title: Snuff (film)

text: "Snuff" was panned by critics at the time of its original release, both for the disingenuous publicity surrounding it and for its overall quality. Richard Eder of the "New York Times" described it as "a horrendously written, photographed, acted, directed and dubbed bit of verdigris showing a group of devil-girls massacring people." Also in the "New York Times", John Leonard reported that "Marcus Welby, M.D." could have improved on the film's special effects and that the final "murder" was less "obnoxious" than a similar scene from "Flesh for Frankenstein".


title: Snuff (film)

text: Later reviews were equally negative. Joel Harley from "HorrorNews.net" wrote in his review of the film, "Were it not for that ending and the furore surrounding it, "Snuff" would surely have been forgotten a long time ago. Beyond the infamy, it's a stultifyingly average film." Bill Gibron from "PopMatters" gave the film 3/10 stars, writing, "Unlike modern gorefests which strive for autopsy like realism in all facets of the F/X, "Snuff" is cheap and cheesy. While it[s] legend lives on, its realities end any speculation or scandal for that matter. No one really dies onscreen during the last few minutes of this movie. Your sense of gullibility, on the other hand..." Adam Tyner from DVD Talk called the film "basically unwatchable in its original form". Tyner criticized the film's unnecessarily dragged out scenes, lack of tension, and dubbed dialogue, which he called "sleepy, flat, lifeless, and howlingly inept all around, never even making an attempt to match any frantically flapping lips".


title: Power Mac G4

text: The Power Mac G4 is a series of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer from 1999 to 2004 as part of the Power Macintosh line. Built around the PowerPC G4 series of microprocessors, the Power Mac G4 was marketed by Apple as the first "personal supercomputers", reaching speeds of 4 to 20 gigaFLOPS. This was the first existing Macintosh product to be officially shortened as "Mac", and is the last Mac able to boot into classic Mac OS.


title: Power Mac G4

text: The enclosure style introduced with the Power Macintosh G3 (Blue and White) was retained through the entire five-year production run of the Power Mac G4, albeit with significant changes to match Apple's evolving industrial design and to accommodate increasing cooling needs. The G4 and its enclosure were retired with the introduction of the Power Mac G5.


title: Power Mac G4

text: The original Power Mac G4 was introduced at the Seybold conference in San Francisco on August 31, 1999. There were two variants, officially titled Power Mac G4 (PCI Graphics), with and configurations available, and Power Mac G4 (AGP Graphics), with , , and configurations. Colloquially, this first generation of Power Mac G4 is referred to as "Graphite". This is due to the color scheme of the case, which officially debuted with the Power Mac G4 (predating the graphite iMac DV Special Edition by 2 months).


title: Power Mac G4

text: Apple originally planned to ship the configuration in October 1999, but they were forced to postpone this because of poor yield of the CPUs. In response, Apple reduced the clock speed of the processor in each configuration by (making the options , and ), which caused some controversy because they did not lower the original prices accordingly.


title: Power Mac G4

text: The early (later ) PCI-based version used a motherboard identical to the one used in Power Macintosh G3 (Blue and White) computers including the use of Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) processors sockets (minus the ADB port), in a "graphite" colored case and with the new Motorola PowerPC 7400 (G4) CPU. The higher-speed models, code name "Sawtooth", used a greatly modified motherboard design with AGP 2x graphics (replacing the PCI slot).


title: Power Mac G4

text: The machines featured DVD-ROM drives as standard. The and versions had Zip drives as standard equipment, and as an option on the Sawtooth. This series had a system bus and four PC100 SDRAM slots for up to of RAM ( under Mac OS 9). The AGP Power Macs were the first to include an AirPort slot and DVI video port. The computers could house a total of three hard drives, two 128 GB ATA hard drives and up to a single 20 GB SCSI hard drive, with the installation of a SCSI card.


title: Power Mac G4

text: The version was reintroduced on February 16, 2000, accompanied by and models. DVD-RAM and Zip drives featured on these later and versions and were an option on the 400 MHz.


title: Power Mac G4

text: The Power Mac G4 (Gigabit Ethernet) model was introduced at Macworld Expo New York on July 19, 2000; the new revision included dual-processor and versions, and a low-end single CPU model. It was also the first personal computer to include gigabit Ethernet as standard. Most people saw this revision as a stopgap release, because higher clocked G4s were not available; the G4's Motorola XPC107 "Grackle" PCI/Memory controller prevented the G4 from hitting speeds higher than . The dual models featured DVD-RAM optical drives. Zip drives were optional on all models. These models also introduced Apple's proprietary Apple Display Connector video port.


title: Power Mac G4

text: A new line with a revamped motherboard but retaining the familiar "Graphite" case debuted on January 9, 2001. Known officially as the Power Mac G4 (Digital Audio), it is in effect a Quicksilver design inside the Graphite enclosure. Motorola had added a seventh pipeline stage in the new PowerPC G4 design to achieve faster clock frequencies. New features included a fourth PCI slot, a 133 MHz system bus, an improved 4X AGP slot, and a new "digital audio" Tripath Class T amplifier sound system. The models were offered in , , dual , and configurations, the latter two using a newer PowerPC 7450 processor. The number of RAM slots was reduced to three, accommodating up to 1.5 Gigabytes of PC133 SDRAM.


title: Power Mac G4

text: The model was the first Macintosh to include a built-in DVD-R or Apple-branded SuperDrive, the rest of the line became the first Macs to ship with CD-RW drives.


title: Power Mac G4

text: At Macworld Expo New York on July 18, 2001, a new line debuted featuring a cosmetically redesigned case known as Quicksilver, and various upgrades to the specifications. It was available in , and dual configurations. The model was notable for not having a level three cache. The SuperDrive was offered on the mid-range model, and UltraATA/100 hard drives were offered on all models. The internal speaker received an upgrade, using a Harman/Kardon speaker.


title: Power Mac G4

text: The Quicksilver line received criticism in "MacWorld"s review for removing the "eject" button and the manual eject pinhole, as well as the pass-through monitor power plug, and for the base specification of RAM as being insufficient for running Mac OS X.


title: Power Mac G4

text: Updated Quicksilver machines, officially named Power Mac G4 (Quicksilver 2002), were introduced on January 28, 2002, with , and dual configurations. This was the first Mac to reach . Again, the low-end model did not include any level three cache. The graphics in Updated Quicksilver machines were provided by an Nvidia GeForce4 Ti/MX or ATI Radeon 7500 graphics card. Some of these models have ATA controllers with 48-bit LBA to accommodate hard drives larger than 128 GB.


title: Power Mac G4

text: Another generation of Apple Power Mac G4s, officially named "Mirrored Drive Doors" (MDD), was introduced on August 13, 2002, featuring both a new Xserve-derived DDR motherboard architecture and a new case design. All models were available in dual processor configurations running at , or . As with the Xserves, the PowerPC 7455 CPU used does not have a DDR frontside bus, meaning the CPU of the 133 MHz frontside bus models could use at most only 50% of the new system's theoretical memory bandwidth, providing no improvement over previous models. The rest was available to the graphics card and I/O systems. A single processor model would be the last Power Mac G4 the company offered to the public after the announcement of the new Power Mac G5, introduced in June 2003.


title: Power Mac G4

text: The last real update to the Power Mac G4 line came on January 28, 2003, offering dual 1.42 GHz PowerPC 7455 processors, with features not seen in previous DDR models: a built-in FireWire 800 connector, optional integrated Bluetooth, and optional integrated AirPort Extreme. These were also the first Power Macs that could not boot into Mac OS 9.


title: Power Mac G4

text: With the launch of the Power Mac G5 on June 23, 2003, Apple re-introduced the August 2002 Power Mac G4 because of perceived demand for Mac OS 9 machines. Between that, its low price-tag, and the delayed availability of Power Mac G5s, it proved a strong seller, albeit for a relatively short time. Production stopped on June 27, 2004, and the remaining inventory was liquidated, its discontinuation ending the 20-year legacy of Classic Mac OS support.


title: Nobody Saves the World

text: Nobody Saves the World is an action role-playing dungeon crawling video game developed and published by DrinkBox Studios. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S in January 2022, which was followed by ports on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 in April 2022.


title: Nobody Saves the World

text: "Nobody Saves the World" is an action role-playing game played from a top-down perspective. The game can be played solo, though it also has a cooperative multiplayer mode. In the game, the player controls a blank-state character named Nobody, who is equipped with a wand. The wand allows them to transform into 18 forms, such as magicians, robots and dragons. Each form has two basic skills at the beginning of the game, though as players progress, new abilities will be unlocked. These characters also have different stats and attributes. The skills and the abilities of different Forms can be combined to create devastating attacks. Other Forms can share the gameplay benefits of one Form when it was unlocked.


title: Nobody Saves the World

text: As players explore the overworld and dungeons which are procedurally generated, players need to complete quests and gameplay objectives in order to earn experience for upgrades and Star, a currency which is used to unlock the legendary dungeons featured in the game. These dungeons are filled with enemies and traps, though players may also find treasure chests and hidden keys if they explore an area thoroughly. In each of the game's dungeons, the only respawn point is located in the area where the player is about to encounter an enemy boss.


title: Nobody Saves the World

text: The game was developed DrinkBox Studios, who previously released "Guacamelee!" and its sequel "Guacamelee! 2". The game was inspired by "The Legend of Zelda" and "Final Fantasy Tactics", in particular, its Job system that allows players to assume different roles and occupations. "Nobody Saves the World" is DrinkBox's first multiplayer game after the team was convinced by Microsoft to add online multiplayer. Jim Guthrie, which previously composed the music for "" and "Planet Coaster", will serve as the game's composer.


title: Nobody Saves the World

text: The game was officially announced in March 2021 during the ID@Xbox Twitch Gaming Showcase. While the game was originally set to be released in 2021, DrinkBox announced that the game would be delayed to early 2022 in August 2021. The game was released on January 18, 2022, for Windows, Xbox One and Xbox Series X and Series S. An expansion for the game, titled "Frozen Hearth", which adds new areas, challenges and forms, released on September 13, 2022.


title: Nobody Saves the World

text: "Nobody Saves the World" received "generally favorable reviews" according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Nobody Saves the World

text: "Game Informer" enjoyed how the game forced the player to constantly change their loadout, "Every dungeon sports a dangerous modifier, which often upset my preferred loadout... The various modifiers made me appreciate the breadth of customization and experimentation for every form". "Destructoid" liked the cartoon-inspired visuals, writing that the game, "injects a ton of personality into basically every facet of its being. The animation is fantastic: like something straight out of a Cartoon Network show, with characters who have exaggerated, over-the-top emotive reactions". "PC Gamer" praised the variety each of the game's forms enabled "Each form begins with a unique signature attack and passive ability... But the real fun begins once you can mix and match abilities from different forms in an open-ended system... with a similar onus on freeform experimentation". "IGN" criticized the endgame, saying it lacked the variety in new forms that was found earlier, "On the other end of that, the last stretch of the 15-hour adventure starts to suffer from a feeling that the well has run dry. I ran out of new forms to chase, I felt like I had seen and experimented with all of the ability synergies that made sense, and I felt like I had easy answers for just about everything". "Eurogamer" recommended the game, calling it extremely replayable, concluding, "Drinkbox's latest is as polished and colourful as you might expect - and it's as generous too." "Shacknews" praised the game for its combat, customizable builds, art style, dungeons, characters, and commentary on the RPG genre while criticizing the autosave system. "Hardcore Gamer" praised the ability to encourage experimentation and its challenge system, calling it "Drinkbox’s most curious but mechanically-satisfying title to date."


title: Kim Keon-hee

text: Kim Keon-hee (; born 2 September 1972) is a South Korean businesswoman, who is the current First Lady of South Korea since 10 May 2022 as the wife of the 13th president of South Korea Yoon Suk-yeol. She is the current chief executive officer and president of the art exhibition company, Covana Contents.


title: Kim Keon-hee

text: Kim was born on 2 September 1972 in Yangpyeong, South Korea. She attended Myungil Girls' High School before graduating from Kyonggi University with an art degree.


title: Kim Keon-hee

text: In 2009, Kim established Covana Contents, a company that specializes in art exhibitions and has been serving as the chief executive officer and president since then. In 2019, the media reported that she had allegedly not paid taxes. Kim has been investigated for allegedly taking kickbacks for hosting art exhibitions.


title: Kim Keon-hee

text: In 2021, there were reports that Kim had inflated her resume with connections to the New York University Stern School of Business. In a press conference, she later publicly apologized and promised only "to focus on role as Yoon's spouse even if Yoon is elected." Following her promise, Yoon included abolition of Office of the First Lady within the Office of the President in his campaign promise.


title: Kim Keon-hee

text: At the end of 2021, prosecutors announced that they will start investigations against Kim for corruption regarding a stock market manipulation.


title: Kim Keon-hee

text: Kim married Yoon Suk-yeol in 2012. On 10 March 2022, upon her husband's election as president-elect of South Korea, Kim stated that she preferred the term president's spouse to first lady.


title: V.League (Japan)

text: The V.League 1 () is the top-level professional volleyball league for both men and women in Japan. The league started in 1994.


title: V.League (Japan)

text: The competitions are organized by the Japan Volleyball League Organization. In 2006 the name "V.League" was changed to V.Premier League. In 2018 the name "V.Premier League" was changed to V.League Division 1 (V1).


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: The eleventh season of "The Voice" began airing on 18 April 2022. In October 2021, it was announced Seven Network had once again picked up the series for its eleventh season, set to broadcast in 2022. At the same time, it was announced that Keith Urban, Jessica Mauboy, Rita Ora, and Guy Sebastian would all return as coaches. Sonia Kruger was also announced to return as host.


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: Similar to last season, the finale was pre-recorded and the winner was determined by a viewer poll. Lachie Gill was declared the winner, marking Rita Ora's first win as a coach.


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: On 11 October 2021, it was announced that Keith Urban, Jessica Mauboy, Rita Ora, and Guy Sebastian would all return as coaches for the eleventh series. Sonia Kruger returned as host.


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: In the blind auditions, the coaches complete their teams with 12 members each. Each coach can block another two times and the coach who is blocked is unable to pitch for the artist. However, new to this season, a coach can block at any time, even during their pitch as long as the blocker turned his/her chair. Also, this season introduces the " Battle Pass". In this twist, coaches will have a new button, in addition to the main button and the block buttons. The "Battle Pass" allows a coach to automatically send the contestant to the battles. Each coach could only press the button for one artist in the entire phase.


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: The Callbacks aired on 4 May. In this round, each coach needs to trim down their artists from 12 down to 6. Shaun Wessel, Faith Sosene, Celestial Utai, and Theoni Marks have been given Battle Passes from their coaches. This allows them to skip the Callbacks, and go straight to the battles.


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: Each coach splits the remaining eleven team members into groups of three or four. Those three or four artists then take to the stage together and each performs a different song based on the theme selected by the coaches. In each group, the coach can select one, two, or all of them; as long as each coach has selected five artists to advance to the battles.


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: In total, only six from each team will advance to the battle rounds: five selected by the coach in the callbacks (with some reprising their blind audition song and not required to perform in the sing-off in front of an audience) and the Battle Pass recipient. The artists not chosen in this round will be eliminated.


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: The Battles aired on 8 May and 15 May. In the battles, coaches are to cut their team from 6 to 3 by paring two of their artists to sing the same song as a duet.


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: Team Guy and Keith performed on the first night of battles and Team Jess and Rita performed on the second night.


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: In the Singoffs, coaches pick one of their 3 or 4 battle winners to go straight through the Semifinals. Then the 2 or 3 remaining artists must Singoff for the last remaining spot on their team to advance to the semifinal.


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: The Semifinal aired on 22 May. The 8 remaining artists sing different songs for a place in the Grand Final. At the end of the episode, coaches are only allowed to pick one artist from their team to advance to the Grand Final.


title: The Voice (Australian season 11)

text: The Grand Finale was broadcast on 29 May 2022. Each artist performed a solo song and a duet with their coach. Similar to the last two seasons, this was the only episode of the season where the results were determined by public vote and not by the coaches. Lachie Gill was declared the winner, marking Rita Ora's first win as a coach.


title: Jemeker Thompson

text: Jemeker Thompson-Hairston is an American former drug dealer who rose to the top of the cocaine trade during the peak of the 1980s crack epidemic in the United States. She was based in "South Central" Los Angeles and had cocaine distributors in multiple US cities working for her.


title: Jemeker Thompson

text: When Thompson was 8 years old, she and her mother were evicted from their apartment in South Los Angeles (formerly known as South Central Los Angeles), and their belongings were strewn outside. In the Netflix documentary episode about her life as a drug dealer, Thompson states that "I knew then that I wanted money and that I wanted to control everything." She ran track in high school and was the girlfriend of Anthony "Daff" Mosley. Daff was dealing marijuana and Thompson began collecting payments for him.


title: Jemeker Thompson

text: Thompson began selling between 3 and 4 kilos of cocaine a week, while still in high school. She and "Daff" married in 1980, and began selling crack cocaine. Thompson's drug dealing business boomed, she and her husband bought a home in Encino, California and in 1982, had a son. When "Daff" was murdered, Drug Enforcement Administration agents, who had been watching Thompson, thought she would stop drug dealing. In 1984, she began to grow her business again by recruiting distributors around the U.S. and for some time began getting the cocaine directly from producers in Colombia. At age 26, she opened a hair distribution business (of wigs and hair extensions), which Thompson said was a legitimate business but authorities said was used for laundering drug profits.


title: Jemeker Thompson

text: When Percy "Cheese" Bratton, her business partner, was arrested with kilos of cocaine in his car, he made a deal with investigators, providing the evidence needed to indict Thompson. Thompson tried to avoid capture, but at the age of 31, was arrested at her son's 6th grade graduation ceremony. Thompson was charged with conspiracy to distribute cocaine and five counts of money laundering. Thompson was indicted, convicted and completed 12 of her 15-year prison sentence. During her time in prison, Thompson converted to Christianity and after her release, began a Christian ministry called Second Chance Evangelical Ministries. Her son became a professional skateboarder.


title: Jemeker Thompson

text: The crack epidemic in the U.S. was a time during the 1980s when people were using crack cocaine as payment for every day goods, crack cocaine was cheap. Thompson wrote about her life during that time in "Queen Pin", co-written with David Ritz. It was published in 2010. In a mixed review, Kirkus Reviews said that it "lacks the salacious elements that make criminal memoirs compelling," but noted that it "may appeal to believers" due to its religious content.


title: Jemeker Thompson

text: Thompson was the subject of an episode in the second season of the Netflix series "Drug Lords". On July 10, 2018, Netflix aired an episode featuring Thompson's story. In the documentary she talked about making millions in the drug trade, her time in prison, converting to Christianity and doing Christian ministry since her release from prison.


title: Jemeker Thompson

text: Thompson was the subject of the 8th episode of the first season of "". A&E aired the episode on September 12, 2012, which documented that Thompson was one of the top contributors to the 1980s crack epidemic in the United States.


title: Jemeker Thompson

text: Thompson's change from drug dealer to evangelist was featured on the 700 Club, a program on the Christian Broadcasting Network.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: An orthopedic cast, or simply cast, is a shell, frequently made from plaster or fiberglass, that encases a limb (or, in some cases, large portions of the body) to stabilize and hold anatomical structures—most often a broken bone (or bones), in place until healing is confirmed. It is similar in function to a splint.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Plaster bandages consist of a cotton bandage that has been combined with plaster of paris, which hardens after it has been made wet. Plaster of Paris is calcined gypsum (roasted gypsum), ground to a fine powder by milling. When water is added, the more soluble form of calcium sulfate returns to the relatively insoluble form, and heat is produced.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: The setting of unmodified plaster starts about 10 minutes after mixing and is complete in about 45 minutes; however, the cast is not fully dry for 72 hours.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Current bandages of synthetic materials are often used, often knitted fiberglass bandages impregnated with polyurethane, sometimes bandages of thermoplastic. These are lighter and dry much faster than plaster bandages. However, plaster can be more easily moulded to make a snug and therefore more comfortable fit. In addition, plaster is much smoother and does not snag clothing or abrade the skin.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Upper extremity casts encase the arm, wrist, or hand. A long arm cast encases the arm from the hand to about 2 inches below the armpit, leaving fingers and thumbs free. A short arm cast, in contrast, stops just below the elbow. Both varieties may, depending on the injury and the doctor's decision, include one or more fingers or the thumb, in which case it is called a finger spica or thumb spica cast.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Lower extremity casts are classified similarly, with a cast encasing both the foot and the leg to the hip being called a long leg cast, while a cast encasing the patient's foot, ankle and lower leg ending below the knee is referred to as a short leg cast. A walking heel may be applied for ambulation. These heels, when properly applied, elevate the toes and offer the wearer the advantage of keeping the toes out of the dirt and moisture of the street. The walking heel provides a small contact patch for the cast and creates a fluid rocking motion during the stride as the cast can pivot easily in any direction. Similarly, a weight-bearing cast shoe (cast boot, cast sandal) can help the patient walk during convalescence. Additionally, a castshoe can simply protect the patient's casted foot while helping to maintain better hygiene by preventing the cast from directly contacting potentially dirty or wet ground surfaces. Where the patient is not to walk on the injured limb, crutches or a wheelchair may be provided. The foot's under-sole portion of a leg cast may be extended terminating at the tip of the patient's toes, to create a rigid support that limits motion of the metatarsals in both weight bearing and non-weight bearing leg casts. These are referred to as toeplates in the orthopedic discipline of medicine. This addition may be applied to further support and stabilize the metatarsals by limiting motion through a higher degree of immobilization, as well as protecting the toes from additional blunt force trauma. Typically leg casts with no toeplate are prescribed for injuries to the foot and metatarsals. Ordinarily, a leg cast applied for the treatment of a stable ankle fracture would not use the toeplate design because there is no need to immobilize and limit the motion of the patient's toes.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: In some cases, a cast may include the upper and lower arm and the elbow, but leave the wrist and hand free, or the upper and lower leg and the knee, leaving the foot and ankle free. Such a cast may be called a cylinder cast. Where the wrist or ankle is included, it may be called a long arm or long leg cast.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Body casts, which cover the trunk of the body, and in some cases the neck up to or including the head (see Minerva Cast, below) or one or more limbs, are rarely used today, and are most commonly used in the cases of small children, who cannot be trusted to comply with a back brace, or in cases of radical surgery to repair an injury or other defect. A body cast that encases the trunk (with "straps" over the shoulders) is usually called a body jacket. These are often very uncomfortable.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: An EDF (elongation, derotation, flexion) cast is used for the treatment of Infantile Idiopathic scoliosis. This method of treatment for correction was developed by UK scoliosis specialist Min Mehta. Scoliosis is a 3-dimensional problem that requires correction in all three planes. The EDF casting method can elongate the spine through traction, derotate the spine/pelvis, and improve lordosis and overall body shape and alignment.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: EDF differs from Risser casting. EDF casts are either over or under the shoulder, and have a large mushroom opening on the front to allow for proper chest expansion. On the back, there is a small cutout on the concavity of the curve, not going past the midline. It was found that the spine became more aligned with this cutout than without, and that it helped correct rotation.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: A cast that includes the trunk of the body and one or more limbs is a spica cast, just as is a cast that includes the "trunk" of the arm and one or more fingers or the thumb. For example, a shoulder spica includes the trunk of the body and one arm, usually to the wrist or hand. Shoulder spicas are almost never seen today, having been replaced with specialized splints and slings that provide early mobility of the injury to avoid joint stiffness after healing.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: A hip spica includes the trunk of the body and one or more legs. A hip spica that covers only one leg to the ankle or foot is called a single hip spica, while one that covers both legs is a double hip spica. A one-and-a-half hip spica encases one leg to the ankle or foot and the other to just above the knee. The extent to which the hip spica covers the trunk depends greatly on the injury and the surgeon; the spica may extend only to the navel, allowing mobility of the spine and the possibility of walking with the aid of crutches, or may extend to the rib cage or even to the armpits in some rare cases. Hip spicas are common in maintaining reduction of femoral fractures and are also used for congenital hip dislocations, mostly while the child is still an infant.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: In some cases, a hip spica may only extend down one or more legs to above the knee. Such casts, called pantaloon casts, are occasionally seen to immobilize an injured lumbar spine or pelvis, in which case the trunk portion of the cast usually extends to the armpits.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Mobility is severely restricted by the hip spica cast and walking without crutches or a walker is impossible because the hips cannot bend. There is a serious danger of falling if the patient in a hip spica cast tries to get upright to walk without assistance because they lack the ability to control their balance. Patients normally remain in a bed or rely on a reclining wheelchair or children's stroller. Children in spica casts can sometimes learn to get mobile by scooting around on skateboards, or pulling themselves across the floor. Some children even learn to walk by holding themselves up against furniture. A child in a spica cast must always be supervised and safety must always be considered when they are at a mobile phase of their healing to prevent reinjury or damage to the cast. Many spica casts have a spreader bar between the legs to help strengthen the cast and support the legs in the proper positions. It is important when moving the casted patient to not lift them by this spreader bar, as it may break and this could cause injury to the patient. To facilitate toileting or diaper changing and hygienic cleaning, an opening is created in the cast at the groin. The opening is normally referred to as the "perineal opening". It is formed either during cast application or after cast application by cutting the hole with the cast saw. The opening must then be petalled or lined to keep this area of the cast clean and dry. Because the hips cannot bend, using a toilet is difficult, if not impossible. It is therefore necessary for the patient to either use a diaper, bedpan, or catheters to manage bodily waste eliminations. Bathing must be done by sponge baths. Hair may be shampooed by using plastic wash basins under the head. To shampoo wash the hair of a child, the child can be lifted and placed on a kitchen counter top and their head held over the kitchen sink.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: The Minerva cast and the Risser cast were formerly used to protect an injured spine or as part of the treatment for a spinal deformity (see scoliosis), but are seldom seen today. The Minerva cast includes the trunk of the body (sometimes extending down only so far as the rib cage) as well as the patient's head, with openings provided for the patient's face, ears, and usually the top of the head and hair. The Risser cast was similar, extending from the patient's hips to the neck and sometimes including part of the head. Both of these casts could, with care and the doctor's permission, be walked in during convalescence. However, in some cases the Risser cast would extend into one or more pantaloons, in which case mobility was far more restricted.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Aside from the above common forms, body casts could come in nearly any size and configuration. For example, from the 1910s to the 1970s, use of a turnbuckle cast, which used metal turnbuckles to twist two halves of the cast so as to forcibly straighten the spine before surgery was common. The turnbuckle cast had no single configuration, and could be as small as a body jacket split in half, or could include the head, one or both legs to the knees or feet, or one arm to the elbow or wrist.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Despite the large size and extreme immobilization some casts, particularly those used in or before the 1970s, the popular term full body cast is something of a misnomer. The popular and media-driven conception of a massive cast encasing all four limbs, the trunk, and the head – sometimes leaving only small slits for the eyes, nose, and mouth – is a true rarity in recorded medical history, and this type of large scale cast appears more commonly in various Hollywood movies and on television shows. The term body cast (or full body cast) is sometimes casually used by laymen to describe any of a number of body or spica casts, from a simple body jacket to a more extensive hip spica.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Due to the nature of the dressing, the limb is unreachable during treatment, and the skin under the plaster becomes dry and scaly because the discarded outer skin cells are not washed or brushed off. Also, plaster of Paris casts can result in cutaneous complications including macerations, ulcerations, infections, rashes, itching, burns, and allergic contact dermatitis, which may also be due to the presence of formaldehyde within the plaster bandages. In hot weather, staphylococcal infection of the hair follicles and sweat glands can lead to severe and painful dermatitis.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Other limitations of plaster casts include their weight, which can be quite considerable, thus restricting movement, especially of a child. Removal of the cast requires destroying the cast itself. The process is often noisy, making use of a special oscillating saw that can easily cut the hard cast material but has difficulty cutting soft material like cast padding or skin. Although the removal is often painless, this can be distressing for the patient, especially children. A cast saw can cut, abrade, or burn skin, but those results are uncommon. Additionally, plaster of Paris casts break down if patients get them wet.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Due to the limitations of plaster of Paris, surgeons have also experimented with other types of materials for use as splints. An early plastic like material was gutta-percha obtained from the latex of trees found in Malaya. It resembled rubber, but contained more resins. When dry it was hard and inelastic, but when warmed it became soft and malleable. In 1851 Utterhoeven, described the use of splints made from this material for the treatment of fractures. In the 1970s, the development of fibreglass casting tape made it possible to produce a cast that was lighter and more durable than the traditional plaster cast and also resistant to water (though the bandages underneath were not) helping the patient be more active.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: In the 1990s the introduction of new cast lining has meant that fiberglass casts with this liner are completely waterproof, allowing patients to bathe, shower, and swim while wearing a cast. The waterproof cast liner however adds approximately 2 to 3 more minutes to the application time of the cast and increases the cost of the cast.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Drying time, however, can be inconvenient enough to warrant a cast and bandage moisture protector. These waterproof covers allow for bathing and showering while wearing either a plaster or fiberglass cast. The waterproof cast cover stays tightly around the cast and prevents water from ever reaching it while the patient is in contact with water. The cover can easily be removed to dry, and can be re-used often.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: There are some washable casts like FlexiOH which provide good ventilation and maintain good skin hygiene. With this cast, patients are able to bathe and go out in the rain. These type of cast has advantages that deliver patient a better treatment than conventional cast like plaster of Paris or Fiberglass. They are the next generation orthopedic immobilization photo-curing specialty-resin technology that enables waterproof, washable, lightweight, strong and comfortable way of recovering from fractures.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Casts are typically removed by perforation using a cast saw, an oscillating saw designed to cut rigid material such as plaster or fiberglass while not harming soft tissue. Manually operated shears, patented in 1950 by Neil McKay, may be used on pediatric or other patients who may be affected by the noise of the saw.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: The earliest methods of holding a reduced fracture involved using splints. These are rigid strips laid parallel to each other alongside the bone. The Ancient Egyptians used wooden splints made of bark wrapped in linen. They also used stiff bandages for support that were probably derived from embalming techniques. The use of plaster of Paris to cover walls is evident, but it seems it was never used for bandages. Ancient Hindus treated fractures with bamboo splints, and the writings of Hippocrates discuss management of fractures in some detail, recommending wooden splints plus exercise to prevent muscle atrophy during the immobilization. The ancient Greeks also used waxes and resins to create stiffened bandages and the Roman Celsus, writing in AD 30, describes how to use splints and bandages stiffened with starch. Arabian doctors used lime derived from sea shells and albumen from egg whites to stiffen bandages. The Italian School of Salerno in the twelfth century recommended bandages hardened with a flour and egg mixture as did Medieval European bonesetters, who used casts made of egg white, flour, and animal fat. By the sixteenth century the famous French surgeon Ambroise Paré (1517–1590), who championed more humane treatments in medicine and promoted the use of artificial limbs, made casts of wax, cardboard, cloth, and parchment that hardened as they dried.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: These methods all had merit, but the standard method for the healing of fractures was bed rest and restriction of activity. The search for a simpler, less-time-consuming, method led to the development of the first modern occlusive dressings, stiffened at first with starch and later with plaster-of-paris. The ambulatory treatment of fractures was the direct result of these innovations. The innovation of the modern cast can be traced to, among others, four military surgeons, Dominique Jean Larrey, Louis Seutin, Antonius Mathijsen, and Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Dominique Jean Larrey (1768–1842) was born in a small town in southern France. He first studied medicine with his uncle, a surgeon in Toulouse. After a short tour of duty as a naval surgeon, he returned to Paris, where he became caught up in the turmoil of the Revolution, being present at the Storming of the Bastille. From then on, he made his career as a surgeon in France's revolutionary and Napoleonic armies, which he accompanied throughout Europe and the Middle East. As a result, Larrey accumulated a vast experience of military medicine and surgery.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: One of his patients after the Battle of Borodino in 1812 was an infantry officer whose arm was amputated at the shoulder. The patient was evacuated immediately following the operation and passed from Russia, through Poland and Germany. When the dressing was removed on his arrival home in France, the wound had healed. Larrey concluded that the fact that the wound had been undisturbed had facilitated healing. After the war, Larrey began stiffening bandages using camphorated alcohol, lead acetate and egg whites beaten in water.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: An improved method was introduced by Louis Seutin, (1793–1865) of Brussels. In 1815 Seutin had served in the allied armies in the war against Napoleon and was on the field of Waterloo. At the time of the development of his bandage he was chief surgeon in the Belgium army. Seutin's "bandage amidonnee" consisted of cardboard splints and bandages soaked in a solution of starch and applied wet. These dressings required 2 to 3 days to dry, depending on the temperature and humidity of the surroundings. The substitution of Dextrin for starch, advocated by Velpeau, the man widely regarded as the leading French surgeon at the beginning of the 19th century, reduced the drying time to 6 hours. Although this was a vast improvement, it was still a long time, especially in the harsh environment of the battlefield.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: A good description of Seutin's technique was provided by Sampson Gamgee who learned it from Seutin in France during the winter of 1851–52 and went on to promote its use in Britain. The limb was initially wrapped in wool, especially over any bony prominences. Pasteboard was then cut into shape to provide a splint, and dampened so it could be molded to the limb. The limb was then wrapped in bandages before a starch coating was applied to the outer surface. Seutin's technique for the application of the starch apparatus formed the basis of the technique used with plaster of Paris dressings today. The use of this method led to the early mobilization of patients with fractures and a marked reduction in hospital time required.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Although these bandages were an improvement over Larrey's method, they were far from ideal. They required a long time to apply and dry and there was often shrinkage and distortion. A great deal of interest had been aroused in Europe around 1800 by a British diplomat, consul William Eton, who described a method of treating fractures that he had observed in Turkey. He noted that gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris) was moulded around the patient's leg to cause immobilization. If the cast became loose due to atrophy or a reduction in swelling, then additional gypsum plaster was added to fill the space. Adapting the use of plaster of Paris for use in hospitals, however, took some time. In 1828, doctors in Berlin were treating leg fractures by aligning the bones in a long narrow box, which they filled with moist sand. Substitution of plaster of Paris for the sand was the next logical step. Such plaster casts did not succeed however as the patient was confined to bed due to the casts being heavy and cumbersome.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Plaster of Paris bandages were introduced in different forms by two army surgeons, one at a peacetime home station and another on active service at the front. Antonius Mathijsen (1805–1878) was born in Budel, the Netherlands, where his father was the village doctor. He was educated in Brussels, Maastricht and Utrecht obtaining the degree of doctor of medicine at Gissen in 1837. He spent his entire career as a medical officer in the Dutch Army. While he was stationed at Haarlem in 1851, he developed a method of applying plaster of Paris bandages. A brief note describing his method was published on January 30, 1852; it was followed shortly by more complete accounts. In these accounts Mathijsen emphasised that only simple materials were required and the bandage could be quickly applied without assistance. The bandages hardened rapidly, provided an exact fit and could be windowed or bivalved (cut to provide strain relief) easily. Mathijsen used coarsely woven materials, usually linen, into which dry plaster of Paris had been rubbed thoroughly. The bandages were then moistened with a wet sponge or brush as they were applied and rubbed by hand until they hardened.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Plaster of Paris dressings were first employed in the treatment of mass casualties in the 1850s during the Crimean War by Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810–1881). Pirogov was born in Moscow and received his early education there. After obtaining a medical degree at Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) he studied at Berlin and Göttingen before returning to Dorpat as a professor of Surgery. In 1840, he became the professor of surgery at the academy of military medicine in St. Petersburg. Pirogov introduced the use of ether anaesthesia to Russia and made important contributions to the study of cross-sectional human anatomy. With the help of his patron, the grand duchess Helene Pavlovna, he introduced female nurses into the military hospitals at the same time that Florence Nightingale was beginning a similar program in British military hospitals.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: Seutin had travelled through Russia demonstrating his 'starched bandage', and his technique had been adopted by both the Russian army and navy by 1837. Pirogov had observed the use of plaster of Paris bandages in the studio of a sculptor who used strips of linen soaked in liquid plaster of Paris for making models (this technique, called "modroc," is still popular). Pirogov went on to develop his own methods, although he was aware of Mathijsen's work. Pirogov's method involved soaking coarse cloth in a plaster of Paris mixture immediately before application to the limbs, which were protected either by stockings or cotton pads. Large dressings were reinforced with pieces of wood.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: As time passed and the method moved more into the mainstream some disagreement arose as to the problems associated with cutting off air to skin contact, and also some improvements were made. Eventually Pirogov's method gave way to Mathijsen's. Among the improvements suggested as early as 1860 was that of making the dressing resistant to water by painting the dried plaster of Paris with a mixture of shellac dissolved in alcohol. The first commercial bandages were not produced until 1931 in Germany, and were called Cellona. Before that the bandages were made by hand at the hospitals.


title: Orthopedic cast

text: As a plaster cast is applied, it expands by approximately 0.5%. The less water used, the more linear expansion occurs. Potassium sulfate can be used as an accelerator and sodium borate as a retarder to control setting time.


title: Bullroarer

text: The bullroarer, rhombus, or turndun, is an ancient ritual musical instrument and a device historically used for communicating over great distances. It consists of a piece of wood attached to a string, which when swung in a large circle produces a roaring vibrato sound.


title: Bullroarer

text: It dates to the Paleolithic period, being found in Ukraine dating from 18,000 BC. Anthropologist Michael Boyd, a bullroarer expert, documents a number found in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Australia. In ancient Greece it was a sacred instrument used in the Dionysian Mysteries and is still used in rituals worldwide. It was a prominent musical technology among the Australian Aboriginal people, used in ceremonies and to communicate with different people groups across the continent.


title: Bullroarer

text: Many different cultures believe that the sounds they make have the power to ward off evil influences.


title: Bullroarer

text: A bullroarer consists of a weighted airfoil (a rectangular thin slat of wood about long and about wide) attached to a long cord. Typically, the wood slat is trimmed down to a sharp edge around the edges, and serrations along the length of the wooden slat may or may not be used, depending on the cultural traditions of the region in question.


title: Bullroarer

text: The cord is given a slight initial twist, and the roarer is then swung in a large circle in a horizontal plane, or in a smaller circle in a vertical plane. The aerodynamics of the roarer will keep it spinning about its axis even after the initial twist has unwound. The cord winds fully first in one direction and then the other, alternating.


title: Bullroarer

text: It makes a characteristic roaring vibrato sound with notable sound modulations occurring from the rotation of the roarer along its longitudinal axis, and the choice of whether a shorter or longer length of cord is used to spin the bullroarer. By modifying the expansiveness of its circuit and the speed given it, and by changing the plane in which the bullroarer is whirled from horizontal to vertical or vice versa, the modulation of the sound produced can be controlled, making the coding of information possible.


title: Bullroarer

text: The low-frequency component of the sound travels extremely long distances, clearly audible over many miles on a quiet night.


title: Bullroarer

text: Various cultures have used bullroarers as musical, ritual, and religious instruments and long-range communication devices for at least 19,000 years.


title: Bullroarer

text: This instrument has been used by numerous early and traditional cultures in both the northern and southern hemispheres but in the popular consciousness it is perhaps best known for its use by Australian Aborigines (it is from one of their languages that the name "turndun" comes).


title: Bullroarer

text: Henry Cowell composed a composition for two violins, viola, two celli, and two bullroarers. A bullroarer featured in the Kate Bush "Before The Dawn" concerts in London 2014.


title: Bullroarer

text: Bullroarers have been used in initiation ceremonies and in burials to ward off evil spirits, and for bad tidings. Bullroarers are considered secret men's business by all or almost all Aboriginal tribal groups, and hence forbidden for women, children, non-initiated men, or outsiders to even hear. Fison and Howitt documented this in "Kamilaroi and Kurnai" (page 198). Anyone caught breaching the imposed secrecy was to be punished by death.


title: Bullroarer

text: They are used in men's initiation ceremonies, and the sound they produce is considered in some indigenous cultures to represent the sound of the Rainbow Serpent. In the cultures of southeastern Australia, the sound of the bullroarer is the voice of Daramulan, and a successful bullroarer can be made only if it has been cut from a tree containing his spirit.


title: Bullroarer

text: A bullroarer is used by Paul Hogan in the 1988 film "Crocodile Dundee II". John Antill included one in the orchestration of his ballet "Corroboree" (1946). See: Corroboree.


title: Bullroarer

text: An Australian band Midnight Oil included a recording of an imitation bullroarer on their album "Diesel and Dust" (1987) at the beginning of the song "Bullroarer". In an interview, the band's drummer Rob Hirst stated "it's a sacred instrument... only initiated men are supposed to hear those sounds. So we didn't use a real bullroarer as that would have been cultural imperialism. Instead we used an imitation bullroarer that school kids in Australia use. It is a ruler with a piece of rope wrapped around it."


title: Bullroarer

text: In Ancient Greece, bullroarers were especially used in the ceremonies of the cult of Cybele. A bullroarer was known as a "rhombos" (literally meaning "whirling" or "rumbling"), both to describe its sonic character and its typical shape, the rhombus. ("Rhombos" also sometimes referred to the rhoptron, a buzzing drum).


title: Bullroarer

text: In Britain and Ireland, the bullroarer—under a number of different names and styles—is used chiefly for amusement, although formerly it may have been used for ceremonial purposes. In parts of Scotland it was known as a "thunder-spell" and was thought to protect against being struck by lightning. In the Elizabeth Goudge novel "Gentian Hill" (1949), set in Devon in the early 19th century, a bullroarer figures as a toy cherished by Sol, an elderly farm labourer, who being mute, uses it occasionally to express strong emotion; however, the sound it makes is perceived as being both eerie and unlucky by two other characters, who have an uneasy sense that ominous spirits of the air ("Them") are being invoked by its whirring whistle.


title: Bullroarer

text: Scandinavian Stone Age cultures used the bullroarer. In 1991, the archeologists Hein B. Bjerck and Martinius Hauglid found a 6.4 cm-long piece of slate that turned out to be a 5000-year-old bullroarer (called a "brummer" in Scandinavia). It was found in Tuv in northern Norway, a place that was inhabited in the Stone Age.


title: Bullroarer

text: The Dogon use bullroarers to announce the beginning of ceremonies conducted during the "Sigui" festival held every sixty years over a seven-year period. The sound has been identified as the voice of an ancestor from whom all Dogon are descended.


title: Bullroarer

text: The pūrerehua is a traditional Māori bullroarer. Its name comes from the Māori word for moth. Made from wood, stone or bone and attached to a long string, the instruments were traditionally used for healing or making rain.


title: Bullroarer

text: Almost all the native tribes in North America used bullroarers in religious and healing ceremonies and as toys. There are many styles.


title: Bullroarer

text: North Alaskan Inupiat bullroarers are known as "imigluktaaq" or "imigluktaun" and described as toy noise-maker of bone or wood and braided sinew (wolf-scare).


title: Bullroarer

text: Banks Island Eskimos were still using Bullroarers in 1963, when a 59 year old woman Susie scared off four polar bears armed only with three seal hooks acting as such accompanied by vocals. Aleut, Eskimo and Inuit used bullroarers occasionally as a children's toy or musical instruments, but preferred drums and rattles.


title: Bullroarer

text: The inland Pomo tribes of California used bullroarers as a central part of the "xalimatoto" or Thunder ceremony. Four male tribe members, accompanied by a drummer, would spin bullroarers made from cottonwood, imitating the sound of a thunder storm.


title: Bullroarer

text: Shamans of the Amazon basin, for example in Tupi, Kamayurá and Bororo culture used bullroarers as musical instrument for rituals. In Tupian languages, the bullroarer is known as "hori hori."


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: Mark Andrew Wood (born 11 January 1990) is an English cricketer who plays internationally for England in all formats. In domestic cricket, he represents Durham, and has played for Chennai Super Kings in the Indian Premier League.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: Wood made his Test, One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) debuts in 2015. He was part of the England teams that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup and 2022 T20 World Cup.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: Wood plays as a right-handed fast bowler, and is currently one of the fastest bowlers in the world, with an average Test pace of 89 mph since 2020.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: Wood made his debut in county cricket for Northumberland in 2008 against Norfolk in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. He played Minor counties cricket for Northumberland from 2008 to 2010, making 3 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 3 MCCA Knockout Trophy appearances.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: In the 2011 season, he made his debut for Durham in a first-class match against Durham MCCU. He followed this up by making his List A debut against Northamptonshire in the 2011 Clydesdale Bank 40. He has since made a further first-class appearance against Sri Lanka A, and a further List A appearance against Scotland in the Clydesdale Bank 40. Wood made his debut for the England Lions in their 2014 tour of Sri Lanka.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: On 28 January 2018, Wood was bought by Chennai Super Kings for INR 1.5 crores (~£160,000) for the 2018 IPL season. In February 2022, he was bought by the Lucknow Super Giants in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament. However, he was ruled out of the tournament due to an elbow injury.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: In March 2015, Wood was named in the England Test squad for the tour of the West Indies. However, he did not play in the series.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: He made his One-Day International debut for England against Ireland on 8 May 2015. The match was affected by rain and little cricket was played, although Wood did take his first international wicket.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: He made his Test debut for England later the same month against New Zealand. In the first Test Wood took figures of 3–93 in New Zealand's first innings. He then took 1–47 in their second innings to help England win the match by 124 runs and go 1–0 up in the series. In the following Test Wood continued to impress, taking figures of 2–62 in New Zealand's first innings. He also made a useful 19 with the bat. In New Zealand's second innings he took another three wickets, this time at the expense of 97 runs. England lost the match by 199 runs and the series was drawn at 1–1.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: Wood played in the third ODI against New Zealand, taking figures of 1–48. In the next game he took figure of 1–49 to help England win by seven wickets and level the series at 2–2. Although Wood did not take a wicket in the final game of the series, taking 0–70, England still won to win the series 3–1.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: He made his Twenty20 International debut in the same series on 23 June 2015. He finished with figures of 3–26 as England won by 56 runs.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: Wood took 2–68 in Australia's first innings of the first Ashes Test and followed this up by taking 2–53 in their second innings to help England win the match by 169 runs. In the second Test he only took one wicket in the Australian first innings, finishing with figures of 1–92 as England lost the match by 405 runs. He was ruled out of the third Test through injury, but returned in the fourth Test, taking 1–13 in Australia's first innings. In the second innings he took figures of 3–69 including the wicket that won the match for England, which meant they regained the Ashes. England lost the final Test of the series, with Wood taking 1–59 in Australia first innings. However, England won the series 3–2 to regain the Ashes.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: Wood was selected for the first ODI against Australia, although he was expensive, finishing with figures of 1–72 as Australia won the game. He kept his place for the next game, but he again proved expensive, this time finishing with 0–65 from his nine overs, although England went on to win the game by three wickets. After being dropped from the side for the next two games, he returned for the final ODI and took figures of 1–25, although a poor batting performance from England meant they lost the game and the series 3–2.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: He played in the first Test against Pakistan although he only picked up one wicket in the match, which ended in a draw, as England were unable to force a win due to bad light. He played in the second Test, which England lost, although he performed well. He took 3–39 in Pakistan's first innings and followed this up with another two wickets in the second innings, although Pakistan went on to win the match in convincing fashion, by 178 runs.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: An ankle injury ruled Wood out of England's entire series against Sri Lanka, and he also missed the start of the return series against Pakistan.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: Wood returned from injury in time for the first ODI against Pakistan. He took figures of 1–57 as England won by 44 runs on the D/L Method. He took 3/46 in the next match as England restricted Pakistan to 251 and won the match by four wickets. In the third match of the series he took figures of 1–75 as England won by 169 runs. After missing the fourth match, he returned for the final match of the series and took figures of 2–56, although England lost the match by four wickets, although they won the series 4–1.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: Wood was called up to replace injured Olly Stone in a 3-test tour of the West Indies. He did not play in the first 2 matches, both of which England lost, but was drafted in to the team for the third test in St.Lucia. Wood bowled the fastest of any bowler in the match and in the Windies' first innings took 5 wickets for 41 runs off 8.2 overs – his first five-wicket Test haul helping England to a 142-run lead over West Indies on day two of the final test.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: In April 2019, he was named in England's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 14 June 2019, in the match against the West Indies, Wood took his 50th wicket in ODIs. On 11 July 2019, in the semi-final against Australia, Wood played in his 50th ODI match for England. In the Cricket World Cup Final, Wood, batting at number 11, was run out off the last ball of the match which led to the game going to a Super Over. Wood also sustained a side injury during the game, which ruled him out of the first three Tests of the 2019 Ashes series.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: After missing the 2019 Ashes series and tour of New Zealand, Wood returned to Test cricket in the third test of the 2019–20 tour of South Africa following injuries to James Anderson and Jofra Archer. After scoring 42 runs from 23 balls in England's first innings, he took 3/32 in South Africa's second innings as England won. In the fourth test, Wood took nine wickets, including 5/46 in South Africa's first innings, and scored 35 with the bat as England won again.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: On 29 May 2020, Wood was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic. On 17 June 2020, Wood was included in England's 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the Test series against the West Indies. On 4 July 2020, Wood was named in England's thirteen-man squad for the first Test match of the series.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: In September 2022, Wood was named in England's squad for the 2022 ICC Men's T20 world cup in Australia. Wood was the fastest bowler of the tournament and played in every Super 12 game for England before succumbing to injury and missing out on the semi final and final. England went on to win the tournament, making Wood one of only 6 players to win both the 2019 ODI and 2022 T20 world cups.


title: Mark Wood (cricketer)

text: Wood is married, with a son. He is teetotal, and a supporter of the Labour Party. He supports Newcastle United F.C.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: Brandon Scherff (born December 26, 1991) is an American football guard for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Iowa and was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the first round of the 2015 NFL Draft, where he played seven seasons and made five Pro Bowls before joining the Jaguars in 2022. Scherff is considered to be among the best guards in the NFL.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: A native of Denison, Iowa, Scherff attended Denison High School, where he was a two-way lineman, earning first-team all-state honors on offense as a senior after earning second-team all-state on defense as a junior. As a sophomore, he played quarterback, passing for 1,200 yards on the season. Scherff’s high school coach was Dave Wiebers. He also played basketball, where he led the state in rebounds as a senior, and baseball, where he helped his team qualify for the state tournament as a junior.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: Scherff was also on the school's track & field team, where he was a standout shot putter and discus thrower, earning All-State recognition. He won two state titles in the shot put as a sophomore and a senior, placed third as a freshman and second as a junior. He won the shot put event at the 2010 Drake Relays, recording a career-best throw of 18.77 meters, setting a school record. At the 2010 Iowa State T&F Championships, he placed third in the discus throw, with a personal-best throw of 48.95 meters.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: Regarded as a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, Scherff was ranked as the No. 44 offensive tackle prospect in 2010. He committed to Iowa over offers from Iowa State, Kansas, Kansas State, Missouri, and Nebraska.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: After redshirting his initial year at Iowa, Scherff saw action at left guard in eleven games on the season, starting three. In his sophomore year, he replaced Riley Reiff as the starting left tackle. He started first seven games of season at left tackle before suffering a broken fibula and a dislocated ankle in game seven, and missed the remainder of the season due to injury.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: Despite being regarded one of the best offensive lineman prospects for the NFL draft after his junior year at Iowa, Scherff decided to return for his senior year. He received his B.A. degree in Leisure studies in December 2014. After the 2014 season, Scherff was awarded the Outland Trophy as the country's best interior lineman.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: Coming out of Iowa, Scherff was projected by the majority of analysts and scouts to be selected in the first round. He was ranked as the best offensive tackle in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com, the top interior lineman by Mike Mayock, the best offensive lineman and guard by Lance Zierlein, and top offensive tackle by "Sports Illustrated". Scherff received an invitation to the NFL Combine and completed the bench press and 40, 20, and 10-yard dash. Due to a hamstring injury, he was not able to finish the entire combine. On March 23, 2015, he participated at Iowa's Pro Day and completed the drills he was unable to perform at the combine. Along with the bench, he did the vertical, broad, shuttle, and 3-cone drill. By the time the draft was approaching, he was considered a top 10 overall pick. Many scouts and analysts were conflicted over his future position in the NFL, split on whether he was better suited to play offensive tackle or guard.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: The Washington Redskins selected Scherff in the first round (fifth overall) of the 2015 NFL Draft. This made him the first player from Iowa drafted in the top ten since Robert Gallery was selected second overall in 2004. On May 12, 2015, Scherff signed a fully guaranteed four-year, $21.21 million contract with the team.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: He entered training camp competing with Morgan Moses for the starting right tackle position but was moved to right guard prior to the beginning of the regular season. Since he was able to handle bull rushes well, he was thought to better suit the right guard position and be responsible for a smaller area where his power would be more useful. Offensive line coach Bill Callahan named him the Redskins’ starting right guard to begin the season after winning the job over Spencer Long in the preseason.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: Scherff made his professional debut in the Redskins' season-opening 17-10 loss to the Miami Dolphins. He started all 16 regular season games, played 752 snaps, and helped the Redskins finish first in the NFC East with a 9-7 record. In January 2016, he started his first career postseason game, as the Redskins were routed by the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Wildcard game 35-18. Scherff finished his second season starting in all 16 regular season games, and due to his highly regarded performance that year, he was voted to the 2017 Pro Bowl, his first such vote. He was also voted to the 2018 Pro Bowl the following year.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: On April 16, 2018, the Redskins picked up the fifth-year option on Scherff's contract. On November 5, he was placed on injured reserve after suffering a torn pectoral in Week 9. For the 2019 season, Scherff was voted to his third Pro Bowl. The same day, the Redskins placed Scherff on injured reserve due to elbow and shoulder injuries.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: An impending free agent in 2020, the team placed the non-exclusive franchise tag on Scherff prior to the start of the new league year, with him agreeing to it on April 8, 2020. He was placed on injured reserve on September 22 following a MCL sprain he suffered during a Week 2 game against the Arizona Cardinals before being reactivated on October 16, 2020. He was named to the 2021 Pro Bowl, his fourth in his career, as well becoming the first Washington player to be named first-team All-Pro since punter Matt Turk in 1996. He was also ranked 98th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021 list.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: In March 2021, Washington placed another non-exclusive franchise tag on Scherff, worth $18 million, which he signed days later. He was placed on the team's COVID-19 reserve list on July 31, 2021, and was activated on August 5. In the Week 4 game against the Atlanta Falcons, Scherff left the game in the second quarter due to a MCL sprain. He missed the Week 15 and 16 games against the Philadelphia Eagles and Dallas Cowboys after being placed on the COVID-19 reserve list for a second time on December 20, 2021. A week later, Scherff was placed back on the active roster.


title: Brandon Scherff

text: Scherff is a life-long Lutheran who regularly contributes autographed memorabilia for fundraisers for his Lutheran grade school.


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: The Quran enumerates little about the early life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad or other biographic details, but it talks about his prophetic mission, his moral excellence, and theological issues regarding him. According to the Quran, Muhammad is the last in a chain of prophets sent by Allah ().


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: The name "Muhammad" is mentioned four times in the Quran, and the name "Ahmad" (another variant of the name of Muhammad) is mentioned one time. However, Muhammad is also referred to with various titles such as the Messenger of Allah, Prophet, unlettered, etc., and many verses about Muhammad refer directly or indirectly to him. Also, Surah (chapter) 47 of the Quran is called "Muhammad".


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: There are also references to Muhammad as "Messenger", "Messenger of God", and "Prophet" (such as in Quran , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and ). Other terms are used, including "Warner", "bearer of glad tidings", and the "one who invites people to a Single God" (, and ), "Seal of the Prophets" ("Khatam an-Nabiyyin") i.e. there will be no more prophets after him), a "Summoner unto Allah" and "a Lamp that gives bright light"


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: Verse -- "And you did not recite before it any scripture, nor did you inscribe one with your right hand. Otherwise the falsifiers would have had [cause for] doubt"—is thought to indicate that Muhammad was illiterate and had not read any earlier scriptures.


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: The Quran disclaims any superhuman characteristics for Muhammad but describes him as a man possessing the highest moral excellence (Quran "And thou dost, surely, possess sublime moral excellences"). God made him a good example or a "goodly model" for Muslims to follow (, and ), full of sympathy for Muslims ("Grievous to him is what you suffer; [he is] concerned over you and to the believers is kind and merciful" ).


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: In Islamic tradition, Muhammad's relation to humanity is as a bringer of truth (God's message to humanity), and as a blessing (, and ) whose message will give people salvation in the afterlife. It is believed by at least one pious commentator that it is Muhammad's teachings and the purity of his personal life alone that keep alive the worship of God.


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: While the Quran does not tell the story of the Prophet's life, a number of verses of the Quran concerning Muhammad affect Islamic doctrine, or refer to Muhammad's mission or personal life.


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: Some verses in the Quran concern a particular role of Muhammad (that is; being the spreader of "‘the message’")"." These include:


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: These verses say to obey the messenger only, referring to the role of the spread of the message. The message in particular is in reference to the Quran itself, in which lies the message of God within the complied verses. The key term 'messenger' is important because the titles used refer to specifically different roles of Muhammad. When 'Muhammad' is used, it is only in reference to his life and not his prophet hood. Whereas with the use of Nabi, it refers to his role and status as prophet only. This is why it's crucial to acknowledge the difference between these different titles, since 'messenger' in these verses refer only to the spreading of the Quran.


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: Many important events and turning points in the mission of The Prophet were connected with revelations from the Quran, although the verses are not necessarily addressed to Muhammad. (Like many verses in the Quran, they often refer to an event/story/moral without explaining the dispute/issue involved. These are made clear by Quranic commentary, by prophetic biography and/or by hadith.)


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: After migrating to Medina, the Muslims began raiding Meccan caravans. In their first successful raid, the caravan's merchandise was captured, one caravan guard killed and two captured and later ransomed. However, the raid happened when warfare was banned, i.e. during one of the Arab "sacred months" (the 1st, 7th, 11th and 12th months of the Arab calendar). While his followers were reportedly dismayed at this violation of tradition, Muhammad received a revelation reassuring them raids against unbelievers by Muslims during the four months were now permitted by God.


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: The first battle the Muslims fought against their unbeliever enemies at Badr in 624 CE was a victory where Muslims killed several important Meccan leaders. The battle is mentioned in the Quran as an example of how God helped Muslims and who should show gratitude in return.


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: A year later Muslims suffered a setback against a superior force of Meccans at the Battle of Uhud when several dozen Muslims were killed and Muhammad was wounded.


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: A verse revealed soon after explained why if Muslims had God's favor they had not won the battle as they had at Badr: they disobeyed the Prophets orders and were hasty in collecting loot before the battle was won.


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: Verses recalls the doubts and fears of some of inhabitants of Medina in the pivotal Battle of the Trench where Muhammad led the Muslims in digging a protective trench and overcame a siege by 10,000 Meccan unbelievers. (Some had lost faith and abandoned the city.) In response to his followers abandoning of work on the trench without Muhammad's permission (prior to the battle), a verse was revealed telling them not to:


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: After the Quraish tribe was vanquished and Makka conquered, the Muslims' position under Muhammad was much stronger and (according to Western scholar Alfred Guillaume), the Islamic position towards Arab Christians who had not yet converted to Islam was "modified". A verse was revealed requiring Christians ( and Jews) to pay a special tax ("jizyah") and be "humbled".


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: While the Quran's message is eternal and universal, a number of Quranic verses refer to specific issues in the life of the Prophet.


title: Muhammad in the Quran

text: While some have criticized these revelations as "convenient", encouraging Muhammad's "personal indulgences" and suggesting that the verses may actually have been concocted by Muhammad and not revealed by God, Muslims have pointed out various reasons for their wisdom. At that time, it was a common practice for men to have slave concubines and was not considered adultery; "Why must he (or anyone else, for that matter) prohibit something for themselves when God has not prohibited it for them?" The Prophet had special obligations, such as praying at night ("Tahajjud"), as well as privileges. The wives of the prophet were forbidden from remarrying because they were considered to be the "mothers of the believers" ().


title: Pert Kelton

text: Pert L. Kelton (October 14, 1907 – October 30, 1968) was an American stage, movie, radio, and television actress. She was the first actress who played Alice Kramden in "The Honeymooners" with Jackie Gleason and earlier, during the 1930s, was a prominent comedic supporting and leading actress in Hollywood films such as Gregory La Cava's "Bed of Roses" with Constance Bennett and Raoul Walsh's "The Bowery" with Wallace Beery and George Raft (both released in 1933). She performed in a dozen Broadway productions between 1925 and 1968. However, her career was interrupted in the 1950s as a result of blacklisting, leading to her departure from "The Honeymooners".


title: Pert Kelton

text: Pert L. Kelton was born in 1907 in Great Falls, Montana. Her mother, Sue Kelton, was a native of Canada; her father, Edward Kelton, a native of California. Both of her parents were travelling song-and-dance performers in vaudeville; and her aunt, Jane Kelton, was also a professional actress in the late 1800s and early 1900s. In fact, it was her Aunt Jane who is credited with giving Pert her unusual name. According to Kelton family history, Jane suggested the name to Pert's mother while reminiscing about her career and describing her favorite theatrical role, that of the character "Pert Barlow" in a play called "Checkers". Pert, therefore, even from infancy, seemed destined to be an entertainer, and she quickly became one. In 1910, while accompanying her parents and sister on an overseas tour of shows, she debuted on stage at the age of three in Cape Town, South Africa. Upon her return to the United States with her family, Pert was enrolled in private schools for her early formal education and for extensive training in dance, voice, and drama. By age 12, after appearing for a while with her parents as "The Three Keltons", she began appearing as a solo act or "single" in vaudeville; and by age 17 she was performing on Broadway, initially as a cast member in Jerome Kern's 1925 musical comedy "Sunny", starring Marilyn Miller.


title: Pert Kelton

text: Pert and her parents had moved to California to work in Hollywood films by the latter half of 1927. Her first credited movie role there was as the character Rosie in First National Pictures' 1929 release "Sally", a production based on the Broadway hit by the same name. With regard to the Kelton family's living arrangements in this period, the federal census of 1930 documents that Pert was residing in Los Angeles at the "Warner-Kelton Hotel", later called the "Hotel Brevoort (and Tropical Gardens)" and sharing room 666. That same census identifies all three of the Keltons as employed actors in "motion pictures".


title: Pert Kelton

text: Pert was a young comedienne in A-list movies during the 1930s, often portraying the leading lady's wisecracking friend. She had a memorable turn in 1933 as dance hall singer "Trixie" in "The Bowery" alongside Wallace Beery, George Raft, Jackie Cooper, and Fay Wray. Directed by Raoul Walsh, the film is based on the story of Steve Brodie, the first man who reportedly jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge in 1886 and lived to brag about it. Kelton at one point in the film sings to a rowdy, appreciative crowd in an energetic dive, using a curious New York accent to good comedic effect, with Beery and Raft arguing afterwards over her attentions.


title: Pert Kelton

text: In Gregory LaCava's 1933 pre-Code comedy "Bed of Roses", Kelton plays Minnie, a witty prostitute who is a partner in crime with Lorry, portrayed by Constance Bennett. The two women in the plot are fond of getting admiring men helplessly drunk before robbing them, at least until getting caught and tossed into jail. Kelton has all the best lines, surprisingly wicked and amusing observations that would never be allowed in an American film after the Hollywood Production Code was adopted. Nevertheless, in 1933 her performance in "Bed of Roses" was widely praised by critics in leading newspapers and trade papers.


title: Pert Kelton

text: Kelton for the remainder of the 1930s performed in over 20 more feature films and shorts. After her appearance in the 1939 film "Whispering Enemies", she redirected her career, returning again to theatre and to performing increasingly on radio and later on the rapidly expanding medium of television. She did not return to the "big screen" until 1962, when she was cast as Mrs. Paroo in "The Music Man."


title: Pert Kelton

text: By April 1940, Pert had left California and was living in New York City again, sharing a $65-per-month apartment in Manhattan on West 55th Street with three other women, two of whom were employed as dancers in the theatre and the third as a secretary. A federal census taker canvassing Manhattan that year concisely identified Kelton in his enumeration ledger as "Actress, Theatre & Movies" and recorded her given age as only 28, although in the spring of 1940 Pert was actually 32 years old. If not a mistake in documentation, it is possible that Kelton herself, feeling the pressures to maintain a youthful profile within the image-conscious realm of entertainment, "shaved" a few years off her age when answering census questions at that time. Her documented lack of consistent employment during the previous year may be indicative too of the professional pressures she was experiencing after her film career in Hollywood began to wane in the late 1930s. According to the United States Census of 1940, Kelton was employed for only six weeks during the entire year of 1939, a total time of employment far less than the weeks worked by her roommates over the same period.


title: Pert Kelton

text: Once Kelton had resettled in New York during the early 1940s, she began to work in theatre again, and she became a familiar voice on radio as well, performing on programs such as "Easy Aces", "It's Always Albert", "The Stu Erwin Show", and on the 1941 soap opera "We Are Always Young". Later, In 1949, she did the voices of five different radio characters on "The Milton Berle Show". She was also a regular cast member of "The Henry Morgan Show"; and in the early 1950s, she performed the role of the tart maid in the Monty Woolley vehicle "The Magnificent Montague".


title: Pert Kelton

text: Kelton appeared in "Henry Morgan's Great Talent Hunt", first aired January 26, 1951, hosted by Henry Morgan, and with Kaye Ballard, Art Carney, and Arnold Stang.


title: Pert Kelton

text: Kelton was the original Alice Kramden in "The Honeymooners" comedy sketches on the DuMont Television Network's "Cavalcade of Stars". These sketches formed the eventual basis for the 1955 sitcom "The Honeymooners". Jackie Gleason starred as her husband Ralph Kramden, and Art Carney as their upstairs neighbor Ed Norton. Elaine Stritch played Trixie, the burlesque dancer wife of Norton, for one sketch before being replaced by Joyce Randolph.


title: Pert Kelton

text: Kelton appeared in the original sketches, generally running about 10 to 20 minutes, shorter than the later one-season half-hour series episodes and 1960s hour-long musical versions. However, she abruptly was dropped from her role because of being blacklisted and she was replaced by Audrey Meadows. Rather than acknowledge that she was blacklisted, her producers explained that her departure was based on alleged heart problems. In his book "The Forgotten Network", David Weinstein wrote Kelton remained on "Cavalcade of Stars" through the final season of the series (1951–1952), and suggests that it may have been because Jackie Gleason had resisted attempts at having her dropped.


title: Pert Kelton

text: In the 1960s, Kelton was invited back to Gleason's CBS show to play Alice's mother in an episode of the hour-long musical version of "The Honeymooners" (also known as "The Color Honeymooners"), with Sheila MacRae as a fetching young Alice.


title: Pert Kelton

text: In 1963, Kelton appeared on "The Twilight Zone", playing the overbearing mother of Robert Duvall in the episode "Miniature." The next year she guest-starred on the popular family sitcom "My Three Sons". In this episode "Stage Door Bub", Kelton portrays Thelma Wilson, a veteran itinerant stage actress who longs for a settled domestic life but soon realizes that that lifestyle is actually ill-suited for her personality.


title: Pert Kelton

text: In her last years, Kelton was strongly identified with Spic and Span because of commercials for the product.


title: Pert Kelton

text: In her 1925 Broadway debut in "Sunny", Kelton had played the character Magnolia and performed a song with the same title as the play. Years later, she was twice nominated for Tony Awards: in 1960, as Best Supporting or Featured Actress (Musical) for Frank Loesser's "Greenwillow"; and in 1967–1968, as Best Supporting or Featured Actress (Dramatic) for "Spofford". Her most memorable Broadway role, however, was her portrayal of the impatient Mrs. Paroo, the Irish mother of the town librarian Marian Paroo (Barbara Cook), in Meredith Willson's "The Music Man", which premiered at the Majestic Theatre in New York in December 1957. She reprised her Broadway character in the film adaptation of "The Music Man" in 1962.


title: Pert Kelton

text: Pert Kelton was part owner of the Warner-Kelton Hotel, built in the late 1920s, at 6326 Lexington Avenue in Los Angeles, Pert and her parents resided in the hotel during the late 1920s until at least 1930. (A February 20, 1928, article in the "Standard-Examiner" (Ogden, Utah) incorrectly identifies the hotel as the Walton-Kelton Hotel.) The hotel catered to actors, poets, and musicians, such as Cary Grant, Orry Kelly, Rodgers and Hart, Monroe Salisbury, Sadakichi Hartmann, and later, Elizabeth Short. The building had a small outdoor theater, in a garden to the south, with a wishing well that may have inspired the song "There's a Small Hotel" from the musical "On Your Toes" (1936). It also housed a speakeasy in the basement. A sign above the hotel entrance reads "Joyously Enter Here". It later was the home of the California Television Society.


title: Pert Kelton

text: When away from rehearsing and performing, Kelton enjoyed art as a pastime and became a "passionate" painter. Pert was married to actor-director Ralph S. Bell with whom she had two sons, Brian and Stephen. The couple remained together until her death.


title: Pert Kelton

text: A resident of Washington Township, Bergen County, New Jersey, Kelton died of a heart attack on October 30, 1968, at age 61 while swimming at the YMCA in Ridgewood, New Jersey. Her body was cremated, and her ashes were given to family members. Her husband, Ralph, who lived another three decades, later married Patricia Roe Bell, and died in August 1998.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: The US bear market of 2007–2009 was a 17-month bear market that lasted from October 9, 2007 to March 9, 2009, during the financial crisis of 2007–2009. The S&P 500 lost approximately 50% of its value, but the duration of this bear market was just below average.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: The bear market was confirmed in June 2008 when the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) had fallen 20% from its October 11, 2007 high. This followed the United States bull market of 2002–07 and was followed by the United States bull market of 2009–2020


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: The DJIA, a price-weighted average (adjusted for splits and dividends) of 30 large companies on the New York Stock Exchange, peaked on October 9, 2007 with a closing price of 14,164.53. On October 11, 2007, the DJIA hit an intra-day peak of 14,198.10 before starting to screech.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: The decline of 20% by mid-2008 was in tandem with other stock markets across the globe. On September 29, 2008, the DJIA had a record-breaking drop of 777.68 with a close at 10,365.45. The DJIA hit a market low of 6,469.95 on March 6, 2009, having lost over 54% of its value since the October 9, 2007 high The bear market reversed course on March 9, 2009, as the DJIA rebounded more than 20% from its low to 7924.56 after a mere three weeks of gains.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: During the bear market a heavy debate ensued as to whose fault the falling market was. The political parties were heavily divided during this period. For the most part there were three camps: ones that simply blamed the economy, others that wanted to pin the passing Bush Administration and others that wanted to push the blame on the newly arriving Obama Administration.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: In February 2007, a coming recession and bear market was predicted by Paul Lamont due to a growing debt bubble, the housing bubble and lack of car sales.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: High oil prices have impacted global economic growth, causing the Dow's 12th bear market since 1962 and the first since 2002 according to "The Washington Post".


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: Tom Petruno of the "LA Times" points out that "the U.S. stock market meltdown this year isn't happening in isolation. Major European stock markets also are down more than 20% since Jan. 1. In Japan, the Nikkei index hit a 26½ -year low this week.”


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: Dick Meyer of NPR believes that "the idea of blaming one person for the downfall of the economy with a gross domestic product of about $14 trillion, powered by 300 million people and engaged in complex global commerce is nuts — whether that person is Bush, Obama, Alan Greenspan, Bernard Madoff, Osama bin Laden or the editors of opinions at The Wall Street Journal."


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: Michael J. Panzner, author and 25-year Wall-Street veteran, says that "the real reasons behind the sell-off ... include the bursting of history's biggest housing bubble, which triggered a shockwave of wealth destruction that has wreaked widespread havoc throughout the economy, as well as the unraveling of a multi-trillion-dollar financial house of cards built on greed, ignorance, and fraud."


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: Former United States Secretary of Labor Robert Reich said the fall in stock prices since Obama's inauguration was caused by the policies of former President George W. Bush, and that the housing and financial bubbles, as well as the decline in the stock market, all began under Bush's presidency.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: Justin Fox of "Time magazine" pointed to eight major economic mistakes George W. Bush made: 1) A return to deficit spending, 2) Iraq, 3) Tax cuts for the rich, 4) Sarbanes–Oxley Act, 5) Encouraging consumer spending, 6) The lack of an energy policy, 7) State of denial, and 8) A muddled first bailout by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: In 2005, Congressman Ron Paul (R-Texas) said section 404 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (2002) which requires chief executive officers to certify the accuracy of financial statements caused capital flight away from the U.S. stock market. Later in 2008, Paul said that the government bailouts of badly run corporations was rewarding bad behavior and punishing good behavior, and that it prevented resources from being allocated away from inefficient uses to more productive uses, and that this lowered the overall amount of wealth across the entire economy.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: In March 2009 White House budget director Peter Orszag said, "Job losses began in January 2008. The stock market started declining October 2007... This has been, you know, eight years in the making, and again, it's going to take some time to work our way out of it."


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: A September 13, 2008, "Wall Street Journal" editorial prior to the election written by Phil Gramm, former Republican Senator and campaign economic adviser to John McCain, and Mike Solon, former Policy Director under the George W. Bush Administration, suggested that looking at the Senators' respective states proved traditional Republican strategies, enacted by McCain, would be better for the economy than traditional Democratic strategies, enacted by Obama, arguing "Mr. Obama would stimulate the economy by increasing federal spending. Mr. McCain would stimulate the economy by cutting the corporate tax rate." Gramm had introduced the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act which editors of the same paper, "The Wall Street Journal", pointed out in a March 10, 2009, article had been blamed for deregulating major corporations and "allowed for the creation of giant financial supermarkets that could own investment banks, commercial banks and insurance firms, something banned since the Great Depression. Its passage, critics say, cleared the way for companies that were too big and intertwined to fail." That month, September 2008, would see record drops in the Dow, including a 778-point drop to 10,365.45 that was the worst since Black Monday of the 1987 stock market crash and was followed by a loss of thousands of points over the next two months, standing at 8,046 on November 17 and including a 9% plunge in the S&P on December 1, 2008.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: As of early March 2009, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had fallen 20% since the inauguration of President Barack Obama (less than two months earlier), the fastest drop under a newly elected president in at least 90 years. Editorials in the "Wall Street Journal" by the editorial staff and Michael Boskin, one of George H. W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisors, blamed this on Obama's economic policies.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: President Obama on March 3, 2009 said "What you're now seeing is "profit-and-earning ratios" are starting to get to the point where buying stocks is a potentially good deal if you've got a long-term perspective on it," probably meaning price-earnings ratio. Many stocks were trading at low P/E levels despite first quarter strong earnings. On the same day, David Serchuk of Forbes magazine says he feels that the market will turn around when housing prices stabilize and oil prices rise again.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: The DJIA hit a low on March 6, 2009 of 6,469.95. On that same day, a regulatory report indicated that the 5 biggest banks still had large risk exposure due to derivatives that could fail.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: On Tuesday, March 10, Vikram Pandit the CEO of Citibank, said that his bank has been profitable the first two months of 2009 and was currently enjoying its best quarterly performance since 2007. On March 12, Ken Lewis, CEO of Bank of America, declared that bank had also been profitable in January and February, that he didn't foresee the bank needing further government funds, and that he expected to "see $50 billion in 2009 pre-tax revenue". The announcements caused multi-day rallies with double-digit percentage gains for a number of stocks both in and outside of the banking industry.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: After only a month and a half in office, in a media blitz including press conferences, interviews and public appearances, President Obama, Federal Reserve chair Ben Bernanke, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation chair Sheila Bair and Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner rolled out the details of numerous plans to tackle various elements of the economy, and began putting those plans into action. Mortgage rates for homeowners dropped, limits on executive compensation were enacted, regulatory changes were proposed, and the Treasury announced its intention to purchase $1 trillion of troubled bank assets, such as the aforementioned derivatives, and enticing private investors to join them in making similar investments.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: Already rising for two weeks, following the Geithner announcement the DJIA had its fifth-biggest one-day point gain in history. "Tim Geithner went from zero to hero in a matter of just a few days" and reported that Bank of America stock led banking stocks with 38% one-day gains. On March 26, 2009, after just short of three weeks of gains which frequently defied the day's bad economic news, the DJIA rebounded to 7924.56. A rise of 21% from the previous low, this met the technical requirements to be considered a bull market. A "Wall Street Journal" article declared, "Stocks are on their strongest run since the bear market started a year and a half ago as investors continue to debate whether the economy and the markets have finally stabilized". Bloomberg noted the Obama administration's successes included the sale of $24 billion worth of seven-year Treasury notes and pointed out that March 2009 was the best month for the S&P 500 since 1974.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: U.S. government bonds did well, especially longer terms. Yields dropped during this time period, part of a long-term bull market. High-grade corporate bonds and muni bonds also performed well. However, high-yield bonds had very bad performance, although they turned up coincident with the bull market in stocks.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: The Nikkei 225 average went from 18,262 on July 9, 2007 to 7,055 on March 10, 2009. However, the yen also went up 24% compared with the U.S. dollar during this time.


title: United States bear market of 2007–2009

text: The FTSE 100 went from 6,731 on October 12, 2007 (and 6,698 in July) to 3,512 on March 3, 2009 (about 48%). However, the pound sterling went down about 28% during this time (thus about 62% overall).