title: Promise Keepers

text: Promise Keepers' most notable event was its "Stand in the Gap: A Sacred Assembly of Men" open-air gathering at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. on October 4, 1997. C-SPAN carried the event live in its entirety. Attendance figures vary but have been estimated to be between 600,000 and 800,000. This was probably its peak, with the organisation halving its office staff four months later due to financial problems and the admission fee of $60 for regional rallies dropped in a number of regions. Rally attendance and finances continued to suffer and a planned millennial march to take part at the capital of every state was cancelled.


title: Promise Keepers

text: Promise Keepers has at the same time extended its organization outside the United States, setting up "Promise Keepers International" which holds "Summit Meetings" in at least seven languages and has set up chapters in other countries.


title: Promise Keepers

text: McCartney resigned as president on October 1, 2003, after a personal leave of absence to take care of his ailing wife, who had a severe respiratory illness.


title: Promise Keepers

text: In April 2018, Promise Keepers announced that the appointment of a new chairman of the board, Ken Harrison. Harrison is also CEO of WaterStone Foundation, a Christian donor-advised fund. He is a former police officer with the Los Angeles Police Department.


title: Promise Keepers

text: Under Harrison's leadership, Promise Keepers then began a "relaunch" campaign with a new approach focused on having one stadium event per year and following up with Bible studies and other resources.


title: Promise Keepers

text: In May 2020, Promise Keepers announced that its relaunch event at AT&T Stadium would become an online virtual event in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Promise Keepers

text: Since moving their relaunch event at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas to a virtual platform, Promise Keepers has hosted a variety of live-streamed events and has a live, in-person AT&T Stadium event scheduled for July 16–17, 2021.


title: Promise Keepers

text: The National Organization for Women (NOW), an American feminist organization, has expressed the view that the Promise Keepers pose a threat to women's rights. NOW contends that the group encourages inequality within marriages and teaches a doctrine of male superiority.


title: Promise Keepers

text: In August, 2020, Promise Keepers chairman Ken Harrison spoke on the topic of Promise Keepers and how it relates to women. "We’re really calling men to be humble, proactive leaders in their homes. I don’t feel like it’s my role to tell women how they should be. That is for their pastor and other people."


title: Promise Keepers

text: According to Amy Schindler, "the discourse of masculinity found within conservative religious movements, such as the Promise Keepers and the Victorian era movement 'muscular Christianity,' is inherently political. Any masculinity project aimed at restoring or reclaiming a 'traditional' male role for privileged white, heterosexual males has a political impact within the tapestry of class, race, and gender power" (1998). Academic Browyn Kara Conrad argued in a 2006 article that the organization reproduces problematic sexual scripts such as the Madonna/whore view of female sexuality and a view of the male sex drive as uncontrollable. A 2002 article from the "Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research" argued that, despite their initial appearance to be pro-feminist, the Promise Keepers build upon patriarchal assumptions, including having the man as the actor in the family, church, and world, and that they expect women to be passively dependent.


title: Promise Keepers

text: The group was also criticized for doctrinal compromises and inconsistent doctrines. Raymond Hartwig, a former president of the South Dakota District of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, commented: "They use the Bible in a very simplistic form, as a springboard to jump into the law."


title: Promise Keepers

text: The organization places particular emphasis on godly manhood, with an emphasis on fatherhood. John Bartkowski saw Promise Keepers' leadership in 2000 as evoking two types of manhood: first, is an essentialist appeal to gender difference advocated by Edwin Louis Cole that emphasizes aggression, strength, and rationality; second, is Gary Oliver's "expressive manhood," which says that all of the traits now traditionally attributed to women were practiced by Jesus, and that men should re-connect with their sensitive side. According to a 1999 Yeshiva University study, when it comes to fatherhood, the organization tends to be more conservative, still supporting heterosexist, male predominance in the family.


title: Promise Keepers

text: Following the murder of George Floyd, Promise Keepers launched Promise 6 Sunday, an event aimed toward "building unity" among churches. The event included resources from various evangelical leaders and American public figures including Samuel Rodriguez, Tony Dungy, Alveda King, Donald Burgs, Jr., Chad Hennings, and Ken Harrison.


title: Promise Keepers

text: Patrick Glynn argues that the Promise Keepers succeed in racial reconciliation where politics has seemed to fail. Scholar Siphiwe Dube notes that the organization has open discussions of race that promote racial reconciliation. L. Dean Allen finds that while the organizations' leaders primarily claim that Satan is responsible for fostering racism in individuals and that the best way to counter racism is for people to personally repent and go to confession, PK participants see racism as a more multifaceted issue, citing historical animosity, economic differences, and racial fear. Further, while both leaders and participants see forming relationships with members of other races as important to battling racism, participants do not see PK events as valuable in developing these relationships. Andrea Smith also notes that race relations between Promise Keepers and Native communities is more open.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Song, known as Liu Song (), Former Song (前宋) or Song of (the) Southern Dynasty (南朝宋) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. It succeeded the Eastern Jin dynasty and preceded the Southern Qi dynasty.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: The dynasty was founded by Liu Yu (Emperor Wu; 363–422 CE), whose surname together with "Song" forms the common name for the dynasty, the Liu Song. This appellation is used to distinguish it from a later dynasty of the same name, the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE, ruled by the House of Zhao). Although the Liu Song has also at times been referred to as the "Southern Song", the name is now mainly used to refer to the Song dynasty after 1127 CE.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: The Liu Song was a time when there was much internal turmoil. A number of emperors were incompetent and/or tyrannical, which at least partially led to many military revolts. These rulers include Liu Shao, Emperor Xiaowu, Liu Ziye, Emperor Ming, and Liu Yu. Emperor Ming was especially vicious, murdering many of his brothers, nephews, and other male relatives — many of them children. Such internal instability eventually led to the dynasty's destruction. However, its founder Emperor Wu was considered one of the greatest generals during the Northern and Southern dynasties period, and the reign of its third emperor, Emperor Wen, is known for its political stability and capable administration, not only of its emperor but its strong and honest officials. This is known as the Reign of Yuanjia (425–453) and one of the relative golden ages for the Southern Dynasties.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Although he was a descendant of Emperor Gaozu of Han's younger brother Liu Jiao, he was still born into poverty. He joined the army at a young age, quickly distinguished himself in the army and was quickly promoted to the command of an army, the Beifu corps. Liu Yu was instrumental in fighting the rebel Huan Xuan. After Huan Xuan's fall, Liu Yu gained control of the Jin dynasty.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Regarded as one of the best generals of the Northern and Southern dynasties, Liu Yu started off by reclaiming much of the territory the Chinese had lost during the Sixteen Kingdoms era. He started off his career by campaigning against Southern Yan, which bordered Jin to the north and had adopted a policy of aggression and kidnapping citizens from the Jin. By spring of 410, he had captured the southern Yan capital at Guanggu, ending Southern Yan.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Afterwards, he campaigned against western Shu in modern Sichuan. Using a brilliant military manoeuver mentioned in the Art of War, Liu Yu instructed his generals to attack the capital of Shu by the Min River rather than the short route by the Fu river. Surprising the Shu forces, he quickly captured Chengdu and re-annexed that area back into Jin.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Following the death of the Later Qin Emperor Yao Xin, Liu Yu attacked the state of Later Qin, which controlled the valuable lands of Guanzhong, lands which had once housed the capital of the Qin, Han and Jin dynasties before the barbarian uprisings. After defeating the Later Qin army in several battles, as well as an army of Northern Wei troops which had crossed to assist the Later Qin, Liu Yu recaptured the vital cities of Chang'an and Luoyang, the former capitals of the Jin Empire. It is recorded that he engaged the Wei army by the use of spears launched by crossbows, panicking the Wei cavalry and allowing him to score a decisive victory.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: After this success, it seemed that Jin would exterminate the remaining barbarian states in the north and reunify China. However, fortunes began to change for the Jin forces. Liu Mengzhi died and in order to secure his power, Liu Yu left for Jiankang (present-day Nanjing), abandoning the management of the North to his general Wang Zhen'e. After his departure, the state of Xia attacked Guanzhong and reoccupied it, and the loss of these lands prescribed Jin's frontier at the Yellow River. However, Jin retained its former eastern capital, Luoyang, as well as most of the Chinese heartland.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Following his return to Jiankang, Liu Yu ended the rule of the Jin and became emperor himself in 420, establishing the Liu Song dynasty. The name of the dynasty was taken from Liu's fief, which occupied roughly the same territory as the Spring & Autumn era State of Song. The Book of Song does not mention whether the Liu family had any blood relationship to the ancient state's ruling House of Zi, or by extension to the Shang dynasty. It is in any case noteworthy that Liu did not frame his new regime as a restoration of the Han dynasty, despite being demonstrably related to the Han imperial family. Liu died in 422 CE, and was succeeded by the incompetent Shaodi, who was quickly removed. His eventual successor would be his third son, Wendi.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Under Emperor Wen, the Liu Song economy prospered during the rule of Yuanjia (), a period noted for its prosperity in the 400 years of conflict between the Han and Tang dynasties. However, the emperor's martial abilities were not equal to his father, and his inability to crush the remaining barbarian states allowed Northern Wei to complete the unification of the North, to the detriment of Liu Song. Afterwards, Northern Wei would remain a grave and permanent threat to the Liu Song.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Emperor Wen continued the campaigns of his father; nevertheless, he was unsuccessful. In 422 CE, the first year of his reign, he lost three commanderies to Wei. Under the able general Dao Yanzhi, however, Liu Song recovered the four cities of Luoyang, Hulao, Huatai and Qiao'ao south of the Yellow River. However, the emperor's unwillingness to advance past this line caused the destruction of the empire's ally, Xia, by the Wei. The emperor was to repeat this mistake as several barbarian states who had offered to ally with Liu Song against Wei were declined, eventually leading to Wei's unification of the North in 439 CE, to the detriment of the Chinese.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Towards the later part of his reign, Emperor Wen was less than able. He wrongfully executed the general Tan Daoji, who had hitherto commanded the Song armies, and took charge himself. The empire's decline was shown in 450 CE, where the emperor attempted to destroy the Northern Wei himself, and launched a massive invasion. Although initially successful, the campaign turned into a disaster. The Wei lured the Liu Song to cross the Yellow River, and then flanked them, destroying the Eastern army. As the Liu Song armies retreated, the provinces south of the Yellow River were devastated by the Wei army. Only Huatai, a fortified city, held out against the Wei. However, the economic damage was immense. The barbarian troops laid waste to the provinces they had temporarily occupied, as described by Sima Guang:


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: The Wei forces laid South Yan, Xu, North Yan, Yu, Qing, and Ji Provinces to waste. The Song deaths and injuries were innumerable. When Wei forces encountered Song young men, the forces quickly beheaded them or cut them in half. The infants were pierced through with spears, and the spears were then shaken so that the infants would scream as they were spun, for entertainment. The commanderies and counties that Wei forces went through were burned and slaughtered, and not even grass was left. When sparrows returned in the spring, they could not find houses to build nest on, so they had to do so in forests. Wei soldiers and horses also suffered casualties of more than half, and the Xianbei people were all complaining.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Another historian, Shen Yue, pointed out Emperor Wen was said to model his command on the great general Emperor Guangwu of Han, but he lacked the latter's command abilities.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Emperor Wen made another attempt to destroy Northern Wei in 452, but failed again. On returning to the capital, he was assassinated by the heir apparent, Liu Shao.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Liu Shao's assassination of his father in 453 CE raised indignation across the empire, as it disobeyed one of Confucianism's fundamental principles, that of filial piety. Quickly, his brother Liu Jun rose against him, defeated him, and beheaded him. Once Liu Shao was killed. Liu Jun ascended to the throne and became Emperor Xiaowu. However, he was regarded as immoral and committed incest with his cousins and sisters, and reputed to have even done so with his mother. Nevertheless, his reign was a relatively peaceful one.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Following his death in 464 CE, Liu Jun passed his throne to his son, Liu Ziye, who was generally regarded as a tyrant. He disrespected his father and was suspicious of his uncles, putting several of them to death. He continued the incestuous streak of his father, adopting several of his aunts and cousins as concubines. He was reputed to have ordered all of the princesses to come to his palace and have sexual intercourse with him. When one of his aunts refused, he executed her three sons. He also put to death a lady-in-waiting who bore a resemblance to a woman who cursed him in a dream. Eventually, one of his uncles could not bear it, rose up, and assassinated him.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: The man who assassinated Qianfei quickly became emperor himself and declared himself emperor Ming. He ordered Liu Ziye's brother Liu Zishang and sister Liu Chuyu, who were reputed to have participated in the late emperor's sexual immorality and tyrannical governance, to commit suicide. However, his claim to the throne was not accepted by Liu Zixun, one of his nephews, who then rose against him.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: The civil war at first was a great success for Liu Zixun, who quickly overran nearly the entire empire. However, he moved too slowly. Emperor Ming quickly sent an army westward, captured Kuaiji, a vital food supply. Another of his generals captured Qianxi and cut off Liu Zixun's supplies. Starving, his troops collapsed and Liu Zixun was killed, aged just 10.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: However, Emperor Ming grew arrogant and refused to grant a pardon to those who had supported Liu Ziye. This action was extremely detrimental to Liu Song and its successors, as the governors of the northern commandries, fearing their lives, surrendered to Wei rather than face execution at Jiankang. This resulted in the loss of the Chinese heartland and the most fertile and cultivated lands at that time. This loss would eventually lead to the destruction of the southern regime, and resulted in North China languishing under a barbarian yoke for another 150 years. Although Emperor Ming attempted to recover them, his attempts were defeated.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Emperor Ming's later reign was extremely brutal. Suspicious of his nephews, he had them all executed. Afraid of usurpation from rival members of the royal family, he executed thousands of members of the royal family, which was greatly weakened. Upon his death, his son had to be assisted by the general Xiao Daocheng, as nearly all of Emperor Ming's brothers and nephews had been killed.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: The successor to the emperor Ming, emperor Houfei, was resentful of the control Xiao Daocheng had over him and announced openly several times he would kill him. Fearful of his demise, Xiao had him assassinated and placed Emperor Shun on his throne. In 479, Xiao took the throne himself and declared himself Emperor of Qi, ending Liu Song. The ex-emperor Shun and his clan were soon put to the sword.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Liu Hui (刘辉) was a descendant of Liu Song royalty who fled north to the Xianbei Northern Wei in exile and married the Xianbei Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主), daughter of the Xianbei Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei. More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the Southern dynasties who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Despite, and certainly to some extent because of, the chaotic warfare between the Northern and Southern dynasties, the Liu Song produced much poetry ("shi" 詩) notably the rhapsody, "fu" 賦. The imperial house sponsored many literary works, and many wrote themselves. The court of Emperor Wen was especially active in literary circles, with Liu supporting the compilation of a large collection of short prose anecdotes, "A New Account of the Tales of the World" ("Shishuo Xinyu"). The "Three Giants of Yuanjia," Bao Zhao (鮑照) (d.466), Xie Lingyun (謝霊運) (385–433 CE), and Yan Yanzhi (顏延之) (384–456 CE) are perhaps the best known poets of the Song, each of them being credited as the originators of the three major literary trends to follow.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Scientists and astronomers were also active during periods of relative peace. Buddhism also began to be better understood and more widely practised at this time, and some officials such as Xie Lingyun, were Buddhists.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Liu Song sculptors may have created a number of spirit way ensembles, generally characteristic of the Six Dynasties era, for the tombs of the dynasty's emperors and other dignitaries. However, according to a survey of the extant Six Dynasties' sculpture in the Nanjing and Danyang areas, only one of the extant Six Dynasties' tomb sculptural groups has been securely identified as belonging to the Liu Song: the Chuning Tomb of the first emperor of the dynasty. Two "qilin" statues of this tomb survive in the appropriately named Qilin Town in Nanjing's suburban Jiangning District.


title: Liu Song dynasty

text: Zu Chongzhi, a noted astronomer, lived during the Liu Song period. He was noted for calculating pi to seven decimal places and as the author of a variety of other astronomical theories.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: In mathematics, Hausdorff dimension is a measure of "roughness", or more specifically, fractal dimension, that was first introduced in 1918 by mathematician Felix Hausdorff. For instance, the Hausdorff dimension of a single point is zero, of a line segment is 1, of a square is 2, and of a cube is 3. That is, for sets of points that define a smooth shape or a shape that has a small number of corners—the shapes of traditional geometry and science—the Hausdorff dimension is an integer agreeing with the usual sense of dimension, also known as the topological dimension. However, formulas have also been developed that allow calculation of the dimension of other less simple objects, where, solely on the basis of their properties of scaling and self-similarity, one is led to the conclusion that particular objects—including fractals—have non-integer Hausdorff dimensions. Because of the significant technical advances made by Abram Samoilovitch Besicovitch allowing computation of dimensions for highly irregular or "rough" sets, this dimension is also commonly referred to as the "Hausdorff–Besicovitch dimension."


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: More specifically, the Hausdorff dimension is a dimensional number associated with a metric space, i.e. a set where the distances between all members are defined. The dimension is drawn from the extended real numbers, formula_1, as opposed to the more intuitive notion of dimension, which is not associated to general metric spaces, and only takes values in the non-negative integers.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: In mathematical terms, the Hausdorff dimension generalizes the notion of the dimension of a real vector space. That is, the Hausdorff dimension of an "n"-dimensional inner product space equals "n". This underlies the earlier statement that the Hausdorff dimension of a point is zero, of a line is one, etc., and that irregular sets can have noninteger Hausdorff dimensions. For instance, the Koch snowflake shown at right is constructed from an equilateral triangle; in each iteration, its component line segments are divided into 3 segments of unit length, the newly created middle segment is used as the base of a new equilateral triangle that points outward, and this base segment is then deleted to leave a final object from the iteration of unit length of 4. That is, after the first iteration, each original line segment has been replaced with N=4, where each self-similar copy is 1/S = 1/3 as long as the original. Stated another way, we have taken an object with Euclidean dimension, D, and reduced its linear scale by 1/3 in each direction, so that its length increases to N=S. This equation is easily solved for D, yielding the ratio of logarithms (or natural logarithms) appearing in the figures, and giving—in the Koch and other fractal cases—non-integer dimensions for these objects.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: The Hausdorff dimension is a successor to the simpler, but usually equivalent, box-counting or Minkowski–Bouligand dimension.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: The intuitive concept of dimension of a geometric object "X" is the number of independent parameters one needs to pick out a unique point inside. However, any point specified by two parameters can be instead specified by one, because the cardinality of the real plane is equal to the cardinality of the real line (this can be seen by an argument involving interweaving the digits of two numbers to yield a single number encoding the same information). The example of a space-filling curve shows that one can even map the real line to the real plane surjectively (taking one real number into a pair of real numbers in a way so that all pairs of numbers are covered) and "continuously", so that a one-dimensional object completely fills up a higher-dimensional object.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: Every space-filling curve hits some points multiple times and does not have a continuous inverse. It is impossible to map two dimensions onto one in a way that is continuous and continuously invertible. The topological dimension, also called Lebesgue covering dimension, explains why. This dimension is the greatest integer "n" such that in every covering of "X" by small open balls there is at least one point where "n" + 1 balls overlap. For example, when one covers a line with short open intervals, some points must be covered twice, giving dimension "n" = 1.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: But topological dimension is a very crude measure of the local size of a space (size near a point). A curve that is almost space-filling can still have topological dimension one, even if it fills up most of the area of a region. A fractal has an integer topological dimension, but in terms of the amount of space it takes up, it behaves like a higher-dimensional space.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: The Hausdorff dimension measures the local size of a space taking into account the distance between points, the metric. Consider the number "N"("r") of balls of radius at most "r" required to cover "X" completely. When "r" is very small, "N"("r") grows polynomially with 1/"r". For a sufficiently well-behaved "X", the Hausdorff dimension is the unique number "d" such that N("r") grows as 1/"r" as "r" approaches zero. More precisely, this defines the box-counting dimension, which equals the Hausdorff dimension when the value "d" is a critical boundary between growth rates that are insufficient to cover the space, and growth rates that are overabundant.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: For shapes that are smooth, or shapes with a small number of corners, the shapes of traditional geometry and science, the Hausdorff dimension is an integer agreeing with the topological dimension. But Benoit Mandelbrot observed that fractals, sets with noninteger Hausdorff dimensions, are found everywhere in nature. He observed that the proper idealization of most rough shapes you see around you is not in terms of smooth idealized shapes, but in terms of fractal idealized shapes:


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: For fractals that occur in nature, the Hausdorff and box-counting dimension coincide. The packing dimension is yet another similar notion which gives the same value for many shapes, but there are well-documented exceptions where all these dimensions differ.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: The formal definition of the Hausdorff dimension is arrived at by defining first the Hausdorff measure, a fractional-dimension analogue of the Lebesgue measure. First, an outer measure is constructed:


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: where the infimum is taken over all countable covers "U" of "S". The Hausdorff outer measure is then defined as formula_3, and the restriction of the mapping to measurable sets justifies it as a measure, called the "d"-dimensional Hausdorff Measure.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: This is the same as the supremum of the set of "d" ∈ [0, ∞) such that the "d"-dimensional Hausdorff measure of "X" is infinite (except that when this latter set of numbers "d" is empty the Hausdorff dimension is zero).


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: In other words, formula_7 has the construction of the Hausdorff measure where the covering sets are allowed to have arbitrarily large sizes (Here, we use the standard convention that inf Ø = ∞). The Hausdorff measure and the Hausdorff content can both be used to determine the dimension of a set, but if the measure of the set is non-zero, their actual values may disagree.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: Let "X" be an arbitrary separable metric space. There is a topological notion of inductive dimension for "X" which is defined recursively. It is always an integer (or +∞) and is denoted dim("X").


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: where "Y" ranges over metric spaces homeomorphic to "X". In other words, "X" and "Y" have the same underlying set of points and the metric "d" of "Y" is topologically equivalent to "d".


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: These results were originally established by Edward Szpilrajn (1907–1976), e.g., see Hurewicz and Wallman, Chapter VII.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: The Minkowski dimension is similar to, and at least as large as, the Hausdorff dimension, and they are equal in many situations. However, the set of rational points in [0, 1] has Hausdorff dimension zero and Minkowski dimension one. There are also compact sets for which the Minkowski dimension is strictly larger than the Hausdorff dimension.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: If there is a measure μ defined on Borel subsets of a metric space "X" such that "μ"("X") > 0 and "μ"("B"("x", "r")) ≤ "r" holds for some constant "s" > 0 and for every ball "B"("x", "r") in "X", then dim("X") ≥ "s". A partial converse is provided by Frostman's lemma.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: This inequality can be strict. It is possible to find two sets of dimension 0 whose product has dimension 1. In the opposite direction, it is known that when "X" and "Y" are Borel subsets of R, the Hausdorff dimension of "X" × "Y" is bounded from above by the Hausdorff dimension of "X" plus the upper packing dimension of "Y". These facts are discussed in Mattila (1995).


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: Many sets defined by a self-similarity condition have dimensions which can be determined explicitly. Roughly, a set "E" is self-similar if it is the fixed point of a set-valued transformation ψ, that is ψ("E") = "E", although the exact definition is given below.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: are contractive mappings on R with contraction constant "r" < 1. Then there is a unique "non-empty" compact set "A" such that


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: The theorem follows from Stefan Banach's contractive mapping fixed point theorem applied to the complete metric space of non-empty compact subsets of R with the Hausdorff distance.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: To determine the dimension of the self-similar set "A" (in certain cases), we need a technical condition called the "open set condition" (OSC) on the sequence of contractions ψ.


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: The open set condition is a separation condition that ensures the images ψ("V") do not overlap "too much".


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: Theorem. Suppose the open set condition holds and each ψ is a similitude, that is a composition of an isometry and a dilation around some point. Then the unique fixed point of ψ is a set whose Hausdorff dimension is "s" where "s" is the unique solution of


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: where "s" is the Hausdorff dimension of "E" and "H" denotes Hausdorff measure. This is clear in the case of the Sierpinski gasket (the intersections are just points), but is also true more generally:


title: Hausdorff dimension

text: Theorem. Under the same conditions as the previous theorem, the unique fixed point of ψ is self-similar.


title: County of Tyrol

text: The (Princely) County of Tyrol was an estate of the Holy Roman Empire established about 1140. After 1253, it was ruled by the House of Gorizia and from 1363 by the House of Habsburg. In 1804, the County of Tyrol, unified with the secularised prince-bishoprics of Trent and Brixen, became a crown land of the Austrian Empire. From 1867, it was a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary.


title: County of Tyrol

text: Today the territory of the historic crown land is divided between the Italian autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The two parts are today associated again in the Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion.


title: County of Tyrol

text: At least since German king Otto I had conquered the former Lombard kingdom of Italy in 961 and had himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, the principal passes of the Eastern Alps had become an important transit area. The German monarchs regularly travelled across Brenner or Reschen Pass on their Italian expeditions aiming at papal coronation or the consolidation of Imperial rule.


title: County of Tyrol

text: In 1004 King Henry II of Germany separated the estates of Trent from the North Italian March of Verona and vested the Bishops of Trent with comital rights. In 1027 Henry's Salian successor, Emperor Conrad II, granted the Trent bishops further estates around Bozen and in the Vinschgau region; at the same time, he vested the Bishop of Brixen with the suzerainty in the Etschtal and Inntal, part of the German stem duchy of Bavaria under the rule of Conrad's son Henry III. Especially the Brixen bishops remained loyal supporters of the Salian rulers in the Investiture Controversy and in 1091 also received the Puster Valley from the hands of Emperor Henry IV.


title: County of Tyrol

text: Documented from about 1140 onwards, the comital dynasty residing in Tyrol Castle near Meran held the office of "Vogts" (bailiffs) in the Trent diocese. They extended their territory over much of the region and came to surpass the power of the bishops, who were nominally their feudal lords. After the deposition of the Welf duke Henry X of Bavaria in 1138, the Counts of Tyrol strengthened their independence. When Henry the Lion was again enfeoffed with the Bavarian duchy by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa at the 1154 Imperial Diet in Goslar, his possessions no longer comprised the Tyrolean lands. The Counts maintained that independence under the rising Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty. In 1210, Count Albert IV of Tyrol also took over the "Vogt" office in the Bishopric of Brixen, prevailing against the rivalling Counts of Andechs.


title: County of Tyrol

text: In 1253 Count Meinhard of Gorizia "(Görz)" inherited the Tyrolean lands by his marriage to Adelheid, daughter of the last Count Albert IV of Tyrol. When their sons divided their estate in 1271, the elder Meinhard II took Tyrol, for which he was recognized as an immediate lordship. He supported the German king Rudolph of Habsburg against his rival King Ottokar II of Bohemia. In reward, he received the Duchy of Carinthia with the Carniolan march in 1286.


title: County of Tyrol

text: In 1307 Meinhard's son Henry was elected King of Bohemia, After his death, he had one surviving daughter, Margaret Maultasch, who could gain the rule only over Tyrol. In 1342 she married Louis V of Wittelsbach, then Margrave of Brandenburg. The red eagle in Tyrol's coat of arms may derive from the Brandenburg eagle at the time when she and her husband ruled Tyrol and Brandenburg in personal union, though the Tyrolean eagle had already appeared in the 13th century.


title: County of Tyrol

text: Louis V died in 1361, followed by Margaret's son Meinhard III two years later. Lacking any descendants to succeed her, she bequeathed the county to Rudolph IV of Habsburg, Duke of Austria in 1363. He was recognized by the House of Wittelsbach in 1369. From that time onward, Tyrol was ruled by various lines of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty, who held the title of Count.


title: County of Tyrol

text: After the Habsburg hereditary lands had been divided by the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg, Tyrol was ruled by the descendants of Duke Leopold III of Austria. After a second division within the Leopoldinian line in 1406, Duke Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets ruled them. In 1420 he made Innsbruck the Tyrolean residence. In 1490 his son and heir Sigismund renounced Tyrol and Further Austria in favour of his cousin German king Maximilian I of Habsburg. By then Maximilian I had re-united all Habsburg lands under his rule. In 1500 he also acquired the remaining Gorizia ("Görz") territories around Lienz and the Puster Valley.


title: County of Tyrol

text: When Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg died in 1564, he bequeathed the rule over Tyrol and Further Austria to his second son Archduke Ferdinand II. Both territories thereafter fell to the younger sons of the Habsburg Emperors: Archduke Matthias in 1608 and Maximilian III in 1612. After the death of Archduke Sigismund Francis in 1665, all Habsburg lands were again under the united rule of the Emperor Leopold I.


title: County of Tyrol

text: From the time of Maria Theresa of Austria (1740−1780) onward, Tyrol was governed by the central government of the Habsburg monarchy at Vienna in all matters of major importance. In 1803 the lands of the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were secularised and incorporated into the county.


title: County of Tyrol

text: Following defeat by Napoleon in 1805, Austria was forced to cede Tyrol to the Kingdom of Bavaria in the Peace of Pressburg. Tyrol as a part of Bavaria became a member of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. The Tyroleans rose up against the Bavarian authority and succeeded three times in defeating Bavarian and French troops trying to retake the country.


title: County of Tyrol

text: Austria lost the war of the Fifth Coalition against France, and got harsh terms in the Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809. Glorified as Tyrol's national hero, Andreas Hofer, the leader of the uprising, was executed in 1810 in Mantua. His forces had lost a third and final battle against the French and Bavarian forces. Tyrol remained under Bavaria and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy for another four years.


title: County of Tyrol

text: In 1814, by decisions of the Congress of Vienna, Tyrol was reunified and returned to Austria. It was integrated into the Austrian Empire. From 1867 onwards, it was a "Kronland" (Crown Land) of Cisleithania.


title: County of Tyrol

text: After World War I, the victors settled border changes. The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 ruled according to the 1915 London Pact, that the southern part of the Austrian crown land of Tyrol had to be ceded to the Kingdom of Italy, including the territory of the former Trent bishopric, roughly corresponding to the modern-day Trentino, as well as the south of the medieval Tyrol county, the present-day province of South Tyrol. Italy thus took control of the strategically important Alpine water divide at the Brenner Pass and over the south of Tyrol proper with its large German-speaking majority. Since 1949 both parts form the autonomous Italian Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region. The northern part of Tyrol retained by the First Austrian Republic today forms the Austrian State of Tyrol with its East Tyrol exclave.


title: County of Tyrol

text: In 1945 following World War II, Austrian attempts and South Tyrolean petitions to reunite South Tyrol with Austria were not successful. Italy kept control. From 1972 onwards, the Italian Republic has granted further autonomy to the Trentino - Alto Adige/Südtirol province.


title: Casey Mongillo

text: Casey Mongillo is an American voice actor, who has played roles in animation and video games. Mongillo is best known for portraying lead character Shinji Ikari in the Netflix English dub of "Neon Genesis Evangelion" in 2019, and has also played Emporio Alniño in "", Shou Suzuki in "Mob Psycho 100", and Raichu, Scorbunny, Raboot, Cinderace, Chrysa, and Allister in the "Pokémon anime.


title: Casey Mongillo

text: In 2019, Mongillo voiced the main character Shinji Ikari in the Netflix dub of the anime series "Neon Genesis Evangelion", replacing Spike Spencer, who played the part in the original ADV Films dub. Mongillo tweeted that playing Shinji was "one of the greatest honors of my life".


title: Casey Mongillo

text: Noel Kirkpatrick of "TV Guide" praised Mongillo's portrayal of Shinji, saying they excelled at switching "between sarcasm and sadness, delight and detachment", and that they did "a better job of capturing Shinji's pre-teen voice" than Spencer. Aja Romano of "Vox" wrote that it was laudable that Netflix cast a non-binary actor to play Shinji. Carol Grant, in an opinion piece for "Vice", wrote that Shinji being played by a trans actor made the series feel more queer, saying that "Mongillo's delivery captures the delicate interplay between the masculine and feminine aspects of Shinji's voice and personality, bringing his bodily and gendered anxieties to life".


title: Casey Mongillo

text: Mongillo was nominated for Best Performance by a Voice Actor (English) in the Crunchyroll Anime Awards for their performance as Shinji.


title: Orthoclase

text: Orthoclase, or orthoclase feldspar (endmember formula KAlSiO), is an important tectosilicate mineral which forms igneous rock. The name is from the Ancient Greek for "straight fracture," because its two cleavage planes are at right angles to each other. It is a type of potassium feldspar, also known as K-feldspar. The gem known as moonstone (see below) is largely composed of orthoclase.


title: Orthoclase

text: Orthoclase is a common constituent of most granites and other felsic igneous rocks and often forms huge crystals and masses in pegmatite.


title: Orthoclase

text: Typically, the pure potassium endmember of orthoclase forms a solid solution with albite, the sodium endmember (NaAlSiO), of plagioclase. While slowly cooling within the earth, sodium-rich albite lamellae form by exsolution, enriching the remaining orthoclase with potassium. The resulting intergrowth of the two feldspars is called perthite.


title: Orthoclase

text: The higher-temperature polymorph of KAlSiO is sanidine. Sanidine is common in rapidly cooled volcanic rocks such as obsidian and felsic pyroclastic rocks, and is notably found in trachytes of the Drachenfels, Germany. The lower-temperature polymorph of KAlSiO is microcline.


title: Orthoclase

text: Adularia is a low temperature form of either microcline or orthoclase originally reported from the low temperature hydrothermal deposits in the Adula Alps of Switzerland. It was first described by Ermenegildo Pini in 1781. The optical effect of adularescence in moonstone is typically due to adularia.


title: Orthoclase

text: The largest documented single crystal of orthoclase was found in the Ural mountains in Russia. It measured ~10×10×0.4 m and weighed ~100 tons.


title: Orthoclase

text: Together with the other potassium feldspars, orthoclase is a common raw material for the manufacture of some glasses and some ceramics such as porcelain, and as a constituent of scouring powder.


title: Orthoclase

text: Some intergrowths of orthoclase and albite have an attractive pale luster and are called moonstone when used in jewellery. Most moonstones are translucent and white, although grey and peach-colored varieties also occur. In gemology, their luster is called adularescence and is typically described as creamy or silvery white with a "billowy" quality. It is the state gem of Florida.


title: Orthoclase

text: The gemstone commonly called "rainbow moonstone" is more properly a colorless form of labradorite and can be distinguished from "true" moonstone by its greater transparency and play of color, although their value and durability do not greatly differ.


title: Orthoclase

text: Orthoclase is one of the ten defining minerals of the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, on which it is listed as having a hardness of 6.


title: Orthoclase

text: NASA's Curiosity Rover discovery of high levels of orthoclase in Martian sandstones suggested that some Martian rocks may have experienced complex geological processing, such as repeated melting.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: Eddie Jackson (born December 10, 1993) is an American football free safety for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Alabama.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: Jackson attended Boyd H. Anderson High School in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida. He played defensive back and wide receiver for the football team. As a senior, he had 37 receptions for 792 yards on offense and 66 tackles and five interceptions on defense. Jackson committed to the University of Alabama to play college football under head coach Nick Saban.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: Jackson started his career at Alabama as a cornerback. As a true freshman in 2013, he played in seven games with four starts and had 19 tackles and one interception. Jackson tore his ACL prior to this sophomore season in April 2014 but returned that year to play in 11 games with 10 starts. He recorded 41 tackles, one sack and one interception. Prior to his junior year in 2015, Jackson switched from cornerback to safety. He played in all 15 games, recording 46 tackles and six interceptions. He was named the Defensive MVP of the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship after recording three tackles and an interception against Clemson in a 45–40 victory. Jackson broke his left leg against Texas A&M in the eighth week of the 2016 season, ending his year. He finished his injury-shortened senior season with two punt returns and one interception returned for touchdowns, and was named second-team all-conference despite only playing eight games.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: Coming out of Alabama, Jackson was projected by the majority of NFL draft experts and scouts to be a third round pick. He received an invitation to the NFL Combine, but was unable to perform any physical drills during the entire pre-draft process due to the broken leg he suffered in October. He was ranked the fifth best strong safety prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: The Chicago Bears selected Jackson in the fourth round with the 112th overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft. Jackson was the 13th safety drafted in 2017.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: On May 15, 2017, the Chicago Bears signed Jackson to a four-year, $3.06 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $665,797.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: Throughout training camp, Jackson competed against Adrian Amos and Chris Prosinski to be the starting free safety. Head coach John Fox named Jackson the starting free safety to begin the season.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: He made his first career start and professional regular season debut in the Chicago Bears' season-opener against the Atlanta Falcons and recorded three solo tackles during the 23–17 loss. On October 22, 2017, Jackson recorded four solo tackles, deflected a pass, made his first career interception, recovered a fumble, and scored two touchdowns during the Bears' 17–3 victory over the Carolina Panthers. He recovered a fumble by quarterback Cam Newton, on the Panthers' first drive, and returned it for a 75-yard touchdown in the first quarter to mark the first score of his career. During the second quarter, Jackson intercepted a pass attempt thrown by Newton, that was intended for wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin, and returned it for a 76-yard touchdown. He earned the NFC Defensive Player of the Week and became the first player in NFL history with multiple 75-plus-yard defensive touchdowns in the same game. On December 10, 2017, Jackson celebrated his 24th birthday and recorded an interception, forced a fumble after stripping the ball from A. J. Green, and recovered it during the Bears' 33–7 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals. In Week 17, he collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (five solo) in the Bears' 23–10 loss at the Minnesota Vikings.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: He finished his rookie season in 2017 with 73 combined tackles (55 solo), six pass deflections, two interceptions, two touchdowns, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery in 16 games and 16 starts.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: Defensive coordinator Vic Fangio returned under new Bears’ head coach Matt Nagy. Jackson and Adrian Amos subsequently retained their roles as the starting safeties in 2018. In Week 2, Jackson recorded three solo tackles, one pass deflection, and made his first career sack during a 24–17 win against the Seattle Seahawks. Jackson sacked Seahawks’ quarterback Russell Wilson for a two-yard loss during the second quarter. He recorded interceptions over the next two games off Arizona Cardinals' Sam Bradford (including a pick-six that was called back for an offside penalty) and Tampa Bay Buccaneers' Ryan Fitzpatrick. On November 4, 2018, Jackson recorded six combined tackles and returned a fumble recovery for a 65-yard touchdown during a 41–9 victory at the Buffalo Bills in Week 9. The following week, he collected a season-high six solo tackles and made two pass deflections during a 34–22 win against the Detroit Lions.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: On November 18, 2018, Jackson deflected a pass and returned an interception for a 27-yard touchdown in the Bears’ 25–20 victory against the Minnesota Vikings. Jackson intercepted a pass by Vikings’ quarterback Kirk Cousins, that was intended for wide receiver Laquon Treadwell, during the fourth quarter. The following week, he made three solo tackles, two pass deflections, and returned an interception for a 41-yard touchdown during a 23–16 win against the Detroit Lions. His interception off Matthew Stafford earned the Bears’ a comeback victory and earned Jackson the NFC Defensive Player of the Week. He was also declared the NFC Defensive Player of the Month for his performance during the month.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: Against the Green Bay Packers in Week 15, Jackson intercepted Aaron Rodgers to snap Rodgers' record streak without an interception with 402 pass attempts. However, he suffered an ankle injury on the play, forcing him to miss playing time. In his place, Deon Bush started the Week 16 game against the San Francisco 49ers. On December 19, 2018, Jackson was named to the 2019 Pro Bowl roster. Jackson was inactive for the last two games due to an ankle injury (Weeks 16–17) and finished the season with 51 combined tackles (41 solo), 15 pass deflections, six interceptions, two forced fumbles, and three touchdowns in 14 games and 14 starts.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: He received an overall grade of 93.2 from Pro Football Focus in 2018, which ranked as the best grade among all qualifying safeties. Jackson was also named to first-team All-Pro along with teammates Khalil Mack, Kyle Fuller, and Tarik Cohen.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: Jackson made his return from injury in the 2019 season opener against the Green Bay Packers. In the game, Jackson made two tackles as the Bears lost 10–3. The following week, the Bears won their first game of the season against the Denver Broncos, during which Jackson recorded 10 tackles. The next game against the Washington Redskins, he recovered a fumble forced by teammate Danny Trevathan in the 31–15 win.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: In a Week 9 22–14 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, Jackson had a team-high 11 tackles. During another loss in week 11 against the Los Angeles Rams, he forced a fumble on running back Todd Gurley II which was recovered by teammate Ha Ha Clinton-Dix.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: On Thanksgiving Day against the Detroit Lions, Jackson recorded his first interception of the season off a pass thrown by rookie quarterback David Blough with 30 seconds left in the game, sealing a 24–20 Bears' win. In the following week's game against the Dallas Cowboys on "Thursday Night Football", Jackson recorded his first sack of the season on Dak Prescott as the Bears won 31–24.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: In week 17 against the Minnesota Vikings, Jackson intercepted a pass thrown by Sean Mannion and returned it for 14 yards as time expired to seal a 21–19 Bears' win.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: On January 3, 2020, the Bears signed Jackson to a four-year $58.4 million contract extension, making him the highest paid safety in the NFL.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: Jackson started all 16 games in the 2019 season. He recorded 60 tackles, one sack, five passes defensed, two interceptions, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and five tackles for loss.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: In Week 6 against the Carolina Panthers, Jackson forced his first turnover of the season, forcing a fumble on former teammate Mike Davis which was recovered by the Bears, during the 23–16 win.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: In Week 7 against the Los Angeles Rams on "Monday Night Football", Jackson led the team with nine tackles and recovered a fumble forced by teammate Robert Quinn on Robert Woods and returned it for an eight-yard touchdown during the 24–10 loss. Jackson was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on November 23, 2020, and activated on November 27.


title: Eddie Jackson (safety)

text: Jackson started 12 games in 2022, where he recorded 80 tackles and four interceptions. He was named as a team captain following the mid-season departures of Roquan Smith and Robert Quinn. Jackson suffered a season-ending Lisfranc injury during a Week 12 loss to the New York Jets and was placed on injured reserve on November 29. He led the Bears in tackles and was leading all NFC free safeties in votes for the Pro Bowl at the time of his injury.


title: Haiku Stairs

text: The Haikū Stairs, also known as the Stairway to Heaven or Haikū Ladder, is a steep, steel step structure that provided pedestrian access to former U.S. Navy communication facilities on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The more than 3,000 steps span along Oahu's Ko'olau mountain range. The pathway has been used as a hiking trail at various times but is not open to the public. The city council voted to remove the stairs in 2021.


title: Haiku Stairs

text: In 1942, contractors for the U.S. Navy began construction of the Haʻikū Radio Station, a top secret facility that was to be used to transmit radio signals to Navy ships that were then operating throughout the Pacific. In order to obtain the necessary height for the antennae, the Navy stretched them across Haikū Valley, a natural amphitheater. Some remnant parts of the wooden ladder may still be seen beside the metal steps.


title: Haiku Stairs

text: The radio station was commissioned in 1943. To transmit such a powerful signal, the Navy needed a transmitter of greater capability than possible with vacuum tube technology at the time. They therefore decided upon an Alexanderson alternator, a huge device capable of generating powerful low-frequency radio signals, and requiring a large antenna.


title: Haiku Stairs

text: When the Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay was transferred to the Marine Corps as Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay in the 1950s, the U.S. Coast Guard used the Haiku Radio Station site for an Omega Navigation System station. In the mid-1950s, the wooden stairs were replaced by sections of metal steps and ramps — by one count, 3,922 steps. The Coast Guard allowed access in the 1970s but stopped after an appearance on "Magnum, P.I." increased visitation. The station and trail were closed to the public in 1987.


title: Haiku Stairs

text: In 2003 with plans to reopen the stairs to the public, they were repaired at a cost to the city of $875,000. With no public access available, nearby residents have experienced trespassing and litter on their property. In early 2018, the City and County of Honolulu had stated that there was no plan to open the stairs for public use, citing liability concerns. Some hikers ignored the "no trespassing" signs and continued to climb, contributing to the local community's misgivings about reopening the structure.


title: Haiku Stairs

text: In 2020, the Board of Water Supply released a final environmental impact statement that evaluated alternatives. The process collected comments through small-group and public meetings with various agencies, landowners, community organizations, and individuals. It estimated that removal of the stairs could cost as much as $1 million. The board voted unanimously on April 27, 2020 to transfer the Haikū Stairs over to the city since the stairs were a liability that did not align with the agency’s mission. The city had 18 months to take over or the stairs would be torn down. The city anticipated operating the trail as a paid attraction. The city took possession on July 1, 2020. After consideration of the significant liability and maintenance expense for the city along with the impacts to the quality of life for nearby residents, the City Manager was urged to remove the Haikū Stairs by non-binding Resolution 21-154 unanimously passed by the city council in September 2021. Friends of Haiku Stairs, a volunteer group aimed at preserving the trail, objected to the decision, saying they have a plan managing safe public access and trespassing at no taxpayer cost. The mayor said that removal will proceed as a high-use tourist attraction is inappropriate with an entrance through a residential neighborhood that lacks the room for necessary facilities such as parking.


title: Haiku Stairs

text: In August 2012, Don Tiki show singer and comedian Fritz Hasenpusch died of a heart attack during his Haikū Stair climb.


title: Haiku Stairs

text: In 2014, six people were arrested and 135 were cited for climbing the stairs. The City Prosecutors Office said that criminal trespass in the second degree carries a $1000 fine.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: Thomas Lance Rentzel (born October 14, 1943) is a former American football flanker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Minnesota Vikings, Dallas Cowboys, and Los Angeles Rams. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: Rentzel was a four-sport star at Casady School (football, basketball, baseball, and track) in Oklahoma City, and also an All-American high school halfback. He was the valedictorian at Oklahoma City’s exclusive Casady School.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: Rentzel accepted a football scholarship from the University of Oklahoma under Bud Wilkinson. As a sophomore, he came off the injured list too late and had to hitchhike to Texas to play in the third game against the #2 ranked Longhorns (he had two long receptions).


title: Lance Rentzel

text: As a junior, Rentzel posted 59 carries for 387 yards (second on the team) with a 6.6-yard average and two touchdowns. He was a versatile all-around halfback and was known for his open-field speed and propensity for big plays rushing, receiving passes, and returning kicks.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: During his senior year in 1964, Rentzel was the team's top pass catcher (268 receiving yards) and punter (40.5-yard average). His 491 rushing yards ranked second on the team. In the Big Eight Conference, his 5.4 rushing average was second only to Gale Sayers. He also was the conference's No. 3 pass receiver, as well as No. 2 punter.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: Rentzel was one of four Sooners players who missed the 1965 Gator Bowl game against Florida State University. Rentzel, offensive lineman Ralph Neely, Jim Grisham, and Wes Skidgel had signed with professional teams before the game and were ruled ineligible for the contest. Florida State won, 36–19, on the strength of four touchdown catches by Fred Biletnikoff.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: Rentzel was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the second round (23rd overall) of the 1965 NFL draft. He was also selected in the sixth round (48th overall) of the 1965 AFL Draft by the Buffalo Bills.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: Rentzel played sparingly as a backup running back due to recurring injuries and his contributions came mainly as a kickoff returner during his first two seasons. Rentzel set the record for the longest kickoff return (101 yards) in franchise history as a rookie, which was broken by Aundrae Allison's 104-yarder in 2007 and Cordarrelle Patterson's 109-yarder in 2013.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: In 1966, Rentzel only played in nine games due to ankle injuries. He averaged 20.1 yards on nine kickoff returns and caught two passes for 10 yards. On May 2, 1967, Rentzel was traded to the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for a third-round draft choice (#76-Mike McGill).


title: Lance Rentzel

text: In 1967, the Cowboys converted Rentzel into a flanker, where he became not only an immediate starter over Pete Gent but also one of the best wideouts in the NFL. Rentzel led the team in receptions with 58 for 996 yards (two yards less than Bob Hayes). If Rentzel had gotten four more yards and Hayes two more, it would have been the first time in NFL history that a team had two 1,000-yard wide receivers. In the tenth game of the season, against the Washington Redskins, Rentzel set a franchise record with 13 receptions for 223 yards. He also starred in the 1967 NFL Championship, known since as the "Ice Bowl", scoring a fourth-quarter, go-ahead touchdown later negated by the Packers' game-clinching drive.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: In 1968, Rentzel led the Cowboys in receptions (54) and receiving yards (1,009) with an 18.7-yard average and five touchdowns. Also that year, Rentzel recorded a one-off single, "Lookin' Like Somethin' That Ain't" b/w "Beyond Love" on Columbia Records; the record managed to make the charts at WKY radio in Oklahoma City, but was not a national hit. In 1969, Rentzel led the Cowboys in receptions (43), receiving yards (960), and average receiving yards (22.3). Rentzel tied for the NFL lead in touchdowns scored (13) in 1969.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: In 1970, Rentzel was leading the team in receiving yards, when he was arrested for exposing himself to a 10-year-old girl. At the time the accusation was made, the press revealed a nearly forgotten incident that happened when, as a Minnesota Viking in September 1966, he was charged with exposing himself to two young girls in St. Paul, and pled guilty to the reduced charge of disorderly conduct. He was not sentenced to jail, but merely ordered to seek psychiatric care. Because of the nationwide reaction and publicity from the scandal, his wife, singer and actress Joey Heatherton, divorced him shortly thereafter. Rentzel asked the Cowboys to place him on the inactive list so he could devote his time to settling his personal affairs. He would miss the last three games of the regular season, including the Cowboys' playoff drive to its narrow Super Bowl V loss to the Baltimore Colts. Rentzel finished with 28 receptions (second on the team) for 556 yards (second on the team) with a 19.9-yard average and five touchdowns.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: On May 19, 1971, Rentzel was traded to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for tight end Billy Truax and wide receiver Wendell Tucker. Head coach Tom Landry said after the trade, "We know we are giving up on one of the top flankers in the league, but I thought he would be better off in another city where he had the same opportunity regularly. We found this in Los Angeles, and it was one of the teams Lance wanted to be traded to if he were traded." To replace him, the Cowboys also obtained Lance Alworth from the San Diego Chargers, in exchange for the left tackle Tony Liscio, the tight end Pettis Norman, and the defensive tackle Ron East.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: Although he spent only four seasons with the Cowboys, Rentzel left as the team's fourth all-time wide receiver in addition to other franchise records:


title: Lance Rentzel

text: Rentzel led the Los Angeles Rams in receptions (38) in 1971, but was never able to regain his previous level of play. In October 1972, he was the subject of a lengthy feature article in "SPORT Magazine" written by Gary Cartwright. Also that year, Rentzel wrote "When All the Laughter Died in Sorrow", about his professional football experiences and personal life.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: In 1973, while on probation for the indecent exposure charge, Rentzel was suspended indefinitely by the NFL at the start of the 1973 season for conduct detrimental to the league after being convicted for possession of marijuana. He was reinstated in 1974 after a ten-month suspension.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: Rentzel was one of three men credited with inspiring the eccentricities that surround Media Day at the Super Bowl. In January 1975, "SPORT Magazine" editor Dick Schaap hired Rentzel and teammate Fred Dryer to cover Super Bowl IX. Donning costumes inspired by "The Front Page", "Cubby O'Switzer" (Rentzel) and "Scoops Brannigan" (Dryer) peppered players and coaches from both the Minnesota Vikings and Pittsburgh Steelers with questions that ranged from the clichéd to the downright absurd. Rentzel humorously explained, "We're here to ask the dumbest questions we can and to mooch as much food and beer as we possibly can."


title: Lance Rentzel

text: On August 27, 1975, Rentzel was placed on waivers, effectively ending his career. After playing in nine NFL seasons, Rentzel accumulated 4,826 receiving yards, 38 receiving touchdowns, 196 rushing yards, three rushing touchdowns, 1,000 return yards, a touchdown from a fumble recovery, and a perfect passer rating of 158.3 by completing his lone pass attempt for a 58-yard touchdown.


title: Lance Rentzel

text: In April 1969, Rentzel married Joey Heatherton, an actress, dancer, and singer, in New York City. After his indecent exposure charge (see above), Heatherton filed for divorce on September 18, 1971, and it became final in 1972.


title: Lilliana Ketchman

text: Lilliana Belle Ketchman (born June 23, 2008; known professionally as Lilly K) is an American YouTuber, model, dancer and aspiring actress. She is known for her appearances on Lifetime's "Dance Moms" beginning in season six, and for her YouTube videos.


title: Lilliana Ketchman

text: Lilliana Ketchman was born June 23, 2008, to Stacey and Christopher Ketchman and has an older brother, Caden. Her mother is a psychologist and dancer while her father is a piano player and psychologist. Her family is from Fayetteville, North Carolina, where she attended Campaneria Ballet School. Ketchman began dancing when she was two years old and started competing at age four.


title: Lilliana Ketchman

text: In 2015, Ketchman launched her YouTube channel, which features videos of her competitions, dance routines, cooking, fashion & beauty tips, games, and her many pranks. Her channel has more than three million subscribers and 288 million views. "Dance Moms" Abby Lee Miller became aware of Ketchman via her social media presence.


title: Lilliana Ketchman

text: When she was participating in a photo shoot in New York in 2015, someone suggested she should be on "Dance Moms" with Abby Lee Miller; Ketchman's mother, however, put off the idea of auditioning due to Miller's reputation. After Miller began following Ketchman on social media, Ketchman was asked to send videos of her dancing. She joined season six of "Dance Moms" as part of the Abby Lee Dance Company (ALDC) mini team at the age of seven. Ketchman's first solo was "Step by Step", which placed first. In 2017, she joined the ALDC Elite team. Ketchman placed first in the junior division at the national competition. During season seven, Ketchman placed first in a Spokane, Washington, competition with the ALDC.


title: Lilliana Ketchman

text: The only team member to return for season eight, Ketchman won the overall competition for week 14 with her solo "Black Widow". For her solo "Straight Up" aired during week 16, she performed the entire routine in a straitjacket, earning a perfect score of 300 and finishing first. During the national competition, Ketchman placed second in the junior division and fourth overall with her solo "Inside Out".


title: Lilliana Ketchman

text: Ketchman has appeared in numerous music videos for artists including Bianca Ryan, Sia, and fellow "Dance Moms" alumnus JoJo Siwa. In Sia's music video of "Move Your Body", Ketchman's portrayal of a young Sia received critical acclaim. "Slate" said her moves were what made the music video "so much fun to watch". In November 2020, Ketchman and her mother teased her own single and music video, "Underneath".


title: Lilliana Ketchman

text: JoJo Siwa's video for her song "Nonstop" featured children portraying circus animals. Ketchman was made up as a monkey, leading to widespread controversy over the use of "blackface", which Siwa denied.


title: Everybody Hurts (The Sopranos)

text: "Everybody Hurts" is the 45th episode of the HBO original series "The Sopranos" and the sixth of the show's fourth season. Written by Michael Imperioli and directed by Steve Buscemi, it originally aired on October 20, 2002.


title: Everybody Hurts (The Sopranos)

text: Carmela tells Tony "that nice sales-lady" Gloria Trillo (his mistress) has committed suicide. Tony goes to the car showroom to find out more, then furiously confronts Dr. Melfi, who explains that he should not blame her, or himself, for her death.


title: Everybody Hurts (The Sopranos)

text: Plagued by guilt, Tony seeks ways to prove he is a good person and performs some generous acts for his friends and family. He signs a living trust for Carmela, in place of the one he refused to sign before. He arranges for Brian Cammarata to be provided with discounted suits, then takes Janice out for a companionable dinner. He continues his good deeds with another dinner where Furio is introduced to a blind date arranged by Carmela. She smiles uneasily, seeing them get on well.


title: Everybody Hurts (The Sopranos)

text: A.J.'s friends are curious about his family's lifestyle, but when he visits the lavish home of his girlfriend Devin Pillsbury, he is intimidated when he realizes how wealthy her family is. When his friends ask why his family does not have "Don Corleone money", he is unable to answer.


title: Everybody Hurts (The Sopranos)

text: One evening, high on heroin, Christopher receives a call from Tony instructing him to meet in twenty minutes. Tony says that to limit his own exposure, he will be giving more of his orders through Christopher, who will help "take the family into the 21st century." Christopher feels deeply honored, but continues to take heroin.


title: Everybody Hurts (The Sopranos)

text: Artie has a new French hostess at Nuovo Vesuvio, Élodie, who he flirts with. Her brother, Jean Philippe, asks for a $50,000 bridge loan to conclude a deal to distribute Armagnac in the United States. Artie agrees to lend him the money at 13 percent interest. He tries to borrow the money from Ralphie, who declines but mentions it to Tony. Tony meets Artie, reminds him of their friendship, and insists that he accept the loan from him at only one-and-a-half percent interest.


title: Everybody Hurts (The Sopranos)

text: Ten days pass and Jean-Philippe is not answering his phone. Artie confronts him at his home. Jean-Philippe reveals that the deal has failed and he does not have the money. Artie attacks him, but Jean-Philippe gains the upper hand, rips out his earring and throws him out. At home, Artie overdoses on alcohol and pills and calls Tony to apologize. Tony deduces that he is trying to kill himself and calls 911. At the hospital, Tony says that Artie can clear his tab at Nuovo Vesuvio "in lieu" of payment. Artie expresses admiration that Tony could foresee that the deal would go bad and so he would be able to profit from it; this observation infuriates Tony. Furio is sent by Tony to Jean-Philippe's apartment to collect the debt.


title: Imran Khan ministry

text: The Imran Khan ministry was the government of Pakistan which was formed by Imran Khan following his successful election as Prime Minister of Pakistan by the National Assembly. The Cabinet had 25 Federal Ministers, 4 Ministers of state and 4 Advisors, most of whom assumed office on 20 August 2018.


title: Imran Khan ministry

text: The Cabinet dissolved on 3 April 2022 following the dissolution of the National Assembly of Pakistan. On 7 April 2022, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ordered the restoration of the Federal Cabinet.The Cabinet dissolved on 10 April 2022 following the defeat of Imran Khan during the Vote of No-confidence. He was the first ever Prime Minister of Pakistan to be ousted from office using the Vote of No-Confidence.


title: Imran Khan ministry

text: Khan announced his cabinet soon after taking the oath, he kept the ministry of interior to himself. His choice for ministries was criticized as he came into power on the slogan of "Change" and "Naya Pakistan" but most of his appointees were previously ministers during the era of Pervez Musharraf and some served in PPP government which followed Musharraf era. He was criticized by supporters and critics for settling for "Diet Reform" as Musharraf pursued rather than the real change that was embodied by the PTI. Some supporters defended Khan since the PTI was in a coalition government and needed "electables" to win the election.


title: Imran Khan ministry

text: Khusro Bakhtiar served as a minister during Musharraf's regime, as well as an MNA in the PML-N coalition government Shafqat Mehmood was a member of the PPP from 1990 until he joined Musharraf regime soon after 1999 coup and became provincial minister. Farogh Naseem has been part of Musharraf's legal team representing him against treason charges which aroused speculation on PTI's stance on if Pervez Musharraf will be tried for treason. Tariq Bashir Cheema has been minister in a past PPP government.<ref name="dawn/11mar2004"></ref> Fehmida Mirza has been Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan in a PPP government. Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad served as a minister during the Musharraf era as well as a former MNA of the PML-N. Ghulam Sarwar Khan also served as a minister during Musharraf regime. Zubaida Jalal Khan was a minister and held the same portfolio during Musharraf era. Fawad Chaudhry was media coordinator in the political party formed by Musharraf as well a special Assistant to Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani. Shah Mehmood Qureshi held the same portfolio in a PPP government. Babar Awan also served in a past PPP government. Malik Amin Aslam held same portfolio under Musharraf government but is more of a technocrat than a politician. Abdul Razak Dawood was commerce minister for Musharraf as well. Omar Ayub Khan was the minister of state for finance in Shaukat Aziz's cabinet during the Pervez Musharraf regime. Ali Muhammad Mahar was the former Chief Minister of Sindh during the Musharraf regime. Firdous Ashiq Awan, also served as Federal Minister of Information in PPP government.


title: Imran Khan ministry

text: On 6 April 2020, the cabinet saw another reshuffle. In late April 2020, PTI Senator Shibli Faraz was appointed as the information minister. Meanwhile, retired Lt Gen Asim Saleem Bajwa was appointed as special assistant to the prime minister for information replacing Firdous Ashiq Awan.


title: Imran Khan ministry

text: In December 2020, the federal cabinet saw the fourth reshuffle days after the Islamabad High Court ruled that unelected advisers and special assistants could not head government’s committees.


title: Imran Khan ministry

text: In April 2021, Shaukat Tarin was appointed as finance minister, the fourth person to hold the post in the last two years, as Prime Minister Imran Khan made his sixth cabinet reshuffle since assuming power.


title: Hridaynath Mangeshkar

text: Hridaynath Mangeshkar (Marathi pronunciation: ]) is an Indian music director. He is the only son of musician Deenanath Mangeshkar and younger brother of Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle. He is popularly known as "Balasaheb" in the music and film industry.


title: Hridaynath Mangeshkar

text: Hridaynath debuted his music career in 1955 with the Marathi film "Akash Ganga". Since then, he has composed for various Marathi films such as "Sansar, Chaani, Ha Khel Savalyancha, Janaki, Jait Re Jait, Umbartha" and "Nivdung" and a few Bollywood films; the most notable among them being "Subah", "Lekin..." and "Maya Memsaab".


title: Hridaynath Mangeshkar

text: He has been very selective with his work. He has composed songs in Marathi and Hindi. His songs often have complex meters and require singers of great range and depth for enjoyable renditions. His composition of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's poem "Saagara Pran Talamalala" is a case in point. His 1982 album "Dnyaneshwar Mauli", featuring compositions from Jñāneśvar, one of the most famous poets in Marathi literature, set the standard for modern devotional music in Marathi.


title: Hridaynath Mangeshkar

text: He has also composed folk songs. Staying true to the spirit, his "Koli Geets" (fishermen songs) reflect the traditional rhythms of the fishermen of Konkan. His music to the critically acclaimed movie "Jait Re Jait" is another example of his prowess in this genre. One of his most popular works is the composition for the Marathi film "Nivdung".


title: Hridaynath Mangeshkar

text: At one point, Hridaynath was a student of Ustad Amir Khan; however, he feels that his guru is not as timeless as his sister Lata.


title: Hridaynath Mangeshkar

text: He has been the recipient of several awards throughout his career, such as the prestigious National Award at the hands of the President of India, the Lata Mangeshkar Award of Maharashtra state, and seven Maharashtra State Awards for Best Vocalist and Music Director/Composer.


title: Hridaynath Mangeshkar

text: He was awarded the title pandit by the people of Maharashtra at the hands of Bhimsen Joshi and Jasraj. The Shankaracharya has conferred upon him the title "Bhaav Gandharva".


title: Hridaynath Mangeshkar

text: Some of his most memorable Hindi film scores are "Harishchandra Taramati", "Prarthana", "Chakra", "Lekin...", "Maya Memsaab", "Lal Salaam", Yash Chopra's "Mashaal", "Dhanwan" and "Chaani", to name a few.


title: Hridaynath Mangeshkar

text: He is also the first Indian composer to compose and release two entire albums featuring the poems and songs of the poet-saint Meera, titled "Chala Vahi Des" and "Meera Bhajans". He has recently also composed and released an album titled "Meera Soor Kabeera", featuring the works of Meera, Kabir and Surdas. He produced an album featuring the ghazals of Ghalib, titled "Ghalib" and sung by Lata Mangeshkar. His collaborations with noted Marathi poets such as Shanta Shelke and Suresh Bhat have produced many Marathi classic songs of unmatched popularity.


title: Silence in the Library

text: "Silence in the Library" is the eighth episode of the fourth series of the revived British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". It was first broadcast on BBC One on 31 May 2008. It is the first of a two-part story; the second part, "Forest of the Dead", aired on 7 June. The two episodes make up the second two-parter Steven Moffat contributed to the series after "The Empty Child" and "The Doctor Dances" from the first series.


title: Silence in the Library

text: In the episode, the archaeologist River Song (Alex Kingston) summons the alien time traveller the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) to a planet-sized library in the 51st century, where thousands of visitors disappeared without a trace a hundred years earlier when the library was shut off. The episode establishes that River Song has met the Doctor on many occasions but at this point in his life the Doctor does not recognise her.


title: Silence in the Library

text: The Hugo Award-nominated episode is also significant for introducing the character of River Song, who went on to play an important role in future stories. A few days before the episode aired, the BBC announced that Moffat was to become head writer of the programme for the show's fifth series in 2010, replacing then-current head writer Russell T Davies, who held the role since "Doctor Who" returned to television in 2005.


title: Silence in the Library

text: The Tenth Doctor and Donna land on a planet-sized library in the 51st century simply called the Library. The Doctor has been summoned there, but a scan for life shows the Doctor and Donna as the only humanoid life signs but trillions of nonhuman life forms they cannot see or hear are present. An information node tells the Doctor and Donna that the library sealed itself, but that it has been breached and others are coming.


title: Silence in the Library

text: Just then, a team of explorers led by archaeologist River Song (who sent the message) and financed by Strackman Lux, whose grandfather originally built the Library, arrives. The team has come to determine why the library sealed itself 100 years previously. River acts like she knows the Doctor and has a diary with a cover decorated like the TARDIS with her. She discovers the Doctor has not met her yet.


title: Silence in the Library

text: The Library's operation system appears to be connected to the mind of a young girl living on 21st-century Earth. When the Doctor attempts to access the library computers, the girl causes books to fly from the shelves. The events happening in the library appear to her as television shows. The girl's psychiatrist Dr. Moon tells her that the library in her imagination is actually real and that her real world is a lie. He implores her to save the people who have arrived at the library.


title: Silence in the Library

text: Lux's secretary Miss Evangelista is attacked by Vashta Nerada which strip her flesh clean to the bone instantly. The Doctor and Donna learn that the team are wearing communication devices which can store their thought patterns even after death, and are disturbed to hear Miss Evangelista still talking but acting confused until her pattern degrades. The Doctor explains that the Vashta Nerada are microscopic creatures that appear as shadows to hunt but are usually not as aggressive.


title: Silence in the Library

text: After noticing the pilot Proper Dave has two shadows, the Doctor and River seal him in his space suit, with the Doctor discovering River has a sonic screwdriver. The Vashta Nerada still get in, stripping Dave to his bare skeleton. The creatures animate Dave's suit and chase after the others. The Doctor attempts to teleport Donna back to the TARDIS for her safety, but Donna fails to materialise properly. The Doctor finds an information node with Donna's face on it which tells him that Donna has left the library and been saved.


title: Silence in the Library

text: According to Steven Moffat, the squareness gun used by Song to help the party escape from the Vashta Nerada is intended to be the same sonic blaster that was used by Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) in the episode "The Doctor Dances". Moffat suggests that it was left in the TARDIS after "The Parting of the Ways", and taken by Song in the Doctor's future. The name "squareness gun" was coined by Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) in the former episode.


title: Silence in the Library

text: Originally, the two-parter was scheduled to take place during the show's third series. Initially, Moffat had wanted to introduce the villainous Weeping Angels in the entry after seeing an angel statue in a graveyard whilst on a family holiday. However, after withdrawing from the writing of series three's first two-part story—Helen Raynor took over these episodes, writing "Daleks in Manhattan" and "Evolution of the Daleks"—Moffat volunteered to write the series' Doctor-lite episode and opted to use the Weeping Angels in what would become "Blink". Later, during the fourth series, Moffat revisited his previous ideas. He felt that the library would be a "great setting" for "Doctor Who" that was not too exotic. The character of River Song was originally created for the plot to make more sense. Moffat knew that the team of archaeologists would have to trust the Doctor, but that the Doctor's psychic paper could not explain and convince the team why he had appeared in a sealed-off library. Therefore, Moffat intended for the Doctor to know one of the archaeologists. Later, he decided that this idea was too "dull", and instead opted to have one of them know him.


title: Silence in the Library

text: For the role of River Song, whom executive producer Russell T Davies described as "sort of the Doctor's wife", the production sought to cast Kate Winslet. One of Winslet's first acting roles was in the BBC1 teen drama "Dark Season", written by Davies. The role of River Song eventually went to Alex Kingston, known for starring in the popular US drama "ER". On Kingston's casting, Davies said "I bloody love her!" Kingston had been a fan of "Doctor Who" as a child. Kingston did not initially expect her role to be recurring, only later learning that Moffat had always intended for Song to come back for return appearances. Kingston enjoyed getting to play an unusual action hero female role, and praised the show for its variety of settings and opportunities "to relive one's childhood fantasies" playing with laser guns and wearing varied costumes from one appearance to the next. In regards to having to speak complicated dialogue, she said that she had "work[ed] with a medical consultant on "ER", who'd explain what we were saying, so I'd say it with a purpose and a truth. On "Doctor Who", I've no idea what some of my lines mean!"


title: Silence in the Library

text: Discussing her role alongside Tennant and Tate in her 2008 introductory episode, Kingston said, "We just clicked. I've done guest roles on other shows, but rarely have I felt such a warm bond." About working with Kingston, Tate later said that, "I'm a huge "ER" fan. When you hold people in awe, it's almost a disappointment when they come in and they're utterly normal. But Alex isn't disappointing at all. She's such a lovely person." Tennant was quoted as saying that, "Alex is terrific. When she's telling you stories about hanging out with George Clooney, you know she's pretty cool."


title: Silence in the Library

text: In 2020, Moffat revealed that he had envisioned Colin Salmon's character as a future incarnation of the Doctor, which would make Salmon the first nonwhite actor in the role.


title: Silence in the Library

text: Daniel Peacock, the brother of Harry Peacock, who here plays Proper Dave, had previously appeared in the 1988 serial "The Greatest Show in the Galaxy" as Nord the Vandal.


title: Silence in the Library

text: Filming took place at the Old Swansea Central Library in late January and early February 2008, and the Brangwyn Hall in Swansea, Wales.


title: Silence in the Library

text: The presence of the Vashta Nerada was created with lighting managed by director of photography Rory Taylor. To draw the eye toward the shadows, they were deepened in post-production by visual effects company The Mill.


title: Silence in the Library

text: The establishing shots of the CGI cityscape of the Library was created in Cinema 4D using the Advanced Render 3 module. This effort was nominated for a VES Award in 2009.


title: Silence in the Library

text: Before the episode was aired, "The Sun" obtained a copy of the script and threatened to release it, to which Moffat responded: "'let them' – I'd like to see "The Sun" publish that many words in a day!" Just as in 2007, the BBC pushed "Doctor Who" a week further due to their coverage of the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 which took place on 24 May. "Silence in the Library" was scheduled against the final of ITV's talent contest "Britain's Got Talent" and suffered in the ratings as a result. BARB's final figures recorded an audience 6.27 million when adjusted for time shifting, whereas "Britain's Got Talent" was viewed by 11.52 million in comparison. This was the first time since the series' revival in 2005 that "Doctor Who" did not have the largest audience share in its timeslot. However, the episode did receive an Appreciation Index score of 89 (considered "Excellent"), the joint highest figure the new series had received to date, alongside "The Parting of the Ways", "Doomsday" and the following episode "Forest of the Dead". BBC Three's repeat of the episode was watched by 1.35 million viewers, almost double the figures for the equivalent repeat of the previous episode, "The Unicorn and the Wasp".


title: Silence in the Library

text: The episode has received positive reviews from critics. William Gallagher of "Radio Times" labelled it the "best story so far" and was positive toward the character of River Song. IGN's Travis Fickett gave it a rating of 9.2 out of 10, praising the setting of a library with books and "terrifically entertaining dialogue, one mind boggling concept after another, terrific character moments" between all the characters. However, he thought the concept of the Vashta Nerada were "a bit goofy", especially when they took the form of the skeletons. Ben Rawson-Jones on Digital Spy gave "Silence in the Library" four out of five stars, praising the "wonderfully inventive concepts" of the Data Ghosts and Nodes as well as guest stars Kingston, Salmon, and Newton. However, his "slight criticism" was that some aspects were similar to other episodes Moffat had written for "Doctor Who". Richard Edwards, reviewing for "SFX", gave the episode five out of five stars and called it the "best of the series so far". He particularly praised the fear instilled by the Vashta Nerada and the "intriguing parallel plotline" of the little girl.


title: Silence in the Library

text: Den of Geek listed the cliffhanger for "Silence in the Library" among the ten greatest of the show in 2011. IGN named the two-parter the fourth best episode of Tennant's tenure, as did Sam McPherson of Zap2it. This episode, along with "Forest of the Dead", was nominated for a Hugo Award in the Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form category, but lost out to "Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog". The episode won the 2009 Constellation Award for Best Script in Film or Television.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: The first "Shinobi" game was released in 1987 for arcades. Along with Alex Kidd and Sonic the Hedgehog, Joe Musashi has long been one of Sega's flagship characters, acting as a mascot for a short time in the late 1980s when ninjas were popular in mainstream media. The series' games are a showcase of Sega's technical accomplishment, noted for their high quality of graphics, gameplay and music, as well as their high level of difficulty. The "Shinobi" franchise sold more than 4.60 million copies.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: The main character of "Shinobi" (the original Japanese word for "ninja") is most commonly associated with that of Joe Musashi, the protagonist of the original arcade game and many of its sequels. His name is a combination of both an archetypical Western first name and Japanese last name, Musashi likely being derived from the legendary Japanese swordsman Miyamoto Musashi. In the manual of "The Revenge of Shinobi", Musashi's backstory is told as that of a weak boy who first entered the dojo of the Oboro clan at a young age and gradually, through tireless practice and meditation, worked himself up to become the most skilled and respected ninja of his clan. His peaceful existence in the mountains of Japan is shattered when the ninja crime syndicate Zeed rises to power and attempts to revert Japan into the Sengoku period of civil war when the ninja thrived.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: After being defeated by Musashi in the original "Shinobi", Zeed reforms three years later as Neo Zeed and attacks the Oboro clan directly. With his master assassinated and his girlfriend Naoko kidnapped by the enemy, Musashi swears revenge, and in the ensuing battles through a series of locations in Japan and America, as chronicled in "The Revenge of Shinobi", all but annihilates Neo Zeed. When Neo Zeed returns in "", Musashi comes out of retirement one last time and destroys them for good.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: In the arcade version of "Shadow Dancer", Joe Musashi is replaced by a nameless new ninja and his canine companion as the game's protagonists. The ninja and his dog must disarm various time bombs spread across an unnamed metropolis that were planted by a terrorist group. The game was remade for the Mega Drive/Genesis under the title "", with the protagonist's identity differing between regions. The Japanese version identifies him as Joe Musashi's estranged son , while the English language manual identifies him as Joe Musashi himself coming out of retirement. In the Master System game "The Cyber Shinobi", Zeed has resurfaced once more, this time under the name of Cyber Zeed. A grandson of Joe Musashi must prevent them from threatening the world again.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: "Shinobi Legions" presents an different plotline. The shinobi is Sho, the youngest of two brothers raised by a lone ninja master. The elder brother becomes corrupted and abducts the master's daughter in search of the ultimate ninjitsu technique, and Sho has to prevent him from destroying the world. Neither Joe Musashi nor the Oboro clan are mentioned.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: Following a seven-year hiatus in the series, the lead archetype returns in "Shinobi" for PlayStation 2 as Hotsuma, another member of the Oboro clan. In a similar theme to "Shinobi Legions", the game starts with Hotsuma slaying his elder brother Moritsune during a full moon Oboro ritual. The main plot revolves around Hotsuma's battle to defeat a powerful sorcerer called Hiruko and put an end to anarchy in Tokyo. The game features Joe Musashi as a hidden character, as well as Moritsune himself (who appears in the game's storyline as an enemy named Aomizuchi).


title: Shinobi (series)

text: In a break with tradition, "Nightshade" ("Kunoichi" in Japan) featured a female ninja named Hibana. Hotsuma appears as a hidden character, though it requires a completed "Shinobi" PS2 game save on the memory card to unlock him. Joe Musashi returns as he did in the PS2 "Shinobi" by completing 88 missions in the game. The protagonist of the 3DS "Shinobi 3D" is Jiro Musashi, Joe's father.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: The main weapons of Shinobi are the shuriken (or throwing knives), but over the course of the series the emphasis gradually shifted to a ninjato. One of the most important moves in the games is Shinobi's somersault, performed by tapping the jump-button a second time at the height of a jump. The somersault is used to leap onto high-places, perform trick jumps and use the hedgehog shuriken attack to wipe out several opponents at once. The ability to run was introduced in "Shinobi III".


title: Shinobi (series)

text: Another staple of the series are the four magical ninjitsu attacks Shinobi can use to kill their foes, or improve their own abilities. The four ninjitsu techniques are: Ikazuchi, Fushin, Kariu and Mijin. Another common feature of the early "Shinobi" games is the enemy AI, where enemies could duck behind boxes to reload their weapons after firing at Musashi, or hide behind boxes or shields to block Musashi's shurikens.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: Each level in "Shinobi" is usually divided into two or three scenes, and the final scene is a battle against a powerful boss character. Standard "Shinobi" stages include bamboo forests, dojos, docksides, and industrial complexes filled with biological monstrosities.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: The following is a timeline of releases in the "Shinobi" series. Listed are the name of each game, the corresponding release date and the consoles for which they were developed/ported. Further below is a brief discussion of each release. For a more detailed examination of each game, click on the corresponding link in the timetable.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: "Shinobi", the first game in the series, was released in 1987 for the arcades and ran on Sega's System 16 arcade hardware. Sega released a home conversion for the Master System, followed by licensed ports for the IBM PC, Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum and MSX, as well as the PC Engine (via Asmik) in Japan, and an unlicensed port by Tengen for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America. "Shinobi" introduced several novelties to traditional platform mechanics, such as sophisticated enemy AI and multiple layers in each level.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: "Shadow Dancer" is the 1989 arcade sequel to the original "Shinobi". It runs on Sega's System 18 arcade hardware. The plot follows an unnamed ninja and his canine companion who must disarm various bombs spread across a city and defeat the terrorist group responsible for planting them.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: In Japan it is known as "The Super Shinobi". The debut of the ninja on the Mega Drive console, "The Revenge of Shinobi" was widely praised at the time of its release and long one of the most popular games on the Mega Drive and is regarded as the best entry in the series by many. Its soundtrack was written by composer Yuzo Koshiro.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: The Mega Drive version of "Shadow Dancer", titled "Shadow Dancer: The Secret of Shinobi" and is different game from the arcade original. The backstory differs between regional releases, giving the unnamed protagonist from the arcade version an identity - the Japanese version establishes him as Hayate, the estranged son of Joe Musashi; while the manuals for the English language versions claims that he is Joe Musashi himself. Although the basic gameplay is similar to the arcade version, little of the actual game content — from levels to character art — is the same.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: "The Cyber Shinobi" was a Master System exclusive title, released as a follow-up to the Master System port of the original "Shinobi". "The Cyber Shinobi" is notorious for being one of the worst games in the series. Since it is mentioned in the manual that the hero's grandfather defeated Neo Zeed, the Joe Musashi-character in this game appears to be the grandson of the original Joe Musashi.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: The debut of Shinobi on the Game Gear system was titled "Shinobi", though in Japan it was known as "The GG Shinobi" ("The Game Gear Shinobi") and the game still carries this name internally in all regions. Its gameplay is largely reminiscent of "The Revenge of Shinobi". In a take on the Japanese Super Sentai series, "Shinobi" revolves around the quest of five coloured ninjas (red, pink, blue, yellow and green) to bring down a powerful crime organization. The game starts with the player just controlling the red ninja and then freeing more and more of his compatriots as he progresses through each level. The soundtrack was once again composed by Yuzo Koshiro.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: "The Silent Fury" (also "The G.G. Shinobi II") is a direct sequel to the original "The G.G. Shinobi" game on Game Gear, and features much of the same gameplay mechanics as its predecessor. Both "The G.G. Shinobi" and "The Silent Fury" were Game Gear exclusive games. It was scored by Yuzo Koshiro and Motohiro Kawashima.


title: Shinobi (series)

text: Known as "The Super Shinobi II" in Japan, "Shinobi III" is regarded by many as the high point of the series. It introduced a much smoother, faster style of gameplay while keeping the series' familiar trademarks firmly intact. The game marked Musashi's last appearance in a "Shinobi" game until "Shinobi" was released in 2002 for the PlayStation 2. At least two known beta versions of "Shinobi III" are currently in circulation, featuring almost completely different levels from the final game.