title: Gudrun

text: "Guðrúnarhvöt" is proceeded by a brief prose interlude that explains that tried to drown herself in the sea after killing Atli, but was instead taken to the land of King Jonak, who married her and with whom she had three sons, Hamdir, Sorli, and Erp, and where she also raises Svanhild, her daughter with Sigurd. Svanhild is married to Jormunrek, who later kills her on suspicion of jealousy.


title: Gudrun

text: The poem proper starts after Gudrun has learned of Svanhild's death: she stirs up her three sons to kill Jormunrek and avenge their sister. The brothers agree, warning her, however, they will surely die. This leads Gudrun to tells them of her own woes in life. Once she is left alone, Gudrun calls for death and hopes that Sigurd will ride back from Hel to see her. They will then burn together on the same funeral pyre.


title: Gudrun

text: Gudrun appears briefly at the beginning of "Hamðismál": she encourages her sons to avenge Svanhild, which they reluctantly agree to do.


title: Gudrun

text: This lay is often supposed to be the oldest in the "Poetic Edda", but more recent scholarship suggests it may actually be fairly recent.


title: Gudrun

text: The "Völsunga saga" follows the plot given in the "Poetic Edda" fairly closely, although there is no indication that the author knew the other text. The author appears to have been working in Norway and to have known the "Thidrekssaga", and therefore the "Völsunga Saga" is dated to sometime in the second half of the thirteenth century.


title: Gudrun

text: In the saga, Gudrun is the daughter of Gjuki, sister to Gunnar and Högni, and Guthorm. Gudrun is introduced to the saga having a bad dream; she chooses to go to Brunhild to have this dream interpreted. Brunhild explains that Gudrun will marry Sigurd, even though he is betrothed to Brunhild, and that Gudrun will afterwards lose him due to conflict. When Sigurd comes to the court, Gudrun's mother Grimhild gives Sigurd a potion to forget his betrothal to Brunhild, and he marries Gudrun. Sigurd then helps Gunnar woo Brunhild, using a spell taught them by Grimhild, and for a time Brunhild and Gudrun share Gjuki's court.


title: Gudrun

text: One day Gudrun and Brunhild quarrel while washing their hair; Brunhild insists that her husband Gunnar is a higher-ranking man than Sigurd. This causes Gudrun to reveal that it was Sigurd in Gunnar's shape who won Brunhild, and she shows Brunhild a ring that Brunhild had given Sigurd as proof. The queens continue their quarrel in the king's hall the next day. Brunhild then persuades Gunnar and Högni to have Sigurd killed, claiming that Sigurd slept with her. The murder is carried out by their younger brother Guthorm. Guthorm attacks Sigurd while he is asleep in bed with Gudrun; Sigurd is mortally wounded, but kills Guthorm. He then assures Gudrun that he never deceived Gunnar and dies. Gudrun then cries out loudly, which Brunhild answers with a loud laugh.


title: Gudrun

text: Gudrun afterwards flees to the Danish king Half, but is later retrieved by her family. Grimhild gives her daughter a potion to make her forget her anger against her brothers, then convinces a reluctant Gudrun to marry Atli. Atli and Gudrun are not happily married, and Atli soon desires the gold of Gudrun's brothers. He invites them to his hall intending to kill them for the gold. Gudrun warns them, but the warning is ignored. When the brothers arrive, Gudrun first attempts to mediate between the two sides, but afterwards fights with her brothers until they are captured and then killed. During the preparations for the funeral feast for her brothers, Gudrun kills Atli's sons. She feeds their flesh to Atli. Then she kills Atli in his bed with the help of Högni's son Niflung. Finally, they set the palace on fire and kill everyone inside.


title: Gudrun

text: Gudrun now attempts to drown herself, but she is instead washed up in the land of king Jonak, who marries her. They have three sons, Hamdir, Sorli, and Erp. Gudrun's daughter with Sigurd, Svanhild, is also raised at Jonak's court. Svanhild marries King Jormunrek, but kills her on suspicion of adultery. Gudrun then rallies her sons to avenge their half-sister, giving them armor that cannot be cut through by iron.


title: Gudrun

text: In the legend of the Wild Hunt, Gudhrun Gjúkadottir is referred to as Guro Rysserova ("Gudrun Horse-tail").


title: Gudrun

text: Based on "Atlakviða", most scholars believe that the destruction of the Burgundians and the murder of Sigurd were originally separate traditions. Gudrun's two names may result from the merging of two different figures, one who was the wife of Sigurd, and one who was the brother of the Burgundians killed by Attila.


title: Gudrun

text: The first attestation of Kriemhild or Gudrun, however, is the "Nibelungenlied". This is also the first secure attestation of a combined legend of the death of Sigurd and the destruction of the Burgundians.


title: Gudrun

text: The destruction of the Burgundian kingdom derives from the destruction of a historical Burgundian kingdom, ruled by king Gundicharius (Gunther) and located on the Rhine, by the Roman general Flavius Aetius in 436/437, possibly with the help of Hunnish mercenaries. The downfall of this kingdom was blamed on Attila and combined with his death at the hands of his wife at some early point in the development of the legend.


title: Gudrun

text: Scholars are generally in agreement that Gudrun's original role in the destruction of Burgundians was that of the Scandinavian tradition, in which she avenges her brothers. Her role then altered in the continental tradition once the story of the destruction of the Burgundians became attached to the story of Sigurd's murder. These changes occurred sometime before the composition of the "Nibelungenlied" (c. 1200), the first text to securely attest either development.


title: Gudrun

text: Jan-Dirk Müller, however, argues that we cannot know for sure which version of Gudrun's role is more original, as neither resembles the actual historical destruction of the Burgundians or the end of Etzel's kingdom. He suggests that the change in roles may be because of the continental tradition's more favorable view of Attila.


title: Gudrun

text: The attachment of Gudrun's legend to that of Ermanaric (Jǫrmunrek) and Svanhild is a Scandinavian innovation that brings this legend into direct contact with the more famous legend of Sigurd. Edward Haymes and Susan Samples believe that it is a relatively late development. Other scholars date it to the tenth century, however, on the basis of a version of the story cited in the Skaldic poem "Ragnarsdrápa": the narrator there refers to Ermanaric's killers as descendants of Gjúki, Gudrun's father. This poem is attributed to the poet Bragi Boddason, who lived in the tenth century, although other scholars date it instead to around 1000 and believe that the attribution to Bragi is incorrect.


title: The Promise (When in Rome song)

text: "The Promise" is the debut single by the British band When in Rome. It was first released in 1987 on 10 Records, as the lead single from their self-titled debut album. It was written by all three band members: Clive Farrington, Andrew Mann and Michael Floreale. The song was released in the U.S. in 1988 and reached number 11 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It is the band's biggest commercial hit.


title: The Promise (When in Rome song)

text: In 2020, Farrington and Mann, in collaboration with the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra and Slovenia Symphonic Film Orchestra, released a 30th anniversary orchestral edition of their hit song "The Promise" on both CD and vinyl. The release contains eleven tracks, including remixes, extended mixes, and instrumentals.


title: The Promise (When in Rome song)

text: The band wrote and jammed songs in a small garden shed turned studio in the backyard of singer Clive Farrington's dad's house. The space was so tight that they had to attach keyboards vertically to the walls. Keyboardist Michael Floreale was experimenting with the music to "The Promise" one night in the shed, and Clive came in and started singing a harmony. Clive wrote the first verse and chorus, but asked bandmate Andrew Mann to write the second verse. Michael Floreale believes the lyrics were inspired by a recent breakup Clive had gone through. The song took two days to finish because Clive would often have a great idea for a melody just before falling asleep and would record it before polishing it the next day. Instruments used in the song include a LinnDrum machine, Roland SH-101 keyboard for the bass, and a Roland RE-501 loop echo to add warm backing vocals. The Promise is in the key of C major.


title: The Promise (When in Rome song)

text: William Cooper of AllMusic spoke of the song in a review of the "When in Rome" album, writing, "The 1988 hit "The Promise" was essentially a carbon copy of New Order's radio-friendly dance-rock. Dark yet catchy, boasting a throbbing dance rhythm, a singalong chorus, and a hypnotic melody, 'The Promise' certainly deserved the success." Cooper also highlighted "The Promise" as a standout on the album by labeling it an AMG Pick Track.


title: The Promise (When in Rome song)

text: On 22 January 1989, a review of the album was published in the daily issue of the Junction City, Kansas newspaper "Daily Union". The review mentioned the song, saying: The Promise', a hit in the United Kingdom, is typical. Starting with a piano that picks out the melody, the song throbs along electronically with clear harmonies of Mann and Farrington piercing through the catchy melody."


title: The Promise (When in Rome song)

text: "The Promise" was initially released as a 12" record and reached the top of the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. After the release of the group's self-titled debut album, the song was re-released and peaked at number 11 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. However, the single was less successful in the band's native Britain, reaching number 58.


title: Manu Feildel

text: Emmanuel Feildel (born 26 March 1974) is a French-Australian chef, restaurateur and television presenter trained in England, who is best known as one of the judges of the competitive cooking show "My Kitchen Rules".


title: Manu Feildel

text: Manu achieved a solid reputation as head chef at the restaurant Bilson's before moving to open his own restaurant, Manu at L'Étoile, in 2009. The restaurant closed in March 2014.


title: Manu Feildel

text: In spite of a history of professional chefs in his family, including his father and a grandfather, Feildel decided to join a circus school at age 13 and learnt juggling, unicycling, clowning and some acrobatics. He stayed for three years and then decided that cooking was his first love and moved to London where he studied at the Cafe Royal restaurant. He then worked at Les Associes, the Cafe des Amis du Vin and popular seafood restaurant Livebait.


title: Manu Feildel

text: Relocating to Australia in 1999, he worked at a number of restaurants for several years before opening the kitchen as head chef at Bilson's on invitation of its owner, offering contemporary French cuisine. According to "The Sydney Morning Herald", he was a key factor in Bilson's "three-hat success". "The Daily Telegraph" indicates that it is for his service at this "exceptional fine diner" that he has fame among food lovers.


title: Manu Feildel

text: Feildel began appearing on "Ready Steady Cook" in 2006 and on "MasterChef Australia" in 2009 and has co-hosted "My Kitchen Rules" since 2010. Also in 2009, Feildel left Bilson's and opened his own French bistro, Manu at L'Étoile. However, the restaurant closed in March 2014, with Feildel citing a "nightmare year" with too much happening including his "My Kitchen Rules" commitments and increased competition that had hurt his business, meaning he could no longer afford to stay open.


title: Manu Feildel

text: In 2010, he was the celebrity contestant in the first episode of the short lived Australian version of "Beat the Star".


title: Manu Feildel

text: Feildel won the 2011 series of "Dancing with the Stars" and appeared at the 2011 Good Food & Wine Show. He was also nominated for the Most Popular New Male Talent at the Logie Awards of 2011. He hosted the reality dating series Dinner Date in 2011.


title: Manu Feildel

text: Following the closure of his Sydney restaurant, Manu at L'Étoile, Feildel in partnership with chef George Calombaris opened a new restaurant Le Grand Cirque in Melbourne, which closed 4 months after opening, in August 2014.


title: Manu Feildel

text: In April 2014, Feildel hosted a two-part travel-cooking documentary entitled "My France with Manu" which follows Feildel travelling through western France, highlighting the local food, scenery and his memories of France. The show originally screened on the Seven Network.


title: Manu Feildel

text: Manu has starred as a recurring character on the Aunty Donna podcast, where he is portrayed by Zachary Ruane. The character of Manu has incurred significant controversy during his time on the show, including holocaust denial and taking responsibility for the September 11 attacks. One of the podcast's guests, Jared Jekkyl, claims to have met Manu in person during filming of My Kitchen Rules in Manu's home. Manu himself has so far failed to comment on his portrayal by the group aside from a brief mention on the Today show in 2019.


title: Manu Feildel

text: In 2019, he became a judge on the revived version of "Australia's Got Talent" for the Seven Network. It was announced on 23 October 2019 that Feildel would join former MasterChef judges Gary Mehigan and Matt Preston in 2020 on a new cooking competition show called "Plate of Origin".


title: Manu Feildel

text: In March 2013, Feildel trekked the Kokoda Track to raise money for CanTeen, the Australian organisation for young people living with cancer. Each participant donated $5,000 to join the trek.


title: Manu Feildel

text: Feildel is also an ambassador for Camp Quality, a children's family cancer charity whose motto is "laughter is the best medicine".


title: Manu Feildel

text: In 2019, Manu took part in the ANZUP Cancer Trials Group's Rude Food campaign. Manu prepared a selection of "rude" looking dishes to raise awareness for "below the belt" (penile, prostate, testicular, bladder and kidney) cancers.


title: Manu Feildel

text: In 2020, Manu joined ANZUP Cancer Trials Group as a Below the Belt Ambassador. Manu participated in the 2020 Below the Belt #YourWay Challenge in September 2020, completing 854 kilometres on his bicycle and raising $987 for cancer research.


title: Manu Feildel

text: In 2021, Manu participated in Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series) on Seven Network. Manu announced at the beginning of the season that his nominated charity was ANZUP Cancer Trials Group.


title: Manu Feildel

text: Feildel and his partner Veronica Morshead separated during 2009, after 12 years together. They have one son Jonti. Feildel became engaged to jewellery store manager Clarissa Weerasena in November 2013, and they married in January 2018. The couple have a daughter Charlee born in 2015.


title: Arik Armstead

text: Arik Armstead (born November 15, 1993) is an American football defensive end for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oregon and was drafted by the 49ers in the first round of the 2015 NFL Draft.


title: Arik Armstead

text: Armstead attended Pleasant Grove High School in Elk Grove, California. During his high school career. He had 126 tackles and 7.5 sacks. Armstead was a four-star recruit by Rivals.com and sixth best defensive end in his class. He originally committed to the University of Southern California to play college football, but switched to the University of Oregon. He also played basketball in high school.


title: Arik Armstead

text: Armstead played in all 13 games as a true freshman in 2012, making one start. He finished the 2012 season with 26 tackles and a half-sack. During the spring he joined the Ducks basketball team, where he redshirted his first year. Armstead played in 13 games as a sophomore in 2013, recording 15 tackles and one sack. During the spring he re-joined the basketball team. He played in one game, before quitting to focus on football. Armstead returned to the football team his junior season in 2014.


title: Arik Armstead

text: The San Francisco 49ers selected Armstead in the first round (17th overall) in the 2015 NFL Draft. He was the fourth defensive end selected in 2015.


title: Arik Armstead

text: Armstead was unable to attend training camp and organized team activities until Oregon's school year had concluded due to the NFL's policy that prohibits rookies joining teams until their year is officially completed. Upon arrival, he was competing for the job as the starting defensive end against Quinton Dial, Darnell Dockett, Glenn Dorsey, and Tank Carradine after it was left vacant due to the retirement of Justin Smith. Head coach Jim Tomsula named him the fifth defensive end on the depth chart to begin the regular season, behind Quinton Dial, Glenn Dorsey, Tank Carradine, and Tony Jerod-Eddie.


title: Arik Armstead

text: Armstead made his NFL debut in the season-opening 20–3 victory against the Minnesota Vikings. During the game, Armstead recorded one tackle for loss.


title: Arik Armstead

text: In Week 3 of the season, Armstead recorded three combined tackles and made his first NFL sack on quarterback Carson Palmer for a four-yard loss during a 47–7 road loss to the Arizona Cardinals.


title: Arik Armstead

text: In Week 17, Armstead earned his first NFL start and made a solo tackle during a 19–16 overtime victory over the St. Louis Rams.


title: Arik Armstead

text: Armstead finished his rookie year with 19 combined tackles (14 solo) and two sacks in 16 games played with one game started.


title: Arik Armstead

text: The 49ers hired Chip Kelly as their new head coach, who was also Armstead's head coach at Oregon. Armstead competed to be the starting defensive end after Glenn Dorsey was moved to nose tackle. Armstead competed against DeForest Buckner and Quinton Dial. Kelly named Armstead and Dial the starting defensive ends for Week 1.


title: Arik Armstead

text: In the season-opener against the Los Angeles Rams, Armstead recorded his first sack of the season on Case Keenum during the 28–0 shutout win.


title: Arik Armstead

text: In week 6 against the Buffalo Bills, Armstead recorded a strip sack on Tyrod Taylor which was recovered by former college teammate DeForest Buckner during the 45–16 loss.


title: Arik Armstead

text: On November 8, 2016, the 49ers placed Armstead on injured reserve with a left shoulder injury. A week later, he had surgery to repair the injured shoulder.


title: Arik Armstead

text: Armstead finished his second season with 15 combined tackles (nine solo), a forced fumble, and 2.5 sacks in eight games and four starts.


title: Arik Armstead

text: During Week 2 against the Seattle Seahawks, Armstead recorded his first and only full sack of the season on Russell Wilson during the 12–9 road loss.


title: Arik Armstead

text: On October 17, 2017, Armstead was placed on injured reserve after suffering a broken hand in Week 6. He finished his third season with 16 combined tackles (eight solo), 1.5 sacks, and a pass deflection in six games.


title: Arik Armstead

text: During Week 3 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Armstead recorded his first sack of the season on Patrick Mahomes during the 38–27 road loss.


title: Arik Armstead

text: In Week 7 against the Los Angeles Rams, Armstead recorded a season high five tackles and sacked Jared Goff once during the 39–10 loss.


title: Arik Armstead

text: In the next game against the Arizona Cardinals, Armstead sacked rookie quarterback Josh Rosen once during the 18–15 road loss.


title: Arik Armstead

text: During the season-opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Armstead recorded his first sack of the season on Jameis Winston during the 31–17 road victory. Two weeks later against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he forced a fumble on James Conner which was recovered by DeForest Buckner late in the fourth quarter to help seal a 24–20 win. During Week 6 against the Los Angeles Rams, Armstead recorded a season high 6 tackles, half a sack on Jared Goff, and recovered a fumble lost by Goff during the 20–7 road victory. In the next game against the Washington Redskins, he sacked Case Keenum once during the 9–0 road victory. With that sack, Armstead set a new single season career high of 3.5 sacks.


title: Arik Armstead

text: The following week against the Carolina Panthers, Armstead sacked Kyle Allen twice during the 51–13 win. Two weeks later against the Seattle Seahawks on Monday Night Football, he sacked Russell Wilson 1.5 times during the 27–24 overtime loss. During Week 12 against the Green Bay Packers on Sunday Night Football, Armstead sacked Aaron Rodgers twice during the 37–8 win.


title: Arik Armstead

text: The 2019 season was a breakout season for Armstead. He recorded 54 tackles (32 solo), a team-leading 10 sacks, two forced fumbles, and a fumble recovery in 16 games and starts. He also ranked second on the 49ers regarding tackles for loss.


title: Arik Armstead

text: Armstead made his playoff debut in the NFC Divisional Round of the playoffs against the Minnesota Vikings. During the game, Armstead sacked Kirk Cousins once in the 27–10 win. In the NFC Championship Game against the Packers, he sacked Aaron Rodgers once during the 37–20 win. In Super Bowl LIV against the Kansas City Chiefs, Armstead recorded three tackles during the 31–20 loss.


title: Arik Armstead

text: On March 16, 2020, Armstead signed a five-year, $85 million contract extension with the 49ers with $48.5 million guaranteed.


title: Arik Armstead

text: During Week 2 against the New York Jets, Armstead recorded his first sack of the season on Sam Darnold during the 31–13 road victory. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on November 16, 2020, and activated on November 25.


title: Arik Armstead

text: On December 7, 2021, Armstead was nominated by the 49ers for the Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award. During Week 18, in the 49ers final game of the regular season, Armstead recorded 2.5 sacks in a 27-24 overtime victory against the Los Angeles Rams. The victory clinched the 49ers' spot in the playoffs that year. Two weeks later, in the , Armstead sacked Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers twice in a 13-10 victory that sent the 49ers to the .


title: Arik Armstead

text: Armstead's brother, Armond Armstead, played college football at USC and in the Canadian Football League.


title: Arik Armstead

text: Armstead played in Chess.com's BlitzChamps, a rapid tournament for NFL players. He finished last in his group behind Larry Fitzgerald and Will Davis, and due to personal reasons, he was not able to play the consolation game. As a result, the players split the $22,500 consolation prize fund equally amongst their charities.


title: Stephen Gaghan

text: Stephen Gaghan (; born May 6, 1965) is an American screenwriter and director. He is noted for writing the screenplay for Steven Soderbergh's film "Traffic", based on a Channel 4 series, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, as well as "Syriana" which he wrote and directed. He also wrote and directed the thriller "Abandon" and the family film "Dolittle", and directed the drama "Gold".


title: Stephen Gaghan

text: Gaghan was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of the former Elizabeth Jane Whorton and her first husband, Stephen Gaghan (d. 1980), and a stepson of Tom Haag. Gaghan attended Kentucky Country Day School, a college preparatory school in Louisville. He was an All-State soccer player where he held the assist record at the school for nearly three decades. He is a grandson of Jerry Gaghan, a newspaper columnist and drama critic for "Variety" and the "Philadelphia Daily News". Gaghan wrote in a 2001 article in "Newsweek", "I also wanted to be a writer, like my grandfather, who carried a card in his wallet that read, "If you find me, call my son [my father] at this number..."


title: Stephen Gaghan

text: In his final days of high school before graduation, Gaghan was expelled for driving a go-cart through the halls of the school. During the release of "Traffic", a critic commented on one of the teen characters in the movie who is a drug addict and a straight-A student, calling it unrealistic, which Gaghan defended by stating that he had straight A's while he was addicted to drugs and alcohol. As Gaghan wrote in an article published in "Newsweek" in February 2001, "I wasn't much different from my peers, except where they could stop drinking after three or six or 10 drinks, I couldn't stop and wouldn't stop until I had progressed through marijuana, cocaine, heroin and, finally, crack and freebase--which seem for so many people to be the last stop on the elevator." Gaghan has stated that he began dealing with his addictions in 1997. "Over one long, five-day weekend, I had three separate heroin dealers get arrested," he said. "My dealer, my backup dealer and my backup-backup dealer. I was left alone, and I just hit that place, that total incomprehensible demoralization. That was the end of it; up five days straight, locked in the bathroom, convinced there was nowhere else to go, I had to kill myself, I'm going to kill myself. I just couldn't take another minute of it."


title: Stephen Gaghan

text: He attended the University of Kentucky and was a member of Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He was a student on the Fall 1986 Voyage of the "Semester at Sea" Study Abroad Program where he attended classes on board the SS Universe and sailed around the world. He eventually graduated from Babson College in 1988 with a degree in screenwriting. He also started a catalog company, Fallen Empire Inc., which he hoped would support his writing career.


title: Stephen Gaghan

text: Gaghan wrote the screenplay for "Traffic", for which he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in 2000. In addition to "Traffic", Gaghan also directed and wrote the screenplays for "Syriana" (2005) and "Abandon" (2002), the former receiving comparable critical acclaim to "Traffic", while the latter turned out to be a total fiasco. Other writing credits include "Rules of Engagement" (2000), "Havoc" (2005), and "The Alamo" (2004), as well as a handful of episodes of various television series. Gaghan turned down the chance to adapt Dan Brown's novel, "The Da Vinci Code".


title: Stephen Gaghan

text: In his television writing career, he won an Emmy Award for co-writing a "NYPD Blue" episode entitled "Where's Swaldo", in 1997. In addition to "NYPD Blue", he has also written for "The Practice" and "New York Undercover".


title: Stephen Gaghan

text: His next project is a film adaptation of Malcolm Gladwell's book, "Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking". He has also been hired by Warner Bros. to write the screenplay of the "Dead Spy Running" franchise written by author Jon Stock. He is also set to direct crime thriller "Candy Store".


title: Stephen Gaghan

text: On January 19, 2017, it was announced that Ubisoft had hired Gaghan to direct the film adaptation of the popular video game "The Division", but it was announced later that Gaghan was no longer attached to the project.


title: Stephen Gaghan

text: Gaghan has a son, Gardner, (b. 1999) and a daughter, Elizabeth, who goes by the nickname of Betsy, (b. 2001) from a previous relationship with actress Michael McCraine, whom he met in 1997 while at a recovery meeting. On May 19, 2007, Gaghan married Marion "Minnie" Mortimer. Together they have a daughter, Tuesday, (b. February 2, 2009), and a son, Johnny (b. May 20, 2014).


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: Myrddin Wyllt (—"Myrddin the Wild", , ) is a figure in medieval Welsh legend. In Middle Welsh poetry he is accounted a chief bard, the speaker of several poems in The Black Book of Carmarthen and The Red Book of Hergest. He is called "Wyllt"—"the Wild"—by Elis Gruffydd, and elsewhere Myrddin Emrys ("Ambrosius"), Merlinus Caledonensis ("of Caledonia") or "Merlin Sylvestris "("of the woods").


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: Although his legend centres on a known Celtic theme, Myrddin's legend is rooted in history, for he is said to have gone mad after the Battle of Arfderydd at Arthuret at which Rhydderch Hael of Strathclyde defeated the Brythonic king Gwenddoleu. According to the "Annales Cambriae" this took place in 573. Myrddin fled into the forest, lived with the beasts and received the gift of prophecy.


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: Myrddin Wyllt's legend closely resembles that of a north-British figure called Lailoken, which appears in Jocelyn of Furness' 12th-century "Life of Kentigern". Scholars differ as to the independence or identity of Lailoken and Myrddin, though there is more agreement as to Myrddin's original independence from later Welsh legends.


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: Myrddin's grave is reputed to lie near the River Tweed in the village of Drumelzier near Peebles, although nothing remains above ground level at the site.


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: The earliest (pre-12th century) Welsh poems about the Myrddin legend present him as a madman living an existence in the Caledonian Forest. He was born in 540. In the forest he ruminates on his former existence and the events of the Battle of Arfderydd, where Riderch Hael, King of Alt Clut (Strathclyde) slaughtered the forces of Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio, and Myrddin went mad watching this defeat. The "Annales Cambriae" date this battle to 573, naming Gwenddoleu's adversaries as the sons of Eliffer, presumably Gwrgi and Peredur. This battle, the subsequent assassination of Urien Rheged and the defeat of the Gododdin at Catraeth are cited as reasons for the collapse of the alliance of early British kingdoms in the north before the Angles, Scots and Picts.


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: Welsh historian John Edward Lloyd suggests there were three traditions that were conflated. The first, “"Merlinus Ambrosius"” (the Arthurian Merlin), identified by Giraldus Cambrensis as "Myrddin Emrys" —the Welsh form of "Ambrosius"—, who was found at Carmarthen and prophesied before Vortigern. The second, “"Merlinus Silvester"” or “"Merlinus Caledonius"” who came from the North ("Alba") and was a contemporary of Arthur, saw a horrible portent in the sky while fighting in a battle and spent the rest of his days a madman in the woods. The third one is “Myrddin Wyllt”, whom Lloyd identifies with the "Lailoken" mentioned in Jocelyn of Furness' "Life of St. Kentigern".


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: Although Lailoken is identified with Merlin in the late 15th-century "Lailoken and Kentigern", the alternative name may already have been present in the Middle Welsh poem "Dialogue of Myrddin" with his twin sister Gwendydd (also named Gwenddydd or Languoreth), for she addresses him several times as "Llallwg", for which the diminutive would be "Llallwgan".


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: A version of this legend is preserved in the late-15th-century "Lailoken and Kentigern". In this narrative St. Kentigern meets a naked, hairy madman called Lailoken, said by some to be called "Merlynum" or "Merlin", in a deserted place. He has been condemned for his sins to wander in the company of beasts, having been the cause of the deaths of all of the persons killed in the battle fought "on the plain between Liddel and Carwannok." Having told his story, the madman leaps up and flees from the presence of the saint back into the wilderness. He appears several times more in the narrative until at last asking St. Kentigern for the Sacrament, prophesying that he was about to die a triple death. After some hesitation, the saint grants the madman's wish, and later that day the shepherds of King Meldred capture him, beat him with clubs, then cast him into the river Tweed where his body is pierced by a stake, thus fulfilling his prophecy.


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: Legend has it that second part of Carmarthen's name (in Welsh "-fyrddin") was derived from Myrddin and identified his place of birth. However, when Britannia was a Roman province, Carmarthen was the civitas capital of the Demetae tribe, known as "Moridunum" (from Brittonic "*mori-dunon" meaning "sea fort"), and this is the true source of the town's name. Celticist A. O. H. Jarman suggests that instead the name Myrddin was derived from Carmarthen's name.


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: Welsh literature has examples of a prophetic literature, predicting the military victory of all of the Celtic peoples of Great Britain who will join together and drive the English – and later the Normans – back into the sea. Some of these works were presented as prophecies of Myrddin. The "Armes Prydein" (one of the earliest mentions of him) contains the line “Myrddin foretells that they will meet”. The tradition was apparently shared with Cornish literature, however only a single Latin translation of a lost Cornish-language original "Prophecy of Merlin" exists in the Vatican library by John of Cornwall.


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: In The Black Book of Carmarthen there are the poems Yr Afallennau and Yr Oianau that describe Myrddin talking to an apple tree and a pig, prophesying the success or failure of the Welsh army in battles with the Normans in South Wales.


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: Clas Myrddin, or "Merlin's Enclosure", is an early name for Great Britain stated in the Third Series of Welsh Triads.


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: The modern depiction of Merlin began with Geoffrey of Monmouth, who portrayed Merlin as a prophet and a madman, and introduced him into Arthurian legend. Geoffrey of Monmouth popularised Merlin the wizard, associated with the town of Carmarthen in South Wales. His book "Prophetiae Merlini" was intended to be a collection of the prophecies of the Welsh figure of Myrddin, whom he called Merlin. He included the "Prophetiae" in his more famous second work, the "Historia Regum Britanniae". In this work, however, he constructed an account of Merlin's life that placed him in the time of Aurelius Ambrosius and King Arthur, decades before the lifetime of Myrddin Wyllt. He also attached to him an episode originally ascribed to Ambrosius, and others that appear to be of his own invention.


title: Myrddin Wyllt

text: Geoffrey later wrote the "Vita Merlini", an account based more closely on the earlier Welsh stories about Myrddin and his experiences at Arfderyd, and explained that the action was taking place long after Merlin's involvement with Arthur. However, the "Vita Merlini" did not prove popular enough to counter the version of Merlin in the "Historia", which went on to influence most later accounts of the character.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Dana Rosemary Scallon (born Rosemary Brown; 30 August 1951), known professionally as Dana, is an Irish singer and former politician who served as Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2004.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: While still a schoolgirl she won the 1970 Eurovision Song Contest with "All Kinds of Everything". It became a worldwide million-seller and launched her music career.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: She entered politics in 1997, as Dana Rosemary Scallon, running unsuccessfully in the Irish presidential election, but later being elected as an MEP for Connacht–Ulster in 1999. Scallon was again an independent candidate in the Irish 2011 presidential election, but was eliminated on the first count. In 2019, Dana announced she was back in the studio and was recording a brand new album, her first in many years. "My Time" was released 1 November 2019.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Scallon was born Rosemary Brown in Islington, London, one of seven children. Her father Robert Brown worked as a porter at nearby King's Cross station, in addition to being a barber and trumpeter. Originally from Derry, Northern Ireland, Robert moved his family to London to seek employment opportunities after World War II. When Rosemary was five, she moved with her family to Derry, where she grew up in the Creggan housing estate and Bogside.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: At age six, Scallon won her first talent contest. Other children in her community nicknamed her "Dana" (Irish for bold or mischievous) because Scallon would practice judo moves. Scallon later attended Thornhill College, a girls' Catholic school in Derry. When she was 14, Scallon worked a summer job at the Bazooka chewing gum factory in Essex.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Shortly before turning 16 and with the help of teacher and music promoter Tony Johnston, Scallon signed with the Decca Records subsidiary label Rex Records. Performing as Dana, Scallon debuted with the single "Sixteen" written by Tony Johnston, while the B-side, "Little Girl Blue", was her own composition. Now studying A-level music and English, she became popular in Dublin's cabaret and folk clubs at weekends, and was crowned Queen of Cabaret at Clontarf Castle in 1968. Rex Records' secretary Phil Mitton suggested she audition for the Irish National Song Contest, due to take place in February 1969 – a victory would see her represent Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest. With mixed feelings due to nerves she made it through to the final in Dublin where she sang "Look Around" by Michael Reade, later released as her fourth single. Shown live on Irish television, Scallon came second to Muriel Day and "Wages of Love", also written by Reade.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: In December 1969 Tom McGrath, producer of the Irish National Song Contest, invited Scallon to try again next year, feeling that one of the entered songs, the ballad "All Kinds of Everything", would suit her. Her second attempt to win the Irish contest was a success. Then on Saturday 21 March 1970, the eighteen-year-old schoolgirl performed the song at the Eurovision finals held in the Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre, before an estimated viewing audience of two hundred million. Perched on a stool while wearing an embroidered white mini-dress, she was the last of twelve contestants to perform that night. After the voting had finished she was declared the winner with 32 points, beating the favourite, UK's Mary Hopkin, with 26 and Germany's Katja Ebstein with 12. Spain's Julio Iglesias came equal fourth with Guy Bonnet of France and Henri Dès of Switzerland. This was Ireland's first of a record seven successes in the contest.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: The winning song was composed by two Dublin printworkers, Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith. The single was produced by Ray Horricks and arranged by Phil Coulter. Released on 14 March, it shot to #1 in the Irish singles chart before the contest began and stayed there for nine weeks. It also spent two weeks at the top of the UK singles chart on 18 and 25 April. It was also successful in Australia, Austria, Germany, Israel, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland and Yugoslavia. The song went on to sell more than two million units.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Scallon's debut album "All Kinds of Everything", recorded at Decca Studios in West Hampstead, London, on the weekend of 25 April 1970, was released in June and included four tracks co-written by the singer, as well as a new recording of the album's title track. Her follow-up single was issued in September, but Jerry Lordan's "I Will Follow You" failed to chart. The song that put an end to her one-hit wonder status was found on the album "Barry Ryan 3". "Who Put the Lights Out", written by Paul Ryan for his twin brother, was offered to her by their stepfather Harold Davison, the business partner of her agent Dick Katz. Her version, cut with Barry Ryan's producer Bill Landis, proved a strong comeback vehicle reaching #5 in Ireland. In the UK it became a #14 hit on 13 March 1971. There then followed three years of unsuccessful singles broken only by the Irish chart showing of "Sunday Monday Tuesday", a #4 hit in December 1973. This lack of success caused her agent to recommend she join the former head of Bell Records Dick Leahy on his new label, GTO Records.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: She debuted on GTO with "Please Tell Him That I Said Hello", written by Mike Shepstone and Peter Dibbens. Within a month of its release in October 1974 it was #7 in Ireland. It took until the new year before making its UK chart debut in January. Boosted by "Top of the Pops" performances on 6 February and 13 March, it climbed to #8 on 15 March 1975. This UK success gave the track a resurgence of popularity in Ireland where it rose to #7 again, this time in February. She also recorded a German version of the song. "Spiel nicht mit mir und meinem Glück" was a #27 hit in that country the same year. Scallon made a number of foreign singles, such as "Wenn ein Mädchen verliebt ist" (German, 1971), "Tu Me Dis I Love You" (French, 1975), and a Japanese version of "It's Gonna be a Cold Cold Christmas" in 1976.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Her next single, "Are You Still Mad at Me", a Geoff Stephens/Roger Greenaway composition, missed the chart. They then wrote another song for her. "It's Gonna be a Cold Cold Christmas" was released four weeks prior to Christmas and gave her her second-highest UK chart position when it reached #4 on 27 December 1975. In Ireland it made #3, and the following year #12. At the end of the year Scallon collected two awards – Best Female Singer in Britain from the "NME", and Best Female Singer from the "TV Times". The success continued into 1976, with a cover of Eric Carmen's "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again" becoming a UK #31 hit on 13 March. In September however, while promoting her new single, "Fairytale", she lost her voice. Her left vocal cord, which had been cauterized the year before, required urgent surgery to remove what turned out to be a non-malignant growth, as well as a small part of the cord itself. This caused some newspapers to report on the possibility that she might never sing again. Despite her inability to fully promote "Fairytale", a disco number written by Paul Greedus and produced by Barry Blue, it became a UK #13 hit on Christmas Day, and was also her biggest international success since "All Kinds of Everything". But having failed to regain her singing voice after the operation, she contacted Florence Wiese Norberg, a respected singing teacher. With her help she resumed live performances with a week-long engagement at Caesar's Palace in Luton in December 1977.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Barry Blue started work on her fifth album soon after finishing work on Heatwave's second album, released in April 1978. Her final session at Utopia Studios in London ended two weeks before her wedding day in October. Issued in April 1979, "The Girl is Back" was the first LP she made that contained no cover versions, and the track that rocked the most, "Something's Cookin' in the Kitchen" by Dave Jordan, became its only UK hit single, reaching #44 on 14 April. A disappointing result after a marketing campaign that included a new look for Scallon, a music video, life-size posters in major cities, and retailers receiving bonus flexi discs. In Ireland it made #22. The album's title track was also released, followed by "I Can't Get Over Getting Over You", which she sang live on "Top of the Pops" in October, her final appearance on the show. The sad and reflective track "Thieves of Paris", written by Barry Blue and Lynsey de Paul, has been rated one of the stand out tracks on the album. They also wrote her 1972 single, "Crossword Puzzle", a #2 hit in Thailand.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: A new phase in her career began after Pope John Paul II came to Ireland in September 1979, inspiring her to write with her husband the Irish chart-topper, "Totus Tuus".


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Outside her chart career, Scallon had remained a popular personality since her 1970 Eurovision win. She had played the part of a tinker girl in "Flight of the Doves" (1971), a children's adventure film starring Ron Moody and Jack Wild and directed by Ralph Nelson. She also performed in summer seasons at resorts and seasonal pantomimes as well as performing at venues such as the Royal Albert Hall, the Royal Festival Hall and a week of sell-out shows at the London Palladium. Scallon also performed extensively in cabaret venues and was voted Top Female Vocalist at the National Club Acts Awards in 1979. BBC Television gave her two shows of her own: a series of "A Day with Dana" in 1974 and four series of "Wake Up Sunday" in 1979. For BBC Radio she presented a series of "I Believe in Music" in 1977.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Having scored an Irish number one in January 1980 with the song that was based on the Pope's motto: Totus Tuus, Latin for Totally Yours, the much larger American Christian market became a possible outlet for her music. Not long after returning home from a promotional visit to the National Religious Broadcasters conference in Washington, opened by US President Jimmy Carter, she was contacted by award-winning songwriter Kurt Kaiser, vice president of Word Records. He invited her back to the USA where she was offered a recording contract. Meanwhile, Warwick Records issued "Everything is Beautiful" in late 1980. Recorded in September at Pye Studios in London, the LP subtitled "20 Inspirational Songs" was advertised on TV and became her biggest-selling album in the UK, reaching #43 in the chart on 10 January 1981. It was followed later that year by "Totally Yours", her first Christian album for Word Records; the songs "Praise the Lord", "The Soft Rain" and "Totus Tuus" were credited to "Dana and Damien Scallon". As was "Little Baby (Grace's Song)", written while she was pregnant with their first child.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: She was soon back in the studios again to make "Magic" in 1982, a pop album for Lite Records made at Morgan Studios and Maison Rouge Studios in London. It included four songs by her younger brothers John and Gerald Brown, as well as the single "I Feel Love Comin' On", written by Barry White, which peaked at #66 in the UK on 22 May. Collaborating with her younger brothers they wrote the official Northern Ireland 1982 FIFA World Cup song "Yer Man", and she recorded it with the full squad before they headed to Spain for the finals. Following this, her second album for Word was completed; "Let There Be Love" contained up-tempo Christian pop, jazz, ballads, and an old Irish hymn sung in Gaelic called Ag Criost an Siol.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Scallon starred in a West End production of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", staged at the Phoenix Theatre during the 1983 Christmas and New Year pantomime season. The venues first panto broke box-office records and was extended into February. She played "Snow White" for over fourteen years, each time in a different city, beginning the run at the New Theatre, Hull in 1982.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: A tour of America took place in 1984 to promote her two Word albums. Appearances were made in concert halls, churches, colleges and also on TV and radio.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: After fifteen years in show business Hodder and Stoughton published "Dana – An Autobiography" in 1985. It told the story of her childhood, married life and music career, as well as her growing devotion to God. At the same time as her book launch came the release of her fifties tribute album "If I Give My Heart to You", featuring her last UK chart entry "Little Things Mean a Lot", #92 on 13 July 1985. In Ireland in made #27, as did the album's title track.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Due to work commitments in 1979, she was not in the country when Pope John Paul II became the first pope ever to visit Ireland. But she eventually saw him in 1987 at the Superdome in New Orleans, having been invited there to perform "Totus Tuus" before a gathering of 80,000 or more. After her performance the pontiff made his way to the stage to personally thank her for writing the song.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Soon after completing a concert tour of England in early 1990, she took her family to Florida for an Easter holiday. Her break was interrupted by a request to fly to Irondale, Alabama and make a guest appearance at Eternal Word Television Network's (EWTN) tenth anniversary show. Afterwards, the network's founder Mother Angelica enquired if her ex-hotelier husband would like to work there, setting up a retreat centre to look after the hundreds of visitors the network attracted each day. Then mid holiday she sang at a Rosary Rally in Palm Beach, and was asked to write a theme song for the Rosary. The result was "The Rosary", an album released with Heart Beat Records in 1991 that has amassed over a million sales around the world.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: By August 1991 the Scallons were living in Mountain Brook, close to EWTN's headquarters where Damien now worked. Thoughts of winding down her career were dashed when her husband was asked if his wife would like to work there, presenting a music programme. "Say Yes" became the first TV series she made for them. Three more followed: "We Are One Body", "Backstage" and "Dana and friends". With this exposure she became a popular Catholic music singer, appearing at conferences and public gatherings across America. Heart Beat Records, the US Catholic music label, issued a number of her music and prayer albums.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: To help celebrate the sixth World Youth Day event held in Cherry Creek State Park, Denver in 1993, she was invited to sing in the presence of Pope John Paul II the theme song for the occasion, "We Are One Body", a song she composed herself. She also sang at the World Youth Day celebrations held in Paris in 1997, Toronto in 2002 and Sydney in 2008.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: In June 1997, she received a letter from the Christian Community Centre in Ireland suggesting she seek election as president of Ireland. Having no interest in politics at the time, and never having heard of that organisation, she threw the "incredible" proposal in the bin. But they persisted and similar mail arrived from other people. Then the media got involved. She eventually decided to seek nomination as a candidate in the 1997 Irish presidential election, standing as an Independent under the name Dana Rosemary Scallon. Her campaign was based on the Irish Constitution and her belief that it could only be amended with the agreement of the Irish people by public ballot. She became the first-ever presidential candidate to secure a nomination solely from County and City Councils, rather than from members of the Oireachtas. Polling day was 31 October, and Scallon received 175,458 of the first-preference votes (13.8%), coming third to Fianna Fáil's candidate and eventual winner Mary McAleese. Before returning to America she told reporters: "I may not be a president, but I "am" a precedent."


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: She was granted US citizenship in 1999, requiring her to swear an oath renouncing allegiance to any other state. That same year she again stood as an independent, this time winning a seat in the European Parliament, representing Connacht–Ulster. She campaigned on family values and her strong anti-abortion beliefs. Scallon is opposed to abortion in all cases, In 2013 she said "there is no legal or constitutional obligation for politicians to legislate for the deliberate killing of an unborn child and there is no medical evidence to support this radical change to how we treat our mothers and their children and the taking of an innocent and defenceless human life can never be justified". She was also vocal for her opposition to divorce and same sex marriage, along with a Eurosceptic line on the EU. Scallon refused to associate with any political party despite Fianna Fáil making several approaches for her to join them. On becoming an MEP her eight-year stay in the US came to an end.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Scallon also had public disagreements at the time with the Catholic hierarchy (notably with Cardinal Desmond Connell), the latter wishing instead to negotiate a consensus solution.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: As an independent she unsuccessfully contested a seat in Galway West in the 2002 Irish general election, scoring just 3.5% of the first preference vote. In June 2004, Scallon lost her European Parliament seat, taking 13.5% of the vote. Later that year she failed to secure a nomination to the office of President of Ireland against the uncontested incumbent.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Returning to the world of entertainment in 2005, she spent seven weeks on the RTÉ television series "The Afternoon Show", where she did a fitness routine with a trainer and lost fifteen pounds in weight in time for her eldest daughter's wedding. In 2006, she and dancer Ronan McCormack were paired together in the RTÉ dance series "Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels". They made it to the final show and came second. That same year, Scallon and her husband launched their own music label, DS Music Productions. One of the first albums released was "Totus Tuus", a compilation of songs dedicated to the memory of Pope John Paul II and issued on the anniversary of his death. A children's album was released in 2007, along with a DVD in 2008, titled "Good Morning Jesus: Prayers & Songs for Children of All Ages", which featured in a special series on EWTN. The Scallons and their new label were sued in 2007 by Heart Beat Records for copyright violations on several of the albums they'd recently released.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Gill & Macmillan published her second autobiography in 2007. Her political career took centre stage in "All Kinds of Everything". To coincide with the book launch, her first secular album since "Forever Christmas" a decade earlier, was released. "A Thing Called Love" was produced by her and her youngest brother Gerry, who also played guitar and keyboards, while her youngest son Robert played drums.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: In 2009, Scallon became a judge on "The All Ireland Talent Show", and in the summer of 2010 she participated in the Best of British Variety tour. She was a contestant in the fourth series of the reality television programme, "Celebrity Bainisteoir", in 2011, but was forced to withdraw by RTÉ when she announced she would run for the Irish presidency again.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: On 19 September 2011, at the Fitzwilliam Hotel on St Stephen's Green, Scallon announced she would be seeking a nomination to enter the following month's Irish presidential election. Carlow County Council was the first to nominate her. She was then nominated by other county councils thus becoming a candidate. There were seven candidates in total, five men and two women.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: In the first debate, held on RTÉ Radio 1's "News at One", independent candidate Scallon explained she had delayed her entry into the race due to numerous family bereavements. Appearing on "The Late Late Show" alongside the other candidates, Scallon displayed a copy of the EU Constitution, telling her audience: "This is what this election is about. I have the knowledge and experience to be able to protect our sovereignty and that's the only question I think that's really urgent at this time." When asked by Ryan Tubridy if she would refuse to sign any bill threatening , she responded by saying, "You bet your boots I would". In fact, the President does not have such a veto power, being able only to refer a Bill to the Council of State for its consideration.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Speaking on Newstalk's "The Right Hook" programme on 5 October 2011, Scallon said: "I am not anti Europe. I have always said that Europe, the concept of Europe is good. We want to be in Europe."


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: It was revealed on 7 October 2011 that Scallon had dual US and Irish citizenship, but she denied hiding this from the public, saying that her US citizenship, which involved her taking an oath renouncing allegiance to Ireland, was not an issue then or now and she had no reason to hide it.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: During a debate on "Prime Time" (RTÉ) on 12 October, Scallon read out a prepared statement towards the end of the debate, announcing that a "malicious" and "false" accusation had been made against her and her family in the United States and, while refusing to divulge any details, she said she would leave "no stone unturned" in her mission to track down the person or organisation responsible. The incident was described as "bizarre" by some media. It later transpired that the statement referred to her brother, John Brown, who had been accused in 2008, in the course of litigation in the US among family members, of having sexually abused his niece. He denied the allegation. Brown was arrested by London police in June 2012, following a complaint against him made in October 2011. In May 2013, he was charged with three counts of indecent assault on two girls aged under 16. John Brown was found not guilty and unanimously cleared on all charges on 25 July 2014. Marian Finnucan of RTÉ said he was falsely accused John Brown has since taken legal action against his accusers and a journalist and newspaper. John Brown has since won successful libel and defamation actions against a number of newspapers including the Irish Independent and Sunday World newspapers who published false and defamatory stories.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: Voting took place on 27 October and the fourth and final count was completed two days later. Scallon received 51,220 votes (2.9%) and came sixth to Labour's Michael D. Higgins.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: In 2019, Scallon announced she was back in the studio and was recording a new album, her first in many years. She appeared on "Lorraine", "RTÉ Today" and various radio stations to promote new single "Falling". The album "My Time" was released on 1 November 2019.


title: Dana Rosemary Scallon

text: On 5 October 1978 she married hotelier Damien Scallon at St Eugene's Cathedral in Derry, where her parents were married. The couple first met in 1970 at his Ardmore Hotel in Newry, where a reception took place following a "Dana Place" street-naming ceremony in nearby Hilltown, to honour her recent Eurovision success. After a three-week honeymoon in Grenada the newlyweds set up home in Rostrevor, County Down. They have four children: Grace (born 1981), Ruth (born 1983), John James (born 1984), and Robert (born 1989).


title: Sadaqah

text: 'Sadaqah' literally means 'righteousness' and refers to the voluntary giving of alms or charity. In Islamic terminology, sadaqah has been defined as an act of "giving something...without seeking a substitute in return and with the intention of pleasing Allah." Meanwhile, according to Ar-Rageeb al-Asfahaani “Sadaqa is what the person gives from what he possesses, like Zakat, hoping to get closer to Allah."


title: Sadaqah

text: The term 'sadaqah' stems from the Arabic root word ‘sidq’ (s-d-q) , which means sincerity and it is considered as a sign of sincere faith. The three-letter root of this word, S-D-Q, also means, "to speak the truth," "to be sincere," and "to fulfill one's promise." All of these aspects of honorable behavior indicate the links between generosity and a healthy society. Some modern researchers also try to etymologically link the word "sadaqa" to the Hebrew "sedāḳā" (almsgiving). Some experts hence conclude that "sadaqa" is a loanword.


title: Sadaqah

text: There are many verses on Sadaqat (Charity), either voluntary or obligatory. Among whom are stated below:


title: Sadaqah

text: According to some "hadiths", "a kind word and smile" can be considered as "sadaqa" and the best form of it is "passing on knowledge." Also, Muhammad said in a hadith that "sadaqa" removes seventy gates of evil.


title: Sadaqah

text: According to Quran 9 verse 60, there are eight categories of people who are entitled to receive Sadaqah (Zakaat). They are:


title: Angles (The Strokes album)

text: Angles is the fourth studio album by American rock band The Strokes. It was released on March 18, 2011, through RCA Records. It was the group's first album in over five years, following "First Impressions of Earth" (2005).


title: Angles (The Strokes album)

text: After touring in support of "First Impressions of Earth", the Strokes went on an extended hiatus in 2007 and then regrouped two years later to begin writing new material for a fourth album. The album took more than two years to materialize, with the band recording live demos of 18 songs before heading into Avatar Studios in New York with producer Joe Chiccarelli, but without Casablancas. Not long after recording began, however, the band became frustrated with both Chiccarelli's reserved production style and Casablancas' absence. Only one song from these recording sessions, "Life Is Simple in the Moonlight", remained in its original form on the album's track listing. The rest of the songs were either scrapped or reworked by the band with engineer Gus Oberg at guitarist Albert Hammond, Jr.'s home studio in Port Jervis, Upstate New York.


title: Angles (The Strokes album)

text: While Casablancas’ disengagement may have been by design, guitarist Nick Valensi found the whole experience deeply dissatisfying. "I won’t do the next album if we make it like this. No way. It was awful– just awful. Working in a fractured way, not having a singer there. I’d show up certain days and do guitar takes by myself, just me and the engineer." He added that most of Casablancas' ideas and suggestions were written "in really vague terms" and then sent to the band by email, leaving the others without much to go on. In an interview with Pitchfork, Casablancas stated: "When I'm there, people might wait for me to say something. I think it took me being a little mute to force the initiative".


title: Angles (The Strokes album)

text: These stories and reports stating the album was written separately by the band from Casablancas however, were untrue. The vocals were indeed recorded separately by Casablancas, but they were written together, in session, with the rest of the band present. Casablancas later said, "The funny thing about "Angles" is there was all that weird talk about recording it separately. We just had dinner in L.A. and we were all talking about it. And they forget that we sat in a room in a studio and were writing songs forever. That's where we did the whole record. All the parts, the songs, in a room, together. We recorded them with two mics, and that was the foundation, and then we were going to go track the official recording. That's when they went and recorded stuff, and when the 'Julian wasn't there,' BS or whatever [started]. That was just because logistically, we'd never done a record like that".


title: Angles (The Strokes album)

text: Hammond's drug abuse and resulting rehab — stemming from his breakup with model Agyness Deyn — was another hurdle the band faced during the album's production, as he missed early recording sessions.


title: Angles (The Strokes album)

text: Speaking to Zane Lowe, Nikolai Fraiture stated that he felt "Angles" would be "a return to the basics", suggesting the songs would be of similar style to their acclaimed 2001 debut record, "Is This It". He added, "Sonically, I feel it's the album which should have been made between "Room on Fire" and "First Impressions of Earth"". However, the band decided to experiment with various production techniques, including MIDI electronic samples. Producer Gus Oberg claimed that despite wanting to use MIDI, neither he nor the band were satisfied with the results, and instead used a number of keyboards, with every member of the band playing the same parts manually instead for at least one song each. These included mainly the Roland Juno-106, as well as the MicroKORG XL, a Wurlitzer electric piano, and a Farfisa organ. The band also utilised a number of guitar pedals, more so than previously, including the Maxon AD999 delay, the Electro‑Harmonix Memory Man, and various Green Rhino distortion pedals. Oberg would record the digital guitar tracks onto tape, using a TEAC quarter‑inch tape machine during tracking sessions, before re-recording them back to digital for mixing, in order to gain a more analogue sound. He also used the machine to achieve a slap‑back echo on the drum track for 'Gratisfaction'. The band also made extensive use of overdubbed guitars, and various vocal techniques, such as backing vocals for the first time, vocal harmonies, and vocal layering techniques, including double tracking, all of which are most notable on "Under Cover of Darkness".


title: Angles (The Strokes album)

text: Media response to "Angles" was generally favorable; aggregating website Metacritic reports a normalized rating of 71%, based on 41 reviews. In his four-star review, David Fricke of "Rolling Stone" explained that the record was "worth the wait", and summed it up as "the first step away from the sound of their instant-classic debut. Instead of the rigid purity of 'Is This It,' the new album nods to the more expansive sound of the Velvet Underground's 1970 record, "Loaded"." Other critics praised "Angles" as a welcome reinvention for the band, with "NME" noting that it "lives up to its name by coming at you from some very obtuse places." Claire Suddath of "Time" called the album "a 10 song exercise in rock precision," and Mikael Wood of "Spin" proclaimed that it "reminds you why they were so irresistible in the first place". Amanda Petrusich of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a B−, describing it as "accordingly fractured and often inscrutable, but (with) returns to form."


title: Angles (The Strokes album)

text: "Angles" entered the Australian albums chart at #1, the Strokes' first time at the top spot within the country and the second time such a feat has occurred thus far in the band's career. Meanwhile, it reached #4 in the US with an entry sales week of 89,000 units, 1,000 more than that of its predecessor, "First Impressions of Earth." As of 2012 it has sold 213,000 copies in United States.


title: Angles (The Strokes album)

text: The first single to promote "Angles", "Under Cover of Darkness", was released on February 11, 2011. The 7" was officially released on March 1, 2011 and contained "You're So Right" as the B-side. The second single, "Taken for a Fool", was released on July 1, 2011. A live version of the track, recorded during an April 1, 2011 concert at Madison Square Garden and featuring Elvis Costello, was made available as the single's accompanying B-side. The song "Machu Picchu" appears on the soundtrack for EA Sports video game, "FIFA 12". and was released as third single on August 8


title: Mathematics education

text: In contemporary education, mathematics education, known in Europe as the didactics or pedagogy of mathematics – is the practice of teaching, learning and carrying out scholarly research into the transfer of mathematical knowledge.


title: Mathematics education

text: Although research into mathematics education is primarily concerned with the tools, methods and approaches that facilitate practice or the study of practice, it also covers an extensive field of study encompassing a variety of different concepts, theories and methods. National and international organisations regularly hold conferences and publish literature in order to improve mathematics education.


title: Mathematics education

text: Elementary mathematics were a core part of education in many ancient civilisations, including ancient Egypt, ancient Babylonia, ancient Greece, ancient Rome and Vedic India. In most cases, formal education was only available to male children with sufficiently high status, wealth or caste. The oldest known mathematics textbook is the Rhind papyrus, dated from circa 1650 BCE.


title: Mathematics education

text: Historians of Mesopotamia have confirmed that use of the Pythagorean rule dates back to the Old Babylonian Empire (20th to 16th centuries BC) and that it was being taught in scribal schools over one thousand years before the birth of Pythagoras.


title: Mathematics education

text: In Plato's division of the liberal arts into the trivium and the quadrivium, the quadrivium included the mathematical fields of arithmetic and geometry. This structure was continued in the structure of classical education that was developed in medieval Europe. The teaching of geometry was almost universally based on Euclid's "Elements". Apprentices to trades such as masons, merchants and money-lenders could expect to learn such practical mathematics as was relevant to their profession.


title: Mathematics education

text: In the Renaissance, the academic status of mathematics declined, because it was strongly associated with trade and commerce, and considered somewhat un-Christian. Although it continued to be taught in European universities, it was seen as subservient to the study of Natural, Metaphysical and Moral Philosophy. The first modern arithmetic curriculum (starting with addition, then subtraction, multiplication, and division) arose at reckoning schools in Italy in the 1300s. Spreading along trade routes, these methods were designed to be used in commerce. They contrasted with Platonic math taught at universities, which was more philosophical and concerned numbers as concepts rather than calculating methods. They also contrasted with mathematical methods learned by artisan apprentices, which were specific to the tasks and tools at hand. For example, the division of a board into thirds can be accomplished with a piece of string, instead of measuring the length and using the arithmetic operation of division.


title: Mathematics education

text: The first mathematics textbooks to be written in English and French were published by Robert Recorde, beginning with "The Grounde of Artes" in 1543. However, there are many different writings on mathematics and mathematics methodology that date back to 1800 BCE. These were mostly located in Mesopotamia where the Sumerians were practicing multiplication and division. There are also artifacts demonstrating their methodology for solving equations like the quadratic equation. After the Sumerians, some of the most famous ancient works on mathematics came from Egypt in the form of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus. The more famous Rhind Papyrus has been dated back to approximately 1650 BCE but it is thought to be a copy of an even older scroll. This papyrus was essentially an early textbook for Egyptian students.


title: Mathematics education

text: The social status of mathematical study was improving by the seventeenth century, with the University of Aberdeen creating a Mathematics Chair in 1613, followed by the Chair in Geometry being set up in University of Oxford in 1619 and the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics being established by the University of Cambridge in 1662.


title: Mathematics education

text: In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Industrial Revolution led to an enormous increase in urban populations. Basic numeracy skills, such as the ability to tell the time, count money and carry out simple arithmetic, became essential in this new urban lifestyle. Within the new public education systems, mathematics became a central part of the curriculum from an early age.


title: Mathematics education

text: During the twentieth century, mathematics education was established as an independent field of research. Here are some of the main events in this development:


title: Mathematics education

text: In the 20th century, the cultural impact of the "electronic age" (McLuhan) was also taken up by educational theory and the teaching of mathematics. While previous approach focused on "working with specialized 'problems' in arithmetic", the emerging structural approach to knowledge had "small children meditating about number theory and 'sets'."


title: Mathematics education

text: At different times and in different cultures and countries, mathematics education has attempted to achieve a variety of different objectives. These objectives have included:


title: Mathematics education

text: The method or methods used in any particular context are largely determined by the objectives that the relevant educational system is trying to achieve. Methods of teaching mathematics include the following:


title: Mathematics education

text: Different levels of mathematics are taught at different ages and in somewhat different sequences in different countries. Sometimes a class may be taught at an earlier age than typical as a special or honors class.


title: Mathematics education

text: Elementary mathematics in most countries is taught similarly, though there are differences. Most countries tend to cover fewer topics in greater depth than in the United States. During the primary school years, children learn about whole numbers and arithmetic, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Comparisons and measurement are taught, in both numeric and pictorial form, as well as fractions and proportionality, patterns, and various topics related to geometry.


title: Mathematics education

text: in most of the U.S., algebra, geometry and analysis (pre-calculus and calculus) are taught as separate courses in different years.


title: Mathematics education

text: Mathematics in most other countries (and in a few U.S. states) is integrated, with topics from all branches of mathematics studied every year. Students in many countries choose an option or pre-defined course of study rather than choosing courses "à la carte" as in the United States.


title: Mathematics education

text: Students in science-oriented curricula typically study differential calculus and trigonometry at age 16–17 and integral calculus, complex numbers, analytic geometry, exponential and logarithmic functions, and infinite series in their final year of secondary school. Probability and statistics may be taught in secondary education classes.


title: Mathematics education

text: In South Africa there are three types of Mathematics. It's Mathematics, Mathematical Literacy and Technical Mathematics. It's part of the four (4) compulsory subjects that need to be taken when they choose the subjects of their FET phase (Grade 10 to Grade 12) of high school. Mathematics contains Algebra, Geometry and Trigonometry. Mathematical Literacy contains topics like finances, mapping, measurements etc. Technical Mathematics must be taken when a student want to take technical subjects like Civil Technology, Mechanical Technology and electrical technology and must be taken with Technical Sciences.


title: Mathematics education

text: science- and engineering students will be required to take multivariable calculus, differential equations, and linear algebra;


title: Mathematics education

text: Mathematics majors continue, to study various other areas within pure mathematics - and often in applied mathematics - with the requirement of specified advanced courses in analysis and modern algebra.


title: Mathematics education

text: Applied mathematics may be taken as a major subject in its own right, while specific topics are taught within other courses:


title: Mathematics education

text: and "math for computer science" might include graph theory, permutation, probability, and formal mathematical proofs.


title: Mathematics education

text: Pure and applied math degrees often include modules in probability theory / mathematical statistics; while a course in numerical methods is a common requirement for applied math.


title: Mathematics education

text: (Theoretical) physics is mathematics intensive, often overlapping substantively with the pure or applied math degree.


title: Mathematics education

text: Throughout most of history, standards for mathematics education were set locally, by individual schools or teachers, depending on the levels of achievement that were relevant to, realistic for, and considered socially appropriate for their pupils.


title: Mathematics education

text: In modern times, there has been a move towards regional or national standards, usually under the umbrella of a wider standard school curriculum. In England, for example, standards for mathematics education are set as part of the National Curriculum for England, while Scotland maintains its own educational system. Many other countries have centralized ministries which set national standards or curricula, and sometimes even textbooks.


title: Mathematics education

text: Ma (2000) summarised the research of others who found, based on nationwide data, that students with higher scores on standardised mathematics tests had taken more mathematics courses in high school. This led some states to require three years of mathematics instead of two. But because this requirement was often met by taking another lower-level mathematics course, the additional courses had a “diluted” effect in raising achievement levels.


title: Mathematics education

text: In North America, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) published the "Principles and Standards for School Mathematics" in 2000 for the US and Canada, which boosted the trend towards reform mathematics. In 2006, the NCTM released "Curriculum Focal Points", which recommend the most important mathematical topics for each grade level through grade 8. However, these standards were guidelines to implement as American states and Canadian provinces chose. In 2010, the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and the Council of Chief State School Officers published the Common Core State Standards for US states, which were subsequently adopted by most states. Adoption of the Common Core State Standards in mathematics is at the discretion of each state, and is not mandated by the federal government. "States routinely review their academic standards and may choose to change or add onto the standards to best meet the needs of their students." The NCTM has state affiliates that have different education standards at the state level. For example, Missouri has the Missouri Council of Teachers of Mathematics (MCTM) which has its pillars and standards of education listed on its website. The MCTM also offers membership opportunities to teachers and future teachers so that they can stay up to date on the changes in math educational standards.


title: Mathematics education

text: The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), created by the Organisation for the Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), is a global program studying the reading, science and mathematic abilities of 15-year-old students. The first assessment was conducted in the year 2000 with 43 countries participating. PISA has repeated this assessment every three years to provide comparable data, helping to guide global education to better prepare youth for future economies. There have been many ramifications following the results of triennial PISA assessments due to implicit and explicit responses of stakeholders, which have led to education reform and policy change.


title: Mathematics education

text: "Robust, useful theories of classroom teaching do not yet exist". However, there are useful theories on how children learn mathematics, and much research has been conducted in recent decades to explore how these theories can be applied to teaching. The following results are examples of some of the current findings in the field of mathematics education:


title: Mathematics education

text: As with other educational research (and the social sciences in general), mathematics education research depends on both quantitative and qualitative studies. Quantitative research includes studies that use inferential statistics to answer specific questions, such as whether a certain teaching method gives significantly better results than the status quo. The best quantitative studies involve randomized trials where students or classes are randomly assigned different methods to test their effects. They depend on large samples to obtain statistically significant results.


title: Mathematics education

text: Qualitative research, such as case studies, action research, discourse analysis, and clinical interviews, depend on small but focused samples in an attempt to understand student learning and to look at how and why a given method gives the results it does. Such studies cannot conclusively establish that one method is better than another, as randomized trials can, but unless it is understood "why" treatment X is better than treatment Y, application of results of quantitative studies will often lead to "lethal mutations" of the finding in actual classrooms. Exploratory qualitative research is also useful for suggesting new hypotheses, which can eventually be tested by randomized experiments. Both qualitative and quantitative studies, therefore, are considered essential in education—just as in the other social sciences. Many studies are “mixed”, simultaneously combining aspects of both quantitative and qualitative research, as appropriate.


title: Mathematics education

text: There has been some controversy over the relative strengths of different types of research. Because randomized trials provide clear, objective evidence on “what works”, policymakers often consider only those studies. Some scholars have pushed for more random experiments in which teaching methods are randomly assigned to classes. In other disciplines concerned with human subjects, like biomedicine, psychology, and policy evaluation, controlled, randomized experiments remain the preferred method of evaluating treatments. Educational statisticians and some mathematics educators have been working to increase the use of randomized experiments to evaluate teaching methods. On the other hand, many scholars in educational schools have argued against increasing the number of randomized experiments, often because of philosophical objections, such as the ethical difficulty of randomly assigning students to various treatments when the effects of such treatments are not yet known to be effective, or the difficulty of assuring rigid control of the independent variable in fluid, real school settings.


title: Mathematics education

text: In the United States, the National Mathematics Advisory Panel (NMAP) published a report in 2008 based on studies, some of which used randomized assignment of treatments to experimental units, such as classrooms or students. The NMAP report's preference for randomized experiments received criticism from some scholars. In 2010, the What Works Clearinghouse (essentially the research arm for the Department of Education) responded to ongoing controversy by extending its research base to include non-experimental studies, including regression discontinuity designs and single-case studies.


title: Jeremy Slate

text: Jeremy Slate (born Robert Bullard Perham; February 17, 1926 – November 19, 2006) was an American film and television actor, and songwriter. He is best known for Larry Lahr in "The Aquanauts" (1960–1961), Chuck Wilson in "One Life to Live" (1979–1987) and as Deputy Sheriff Ben Latta in "The Sons of Katie Elder" (1965).


title: Jeremy Slate

text: He attended a military academy and joined the United States Navy when he was sixteen. He was barely eighteen when his destroyer assisted in the Normandy Invasion on D-Day (June 6, 1944). After the war he attended St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York, where he graduated with honors in English. He was also president of the student body, a member of the honor society, editor of the college literary magazine, a football player, and the backfield coach of the only undefeated team in the history of the university. He was a campus radio personality who married the queen of his fraternity's ball during his senior year. After graduation he became a radio sportscaster and DJ for several CBS and ABC affiliates while beginning a family that included three sons and one daughter but ultimately this marriage ended in divorce. Several years thereafter, he had a second daughter.


title: Jeremy Slate

text: For six years, Slate had a promising career with W. R. Grace and Co. as a public relations executive and travel manager for company president J. Peter Grace. He then joined Grace Steamship Lines and moved with his family to Lima, Peru. There he joined a professional theatre group, became involved with a production of "The Rainmaker" and was awarded the Tiahuanacothe, the Peruvian equivalent of the Tony Award, for his portrayal of the character Starbuck. After a year of training, he left W. R. Grace to pursue a theatrical career.


title: Jeremy Slate

text: Slate co-starred with Ron Ely in the 1960–1961 Ivan Tors series "The Aquanauts", which was renamed "Malibu Run" halfway during its brief run on CBS. The series could not compete successfully in the same time slot as NBC's durable western "Wagon Train". He guest-starred in nearly 100 television shows and appeared in twenty feature films. Among his many television appearances were two roles in the courtroom drama series "Perry Mason", both times as Perry's client: In season 3, 1960, he played Bob Lansing in the episode, "The Case of the Ominous Outcast", and in season 5, 1962, he played Philip Andrews in "The Case of the Captain's Coins."


title: Jeremy Slate

text: He guest-starred in the 1959–1960 syndicated western series, "Pony Express", starring Grant Sullivan.


title: Jeremy Slate

text: In 1963, Slate was cast as Mark Novak in the episode "The Loner" of the NBC modern western series, "Empire", set on a ranch in New Mexico. In the storyline he became involved in a deadly boxing match with series character Tal Garrett (Ryan O'Neal). Also in 1963, he co-starred in an episode of the second season of "Combat!" called "Off Limits," produced and directed by Robert Altman. That same year, he played Elroy Daldran, a hired assassin out to kill Eliot Ness, in "A Taste for Pineapple", the final episode (series finale) of "The Untouchables" starring Robert Stack. Finally in 1963, he appeared in James Arness’s TV Western series "Gunsmoke", as gunslinger Billy Hargis in “Carter Caper” (season 9, episode 8).


title: Jeremy Slate

text: He played a troubled surfer in a 1962, season 3 episode of Route 66 called "Ever Ride the Waves in Oklahoma?" In 1965 he starred as Wally in season 1, episode 21 of "Bewitched", entitled "Ling Ling". He later guest-starred as a German infiltrator in a fourth-season episode of "Combat!" entitled ”The Mockingbird” (aired 1966).


title: Jeremy Slate

text: From 1979 to 1987, Slate portrayed Chuck Wilson on the ABC daytime soap opera "One Life to Live". For a short time, from April to October 1985, while Slate was not on "One Life to Live", he portrayed the character of Locke Walls on the CBS daytime drama (soap opera) "Guiding Light". Slate performed in nine episodes of CBS's long-running Western series "Gunsmoke", including in the role of a likable but doomed cowboy in the 1962 episode "The Gallows" written by John Meston. He also guest-starred three times on "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour" on CBS and then NBC, on CBS's "" and "The New Adventures of Wonder Woman", ABC's "Bewitched", then NBC's "My Name Is Earl".


title: Jeremy Slate

text: Slate's acting career included major roles in four outlaw biker films in the late 1960s: "The Born Losers" (1967), "The Mini-Skirt Mob" (1968), "Hell's Belles" (1969) and "Hell's Angels '69". As the leader of the Born Losers Motorcycle Club in "The Born Losers", Slate played a ruthless yet likable character who took on Billy Jack. In "Hell's Angels '69" (for which he wrote the screen story) Slate played a man who used the Hells Angels as unwitting dupes in a plan to rob a casino in Las Vegas; several real-life members of the Hell's Angels — including Angels president Ralph "Sonny" Barger, Terry the Tramp and Magoo — had significant speaking roles in the film. Slate broke his leg during filming and never rode a motorcycle again. He also played a role in the western "The Sons of Katie Elder" starring John Wayne (1965).


title: Jeremy Slate

text: Slate was an accomplished country-and-western songwriter and BMI member. He wrote the lyrics to Tex Ritter's top ten song "Just Beyond the Moon" and co-wrote with Greg R. Connor the lyrics for "Every Time I Itch (I Wind Up Scratchin' You)" recorded by Glen Campbell on Capitol Records. Slate and Campbell had starred together in the 1969 movie, "True Grit".


title: Jeremy Slate

text: He was briefly married to the actress Tammy Grimes and was stepfather to actress Amanda Plummer during this time.


title: Jeremy Slate

text: In the 1970s, Slate was involved with feminist archaeologist Sally Binford. Their adventures in the sexual freedom movement were chronicled in Gay Talese's 1980 book "Thy Neighbor's Wife".


title: Jeremy Slate

text: In 2000, he married Denise Mellinger Slate, a writer and film producer. He was stepfather to Joseph Tolen and Erin Tolen.


title: Jeremy Slate

text: In 2004, he attended as a guest at the Western Film Fair in Charlotte, North Carolina, along with Stella Stevens, Andrew Prine and Sonny Shroyer.


title: Jeremy Slate

text: His partner at the time of his death was Joan Benedict-Steiger. He had two living sons, and two daughters; one son had preceded him in death.


title: Jeremy Slate

text: On November 19, 2006, Slate died in Los Angeles, California, following surgery for esophageal cancer.


title: Connor Ratliff

text: Connor Ratliff (born August 27, 1975) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his podcast "Dead Eyes", is the star and creator of the long running stage and streaming show "The George Lucas Talk Show", and is associated with Upright Citizens Brigade in New York where he is a member of the long form improv comedy troupe The Stepfathers.


title: Connor Ratliff

text: Ratliff grew up in Missouri, the son of Bill and Gretta Ratliff, and after high school attended the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts in Liverpool, England. He stayed in London after graduation and worked as a reader while looking for work as an actor.


title: Connor Ratliff

text: He began acting at The Royal Court Theatre in London before an audition for "Band of Brothers", the details of which led to the eventual creation of his podcast "Dead Eyes".


title: Connor Ratliff

text: After moving to New York, Connor began working at the UCB Theatre East, where he performed weekly Friday nights with the improv troupe The Stepfathers, and performed Sunday nights in the theatre's longest running show, "ASSSSCAT 3000". He also wrote and performed on "The Chris Gethard Show" throughout its run as both a stage show and its many iterations on Manhattan Neighborhood Network, Fusion, and TruTV. During its run, he launched a 2012 Presidential campaign and debated Jimmy McMillan, contributed short films with award-winning artist Maelle Doliveux as "The Lone Cornmeal Machine", and served as a warm up comedian and panelist.


title: Connor Ratliff

text: In 2014, Connor Ratliff began hosting a live talk show where he appears as George Lucas, the creator of "Star Wars", and he interviews real guests as themselves in a panel format. He is joined by sidekick "Star Wars" characters: initially Jar Jar Binks, played by comedian Shaun Diston, and in current shows, Watto, played by Griffin Newman. The show was performed monthly live on stage at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre before the COVID 19 pandemic, and since May 4, 2020 has been performing live on twitch, first on Planet Scum and currently on Paul Scheer's channel Friendzone, as well as resuming live performances at theaters across the United States.


title: Connor Ratliff

text: In 2000, Ratliff was cast in the role of Private John Zielinski in the HBO television series "Band of Brothers" and was set to begin filming when he was subsequently fired, allegedly because series co-creator Tom Hanks believed Ratliff had "dead eyes". In 2020, Ratliff began a podcast, "Dead Eyes", that set out to "solve a very stupid mystery" of why he was fired, and to more generally explore the concept of rejection in the entertainment industry, drawing on many fellow actors to share their own experiences. The podcast gained significant media attention in March 2022 when, for its season 3 finale, Ratliff finally got Hanks to appear on the program.


title: Disgust

text: Disgust (Middle French: "desgouster", from Latin "gustus", "taste") is an emotional response of rejection or revulsion to something potentially contagious or something considered offensive, distasteful, or unpleasant. In "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals", Charles Darwin wrote that disgust is a sensation that refers to something revolting. Disgust is experienced primarily in relation to the sense of taste (either perceived or imagined), and secondarily to anything which causes a similar feeling by sense of smell, touch, or vision. Musically sensitive people may even be disgusted by the cacophony of inharmonious sounds. Research has continually proven a relationship between disgust and anxiety disorders such as arachnophobia, blood-injection-injury type phobias, and contamination fear related obsessive–compulsive disorder (also known as OCD).


title: Disgust

text: Disgust is one of the basic emotions of Robert Plutchik's theory of emotions, and has been studied extensively by Paul Rozin. It invokes a characteristic facial expression, one of Paul Ekman's six universal facial expressions of emotion. Unlike the emotions of fear, anger, and sadness, disgust is associated with a decrease in heart rate.


title: Disgust

text: It is believed that the emotion of disgust has evolved as a response to offensive foods that may cause harm to the organism. A common example of this is found in human beings who show disgust reactions to mouldy milk or contaminated meat. Disgust appears to be triggered by objects or people who possess attributes that signify disease.


title: Disgust

text: The above-mentioned main disgust stimuli are similar to one another in the sense that they can all potentially transmit infections, and are the most common referenced elicitors of disgust cross-culturally. Because of this, disgust is believed to have evolved as a component of a behavioral immune system in which the body attempts to avoid disease-carrying pathogens in preference to fighting them after they have entered the body. This behavioral immune system has been found to make sweeping generalizations because "it is more costly to perceive a sick person as healthy than to perceive a healthy person as sickly". Researchers have found that sensitivity to disgust is negatively correlated to aggression because feelings of disgust typically bring about a need to withdraw while aggression results in a need to approach. This can be explained in terms of each of the types of disgust. For those especially sensitive to moral disgust, they would want to be less aggressive because they want to avoid hurting others. Those especially sensitive to pathogen disgust might be motivated by a desire to avoid the possibility of an open wound on the victim of the aggression. Those sensitive to sexual disgust must have some sexual object present to be especially avoidant of aggression. Based on these findings, disgust may be used as an emotional tool to decrease aggression in individuals. Disgust may produce specific autonomic responses, such as reduced blood pressure, lowered heart-rate and decreased skin conductance along with changes in respiratory behaviour.


title: Disgust

text: Research has also found that people who are more sensitive to disgust tend to find their own in-group more attractive and tend to have more negative attitudes toward other groups. This may be explained by assuming that people begin to associate outsiders and foreigners with disease and danger while simultaneously associating health, freedom from disease, and safety with people similar to themselves.


title: Disgust

text: Taking a further look into hygiene, disgust was the strongest predictor of negative attitudes toward obese individuals. A disgust reaction to obese individuals was also connected with views of moral values.


title: Disgust

text: Tybur, et al., outlines three domains of disgust: "pathogen disgust", which "motivates the avoidance of infectious microorganisms"; "sexual disgust", "which motivates the avoidance of [dangerous] sexual partners and behaviors"; and "moral disgust", which motivates people to avoid breaking social norms. Disgust may have an important role in certain forms of morality.


title: Disgust

text: Pathogen disgust arises from a desire to survive and, ultimately, a fear of death. He compares it to a "behavioral immune system" that is the 'first line of defense' against potentially deadly agents such as dead bodies, rotting food, and vomit.


title: Disgust

text: Sexual disgust arises from a desire to avoid "biologically costly mates" and a consideration of the consequences of certain reproductive choices. The two primary considerations are intrinsic quality (e.g., body symmetry, facial attractiveness, etc.) and genetic compatibility (e.g., avoidance of inbreeding such as the incest taboo).


title: Disgust

text: Moral disgust "pertains to social transgressions" and may include behaviors such as lying, theft, murder, and rape. Unlike the other two domains, moral disgust "motivates avoidance of social relationships with norm-violating individuals" because those relationships threaten group cohesion.


title: Disgust

text: Women generally report greater disgust than men, especially regarding sexual disgust or general repulsiveness which have been argued to be consistent with women being more selective regarding sex for evolutionary reasons.


title: Disgust

text: Sensitivity to disgust rises during pregnancy, along with levels of the hormone progesterone. Scientists have conjectured that pregnancy requires the mother to "dial down" her immune system so that the developing embryo won't be attacked. To protect the mother, this lowered immune system is then compensated by a heightened sense of disgust.


title: Disgust

text: Because disgust is an emotion with physical responses to undesirable or dirty situations, studies have proven there are cardiovascular and respiratory changes while experiencing the emotion of disgust.


title: Disgust

text: As mentioned earlier, women experience disgust more prominently than men. This is reflected in a study about dental phobia. A dental phobia comes from experiencing disgust when thinking about the dentist and all that entails. 4.6 percent of women compared to 2.7 percent of men find the dentist disgusting.