title: Women in the military by country

text: Women in Norway have been able to fill military roles since 1938, and during World War II, both enlisted women and female officers served in all branches of the military. However, in 1947 political changes commanded that women only serve in civilian posts, with reservists allowing women to join them in 1959. Female personnel currently make up around 12% of the armed forces (2017).


title: Women in the military by country

text: Between 1977 and 1984, the Norwegian Parliament passed laws expanding the role of women in the Norwegian Armed Forces. In 1985 equal opportunities legislation was applied to the military.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 1995, Norway allowed women to serve in its military submarines. To this date, there has been at least one female commander of a Norwegian submarine. The first was Solveig Krey in 1995.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 2015, conscription was extended to women making Norway the first NATO member and first European country to make national service compulsory for both men and women.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Women have taken part in the battles for independence against occupiers and invaders since at least the time of the Napoleonic Wars. During the occupation by the Nazis, 1939–1945, several thousand women took part in the resistance movement as members of the Home Army and the People's Army. The Germans were forced to establish special prisoner-of-war camps after the Warsaw Rising in 1944 to accommodate over a thousand women prisoners.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In April 1938 the law requiring compulsory military service for men included provisions for voluntary service of women in auxiliary roles, in the medical services, in the anti-aircraft artillery and in communications. In 1939 a Women's Military Training Organization was established under the command of Maria Wittek.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In present Poland a law passed April 6, 2004 requires all women with college nursing or veterinary degrees to register for compulsory service. In addition it allows women to volunteer and serve as professional personnel in all services of the army. As of January 2020, there are 7465 female soldiers in active service. Two active duty Polish women have achieved the rank of Colonel. Maria Wittek was the 1st Polish woman to reach the rank of General.


title: Women in the military by country

text: During the First World War, heavy defeats led to the loss of millions of Russian Imperial soldiers. To psychologically energize morale Alexander Kerensky (leader of the Russian Provisional Government) ordered the creation of the Woman's Death Battalion in May 1917. After three months of fighting, the size of this all-female unit fell from 2,000 to 250. In November 1917, the Bolsheviks dissolved the unit.


title: Women in the military by country

text: The current tally of women in the Russian Army stands at around 115,000 to 160,000, representing 10% of Russia's military strength.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Although the Serbian armed forces were traditionally exclusively male (with exception of nurses and some other non-combat roles) there were some exceptions. Several women are known to have fought in the ranks in the Balkan Wars and the First World War, often by initially hiding their gender to work around the draft regulations. The most notable of them was Milunka Savić, the most decorated female combatant in history. In the Second World War Yugoslav partisan units accepted female volunteers as combatants as well as medical personnel. After the war the practice was abandoned, but was reintroduced recently with professionalisation of the army.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In the Military Articles of 1621, which organized the Swedish army, military men on all levels were explicitly allowed to bring their wives with them to war, as the wives were regarded to fill an important role as sutlers in the house hold organisation of the army. Prostitutes, however, were banned. This regulation was kept until the Military Article of 1798, though the presence of women diminished after the end of the Great Northern War. In the Military Article of 1798, the only women allowed to accompany the army was the professional unmarried female sutlers, in Sweden named "marketenterska". Unofficially, however, there were females who served in the army posing as male the entire period, the most famous being Ulrika Eleonora Stålhammar.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 1924, the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization ("Lottorna") was founded: it is an auxiliary defense organization of the Home Guard, a part of the Swedish Armed Forces.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Since 1989 there are no gender restrictions in the Swedish military on access to military training or positions. They are allowed to serve in all parts of the military and in all positions, including combat.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 2010, Sweden abolished male-only conscription and replaced it with a gender-neutral system. Simultaneously, the conscription system was however deactivated, only to be reactivated in 2017. Hence, beginning in 2018 both women and men are obliged to do military service.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 2018, female personnel made up 15% of the soldiers in training and less than 7% of the professional military officers.


title: Women in the military by country

text: When Turkish history is examined, it is apparent that Turkish women have voluntarily taken tasks in the defence of their country, showing the same power and courage as men. Nene Hatun, whose monument has been erected in the city of Erzurum (Eastern Turkey) because of her gallant bravery during the Ottoman-Russian War, constitutes a very good example of this fact. Besides providing nursery services, women also took main roles in combat in WWI. Furthermore, the Independence War has taken its place in history with the unsurpassed heroism of Turkish women. Sabiha Gökçen was the first female combat pilot in the world, as well as the first Turkish female aviator. She was one of the eight adoptive children of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Throughout her career in the Turkish Air Force, Gökçen flew 22 different types of aircraft for more than 8,000 hours, 32 hours of which were active combat and bombardment missions. She was selected as the only female pilot for the poster of "20 Greatest Aviators in History" published by the United States Air Force in 1996.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Women personnel are being employed as officers in the Turkish Armed Forces today. The women officers serve together with the men under the same respective chains of command. The personnel policy regarding women in the Turkish Armed Forces is based on the principle of "needing qualified women officers in suitable branches and ranks" to keep pace with technological advancements in the 21st century. Women civilian personnel have been assigned to the headquarters staff, technical fields, and social services without sexual discrimination. Women officers serve in all branches except armor, infantry, and submarines. Assignments, promotions and training are considered on an equal basis with no gender bias.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Women (on active duty) make almost 15,6% of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (31,757 persons); https://glavcom.ua/news/zelenskiy-pidpisav-zakon-pro-pereymenuvannya-dnya-zahisnika-ukrajini--773520.html 7% of those are officers. This number is close to NATO armies' statistics. Ukraine shows better results in military gender equality than countries like Norway (7%) or United Kingdom (9%). There are few female high officers, 2.9% (1,202 women), with a dozen female colonels as of 2010 and the first female general appointed in October 2018. Also in 2018, Ukraine adopted a law that gives military women equal rights with men.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Contractual military service counts for almost 44% of women. However, this is closely linked to the low salary of such positions: men refuse to serve in these conditions when women accept them. In total about 25 percent of Ukraine's 200,000 military personnel are women.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Servicewomen live in woman-only apartments near the military bases. A female officer can take three years’ maternity leave without losing her position.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Women were first employed by the Royal Navy in 1696 when a handful were employed as nurses and laundresses on hospital ships. They received pay equal to an able seaman. The practice was always controversial and over the next two centuries, first the nurses and then the laundresses were removed from service. By the start of the 19th century both roles had been eliminated.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Female service in the Royal Navy restarted 1884 when the Naval Nursing Service was formed. It became the Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service in 1902 and is still in operation. Women have had active roles in the British Army since 1902, when the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps was founded. The Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service was formed in 1918. During the Second World War, about 600,000 women served in the three British women's auxiliary services: the Auxiliary Territorial Service, the Women's Auxiliary Air Force, and the Women's Royal Naval Service, as well as the nursing corps. In 1917, the Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps was formed; 47,000 women served until it was disbanded in 1921. The Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS) was formed in 1917 as well. Before it disbanded in 1919, it provided catering and administrative support, communications and electrician personnel.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 1938, the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) was created, with 20,000 women serving in non-combat roles during World War II, including as military police. They also performed a combat role on British soil, as anti-aircraft gunners against the Luftwaffe.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 1949, women were officially recognized as a permanent part of the British Armed Forces, although full combat roles were still restricted to men. In this year, the Women's Royal Army Corps was created to replace the ATS, and in 1950 the ranks were normalised with the ranks of men serving in the British Army. From 1949 to 1992, thousands of women served in the WRAC and sister institutions.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Women first became eligible to pilot Royal Air Force combat aircraft in 1989. The following year, they were permitted to serve on Royal Navy warships. Since 1990, women have successfully served as Royal Navy clearance divers. The 1991 Gulf War marked the first deployment of British women in combat operations since 1945. As of 2010, female personnel made up around 9% of the British armed forces.


title: Women in the military by country

text: The seizure of Royal Navy sailor Faye Turney in 2007 by the naval forces of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard led to some media comment on the role of women and mothers in the armed forces.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In December 2015, it was announced that women would be permitted to begin training in autumn 2016 in order to enter all roles by the end of that year. In 2016 a ban on women serving in close combat roles was lifted by Prime Minister David Cameron. In 2017 the Royal Air Force's ground-fighting force became open to women for the first time, making the RAF the first branch of the forces to open every role to female service personnel. In 2018, women became eligible to apply for all roles in the British forces.


title: Women in the military by country

text: During the First World War, over 2,300 women served overseas in the Canadian Army Medical Corps. During the Second World War, 5,000 women of the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps again served overseas, however they were not permitted to serve on combat warships or in combat teams. The Canadian Army Women's Corps was created during the Second World War, as was the Royal Canadian Air Force (Women's Division). As well, 45,000 women served as support staff in every theatre of the conflict, driving heavy equipment, rigging parachutes, and performing clerical work, telephone operation, laundry duties and cooking. Some 5,000 women performed similar occupations during Canada's part in the Korean War of 1950–1953.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 1965 the Canadian government decided to allow a maximum of 1,500 women to serve directly in all three branches of its armed forces, and the former "women's services" were disbanded. In 1970 the government created a set of rules for the armed forces designed to encourage equal opportunities. In 1974 the first woman, Major Wendy Clay, earned her pilot's wings in the newly integrated Canadian Forces.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Between 1979 and 1985 the role of women expanded further, with military colleges allowing women to enroll. In 1982 laws were passed ending all discrimination in employment, and combat related roles in the Canadian armed forces were opened for women, with the exception of the submarine service. In 1986 further laws were created to the same effect. The following years saw Canada's first female infantry soldier, and a female Brigadier-General.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 1989, a tribunal appointed under the Canadian Human Rights Act ordered full integration of women in the Canadian Armed Forces "with all due speed", at least within the next ten


title: Women in the military by country

text: Women were permitted to serve on board Canadian submarines in 2002 with the acquisition of the "Victoria"-class submarine. Master Seaman Colleen Beattie became the first female submariner in 2003.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Canadian women have also commanded large infantry units and Canadian warships. Commander Josée Kurtz is the first woman appointed to command a major warship – .


title: Women in the military by country

text: On May 17, 2006 Captain Nichola Goddard became the first Canadian woman killed in combat during operations in Afghanistan.


title: Women in the military by country

text: As of April 2022, women comprise 16.3% of the Canadian Armed Forces as officers and non-commissioned members in the Regular Force and Primary Reserve (with 20.5% in the Royal Canadian Navy, 13.8% in the Canadian Army and 20.1% in the Royal Canadian Air Force).


title: Women in the military by country

text: A few women fought in the American Army in the American Revolutionary War while disguised as men. Deborah Sampson fought until her sex was discovered and she was discharged, and Sally St. Clare died in the war. Anna Maria Lane joined her husband in the Army, and by the time of the Battle of Germantown, she was wearing men's clothes. According to the Virginia General Assembly, "in the revolutionary war, in the garb, and with the courage of a soldier, [Lane] performed extraordinary military services, and received a severe wound at the battle of Germantown."


title: Women in the military by country

text: The number of women soldiers in the American Civil War is estimated at between 400 and 750, although an accurate count is impossible because the women again had to disguise themselves as men.


title: Women in the military by country

text: The United States established the Army Nurse Corps as a permanent part of the Army in 1901; the Corps was all-female until 1955.


title: Women in the military by country

text: During World War I, 21,498 U.S. Army nurses (American military nurses were all women then) served in military hospitals in the United States and overseas. Many of these women were positioned near to battlefields, and they tended to over a million soldiers who had been wounded or were unwell. 272 U.S. Army nurses died of disease (mainly tuberculosis, influenza, and pneumonia). Eighteen African-American Army nurses served stateside caring for German prisoners of war (POWs) and African-American soldiers. They were assigned to Camp Grant, IL, and Camp Sherman, OH, and lived in segregated quarters. Hello Girls was the colloquial name for American female switchboard operators in World War I, formally known as the Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators Unit. During World War I, these switchboard operators were sworn into the Army Signal Corps. This corps was formed in 1917 from a call by General John J. Pershing to improve the worsening state of communications on the Western front. Applicants for the Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators Unit had to be bilingual in English and French to ensure that orders would be heard by anyone. Over 7,000 women applied, but only 450 women were accepted. Many of these women were former switchboard operators or employees at telecommunications companies. Despite the fact that they wore Army Uniforms and were subject to Army Regulations (and Chief Operator Grace Banker received the Distinguished Service Medal), they were not given honorable discharges but were considered "civilians" employed by the military, because Army Regulations specified the male gender. Not until 1978, the 60th anniversary of the end of World War I, did Congress approve veteran status and honorable discharges for the remaining women who had served in the Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators Unit. The first American women enlisted into the regular armed forces were 13,000 women admitted into active duty in the U.S. Navy during the war. They served stateside in jobs and received the same benefits and responsibilities as men, including identical pay (US$28.75 per month), and were treated as veterans after the war. The U.S. Marine Corps enlisted 305 female Marine Reservists (F) to "free men to fight" by filling positions such as clerks and telephone operators on the home front. In 1918 during the war, twin sisters Genevieve and Lucille Baker transferred from the Naval Coastal Defense Reserve and became the first uniformed women to serve in the U.S. Coast Guard. Before the war ended, several more women joined them, all of them serving in the Coast Guard at Coast Guard Headquarters. These women were demobilized when hostilities ceased, and aside from the Nurse Corps the uniformed military became once again exclusively male. In 1942, women were brought into the military again, largely following the British model.


title: Women in the military by country

text: The Woman's Army Auxiliary Corps, the women's branch of the United States Army, was established in the United States on 15 May 1942 by Public Law 554, and converted to full status as the WAC on 1 July 1943. The Woman's Naval Reserve was also created during World War II. In 1944 women from the Women's Army Corps (WACs) arrived in the Pacific and landed in Normandy on D-Day. During the war, 67 Army nurses and 16 Navy nurses were captured and spent three years as Japanese prisoners of war. There were 350,000 American women who served during World War II and 16 were killed in action; in total, they gained over 1,500 medals, citations, and commendations. Additionally, by the end of WW II, Women Ordnance Workers (WOWs) accounted for approximately 85,000 of all civilian employees, working for the Ordnance Corps. Ordnance soldiers "and" civilians worked across the globe, ranging from Iceland, Iran, the Pacific Islands, Africa, and Europe, to the Middle East.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Virginia Hall, serving with the Office of Strategic Services, received the second-highest US combat award, the Distinguished Service Cross, for action behind enemy lines in France. Hall, who had one artificial leg, landed clandestinely in occupied territory aboard a British Motor Torpedo Boat.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Law 625, The Women's Armed Services Act of 1948, was signed by President Truman, allowing women to serve in the armed forces in fully integrated units during peacetime, with only the WAC remaining a separate female unit. The WAC as a branch was disbanded in 1978. Women serving as WACs at that time converted in branch to whichever Military Occupational Specialty they worked in.


title: Women in the military by country

text: U.S. servicewomen who had joined the Reserves following World War II were involuntarily recalled to active duty during the Korean War. More than 500 Army nurses served in the combat zone and many more were assigned to large hospitals in Japan during the war. One Army nurse (Major Genevieve Smith) died in a plane crash en route to Korea on July 27, 1950, shortly after hostilities begin. Navy nurses served on hospital ships in the Korean theater of war as well as at Navy hospitals stateside. Eleven Navy nurses died en route to Korea when their plane crashed in the Marshall Islands. Air Force nurses served stateside, in Japan, and as flight nurses in the Korean theater during the conflict. Three Air Force nurses were killed in plane crashes while on duty. Many other servicewomen were assigned to duty in the theater of operations in Japan and Okinawa.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Records regarding American women serving in the Vietnam War are vague. However, it is recorded that 600 women served in the country as part of the Air Force, along with 500 members of the WAC, and over 6,000 medical personnel and support staff.


title: Women in the military by country

text: "Frontiero v. Richardson", , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case which decided that benefits given by the United States military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 1974, the first six women aviators earned their wings as Navy pilots. The Congressionally mandated prohibition on women in combat places limitations on the pilots' advancement, but at least two retired as captains.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 1976 the United States Air Force Academy, United States Coast Guard Academy, United States Military Academy and the United States Naval Academy became coeducational. The United States Air Force then eliminated the Women in the Air Force program; with women more fully integrated with men in the service it was considered unnecessary.


title: Women in the military by country

text: On December 20, 1989, Captain Linda L. Bray, 29, became the first woman to command American soldiers in battle, during the invasion of Panama. She was assigned to lead a force of 30 men and women military police officers to capture a kennel holding guard dogs that was defended by elements of the Panamanian Defense Forces.


title: Women in the military by country

text: The 1991 Persian Gulf War proved to be the pivotal time for the role of women in the United States Armed Forces to come to the attention of the world media. Over 40,000 women served in almost every role the armed forces had to offer. However, while many came under fire, they were not permitted to participate in deliberate ground engagements. Despite this, there are many reports of women engaging enemy forces during the conflict.


title: Women in the military by country

text: The 1996 case "United States v. Virginia", in which the Supreme Court ordered that the Virginia Military Institute allow women to register as cadets, gave women soldiers a weapon against laws which (quoting Judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg) “[deny] to women, simply because they are women, full citizenship stature—equal opportunity to aspire, achieve, participate in and contribute to society”.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Women in the U. S. military served in the Iraq War from 2003 until 2011. During this war, U.S. Army reservists Lynndie England, Megan Ambuhl, and Sabrina Harman were convicted by court martial of cruelty and maltreatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison. Also, Leigh Ann Hester received the Silver Star for her heroic actions on 20 March 2005 during an enemy ambush on a supply convoy near the town of Salman Pak, Iraq. This made her the first female U.S. Army soldier to receive the Silver Star since World War II and the first ever to be cited for valor in close quarters combat.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 2008, Ann Dunwoody became a four-star general in the Army, making her the first woman in U.S. military and uniformed service history to achieve a four-star officer rank.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 2011, Major General Margaret H. Woodward commanded Operation Odyssey Dawn's air component in Libya, making her the first woman to command a U.S. combat air campaign.


title: Women in the military by country

text: The Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011 directed the Department of Defense (DoD) to review the laws, policies and regulations restricting the service of female service members. As a result, DoD submitted the "Review of Laws, Policies and Regulations Restricting the Service of Female members in the U.S. Armed Forces", popularly known as the "Women in Service Review", to Congress in February 2012. According to the review, DoD intended to eliminate co-location exclusion (opening over 13,000 Army positions to women); grant exceptions to policy to assign women in open occupations to direct ground combat units at the battalion level; assess the suitability and relevance of direct ground combat unit assignment prohibition to inform future policy based on the results of these exceptions to policy; and further develop gender-neutral physical standards for closed specialties.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Michelle J. Howard began her assignment as the U.S. Navy's first female (and first African-American female) four-star admiral on July 1, 2014.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In December 2015, Defense Secretary Ash Carter stated that starting in 2016 all combat jobs would open to women. In March 2016, Ash Carter approved final plans from military service branches and the U.S. Special Operations Command to open all combat jobs to women, and authorized the military to begin integrating female combat soldiers "right away."


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 2017, the first woman graduated from the infantry officer course of the Marine Corps; her name was not made public.


title: Women in the military by country

text: In 2019 the United States Space Force was established as the sixth armed service branch of the United States, and Nina M. Armagno became the first female general in the United States Space Force in 2020.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Women in the U. S. military currently serve in the Afghanistan War that began in 2001, and the American-led intervention in Iraq that began in 2014. During the Afghanistan War, American soldier Monica Lin Brown, was presented the Silver Star for shielding wounded soldiers with her body, and then treating life-threatening injuries.


title: Women in the military by country

text: During Independence wars, Bolivian Juana Azurduy was the first woman to receive rank, uniforme and wage and to fully participate in combate around 1816.


title: Women in the military by country

text: The Argentine Army first authorized women in their ranks in 1997, the Air Force in 2001 and the Argentine Navy in 2002. Since then, they were deployed in peacekeeping missions to Cyprus and Haiti.


title: Women in the military by country

text: The Bolivian Air Force's first female military pilot completed her solo-flight in August 2015. On 9 March 2015 Gina Reque Teran became the first female army general in Bolivia and the first female general in South America to command combat troops.


title: Women in the military by country

text: The first participation of a woman in combat occurred in 1823. Maria Quitéria de Jesus fought for the maintenance of the independence of Brazil, and is considered the first woman to enlist in a military unit.


title: Women in the military by country

text: They were sent 73 nurses, 67 of them registered nurses and six air transport specialists. They served in four different hospitals in the US Army, all volunteered for the mission and were the first women to join the active service of the Brazilian armed forces.


title: Women in the military by country

text: After the war, as well as the rest of the FEB, the nurses, most have been awarded, they won the official patent and licensed the active military service.


title: Women in the military by country

text: Joanna Herrera Cortez became the first female Colombian fighter pilot in 2004. She also became a lieutenant and put in charge of 99 men.


title: Kasey Keller

text: Kasey C. Keller (born November 29, 1969) is an American former professional soccer player who played in Europe and the United States, as well as being the starting goalkeeper for the U.S. national team. He is a four-time FIFA World Cup participant and was the first American goalkeeper to become a regular in the German Bundesliga, the English Premier League, and the Spanish La Liga.


title: Kasey Keller

text: He now works as the Sounders' color commentator in local broadcasts, and assistant coach for Newport High School Boys Soccer in Bellevue, Washington. He also frequently appears on ESPN FC.


title: Kasey Keller

text: Keller was born in Olympia, Washington. He attended North Thurston High School and played college soccer at the University of Portland under Clive Charles. As a freshman in 1988, he helped lead the team to the NCAA men's soccer final four. He earned first team All American as a senior and was the 1991 Adidas Goalkeeper of the Year. During the 1989 college off-season, he played for the Portland Timbers of the Western Soccer Alliance. His outstanding play led to his selection as league MVP that year. In 10 games, he allowed only four goals, for a 0.38 goals-against-average and eight clean sheets.


title: Kasey Keller

text: In 1989, he split his time between the Portland Timbers and the U.S. U-20 national team, which finished fourth at the 1989 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Keller once again excelled and was awarded the tournament's Silver Ball as the tournament's second-best player.


title: Kasey Keller

text: After being a member of the U.S. National Team in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, he was signed by the English club Millwall, playing there and becoming a fan favorite between 1992 and 1996. Keller made his Millwall debut on May 2, 1992, and played his last game on May 5, 1996, making 202 overall appearances for The Lions. Keller was voted "Player of The Year" 1992–93 by the Lions fans and also picked up the "Junior Lions" and "Disabled Millwall Fans"' awards. When Millwall were relegated to the Second Division, the team transferred Keller to Leicester City for £900,000 on August 15, 1996.


title: Kasey Keller

text: Keller was still studying for a sociology degree by correspondence when he played for Millwall, and wrote a paper on the club's hooligans.


title: Kasey Keller

text: In his first year with Leicester City, Keller played a vital part in the team's success in both a strong league position and winning the 1997 League Cup. The team reached the final again in 1999; a last minute goal lost them the match. That summer, he left the club for Spain on a free transfer.


title: Kasey Keller

text: Keller signed with the newly promoted Spanish club Rayo Vallecano for the 1999–2000 season and played there for two years.


title: Kasey Keller

text: In August 2001, Keller returned to England and the Premier League, joining Tottenham Hotspur on a free transfer. Relegated to backup duty for Neil Sullivan early on, he won the starting spot and played every minute for Spurs in both the 2002–03 and the 2003–04 seasons.


title: Kasey Keller

text: In the 2004–05 Premiership season, Keller fell out of favor at Tottenham, as Paul Robinson became the first-choice keeper. In November 2004, Kasey was loaned out to Southampton, a Premiership club ravaged by injuries to its goalkeepers, for one month.


title: Kasey Keller

text: On January 15, 2005, Keller joined German Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach on a free transfer during the Bundesliga's winter break. He got off to a good start in the Bundesliga, keeping a clean sheet in his first appearance for Borussia. Keller played every minute in the second half of the season and kept a total of seven clean sheets in that period, playing an important role in saving the club from relegation.


title: Kasey Keller

text: Keller also lived in Haus Donk, a castle in Tönisvorst, near Mönchengladbach. During the 2006–07 season he was one of the two Bundesliga players to be hobby-columnists for "RUND", a German soccer magazine published monthly, reflecting his life in Germany and his Bundesliga career within those lines. He shared that role with VfB Stuttgart's shot-stopper Timo Hildebrand.


title: Kasey Keller

text: On August 10, 2006, Keller was selected by his teammates to captain club side Borussia Mönchengladbach during the 2006–07 campaign. He is the second American (after Claudio Reyna) to captain a top-level German club.


title: Kasey Keller

text: In August 2007, Keller returned to the Premier League, signing for Fulham. The length of Keller's contract and financial details were not disclosed by the club. He was bought as a backup to goalkeeper Antti Niemi, but nagging injuries to Niemi saw him take over as principal goalkeeper at Fulham. However, the day before the Premier League match against Derby County in October, Keller injured his arm in training and was on the sidelines until late January. He returned as a substitute keeper in the 2–1 win over Aston Villa on February 3. From then on he was only second choice until Fulham's match against Blackburn where he started the game, with Niemi on the bench. He then went on to start Fulham's remaining games as they defied all odds and avoided relegation on the last day of the season with a 1–0 win over Portsmouth at Fratton Park.


title: Kasey Keller

text: On August 14, 2008, Keller returned to the United States to sign with 2009 MLS expansion team Seattle Sounders FC. He was the starting goalkeeper for the MLS team's first-ever match, on March 19, 2009, which the Sounders won 3–0. He continued to have a clean sheet in each of his next three starts, with a score of 2–0 per start. He also set the record for most minutes without a goal to start a season in MLS history. His clean sheet streak came to an end on May 2, 2009, at 457 minutes in the second half of a game against the Chicago Fire. Keller played his final regular season home game for the Sounders on October 15, 2011, a game in which the Sounders beat the San Jose Earthquakes 2–1, with goals from Sammy Ochoa and Fredy Montero to send Keller out in style. A record crowd of 64,140 people were present.


title: Kasey Keller

text: Keller got his first senior team cap against Colombia on February 4, 1990, and was on the roster as Tony Meola's back up at the 1990 FIFA World Cup.


title: Kasey Keller

text: After being ignored by U.S. coach Bora Milutinović for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, he made Steve Sampson's ill-fated squad in 1998, and played two games at the World Cup. Keller was an overage selection for the 1996 Olympics team, starting all three matches.


title: Kasey Keller

text: Perhaps his most famous clean sheet came in the historic 1998 win versus Brazil. Keller played all 90 minutes in goal and made ten saves, many from point-blank range, in preserving the 1–0 shutout victory for the U.S. His performance in goal prompted Brazilian great Romário to remark "That is the best performance by a goalkeeper I have ever seen," the performance was commemorated in the song "Kasey Keller" by synth-pop band Barcelona.


title: Kasey Keller

text: For most of their careers, Keller and Brad Friedel were engaged in a head-to-head battle for the U.S. goalkeeper's jersey. Keller got the nod in 1998 but was second choice to Friedel in the 2002 FIFA World Cup. In spite of this stiff competition he has the second most caps and wins of any men's goalkeeper in U.S. soccer history with 102 and 53, respectively, behind Tim Howard. Keller remains the team's all-time leader in keeping clean sheets with 47.


title: Kasey Keller

text: Keller crowned the U.S.'s run in the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup tournament with a clean sheet in the final match against Panama and two saves in the penalty shootout to give the side the trophy. Keller started the first seven games of the final round of World Cup qualifying in 2005, recording five consecutive clean sheets and 507 consecutive goalless minutes to lead the U.S. to qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup Finals in Germany. He then became the first male player in U.S. history to win his third Athlete of the Year award. On May 2, 2006, Keller and teammate Claudio Reyna became the first two American men named to four World Cup Rosters. In that World Cup, he played in all three games, being named Man of the Match in the 1–1 draw with Italy in Kaiserslautern on June 17, 2006. Keller is the only U.S. player to participate in both the 1990 and 2006 World Cups.


title: Kasey Keller

text: Keller resides in Seattle with his wife Kristin and their two children, twins born on August 26, 1997. Keller has lived in London, Madrid, and Germany, where he and his family lived in a 1,000-year-old castle.


title: Kasey Keller

text: During his time abroad, Keller has learned to speak German and Spanish fluently. He told the "New York Times" that he turned down offers from several European clubs to sign with Seattle for the sake of his children, who have attended a new school with every transfer he has made. Keller has been featured on ESPN as a soccer analyst.


title: Kasey Keller

text: In April 2016, Keller and his former USMNT goalkeeper teammate Marcus Hahnemann became coaches of the boys' soccer team at Newport High School in Bellevue, Washington.


title: Epidemic Sound

text: The company was established in 2009 by Peer Åström, David Stenmarck, Oscar Höglund, Hjalmar Winbladh and Jan Zachrisson.


title: Epidemic Sound

text: It provides a library of over 35,000 soundtrack music and 90,000 sound effects which come with all necessary rights included. The company provides creators, from individuals on YouTube to multinational corporations, with royalty-free music and sound effects for their videos and content. All Epidemic Sound tracks come in stems, which lets users remove certain layers of a track, like drums, bass, or the melody, and find their own unique sound without having to pay for customized music. Epidemic Sound music is also played in public spaces like restaurants, hotels, shopping malls and car parks. All of Epidemic Sound’s tracks are produced by a roster of music creators who get paid upfront for each track and half of the track’s streaming revenue.


title: Epidemic Sound

text: Epidemic Sound has partnered with many different major brands, including Adobe, Getty Images, iStock, Pinterest, and Canva. The company has raised a total of over $500M in funding over 5 rounds. Their latest equity round raised $450M from Blackstone Group and EQT Growth, which values Epidemic Sound at $1.4 billion. Both SVT and TV4 buy music by Epidemic Sound and believe that the compensation is reasonable and does not disadvantage musicians.


title: Sandhya (actress)

text: Revathy (born 27 September 1988), known by her stage name Kadhal Sandhya, is an Indian actress who appears in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada films.


title: Sandhya (actress)

text: She was born in . Her father Ajith is an employee of IOB and her mother Maya which is known as beautician. She has an elder brother, Rahul. She attended Vidyodaya Girls Higher Secondary School, Chennai until completing Class 9.


title: Sandhya (actress)

text: Sandhya was studying when she starred in the Tamil love story "Kaadhal". The role was offered to many known actresses, including Ileana D'Cruz and then Varalaxmi Sarathkumar, but the latter's father was reluctant to let her become an actress at the time. The team then picked Saranya was in Class IX, when cinematographer Vijay Milton referred her on to Balaji Sakthivel. She was initially considered to play the heroine in the film, but finally the role was later handed to Sandhya, after the director felt Saranya looked too young.


title: Sandhya (actress)

text: After the success of the film "Kaadhal",in 2004, she took up a Malayalam film titled "Alice in Wonderland" which she played as the sister of actor Jayaram. Then came the musical romance "Dishyum" with Jeeva. In her third Tamil film, "Vallavan", she had only a small role, and the film had only modest box office success. She also acted in "Koodal Nagar" with Bharath. After the success of "Cycle", she shifted her focus to Malayalam cinema. She debuted as a playback singer for the film "Manjal Veiyil". In 2010, she appeared in a role opposite Vishnuvardhan in the Kannada film "Aptharakshaka" directed by P. Vasu.


title: Sandhya (actress)

text: She is scheduled to appear in Tarun Gopi's forthcoming film "Soodhaatam", "Second Innings" and "Long Sight". She has been a judge on a number of reality shows including Comedy Stars and Little Stars on Asianet.


title: Sandhya (actress)

text: She is married to Arjun, a Chennai-based IT employee, on 6 December 2015. The ceremony was held at Guruvayur Temple. The couple have a daughter, Shaema Venkat, born in 2016.


title: Mohammad Asaduddin

text: Mohammad Asaduddin (born 18 May 1990) is an Indian cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Goa in the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy on 6 December 2018. Asaduddin's last competitive appearance prior to his first-class debut had come in 2009.


title: Mohammad Asaduddin

text: His father is Mohammad Azharuddin, who captained the India cricket team in the 1980s and 1990s. He made his first-class cricket debut in 2018.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: The dialling plan for mobile networks (numbers starting with 07) and new landline operators (numbers starting with 03) is "closed"; all subscriber numbers must be dialled in full. For landline numbers starting with 02, the dialling plan used to be "open"; the trunk digit and area code could be omitted if the caller was in the same area code as the callee. However, starting May 3, 2008, all landline numbers must be dialled in full.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Prior to 1990, there was no direct international access. Numbers had 5 digits except for Bucharest, where numbers were 6 digits long. Area code started with 9 and were 2 digits long for Bucharest ("90-xxx-xxx") and 3 digits long ("9pp-xx-xxx") for the rest of the country. The Bucharest surrounding area had the area code "909", followed by 5 digits number.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Somewhere in the end of the 80s, some big cities' area codes were upgraded, including the last digit of the area code into the local number, thus making it 6-digits long. However, calling between non-local areas always required dialling the area code, even when the called party's code was the same as the caller's. For example, a number from Iași was 981-xx-xxx, then it became 98-1xx-xxx. A number from Suceava was 982-xx-xxx, but then it became 98-2xx-xxx. Apart from Bucharest, Brașov was the first city to have 6-digit numbers.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Many smaller town or rural area calling implied using manual commutation circuits operated by humans.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: After 1989, the then-monopolistic state-owned phone company started a process of upgrading its facilities. In 1992, it started increasing the size of a number to 7 digits in Bucharest and 6 digits in the rest of the country and by changing the prefixing scheme. The long distance code was changed from "9" to "0", the area code for Bucharest became "01", while to the rest of the country was temporarily given a "0" before the older area codes. For a short period, the surrounding of Bucharest (now Ilfov county) had the area code "0179", which has been eventually included into the Bucharest numbering plan as "01-79x-xxxx". The "02" code was used for calls to the Republic of Moldova.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: In 1993, the other counties were given new area codes ("30" to "69"). The previous area code system did not follow the country administrative regions. Outside county dialing required a national access code "0" ("01-xxx-xxxx" to Bucharest and "0pp-xxx-xxx" for the rest of the country). In-county calling could be done without prefixes at all ("xxx-xxxx" to Bucharest and "xxx-xxx" for the rest of the country). Calling from outside meant "+40-1-xxx-xxxx" for Bucharest and "+40-pp-xxx-xxx" for the rest of the country. An international access code for calling abroad, "00", was adopted. County codes were selected on a geographical order, starting with northern Moldavia (Suceava County had "30"), then going southwards to eastern Wallachia, than westwards to Banat, then northern Transylvania and it ends in the southern Transylvania, until the highest prefix, "69" (used for Sibiu County). The short numbers for special services started with "9" and were three digits long. Each town or county has its own special services, callable with the same number throughout the country.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: The first mobile company was Telemobil (an ancestor of Zapp) and it started its service in 1993 using the analogue NMT technology. The numbers for this network were using the prefix "018-5xx-xxx" and "018-6xx-xxx". As "01" was the area code for Bucharest, the mobile numbers had to be dialed with the prefix included, even from Bucharest.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Somewhere around 1998, Telemobil changed its technology to Low Emission Mobile System (LEMS) and operated under the brand name SunTel. The service has proven ineffective and has been changed to the current technology used under the name Zapp Mobile. Since SunTel, the prefix has been changed from "018" to "098" (now "0788").


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: In 1996, the first private phone companies, Connex and Dialog, were allotted from the remaining prefixes, which were county-like, 2 digits, prefixes. In the beginning, Connex got the prefix "92" and Dialog got "94". Calling a Connex mobile from any phone in the country was "0-92-xxx-xxx". Afterwards, Connex also got "91" and "93" area codes, Dialog got "95" and "90", the newly founded Zapp Mobile got "98", and Cosmorom "96". Short numbers were now allowed in both the older form and in 4 digits long forms, both with a leading "9".


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: At the same time, no-charge numbers were allocated to special prefixes or to the Bucharest area code, looking like "01800-xxxx" . Under a special agreement, even before this reform, foreign operators could be reached at various numbers, usually in the prefix "800" (AT&T used "01800-1800"). The extra-charge numbers were allotted the prefix "0189", being called like "0189-xxx-xxx". This has been extended to all area codes, as "0pp-89x-xxx", and callers could dial them without the area codes, like the regular local calls. This made them too accessible to children and sometimes telephone lines were hijacked to make calls to these services, then to be charged to the line subscribers who never made these calls by themselves. It was very customary to the aggressive advertising to write the costs of the services with small fonts, likely unreadable on the TV screen, then announcing the first 20 seconds free, writing the "free" word in bigger size, to induce the idea of the calls being all free.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: One of the most popular premium rate numbering class was "(01)8989-xxx", mostly used for media services and TV games. Therefore, the premium rate numbers were mostly known as "8989".


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: The internet dial-up services used similar numbers, like "(01)893-xxxx" and "(0pp)890-xxx" or "(0pp)893-xxxx". Some premium-rate internet dial-up services used "(01)899-xxxx". However, these services were charged at most twice or three times a local call, unless called from a different area.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: For a short time before the current numbering plan, two prefixes were implemented for toll-free numbers ("080-xxx-xxx") and premium rate numbers ("089-xxx-xxx"). However, until the implementation of the current numbering plan, all the "018xx" and "0xx89" numbers remained unchanged. A special call barring service has been introduced to prevent fraudulent calls to premium rate services. Even today there still are local numbers starting with 89, but only for internet dial-up, and they are migrating to the new prefix "0870".


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Usually mobile phone users and abroad callers could not and cannot access no-charge or extra-charge numbers. Extra-charge SMS were sent to three digits numbers, each company having its own system.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: In the last years, landline usage started to drop within Romania, as the mobile phones market was growing fast. Mobile phone companies were running out of numbers, as both the main mobile companies claimed millions upon millions of subscribers. Also, as the imminent accession to the EU was going to cause the state-owned company to lose its landline monopoly, a reform was introduced in 2002. This modified the system to a 10 digits system, of which the first is always a national access code "0". The first 4 digits, including the leading "0", give the area code, in the format 0ZYX, where X, Y are digits from 0 to 9 and Z is a digit from 2 to 9. The geographic area codes for Bucharest are 0Z1, with a digit less than all the other area codes and an extra digit to the local number. For example, the Romtelecom area code for Bucharest is "021-xxx-xxxx", and for Neamț County is "0233-xxx-xxx".


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Most new landline companies, like UPC Romania (formerly Astral) or Romania Data Systems (RDS), were granted new area codes with Z=3, e.g. "031-xxx-xxxx" for Bucharest, and "03pp-xxx-xxx" for the rest of the country. Because these area codes are shared between more companies, the entire number must be dialed, even within the same network.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: The numbers with Z=2, e.g. "021-xxx-xxxx" or "02pp-xxx-xxx", belong almost exclusively to Telekom Romania (formerly called Romtelecom). However, smaller companies were granted numbers with these area codes, like "021-59x-xxxx", and the local numbers are assigned in descending order of the first 3 digits, like (599xxxx, 598xxxx, ..., or 529xxxx, 528xxxx, ...). In Bucharest, local numbers starting with "5" were not used by Romtelecom, hence the usage of this digit. For other counties, if "5" had not been used by Romtelecom, it is preferred for the first digit of numbers of other companies. There are few companies requesting numbering resources with Z=2, and in most cases the companies provide local service only and do not extend their network in the whole country.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Formerly within Romtelecom, local numbers were always dialed without area codes, but other numbers were always to be dialed with the area codes, even if it was the same one. However this was changed beginning with May 3, 2008: from that date Romtelecom subscribers can dial full 10 digit numbers for local calls, and since August 1, 2008 they are "required" to dial the full 10 digit number.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: The mobile companies use prefixes starting with 7: "71" for Romtelecom, "72" and "73" for Vodafone Romania (previously branded as Connex), "74" and "75" for Orange Romania (previously branded as Dialog), "76" for Telekom Romania Mobile (previously branded as Cosmote), "77" for RCS&RDS, "78" for Zapp Mobile, etc.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: The first Romanian MVNO is Enigma System (), which was granted a block of 100000 numbers in the 070 block (like 07000-xxxxx), on 27 September 2011.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Free phone numbers start with "800" (like "0-800-xxx-xxx"). Strangely, some companies to whom a numbering class is allocated may not grant toll-free access to those numbers for other networks. Therefore, sometimes a "toll-free" number is advertised as "toll free only within "some" operator".


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Extra-charge numbers start with "90p", with some service types with their own prefixes, like business and financial information ("0903") and adult entertainment ("0906"). There are few used prefixes in the "09pp" range, the rest of them are stated as reserved, unlike for the "08pp" range, which holds more service types, either toll-free or not.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: The former extra-charge numbers were starting with "021-89-xxxxx" for Bucharest and "02pp-89x-xxx" for the other regions, thus being a subset of the numbers owned by Romtelecom. Currently these numbers are sometimes used for premium rate or normal Internet dial-up services. The usage of these numbers for such services is however discouraged, as the new prefix for Internet dial-up is "0870". There are some dial-up services using these numbers, and most of them begin with (021- or 02pp-)"893" or "899".


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Calling from Romania to Romania usually implies using the full 10 digits number. Romtelecom county codes were chosen on a geographical order, starting with northern Moldavia (Suceava County had "30"), then going southwards to eastern Wallachia, than westwards to southern Transylvania, than northwards, closing the circle with the highest prefix, "69" (used for Sibiu County). These county codes were extended to all landline area codes.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Short numbers are allowed in both the 3 digits and in 4 digits forms, with a leading "9", like "981" for the fire brigade, "961" for ambulance, "955" for police or "9xxx" for various companies, including taxi, medical services, guards, information and others. Each town or county has its own special services, like firefighters, police, with the same number. The station to which these calls are directed is chosen based on location. Unlike for Bucharest, other regions use short numbers with 3 digits only, including the leading "9". These services are provided by Romtelecom, therefore the area code must be dialed before the number when calling from other network.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Some short numbers are used for network services, for rotary telephones which cannot dial "*" and "#".


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Romania joined the European initiative for a continent-wide emergency number, "112". With the implementation of this service, the former emergency numbers are no longer toll-free, unless they are redirected to 112.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: Besides the "112" service, and the reserved "11x" numbers, a number may not begin with 1. There are some special codes which start with "1":


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: When calling from abroad, the leading zero is dropped and replaced with the international access code and the country code, like "+40-xxx-xxx-xxx". Only regular landline and mobile phones are accessible from outside Romania.


title: Telephone numbers in Romania

text: When calling abroad from Romania, the international access code is "00". From mobile devices the "+" is also supported, as per the GSM system standard.


title: Finally Rich

text: Finally Rich is the debut studio album by American rapper Chief Keef. It was released on December 18, 2012, by Glory Boyz Entertainment and Interscope Records. The album features guest appearances from 50 Cent, Wiz Khalifa, Lil Reese, Rick Ross, Young Jeezy, Master P, French Montana and Fat Trel.


title: Finally Rich

text: The album was supported by three successful singles: "I Don't Like", "Love Sosa" and "Hate Bein' Sober". Upon its release, the album was met with generally positive reviews from most music critics. It debuted at number 29 on the "Billboard" 200, with first-week sales of 50,000 copies in the United States.


title: Finally Rich

text: "Finally Rich" was originally planned to be released as a mixtape but was later turned into a full-length album. The album was originally scheduled to be released on November 27, 2012, but it was pushed back until December 18, 2012.


title: Finally Rich

text: "I Don't Like" featuring Lil Reese, was released as the album's lead single on March 15, 2012. The song has peaked at number 73 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, number 20 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and number 15 on the Rap Songs charts. It also appeared on Chief Keef's mixtape "Back from the Dead", which was released for free on March 12, 2012. The mixtape was later mastered and made available for purchase on iTunes. On May 1, 2012, rapper and producer Kanye West, made a remix featuring Pusha T, Big Sean and Jadakiss. The remix is featured as the final track on the West's G.O.O.D. Music compilation album, "Cruel Summer".


title: Finally Rich

text: "Love Sosa" was released as the album's second single on October 18, 2012. The song peaked at number 56 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, number 20 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and number 17 on the Rap Songs charts. The music video for "Love Sosa" was released on October 18, 2012. It was later announced the song "Love Sosa" would be featured on the video game Grand Theft Auto V.


title: Finally Rich

text: "Hate Bein' Sober" was released as the album's third single on December 13, 2012. The song features a guest appearances from fellow rappers 50 Cent and Wiz Khalifa. The song peaked on the US "Billboard" Heatseekers Songs at number 16.


title: Finally Rich

text: On September 21, 2012, the music video was released for the song "Ballin'". On November 10, 2012, the music video was released for the bonus track "Kobe". On August 15, 2013, the music video was released for "Citgo".


title: Finally Rich

text: "Finally Rich" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 62, based on 17 reviews, which indicates "Generally favorable reviews". Randall Roberts of the "Los Angeles Times" gave the album two and a half stars out of four, saying "Landing a week before the big day, the 17-year-old Chicago thug offers infectious odes to nihilism and tirades against haters that are as simple-minded and catchy as they are brutal. Musically, however, the album shimmers with power, which makes the dozen songs feel even more dangerous". Greg Kot of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the album two stars out of four, saying ""Finally Rich"" owes plenty to the menacing inner-city narratives of Jeezy, Waka Flocka and Gucci Mane. Keef's innovation, if it can be called that, is to appear even colder than any of his predecessors, devoid of feelings, let alone guilt or remorse." Alex Macpherson of "The Guardian" gave the album three out of five stars, saying "Ha, ha, ha": 17-year-old Chicago drill rapper Chief Keef's syllables land like lead weights on concrete. Deliberately defining a song titled Laughin' to the Bank by its absence of any mirth is entirely in character for Keef, who wears his perpetual screwface like a badge of pride across "Finally Rich" and never once lets light in." Neil Martinez-Belkin of "XXL" gave the album an L, saying "“I Don't Like” still hasn't lost its appeal, and much of his debut carries the same level of replay value. So people will love it. People will hate it. Chief Keef probably doesn't care either way. He's 17, and he's finally rich."


title: Finally Rich

text: Jesse Fairfax of HipHopDX gave the album three out of five stars, saying "A fair assessment can see his dangerous character as a product of his environment rather than simple glorification of wrongdoing, with "Finally Rich" creating entertainment out of hopelessness. Having taken off in a short time span while growing into adulthood, immaturity is certainly a big part of his shtick, but most importantly Keef's rise puts a mirror up to devastating socioeconomic conditions all too often swept under the rug." Jayson Greene of "Pitchfork" gave the album a 7.5 out of 10, saying ""Finally Rich" benefits from some professional tweaks in the mix, but otherwise leaves Keef's sound untouched. And in addition to succeeding on its own terms, it proves that Keef has a lot of potential—much more than his detractors might have hoped." Jesse Cataldo of Slant Magazine gave the album two stars out of five, saying "Keef's debut, "Finally Rich", begins with a breathless tantrum that, with a slight change in subject matter, could reasonably be directed at a parent rather than the audience. This tone of manic, furious immaturity persists throughout, whether he's railing on "bitches" or "snitches" or detailing the outlines of boilerplate affluence to which he robotically aspires."


title: Finally Rich

text: Jordan Sargent of "Spin" gave the album an eight out of ten, saying "He may forever be known as the kid whose videos depicted children waving handguns, but you wouldn't know it from his Interscope bow: He's no longer asking for that to be his calling card. Instead, as the torrent of controversy continues to swirl around him, Keef has written an album positioning him as one of rap's most rewarding pop stars." Anupa Mistry of "Now" gave the album two out of five stars, saying "Maybe the lasting value of "Finally Rich" won't be found in questioning its moral content (less a glorification of violence and poverty than a lament), but in parsing how we’ve reacted to it, and the differing socio-economic realities that make his music resonant for one demographic and a voyeuristic pleasure for another."


title: Finally Rich

text: Mike Madden of Consequence of Sound gave the album two and a half stars out of four, saying "If there's one thing we’ve learned about Keef so far, it's that he's done a pretty good job putting his own spin on familiar sounds." Ryan Reed of "Paste" gave the album a five out of ten, saying "Keef has plenty of raw talent and compelling real-life drama to draw from, and with Young Chop, he's found one of hip-hop's most exciting new production talents." Nick Catucci of "Rolling Stone" gave the album three out of five stars, saying "Rapping with his affectless slur and bricklayer's tempo over rolling, mid-speed beats, Keef (who was criticized for mocking a murder victim, his rival, on Twitter) seems unshakably confident but profoundly directionless. The effect is mesmerizing, and a little scary."


title: Finally Rich

text: David Jeffries of AllMusic gave the album two and a half stars out of five, saying "In the end, it's raw, irresponsible, unforgiving, and often infectious, but the controversial "Finally Rich" isn't a step forward on any counts. Consider this the guiltiest of pleasures, if considered at all." Kitty Empire of "The Observer" gave the album three out of five stars, saying "His major label debut, "Finally Rich" compiles a slew of his tracks that have done the rounds, with a handful of new songs. It's distressing, elementary and samey yet utterly unignorable."


title: Finally Rich

text: "Spin" ranked the album at number 14 on their list of the best 40 hip hop albums of 2013. "Pitchfork" ranked the bonus track "Citgo" at number 56 on their list of the top 100 tracks of 2013. They also ranked the album at number 82 on their list of the best 100 albums of 2010-14.


title: Finally Rich

text: The album debuted at number 29 on the "Billboard" 200, with first-week sales of 50,000 copies in the United States. As of March 27, 2013, the album has sold 152,000 copies in the United States. On November 30, 2022, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales in excess of 1,000,000 copies.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Dark Chronicle, released as Dark Cloud 2 in North America and South Korea, is an action role-playing game developed by Level-5 and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 (PS2). It was released in Japan in November 2002, in North America in February 2003, and in Europe in September 2003. An emulated version of the game was released for the PlayStation 4 through the PlayStation Network in January 2016.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: The game is a spiritual sequel to 2000's "Dark Cloud", with which it shares the same basic game mechanics but features new characters and plot. Players control two main protagonists, Max and Monica, who must work together to stop the game's main antagonist, Emperor Griffon, from destroying the world. The game features themes of time traveling, with Max and Monica trying to prevent Griffon's destruction by altering the past to change the future.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: The game was met with positive reviews from critics, who praised the improvements over "Dark Cloud", in particular the graphics and variety of gameplay styles, while some criticism went towards the plot. "Dark Chronicle" won several awards, and sold roughly 250,000 copies in Japan within a month.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: "Dark Chronicle" is an action role-playing game played from a third-person perspective. The player moves through procedurally-generated dungeons, battles monsters and collects items. Throughout most of the game, players control characters Max and Monica; Max fights with a wrench as his melee weapon and a gun as his ranged weapon. Monica uses a sword and a magical bracelet. Combat in the game uses real time hack and slash techniques.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Unlike most action role-playing games in which the characters level-up, weapons in "Dark Chronicle" attain absorption points (ABS) with each kill; once a certain number of points have been gained, the weapon is automatically leveled up. As weapons level up, their number of "Synthesis Points" increases, determining how many "spectrumized" items can be attached to it. Most items in this game can be broken down, or "spectrumized", which turns the item into a "SynthSphere" that can be attached to a weapon to raise specific stats, depending on its properties. Attachments cost synthesis points; when the weapon's points are depleted, no more attachments can be made until the weapon is leveled up and more synthesis points are attained. Weapons can also be spectrumized but the resulting SynthSphere will be unstable unless the weapon is level five or higher. When attached, instability will result in minimal stat growth. A spectrumized level-five weapon will result in considerable stat growth.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Weapons can be "built-up" into a more powerful weapon if it has a certain number of specified stats; some weapons also require the player to have defeated particular types of enemies. Built-up weapons gain strength and revert to level one; building up is the only way to acquire each character's most powerful weaponry.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: As in "Dark Cloud", weapons wear out over time and must be repaired to avoid breakage. In contrast with "Dark Cloud", broken weapons do not disappear from the players' inventories but become unusable until repaired and lose some of the ABS they have accrued. As in the previous game, characters can only grow stronger by consuming particular items that increase their health points and defense.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: A major component of "Dark Chronicle"s gameplay involves special items called "Geostones" which are used to rebuild the world outside the dungeons. When removed from the dungeon, Geostones can be placed into the database of a machine called the "Carpenterion", which turns them into plans for building objects, including houses, trees, lights and rivers, which the player may build once the plans are available and the player has the necessary materials. At this point, the player can enter "Georama mode"—a gameplay mode similar to city-building games—and arrange the pieces on the landscape. Buildings can then be populated with villagers recruited from other levels throughout the game. Certain conditions must be met for each village; when each condition is completed, something significant in the future changes. The player's completion of these conditions is recorded as a percentage. Each Georama map must complete as many of the conditions for that map as possible; it is not necessary to achieve 100% to advance the plot in any map, but doing so earns the player bonus items.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: The player can recruit non-player characters (NPCs) onto their teams at various points in the game by performing specific tasks. These characters are never controllable and do not appear in battle, but players can access a party member's special ability through the "Characters" portion of the menu. Each character has a different ability and only one can be active at a time. Some characters can influence a battle, such as increasing item drops and adjusting enemy behavior; others can produce certain items inside or outside dungeons.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Fishing is another feature of the game; players can catch fish to breed and train in their fish tanks. Later in the game, players' fish can be entered into weigh-in competitions and races. The game also has an invention system with which players take photographs of various items and combine them to generate ideas for inventions, which can be created if players have the required materials. Players can also build a customizable robot called the "Ridepod" that can be used by Max in battle, and transform Monica into monsters by collecting badges, also used to play "spheda"—a sport similar to golf—in completed dungeons.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: A princess runs to her father's room in a castle in a panic. She arrives finds a man standing over her dead father's body. The man disappears in a ball of light.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Elsewhere, a boy called Max from the town of Palm Brinks attends a circus. By coincidence he overhears a conversation where ringmaster Flotsam pressures the town mayor Need; to find a special stone located in the town. Max makes a loud noise and unintentionally gets Flotsam's attention - who notices Max is wearing the special stone as a pendant. Max escapes, and embarks on an adventure by leaving the town via the sewers.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: After leaving the town, Max is told that 15 years ago Emperor Griffon destroyed the world but spared Palm Brinks because he wanted a special stone - Max's pendant - and that Flotsam is one of Griffon's henchman. Flotsam again finds Max but is interrupted and defeated by the princess, who we learn is called Monica. Monica lives in the time 100 years after Max's present. Like Max, she has a special stone. Their two stones - called atlamillia - allow them to travel between Max's time and Monica's time.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Max and Monica use their new ability to time travel, as well as the reopening of the railroad by Mayor Need to go on a mission rebuilding areas of the world that Griffon destroyed. In doing so, they fix the future - Monica's time - allowing them to get the help from the future they need to beat Griffon.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: During these adventures, they learn that Emperor Griffon possesses a gold atlamillia - the most powerful of the three - but desires the other two to make him all powerful. Upon Paznos's completion, Max and Monica use it to help defeat Griffon's army in Monica's time. During the battle, Max and Monica receive word that Ixion has also been completed at Luna Lab.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Max and Monica use Ixion to head 10,000 years into the past to face Emperor Griffon, a young moon-person who lives in Moon Flower Palace. He tricks them into thinking they had defeated him; stealing their atlamillia and reveals his real form. Griffon plans to summon the Star of Oblivion, which will destroy all life on Earth and allow a new, better world to grow in its place. He starts by moving his palace into the sky of Max's time to destroy the world.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Max and Monica return to Max's time with Ixion, and travel to Kazarov Stonehenge - a place that can act as a time portal - allowing them to bring Paznos to Max's time. They activate it, and Paznos arrives in Max's time and sends the Moon Flower Palace crashing to the ground.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Once again, Max and Monica face Griffon at the Palace. They instead meet a woman named Alexandra, who tells them she owns the Palace and that Griffon was once an orphan child called Sirus, whom Alexandra adopted. Sirus has forgotten his childhood because of the evil inside him. Alexandra asks them to restore the palace's garden to remind Sirus of his old life.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: They do so and confront Griffon. These old memories weaken Griffon; and Max and Monica manage to defeat him - turning him back into Sirus, who is mortally wounded. A Dark Element rises from Sirus' body and calls the Star of Oblivion. The Element reveals it was born from Sirus' hatred of humans and plans to rule over the destroyed Earth. Max, Monica and Sirus defeat the Element. Sirus stops the Star of Oblivion, dying in the process.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Rumors about "Dark Chronicle" first appeared on April 9, 2002, when Level-5 Inc. updated its website with an image of a silhouette from its newest game, although no other details were made available at the time. The game was officially announced on May 16, when Level-5 launched a full website that revealed the new game would include "Dark Cloud" Georama mode and had more features than its predecessor. The site also demonstrated the cel-shaded graphics and featured pictures of the two protagonists.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: More information was revealed at E3 later in May, when Sony Computer Entertainment announced the game would be released in Japan and Europe as "Dark Chronicle" and in North America as "Dark Cloud 2", with a release date of late 2002 to early 2003. The invention system, which according to Sony would feature over 100 hours of gameplay, was also demonstrated for the first time. IGN and GameSpot both featured previews of the game based on the E3 demo; IGN focused on the improved Georama system and praised the cel-shaded graphics, and GameSpot looked at the dungeons, finding the combat improved from the first game.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: The visual style of "Dark Chronicle" departs from that of "Dark Cloud" by using cel shading. Level-5 referred to the graphic style as "tonal rendering"; the main characters have a smooth, shaded look and the backgrounds have detailed textures and lighting. The main characters have a higher polygon count than the supporting characters and are composed of 2,500 to 3,000 polygons. Supporting characters are composed of 1,500 to 2,000 polygons. The game's graphics were created with Softimage 3D. Cutscenes use the models that are used in normal gameplay, both of which are generated in real-time, thus costume changes are carried over from gameplay to cutscenes. Akihiro Hino, the game's writer, director, designer and producer, said that "smooth transitions between gameplay and event scenes help increase the empathy for the game." Soft textures were used to create a uniform feel for the visuals and to minimize the computer-generated appearance of the cel shading. Texture mapping was used occasionally to emulate lighting. The game's production took almost two years; the CG production and game development occurred simultaneously.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: The game's music was composed and produced by Tomohito Nishiura. A two-disc album, "Dark Chronicle Original Sound Tracks", was released in Japan by Scitron on February 19, 2003. GameSpot's Brad Shoemaker wrote that ""Dark Cloud 2" music ranges from good to excellent", and said that "generally there are enough tunes that you won't get too bored of hearing any particular one." IGN's Kaiser Hwang wrote "the music in "Dark Cloud 2" ranges from really good, to really really good, to exceptionally good." A remixed album, "Dark Chronicle Premium Arrange", was published in Japan by TEAM Entertainment in April 21, 2004. It consists of 12 remixed tracks from the game and features contributions from Yasunori Mitsuda, Shinji Hosoe, Motoi Sakuraba, Yoko Shimomura, Noriyuki Iwadare, Kenji Ito and The Black Mages.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: An emulated version of the game for the PlayStation 4 through the PlayStation Network was released in January 2016. It features 1080p resolution, trophy support, Remote Play, and Share Play compatibility.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: A sequel, potentially titled "Dark Cloud 3", was first rumored to be in development for PlayStation 3 in an alleged leak published in 2006 by , which said Level-5 was aiming for a March 2009 release. In 2009, Level-5 manager Yoshiaki Kusuda stated that although the company did not have a "specific plan for a sequel", it would "seriously consider making it" if fans asked for it often enough, leading "Kotaku" writer Stephen Totilo to encourage readers to request the game. Totilo reported in 2010 and again 2012 that several people had misread the original 2009 interview, were emailing him and asking him to make it. Reporting on a 2017 interview that Hino gave to "Nikkei Business Publications", "Rolling Stone" lamented that a "Dark Cloud 3" was not among Level-5's plans for the Nintendo Switch. Hino told "Polygon" that Level-5 could not produce a new "Dark Cloud" game on its own because the license was co-owned by Sony.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Although Level-5 has never officially released a Dark Chronicle Sequel, there is some evidence that Rogue Galaxy was originally developed as Dark Cloud 3. Inside the NTSC-J version of Rogue Galaxy, two images named DC3-Title can be found. One of the graphics presents the game as "Dark Chronicle Rogue Galaxy". Two launcher files also name the game as "DC3-Project".


title: Dark Chronicle

text: "Dark Chronicle" received generally favorable reviews, with an aggregate score of 87 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on forty-one reviews. GameSpot's Brad Shoemaker scored the game 9 out of 10, calling it "one of the finest games released for the PlayStation 2 so far" and "an aesthetic masterpiece". He praised the variety of the gameplay, writing "there's so much to do that it's almost overwhelming" and concluded that ""Dark Cloud 2" is simply a class act all the way. Every element of the game, from the georama system to the weapon upgrading to the interaction with a large cast of characters, displays a polish and attention to quality that you find only in real classics." The publication named "Dark Chronicle" the best PlayStation 2 game of February 2003.


title: Dark Chronicle

text: IGN's Kaiser Hwang also scored the game 9 out of 10, calling it "arguably the best looking PS2 game out there". He concluded that ""Dark Cloud 2" takes the standard sequel road and gives us everything that made the original "Dark Cloud" great, only bigger and better ... The leap in quality between the two games really is amazing. From the incredible graphics, to the great sound, to the refined gameplay, "Dark Cloud 2" just oozes of quality and polish." Eurogamer's Ronan Jennings also scored the game 9 out of 10, writing "it deserves credit for making us focus on actually "doing" things. Its qualities aren't designed to bring quick gasps from casual gamers—they are designed to keep people like you playing for hours on end. Add great graphics, decent music and quality voice acting to the mix and there's not much to say against it." GameSpy's Christian Nutt scored the game 4 out of 5, saying it fell just short of being a classic: "The biggest and most obvious problem with the game has to be its story. There was not a single, solitary moment during the game where I was even the slightest bit interested in or entertained by its copious, well-voiced, cinematic sequences." He concluded: "There's no question in my mind that "Dark Cloud 2" is one of the most solid RPG adventures for the PS2; but ... it doesn't quite live up to its potential. If Level-5 had worked out all of the kinks, it'd be one of my favorite games for the PS2. Sadly, it's not. While it has my grudging respect, there are many games that I prefer, thanks to DC2's idiosyncrasies."


title: Dark Chronicle

text: Game Revolution's Johnny Liu awarded the game a B, praising the graphics and variety of gameplay but said it became somewhat repetitive towards the end: ""Dark Cloud 2" is very serial in nature. It's a game you can pick up and play for a few hours, stomping though a few dungeon floors, trying to solve a problem or two, but after a while it meanders towards repetition. In truth, the game is filled with innumerable challenges, likable characters and a high production value. But beneath the surface, the lightweight story and characters combined with the almost rigidly episodic game flow still hold it back."


title: Dark Chronicle

text: The game won "Best PlayStation 2 Game" (2003) from GameSpot, and nominated for "Console Role Playing Game of the Year" (2003) from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. It was also nominated for "Best Adventure Game" at the 1st British Academy Games Awards, losing to "". It received a "Silver Award" from "Electronic Gaming Monthly" and a "Bronze Award" from "". "Dark Chronicle" was named "Game of the Month" for February 2003 and given an "Editor's Choice" award by IGN, which in 2010 placed it at #31 in their "Top 100 PlayStation 2 Games".


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: Mungo Park (11 September 1771 – 1806) was a Scottish explorer of West Africa. After an exploration of the upper Niger River around 1796, he wrote a popular and influential travel book titled "Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa" in which he theorized the Niger and Congo merged to become the same river. He was killed during a second expedition, having successfully traveled about two-thirds of the way down the Niger. With Park's death, the idea of a Niger-Congo merger remained an open question although it became the leading theory among geographers. The mystery of the Niger's course, which had been speculated about since the Ancient Greeks and was second only to the mystery of the Nile's source, was not solved for another 25 years, in 1830, when it was discovered the Niger and Congo were in fact separate rivers.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: If the African Association was the "beginning of the age of African exploration" then Mungo Park was its first successful explorer; he set a standard for all who followed. Park was the first Westerner to have recorded travels in the central portion of the Niger, and through his popular book introduced the public to a vast unexplored continent which influenced future European explorers and colonial ambitions in Africa.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: Mungo Park was born in Selkirkshire, Scotland, at Foulshiels on the Yarrow Water, near Selkirk, on a tenant farm which his father rented from the Duke of Buccleuch. He was the seventh in a family of thirteen. Although tenant farmers, the Parks were relatively well-off. They were able to pay for Park to receive a good education, and Park's father died leaving property valued at £3,000 (). His parents had originally intended him for the Church of Scotland.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: He was educated at home before attending Selkirk grammar school. At the age of fourteen, he was apprenticed to Thomas Anderson, a surgeon in Selkirk. During his apprenticeship, Park became friends with Anderson's son Alexander and was introduced to Anderson's daughter Allison, who would later become his wife.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: In October 1788, Park enrolled at the University of Edinburgh, attending for four sessions studying medicine and botany. Notably, during his time at university, he spent a year in the natural history course taught by Professor John Walker. After completing his studies, he spent a summer in the Scottish Highlands, engaged in botanical fieldwork with his brother-in-law, James Dickson, a gardener and seed merchant in Covent Garden. In 1788 Dickson along with Sir James Edward Smith and six other fellows founded the Linnean Society of London.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: In 1792 Park completed his medical studies at University of Edinburgh. Through a recommendation by Joseph Banks he obtained the post of assistant surgeon on board the East India Company's ship . In February 1793 the "Worcester" sailed to Benkulen in Sumatra. Before departing, Park wrote to his friend Alexander Anderson in terms that reflect his Calvinist upbringing:


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: On his return in 1794, Park gave a lecture to the Linnaean Society, describing eight new Sumatran fish. The paper was not published until three years later. He also presented Banks with various rare Sumatran plants.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: On 26 September 1794 Mungo Park offered his services to the African Association, then looking for a successor to Major Daniel Houghton, who had been sent in 1790 to discover the course of the Niger River and had died in the Sahara. Supported by Sir Joseph Banks, Park was selected.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: On 22 May 1795, Park left Portsmouth, England, on the brig "Endeavour", a vessel travelling to Gambia to trade for beeswax and ivory.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: On 21 June 1795, he reached the Gambia River and ascended it to a British trading station named Pisania. On 2 December, accompanied by two local guides, he started for the unknown interior. He chose the route crossing the upper Senegal basin and through the semi-desert region of Kaarta. The journey was full of difficulties, and at Ludamar he was imprisoned by a Moorish chief for four months. On 1 July 1796, he escaped, alone and with nothing but his horse and a pocket compass, and on the 21st reached the long-sought Niger River at Ségou, being the first European to do so. He followed the river downstream to Silla, where he was obliged to turn back, lacking the resources to go further.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: On his return journey, begun on 29 July, he took a route more to the south than that originally followed, keeping close to the Niger River as far as Bamako, thus tracing its course for some . At Kamalia he fell ill, and owed his life to the kindness of a man in whose house he lived for seven months. Eventually he reached Pisania again on 10 June 1797, returning to Scotland by way of Antigua on 22 December. He had been thought dead, and his return home with news of his exploration of the Niger River evoked great public enthusiasm. An account of his journey was drawn up for the African Association by Bryan Edwards, and his own detailed narrative appeared in 1799 ("Travels in the Interior of Africa").


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: His book "Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa" became a best-seller because it detailed what he observed, what he survived, and the people he encountered. His dispassionate — if not scientific or objective — descriptions set a standard for future travel writers to follow and gave Europeans a glimpse of Africa's humanity and complexity. Park introduced them to a vast continent unexplored by Europeans. If the African Association was the "beginning of the age of African exploration" then Mungo Park was its first successful explorer, he set a standard for all who followed. After his death, European public and political interest in Africa began to increase. Perhaps the most lasting effect of Park's travels, though, was the influence on European colonial ambitions during the 19th century.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: Settling at Foulshiels, in August 1799 Park married Allison, daughter of his apprenticeship master, Thomas Anderson. A project to go to New South Wales in some official capacity came to nothing, and in October 1801 Park moved to Peebles, where he practised as a physician.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: In the autumn of 1803 Mungo Park was invited by the government to lead another expedition to the Niger. Park, who chafed at the hardness and monotony of life at Peebles, accepted the offer, but the expedition was delayed. Part of the waiting time was occupied perfecting his Arabic; his teacher, Sidi Ambak Bubi, was a native of Mogador (now Essaouira in Morocco) whose behavior both amused and alarmed the people of Peebles.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: In May 1804 Park went back to Foulshiels, where he made the acquaintance of Walter Scott, then living nearby at Ashiesteil and with whom he soon became friendly. In September, Park was summoned to London to leave on the new expedition; he left Scott with the hopeful proverb on his lips, "Freits (omens) follow those that look to them."


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: Park had at that time adopted the theory that the Niger and the Congo were one, and in a memorandum drawn up before he left Britain he wrote: "My hopes of returning by the Congo are not altogether fanciful."


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: On 31 January 1805 he sailed from Portsmouth for Gambia, having been given a captain's commission as head of the government expedition. Alexander Anderson, his brother-in-law and second-in-command, had received a lieutenancy. George Scott, a fellow Borderer, was draughtsman, and the party included four or five artificers. At Gorée (then in British occupation) Park was joined by Lieutenant Martyn, R.A., thirty-five privates and two seamen.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: The expedition got a late start into the rainy season and did not reach the Niger until mid-August, when only eleven Europeans were left alive; the rest had succumbed to fever or dysentery. From Bamako the journey to Ségou was made by canoe. Having received permission from the local ruler, Mansong Diarra, to proceed, at Sansanding, a little below Ségou, Park made ready for his journey down the still unknown part of the river. Helped by one soldier, the only one capable of work, Park converted two canoes into one tolerably good boat, long and broad. This he christened H.M. schooner "Joliba" (the native name for the Niger River), and in it, with the surviving members of his party, he set sail downstream on 19 November.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: Anderson had died at Sansanding on 28 October, and in him Park had lost the only member of the party – except Scott, already dead – "who had been of real use." Those who embarked in the "Joliba" were Park, Martyn, three European soldiers (one mad), a guide and three slaves. Before his departure, Park gave to Isaaco, a Mandingo guide who had been with him thus far, letters to take back to Gambia for transmission to Britain.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: The Muslim traders along this section of the Niger did not believe Park was exploring purely for intellectual curiosity but was scouting European trading routes, they saw Park as a threat to their trading dominance. They lobbied Mansong Diarra to have Park killed, and when Mansong did not, they lobbied tribes further down the river. Park understood the politics and adopted a policy of staying away from the shore towards the middle of the river while attacking anyone who came near. In the process he also avoided paying tolls/bribes to pass through each kingdom, earning the rage of local rulers, Moorish or not, who would send messengers ahead to the next tribe downriver that a dangerous interloper was coming their way. Furthermore, Park's policy of shoot first and not engaging with locals, in some cases slaughtering significant numbers of natives using superior firepower, made the Europeans something of a pariah. Park was running a gauntlet of hostile tribes in part of his own making.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: To his wife, Park wrote of his intention not to stop nor land anywhere until he reached the coast, where he expected to arrive about the end of January 1806.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: These were the last communications received from Park, and nothing more was heard of the party until reports of disaster reached Gambia.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: At length, the British government engaged Isaaco to go to the Niger to ascertain Park's fate. At Sansanding, Isaaco found Amadi Fatouma (Isaaco calls him Amaudy), the guide who had gone downstream with Park, and the substantial accuracy of the story he told was later confirmed by the investigations of Hugh Clapperton and Richard Lander.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: Amadi Fatouma stated that Park's canoe had descended the river as far as Sibby without incident. After Sibby, three native canoes chased them and Park's party repulsed the pursuers with firearms. A similar incident occurred at Cabbara and again at Toomboucouton. At Gouroumo seven canoes pursued them. One of the party died of sickness leaving "four white men, myself [Amadi], and three slaves". Each person (including the slaves) had "15 musquets apiece, well loaded and always ready for action". After passing the residence of the king of Goloijigi, 60 canoes came after them which they "repulsed after killing many natives". Further along they encountered an army of the Poule nation and kept to the opposite bank to avoid an action. After a close encounter with a hippopotamus they continued past Caffo (3 canoe pursuers) to an island where Isaaco was taken prisoner. Park rescued him, and 20 canoes chased them. This time they merely asked Amadi for trinkets which Park supplied. At Gourmon they traded for provisions and were warned of an ambush ahead. They passed the army "being all Moors" and entered Haoussa, finally arriving at Yauri (which Amadi calls Yaour), where he (Fatouma) landed. In this long journey of some Park, who had plenty of provisions, stuck to his resolution of keeping away from the natives. Below Djenné, came Timbuktu, and at various other places the natives came out in canoes and attacked his boat. These attacks were all repulsed, Park and his party having plenty of firearms and ammunition and the natives having none. The boat also escaped the many perils attendant on navigating an unknown stream strewn with many rapids; Park had built "Joliba" so that she drew only of water.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: At Haoussa, Amadi traded with the local chief. Amadi reports that Park gave him five silver rings, some powder and flints to give as a gift to the chief of the village. The following day Amadi visited the king where Amadi was accused of not having given the chief a present. Amadi was "put in irons". The king then sent an army to Boussa where there is a natural narrowing of the river commanded by high rock. But at the Bussa rapids, not far below Yauri, the boat became stuck on a rock and remained fast. On the bank were gathered hostile natives, who attacked the party with bow and arrow and throwing spears. Their position being untenable, Park, Martyn and the two remaining soldiers sprang into the river and were drowned. The sole survivor was one of the slaves. After three months in irons, Amadi was released and talked with the surviving slave, from whom was obtained the story of the final scene.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: Amadi paid a Peulh man to obtain Park's sword belt. Amadi then returned first to Sansanding and then to Segou. After, Amadi went to Dacha and told the king what had passed. The king sent an army past "Tombouctou" (Timbuktu) to Sacha but decided that Haoussa was too far for a punitive expedition. Instead they went to Massina, a small "Paul" Peulh country where they took all the cattle and returned home. Amadi appears to have been part of this expedition: "We came altogether back to Sego" (Segou). Amadi then returned to Sansanding via Sego. Eventually the Peulh man obtained the sword belt and after a voyage of eight months met up with Amadi and gave him the belt. Isaaco met Amadi in Sego and having obtained the sword belt returned to Senegal.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: Isaaco, and later Richard Lander, obtained some of Park's effects, but his journal was never recovered. In 1827 his second son, Thomas, landed on the Guinea coast, intending to make his way to Bussa, where he thought his father might be detained a prisoner; but after penetrating a little distance inland he died of fever. Park's widow, Allison, received a previously agreed upon £4,000 settlement from the African Association as a result of the death of Mungo Park. She died in 1840. Mungo Park's remains are believed to have been buried along the banks of the River Niger in Jebba, Nigeria.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: With Park's death the mystery of the Niger remained unsolved. Park's theory that the Niger and Congo were the same river became the general opinion in the years after his death. However even while Park was alive, an amateur German geographer named Reichard proposed the Niger delta was the mouth of the river, but his theory was one of many and did not have much currency because the delta had so many small streams it did not appear to be from a great river. In 1821, James McQueen published a book, the result of 25 years of research, in which he correctly (it would later be seen) laid out the entire course of the Niger, however like Reichard, his theories did not receive much notice. A number of failed expeditions were mounted but the mystery would finally be solved 25 years after Park's death, in 1830. Richard Lander and his brother became the first Europeans to follow the course of the Niger from source to ocean.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: His son Mungo Park (1800-1823) died in India at the age of 22, while in government service, and was buried at Trichinopoly.


title: Mungo Park (explorer)

text: Mungo Park appears as one of the two protagonists in the novel "Water Music" by T. C. Boyle. Mungo Park was mentioned by Nigerian singer Burna Boy in his song "Monsters You Made" from his Grammy award-winning album "Twice as Tall" (2020). Burna Boy talked about the lies of colonialism. Mungo Park is also mentioned in Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick (Chapter 5: Breakfast). In travel literature, Tom Fremantle's 2005 book The Road to Timbuktu: Down the Niger on the Trail of Mungo Park, Mungo Park's life and travels are detailed and retraced by the author.