exceed ten percent of Delhi assembly seats. Therefore, there can be a maximum of seven m Ministers (10% of 70 Delhi assembly seats).


title: Government of Delhi

text: The Lieutenant Governor of Delhi is appointed by the President of India., as agent of President and head of state like governor, on the advice of the Central government. This state government is called the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Government of NCT of Delhi or simply Government of Delhi). It consists of an executive, led by the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi, a judiciary and a legislature.


title: Government of Delhi

text: The Supreme Court of India in "Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India" ruled that according to the Article 239AA of the Indian constitution, that although the government had to keep him/her informed of its decisions, Delhi's lieutenant governor did not have any independent decision-making powers and had to follow the "aid and advice" of the chief minister-led council of ministers of the Government of Delhi on matters which the Delhi Legislative Assembly could legislate on, viz., all items on the State List (items on which only state legislatures can legislate) and the Concurrent List (items on which both the Parliament of India and the state legislatures can legislate) barring 'police, 'public order' and 'land'. The court added that on matters referred to him/her, the LG was bound to follow the orders of the president.


title: Government of Delhi

text: The Delhi High Court has jurisdiction over Delhi, which also has two types of lower courts: the Small Causes Court for civil cases, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. Like other Union territories, the Delhi Police reports to the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India and not the government of NCT of Delhi. Headed by the Police Commissioner, it is one of the largest metropolitan police forces in the world. The headquarters of Delhi Police are located Jai Singh Marg, Connaught Place, New Delhi.


title: Wheel alignment

text: Wheel alignment sometimes referred to as breaking, or tracking is part of standard automobile maintenance that consists of adjusting the angles of wheels to the car manufacturer specifications. The purpose of these adjustments is to reduce tire wear and to ensure that vehicle travel is straight and true (without "pulling" to one side). Alignment angles can also be altered beyond the maker's specifications to obtain a specific handling characteristic. Motorsport and off-road applications may call for angles to be adjusted well beyond normal, for a variety of reasons.


title: Wheel alignment

text: The primary angles are the basic angle alignment of the wheels relative to each other and to the car body. These adjustments are the camber, caster and toe. On some cars, not all of these can be adjusted on every wheel.


title: Wheel alignment

text: These three parameters can be further categorized into front and rear (with no caster on the rear, typically not being steered wheels). In summary, the parameters are:


title: Wheel alignment

text: Setback is the difference between right side and left side wheelbase length. It can also be measured as an angle. Setback less than the manufacturer specified tolerance (for example about 6mm) does not affect car handling. This is because when the vehicle is turning, one wheel is ahead of the other by several centimetres and therefore the setback is negligible. There are some car models with different factory setting for right and left side wheelbase length, for various design reasons. An off-spec setback may occur because of a collision or a difference between right and left caster.


title: Wheel alignment

text: Rake is the difference between the front and rear ride heights, a positive number when the rear ride height is larger.


title: Wheel alignment

text: A camera unit (sometimes called a "head") is attached to a specially designed clamp which holds on to a wheel. There are usually four camera units in a wheel alignment system (a camera unit for each wheel). The camera units communicate their physical positioning with respect to other camera units to a central computer which calculates and displays.


title: Wheel alignment

text: Often with alignment equipment, these "heads" can be a large precision reflector. In this case, the alignment "tower" contains the cameras as well as arrays of LEDs. This system flashes one array of LEDs for each reflector whilst a camera centrally located in the LED array "looks for" an image of the reflectors patterned face. These cameras perform the same function as the other style of alignment equipment, yet alleviate numerous issues prone to relocating a heavy precision camera assembly on each vehicle serviced.


title: Wheel alignment

text: Camber is the angle which the vertical axis of the wheel makes with the vertical axis of the vehicle. This angle is very important for the cornering performance of the vehicles. Generally a Camber around 0.5-2 degrees is given on the vehicles. Depending upon wheel orientation, Camber can be of three types.


title: Wheel alignment

text: The Camber would be called positive when the top of the wheels lean outwards. Positive Camber is generally used in off-road vehicles. This is because, it improves the steering response and decreases the steering efforts required for turning the vehicle. Positive Camber is also provided in load carrying vehicles. This is because the heavy load on these vehicles cause outward leaning wheels to straighten up, improving the vehicle stability.


title: Wheel alignment

text: Negative Camber is encountered when the top of the wheels lean inwards. Providing Negative Camber improves the cornering performance. When the vehicle turns on a corner, it performs a circular motion. Hence, it experiences equal and opposite centripetal & centrifugal forces. The centripetal force is experienced in the form of friction on tyres. The centrifugal force experienced by the car tries to throw it away from the turning center. This increases the normal reaction on the outer wheels.


title: Wheel alignment

text: Due to increase in normal reaction, the frictional force on the outer tyres also increase. This friction acts as centripetal force and tries to bend the outer tires inwards. The tires get deformed due to bending and the contact area between the wheels and the ground decreases. This in turns decreases the frictional force between the outer tires and the ground causing the vehicle to drift during cornering. Hence a negative Camber is given to the vehicles. The negatively cambered wheels lean inwards. So during cornering when the frictional forces try to deform the outer wheels, they just simply get flat on ground increasing the friction with road surface.


title: Don't Think Twice, It's All Right

text: "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" is a song written by Bob Dylan in 1962, recorded on November 14 that year, and released on the 1963 album "The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan" and as the b-side of the "Blowin' in the Wind" single. The song was covered by several other artists, including Peter, Paul and Mary who released it as a single which reached the Top 10 of the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Don't Think Twice, It's All Right

text: In the liner notes to the original release, Nat Hentoff calls the song "a statement that maybe you can say to make yourself feel better ... as if you were talking to yourself." It was written around the time that Suze Rotolo indefinitely prolonged her stay in Italy. The melody is based on the public domain traditional song "Who's Gonna Buy Your Chickens When I'm Gone", which was taught to Dylan by folksinger Paul Clayton, who had used it in his song "Who's Gonna Buy You Ribbons When I'm Gone?"


title: Don't Think Twice, It's All Right

text: As well as the melody, a couple of lines were taken from Clayton's "Who's Gonna Buy You Ribbons When I'm Gone?", which was recorded in 1960, two years before Dylan wrote "Don't Think Twice". Lines taken word-for-word or slightly altered from the Clayton song are, "T'ain't no use to sit and wonder why, darlin'," and, "So I'm walkin' down that long, lonesome road." On the first release of the song, instead of "So I'm walkin' down that long, lonesome road babe, where I'm bound, I can't tell" Dylan sings "So long, honey babe, where I'm bound, I can't tell". The lyrics were changed when Dylan performed live versions of the song and on cover versions recorded by other artists.


title: Don't Think Twice, It's All Right

text: In addition to its original release, the song has appeared on several of Dylan's greatest hits compilations, including "Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II" (1971), "The Best of Bob Dylan" (1997), and "The Essential Bob Dylan" (2000). Another version of the song, recorded as a demo for Dylan's music publisher M. Witmark & Sons in 1963, was included on two releases in Columbia's "Bootleg Series": "" (2005) and "" (2010). In addition, live versions have been released on "Before the Flood" (1974; recorded February 14, 1974), as a reggae rock version on "Bob Dylan at Budokan" (1978; recorded February 28, 1978), "" (2004; recorded October 31, 1964), "Live at The Gaslight 1962" (2005; recorded October 15, 1962), and "Live 1962-1966: Rare Performances from the Copyright Collections" (2018; recorded April 12, 1963).


title: Don't Think Twice, It's All Right

text: In 1963, the popular folk trio Peter, Paul and Mary recorded the song. Dylan's manager Albert Grossman also managed Peter, Paul and Mary and started offering Dylan's songs to other artists to record. "Don't Think Twice, It's Alright" was one of three Dylan songs Peter, Paul and Mary picked up that way for their third album "In the Wind", "Blowin' in the Wind" and "Quit Your Lowdown Ways" being the others. Released as a single, it reached number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number two on its Easy Listening charts. It was this version that popularized the song. "Cash Box" described it as "an infectious medium-paced country-styled folk item with a haunting, extremely pretty melody" that seemed destined to replicate the success the trio had with "Blowin' in the Wind." AllMusic critic William Ruhlman described the Peter, Paul and Mary version as an "understated rendition" of the song. Radio personality Bob Leszczak describes this version as being done "in typical fashion."


title: Don't Think Twice, It's All Right

text: The Four Seasons released a cover of the song as a single in 1965 (with the title "Don't Think Twice") under the pseudonym the Wonder Who? Their "joke" version reached number 12 on the Hot 100, and eventually sold one million copies.


title: Don't Think Twice, It's All Right

text: Before he became famous, Post Malone uploaded a cover version to YouTube in 2013 under his birth name, performed in an earnest folk style unlike his later work. The video was widely viewed in 2015 after his "White Iverson" video went viral on SoundCloud. Lana Del Rey performed the song on her "Norman Fucking Rockwell!" tour in 2019, joined by Walkmen singer Hamilton Leithauser in Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Don't Think Twice, It's All Right

text: The song was used on the AMC television series "Mad Men", "Friday Night Lights", and "Men of a Certain Age". It was also used in Nancy Savoca's 1991 film "Dogfight", starring River Phoenix and Lili Taylor; the 2011 film "The Help"; the October 30, 2016 episode of the AMC television series "The Walking Dead"; the January 22, 2019 episode of the NBC television series "This Is Us (season 3)" (episode 11, "Songbird Road Part 1"); the 2019 film "The Kitchen" (during a funeral scene, the cover version is sung by the artist Melanie); the January 7, 2020 episode of the series "Emergence" (season 1, episode 10, "15 Years"); and the February 16, 2021 episode of the NBC television series "This Is Us (season 5)" (episode 8, "In The Room") which featured a cover version sung by the artist John Martyn from his first album, London Conversation. It was also featured in the BBC Scottish sitcom series, Still Game in the final episode, Over the Hill which was played in the final scenes of the show. The song is also heard over the end scenes of the December 16, 2021 episode of the HBO MAX miniseries "Station Eleven" (season 1, episode 1, “Wheel of Fire.”)


title: Emma Fielding

text: Emma Georgina Annalies Fielding (born 07 October 1964 in Catterick, North Riding of Yorkshire) is an English actress.


title: Emma Fielding

text: The daughter of a British Army officer, Colonel Johnny Fielding, and Sheila Fielding, she was raised Catholic and some of her childhood in Malaysia and Nigeria, and a period in Malvern. While studying at the Berkhamsted Collegiate boarding school, she won a place at Robinson College, Cambridge to study law, after spending a gap year which included five months in a kibbutz in the occupied West Bank, Palestine, picking watermelons, and as an usherette at the Oxford Apollo; before embarking on the study of acting at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama.


title: Emma Fielding

text: After graduation she worked for the Royal National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company, coming to the attention of critics in 1993's National Theatre production of Tom Stoppard's "Arcadia," in which she created the role of Thomasina, and then most notably in John Ford's "The Broken Heart" for which she won the Dame Peggy Ashcroft Award for Best Actress. Also in 1993, she was Agnes in "The School for Wives" at the Almeida Theatre, for which she won the Ian Charleson Award. She made her Broadway theatre debut in 2003 in Noël Coward's "Private Lives." She has also appeared in numerous radio plays for the BBC, including playing Esme in Tom Stoppard's "Rock 'n' Roll", a role she also played in the West End. More recently, she appeared in the BBC TV mini-series "Cranford".


title: Emma Fielding

text: In 2009, she appeared as Daisy alongside Timothy West in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of John Mortimer's "Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders". She has also appeared in the crime drama "Death in Paradise" playing the part of Astrid Knight. (Season 1, Episode 4). In 2014, she appeared in another crime drama "DCI Banks" (Series 3, Episodes 17 & 18).


title: Emma Fielding

text: In November 2018, she provided the voice for the alien Kisar in the "Doctor Who" episode "Demons of the Punjab".


title: Canaan Dog

text: The Canaan Dog is the oldest breed of pariah dog still existing and abundant across the Middle East. It can be found in Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon and the Sinai Peninsula, and these, or dogs nearly identical, were also found in Iraq and Syria over 9000 years ago. It is the national dog of Israel. As of 2012, there were 2,000 to 3,000 Canaan Dogs across the world.


title: Canaan Dog

text: The Canaan dog is also known as the Kelev K'Naani, Israel Canaan Dog, Bedouin Sheep dog and Palestinian Pariah Dog, The breed standard was created by Israeli Professor Rudolphina Menzel in 1966.


title: Canaan Dog

text: Since time immemorial, the Bedouins have used this dog for guarding their herds and camps. At the time of the Diaspora, the Israelites were forcefully removed from their land and according to tradition had to leave behind their dogs which reverted to the wild.


title: Canaan Dog

text: Excavations in Israel unearthed the Ashkelon dog cemetery, the largest known animal cemetery in the ancient world, containing 700 dog skeletons, all of which were anatomically similar to the Canaan dog of modern times. The cemetery dates back to the time of occupation by the Persian Empire and archaeologists hypothesize that the dogs were revered as sacred animals.


title: Canaan Dog

text: Dr. Rudolphina Menzel (1891–1973) used these intelligent scavenger-dogs mainly found in the desert as guard dogs. In the 1930s, Menzel was asked by the Haganah to build up a service dog organization. She captured a select group of semi-wild individuals, tamed, trained and bred them. Menzel found the dogs highly adaptable, trainable, and easy to domesticate. It took her about six months to capture her first dog, Dugma, and within a few weeks she was able to take him into town and on buses. She began a breeding program in 1934, providing working dogs for the military and she gave pups to be pets and home guard dogs. She initiated a selective breeding program to produce the breed known today as the Canaan dog.


title: Canaan Dog

text: In 1949, Menzel founded The Institute for Orientation and Mobility of the Blind, and in 1953, she started to train Canaan dogs as guide dogs for the blind. Although she was able to train several dogs, she found that the breed was too independent and too small for general guide dog use, although some of her dogs were used successfully by children. Her breeding program was concentrated with the Institute, where a foundation of kennel-raised Canaan dogs was established, carrying the name "B'nei Habitachon". In addition, a controlled collection of dogs of the original type was continued, primarily from the Bedouin of the Negev. She later supplied breeding stock to Shaar Hagai Kennels which continued in the breeding of the Canaan dog.


title: Canaan Dog

text: After her death in 1973, Shaar Hagai Kennels, managed by Dvora Ben Shaul and Myrna Shiboleth, continued the breeding program according to her instructions.


title: Canaan Dog

text: Collection of wild Canaan dogs in Israel has become very difficult, because many of the Canaan dogs living in the open there were destroyed by the Israeli government in the fight against rabies. The spread of the human population into areas that were formerly isolated, along with their pet dogs, has resulted in the loss of the natural habitat of the Canaan. Even the majority of Bedouin dogs today, other than those of tribes still living a traditional and isolated life style, are mixed with other breeds. It is possible that there are still original Canaans among Bedouin tribes that still live the traditional nomadic life elsewhere, and perhaps in Egypt. Myrna Shiboleth visits the Negev regularly, looking for good specimens living by the Bedouin camps, that she can breed with her dogs and use to strengthen the gene pool.


title: Canaan Dog

text: The Canaan Dog is a "wild type" dog in appearance. It is a medium-sized square built dog, with a wedge-shaped head, erect and low set ears with a broad base and rounded tips. Its outer coat is dense, harsh and straight of short to medium-length. The undercoat should be close and profuse according to season. Color ranges from black to cream and all shades of brown and red between, usually with small white markings, or all white with colour patches. Spotting of all kinds is permitted, as well as white or black masks.


title: Canaan Dog

text: In writing the first official standard for the Canaan Dog, Menzel wrote: "Special importance must be placed on the points that differentiate the Canaan Dog from the German Shepherd Dog, whose highly bred form he sometimes resembles: the Canaan-dog is square, the loin region short, the forequarters highly erect, the hindquarters less angular, the neck as noble as possible, the tail curled over the back when excited, the trot is short (see also differences in head and color)".


title: Canaan Dog

text: Canaan dogs are alert, react quickly and distrust strangers. They are strongly defensive but not aggressive.


title: Canaan Dog

text: Canaan dogs can compete in dog agility trials, obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Canaans exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.


title: Canaan Dog

text: The Canaan dog was first recognized by the Israel Kennel Club in 1953 and by the FCI (Federation Cynologique Internationale) in 1966. The first accepted standard was written by Dr. Menzel. In 1986, the first Canaan dogs were brought to Finland from Sha'ar Hagai Kennel, in Israel. The Canaan Dog is today recognized by all the world's kennel clubs and is being bred in many countries. There are breed clubs in the U.S., Canada, the U.K., Finland, Germany, Israel and France.


title: Canaan Dog

text: The first Canaan dog came to Canada May 16, 1970. The dogs came from a kennel in Delaware. The Canadian Canaan Club was formed in 1972, and the first executive of the Club was elected on March 15, 1973. The club has since been dissolved. The Canaan dog obtained entry into the Miscellaneous Class of the Canadian Kennel Club on December 1, 1975. In January 1993, the breed was accepted in the Working Group, as the Canadian Kennel Club did not have a Herding group at that time.


title: Canaan Dog

text: The first Canaan Dog was brought to the UK from Lebanon in 1965, before they were a recognized breed. In December 1970, they were recognized by the Kennel Club, and the breed was placed in the Utility Group. In May 1992 the inaugural meeting of the Canaan Dog Club of the United Kingdom took place. Since 1996 the breed has begun to grow in numbers in the UK, though it is still quite numerically small.


title: Canaan Dog

text: On September 7, 1965, Menzel sent four dogs to Ursula Berkowitz of Oxnard, California, the first Canaan dogs in the United States. The Canaan Dog Club of America was formed the same year, and stud book records were kept from these first reports. In June 1989, the Canaan dog entered the American Kennel Club (AKC) Miscellaneous Class, and then joined the Herding Group in 1997. Its profile was raised when John F. Kennedy Jr. purchased a Canaan dog, Friday, in 1995. Canaan dogs were registered in the AKC Stud Book as of June 1, 1997. The dogs began competing in conformation on August 12, 1997. The United Kennel Club recognized the Canaan Dog in 1992 as part of the Sighthound & Pariah Dog Group and has the Israel Canaan Dog Club of America as the parent club. About 50 puppies are born each year.


title: Alexandra Dowling

text: Alexandra Dowling (born 1990), is an English actress best known for her lead role as Queen Anne in the BBC One historical action drama series "The Musketeers", which is based on the characters in "The Three Musketeers" by Alexandre Dumas. She is also known for her guest starring role as Roslin Frey in HBO's "Game of Thrones".


title: Alexandra Dowling

text: In 2012, Dowling made her television debut in "The Drawing of the Dark", the eleventh episode of the final series of the BBC fantasy drama series "Merlin", as a druid girl named Kara. She also appeared in the music video for "Love Is All I Got" by Feed Me and Crystal Fighters.


title: Alexandra Dowling

text: Dowling guest starred in "The Rains of Castamere", the ninth episode of the third season of HBO's fantasy television series "Game of Thrones" as Roslin Frey. She also starred in "Elephants Can Remember" in the thirteenth series of ITV's "Agatha Christie's Poirot", adapted from Agatha Christie's novel of the same name. This episode was aired on 9 June 2013, and also starred Zoë Wanamaker, Vanessa Kirby and David Suchet.


title: Alexandra Dowling

text: Dowling played the female lead Agnes in the epic action film "Hammer of the Gods", also starring James Cosmo. The film is directed by Farren Blackburn and was released on 5 July 2013. The film tells the story of a dying Viking king who sends his son on a quest to seek out his older brother, the clan's only hope for defeating an approaching enemy horde.


title: Alexandra Dowling

text: She is known for her role as Queen Anne in the BBC One drama series "The Musketeers", based on Alexandre Dumas's novel "The Three Musketeers", about French political intrigues in the early 17th century.


title: Alexandra Dowling

text: Dowling portrayed Bertha in Joshua Stamp-Simon's stage adaption of St. John Emile Clavering Hankin's "The Last of the De Mullins", which opened at Jermyn Street Theatre, London on 5 February and ended on 28 February 2015.


title: Thoughtography

text: Thoughtography, also called projected thermography, psychic photography, nengraphy, and nensha , is the claimed ability to "burn" images from one's mind onto surfaces such as photographic film by parapsychic means. While the term "thoughtography" has been in the English lexicon since 1913, the more recent term "projected thermography" is a neologism popularized in the 2002 American film "The Ring", a remake of the 1998 Japanese horror film "Ring".


title: Thoughtography

text: Thoughtography (also known as psychic photography) first emerged in the late 19th century due to the influence of spirit photography. Thoughtography has no connection with Spiritualism, which distinguishes it from spirit photography. One of the first books to mention "psychic photography" was the book "The New Photography" (1896) by Arthur Brunel Chatwood. In the book Chatwood described experiments where the "image of objects on the retina of the human eye might so affect it that a photograph could be produced by looking at a sensitive plate." The book was criticized in a review in "Nature".


title: Thoughtography

text: The psychical researcher Hereward Carrington in his book "Modern Psychical Phenomena" (1919) wrote that many psychic photographs were revealed to be fraudulent produced by substitution and manipulation of the plates, double-printing, double-exposure and chemical screens. However, Carrington also stated he believed some of the photographs to be genuine. The term "thoughtography" was first introduced at the beginning of the twentieth century by Tomokichi Fukurai.


title: Thoughtography

text: Skeptics, among them professional photographers, consider psychic photographs to be faked or the result of flaws in the camera or film, exposures, film-processing errors, lens flares, flash reflections or chemical reactions.


title: Thoughtography

text: Around 1910, during a period of interest in Spiritualism in Japan, Tomokichi Fukurai, an assistant professor of psychology at Tokyo University began pursuing parapsychology experiments using Chizuko Mifune, Ikuko Nagao, and others as subjects. Fukurai published results of experiments with Nagao that alleged she was capable of telepathically imprinting images on photo plates, which he called "nensha." When journalists found irregularities, Nagao's credibility was attacked, and there was speculation that her later illness and death was caused by distress over criticism. In 1913, Fukurai published "Clairvoyance and Thoughtography". The book was criticized for a lack of scientific approach and his work disparaged by the university and his colleagues. Fukurai eventually resigned in 1913.


title: Thoughtography

text: In the early 20th century the psychical researcher Albert von Schrenck-Notzing investigated the medium Eva Carrière and claimed her ectoplasm "materializations" were the result of "ideoplasty" in which the medium could form images onto ectoplasm from her mind. Schrenck-Notzing published the book "Phenomena of Materialisation" (1923) which included photographs of the ectoplasm. Critics pointed out the photographs of the ectoplasm revealed marks of magazine cut-outs, pins and a piece of string. Schrenck-Notzing admitted that on several occasions Carrière deceptively smuggled pins into the séance room. The magician Carlos María de Heredia replicated the ectoplasm of Carrière using a comb, gauze and a handkerchief.


title: Thoughtography

text: Donald West wrote that the ectoplasm of Carrière was fake and was made of cut-out paper faces from newspapers and magazines on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs. A photograph of Carrière taken from the back of the ectoplasm face revealed it to be made from a magazine cut out with the letters "Le Miro". The two-dimensional face had been clipped from the French magazine Le Miroir. Back issues of the magazine also matched some of Carrière's ectoplasm faces. Cut out faces that she used included Woodrow Wilson, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, French president Raymond Poincaré and the actress .


title: Thoughtography

text: After Schrenck-Notzing discovered Carrière had taken her ectoplasm faces from the magazine he defended her by claiming she had read the magazine but her memory had recalled the images and they had materialized into the ectoplasm. Schrenck-Notzing was described as credulous. Joseph McCabe wrote "In Germany and Austria, Baron von Schrenck-Notzing is the laughing-stock of his medical colleagues."


title: Thoughtography

text: In the 1960s, it was claimed that Chicago resident Ted Serios, a hotel bellhop in his late forties, used psychokinetic powers to produce images on Polaroid instant film. Serios's psychic claims were bolstered by the endorsement of a Denver-based psychiatrist, Jule Eisenbud (1908–1999), who wrote a book, "The World of Ted Serios: "Thoughtographic" Studies of an Extraordinary Mind" (1967), arguing that Serios's purported psychic abilities were genuine. However, professional photographers and skeptics found that Serios was employing simple sleight of hand.


title: Thoughtography

text: Masuaki Kiyota is a Japanese psychic who was claimed to possess psychokinetic powers. Kiyota was tested by investigators in London by Granada Television and the results were negative. It was discovered that with tight controls, Kiyota was unable to project mental images onto film. He could only achieve success when he had the film in his possession without any control for at least 2 hours.


title: Thoughtography

text: According to magician and skeptic James Randi "Kiyota's Polaroid photos were apparently produced by preexposing the film, since it was noted that he made great efforts to obtain a film pack and spend time with it in private." In a 1984 television interview, Kiyota confessed to fraud.


title: Thoughtography

text: In 1995, famed psychic Uri Geller began to use a 35 mm camera in his performances. The lens cap left on the camera, Geller would take pictures of his forehead and then have the pictures developed. Geller claimed that subsequent images had come directly from his mind. James Randi claimed Geller had performed the trick by using a "handheld optical device" or by taking photographs on already exposed film.


title: Japanese sea lion

text: The Japanese sea lion (Zalophus japonicus) (, Korean:강치, 바다사자) was an aquatic mammal that became extinct in the 1970s. It was considered to be a subspecies of the related California sea lion ("Z. californianus") until 2003. They inhabited the Sea of Japan, especially around the coastal areas of the Japanese Archipelago and the Korean Peninsula. They generally bred on sandy beaches which were open and flat, but sometimes in rocky areas. They were hunted commercially in the 1900s, leading to their extinction.


title: Japanese sea lion

text: Prior to 2003, it was considered to be a subspecies of California sea lion as "Zalophus californianus japonicus". However, it was subsequently reclassified as a separate species. DNA analysis in 2007 estimated that the divergence point between the two sea lions took place around 2 million years ago (mya) in the early Pleistocene.


title: Japanese sea lion

text: Several taxidermied specimens can be found in Japan and in the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands, bought by Philipp Franz von Siebold. The British Museum possesses a pelt and four skull specimens.


title: Japanese sea lion

text: Male Japanese sea lions were dark grey, reaching lengths of and weighed about . Females were significantly smaller at long and weighed about with a lighter grey colour than the males.


title: Japanese sea lion

text: Japanese sea lions were found along the northwest Pacific coastline, specifically in Japan, Korea, southern Kamchatka Peninsula, and the Sakhalin Island. However, they may not have existed in Kamchatka, with their northernmost range extending only to the Kuril Islands. Sightings of individual Japanese sea lions still persist in Korea, but these are probably misidentified Steller's sea lions ("Eumetopias jubatus"). The only reliable report may have been of an individual shot at Moneron Island in 1949.


title: Japanese sea lion

text: Old Korean accounts also describe that the sea lion and spotted seal ("Phoca largha") were found in broad area containing the BoHai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and Sea of Japan. The sea lions and seals left relevant place names all over the coast line of Japan, such as Ashika-iwa (海驢岩 or 海鹿岩, sea lion rock) and Ashika-jima (海獺島 or 海鹿島, sea lion island), and Cape Inubō (犬吠埼, dog-barking point) because of their howls to compared to dog's barking. Bones of "Z. japonicus" dating to 3500–2000 BC were found in the Shell Mound in Dongsam-dong, Busan. Genetic evidence confirms the former presence of "Z. japonicus" on the Liancourt rocks.


title: Japanese sea lion

text: They usually resided on flat, open, and sandy beaches, but rarely in rocky areas. Their preference was to rest in caves.


title: Japanese sea lion

text: Many bones of the Japanese sea lion have been excavated from shell middens from the Jōmon period in Japan while an 18th-century encyclopedia, "Wakan Sansai Zue", describes that the meat was not tasty and they were only used to render oil for oil lamps. Valuable oil was extracted from the skin, its internal organs were used to make expensive medicine, and its whiskers and skin were used as pipe cleaners and leather goods, respectively. At the turn of the 20th century, they were captured for use in circuses.


title: Japanese sea lion

text: Harvest records from Japanese commercial fishermen in the early 1900s show that as many as 3,200 sea lions were harvested at the turn of the century, and overhunting caused harvest numbers to fall drastically to 300 sea lions by 1915 and to a few dozen sea lions by the 1930s. Japanese commercial harvest of Japanese sea lions ended in the 1940s when the species became virtually extinct. In total, Japanese trawlers harvested as many as 16,500 sea lions, enough to cause their extinction. Submarine warfare during World War II is even believed to have contributed to their habitat destruction. The most recent sightings of "Z. japonicus" are from the 1970s, with the last confirmed record being a juvenile specimen captured in 1974 off the coast of Rebun Island, northern Hokkaido. There were a few unconfirmed sightings in 1983 and 1985. The last credible documentation was made in 1951 on the Liancourt Rocks reporting 50 to 60 animals. In any case, it was one of the most recent marine mammal extinctions to occur, alongside the Caribbean monk seal which went extinct at around the same time.


title: Japanese sea lion

text: In 2007, the South Korean Ministry of Environment announced that South Korea, North Korea, Russia, and China will collaborate on bringing back sea lions to the Sea of Japan, starting with a search for any Japanese sea lions that might still be alive. The National Institute of Environmental Research of South Korea was commissioned to conduct feasibility research for this project. If the animal cannot be found, the South Korean government plans to relocate California sea lions from the United States. The South Korean Ministry of Environment supports the effort because of the symbolism, national concern, the restoration of the ecological system, and possible ecotourism.


title: Japanese sea lion

text: Sightings of single sea lions of unclear identities have been reported at Iwami, Tottori in July 2003, and on Koshikijima Islands in March, 2016. Both animals were positively identified as Otariidae based on photographs, but their identities are unclear.


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: Abraham Woodhull (October 7, 1750January 23, 1826) was a leading member of the Culper Spy Ring in New York City and Setauket, New York, during the American Revolutionary War. He used the alias "Samuel Culper" (later "Samuel Culper Sr."), which was a play on Culpeper County, Virginia, and was suggested by George Washington.


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: The Culper Ring was a successful operation that provided Washington with valuable information on the British Army headquartered in New York from October 1778 to the end of the war. After the United States gained independence, Woodhull served as a magistrate, as had his father before him, and served as a judge in Suffolk County, New York.


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: Woodhull was a descendant of Richard Lawrence Woodhull, a wealthy settler of Setauket, and was also related to New York militia Brigadier General Nathaniel Woodhull. His parents were Judge Richard Woodhull and Mary Woodhull (née Smith).


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: Woodhull served as a lieutenant in the Suffolk County, New York, militia in the fall of 1775 but resigned after a few months. He was motivated by the murder of his cousin Brigadier General Nathaniel Woodhull of the New York militia, who was wounded by sword and bayonet cuts after he had been captured on August 29, 1776. According to some reports, he had been deprived of medical care and food and suffered an agonizing death on September 20, 1776, and Abraham Woodhull was inflamed against the British by that event. He did not immediately take up arms or begin spying, however, and was more placid than some of his friends, who joined the Continental Army at the outset of the war.


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: He was the only surviving son of aging parents, and he stayed on the family farm to attend to his family and their property.


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: Continental Army Major Benjamin Tallmadge was Woodhull's neighbor in Setauket and approached Woodhull in August 1778 about gathering intelligence for the Patriot cause during the American Revolutionary War. Woodhull had been caught smuggling contraband across Long Island Sound, and Tallmadge spoke with Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull and got him released. Tallmadge then set up a spy network in New York, with Woodhull as the lead agent.


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: Woodhull began spying in October 1778 and sent his first "Samuel Culper" letter on October 29, 1778 after he had sworn an oath of loyalty to the Crown as cover. His plan was to travel to Manhattan, ostensibly to visit his married sister, Mary Underhill, and her husband, Amos, at their boarding house. In Manhattan, he collected information from various sources, including British officers staying at the Underhill boarding house and then return to Setauket, where he passed the information to the Continental Army lieutenant and whaleboat operator Caleb Brewster to take across Long Island Sound to Tallmadge.


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: Tallmadge then sent the information to General George Washington. Austin Roe became the main courier for the ring later after Woodhull stopped going to New York City to gather intelligence personally. He delivered messages via dead drop, burying them in a box in a pasture that he rented on Woodhull's property.


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: Woodhull married his friend Mary Smith in 1781 and had three children with her. He held a few minor political appointments, including magistrate in Suffolk County, New York, from 1799 to 1810. Mary died in 1806, and he married Lydia Terry in 1824.


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: He died in Setauket on January 23, 1826 and is buried in the Setauket Presbyterian Church and Burial Ground.


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: Warren Walker suggested in 1956 that James Fenimore Cooper's character Harvey Birch had been based upon the work of "Samuel Culper" as a spy. That would include both Woodhull as "Culper Sr." and Robert Townsend, who used the alias "Samuel Culper Jr."


title: Abraham Woodhull

text: Woodhull was portrayed from 2014 to 2017 by Jamie Bell in AMC's spy thriller and historical drama series "", which was based on "" (2007) by Alexander Rose. Other people from Woodhull's life are portrayed in the show as well.


title: Doraemon (1979 TV series)

text: This Doraemon anime series is sometimes referred to in Asia as the Ōyama Edition (大山版), after Nobuyo Ōyama, the voice actress who voices Doraemon in this series.


title: Doraemon (1979 TV series)

text: Two official English dubs of this anime series have been released, the first of which was called "The Adventures of Albert and Sidney" and was made in Canada by CINAR and aired exclusively in Barbados on CBC TV 8 during the late 1988 and early 1996, it was planned to air in the US on Superstation WTBS (now known as TBS) but never premiered for unknown reasons, the second was made in Singapore and aired on Channel i & Kids Central from 2002 to 2003 in Singapore. Additionally, an unofficial bootleg English dub by Speedy Video was produced and released exclusively in Malaysia on various VCDs. 8 seasons containing 52 episodes each(each of the 416 episodes contains 2 short episodes or stories each, making 832 episodes in total) of Hindi Dub have been released on Amazon Prime India.


title: Doraemon (1979 TV series)

text: The opening theme used for the weekly "Doraemon" series airing between 1979 and 2005 was , which was performed by five different performers over the course of its years:


title: Doraemon (1979 TV series)

text: Two songs were used for a separate weekday "Doraemon" series which is a part of Fujiko Fujio Theater (藤子不二雄劇場, "Fujiko Fujio Gekijoo"), the first song being the same as the first song of the weekly series.


title: Doraemon (1979 TV series)

text: Three songs were used for the separate weekday "Doraemon" series. The start and end dates are not listed here, nor are the episodes they ran for.


title: One Day (novel)

text: One Day is a novel by David Nicholls, published in 2009. Each chapter covers the lives of two protagonists on 15 July, St Swithin's Day, for 20 years. The novel attracted generally positive reviews and was named 2010 Galaxy Book of the Year. Nicholls adapted his book into a screenplay; the feature film, was released in August 2011, and a planned television series for Netflix.


title: One Day (novel)

text: Dexter and Emma spend the night together following their graduation from the University of Edinburgh, in 1988. They talk about how they will be once they are 40. While they do not become romantically involved completely, this is the beginning of their friendship. The novel visits their lives and their relationship on 15 July in successive years in each chapter, for 20 years.


title: One Day (novel)

text: Emma wants to improve the world, and begins writing and performing plays, which remain unsuccessful, while Dexter travels through the world, drinking and hooking up with women. Eventually both move to London, where Emma becomes a waitress in Kentish Town, at a Tex-Mex restaurant, while Dexter becomes a successful television presenter.


title: One Day (novel)

text: While there are various attempts from both sides to start a relationship, coincidences stop Emma and Dexter from getting together, and while they have relationships with other people, they remain best friends, each secretly longing for the other. They are drawn closer through a holiday together and the death of Dexter's mother.


title: One Day (novel)

text: Emma breaks up with her boyfriend, Ian, after realising she is creating a life with someone she doesn't love. During this time she is able to find a job as a teacher, after various years of struggle, despite having a "double-first degree". Dexter, meanwhile, develops a drinking and drug problem, and watches his career collapse.


title: One Day (novel)

text: Emma and Dexter's friendship grows increasingly difficult after Emma is constantly hurt by Dexter, who attempts to hide his feelings for her from both her and himself.


title: One Day (novel)

text: At the wedding of Emma's former roommate, Emma and Dexter meet again. Emma admits that she wants Dexter back. At this juncture, she has just ended an affair with the headmaster of the school she teaches in, and Dexter has fallen in love with another woman, Sylvie, who is pregnant. At this reunion, Dexter invites Emma, who is disappointed by the situation, to his wedding.


title: One Day (novel)

text: Emma tries to overcome her problems and begins to write, while Dexter is unemployed and overwhelmed by his role as a father after his divorce from Sylvie, who was having an affair. Emma leaves to go to Paris in the hope of writing a sequel to her first successful children's novel. When Dexter visits her in Paris, he learns that she has met someone and likes him, and for the first time admits his feelings to her. After talking about their relationship, Emma chooses Dexter.


title: One Day (novel)

text: Emma and Dexter form a relationship, are happy together, and get married, but Emma wants a child. The couple finds themselves frustrated by their failing attempts to have a child. Dexter, however, is able to open a deli-café and finds himself on his way back to being successful.


title: One Day (novel)

text: On the anniversary of the day they met after graduation and the day they got together, Emma and Dexter have an appointment to see a house. While travelling there, Emma has a bike accident and dies. After her death, Dexter finds himself in despair. He starts to drink again and provokes people in bars to get beaten.


title: One Day (novel)

text: He is comforted by his ex-wife Sylvie, his father, and his daughter. Three years after Emma's death Dexter travels with his daughter to Edinburgh, where he and Emma met, and they climb the same hill together that he and Emma climbed 19 years earlier.


title: One Day (novel)

text: The book ends with a vivid and lingering memory of what happened after that day together 20 years before: their goodbye kiss after the evening, promise to stay in touch, and goodbye.


title: One Day (novel)

text: Nicholls recalls that idea for the novel had its origin when he was a student, reading a passage in Thomas Hardy's 1891 novel "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" in which Hardy's heroine realises that as well as birthdays and anniversaries "there was yet another date, of greater importance to her than those; that of her own death...a day which lay sly and unseen and among all the other days of the year, giving no sign or sound." Twenty years later, Nicholls found himself adapting Hardy's novel for the BBC and was reminded of the passage; "There it was again; that ordinary day that turns out not to be ordinary at all." This gave the author the idea for a novel in which the date of a major character's death should form the basis for vignettes of the characters' lives, without the events of the other 364 days, and thus avoiding the cliches of birthdays, Valentine's Day or New Year's Eve. St Swithun's Day (15 July) was chosen as it fitted with the graduation day at which the reader first encounters the characters and the "themes of unpredictability" of the proverb.


title: One Day (novel)

text: Writing in "The Times", John O'Connell writes, "For, in spite of its comic gloss, "One Day" is really about loneliness and the casual savagery of fate; the tragic gap between youthful aspiration and the compromises that we end up tolerating. Not for nothing has Nicholls said that it was inspired by Thomas Hardy." A critic in "The London Paper" observes that "One Day" "may be a love story, but it's no fairytale: Nicholls doesn’t shy from the harsh side of growing up, the disillusionment, regrets, and random cruelty of life.". According to Jonathan Coe, writing in ""Guardian" Books of the Year" (2009), "It's rare to find a novel which ranges over the recent past with such authority, and even rarer to find one in which the two leading characters are drawn with such solidity, such painful fidelity, to real life."


title: One Day (novel)

text: The novel attracted mainly positive reviews. Writing in "The Guardian", Harry Ritchie called it "a very persuasive and endearing account of a close friendship – the delight Emma and Dexter take in one another, the flirting and the banter that sometimes hide resentment and sometimes yearning, the way the relationship shifts and evolves as the years pass." Ritchie comments, "Just as Nicholls has made full use of his central concept, so he has drawn on all his comic and literary gifts to produce a novel that is not only roaringly funny but also memorable, moving and, in its own unassuming, unpretentious way, rather profound." This story is reminiscent of "Same Time, Next Year".


title: One Day (novel)

text: Elizabeth Day of "The Observer" also praises the novel, although criticising "its structural flaws", since "some of the most important events in their life are never recounted." Despite this, she concludes by commenting "there is no doubt that "One Day" is a beguiling read. But although I really liked it, I wanted desperately to love it because Nicholls is, I think, a far better writer than this format allows him to be."


title: One Day (novel)

text: "The Times" deflected comparisons to "When Harry Met Sally...", "saccharine" assumptions, and expectations that the "more literary" will snobbishly gratify themselves that they never read "'commercial' romantic comedies with cartoons and squiggly writing on the cover. Well, be convinced: "One Day" is a wonderful, wonderful book: wise, funny, perceptive, compassionate and often unbearably sad. It's also, with its subtly political focus on changing habits and mores, the best British social novel since Jonathan Coe's "What a Carve Up"."


title: One Day (novel)

text: Author Nick Hornby also praised the book on his blog, calling it "A big, absorbing, smart, fantastically readable on-off love story." His blurb is used in some editions of the book, such as the US paperback edition.


title: One Day (novel)

text: In 2010, the novel was named Popular Fiction Book of the Year at the UK's annual Galaxy National Book Awards ceremony, and was later granted the accolade of Galaxy Book of the Year.


title: One Day (novel)

text: At the time of the book's publication, Nicholls wrote that he was adapting his novel as a film script. He acknowledged the difficulties in casting people who "could be both students and middle-aged! But I think we've found a way."


title: One Day (novel)

text: The film was directed by Lone Scherfig for Random House Films and Focus Features, with a theatrical release in August 2011. Anne Hathaway and Jim Sturgess portrayed Emma and Dexter, respectively. Filming took place in England, Scotland, and France.


title: One Day (novel)

text: In November 2021, it was announced that Netflix will be adapting the novel into a television series. The writing team for the series is headed by Nicole Taylor, working with Anna Jordan, Vinay Patel and Bijan Sheibani and will be produced by Drama Republic, Universal International Studios and Focus Features. Ambika Mod and Leo Woodall are set to star as lead roles.


title: Asterix films (live action)

text: Asterix and Obelix is a French live-action film franchise, based on the comic book series of the same name by French comic book artists Albert Uderzo and Rene Goscinny. The series includes four theatrically released films. Just like the comic books, the films focus on the adventures of Asterix and Obelix, two Gauls in Roman-occupied Europe. With the help of a magic potion which causes superhuman strength, the Gaul's tiny village manages to resist Rome.


title: Asterix films (live action)

text: In the first two installments in the franchise, protagonists Asterix and Obelix are played by actors Christian Clavier and Gérard Depardieu. Depardieu is the only actor to appear in all four films, with Clavier being replaced by Clovis Cornillac for the third film and by Edouard Baer for the fourth. Apart from Depardieu and Clavier, the only other actors to appear in more than one film are Sim, who plays the village's oldest resident, Geriatrix, in the first and third film, and Jamel Debbouze, who plays Egyptian architect Edifis in the second and third films. All other roles who reappear during the series are played by a different actor in each film.


title: Asterix films (live action)

text: The fourth film, "", was released in 2012. A fifth film, "", commenced production in 2021 and is to be released in 2022.


title: Asterix films (live action)

text: In "Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra", Asterix and Obelix travel to Egypt to help architect Numerobis to build a palace for queen Cleopatra in 90 days because of a bet she made with Julius Caesar.


title: Asterix films (live action)

text: For this film the plot is based primarily on the sixth Asterix comic book, "Asterix and Cleopatra" written by René Goscinny and illustrated by Albert Uderzo. The same comic book was the basis of a 1968 animated film. In this version there are many references to other popular movies like The Matrix, and contemporary jokes which give a different perspective from the previous stories. Clavier and Depardieu reprised their roles as Asterix and Obelix but there were various other changes in the cast and crew of this film, such as Claude Piéplu and Gottfried John who played Getafix and Caesar in the first film being replaced by Claude Rich and Alain Chabat. The film was again a huge success but it was considered to be one of the most expensive films in the history of Europe (more than 50 million dollars). It was directed by Alain Chabat.


title: Asterix films (live action)

text: This movie is the only Asterix live action movie in which the plot closely follows the plot of the original comic book "Asterix and Cleopatra" without incorporating elements from other stories.


title: Asterix films (live action)

text: "Astérix at the Olympic Games" is the third live action Asterix film, released in 2008, and based on the comic book of the same name. Clovis Cornillac replaced Christian Clavier in the role of Asterix. Aside from Gérard Depardieu as Obelix and brief cameos by Sim as Geriatrix and Jamel Debbouze as Edifis none of the cast members from the previous two films returned. The film does have several celebrity cameo appearances by people such as Tony Parker, Zinedine Zidane and Michael Schumacher.


title: Asterix films (live action)

text: Filming began in June 2006 and the movie was planned to be released close to the date of the Beijing Olympic Games. The budget of the film was estimated to be even higher than the previous Asterix film (possibly almost twice as expensive). It was directed by Frédéric Forestier and Thomas Langmann.


title: Asterix films (live action)

text: "Asterix and Obelix: God Save Britannia" is the fourth live action Asterix film, and was released in October 2012. It is based on the comic book "Asterix in Britain". Edouard Baer replaced Clovis Cornillac (who had replaced Christian Clavier) in the role of Asterix.


title: Asterix films (live action)

text: "Asterix & Obelix: The Middle Kingdom" will be the fifth live action Asterix film. Production was originally planned to take place partly in China in 2020, but was postponed to 2021 and relocated to France and Morocco. The film is being directed by Guillaume Canet, who also stars as Asterix, while Gilles Lellouche plays Obelix.


title: Daman Mills

text: Daman Mills is an American voice actor and ADR Director from Seattle, Washington. He is known for his work in anime and video game dubs, and works frequently with Crunchyroll, Bang Zoom! Entertainment, Studiopolis and Sound Cadence Studios.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: Rukmini Devi Arundale (née Shastri; 29 February 1904 – 24 February 1986) was an Indian theosophist, dancer and choreographer of the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam, and an activist for animal welfare.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: She was the first woman in Indian history to be nominated as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India. The most important revivalist of Bharatanatyam from its original 'sadhir' style prevalent amongst the temple dancers, the Devadasis, she also worked for the re-establishment of traditional Indian arts and crafts.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: She espoused the cause of Bharata Natyam which was considered a vulgar art. She 'sanitised' and removed the inherent eroticism of Sadhir to make it palatable to Indian upper-caste elites and the British morality of the era.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: Rukmini Devi features in "India Today"s list of '100 People Who Shaped India'. She was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1956, and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship in 1967.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: Rukmini Devi was born in a brahmin family on 29 February 1904 in Madurai of Tamilnadu. Her father, Neelakanta Shastri, was an engineer with the Public Works Department and a scholar, and her mother Seshammal was a music enthusiast. He had a transferable job and the family moved frequently. He was introduced to the Theosophical Society in 1901. Her brother, Nilakanta Sri Ram, later became the President of the Theosophical Society. Deeply influenced by the Theosophical Movement as a follower of Dr Annie Besant, Neelakanta Shastri moved to Adyar, Chennai after retirement, where he built his home near the headquarters of the Theosophical Society Adyar. It was here that young Rukmini was exposed to not just theosophical thought, but also to new ideas on culture, theatre, music, and dance. Her meeting with the prominent British theosophist Dr George Arundale—a close associate of Annie Besant and later the principal of the Central Hindu College in Varanasi—led to her building a lasting bond with him.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: They married in 1920 when she turned 16 and he was 26 years her senior at 42, much to the shock of the then conservative society. After marriage, she traveled around the world, meeting fellow theosophists and also forging friendships with the educator Maria Montessori, and the poet James Cousins. In 1923, she became the President of the All-India Federation of Young Theosophists, and the President of the World Federation of Young Theosophists in 1925.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: In 1928, the famous Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova visited Bombay and the Arundale couple went to her performance, and later happened to travel on the same ship as her, to Australia where she was to perform next; over the course of the journey their friendship grew, and soon Rukmini Devi started learning dance from one of Anna's leading solo dancers, Cleo Nordi. It was later, at the behest of Anna, that Rukmini Devi turned her attention to discovering traditional Indian dance forms which had fallen to disrepute, and dedicated the rest of her life to their revival.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: In 1933, at the Annual Conference of Madras Music Academy, she saw for the first time, a performance of the dance form called the "Sadhir". Later she learnt the dance from Mylapore Gowri Amma and finally with the help of E Krishna Iyer from 'Pandanallur Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai'. In 1935, Rukmini Devi gave her first public performance at the 'Diamond Jubilee Convention of the Theosophical Society.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: In January 1936, she along with her husband, established Kalakshetra, an academy of dance and music, built around the ancient Indian Gurukul system, at Adyar, at Chennai. Today the academy is a deemed university under the Kalakshetra Foundation and is situated in its new in campus in Tiruvanmiyur, Chennai, where it shifted, in 1962. Amongst its noted students are Radha Burnier, Sarada Hoffman, Anjali Mehr, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Sanjukta Panigrahi, C V Chandrasekhar, Yamini Krishnamurthy and Leela Samson.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: Originally known as "sadhir" (), the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam owes its current name, to E Krishna Iyer and Rukmini Devi Arundale, who has been instrumental in modifying mainly the Pandanallur style of Bharatanatyam and bringing it to the global attention, and removing the extraneous sringaar and erotic elements from the dance, which were the legacy of its Devadasi association in the past. Soon she changed the very face of the dance, by introducing musical instruments, like violin, set and lighting design elements, and innovative costumes, and jewellery inspired by the temple sculptures. Just as for her teacher she approached noted gurus in various arts and classical dances, for her productions, Rukmini Devi approached noted scholars for inspiration and classical musicians and artists, for collaboration, the result was the creation some of pioneering dance dramas-based on Indian epics like the Valmiki's Ramayana and Jayadeva's Gita Govinda. Starting with famous dance dramas like, 'Sita Swayamvaram', 'Sri Rama Vanagamanam', 'Paduka Pattabhishekam' and 'Sabari Moksham', followed by 'Kutrala Kuruvanji', 'Ramayana', 'Kumara Sambhavam', 'Gita Govindam' and 'Usha Parinayam'.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: Schools based on the Montessori method were first started in India, when Dr George Arundale invited Dr Maria Montessori to start courses in the 'Besant Theosophical High School' in 1939, and later also established, the 'Besant Arundale Senior Secondary School', The College of Fine Arts, The Besant Theosophical High School, The Maria Montessori School for Children, The Craft Education and Research Centre and the U V Swaminatha Iyer Library, within the Kalakshetra campus.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: Rukmini Devi was nominated as a member of the Indian Parliament's Council of States (the Rajya Sabha) in April 1952 and re-nominated in 1956. She was the first Indian woman to be nominated in Rajya Sabha. Keenly interested in animal welfare, she was associated with various humanitarian organisations, and as a member of the Rajya Sabha, was instrumental for the legislation for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act and for later setting up of the Animal Welfare Board of India, under her chairmanship in 1962. She remained on the board until her demise in 1986.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: She did much work to promote vegetarianism in the country. She was vice-president of International Vegetarian Union for 31 years from 1955, until her death.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: In 1977, Morarji Desai offered to nominate her for the post of President of India, which she turned down. In 1978, 'Kalamkari Centre' (pencraft) was set up at Kalakshetra to revitalise the ancient Indian craft of textile printing. On encouragement from Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, she encouraged natural dyeing and weaving at Kalakshetra. She died on 24 February 1986 in Chennai.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: In January 1994, an Act of the Indian Parliament recognised the Kalakshetra Foundation as an 'Institute of National Importance'.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: Year-long celebrations, including lectures, seminars and festivals marked her 100th birth anniversary, on 29 February, in 2004 at Kalakshetra and elsewhere in many parts of the world, At the campus the day was marked by special function in which old students gathered from across India and the world, in a day of songs and recitals. Also on 29 February, a photo exhibition on her life opened at the Lalit Kala Gallery in New Delhi, and on the same day, then President APJ Abdul Kalam released a photo-biography, written and compiled by Dr Sunil Kothari with a foreword by former president R Venkataraman.


title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: In 2016, Google honored Rukmini Devi on her 112th birthday with a doodle, and later in the month marking the 80th year of the Kalakshetra Foundation held, 'Remembering Rukmini Devi’ festival of music and dance. Google also featured her in the 2017 Google Doodle for International Women's Day.


title: United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)

text: The United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, two days after Germany invaded Poland. France also declared war on Germany later the same day.


text: The state of war was announced to the British public in an 11 AM radio broadcast by the prime minister Neville Chamberlain.


text: At the conclusion of the First World War, the German Empire signed the Armistice of 11 November 1918 as an end to hostilities with France, Britain, and the United States during the convoluted German Revolution of 1918–1919, which began on 29 October 1918.


text: Negotiations between the Allied powers regarding post-war Europe started on 18 January 1919 in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris. Seventy delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations. The opposing nations of the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were excluded from the negotiations. At first a "Council of Ten" comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan met officially to decide the peace terms. It became the "Big Four" when Japan dropped out and the top person from each of the other four nations met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions to be ratified by the entire assembly. In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves. The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position, and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty. Gustav Bauer, the head of the new government, sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn, including articles 227, 230 and 231. In response, the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours. On 23 June 1919, Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty.


text: On 28 June 1919, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, a peace treaty which ended the formal state of war and imposed various punitive measures upon Germany, including military restriction, loss of territory and colonies, war debt, and effective acceptance of blame for the initiation of hostilities in World War I. At the time of the armistice, an attempted Communist revolution transpired (October 1918-August 1919), resulting in the abdication of the Emperor of Germany on 9 November 1918, and what became known as the Weimar Republic was subsequently established in the wake of the uprising. The transition from monarchy to republic was difficult, and many in the new government were not supportive of the democratic system of government. The officer class gave little support to the Republic, and Germany was forced to borrow money from the United States and others to pay its war debt, imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. In the early 1920s a period of hyperinflation made the "Mark" almost worthless. In January 1922, one US dollar was worth 191 Marks, but by November of the same year it was equal to 4,200,000,000 Marks.


text: On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the Reich following a contentious election. Under Hitler's leadership, the Reichstag turned the government into an effective dictatorship under Hitler's oversight on 21 March 1933 with the passage of the Enabling Act of 1933, and the economic hardships were significantly diminished via implementation of new economic and social policies. After five years in power, Hitler annexed Austria, former component of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (allies of the former German Empire), into Germany, despite such an act (specifically, "prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations") being banned by both the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Treaty of Versailles. In early November 1938, the First Vienna Award was signed, allowing Germany to seize the Sudetenland, a German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia which had been a part of the German Empire-allied Austro-Hungarian Empire. Soon after, Germany invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia and also gained Memelland (part of the former German Empire from 1871–1920) through the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania.


text: While some sources claim Hitler still wanted more, to create Lebensraum, or "living space", for Germany, other sources claim evidence of hostility on behalf of Polish partisans toward ethnic Germans in the Danzig Corridor (territory lost to Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles) which may have served as a motivating factor for the German invasion (often portrayed as propaganda to justify German expansionism).


text: Two Western powers, the United Kingdom and France, gave guarantees to Poland that they would declare war if Polish independence came under threat, as presented in a statement to the House of Commons by the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain on 31 March 1939 (formalized by the British on 6 April 1939; not ratified until 4 September 1939 by the French):


text: Although Britain and France honoured these guarantees by declaring war two days after Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, and the dominions of the British Empire quickly followed suit, so little practical assistance was given to Poland, which was soon defeated, that in its early stages the war declared by Britain and France was described as a "Phoney War".


text: Further, neither the British Empire nor the French ever declared war upon the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland on 17 September 1939 (16 days after Nazi Germany invaded from the West). The Polish ambassador in London, Edward Bernard Raczyński, contacted the British Foreign Office to point out that clause 1(b) of the agreement, which concerned an "aggression by a European power" on Poland, should apply to the Soviet invasion. Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax responded that the obligation of British Government towards Poland arising out of the Anglo-Polish Agreement was restricted to Germany, according to the first clause of the secret protocol. The Soviet Union held sway over the former Polish territory at the war's conclusion, having become a part of the Allies in the course of World War II. At the insistence of Joseph Stalin, the post-war Yalta Conference in 1945 sanctioned the formation of a new provisional pro-Communist coalition government in Moscow, which ignored the Polish government-in-exile based in London.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier and Eugene "Skull" Skullovitch are fictional characters in the Power Rangers universe. They appeared as permanent cast members from "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" until "Power Rangers in Space". Bulk was a recurring character in "Power Rangers Lost Galaxy", along with "Power Rangers Samurai" and "Power Rangers Super Samurai", but the duo never returned together as permanent cast members.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Bulk was the dominant member of the duo. His appearance resembled a heavyset teenage punk. Skull was lean and wore more formal attire. Skull often emulated Bulk's behavior or agreed with his statements.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: The duo provided slapstick comic relief to the franchise. The duo came with their own theme; a musical combo of Skull's whiny laugh and Bulk's "fat guy tuba." Their actions were punctuated by cartoon sound effects.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: In the pilot for the TV show, a gang of punk bullies included an unnamed character played by Paul Schrier. The leader of the gang, Bulk, was originally played by Bob F. Vavla and portrayed as a stereotypical bully. He hits on Kimberly but she rejects his advances. This leads to the entire gang engaging in line dancing at a bowling alley with the five Rangers-to-be. Each one is disposed of by a typical gang manner, such as a generic "Punk #5" played by Paul Schrier sliding into the bowling pins when kicked in the back by Jason. Another gang member is unwittingly hit by Billy. Jason Narvy is not present in the pilot. Schrier got the role, according to him, by turning up ten minutes earlier than the other auditioning actors, so the director standing in for "Punk #5" at the audition got him to do it.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: In a second pilot, shown at Power Morphicon 2007, Schrier was playing a named character (Bulk) and was now the leader of the gang, which included Jason Narvy as Skull. Narvy had originally auditioned for Billy and was called back to audition for Skull, as, according to Narvy, the actor who played "Punk #1" in the pilot was thought to look too intimidating to play a comedic character. He turned up to his audition intending to be obnoxious, as he was tired of the industry at the time, which helped get the role; Narvy and Schrier quickly bonded during rehearsals.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: This version of Bulk was defeated in a similar slapstick style to the show - he's eventually tied up by a skipping rope - but is more menacing than he'd be in the series, physically intimidating Kimberly (who sounds worried about angering him), using some of the lines from "Punk #1", and throwing aside both the female punk & Skull when they get in his way. The debut of the pilot's Bulk and Skull would end up as the ending scene in the episode "Big Sisters".


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Bulk and Skull started out as bullies at Angel Grove High School, usually targeting the Power Rangers in the 'B plots' of the episode. They were regulars at Angel Grove's Youth Center. Their actions were motivated by greed and ego in the first season. Wacky schemes abound (such as creating an obviously-fake kung fu style called "Cockroach Kung Fu" to attempting to catch fish or claiming reward money for themselves and dressing up like superheroes calling themselves Bulkster and Super Skull) always ends in failure and/or being humiliated. They are also frequently put in detention by Angel Grove High's somewhat-antagonistic but well meaning principal, Mr. Caplan.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: In early episodes, as with the second pilot, Bulk and Skull had accomplices: a female punk is with them in "Teamwork" and "Food Fight", and a black male punk in "Food Fight". Early scripts for Season 1 show the female punk was meant to be a recurring character named Sharkie. She was written into scripts up into "The Trouble With Shellshock" (The name, was differently spelled, and was already in use on Fox Kids).


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Skull had a crush on Kimberly, and Bulk appeared to want to win Trini's heart, as well, in a few episodes. Whenever the girls were alone, they tried their best to win them over, although it resulted in Bulk and Skull's humiliation. When Kimberly and Trini are with the four male Rangers, they are called six "nerds" and "geeks" (despite the fact that in early episodes, Kimberly appeared to be ditzy and materialistic, not intellectual), and occasionally "dorks" and "losers", as well, among other insults. This group of demeaning insults and name-calling would eventually turn against them by the time of the episode "A Friend in Need", when two teenage girls call "them" as such throughout the episode. This was later explained by Paul Schrier himself that the two were being angry at the world and jealous of the ranger teens, hence the namecalling, shoving, and bullying that they originally did.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Often, the duo got themselves mixed up with some of the villains' schemes. In "Green with Evil: Part IV", the two tried to flee the city in a bus, but were taken hostage by the giant Goldar. The Power Rangers had to summon the Megazord to save them from being thrown over a cliff. In the two-part Doomsday, Bulk and Skull along with the citizens of Angel Grove get teleported to a dark dimension until they get teleported back in Part 2. In "Crystal of Nightmares", when Goldar uses the crystal to give the rangers nightmares, unexpectedly gives nightmares into the two while hiding under Jason's bed. In "To Flea or Not to Flea", when Fighting Flea uses his flea on Jason from a dog until Bulk and Skull stole the dog and end up with fleas and when Billy and Jason give them antidote dog collars and tells them not to take the collars off in a week. In "The Mutiny: Part 2", when Pirantishead places magic on their ATVs making them drive out of control, until Part 3, Billy uses his machine to remove the spell. In "Zedd Waves", when Beamcaster places a spell on the citizens puts them in a trance, stand up with arms out, begin walking aimlessly and chant 'Hail Lord Zedd', he first hit Bulk then Skull, Skull unlike Bulk, the citizens and the Rangers saying 'Hail Lord Zedd', Skull says 'Hail Lord Fred'. When the Rangers (free from the trance) destroyed him with the Power Blaster the citizens and Bulk and Skull are free. In "The Wedding", when they went to Australia with the Rangers for Spring Break, Alpha 5, who was under the influence of a brainwashing computer disc, sent them to the outback, where they encountered Australian wildlife up close. After the disc was removed and Alpha sent them back, they decided that if anyone asked, "nothing happened!" In the following episode, "Return of the Green Ranger: Part I", the Wizard of Deception brainwashed them into going to get a lock of Tommy's hair, but failed miserably. The Wizard angrily put Bulk and Skull to sleep for their failure.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: During the early part of the first season, Bulk and Skull would occasionally be presented as threats, physically intimidating or attempting to assault the Rangers or others; Bulk even had a bench press record in "A Pressing Engagement". Over time, while still being antagonistic, their more aggressive nature was toned down and they would get some more sympathetic portrayals. In the first-season episode "Foul Play in the Sky", which had footage shot later in production and then edited in later, Bulk and Skull were even shown with a normal hobby, plane-spotting and politely asking to join Kimberly; "A Pig Surprise" would have them happily looking after a pig; and in the three-part "The Ninja Encounter" in season two, when Bulk spotted a runaway baby stroller, he and Skull immediately sprang into action to help out, and the duo would spend the rest of the episode looking after the baby boy until his father escaped Goldar's clutches. This was also the first time the duo were seen on skateboards which, despite their generally unathletic nature, they appeared moderately skilled at.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: During the second season, they attempted to discover the secret identities of the Power Rangers and repeatedly failed either due to their bumbling nature, or the Rangers' interference. The duo eventually give up by the time of the episode "A Friend in Need: Part III". During this time, Bulk and Skull started showing greater intelligence and initiative than before, coming up with complicated plans and utilizing bizarre gadgets. While a majority of their plans were harebrained, a few of them were actually clever, like making a cement cast of the Power Rangers' footprints so they can see if any civilians' feet match. They discovered the Rangers' identities "twice". At one time, they saved the Rangers when the Ranger team lost their memories and de-morphed in front of them - Bulk and Skull tricked the Scatterbrain monster to fire his amnesia beam through two prisms, distorting the beam and restoring the Rangers' memories. Unfortunately, Bulk and Skull lost their short-term memories in the process due to being flung back by the amnesia beam and landing on their heads. The second time, a psychic pointed the Ranger teens out to Bulk, but he did not believe her as they were holding a picture of the morphed Ranger team at the time when it was just given to them by Ernie.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: A change of direction for the duo occurred in the third season of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", when they joined the Angel Grove Junior Police Patrol (having heard girls like men in uniform) and first met Lieutenant Jerome Stone, explicitly changing from bumbling bullies into good natured knuckleheads, the duo gradually becoming friends with the ranger teens themselves; Ernie and the Rangers expressed pride at the duo for graduating police training. Lt. Stone became a permanent character himself, frequently giving Bulk and Skull orders that they usually failed to perform, leading eventually to his anger (rather than just their humiliation). Despite this, Bulk and Skull were close to Lt. Stone and took their new job seriously as they would be shown trying to perform police duties (albeit incompetently) and occasionally try to help people in trouble: in "The Changing of the Zords: Part I" they rushed to save children from drowning (who were not), in "Follow That Cab" they tried to stop a thief who'd stolen Kimberly's car and managed to apprehend him, ironically after they inadvertently helped him, and in "Rita's Pita" they used their own money as donations to an elderly home to cover for their mistake, and they assisted in a housing project in "Another Brick in the Wall".


title: Bulk and Skull

text: A number of season three jokes would also be based around Bulk and Skull constantly running into monsters and being comically terrified; in "The Changing of the Zords: Part II", Lt. Stone finally questioned why they always seem to run into monsters. The best way to describe them is "monster magnets".


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Bulk and Skull are regressed to children due to Master Vile's Orb of Doom. They would act like the bullies they were in the first season. Unlike what happened when Lord Zedd regressed time, Bulk and Skull did not have their memories altered to believe they were already acquainted with everyone they knew when Master Vile activated the orb. As a result, they did not recognize any of the rangers other than Billy. Bulk is briefly turned into the "Brat Boy" monster by Rita and Zedd during the course of the mini-series and battles the Aquitian Rangers, but soon rebels against his masters as his human self surfaces from within, prompting Rita and Zedd to return him to normal in retaliation. When the Zeo Crystal was reformed and undid the time Reversal, Bulk and Skull, who were on playground swings and trying to see who could go the highest, where the first to return to their normal ages. When the swings break and they land next to each other, the two are puzzled as to why they are there and agree not to tell anyone.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Paul Schrier directed a few ""Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers"" episodes, including ""Attack of the 60' Bulk"", which he also appeared in briefly, despite his character at the time being reduced to the age of a child. Schrier (under the name of Paul Schrier II) had also directed a few episodes of "Power Rangers: Turbo" during the first half of the season (while his character of Bulk was a chimp).


title: Bulk and Skull

text: During "Power Rangers Zeo", Bulk and Skull remained members of the Junior Police Force (even getting a new motorcycle with a sidecar). They remained members until Bulk's attempts to woo the police chief's daughter accidentally caused Lt. Stone to be fired. They quit the force out of loyalty to Stone and joined him when he opened his own detective agency. While they initially continued to be scared of monsters, their sub-plots would shift towards their detective work after they switched jobs. In "The Joke's On Blue", they also had to clash with a rival gang of detectives, Humphrey and Bogart, who were trying to frame a new student named Robert for a series of practical jokes all over town, until Kat and Tanya helped expose the rival detectives as the practical jokers with the help of the owner of the novelty shop in identifying both Humphrey and Bogart as his best customers.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Also, during this time, Bulk and Skull secretly hosted Rito and Goldar, who lost their memories after setting up the bomb that destroyed the Command Center at the end of "Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers", adopting them as their "pets" (though the two monsters really were more like Bulk and Skull's servants). However, when Rito and Goldar regained their memories, they turned on their masters and went back to Lord Zedd and Rita.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: In the episode "Instrument of Destruction", Skull shows he is an adept classical pianist by playing Chopin's Revolutionary Etude. While Skull enjoyed classical music, it was something of a hidden shame behind his tough guy image. Fearing mockery, he kept his talent hidden even from Bulk. This moment shows that the Rangers thought of Bulk and Skull as their friends and vice versa, when Skull confides in Adam about his talents and he offers him his support, saying Bulk would do the same if he were truly his friend. After seeing Skull perform at a recital, Bulk was honestly moved and praised his friend, joining him on stage to applaud him.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Perhaps Bulk and Skull's greatest achievement during their time in the series occurred during this season. In the "King for a Day" two-parter, they're accidentally trapped in Prince Gasket's prison while looking for a lost Tommy. They encountered another prisoner, a reptilian alien named Tritor, who believed them to be great heroic warriors that Gasket had abducted. The duo play up this façade and end up being part of Tritor's plan to free the other prisoners. They get to defeat a squad of Cogs, while Tritor manages to destroy both the brain drain machine that had been used on Tommy and the other prisoners, and the generator to the forcefield that trapped Gasket's hostages in the Machine Arena and prevented the Rangers from morphing. Before dropping them back on Earth, Tritor says that they will be legends and honored on his homeworld of Horath which they have just helped save. Nobody believes their later tale, except for Tommy, Katherine and Jason who overhear them boasting about it. However, thinking they are just being further mocked, the duo storm off.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Near the end of "Zeo", Bulk and Skull take a test for their detectives licenses. A monster attack occurs during the test, but the duo believe it to be part of the exam to see if they can "concentrate under fire". They manage to take the test during the entire attack, even as the office falls apart around them. When Detective Stone presents them with their results, they are initially pleased that they passed. Detective Stone then reveals that normally they would have failed, but they examiners gave them extra points for completing the test during the monster attack. This ends up shocking the two as they realize the attack was real and they could've died.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: "Zeo" concluded with Bulk and Skull accepting an offer to work for an agency in France on a top secret mission, They departed much to the dismay and frustration of Stone. This major plot point was dropped without explanation in between "Zeo" and filming of "". The main reason being was that "Zeo" was originally the last series the duo were set to appear on, with a spin-off show being planned. However, this would be cancelled.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: At the beginning of the movie, Bulk, Skull, and Lieutenant Stone are again seen working as police officers (the reason for this remains unexplained until the first episode of "Power Rangers Turbo"). Later, while on a secluded road, they are abducted by Elgar to be used as sacrifices for Maligore, scrambling their brains in the process to make them easier to deal with. When Divatox deems the pair inadequate as sacrifices, they are thrown below deck on the Subcraft. Due to the brain scramble, they come to be under the impression that they are Antonio Bandaras (Skull) and an unnamed German (Bulk), much to the annoyance of their inmates, Jason and Kimberly. In spite of their disoriented state of mind, they are able to successfully escape the Subcraft with Jason and Kimberly and are later rescued by the Power Rangers, who presumably help them restore their minds back to the way they were.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: At the start of "Power Rangers Turbo", Bulk and Skull are given one last chance to rejoin the Police Force with Lt. Stone. Unfortunately, their assignment inadvertently brings them into contact with Elgar, who turns them into chimpanzees. This marked a permanent end to Bulk and Skull's time with the police.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Bulk and Skull would remain chimpanzees until "Honey, I Shrunk the Rangers: Part II". They are voiced by their respective actors, however only the audience can understand them. Lt. Stone takes the chimpanzees into his care (claiming that they seem 'familiar'). They make several attempts to inform him and others of their true identities, but are unsuccessful. They were transformed into Chimps so Narvy and Schrier would have time to work on a proposed spin-off series for the characters which would have seen them operate a hotel, featuring El Vez, the "Mexican Elvis" (a local personality in Southern California). The attempts never made it to a final production, and the actors returned full-time to the series.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Later, four of the Rangers are shrunk by one of Divatox's monsters. They use two of her submarine's torpedoes (her way of making monsters grow) to return to normal. Bulk and Skull happened to be near the impact site and are returned to normal as a result, though they are also temporarily made invisible. This state only lasts until "Stitch Witchery", until they become visible again. When they return, Stone asks where they've been, to which they reply, "Just monkeying around."


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Out of high school and no longer police officers, Bulk and Skull needed something to do. Stone arranged for them to get jobs – ranging from pizza delivery to construction. They were always fired from them, so they usually had new jobs in every episode they appeared in. Also during this time, they got to know the second generation of Turbo Rangers. During most of the season, the Rangers were used to their wacky antics and tolerated them, but they seemed to like the two, with T.J. specifically treating them as his friends. Notably, in "Parts and Parcel", Bulk and Skull are suspected of stealing from their current job and T.J. outright states to the Rangers that he knows they would not do that, and as the Red Ranger, he goes on to prove them innocent.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: In "Save Our Ship", Bulk and Skull spot a UFO approaching Earth. They end up going to work for Professor Phenomenus, who is constantly on the search for aliens on Earth. The Professor immediately proved to be very odd, but also quite brilliant. The trio's antics frequently saw them crossing paths with the Space Rangers (whenever they were on Earth, of course). Due to the Rangers' adventures often taking them off Earth, and also due to the season's more serious nature, Bulk and Skull appeared in only thirteen of its forty-three episodes, making it the only season of the Zordon era in which they had the fewest appearances.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: In "Countdown to Destruction: Part 2", Bulk and Skull undergo their most noteworthy change. The Space Rangers had battled the invading forces of Astronema, but were overwhelmed and forced to retreat. Astronema demanded that the Rangers be turned over to her or else Earth would be destroyed. Everyone in Angel Grove had lost hope, but Bulk and Skull still had faith that the Power Rangers would save them, with Bulk telling everyone that the Rangers have never let them down before and that they have to believe they will be there for them. The next morning, the Rangers (sans Andros, who left to board the Dark Fortress) intend to turn themselves in to save Earth. However, Bulk suddenly announces he is a Ranger, prompting Skull, Professor Phenomenus and every other present civilian to do the same. A frustrated Astronema orders their destruction, but then the real Space Rangers reveal themselves (Bulk is stunned to learn the Rangers were "them"). As the Rangers battle Elgar, the Quantrons and the Piranhatrons, Bulk & Skull have arguably their most defining moment. Bulk, inspired by the Rangers, rallies the civilians together to "get in there" and he and Skull lead the charge to help the Rangers in battle, Bulk fighting off a Quantron to protect Zhane and Skull pulling a Piranhatron off of Ashley and throwing it away. After Zordon's energy wave destroys the invading forces, Bulk, Skull and Professor Phenomenous are among those celebrating.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: In the original plans for "in Space", Bulk and Skull were going to form a volunteer Citizen Force Group to protect Angel Grove while the Power Rangers were away.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Bulk and Professor Phenomenus board the space station Terra Venture for its interstellar journey. Certain that they were forgetting something, Bulk and the Professor realized too late that Skull was not with them. Skull had overslept and did not wake up in time to join them.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Sometime into Terra Venture's journey, the two were working at the station's restaurant, the Comet Cafe. Mike Corbett thought they were supposed to be working in the science division. Despite Professor Phenomenus' attempted spin, Bulk clarified that they had been fired. At the end of the series, Bulk and Phenomenus survived Terra Venture's crash and evacuation to Mirinoi. After the Galaxy Rangers saved the people from Trakeena's last attack, Bulk and the Professor were among those cheering them.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: During the "Power Rangers Wild Force" episode "Forever Red", Bulk and Skull made a special cameo appearance, though how Bulk returned from Mirinoi is never explained.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Bulk and Skull were shown as servers and managers of a tropical-themed bar called "Bulkmeier's". Tommy Oliver, the veteran Power Ranger, is also present. In this episode, Bulk and Skull were shown having a conversation about the early days of Power Rangers - in particular, Bulk is bragging to Skull about how he once met Lord Zedd and Rita Repulsa. Skull feigns interest before pointedly reminding him that he did, too. Bulk takes a call from Andros that was meant for Tommy, and the two seemed somewhat intimidated by the idea of talking to Tommy despite having known him for years; they may be aware that he's a Ranger.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: In the original cut of "Forever Red", their scene went on longer. The two would try to refer to more foot soldiers to one-up each other (including later monsters they had not seen on screen; Skull stated he was avoiding Phenomenous; and the characters are wary of Tommy because he's their boss and the real owner of Bulkmeier's. (As this was never aired, it is not taken as canon and was contradicted by the later "Power Rangers Dino Thunder".) In an earlier outline of Forever Red, Bulk & Skull were not going to be present but Tommy would pass up a T-shirt of "the famous two-man rock band Bulk & Skull".


title: Bulk and Skull

text: This was Schrier's final on-screen appearance for nine years until his return on "Power Rangers Samurai", and Narvy's final appearance until the "Power Rangers Super Samurai" episode "Samurai Forever". Between "Lost Galaxy" and "Wild Force", Schrier was still involved with the PR Crew, voicing Infinitor in "Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue" and Severax in "Power Rangers Time Force".


title: Bulk and Skull

text: "Power Rangers Samurai" follows Bulk trying to train Skull's son Spike in the ways of the Samurai, but failing each time. The two of them operated out of a converted garage. Due to Bulk's sister's marriage with Skull, Spike addresses him as "Uncle Bulk" - he had to be reminded to call him "Sensei" during training. Much like his father, Spike has a big crush on the Pink Ranger.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Skull made a brief appearance in the "Power Rangers Super Samurai" finale, "Samurai Forever", where Skull picks up his son; he arrives in a limo with a suit. Bulk and Skull size each other up and Bulk remarks he's changed, but after a brief tease of conflict they're shown to still be friends. Skull remains accident-prone as he and Spike hit their heads on a sign when waving good-bye to Bulk.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: In the original casting sides, Bulk and Spike were not present and the comic relief were two singing roadsweepers "Big Mack" and "Skinny Jack".


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Bulk and Skull participated in the charity skydive with the Ranger teens, but landed in a construction site where Ivan Ooze's prison egg would be unearthed. They are later seen during a party at Ernie's, and assist the Rangers' young friend Fred Kelman and the other Kids in stopping the brainwashed parents of Angel Grove from leaping to their deaths. When the movie ends with a celebration at Angel Grove Harbor, and a sign thanking the Power Rangers for saving the world is lit up, Bulk and Skull are offended, even though they had just played a major part in saving people's lives.


title: Bulk and Skull

text: Around the time of "Zeo", Saban planned to make a "Bulk and Skull" comedy spinoff show, where they would run a hotel (Jason Narvy has said that he thinks it was "their grandmothers' hotel"). A Mexican Elvis impersonator was going to be a supporting character. Narvy claims that the video release "The Good, The Bad, and the Stupid" was put out as a "test market" and when "no one out there bought it", Saban cancelled the plans. This is also the reason why the characters were turned into chimpanzees in "Turbo" as the actors who played them were busy shooting the pilot for their spin-off.