title: Judd Winick

text: Winick's other comic book work includes "Batman", "The Outsiders", and Marvel's "Exiles". In 2005 he co-wrote "Countdown to Infinite Crisis", a one-shot comic that initiated the "Infinite Crisis" storyline, with Geoff Johns and Greg Rucka. Winick was responsible for bringing Jason Todd, the second character known as Batman's sidekick Robin, back from the dead, and making him the new Red Hood, the second such Batman villain by that name. That same year, Winick created an animated TV show named "The Life and Times of Juniper Lee" in 2005, which ran for three seasons on the Cartoon Network. Along with creating the show and the characters, he has also directed the voice actors alongside Susan Blu.


title: Judd Winick

text: Between September 2005 and March 2006, Winick wrote the four-issue Captain Marvel/Superman limited series, "Superman/Shazam: First Thunder" with art by Josh Middleton. Winick continued his work with the Marvel Family in a 12-issue limited series titled "The Trials Of Shazam!", and continued his Green Arrow work with 2007's "Green Arrow/Black Canary Wedding Special", which led to the ongoing series "Green Arrow and Black Canary", the first 14 issues of which Winick wrote. In November 2007, DC released a "Teen Titans East" special, a prequel for "Titans", which was scripted by Winick. Following the "Battle for the Cowl" storyline, Winick took over the writing on "Batman" for four issues. He co-wrote the 26-issue biweekly "" with Keith Giffen, a title which alternated with "Brightest Day". In addition, he was a regular writer on the monthly "Power Girl" series.


title: Judd Winick

text: Winick wrote the screenplay for the 2010 direct to DVD animated feature "", which was based on the 1988–89 story arc "" and the 2005 "" story arc that he wrote in the "Batman" comic book.


title: Judd Winick

text: Beginning in September 2011, Winick began writing new "Catwoman" and "Batwing" ongoing series that were launched as part of DC Comics' reboot of its continuity, The New 52. The "Catwoman" series was criticized by some readers for its focus on Selina Kyle's sexuality, particularly scenes showing her sexual relationship with Batman. Winick responded that it was DC that desired this tone.


title: Judd Winick

text: Winick is the head writer on "The Awesomes", an animated superhero comedy series created by Seth Meyers and Mike Shoemaker for Hulu. It debuted on August 1, 2013 and ended on November 3, 2015.


title: Judd Winick

text: In July 2012 Winick announced that he was leaving "Catwoman" after issue #12, in order to create an all-ages, original graphic novel called "Hilo" (pronounced "High-Low"), a move that Winick explained was inspired a year or so prior when his then-seven-year-old son asked to read his work. Not having age-appropriate material for him, Winick gave him Jeff Smith's "Bone", which both father and son enjoyed, and decided to create an all-ages story that his son could read. The full color series, whose tone and visuals Winick describes as "part "E.T.", part "Doctor Who", part "Peanuts" and "Calvin and Hobbes"", stars a small town boy named D.J. whose life takes an unexpected turn when a mysterious boy named Hilo falls from the sky, and takes D.J. and his friend Gina on adventures that include robots, aliens and a quest to save the world. The series represents Winick's first artwork since 2002's "The Adventures of Barry Ween, Boy Genius: Gorilla Warfare", as well as his first children's book. It is published by Random House, with the first book published in September 2015. The deal is for three books, though Winick plans to have a total of six graphic novels by the time the story is finished, and hopes to release a book every six months. The first two volumes of the Hilo series, "Hilo, the Boy Who Crashed to Earth" and "Hilo, Saving the Whole Wide World", are "New York Times" bestsellers.


title: Judd Winick

text: After appearing on "The Real World", Winick and his former costar, Pam Ling, began to date. Winick proposed to her with a cartoon he made for the occasion, and which he presented to her while wearing a gorilla suit. The cartoon presented Ling with two choices to answer his proposal. After she accepted his proposal, he summoned three singing Elvises. Winick and Ling married in a civil ceremony on August 26, 2001. Writer Armistead Maupin spoke at their ceremony. As of 2016, they have two children, a son and a daughter, whom they work to keep out of the spotlight, preferring to omit photos of them from social media, and mention of their names in interviews.


title: Judd Winick

text: In "Pedro", the 2008 film dramatizing Pedro Zamora's life, Winick is portrayed by Hale Appleman. Winick and his wife Pam Ling can be seen in a cameo in a scene where Jenn Liu and Alex Loynaz, as Ling and Zamora, are meeting up on a set of stairs.


title: Object-oriented design

text: Object-oriented design (OOD) is the process of planning a system of interacting objects for the purpose of solving a software problem. It is one approach to software design.


title: Object-oriented design

text: An object contains encapsulated data and procedures grouped together to represent an entity. The 'object interface' defines how the object can be interacted with. An object-oriented program is described by the interaction of these objects. Object-oriented design is the discipline of defining the objects and their interactions to solve a problem that was identified and documented during object-oriented analysis.


title: Object-oriented design

text: What follows is a description of the class-based subset of object-oriented design, which does not include object prototype-based approaches where objects are not typically obtained by instantiating classes but by cloning other (prototype) objects.


title: Object-oriented design

text: Object-oriented design is a method of design encompassing the process of object-oriented decomposition and a notation for depicting both logical and physical as well as state and dynamic models of the system under design.


title: Object-oriented design

text: The input for object-oriented design is provided by the output of object-oriented analysis. Realize that an output artifact does not need to be completely developed to serve as input of object-oriented design; analysis and design may occur in parallel, and in practice the results of one activity can feed the other in a short feedback cycle through an iterative process. Both analysis and design can be performed incrementally, and the artifacts can be continuously grown instead of completely developed in one shot.


title: Object-oriented design

text: The five basic concepts of object-oriented design are the implementation level features that are built into the programming language. These features are often referred to by these common names:


title: OWASP

text: The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is an online community that produces freely-available articles, methodologies, documentation, tools, and technologies in the field of web application security. The OWASP provides free and open resources. It is led by a non-profit called The OWASP Foundation. The OWASP Top 10 - 2021 is the published result of recent research based on comprehensive data compiled from over 40 partner organizations.


title: OWASP

text: Mark Curphey started OWASP on September 9, 2001. Jeff Williams served as the volunteer Chair of OWASP from late 2003 until September 2011. , Matt Konda chaired the Board.


title: OWASP

text: The OWASP Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the US established in 2004, supports the OWASP infrastructure and projects. Since 2011, OWASP is also registered as a non-profit organization in Belgium under the name of OWASP Europe VZW.


title: Death threat

text: A death threat is a threat, often made anonymously, by one person or a group of people to kill another person or group of people. These threats are often designed to intimidate victims in order to manipulate their behaviour, in which case a death threat could be a form of coercion. For example, a death threat could be used to dissuade a public figure from pursuing a criminal investigation or an advocacy campaign.


title: Death threat

text: In most jurisdictions, death threats are a serious type of criminal offence. Death threats are often covered by coercion statutes. For instance, the coercion statute in Alaska says:


title: Death threat

text: A death threat can be communicated via a wide range of media, among these letters, newspaper publications, telephone calls, internet blogs and e-mail. If the threat is made against a political figure, it can also be considered treason. If a threat targets a location that is frequented by people (e.g. a building), it could be a terrorist threat. Sometimes, death threats are part of a wider campaign of abuse targeting a person or a group of people (see terrorism, mass murder).


title: Death threat

text: In many governments, including monarchies and republics of all levels of political freedom, threatening to kill the head of state or head of government (such as the sovereign, president, or prime minister) is considered a crime. Punishments for such threats vary. United States law provides for up to five years in prison for threatening any government official. In the United Kingdom, under the Treason Felony Act 1848, it is illegal to attempt to kill or deprive the monarch of their throne; this offense was originally punished with penal transportation, and then was changed to the death penalty, and currently the penalty is life imprisonment.


title: Death threat

text: Named after a high-profile case, "Osman v United Kingdom", Osman warnings (also letters or notices) are warnings of a death threat or high risk of murder issued by British police or legal authorities to the possible victim. They are used when there is intelligence of the threat, but there is not enough evidence to justify the police arresting the potential murderer.


title: Lattice constant

text: A lattice constant or lattice parameter is one of the physical dimensions and angles that determine the geometry of the unit cells in a crystal lattice, and is proportional to the distance between atoms in the crystal. A simple cubic crystal has only one lattice constant, the distance between atoms, but in general lattices in three dimensions have six lattice constants: the lengths "a", "b", and "c" of the three cell edges meeting at a vertex, and the angles "α", "β", and "γ" between those edges.


title: Lattice constant

text: The crystal lattice parameters "a", "b", and "c" have the dimension of length. The three numbers represent the size of the unit cell, that is, the distance from a given atom to an identical atom in the same position and orientation in a neighboring cell (except for very simple crystal structures, this will not necessarily be disance to the nearest neighbor). Their SI unit is the meter, and they are traditionally specified in angstroms (Å); an angstrom being 0.1 nanometer (nm), or 100 picometres (pm). Typical values start at a few angstroms. The angles "α", "β", and "γ" are usually specified in degrees.


title: Lattice constant

text: A chemical substance in the solid state may form crystals in which the atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in space according to one of a small finite number of possible crystal systems (lattice types), each with fairly well defined set of lattice parameters that are characteristic of the substance. These parameters typically depend on the temperature, pressure (or, more generally, the local state of mechanical stress within the crystal), electric and magnetic fields, and its isotopic composition. The lattice is usually distorted near impurities, crystal defects, and the crystal's surface. Parameter values quoted in manuals should specify those environment variables, and are usually averages affected by measurement errors.


title: Lattice constant

text: Depending on the crystal system, some or all of the lengths may be equal, and some of the angles may have fixed values. In those systems, only some of the six parameters need to be specified. For example, in the cubic system, all of the lengths are equal and all the angles are 90°, so only the "a" length needs to be given. This is the case of diamond, which has at 300 K. Similarly, in hexagonal system, the "a" and "b" constants are equal, and the angles are 60°, 90°, and 90°, so the geometry is determined by the "a" and "c" constants alone.


title: Lattice constant

text: The lattice parameters of a crystalline substance can be determined using techniques such as X-ray diffraction or with an atomic force microscope. They can be used as a natural length standard of nanometer range. In the epitaxial growth of a crystal layer over a substrate of different composition, the lattice parameters must be matched in order to reduce strain and crystal defects.


title: Lattice constant

text: The volume of the unit cell can be calculated from the lattice constant lengths and angles. If the unit cell sides are represented as vectors, then the volume is the scalar triple product of the vectors. The volume is represented by the letter "V". For the general unit cell


title: Lattice constant

text: Matching of lattice structures between two different semiconductor materials allows a region of band gap change to be formed in a material without introducing a change in crystal structure. This allows construction of advanced light-emitting diodes and diode lasers.


title: Lattice constant

text: For example, gallium arsenide, aluminium gallium arsenide, and aluminium arsenide have almost equal lattice constants, making it possible to grow almost arbitrarily thick layers of one on the other one.


title: Lattice constant

text: Typically, films of different materials grown on the previous film or substrate are chosen to match the lattice constant of the prior layer to minimize film stress.


title: Lattice constant

text: An alternative method is to grade the lattice constant from one value to another by a controlled altering of the alloy ratio during film growth. The beginning of the grading layer will have a ratio to match the underlying lattice and the alloy at the end of the layer growth will match the desired final lattice for the following layer to be deposited.


title: Lattice constant

text: The rate of change in the alloy must be determined by weighing the penalty of layer strain, and hence defect density, against the cost of the time in the epitaxy tool.


title: Lattice constant

text: For example, indium gallium phosphide layers with a band gap above 1.9 eV can be grown on gallium arsenide wafers with index grading.


title: HM Prison Woodhill

text: HM Prison Woodhill is a Category A male prison, located in Milton Keynes, England. Woodhill Prison is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. A section of the prison is designated as a Young Offenders Institution. A Secure Training Centre is located next to the prison.


title: HM Prison Woodhill

text: One of its main roles is that of a local prison serving the a Crown Court centre and magistrates' courts. The prison holds remand and sentenced prisoners aged 18 and above. In addition, Woodhill is one of the eight national high-security prisons, holding Category A prisoners, some in the "Close Supervision Centre".


title: HM Prison Woodhill

text: Woodhill Prison opened in 1992, with a further unit added to the complex in 1996. In 1998, one wing of the prison was re-designated as a "Close Supervision Centre" for prisoners who are amongst the most difficult and disruptive in the prison system. Two years later, an inspection report from Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons criticised conditions in the Close Supervision Centre, stating that inmates being held there were being deprived of mental stimulation and human contact.


title: HM Prison Woodhill

text: A further inspection report in February 2003, stated that there were too few prison staff at Woodhill. The report also highlighted the prison's suicide monitoring as an area that needed improvement. However the staff at the prison were praised for maintaining a positive attitude.


title: HM Prison Woodhill

text: In February 2006, another inspection report from the Chief Inspector of Prisons criticised Woodhill Prison for poorly supporting at-risk prisoners and failing to bring in anti-bullying measures. The report also stated that staff in charge of youths held in the prison had not been trained or vetted to work with them.


title: HM Prison Woodhill

text: Woodhill is a category A prison for male adults, with an adjacent unit for young offenders. The prison holds both convicted prisoners and remand prisoners for local magistrate courts along with foreign nationals awaiting deportation.


title: HM Prison Woodhill

text: The regime at Woodhill includes full-time and part-time classes. Other features include a job club, and listener schemes. Woodhill also has a multi-faith full-time chaplaincy. There is a visitor's centre at the prison, run by the Prison Advice and Care Trust.


title: HM Prison Woodhill

text: Dr Elizabeth van Horn, an experienced prison psychiatrist left her job at Woodhill and alleged that staff shortages prevented change. The courts, the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman and the prison's independent monitoring board all expressed concerns over regular understaffing, too much reliance on agency and temporary staff, assaults on both staff and inmates have also risen in the last few years as have suicides see below. Van Horn claimed no real changes happened despite promises management made, they knew what needed to be done but did not know how to achieve improvements. Staff shortages meant prisoners were often locked in their cells for 23 hours a day which added to stress for prisoners with mental health issues.<ref name="bbc22/5/207">Suicide jail failed to improve, says prison doctor "BBC"</ref>


title: HM Prison Woodhill

text: There have been seventeen suicides at Woodhill Prison since 2013. This is the highest suicide rate of any prison in the UK. Staff shortages and the complexity of the prison are blamed.


title: HM Prison Woodhill

text: Woodhill’s Independent Monitoring Board had warned over “significant problems” in the prison, due to “serious staff shortages” and “increased use of new psychoactive drugs”, which made prisoners inclined to violence and self-harm. Coroners’ reports have noted the jail repeatedly failed to meet requirements of national policy on suicide and emergency response.


title: Jerry Paris

text: William Gerald Paris (July 25, 1925 – March 31, 1986) was an American actor and director best known for playing Jerry Helper, the dentist and next-door neighbor of Rob and Laura Petrie, on "The Dick Van Dyke Show", and for directing the majority of the episodes of the sitcom "Happy Days".


title: Jerry Paris

text: Paris was born in San Francisco, California. His name, as frequently reported, was indeed Paris, and not Grossman, a stepfather's surname he never adopted. Paris' mother's maiden name was Esther Mohr.


title: Jerry Paris

text: After serving in the United States Navy during World War II, he attended New York University and the Actors Studio in New York City. After graduating, Paris moved to Los Angeles, where he attended UCLA and studied acting at the Actors Lab in Hollywood.


title: Jerry Paris

text: Paris had roles in films such as "The Caine Mutiny", "The Wild One", and "Marty". He also played Martin "Marty" Flaherty, one of Eliot Ness's men, in a recurring role in the first season of ABC-TV's "The Untouchables", besides making guest appearances on other television series. (His character in "The Untouchables" series was based on similarly named real-life Untouchable Martin J. Lahart.)


title: Jerry Paris

text: After having directed some episodes of "The Dick Van Dyke Show" in which he also played the recurring character of next-door neighbor and dentist Jerry Helper, Paris won an Emmy Award in the 1963-64 season for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy for the series. He later devoted himself to directing both in film and television, including "The Partridge Family" and "Here's Lucy" (including the famous third season opener featuring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton), but he worked most notably on "Happy Days", where he directed 237 of the show's 255 episodes. Imitating Hitchcock, he appeared uncredited in at least one episode of every season.


title: Jerry Paris

text: Paris also directed episodes of "Laverne & Shirley", "The Odd Couple", "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", "The Ted Knight Show", and "Blansky's Beauties". He returned to directing feature films in 1985's "" and 1986's "". In all, he is credited with directing episodes of 57 TV titles and as an actor in 105 titles.


title: Jerry Paris

text: In 1954, Paris married Ruth Benjamin. They had three children. They remained married until Ruth's death in 1980.


title: Jerry Paris

text: On March 18, 1986, Paris was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where doctors discovered he had a brain tumor. He underwent two surgeries, but doctors were unable to remove the tumor. Paris remained hospitalized until his death on March 31 at the age of 60. A private memorial was held at Paris' home in Pacific Palisades on April 2.


title: Völkischer Beobachter

text: The Völkischer Beobachter (; ""Völkisch" Observer") was the newspaper of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) from 25 December 1920. It first appeared weekly, then daily from 8 February 1923. For twenty-four years it formed part of the official public face of the Nazi Party until its last edition at the end of April 1945. The paper was banned and ceased publication between November 1923, after Adolf Hitler's arrest for leading the unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, and February 1925, the approximate date of the relaunching of the Party.


title: Völkischer Beobachter

text: The "fighting paper of the National Socialist movement of Greater Germany", or ""Kampfblatt der nationalsozialistischen Bewegung Großdeutschlands"" as it called itself, had its origin as the "Münchener Beobachter", or "Munich Observer", an anti-Semitic semi-weekly scandal-oriented paper which in 1918 was acquired by the Thule Society and, in August 1919, was renamed "Völkischer Beobachter" (see "Völkisch" and "Völkisch" movement).


title: Völkischer Beobachter

text: By December 1920, the paper was heavily in debt. The Thule Society was thus receptive to an offer to sell the paper to the Nazis for 60,000 Papiermark. Major Ernst Röhm, who was an early member of the German Workers' Party, forerunner of the Nazi Party, and Dietrich Eckart, one of Hitler's earliest mentors, persuaded Röhm’s commanding officer, Major General Franz Ritter von Epp, to provide the money from German Army funds for the paper to be purchased. The loan was secured with Eckart's house and possessions as collateral, and Dr. Gottfried Grandel, an Augsburg chemist and factory owner, who was Eckart's friend and a funder of the Party, as guarantor. After the Nazis acquired the paper, Eckart was its first editor. It was the party's primary official organ.


title: Völkischer Beobachter

text: In 1921, Adolf Hitler, who had taken full control of the NSDAP earlier that year, acquired all shares in the company, making him the sole owner of the publication.


title: Völkischer Beobachter

text: During the Nazi rise to power, the newspaper reported general news but also party activities, presenting them as almost constant successes. Guidelines for propagandists urged that all posters, insofar as the police allowed, contain propaganda for it, and all meetings should be announced in it, although reports should be sent to the Propaganda Department, which would then forward corrected versions to the paper. Posters did indeed urge reading it. When Hitler was banned from public speaking, it was the main vehicle to propagate his views.


title: Völkischer Beobachter

text: Joseph Goebbels published articles in the "Völkischer Beobachter" to attack the United States for criticizing anti-Jewish measures, and to describe Russia.


title: Völkischer Beobachter

text: According to top Soviet diplomat Vladimir Semyonov, Stalin suggested that the National Democratic Party of Germany (a satellite party created in East Germany to attract former Nazi supporters) resume publications of the "Völkischer Beobachter": German Communists and some Soviet officials were appalled by Stalin's ideas and the proposal was ultimately not adopted.


title: Völkischer Beobachter

text: The circulation of the paper was initially about 8,000, but it increased to 25,000 in autumn 1923 due to strong demand during the occupation of the Ruhr. In that year Hitler replaced Eckart as editor with Alfred Rosenberg, because Eckart's alcoholism had begun to get in the way of running the paper. Hitler softened the blow by making it clear that he still regarded Eckart highly. "His accomplishments are everlasting!" Hitler said, he just was not constitutionally able to run a big business like a daily newspaper. "I would not be able to do it, either," according to Hitler, "I have been fortunate that I got a few people who know how to do it. ... It would be as if I tried to run a farm! I wouldn't be able to do it."


title: Völkischer Beobachter

text: Publication of the paper ceased on the prohibition of the Party after the failed Beer Hall Putsch of 9 November 1923, but it resumed on the party's refoundation on 26 February 1925. The circulation rose along with the success of the Nazi movement, reaching more than 120,000 in 1931, 1.2 million in 1941, and 1.7 million by 1944.


title: Nothing But Thirty

text: Nothing But Thirty () is a 2020 Chinese drama television series directed by Zhang Xiaobo and starring Jiang Shuying, Tong Yao and Mao Xiaotong. The series follows the story of three vastly different urban women who have reached their thirties while facing challenges at a crucial stage in their lives, as they leave behind their youthful, carefree 20s to embrace the "adult" life of a 30-year-old, and ultimately decide to take matters into their own hands. The series began airing on Dragon Television and Tencent Video on July 17, 2020.


title: Nothing But Thirty

text: Gu Jia is strong willed, and is both a housewife and a businesswoman. She helped her husband become the CEO of a fireworks company, and fought rich housewives who bullied her son. Wang Manni is rebellious, and is confident at both her workplace and at home. Zhong Xiaoqin is content with her average life, with a normal job and a husband who likes fish.


title: Nothing But Thirty

text: However, their lives are suddenly disrupted by external factors. Gu Jia begins to suspect her husband Xu Huanshan of having a young mistress, Wang Manni faces difficulties with sales and relationships, and Zhong Xiaoqin's idea of a perfect marriage is destroyed. How will the three women deal with the challenges of turning thirty?


title: Nothing But Thirty

text: Additionally a couple with a son close in age to Gu Jia's son Ziyan, who operate a food truck appear as silent characters. They occasionally interact with the main character and consistently appear at the end of the show before the closing credits.


title: Raja Babu (film)

text: Raja Babu is a 1994 Indian Hindi-language melodrama comedy film directed by David Dhawan. It stars Govinda, Karisma Kapoor, Shakti Kapoor, Kadar Khan, Aruna Irani, Prem Chopra and Gulshan Grover, with music by Anand–Milind and lyrics by Sameer. The film was inspired from the 1992 Tamil film "Rasukutty".


title: Raja Babu (film)

text: Raja Singh a.k.a. Raja Babu is the sole heir to a rich village couple. He is good-hearted but is also spoilt, unsophisticated, and uneducated. Lakhan pretends to be an ally of Raja's rich father but is secretly embezzling funds. He also creates problems for Raja and his family.


title: Raja Babu (film)

text: Raja regularly visits the village photo studio and gets his picture taken, each time wearing a different outfit. He is always accompanied by his sidekick Nandu. He falls for Madhubala "Madhu" when he sees her photograph in the studio.


title: Raja Babu (film)

text: He harasses Madhu so that he can get her attention. Madhu becomes annoyed with Raja's antics and comes to his village with her entourage. In the ensuing confusion they mistake one of Raja's neighbors as Raja, Madhu's entourage kidnaps him and takes him back to their village. Later, Madhu sees one of Raja's photos as a Lawyer and mistakes his costume as the real thing. She agrees to marry him but accidentally finds out that Raja is not only not a lawyer, he is also completely illiterate. Enraged at this perceived duplicity, she rushes to Raja's house, tears up their wedding invitations, and insults Raja's father.


title: Raja Babu (film)

text: Raja still wants to marry Madhu, but his father refuses to grant him permission and tries to compel him to quickly marry a mentally challenged girl to save his family's honor. Raja refuses as he loves Madhu and ends up insulting the girl's parents. Angered at this insult, the girl's mother reveals a big secret regarding Raja's origins. He is actually not his parents' biological child, rather he was an orphan found on the steps of a (Hindu temple), and subsequently adopted by his parents.


title: Raja Babu (film)

text: Raja becomes overwhelmed with gratitude and decides to do as his father says. In the meantime, Madhu understands that Raja did not deceive her and it was all a misunderstanding. She forgives him and declares her love for him. But Raja tells her about his changed situation and asks her to forget him. Madhu refuses to listen to him and pursues him anyway.


title: Raja Babu (film)

text: Raja's father misunderstands his son's intentions and kicks him out for breaking his promise of no longer seeing Madhu. Taking advantage of this tense situation, Lakhan plans to kill Raja's entire family and take control of their property. He along with his son Banke kidnaps Raja's parents. Raja rushes to rescue them. After a long fight, he manages to defeat his family's enemies. His father finally understands his son's deep love and respect for him and agrees to let him unite with Madhu.


title: Raja Babu (film)

text: Made on a budget of ₹2.30 crore, "Raja Babu" was successful at box office, managing to gross ₹15.26 crore worldwide.


title: Arija Bareikis

text: Arija Allison Bareikis is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Officer Chickie Brown in the TV crime drama "Southland". She is also known for the films "" and "The Purge".


title: Arija Bareikis

text: Bareikis is Lithuanian. She is a 1988 graduate of Stanford University. Her mother is Carol Harton and her father, Bob Bareikis, is a professor of Germanic literature at Indiana University. She has one sister, Anitra.


title: Arija Bareikis

text: Bareikis starred alongside Rob Schneider as Kate in "" (1999) and played LAPD police officer Chickie Brown in the police drama series "Southland" for its first three seasons. , Bareikis' most recent screen role was a 2016 episode of the television series "Power", as MJ.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: Homo rudolfensis is an extinct species of archaic human from the Early Pleistocene of East Africa about 2 million years ago (mya). Because "H. rudolfensis" coexisted with several other hominins, it is debated what specimens can be confidently assigned to this species beyond the lectotype skull KNM-ER 1470 and other partial skull aspects. No bodily remains are definitively assigned to "H. rudolfensis". Consequently, both its generic classification and validity are debated without any wide consensus, with some recommending the species to actually belong to the genus "Australopithecus" as A. rudolfensis or "Kenyanthropus" as K. rudolfensis, or that it is synonymous with the contemporaneous and anatomically similar "H. habilis".


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: "H. rudolfensis" is distinguished from "H. habilis" by larger size, but it is also argued that this species actually consists of male "H. habilis" specimens, assuming that "H. habilis" was sexually dimorphic and males were much larger than females. Because no bodily remains are definitely identified, body size estimates are largely based on the stature of "H. habilis". Using this, male "H. rudolfensis" may have averaged about in height and in weight, and females and . KNM-ER 1470 had a brain volume of about . Like other early "Homo", "H. rudolfensis" had large cheek teeth and thick enamel.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: Early "Homo" species exhibit marked brain growth compared to "Australopithecus" predecessors, which is typically explained as a change in diet with a calorie-rich food source, namely meat. Though not associated with tools, dental anatomy suggests some processing of plant or meat fiber before consumption, though the mouth could still effectively chew through mechanically challenging food, indicating tool use did not greatly affect diet.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: The first fossils were discovered in 1972 along Lake Turkana (at the time called Lake Rudolf) in Kenya, and were detailed by Kenyan palaeoanthropologist Richard Leakey the following year. The specimens were: a large and nearly complete skull (KNM-ER 1470, the lectotype) discovered by Bernard Ngeneo, a local; a right femur (KNM-ER 1472) discovered by J. Harris; an upper femur (proximal) fragment (KNM-ER 1475) discovered by fossil collector Kamoya Kimeu; and a complete left femur (KNM-ER 1481) discovered by Harris. However, it is unclear if the femora belong to the same species as the skull. Leakey classified them under the genus "Homo" because he had reconstructed the skull fragments so that it had a large brain volume and a flat face, but did not assign them to a species. Because the horizon they were discovered in was, at the time, dated to 2.9–2.6 million years ago (mya), Leakey thought these specimens were a very early human ancestor. This challenged the major model of human evolution at the time where "Australopithecus africanus" gave rise to "Homo" about 2.5 mya, but if "Homo" had already existed at this time, it would call for serious revisions. However, the area was redated to about 2 mya in 1977 (the same time period as "H. habilis" and "H. ergaster"/"H. erectus"), and more precisely to 2.1–1.95 mya in 2012. They were first assigned to the species "habilis" in 1975 by anthropologists Colin Groves and Vratislav Mazák. In 1978, in a joint paper with Leakey and English anthropologist Alan Walker, Walker suggested the remains belong in "Australopithecus" (and that the skull was incorrectly reconstructed), but Leakey still believed they belonged to "Homo", though they both agreed that the remains could belong to "habilis".


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: KNM-ER 1470 was much larger than the Olduvai remains, so the terms "H. habilis sensu lato" ("in the broad sense") and "H. habilis sensu stricto" ("in the strict sense") were used to include or exclude the larger morph, respectively. In 1986, English palaeoanthropologist Bernard Wood first suggested these remains represent a different "Homo" species, which coexisted with "H. habilis" and "H. ergaster"/"H. erectus". Coexisting "Homo" species conflicted with the predominant model of human evolution at the time which was that modern humans evolved in a straight line directly from "H. ergaster"/"H. erectus" which evolved directly from "H. habilis". In 1986, the remains were placed into a new species, "rudolfensis", by Russian anthropologist Valery Alekseyev (but he used the genus "Pithecanthropus", which was changed to "Homo" three years later by Groves). In 1999, Kennedy argued that the name was invalid because Alekseyev had not assigned a holotype. Pointing out that this is in fact not mandatory, Wood the same year nevertheless designated KNM-ER 1470 as the lectotype. However, the validity of this species has also been debated on material grounds, with some arguing that "H. habilis" was highly sexually dimorphic like modern non-human apes, with the larger skulls classified as ""H. rudolfensis"" actually representing male "H. habilis". In 1999, Wood and biological anthropologist Mark Collard recommended moving "rudolfensis" and "habilis" to "Australopithecus" based on the similarity of dental adaptations. However, they conceded that dental anatomy is highly variable among hominins and not always reliable when formulating family trees.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: In 2003, Australian anthropologist David Cameron concluded that the earlier australopithecine "Kenyanthropus platyops" was the ancestor of "rudolfensis", and reclassified it as "K. rudolfensis". He also believed that "Kenyanthropus" was more closely related to "Paranthropus" than "Homo". In 2008, a re-reconstruction of the skull concluded it was incorrectly restored originally, though agreed with the classification as "H. rudolfensis". In 2012, British palaeoanthropologist Meave Leakey described the juvenile partial face KNM-ER 62000 discovered in Koobi Fora, Kenya; noting it shares several similarities to KNM-ER 1470 and is smaller, she assigned it to "H. rudolfensis", and, because prepubescent male and female bones should be indistinguishable, differences between juvenile "H. rudolfensis" and adult "H. habilis" specimens support species distinction. She also concluded that the jawbone KNM-ER 1802, an important specimen often used in classifying other specimens as "H. rudolfensis", actually belongs to a different (possibly undescribed) species, but American palaeoanthropologist Tim D. White believes this to be premature because it is unclear how wide the range of variation is in early hominins. The 2013 discovery of the 1.8 Ma Georgian Dmanisi skulls which exhibit several similarities with early "Homo" have led to suggestions that all contemporary groups of early "Homo" in Africa, including "H. habilis" and "H. rudolfensis", are the same species and should be assigned to "H. erectus". There is still no wide consensus on how "rudolfensis" and "habilis" relate to "H. ergaster" and descendent species.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: Beyond KNM-ER 1470, there is disagreement on which specimens actually belong in "H. rudolfensis" as it is difficult to assign with accuracy remains that do not preserve the face and jaw. No "H. rudolfensis" bodily elements have been definitively associated with a skull and thus to the species. Most proposed "H. rudolfensis" fossils come from Koobi Fora and date to 1.9–1.85 mya. Remains from the Shungura Formation, Ethiopia, and Uraha, Malawi, are dated as far back as 2.5–2.4 mya, which would make it the earliest identified species of "Homo". The latest potential specimen is KNM-ER 819 dating to 1.65–1.55 mya.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: Nonetheless, "H. rudolfensis" and "H. habilis" generally are recognised members of the genus at the base of the family tree, with arguments for synonymisation or removal from the genus not widely adopted. Though it is now largely agreed upon that "Homo" evolved from "Australopithecus", the timing and placement of this split has been much debated, with many "Australopithecus" species having been proposed as the ancestor. The discovery of LD 350-1, the oldest "Homo" specimen, dating to 2.8 mya, in the Afar Region of Ethiopia may indicate that the genus evolved from "A. afarensis" around this time. The species LD 350-1 belongs to could be the ancestor of "H. rudolfensis" and "H. habilis", but this is unclear. Based on 2.1 million year old stone tools from Shangchen, China, possibly an ancestral species to "H. rudolfensis" and "H. habilis" dispersed across Asia.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: In 1973, Mr. Leakey had reconstructed the skull KNM-ER 1470 with a flat face and a brain volume of . In 1983, American physical anthropologist Ralph Holloway revised the base of the skull and calculated a brain volume of . For comparison, "H. habilis" specimens average about , and "H. ergaster" . Anthropologist Timothy Bromage and colleagues revised the face again at a 5° incline (slightly prognathic) instead of completely flat, but pushed the nasal bone back directly beneath the frontal bones. He then said it was possible to predict brain size based on just the face and (disregarding the braincase) calculated , and chalked up the errors of Leakey's reconstruction to a lack of research of the biological principles of facial anatomy at the time as well as confirmation bias, as a flat-faced reconstruction of the skull aligned with the predominant model of human evolution at the time. This was refuted by American palaeoanthropologist John D. Hawks because the skull remained more or less unchanged except for the 5° rotation outwards. Bromage and colleagues returned in 2008 with a revised skull reconstruction and brain volume estimate of .


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: Fossils have generally been classified into "H. rudolfensis" due to large skull size, flatter and broader face, broader cheek teeth, more complex tooth crowns and roots, and thicker enamel compared to "H. habilis". Early "Homo" are characterised by larger teeth compared to later "Homo". The cheek teeth of KNM-ER 60000, a jawbone, in terms of size are on the lower end for early "Homo", except for the third molar which is within range. The molars increase in size towards the back of the mouth. The tooth rows of KNM-ER 1470, KNM-ER 60000, and KNM-ER 62000 are rectangular, whereas the tooth row of KNM-ER 1802 is U-shaped, which may indicate that these two morphs represent different species, or demonstrate the normal range of variation for "H. rudolfensis" jaws. In UR 501 from Uraha, Malawi—the oldest "H. rudolfensis" specimen dating to 2.5–2.3 mya—the tooth enamel thickness is the same as in other early "Homo", but the enamel on the molars is almost as thick as "Paranthropus" molars (which have some of the thickest enamel of any hominin). Such a wide variation in enamel thickness across the cheek teeth is not exhibited in KNM-ER 1802, which may indicate regional differences among "H. rudolfensis" populations.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: Body size estimates of "H. rudolfensis" and "H. habilis" typically conclude a small size comparable to australopithecines. These largely depend on the "H. habilis" partial skeleton OH 62 estimated at in height and in weight. "H. rudolfensis" is thought to be bigger than "H. habilis", but it is unclear how big this species was as no bodily elements have been definitively associated with a skull. Based on just the KNM-ER 1470 skull, male "H. rudolfensis" were estimated to have been in height and in weight, and females and .


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: For specimens that might be "H. rudolfensis": the femur KNM-ER 1472 which may also be "H. habilis" or "H. ergaster" was estimated at and , the humerus KNM-ER 1473 and , the partial leg KNM-ER 1481 which may also be "H. ergaster" and , the pelvis KNM-ER 3228 which may also be "H. ergaster" and , and the femur KNM-ER 3728 which may be "H. habilis" or "P. boisei" and . It is generally assumed that pre-"H. ergaster" hominins, including "H. rudolfensis" and "H. habilis", exhibited sexual dimorphism with males markedly bigger than females. However, relative female body mass is unknown in either species.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: Early hominins, including "H. rudolfensis", are thought to have had thick body hair coverage like modern non-human apes because they appear to have inhabited cooler regions and are thought to have had a less active lifestyle than (presumed hairless) post-"ergaster" species, and so probably required thick body hair to stay warm. The juvenile specimen KNM-ER 62000, a partial face, has the same age landmarks as a 13 to 14 year old modern human, but more likely died at around 8 years of age due to the presumed faster growth rate among early hominins based on dental development rate.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: It is typically thought that the diets of early "Homo" had a greater proportion of meat than "Australopithecus", and that this led to brain growth. The main hypotheses regarding this are: meat is energy- and nutrient-rich and put evolutionary pressure on developing enhanced cognitive skills to facilitate strategic scavenging and monopolise fresh carcasses, or meat allowed the large and calorie-expensive ape gut to decrease in size allowing this energy to be diverted to brain growth. Alternatively, it is also suggested that early "Homo", in a drying climate with scarcer food options, relied primarily on underground storage organs (such as tubers) and food sharing, which facilitated social bonding among both male and female group members. However, unlike what is presumed for "H. ergaster" and later "Homo", short-statured early "Homo" were likely incapable of endurance running and hunting, and the long and "Australopithecus"-like forearm of "H. habilis" could indicate early "Homo" were still arboreal to a degree. Also, organised hunting and gathering is thought to have emerged in "H. ergaster". Nonetheless, the proposed food-gathering models to explain large brain growth necessitate increased daily travel distance. Large incisor size in "H. rudolfensis" and "H. habilis" compared to "Australopithecus" predecessors implies these two species relied on incisors more. The large, "Australopithecus"-like molars could indicate more mechanically challenging food compared to later "Homo". The bodies of the mandibles of "H. rudolfensis" and other early "Homo" are thicker than those of modern humans and all living apes, more comparable to "Australopithecus". The mandibular body resists torsion from the bite force or chewing, meaning their jaws could produce unusually powerful stresses while eating.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: "H. rudolfensis" is not associated with any tools. However, the greater molar cusp relief in "H. rudolfensis" and "H. habilis" compared to "Australopithecus" suggests the former two used tools to fracture tough foods (such as pliable plant parts or meat), otherwise the cusps would have been more worn down. Nonetheless, the jaw adaptations for processing mechanically challenging food indicates technological advancement did not greatly affect their diet. Large concentrations of stone tools are known from Koobi Fora. Because these aggregations are coincident with the emergence of "H. ergaster", it is probable "H. ergaster" manufactured them, though it is not possible to definitively attribute the tools to a species because "H. rudolfensis", "H. habilis", and "P. boisei" are also well-known from the area. The oldest specimen of "Homo", LD 350-1, is associated with the Oldowan stone tool industry, meaning this tradition had been in use by the genus since near its emergence.


title: Homo rudolfensis

text: Early "H. rudolfensis" and "Paranthropus" have exceptionally thick molars for hominins, and the emergence of these two coincides with a cooling and aridity trend in Africa about 2.5 mya. This could mean they evolved due to climate change. Nonetheless, in East Africa, tropical forests and woodlands still persisted through periods of drought. "H. rudolfensis" coexisted with "H. habilis", "H. ergaster", and "P. boisei".


title: Kitchen garden

text: The traditional kitchen garden, vegetable garden, also known as a potager (from the French ) or in Scotland a kailyaird, is a space separate from the rest of the residential garden – the ornamental plants and lawn areas. It is used for growing edible plants and often some medicinal plants, especially historically. The plants are grown for domestic use; though some seasonal surpluses are given away or sold, a commercial operation growing a variety of vegetables is more commonly termed a market garden (or a farm). The kitchen garden is different not only in its history, but also its functional design. It differs from an allotment in that a kitchen garden is on private land attached or very close to the dwelling. It is regarded as essential that the kitchen garden could be quickly accessed by the cook.


title: Kitchen garden

text: Historically, most small country gardens were probably mainly or entirely used as kitchen gardens, but in large country houses the kitchen garden was a segregated area, normally rectangular and enclosed by a wall or hedge, walls being useful for training fruit trees as well as offering shelter from wind. Such large examples very often included greenhouses and furnace-heated hothouses for more tender delicacies, and also flowers for display in the house; an orangery was the ultimate type. In large houses, the kitchen garden was typically placed diagonally to the rear and side of the house, not impeding the views from the front and rear facades, but still quick to access. In some cases, hardy flowers for cutting were grown outside there, rather than in the flower garden. A large country house hardly expected to buy any vegetables, herbs or fruit, and the surplus was often distributed as presents; the walled example at Croome Court in England covers seven acres, and the gardens have a large "Temple Greenhouse", an orangery in the form of a Roman Temple.


title: Kitchen garden

text: A symbol of American self-sufficiency and the colonial homestead, practical kitchen gardens were the center of home life in early America. In Europe, especially Britain, the difficulties in food supply during World War II resulted in a huge, if temporary, upsurge in growing vegetables in small gardens, with much encouragement from the government Ministry of Food. In modern gardening, there has been interest in integrating the growing of food plants within a mainly ornamental garden; fruit trees and cooking herbs are the simplest and most popular expression of this.


title: Kitchen garden

text: In large country house gardens, the walls also served to hide the kitchen garden, as "a place of base labour ... from the more polite areas", which included the often very extensive fruit gardens and orchards. The gardeners were often, depending on the season, the number of guests, and the whim of the owner, expected to keep out of the main "best garden" during the fairly predictable parts of the day when the family and guests were likely to be walking in the garden, and the kitchen garden provided somewhere for them to occupy themselves at these times. Mostly, visitors were probably not expected to venture inside without leave. But some owners, from Louis XIV downwards, liked to show guests the kitchen garden, especially if they knew they had an interest. In the gardens of Versailles, the enormous "potager" area, not contiguous with the main gardens, had a wall that was thick enough for visitors to accompany the king in walking along the top for a better view, as on castle battlements.


title: Kitchen garden

text: The French doctor and printer, Charles Estienne, wrote in detail about the 16th century kitchen garden in "Maison Rustique"; his book was largely compiled from classical authors. This practical garden was to be separated from the pleasure gardens, enclosed by a thick hedge or wall. Estienne viewed hedges as more resilient, cost effective and were easier to repair and maintain, but at least in later periods, walls seem to have been more usual; some were hot walls, with a central cavity gently heated by furnaces. Certainly walls leave more traces behind for the garden archaeologist. The hedge, Estienne says, can be planted with red and white gooseberry bushes, medlar and olive trees, woodbine, whitethorn, wild apples, brambles, and eglantiness. Lattices were woven from willow branches and every year renewed, unless made with juniper poles that had been reinforced with charred oak.


title: Kitchen garden

text: In the Middle Ages, the kitchen garden was often a separate enclosure some way away from the main house. The Covent Garden area of London got its name as the kitchen garden for Westminster Abbey, though some distance from the abbey itself. In Renaissance times, the kitchen garden was rather close to the house, but by the mid-17th-century many were being moved further away, with a service road leading to the main house. At Versailles a public road needs to be crossed to reach it.


title: Kitchen garden

text: In the UK, by the 19th century, as the breeding of vegetable cultivars greatly increased, a plethora of magazines, societies and competitions in local or county fairs, supported what had become (and remains) a popular form of specialist gardening. Some gardeners concentrated on mere size, leading to monstrous (and largely tasteless) strains of vegetables such as leeks. The new allotments, small pieces of a plot of land made available by local councils or charities, often specified that only edible plants were to be grown.


title: Kitchen garden

text: According to Estienne, of the planted crops, turnips required the most room, and planted next to these were coleworts, and a path leading to plots of sorrel, arugula, parsley, spinach, beets, and orach, then separated from the greens another path to the root vegetables, leeks, onions, garlic, carrots, and scallions, and so on for edible flowers and winter potherbs like thyme, sage, lavender, rosemary, hyssop, southern wormwood, savoury, lemon balm, basil, costmary, spikenard, chamomile, and pennyroyal.


title: Kitchen garden

text: Marigolds could grow perennially in untilled fields, and their juice and flowers were reputed to have many benefits from soothing eye irritation to relieving tooth pain. Strawberry juice and wine were rumored to have similar benefits for the eyes, and, according to Estienne, the berries themselves had "no neede of greate toile or tilling". Modern researchers continue to study whether reduced tillage improves weed control and yield for strawberry plants.


title: Kitchen garden

text: Other plants found in the kitchen garden: asparagus, artichoke, sow thistle, endive, chicory, watercress, scallions, chives, parsnips, purslane, smallage, tarragon, borage, bugloss, radishes, rapeseed, skirret, poppy, mustard, cucumbers and gourds.


title: Kitchen garden

text: Citrus and melons could be part of the kitchen garden also, if the conditions of soil and climate were such as to support their growth.


title: Kitchen garden

text: In some modern gardens, edible plants and especially herbs are planted alongside ornamental plants. Fruit trees are one of the most common ways of doing this. The goal is to make the function of providing food aesthetically pleasing.


title: Kitchen garden

text: Plants are chosen as much for their functionality as for their color and form. Many are trained to grow upward. A well-designed potager can provide food as well as cut flowers and herbs for the home with very little maintenance. Potagers can disguise their function of providing for a home in a wide array of forms—from the cottage garden to the formality of a knot garden.


title: Kitchen garden

text: The owner of one of the Loire chateaux in France, the Château de Villandry decided many decades ago, to recreate a French formal garden with an elaborate geometrical scheme of beds surrounded by low hedges, but planted with kitchen garden plants (more recently the garden has been extended, the new areas mostly not planted with vegetables). This striking scheme has been highly effective in turning the gardens into a tourist attraction, but is in no way historically authentic.


title: Kitchen garden

text: A vegetable garden (also known as a vegetable patch or vegetable plot) is a garden that exists to grow vegetables and other plants useful for human consumption, in contrast to a flower garden that exists for aesthetic purposes. It is a small-scale form of vegetable growing. A vegetable garden typically includes a compost heap, and several plots or divided areas of land, intended to grow one or two types of plant in each plot. Plots may also be divided into rows with an assortment of vegetables grown in the different rows. It is usually located to the rear of a property in the back garden or back yard. About a third of adults in the UK and America grow food in private or community kitchen or vegetable gardens. In World War II, many people had a "victory garden" which provided food and thus freed resources for the war effort.


title: Kitchen garden

text: With worsening economic conditions and increased interest in organic and sustainable living, many people are turning to vegetable gardening as a supplement to their family's diet. Food grown in the back yard consumes little if any fuel for shipping or maintenance, and the grower can be sure of what exactly was used to grow it. Organic horticulture, or organic gardening, has become increasingly popular for the modern home gardener.


title: Kitchen garden

text: The herb garden is often a separate space in the garden, devoted to growing a specific group of plants known as herbs. These gardens may be informal patches of plants, or they may be carefully designed, even to the point of arranging and clipping the plants to form specific patterns, as in a knot garden.


title: Kitchen garden

text: Herb gardens may be purely functional or they may include a blend of functional and ornamental plants. The herbs are usually used to flavour food in cooking, though they may also be used in other ways, such as discouraging pests, providing pleasant scents, or serving medicinal purposes (such as a physic garden), among others.


title: Kitchen garden

text: A kitchen garden can be created by planting different herbs in pots or containers, with the added benefit of mobility. Although not all herbs thrive in pots or containers, some herbs do better than others. Mint, a fragrant yet invasive herb, is an example of an herb that is advisable to keep in a container or it will take over the whole garden.


title: Intimate part

text: An intimate part, personal part or private part is a place on the human body which is customarily kept covered by clothing in public venues and conventional settings, as a matter of fashion and cultural norms. In several cultures, revealing these parts is seen as a religious offence.


title: Intimate part

text: Definitions vary, but usually they are primarily the parts involved in sexual arousal, procreation, and elimination of excreta and related matter, including:


title: Intimate part

text: The term "intimate parts" may be construed to mean only the external body parts that are visible when naked, rather than the body parts more commonly referred to. For example, when naked, a woman's pudendal cleft is predominantly visible rather than the vagina, and a man's scrotum is visible rather than the testes which are contained within.


title: Intimate part

text: Female breasts are considered as parts that would be covered in most contexts but with a degree of tolerance for toplessness varying in different regions and cultures. For example, Fischtein, Herold and Desmarais (2005) found that acceptance of toplessness in a sample of Canadians varied depending on both personal factors (such as the respondent's gender, age, and religion) and contextual factors (i.e. toplessness in streets, parks, or beaches).


title: Intimate part

text: In some periods of European history, female shoulders and legs may have been considered intimate parts. More conservative viewpoints in the West in some contexts still find it appropriate that females should cover their shoulders, particularly when entering a church or other sacred space.


title: Intimate part

text: In Islamic traditions, the definition of awrah is similar to the definition of intimate parts in Western culture. The extent of cover for the female body depends upon the situation, but may include the hair, shoulders, and neck in addition to the aforementioned "intimate parts". A majority of scholars agree that the entire body except the face and hands should be covered in public or in front of unrelated non-Muslim women and in front of unrelated men. The exceptions are the scholars from Hanafi school of thought, which has the largest number of followers, which agree that the feet are not part of the awrah and therefore may be revealed. For males, most scholars regard all parts of body from the navel to the knees as awrah.


title: Intimate part

text: The intentional exposure of one's intimate parts is a form of exhibitionism. Such exposure may be subject to strict social rules, social control and even criminal justice, if it is considered to be a form of indecent exposure. The unintentional exposure of intimate parts (as in the case of a "wardrobe malfunction") may be connected with feelings of shame.


title: Intimate part

text: Intentionally touching the intimate parts of another person, even through clothing, is often associated with sexual intent. If this is done without the consent of the person being touched, it is considered groping or in some cases sexual harassment or sexual assault.


title: Intimate part

text: Naturism is a lifestyle choice that is characterized by the practice of nudity both alone and in groups. Some naturists hold that nakedness is not automatically a sexual state and that covering areas of the body is merely a social construct: they believe that the norms of society can be upheld even when all are nude.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: Frank Dominick Clark (born June 14, 1993) is an American football defensive end for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Michigan. As a junior, he was a 2013 All-Big Ten second-team selection by the coaches and honorable mention selection by the media for the 2013 team. Clark was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the second round of the 2015 NFL Draft.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: After spending his rookie year in a reduced backup role, Clark totaled 10 sacks in his sophomore season. He continued his high level of play the following two years, making a combined 22 sacks and five forced fumbles. Following the 2018 season, the Seahawks placed a franchise tag on Clark before trading him to the Chiefs, who subsequently signed him to a $105 million extension.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In high school, Clark played numerous positions for head coach Ted Ginn Sr. at Glenville High School, but he was least interested in playing the position that Ginn felt he was most naturally suited to play (outside linebacker or defensive end). The position he was most interested in playing was safety. As a senior, he recorded 70 tackles and 19 sacks on defense, and caught 12 passes, including three for touchdowns on offense.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In track & field, Clark competed in events ranging from sprints, hurdles and jumps. He had bests of 23.5 seconds in the 200-meter dash, 15.53 seconds in the 110m hurdles, 39.55 seconds in the 300m hurdles, 1.88 meters (or 6–2) in the high jump, 6.37 meters (20–5) in the long jump and 13.07 meters (42–7.75) in the triple jump. He also ran the 40-yard dash in 4.53 seconds.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: Clark was a three-star nationally rated player at outside linebacker, tight end, and defensive end. He signed his National Letter of Intent to attend Michigan on February 2, 2011.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: As a freshman for the 2011 Wolverines, Clark had an interception that set up one of Michigan's two touchdowns in the January 3, 2012 Sugar Bowl against Virginia Tech. In the following offseason leading up to the season opener for the 2012 team against Alabama, Clark was suspended from the team for felony second-degree home invasion, for alleged theft of a MacBook Air. He was allowed to return to practice a few weeks later. He eventually pleaded guilty to the felony charge after missing one week. He was subject to punishment not more than 15 years in prison and $3,000 fine, but was eligible for sentencing under the Holmes Youthful Trainee Act, which would expunge the record upon satisfaction of probation requirements. Clark had quarterback sacks in each of the team's two final regular season games against Iowa and Ohio State.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In Clark's first two years at Michigan he added over , without losing any speed. On September 21, he had 1.5 sacks against Connecticut, including one on third down during Connecticut's final possession as the 2013 Wolverines clung to a 24–21 lead. He also had two sacks against Penn State on October 12 and ran back a fumble recovery for a touchdown, although it was not enough to help Michigan avert its first loss of the season. Following the regular season, he was recognized as a second-team All-Big Ten selection by the coaches and an honorable mention selection by the media. On November 16, 2014, Clark was arrested for domestic violence and dismissed from the football team.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: Clark was drafted in the second round of the 2015 NFL Draft with the 63rd overall selection by the Seattle Seahawks. With his selection he joined the Legion of Boom defense coming off back-to-back Super Bowl appearances. He spent the 2015 season as a backup to Michael Bennett and Cliff Avril at defensive end. Clark had 2 tackles in week 3 against the Chicago Bears on September 27. On November 29, Clark had a sack against the Pittsburgh Steelers. On December 6 against the Minnesota Vikings, Clark had 2 sacks. In the of the 2015–16 NFL playoffs against the Carolina Panthers, Clark had one sack in the 31–24 loss.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: During the offseason on May 9, 2017, Clark was criticized for a tweet he directed at Bleacher Report journalist Natalie Weiner. Weiner had previously written about Clark's domestic violence arrest. Clark told Weiner that "People like you don’t have long careers in your field. I have a job for you cleaning my fish tanks when that lil job is ova." In the 2017 season, he finished with nine sacks, 32 total tackles, two passes defensed, and two forced fumbles.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In Week 6 of the 2018 season, Clark recorded 2.5 sacks on quarterback Derek Carr to along with four tackles in a 27–3 win over the Oakland Raiders, earning him NFC Defensive Player of the Week. He finished the season with 41 combined tackles, 13 sacks, two pass deflection, one interception, and three forced fumbles through 16 starts.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: On April 23, 2019, Clark was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs along with the Seahawks' 3rd round selection in the 2019 NFL Draft, in exchange for the Chiefs' 1st and 3rd round selections in the 2019 NFL draft and a conditional 2nd round selection (less favorable of Chiefs/49ers 2nd round picks) in the 2020 NFL Draft. After the trade, he signed a five-year contract worth $105.5 million with $63.5 million guaranteed.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: Clark made his debut with the Chiefs in Week 1 against the Jacksonville Jaguars. In the game, Clark made one tackle and intercepted quarterback Gardner Minshew in the 40–26 win.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In Week 3 against the Baltimore Ravens, Clark recorded his first sack of the season on Lamar Jackson in the 33–28 win.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In Week 6 against the Houston Texans, Clark forced a fumble on Carlos Hyde and recovered the ball in the 31–24 loss.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In Week 7 against the Denver Broncos, Clark recorded 2 sacks on Joe Flacco in the 30–6 win. Overall, Clark finished the 2019 season with 37 total tackles, eight sacks, four passes defensed, three forced fumbles, and one interception


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In the Divisional Round of the playoffs against the Houston Texans, Clark sacked Deshaun Watson three times during the 51–31 win.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In the AFC Championship Game against the Tennessee Titans, Clark made a game ending sack on Ryan Tannehill on a fourth down late in the fourth quarter to seal a 35–24 Chiefs' win. In Super Bowl LIV against the San Francisco 49ers, Clark recorded a sack on Jimmy Garoppolo on a fourth down late in the fourth quarter during the 31–20 win.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: Clark finished the 2020 season with 29 total tackles, six sacks, and two passes defensed in 15 games. In the AFC Championship against the Buffalo Bills, Clark recorded two sacks on Josh Allen during the 38–24 win.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In Super Bowl LV against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Clark recorded one sack on Tom Brady during the 9–31 loss.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In 2021, Clark started 14 games and finished the season with 22 total tackles and 4.5 sacks. Clark was also selected to his 3rd Pro Bowl.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: In week 7 of the 2022 season, Clark recorded his first career safety sacking Jimmy Garoppolo in the endzone. Two days later on October 25, 2022, he was suspended for two games for his arrest in June 2021.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: During Michigan's 2014 season, Clark was arrested for domestic violence. He said at the time of his arrest that he and his girlfriend got into an argument in a hotel room in Sandusky, Ohio, but that he didn’t touch her. The officer who responded said that Clark had an injury on his nose and determined he was intoxicated at the time of his arrest. A lamp in the hotel room was damaged and his girlfriend had large welt on the side of her cheek and marks on her neck, as well as what appeared to be a rug burn. She reportedly threw a remote at Clark during the argument, to which Clark responded by restraining her on the bed. She bit his nose to try to get free, after which he shoved her head into the bed but she got free. After getting free Clark reportedly punched her. As she was trying to leave the room, she threw the alarm clock at Clark. Clark pleaded guilty to a charge of disorderly conduct but had the assault charges dropped. He was required to pay a $350 fine and was sentenced to a three-day jail sentence, but was given credit for time already served after his arrest. He was also dismissed from the football team.


title: Frank Clark (American football)

text: On June 20, 2021, Clark was arrested in Los Angeles for felony firearm possession. He was initially pulled over by police on suspicion of a vehicle code violation. Police noticed a bag with an uzi sitting in the backseat. He was released the following day on bond. After the arrest, it was reported that he was also arrested on a gun charge in March 2021. He was charged with felony possession of an assault weapon, which carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison. He pled no contest on the charges and was sentenced to one year of probation and 40 hours of community service on September 8, 2022.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The Insurrection of 10 August 1792 was a defining event of the French Revolution, when armed revolutionaries in Paris, increasingly in conflict with the French monarchy, stormed the Tuileries Palace. The conflict led France to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: Conflict between King Louis XVI of France and the country's new revolutionary Legislative Assembly increased through the spring and summer of 1792 as Louis vetoed radical measures voted upon by the Assembly. Tensions accelerated dramatically on 1 August when news reached Paris that the commander of the allied Prussian and Austrian armies had issued the Brunswick Manifesto, threatening "unforgettable vengeance" on Paris should harm be done to the French Monarchy. On 10 August, the National Guard of the Paris Commune and "fédérés" from Marseille and Brittany stormed the King's residence in the Tuileries Palace in Paris, which was defended by the Swiss Guards. Hundreds of Swiss guardsmen and 400 revolutionaries were killed in the battle, and Louis and the royal family took shelter with the Legislative Assembly. The formal end of the monarchy occurred six weeks later on 21 September as one of the first acts of the new National Convention, which established a Republic on the next day.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The insurrection and its outcomes are most commonly referred to by historians of the Revolution simply as ""the 10 August""; other common designations include ""the day of the 10 August"" () or ""the Second Revolution"".


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: On 20 April 1792, France declared war against the King of Bohemia and Hungary (Austria). The initial battles were a disaster for the French, and Prussia joined Austria in active alliance against France, eventually declaring war on France on 13 June. The blame for the disaster was put upon the King and his ministers (the Austrian Committee), and after upon the Girondin party.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The Legislative Assembly passed decrees sentencing any priest denounced by 20 citizens to immediate deportation (27 May), dissolving the King's guard because it was manned by aristocrats (29 May), and establishing in the vicinity of Paris a camp of 20,000 Fédérés (8 June). The King vetoed the decrees and dismissed Girondists from the Ministry. When the King formed a new cabinet mostly of constitutional monarchists ("Feuillants"), this widened the breach between the King and the Assembly and the majority of the common people of Paris. These events happened on 16 June when Lafayette sent a letter to the Assembly, recommending suppression of "anarchists" and political clubs in the capital.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The King's veto of the Legislative Assembly's decrees was published on 19 June, one day before the third anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath, which had inaugurated the Revolution. The popular "journée" of 20 June 1792 was organized to put pressure on the King. Appearing before the crowd, the King put on the "bonnet rouge" of liberty and drank to the health of the nation, but refused to ratify decrees or to recall the ministers. The republican mayor of Paris, Pétion, was suspended by the Directory of the Seine "département" for having neglected to protect the Tuileries Palace on 20 June. On 28 June, general Lafayette left his post with the army and appeared before the Assembly to call on the deputies to dissolve the Jacobin Club and punish those who were responsible for the demonstration of 20 June. The deputies indicted the general for deserting his command. The King rejected all suggestions of escape from Lafayette, the man who had long presided over his imprisonment. The crowd burnt him in effigy at the Palais-Royal. There was no place for Lafayette beside the republican emblem, nor in the country which had adopted it. Within six weeks he was arrested whilst fleeing to England and placed in an Austrian prison. Lafayette failed because his views clashed with French national sentiment, and his passive leadership of French armies had given the Prussians time to finish their preparations and concentrate upon the Rhine undisturbed.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: A decree of 2 July authorized national guards, many of whom were already on their way to Paris, to come for the Federation ceremony. A decree of 5 July declared that in the event of danger to the nation all able-bodied men could be called to service and necessary arms requisitioned. Six days later the Assembly declared "la patrie est en danger" (the homeland is in danger). Banners were placed in the public squares, with the words:


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: On 3 July Pierre Vergniaud gave a wider scope to the debate by uttering a threat against the King's person: "It is in the King's name that the French princes have tried to rouse all the courts of Europe against the nation, it is to avenge the dignity of the King that the treaty of Pillnitz was concluded and the monstrous alliance formed between the Courts of Vienna and Berlin; it is to defend the King that we have seen what were formerly companies of the Gardes du Corps hurrying to join the standard of rebellion in Germany; it is to come to the assistance of the King that the "émigrés" are soliciting and obtaining employment in the Austrian army and preparing to stab their fatherland to the heart... it is in the name of the King that liberty is being attacked... yet I read in the Constitution, chapter II, section i, article 6: "If the king place himself at the head of an army and turn its forces against the nation, or if he do not explicitly manifest his opposition to any such enterprise carried out in his name, he shall be considered to have abdicated his royal office."" Vergniaud recalled the royal veto, the disorders it had caused in the provinces, and the deliberate inaction of the generals who had opened the way to invasion; and he implied it to the Assembly that Louis XVI came within the scope of this article of the Constitution. By this means he put the idea of deposing the King into the minds of the public. His speech was circulated by the Assembly through all the departments.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: Evading the royal veto on an armed camp, the Assembly had invited National Guards from the provinces, on their way to the front, to come to Paris, ostensibly for 14 July celebrations. By mid-July the "Fédérés" were petitioning the Assembly to dethrone the king. The "Fédérés" were reluctant to leave Paris before a decisive blow had been struck, and the arrival on 25 July of 300 from Brest and five days later of 500 Marseillais, who made the streets of Paris echo with the song to which they gave their name, provided the revolutionaries with a formidable force.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The "Fédérés" set up a central committee and a secret directory that included some of the Parisian leaders and to assure direct contact with the sections. A coordinating committee had been formed of one federal from each department. Within this body soon appeared a secret committee of five members. Vaugeois of Blois, Debesse of The Drome, Guillaume of Caen, and Simon of Strasbourg were names nearly unknown to history: but they were the creators of a movement that shook France. They met at Maurice Duplay's house in the Rue Saint-Honoré, where Robespierre had his lodgings, in a room occupied by their fifth member, Antoine, the mayor of Metz. They conferred with a group of section leaders hardly better known than themselves—the journalists and Gorsas, and of the "Faubourg Saint-Marceau", Fournier "the American", Westermann (the only soldier among them), the baker Garin, Anaxagoras Chaumette and Santerre of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Daily meetings were held by the individual sections, and on 25 July the assembly authorized continuous sessions for them. On the 27th Pétion, who had been reinstated as Paris mayor by the Assembly on 13 July, permitted a "correspondence office" to be set up in the "Hôtel de Ville". Not all sections opposed the king, but passive citizens joined them, and on the 30th the section of the "Théâtre Français" gave all its members the right to vote. At the section meetings, Jacobins and "sans-culottes" clashed with moderates and gradually gained the upper hand. On 30 July a decree admitted passive citizens to the National Guard.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: On 1 August came news of a manifesto signed by the Duke of Brunswick, threatening as it did summary justice on the people of Paris if Louis and his family were harmed: "they will wreak an exemplary and forever memorable vengeance, by giving up the city of Paris to a military execution, and total destruction, and the rebels guilty of assassinations, to the execution that they have merited." This Brunswick Manifesto became known in Paris on 1 August and heated the republican spirit to revolutionary fury.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: Insurrection threatened to break out on the 26 July, again on the 30 July. It was postponed both times through the efforts of Pétion, who was to present the section petitions to the Assembly on 3 August. On 4 August, the section of the Quinze-Vingts, the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, gave the Legislative assembly an ultimatum: until 9 August to prove itself. Of the forty-eight sections of Paris, all but one concurred. Pétion informed the Legislative Assembly that the sections had "resumed their sovereignty" and that he had no power over the people other than that of persuasion. On the 9th the Assembly refused to indict Lafayette. That night the tocsin rang.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: Throughout the night of 9 August, the sections sat in consultation. At 11 o'clock the "Quinze-Vingts" section proposed that each section should appoint three of its members onto a body with instructions "to recommend immediate steps to save the state" ("sauver la chose publique"). During the night 28 sections answered this invitation. Their representatives constituted the Insurrectional Commune. and Chaumette went to the barracks of the Marseilles Fédérés in the section of the Cordeliers, while Santerre roused the "Faubourg Saint-Antoine", and the "Faubourg Saint-Marceau".


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The municipality was already in session. From midnight until three o'clock the next morning the old and new, the legal and the insurrectional communes, sat in adjoining rooms at the Town Hall ("Hôtel de Ville"). The illegal body organized the attack on Tuileries. The legal body, by recalling the officer in charge of the troops at the Tuileries, disorganized its defense. Between six and seven in the morning this farcical situation was brought to an end. The Insurrectional Commune informed the municipal body, in a formally worded resolution, that they had decided upon its suspension; but they would retain the mayor (Pétion), the prosecutor (Manuel), the "deputy-prosecutor" (Danton), and the administrators in their executive functions. The resolution stated that "When the People puts itself into a state of insurrection, it withdraws all powers and takes it to itself."


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The king had failed to buy off the popular leaders. According to Malouet, 37,000 livres had been paid to Pétion and Santerre for worthless promises to stop the insurrection. He rejected the last-minute advice, not only of Vergniaud and Guadet, now alarmed by a turn of affairs they brought about and also of his loyal old minister Malesherbes, to abdicate the throne. He was determined to defend the Tuileries. His supporters had anticipated and prepared for the attack long beforehand, and were confident of success. A plan of defense, drawn up by a professional soldier, had been adopted by the Paris department on 25 June: for it was their official duty to safeguard the Executive Power. The palace was easy to defend. It was garrisoned by the only regular troops on either side—950 veteran Swiss mercenaries of the "Gardes Suisse"; these were backed by 930 "gendarmes", 2,000 national guards, and 200–300 "Chevaliers de Saint Louis", and other royalist volunteers. Five thousand men should have been an ample defense; though it appears that, by some oversight, they were seriously short of ammunition. Police spies reported to the commune that underground passages had been constructed by which additional troops could be secretly introduced from their barracks. Mandat, the commander of the National Guard, was not very sure of his forces, but the tone of his orders was so resolute that it seemed to steady the troops. He had stationed some troops on the Pont Neuf so as to prevent a junction between the insurgents on the two sides of the river, which could prevent any combined movement on their part.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: Pétion, the mayor of Paris, Roederer the prosecutor of the Paris department, and Mandat, the commander of the National Guard and the officer in charge of the troops detailed for the defense of the Tuileries. Pétion professed that he had to come to defend the royal family; but at about 2 a.m., hearing himself threatened by a group of royalist gunners, he obeyed summons to the Parliament-house, reported that all precautions had been taken to keep the peace, and retired to the "Mairie", where he was confined on the orders of the Insurrectional Commune. Roederer's first act was to assure the royal family that there would be no attack. His second act, when a series of bulletins from Blondel, the secretary of the department, made it clear that an attack was imminent, was to persuade Louis to abandon the defense of the palace and to put himself under the protection of the assembly. Mandat, after seeing to the defense of the palace, was persuaded by Roederer (in the third and fatal mistake of the Tuileries defense) to obey a treacherous summons from the Town Hall. Mandat knew nothing of the formation of the Insurrectional Commune, and thus he departed without any escort. He was put under arrest, and shortly after murdered. His command was transferred to Santerre.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: At about 7 a.m. the head of the federal column was seen debouching on the back of the palace, there was no one to order the defense. Louis, sleepily reviewing his garrison, "in full dress, with his sword at his side, but with the powder falling out his hair," was greeted by some of the National Guards with cries of ""Vive la nation!"" and ""A bas le véto!"". Louis made no reply and went back to the Tuileries. Behind him, quarrels were breaking out in the ranks. The gunners declared they would not fire on their brethren.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: Hating violence, and dreading bloodshed, Louis listened willingly to Roederer's suggestion that he should abandon the defense of the palace. The queen urged in vain that they should stay and fight. Before even a single shot had been fired, the royal family were in retreat across the gardens to the door of the Assembly. "Gentlemen," said the king, "I come here to avoid a great crime; I think I cannot be safer than with you." "Sire," replied Vergniaud, who filled the chair, "you may rely on the firmness of the national assembly. Its members have sworn to die in maintaining the rights of the people, and the constituted authorities." The king then took his seat next to the president. But Chabot reminded him that the assembly could not deliberate in the presence of the king, and Louis retired with his family and ministers into the reporter's box behind the president. There, the king was given a seat and he listened, with his customary air of bland indifference, whilst the deputies discussed his fate. The queen sat at the bar of the House, with the Dauphin on her knees.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The incentive for resistance fell away with the king's departure. The means of defense had been diminished by the departure of a detachment of National Guardsmen who escorted the royal family to the National Assembly. The "gendarmerie" left their posts, crying "Vive la nation!", and the National Guard's inclination began to move towards the insurgents. On the right bank of the river, the battalions of the "Faubourg Saint-Antoine", and, on the left, those of the "Faubourg Saint-Marcel", the Bretons, and the Marseilles "fédérés", marched forth as freely as if going to parade. At many places that had been ordered guarded, no resistance was put up at all, like at the Arcade Saint-Jean, the passages of the bridges, alongside the quays, and in the court of the Louvre. An advance guard consisting of men, women, and children, all armed with cutters, cudgels, and pikes, spread over the abandoned Carrousel, and around eight o'clock the advance column, led by Westermann, was in front of the palace.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The assault on the Palace began at eight o'clock in the morning. As per the King's orders, the regulars of the Swiss Guard had retired into the interior of the building, and the defense of the courtyard had been left to the National Guard. The Marseillais rushed in, fraternized with the gunners of the National Guard, reached the vestibule, ascended the grand staircase, and called on the Swiss Guard to surrender. "Surrender to the Nation!", shouted Westermann in German. "We should think ourselves dishonored!" was the reply. "We are Swiss, the Swiss do not part with their arms but with their lives. We think that we do not merit such an insult. If the regiment is no longer wanted, let it be legally discharged. But we will not leave our post, nor will we let our arms be taken from us."


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The Swiss filled the windows of the château and stood motionless. The two bodies confronted each other for some time, without either of them making a definitive move. A few of the assailants advanced amicably, and, in what was taken by the revolutionaries to be a gesture of encouragement, some of the Swiss threw some cartridges from the windows as a token of peace. The insurgents penetrated as far as the vestibule, where they were met by a less friendly group of Swiss defenders of the château, commanded by officers of the Court. The two bodies of troops remained facing each other on the staircase for forty-five minutes. A barrier separated them, and there the combat began; it is unknown which side took the initiative. The Swiss, firing from above, cleaned out the vestibule and the courts, rushed down into the square and seized the cannon; the insurgents scattered out of range. The Marseillais, nevertheless, rallied behind the entrances of the houses on the Carrousel, threw cartridges into the courts of the small buildings and set them on fire. Then the Swiss attacked, stepped over the corpses, seized the cannon, recovered possession of the royal entrance, crossed the Place du Carrousel, and even carried off the guns drawn up there. As at the Bastille, the cry of "Treachery!" went up. The attackers assumed that they had been drawn into a deliberate ambush and henceforth the Swiss were the subject of violent hatred on the part of "sans-culottes".


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: At that moment the battalions of the "Faubourg Saint-Antoine" arrived, and the reinforced insurgents pushed the Swiss back into the palace. Louis, hearing from the "manége" the sound of firing, wrote on a scrap of paper: "The king orders the Swiss to lay down their arms at once, and to retire to their barracks." To obey this order in the midst of heavy fighting meant almost certain death and the Swiss officers in command did not immediately act upon it. However, the position of the Swiss Guard soon became untenable as their ammunition ran low and casualties mounted. The King's note was then produced and the defenders were ordered to disengage. The main body of Swiss Guards fell back through the palace and retreated under fire through the gardens at the rear of the building. They were brought to a halt near the central Round Pond, broken into smaller groups and slaughtered. Some sought sanctuary in the Parliament House: about sixty were surrounded, taken as prisoners to the Town Hall, and put to death by the crowd there, beneath the statue of Louis XIV. Out of the nine hundred Swiss on duty at the palace only about three hundred survived the fighting, and of these an estimated two hundred either died of their wounds in prison or during the September Massacres that followed. A further three hundred Swiss Guards had been sent to Normandy to escort grain convoys a few days before 10 August and escaped the massacre.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The victims of the massacre also included some of the male courtiers and members of the palace staff, although being less conspicuous than the red-coated Swiss Guards others were able to escape.  No female members of the court seem to have been killed during the massacre. According to Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, after the royal family left the palace only in the company of Princess de Lamballe and Madame de Tourzel, the remaining ladies-in-waiting were gathered in a room in the queen's apartment, and when they were spotted, a man prevented an attack upon them by exclaiming, in the name of Pétion: "Spare the women! Don't disgrace the nation!" As the queen's entire household was gathered in her apartment, this may also have included female servants. Campan also mentioned two maids outside of this room, neither of whom was killed despite a male member of the staff being murdered beside them. The ladies-in-waiting were, according to Campan, "escorted to prison." This is more or less confirmed in the memoirs of Pauline de Tourzel, who states that when the mob entered the chamber where the ladies-in-waiting were gathered, the Princesse de Tarente approached one of the rebels and asked for his protection for her colleagues Madame de Ginestous and Pauline de Tourzel, upon which he replied: "We do not fight with women; go, all of you, if you choose". Following this example, the rest of the ladies-in-waiting departed the palace in about the same way, and all passed safely out.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The total losses on the king's side were perhaps eight hundred. On the side of the insurgents, three hundred and seventy-six were either killed or wounded. Eighty-three of these were "fédérés", and two hundred and eighty-five members of these were the National Guard: common citizens from every branch of the trading and working classes of Paris, including hair-dressers, harness-makers, carpenters, joiners, house-painters, tailors, hatters, boot-makers, locksmiths, laundry-men, and domestic servants. Two female combatants were among the wounded.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The crisis of the summer of 1792 was a major turning-point of the Revolution. By overthrowing the monarchy, the popular movement had effectively issued a challenge to the whole of Europe; internally, the declaration of war and overthrow of the monarchy radicalized the Revolution. If the Revolution was to survive it would have to call on all of the nation's reserves.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: A second revolution had, indeed, occurred, ushering in universal suffrage for men and, in effect, a republic. However, it did not have the warm and virtually unanimous support that the nation had offered the first. Events since 1789 had brought difference and divisions: many had followed the refractory priests; of those who remained loyal to the revolution some criticized 10 August while others stood by, fearing the day's aftermath. Those who had participated in the insurrection or who approved it were few in number, a minority resolved to crush counter-revolution by any means.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: Among the Swiss Guards who survived the insurrection, around 350 later joined the Revolutionary Army of the First French Republic, while others joined the counter-revolutionaries in the War in the Vendée. In 1817, the Swiss Federal Diet awarded 389 of the survivors with the commemorative medal "Treue und Ehre" (Loyalty and Honor).


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: Over half of the Legislative Assembly's members fled and on the evening 10 August only 284 deputies were in their seats. The Assembly looked on anxiously at the vicissitudes of the struggle. So long as the issue was doubtful, Louis XVI was treated like a king. As soon as the insurrection was definitely victorious, the Assembly announced the suspension of the King. The King was placed under a strong guard. The Assembly would have liked to assign him the Luxembourg Palace, but the insurgent Commune demanded that he should be taken to the Temple, a smaller prison, which would be easier to guard.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: 14 July had saved the Constitutional Assembly, 10 August passed sentence on the Legislative Assembly: the day's victors intended to dissolve the Assembly and keep power in their own hands. But because the new Commune, composed of unknowns, hesitated to alarm the provinces, the Girondins were kept and the Revolution was mired in compromise. The Assembly remained for the time being but recognized the Commune, increased through elections to 288 members. The Assembly appointed a provisional Executive Council and put Monge and Lebrun-Tondu on it, along with several former Girondin ministers. The Assembly voted that the Convention should be summoned and elected by universal suffrage to decide on the future organization of the State. One of its first acts was to abolish the monarchy.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: With the fall of the Tuileries, the face of Parisian society underwent an abrupt change. The August insurrection greatly increased sans-culotte influence in Paris. Whereas the old Commune had been predominantly middle class, the new one contained twice as many artisans as lawyers—and the latter were often obscure men, very different from the brilliant barristers of 1789. Moreover, the Commune itself was little more than "a sort of federal parliament in a federal republic of 48 states". It had only a tenuous control over the Sections, which began practicing the direct democracy of Rousseau. "Passive" citizens were admitted to meetings, justices of the peace and police officers dismissed and the "assemblée générale" of the Section became, in some cases, a "people's court", while a new "comité de surveillance" hunted down counter-revolutionaries. For the Parisian nobility, it was 10 August 1792 rather than 14 July 1789 that marked the end of the ancien régime.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: The victors of 10 August were concerned with establishing their dictatorship. The Commune silenced the opposition press, closed the toll gates, and seized a number of refractory priests and aristocratic notables. On 11 August the Legislative Assembly gave municipalities the authority to arrest suspects. The volunteers were preparing to leave to the front and the rumors spread rapidly that their departure was to be the signal for prisoners to stage an uprising. The wave of executions in prisons followed, what later was known as The September Massacres.


title: Insurrection of 10 August 1792

text: To convince the revolutionaries that the insurrection of 10 August had decided nothing, the Prussian army crossed the French frontier on the 16th. A week later the powerful fortress of Longwy fell so quickly that Vergniaud declared it to "have been handed over to the enemy." By the end of the month the Prussians were at Verdun, the last fortress barring the road to Paris. In the capital, there was a well-justified belief that Verdun would offer no more than a token resistance. The war, which had appeared to bring the triumph of the Revolution, now seemed likely to lead it to disaster.