title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: Several writers have claimed that Matta played an important role in the formation of the Guadalajara cartel, brokering some of the earliest deals between Colombian cocaine suppliers and Mexico-based smugglers, and starting Mexican smugglers in the business of transporting Colombian cocaine into the U.S. By 1975, Matta had formed an alliance with the Mexican drug lord Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo("El Padrino"), and with them the Guadalajara Cartel began to take shape.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: By the late 1980s, Matta had become extremely wealthy and employed thousands of people in the businesses he owned. Matta also possessed investments in coffee, tobacco, spice, cattle, and dairy operations and founded several agricultural and construction firms in Honduras. A U.S. court of appeals estimated that Matta and Felix Gallardo were pulling in more than $5 million per week from their drug trafficking activity alone, and these businesses helped Matta launder much of these illicit earnings. In 1982, DEA agents reported that Matta had paid $50 million to Bolivian and other Latin American officials to protect his narcotics operations from law enforcement harassment.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: A United States Senate investigation found that an air transport company controlled by Matta was used by the U. S. government to supply the anti-government Contra rebels in Nicaragua. According to the Kerry Committee report, the Honduran airline SETCO was "the principal company used by the Contras in Honduras to transport supplies and personnel for the Honduras-based FDN (one of the earliest Contra groups), carrying at least a million rounds of ammunition, food, uniforms and other military supplies for the Contras from 1983 to 1985". According to a 1983 U.S. Customs report that the Kerry Committee report cites, "SETCO aviation is a corporation formed by American businessmen who are dealing with Matta and are smuggling narcotics into the United States."


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: Matta-Ballesteros was originally charged with participating in the kidnapping, but not the murder, of DEA agent Enrique Camarena. The first basis for this charge was testimony from Hector Cervantes Santos, who was in charge of security for a cartel attorney. Cervantes testified that Matta was present when the Camarena kidnapping was discussed at the attorney's house. The second basis was testimony from FBI forensics specialist Michael Malone that hair and fiber evidence tied Matta to the house where Camarena was held.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: Cervantes Santos later recanted and re-recanted his testimony several times. Based on this Matta filed for a new trial, but a hearing in 1998 found that Cervantes' recantations were not reliable. In 2014, however, the Department of Justice Inspector General determined that Malone's forensic methods were also not reliable. Matta filed for a new trial again, and in 2017 Judge John Kronstadt vacated Matta's convictions on the kidnapping charges, ordering a new trial. In December 2018, the prosecution announced that it would drop the kidnapping charges (Matta was already serving a life sentence without parole for drug smuggling).


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: Love and Rockets (often abbreviated L&R) is a comic book series by the Hernandez brothers: Gilbert, Jaime, and Mario. It was one of the first comic books in the alternative comics movement of the 1980s.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: The Hernandez brothers produce stories in the series independently of each other. Gilbert and Jaime produce the majority of the material, and tend to focus on particular casts of characters and settings. Those of Gilbert usually focus on a cast of characters in the fictional Central American village of Palomar; the stories often feature magic realist elements. The "Locas" stories of Jaime center on a social group in Los Angeles, particularly the Latin-American friends and sometime-lovers Maggie and Hopey.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: The brothers Gilbert, Jaime, and Mario Hernandez self-published the first issue of "Love and Rockets" in 1981. In 1982, Fantagraphics Books republished this issue with a color cover. The series was published at magazine size, larger than typical American comic books. Either Gilbert or Jaime, the series' main contributors, would provide the front cover for a given issue, and the other the back; they alternated these duties each issue. The first volume ended with the 50th issue in 1996. The second volume ran for twenty issues from 2001 to 2007 in standard US comic book size. A third series, "Love and Rockets: New Stories", which ran for eight issues, began in 2008, published annually in 100-page, graphic novel-sized issues. In 2016, the series returned to its original, magazine-sized format.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: The Hernandez brothers self-published the first issue of "Love and Rockets" in 1981, but since 1982 it has been published by Fantagraphics Books. The brothers sent a copy of their self-published comic to "The Comics Journal", an imprint of Fantagraphics, for a review. Gary Groth was so impressed with it that the company offered them a publishing deal. The magazine temporarily ceased publication in 1996 after the release of issue #50, while Gilbert and Jaime went on to do separate series involving many of the same characters. However, in 2001 "Los Bros Hernandez" (as they are often referred to) revived the series as "Love and Rockets" Volume 2.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: "Love and Rockets" contains several ongoing serial narratives, the most prominent being Gilbert's "Palomar" stories and Jaime's "Hoppers 13" (aka "Locas") stories. It also contains one-offs, shorter stories, surrealist jokes, and more.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: "Palomar" tells the story of a fictional village in Latin America and its inhabitants. Its vibrant characters and sometimes-fantastic events are sometimes compared to the magical realism literary style of authors such as Gabriel García Márquez and Jorge Luis Borges. The series is also sometimes referred to as "Heartbreak Soup", after the first story set in Palomar.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: "Hoppers 13" follows the tangled lives of a group of primarily chicano characters, from their teenage years in the early days of the California punk scene to the present day. Hoppers, or Huerta, is a fictional city based on the Hernandezes' home town of Oxnard, California. Two memorable members of Jaime's cast are Margarita "Maggie" Luisa Chascarrillo and Esperanza "Hopey" Leticia Glass, whose on-again, off-again romance is a focus for many "Hoppers 13" storylines. The series is also often called "Locas" (Spanish for "crazy women") because of the many quirky female characters depicted.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: The original runs of "Palomar" and "Locas" have each been collected in recent one-volume editions by Fantagraphics (see "Palomar" (graphic novel)), although not all of the stories involving "Locas" and "Palomar" characters are contained in these collections. The original fifty-issue "Love and Rockets Volume One" has also been reprinted in its entirety in both a fifteen-volume paperback library, and more recently a seven-volume mass-market paperback series by Fantagraphics. In addition, several hardcovers collect edited versions of the series tales.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: Many attempts have been made to make "L&R" into a movie, or series of movies. The movie rights had been held up in litigation for over 15 years. Gilbert Hernandez publicly announced in Toronto, Ontario in May 2013 that a deal had been struck to make a movie out of his "Palomar" story-line and that he was currently writing the script.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: This list provides an example of the types of stories that helped "Love and Rockets" gain critical acclaim.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: All published at Fantagraphics: Fantagraphics stopped numbering the series after 24. Not included on the list are a trio of books by Gilbert Hernandez depicting the filmography of B movie actress Fritz Martinez, Luba's youngest sister: Chance in Hell (September 2007), The Troublemakers (December 2009) and Love from the Shadows (May 2011).


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: Volume 1 was re-released in smaller "omnibus" style trade paperbacks. Starting in 2010, volume 2's stories began getting re-releases as well. In 2018, the New Stories began being collected among the "omnibus" paperbacks.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: The series continues in annual trade paperbacks, entitled "Love & Rockets: New Stories". To date, eight exist:


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: In 2012, Jaime Hernandez's individual stories from the first two volumes of "New Stories" were collected into a single volume, entitled "God and Science: Return of the Ti-Girls", which also included about 30 new pages of comics.


title: Love and Rockets (comics)

text: In 2014, Jaime Hernandez's stories from volumes 3 and 4 of "New Stories" were collected into a single volume entitled "The Love Bunglers".


title: Zuma (album)

text: Zuma, the seventh studio album by Canadian/American musician Neil Young, was released on Reprise Records in November 1975. Co-credited to Crazy Horse, it includes "Cortez the Killer," one of Young's best-known songs.


title: Zuma (album)

text: Upon release, it peaked at #25 on the "Billboard" 200. In 1997, the album received a RIAA gold certification. In 2000, it was voted number 410 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums".


title: Zuma (album)

text: The death of former Crazy Horse guitarist and bandmate Danny Whitten from an alcohol/diazepam overdose in 1972 affected Neil Young greatly and contributed to a hiatus of Crazy Horse.


title: Zuma (album)

text: Late in 1973, Young went on tour with the Crazy Horse rhythm section of bassist Billy Talbot and drummer Ralph Molina; the multi-instrumentalist Nils Lofgren, who had played on Young's "After the Gold Rush" (1970) before joining the Whitten-led iteration of Crazy Horse from 1970 to 1971; and the Stray Gators holdover Ben Keith. This group, initially billed as Crazy Horse , became known as the Santa Monica Flyers. They recorded most of the tracks on "Tonight's the Night" (1975).


title: Zuma (album)

text: After the 1974 stadium tour with Crosby, Stills & Nash and another abandoned attempt at a second CSNY studio album, Young formed a new version of Crazy Horse in 1975 with rhythm guitarist Frank Sampedro alongside of Talbot and Molina. Aside from a brief period in the late 1980s, this line-up would remain stable until 2018, when Sampedro retired and was replaced by Lofgren.


title: Zuma (album)

text: "Zuma" was the first album released after the so-called Ditch Trilogy, of the albums "Time Fades Away", "On the Beach", and "Tonight's the Night".


title: Zuma (album)

text: The melody and lyrics of "Don't Cry No Tears" are partially derived from "I Wonder", a song Young wrote in high school which appeared in his "Archives" (2009). During a show in 1996, Young claimed that he'd also written "Cortez the Killer" in high school while suffering from "Montezuma's Revenge". The song ends with a fade out because a power surge caused the original cut to stop abruptly, and an additional final verse was not recorded. Young's reaction to hearing of this was that he "never liked that verse anyway" and it has never been performed live.


title: Zuma (album)

text: In "Danger Bird" Young interpolates sections of an unreleased song called "L.A. Girls and Ocean Boys" that had related to Young's breakup with Carrie Snodgress, specifically the line "'Cause you've been with another man / there you are and here I am."


title: Vuelta a España

text: The Vuelta a España (; ) is an annual multi-stage bicycle race primarily held in Spain, while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. Inspired by the success of the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia, the race was first organised in 1935. The race was prevented from being run by the Spanish Civil War and World War II in the early years of its existence; however, the race has been held annually since 1955. As the Vuelta gained prestige and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend all around the globe. Since 1979, the event has been staged and managed by Unipublic, until in 2014, when the Amaury Sport Organisation acquired control. Since then, they have been working together. The peloton expanded from a primarily Spanish participation to include riders from all over the world. The Vuelta is a UCI World Tour event, which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams, with the exception of the wild card teams that the organizers can invite.


title: Vuelta a España

text: Along with the Tour de France and Giro d'Italia, the Vuelta is one of cycling's prestigious Grand Tours. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same, with the appearance of at least two time trials, the passage through the mountain chain of the Pyrenees, and the finish in the Spanish capital Madrid. The modern editions of the Vuelta a España consist of 21 day-long stages over a 23-day period that includes 2 rest days.


title: Vuelta a España

text: All of the stages are timed to the finish; after finishing, the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention, there are other contests held within the Vuelta: the points classification for the sprinters, the mountains classification for the climbers, the combination classification for the all-round riders, and the team classification for the competing teams.


title: Vuelta a España

text: First held in 1935 and annually since 1955, the Vuelta runs for three weeks in a changing route across Spain. The inaugural event (1935) saw 50 entrants face a 3,411 km (2,119 mi.) course over only 14 stages, averaging over 240 km (149 mi.) per stage. It was inspired by the success of the Tours in France and Italy, and the boost they brought to the circulations of their sponsoring newspapers ("L'Auto" and "La Gazzetta dello Sport" respectively); Juan Pujol of the daily "Informaciones" instigated the race to increase its circulation.


title: Vuelta a España

text: It was originally held in the spring, usually late April, with a few editions held in June in the 1940s. In 1995, however, the race moved to September to avoid direct competition with the Giro d'Italia, held in May. As a result, the Vuelta is now often seen as an important preparation for the World Championships, which moved to October the same year. A Vuelta was also organized in August and September 1950. The race now usually starts in late August, but the 2020 race started in October due to a delay caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.


title: Vuelta a España

text: Typically, the course includes up to three time trials, and a number of mountain stages. Since 1994, and often before (such as in the inaugural edition), the Vuelta finished in the Spanish capital, Madrid, although Bilbao (in the 1950s) and San Sebastián (in the 1970s) were long both recurring finish cities. Behind Madrid, three cities share second place for the most Vuelta departures: Gijón, Bilbao, and one time finish city Jerez de la Frontera. In 1997, the Vuelta started abroad for the first time, in Lisbon, Portugal. The first ever Vuelta to start outside the Iberian Peninsula took place in 2009, when the Dutch city of Assen hosted the prologue of the 64th Vuelta.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In 1999, for the first time, the course crossed the Alto de L'Angliru in Asturias, which climbs 1,573 meters (5,160 feet) over 12.9 km (8 mi.) with grades as steep as 23.6 percent (at "Cueña-les-Cabres"), making it one of the steepest climbs in Europe. Credit for the discovery of this climb and its addition to the Vuelta goes to Miguel Prieto.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The overall leader at present wears a red jersey, although previously it has been the "Maillot amarillo" (Yellow jersey) and the "Jersey de Oro" (Golden jersey)— the Spanish counterpart to the yellow jersey of the Tour de France. Other jerseys honor the best climber (King of the Mountains, awarded a blue-on-white polka dot jersey) and leader of the points competition (for many years awarded a "blue with yellow fish jersey" sponsored by Spain's fishing and marine industry, but more recently given a green jersey). Usually, other cycling jerseys are awarded, such as for points leaders in the ""Metas Volantes"" (intermediate sprints) and for the combination category (a point system that honors the best rider with the combined total points in the best overall, points and mountains classifications).


title: Vuelta a España

text: The record for most wins is held by Roberto Heras of Spain, winner in 2000, 2003, 2004 and 2005. Spaniards have dominated, winning 30 of the 66 runnings of the Vuelta. France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Colombia, Ireland, Russia, Kazakhstan, the United States and Great Britain have also had first-place finishers.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The first races were run at the national level and were promoted by the bicycle manufacturers from Eibar. Consequently, the tour was Eibar – Madrid – Eibar, and called the Grand Prix of the Republic.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In early 1935, former cyclist Clemente López Doriga, in collaboration with Juan Pujol, director of the daily newspaper "Informaciones", organized the Vuelta a España, with a distance of 3431 km, in a total of 14 stages. The first stage took the riders from Madrid to Valladolid. That year saw the first great duel in the history of the Vuelta, between Belgium's Gustaaf Deloor, who ultimately won, and Mariano Cañardo, Spanish runner-up. The second edition of the Vuelta, finally held despite the delicate political situation, was also marked by the Deeloor repeat, who this time held the lead from the first day to the last. After the first two editions, the Spanish race suffered a hiatus because of the Spanish Civil War.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In 1941, the Vuelta resumed competition with an almost entirely Spanish peloton and very little foreign representation. That year the first time trial was held in the Vuelta. Julian Berrendero was proclaimed the winner, and he recaptured the title the next year. In addition, Berrendero was King of the Mountains for three consecutive years.


title: Vuelta a España

text: With World War II and the precarious economic situation, there was another break in the running of the Vuelta a España.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In 1945, the Journal took over organization of the race and competition resumed, although again with few foreign competitors in the peloton. On this occasion, Delio Rodriguez took the final victory. That year also introduced the points classification, but this was not stable until 1955. Four editions were run until 1950.


title: Vuelta a España

text: Subsequently, there was no Vuelta until 1955, when it was organized by the Basque newspaper "El Correo Español-El Pueblo Vasco". Since then, the Vuelta a España has been run annually. At this time, the Vuelta is run routinely in August and September, but it was previously run in April and May. Another difference was the number of participants. Previously, there were very few, but the number doubled, with more internationally recognized competitors.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The prestige of the Vuelta increased, with more stars from the international cycling scene. During the late 1950s came the first successes in the overall standings of Italian and French riders. In the 1960s, they would also be joined by German and Dutch riders. In 1963, Jacques Anquetil won the general classification, establishing himself as the first rider to win all three Grand Tours. Five years later, in 1968, Felice Gimondi would do the same. Eddy Merckx (1973), Bernard Hinault (1978, 1983), Alberto Contador (2008), and Vincenzo Nibali (2010) later accomplished the same treble.


title: Vuelta a España

text: Antonio Karmany dominated the mountain classification for three consecutive years, then was replaced by Julio Jimenez, who won it for another three years.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In 1965, Rik Van Looy became the first rider to repeat victory in the points classification. Jan Janssen in 1968 and 1974 Domingo Perurena would do the same, winning this classification twice.


title: Vuelta a España

text: During mid 60's the organizer of the Vuelta, "El Correo Español-El Pueblo Vasco", went through some financial problems that endangered the running of the competition. However, during that time all editions ended normally. In 1968, the Vuelta was hit by a terrorist attack and other events, having to cancel the 15th stage. There were no fatalities.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The '70s began with the triumph of Luis Ocaña, who was already established in the international squad as one of the greats of cycling.


title: Vuelta a España

text: José Manuel Fuente, with victories in 1972 and 1974, became the third rider to win two Tours of Spain. A few years later, Bernard Hinault repeated the feat, which was also achieved by Pedro Delgado during the 1980s.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In 1973, Eddy Merckx won the Vuelta by a landslide, winning six stages and all individual classifications with the exception of the mountains competition: he finished second.


title: Vuelta a España

text: Freddy Maertens in 1977 echoed a similar domination to that demonstrated by Merckx a few years earlier, by winning thirteen stages and all individual classifications except the mountain.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In the mid-1970s, Andres Oliva managed to earn the King of the Mountains title in three editions of the Vuelta.


title: Vuelta a España

text: Frenchman Bernard Hinault emerged in 1978 as an international cycling star. The same year, Hinault won his first Tour de France. The last stage of that edition also had to be suspended because of riots and barricades that prevented the normal course of it.


title: Vuelta a España

text: When 1979 "El Correo Español-El Pueblo Vasco" left as a sponsor of the race, the Vuelta was once again endangered. However, the company Unipublic took charge of the competition. This, coupled with increased advertising and the beginning of the broadcasts via television, further grew revenue and interest in the Vuelta.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In the early 1980s, two names stood out in the secondary classifications: José Luis Laguía, who won the mountain classification five times, and Sean Kelly, who won four times in the points classification.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In 1982 came the first case of disqualification of the winner for doping. Two days after the end of the competition, Ángel Arroyo and a few other riders were disqualified, and Arroyo lost his victory to Marino Lejarreta. Arroyo appealed for a B test of his sample, which again tested positive. Arroyo was given a ten-minute penalty, and ultimately ended up placing thirteenth in the general classification.


title: Vuelta a España

text: Next year's edition was the first appearance of the Lagos de Covadonga as a final stage, an ascent that would become, over the years, the most iconic climb of the Vuelta a España. In 1984 it played the issue in a race that ended with the smallest difference between the first and second place. Eric Caritoux, a complete unknown until then, managed to win the Vuelta with only six seconds ahead of Alberto Fernández in second place.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The end of the 80s was marked by the rise of Colombian cycling, which presented a strong challenge particularly in the mountain stages. Names such as Lucho Herrera (winner in 1987) or Fabio Parra (2nd in 1989) appeared in the last editions of the decade. One of the rulers at that time was also Pedro Delgado, with two victories (1985 and 1989), a second place, and two third-place finishes. In the 1988 edition, the start took place in the Canary Islands with 3 stages.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The first half of the 1990s was marked by the dominance of Swiss rider Tony Rominger, the first rider to win three times and win the race consecutively between 1992 and 1994.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The fiftieth edition of the Vuelta, which was held in 1995, coincided with the change of dates. The Vuelta a España came to be held in September, and near the end of the season. That year Laurent Jalabert won all classifications, the second time this happened in the Vuelta (Rominger had done so in 1993). The Frenchman was also a four-time winner of the points classification, matching the previous record set by Kelly in the '80s.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In 1997, the tour started for the first time in a foreign country. They began in Lisbon, on the occasion of Expo '98.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The ascent of the Alto de L'Angliru was part of a stage for the first time in 1999, with the victory of Jose Maria Jimenez, four-time winner of the mountains classification. The reputation of the climb grew rapidly because of its demanding nature.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The first editions of the 2000s were marked by the dominance of Roberto Heras, who achieved victory on three occasions, and in 2005 did it for the fourth time. However, as happened with Ángel Arroyo in 1982, Heras was disqualified days after the end of the competition after testing positive in a doping test, this time for use of EPO. This positive development was later ratified by the counter-analysis and Heras was stripped of his title, benefiting the Russian cyclist Denis Menchov until 2012, when the Spanish Courts overturned the positive test and re-awarded the win to Heras. In 2006 Alexander Vinokourov won after a struggle with the then leader of the UCI Pro Tour, Alejandro Valverde. In the 2007 edition Denis Menchov again clinched the overall victory by more than three minutes over the Spanish cyclists Carlos Sastre and Samuel Sánchez. In June 2008, French company Amaury Sport Organisation, who organize the Tour de France, announced it had bought 49% of Unipublic.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In 2008, the winner was the Spaniard Alberto Contador, who also won that year's Giro d'Italia, and became the first Spaniard to win all three Grand Tours. In 2009, the Vuelta began in Drenthe, Netherlands, continuing through Belgium and Germany. The final winner was Alejandro Valverde, who adopted a conservative stance without winning any stage and sprinting in the final meters to achieve bonuses. His main rivals were Samuel Sanchez (second place), Cadel Evans (third), Ivan Basso, Robert Gesink and Ezequiel Mosquera. All of them suffered critical falls or punctures such as Evans in Monachil.


title: Vuelta a España

text: After Vincenzo Nibali won in 2010 he was unable to defend his title in 2011. The surprise winner of the race that year was Juan José Cobo who took a narrow 13 second win over Chris Froome. In 2019 Cobo's win was annulled for doping violations, and the race awarded to Froome. In 2012 Alberto Contador claimed the title edging out Spanish compatriots Alejandro Valverde and Joaquim Rodríguez only one month after returning to competitive racing after a drugs ban.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The 2013 Vuelta a España saw a shock result when the 41-year-old American Chris Horner defeated Vincenzo Nibali, Alejandro Valverde and Joaquim Rodríguez to become the first North American to win the Vuelta and the oldest rider to win a grand tour. In addition Horner clinched the race's combination classification. The race was also notable for Tony Martin's all-day solo break on stage 6, when he broke away at the start and led for nearly the entire stage before being caught 20 metres from the finish line, placing seventh behind stage winner Michael Mørkøv.


title: Vuelta a España

text: In March 2014, ASO acquired full control of Unipublic, with both working together with the running of the race. The 2014 race featured a field described as the strongest in a grand tour in recent memory, as a range of accomplished riders entered the race after suffering injuries or health problems earlier in the season. Contador claimed his third Vuelta, with Froome finishing as runner-up, after both men withdrew from the 2014 Tour de France due to injury.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The 2015 edition saw another strong field contest the race, including the top four finishers at the 2015 Tour de France (Froome, Valverde, Nibali and Nairo Quintana) and two of the podium finishers from the 2015 Giro d'Italia in the form of Nibali's teammates Fabio Aru and Mikel Landa. With the withdrawals of Chris Froome and the disqualification of Vincenzo Nibali, it was left to Fabio Aru to claim his first grand tour victory. Nairo Quintana won the 2016 edition.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The 2017 edition was won by Chris Froome, making it his second overall victory with the awarding of the 2011 title. The victory capped off a successful completion of the rare Tour-Vuelta double and made him at the time the first British rider to win the race, a distinction he maintained upon the award of the 2011 race. In 2018, it was another British rider who won the race, in Simon Yates, riding for the Mitchelton-Scott. Aged 26 this was Yates' first grand tour win, and meant that for the first time all three grand tours in a year had been won by three different riders from the same country. The 2019 Vuelta was won by Primož Roglič, who became the first Slovenian cyclist to win a Grand Tour. He went on to defend his title the next year winning again, in a hard fought race with Richard Carapaz that was one of the closest finishes in recent history; and in 2021 he dominated the field with one of the largest margins of victory in more than two decades to make it three Vuelta's in a row.


title: Vuelta a España

text: Most stages are in mainland Spain, although since the mid-1990s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Portugal, Andorra and France. It has also taken place in the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium. Four editions of the Vuelta so far have started outside Spain. A start abroad in Utrecht, Netherlands was planned for the 2020 edition, however this was cancelled in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and a revised route starting in Irun was used in 2020. Instead, the 2022 Vuelta a España started in Utrecht.


title: Vuelta a España

text: The leader of the general classification is permitted to wear a jersey of a particular colour signifying the lead (maillot rojo or red jersey), as in the Tour de France (maillot jaune or yellow jersey) and the Giro d'Italia (maglia rosa or pink jersey). The colour of the leader's jersey of the Vuelta a España has changed several times since the original tour. The organizers who revived the Vuelta following its multiple suspensions since 1936 usually changed the color of the jersey. The leader's jersey began as orange in 1935, became white in 1941, then back to orange in 1942. It was white with a horizontal red stripe from 1945 to 1950. In 1955, when "El Correo" resurrected the Vuelta, yellow became the colour of the leader's jersey, the same color as in the Tour de France. Except for the 1977 Vuelta, when the jersey was orange, a yellow jersey was worn until 1998, when the color was deepened to a gold hue. However, for the 2010 edition, the colour of the leader's jersey was changed to red.


title: Vuelta a España

text: Since the 1950 Vuelta, the leaders of the other race classifications have been permitted to wear identifying jerseys (previously, there was an official mountain classification, but no identifying jersey). For a long time, a blue jersey identified the leader of the points classification, green the leader of the mountain classification, and white the leader of the combination classification (until it ended in 2018). Recently, these other classifications have used jerseys more like those used at the Tour de France, with the points leader using a green jersey, the King of the Mountains using a polka dot jersey (albeit blue-on-white rather than red-on-white as at the Tour) and the best young rider a white jersey.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: The Amazing Race Canada 8 is the eighth season of "The Amazing Race Canada", a reality game show based on the American series "The Amazing Race". It features ten teams of two, each with a pre-existing relationship in a race across Canada and is hosted by Jon Montgomery. The grand prize includes a cash payout, a "once-in-a-lifetime" trip for two around the world courtesy of GURU Organic Energy, and two Chevrolet Silverado ZR2s.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: The season was scheduled to premiere in July 2020; however, after the COVID-19 pandemic forced production to postpone the season for two years due to travel restrictions between selected Canadian provinces, it premiered on July 5, 2022 with a preseason special "etalk Presents: The Amazing Race Canada" airing on July 1. The season finale aired on September 20, 2022.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: Best friends and Broadway performers Catherine Wreford and Craig Ramsay were the winners of this season, becoming the second male/female team to win "The Amazing Race Canada".


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: After the COVID-19 pandemic led to CBS suspending production of the thirty-third season of American edition of "The Amazing Race" and Network 10 limiting the racecourse for the fifth season of "The Amazing Race Australia" to Australia, Mike Cosentino, the President of Content and Programming at Bell Media, stated in mid-March 2020 that "decisions around the upcoming eighth season will be made with the health and safety of the Racers and the crew as the top priority." As the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada worsened, Consentino stated two months later that pre-production for the upcoming season had been halted due to safety concerns. On June 23, 2020, the show announced on its social media that the season had been postponed until 2021. Insight Productions CEO John Brunton then stated in an interview on June 3, 2021 that the season would be delayed a second time to 2022 at the latest for safety reasons. Bell Media confirmed the second postponement at upfronts a week later with Justin Stockman, Bell Media's vice-president of content development and programming, announcing that the show would be a part of CTV's summer 2022 schedule.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: On April 26, 2022, Ivanoh Demers of Radio-Canada reported that crew members were at La Grande Roue de Montréal. Teams were in Lethbridge, Alberta on April 30. On May 1, the show filmed in Fernie, British Columbia. Filming in Canmore, Alberta occurred on May 4. Racers were spotted in Kelowna and Vernon, British Columbia on May 6 & 7. Filming took place in Belleville and Picton, Ontario on May 12. A task at the Richmond Night Market occurred on May 21, the date when filming officially wrapped.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: For the first time in the series, host Jon Montgomery doesn't introduce the teams; instead, the teams introduce themselves.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: By happenstance, retired National Hockey League player Ron Sutter helped siblings Jesse Cockney and Marika Sila with directions during Leg 2 in Lethbridge, Alberta.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: 2022 Winter Paralympics gold medalist Mark Arendz appeared as the Pit Stop greeter during the fourth leg in Canmore, Alberta.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: This season introduced two new obstacles: the On Ramp and the Pass. The On Ramp was a task that allowed teams to find an On Ramp Pass and return to "The Amazing Race Canada". The Pass was an obstacle that is similar to the Yield. The team that received the Pass would have to wait for another team to arrive and pass them before continuing on. Also, for the first time in "Amazing Race Canada" history, four teams competed in the final leg. Similar to the sixth Vietnamese season, all four remaining teams in this season crossed the Finish Line.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: Casting for the season initially began on October 10, 2019 with a deadline of December 1. On January 8, 2020, the first stage of casting for this season was completed. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, contestants were required to be fully vaccinated.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: Chevrolet and Expedia returned as sponsors. New sponsors included Desjardins Group, Subway Canada, Destination BC, GURU Organic Energy, Marshalls, Tourism Richmond, Trans Canada Trail, Disney+, which promoted "Pinocchio" and "Andor", and Marvel Studios, which promoted "" and "".


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: The cast includes "Big Brother Canada 9" winner Tychon Carter-Newman, Broadway theatre actress Catherine Wreford, Inuvialuit Olympic cross-country skier Jesse Cockney, actress and Inuvialuit activist Marika Sila, and singer and Juno Award-winning artist Jully Black.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: The following teams participated in this season, each listed along with their placements in each leg and relationships as identified by the program. Note that this table is not necessarily reflective of all content broadcast on television, owing to the inclusion or exclusion of some data. Placements are listed in finishing order.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this season's first Roadblock, one team member had to climb to the top of La Grande Roue de Montréal and retrieve their next clue and pieces of Mjölnir. Only two racers could perform this task at a time.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: This season's first Detour was a choice between Jazz and Pizzazz. In Jazz, teams had to learn and perform a song by Juno Award winner Ranee Lee, which had to include improvised scat singing, to receive their next clue and pieces of Mjölnir. In Pizzazz, teams had to learn and perform a burlesque routine, which included removing articles of their costumes in the correct order, to receive their next clue and pieces of Mjölnir from Frenchy Jones.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: This leg's Detour was a choice between Hoot or Herd. In Hoot, one team member had to memorize seven owl sounds and the other team member had to memorize descriptions of the sounds. When teams could match the sounds to the descriptions, they would receive their next clue from staffer Dallas. In Herd, teams had to choose a coloured bandana, find nine goats wearing that bandana colour, and correctly add the numbers on the bandanas from memory to receive their next clue from staffer Mel.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to don a virtual reality headset, play a game of "Rhythmatic", and score at least 90% successful slices to receive their next clue from arcade owner Lance.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: This leg's Detour was a choice between Learning to Fly or Ready to Roll. In Learning to Fly, teams had to listen to a fishing story from store owner Scott that incorporates quirky names for fly fishing lures, run to the Elk River, and arrange a set of 20 fishing lures in the order that they were mentioned in the story to receive their next clue from fishing guide Josh. In Ready to Roll, teams had to assemble a mountain bicycle so that it matched an example to receive their next clue from store owner Mark.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to don a leotard and leg warmers to then learn and perform a 1980s-style aerobics routine for Fernie denizens to the satisfaction of instructor Marlene Vale to receive their next clue.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: As a result of re-entering "The Amazing Race Canada", Jully & Kathy and Cassie & Jahmeek had to complete a Speed Bump that involved inflating a whitewater canoe before they could continue racing.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's first Roadblock, one team member had to secure a pack onto a simulated horse by tying a diamond hitch to receive their next clue from ranch owner Fiona Mactaggart.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's second Roadblock, the team member who did not perform the previous Roadblock had to complete an all-terrain slalom course within 105 seconds on an adaptive eBike to receive their next clue from the bike's inventor Christian Bagg.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's first Roadblock, one team member had perform a tandem paraglide above the Okanagan to receive their next clue from their instructor. Teams had to first find a sign-up board to determine the order in which they would paraglide and could pick up GURU energy drinks.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's second Roadblock, the team member who did not perform the previous Roadblock had to complete a biathlon by cross-country skiing around a loop to a firing range and shoot five targets with five rounds to receive their next clue from manager Troy Hudson. If racers missed any targets, they had to ski the loop again before attempting to shoot the remaining targets.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: For their Speed Bump, Cassie & Jahmeek had to sort a pile of ski boots onto shelves by size and style before Cassie could attempt the second Roadblock.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: This leg's Detour was a choice between Ball'n or Pomme'n. In Ball'n, teams had to score five points in a game of lawn bowling by rolling biased bowls closer to a jack than a pair of local competitors to receive their next clue from groundskeeper Moe Ball. In Pomme'n, teams had to make five miniature apple pies by rolling out dough, slicing apples, and adding a pastry lattice top to the satisfaction of Rachel Davidson to receive their next clue.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: This leg's Detour was a choice between Aviate or Animate. In Aviate, teams had to attach a propeller to a Cessna 150 to receive their next clue from professor Jamie. In Animate, one team member had to don a motion capture suit and recreate the movements of an animated movie starring Jon Montgomery, without watching the movie, to receive their next clue from professor Rob, while their partner took on the role of director. Once teams began an attempt, the director could not instruct their partner. Jesse & Marika used their Express Pass given by Brendan & Connor to bypass the "Animate" task.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to lead a dog through a dog agility course within 45 seconds to receive their next clue.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to choose an abstract map and fill in the names of fourteen birdhouses to receive their next clue from Quinte Conservation Chief Administrative Officer Brad McNevin.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: This leg's Detour was a choice between Press It or Push It. In Press It, teams had to replicate a message by arranging type pieces in reverse and then printing out the message on a printing press to receive their next clue. In Push It, one team member had to sit in a tub and relay instructions to their partner to make 15 working bath bombs and receive their next clue.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's Roadblock, teams had to search the Canadian Museum of History for the de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver and retrieve a ticket for a flight on a vintage biplane, where one team member had to spot a letter M to receive their next clue from the pilot.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: For this season's first Face Off, two teams had to compete against each other in a game of croquet. The first team to clear two balls through a series of wickets and hit the centre peg would receive their next clue, while the losing team had to wait for another team. The last team remaining at the Face Off had to turn over an hourglass and wait out a 15-minute time penalty before moving on.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to perform an Acadian stepdance to receive their next clue from Rebecca.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: For their Speed Bump, Brendan & Connor had to use traditional couvreur tools to make 50 roof shingles before they could continue racing.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: This season's final Detour was choice between Oyster Shuck or Clean & Tuck. In Oyster Shuck, teams had to delicately shuck open 24 oysters and then replicate two oyster platers to receive their next clue from co-owner Pat. In Clean & Tuck, teams had to clean a glamping dome so that it matched an example to receive their next clue from co-owner Emilie.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to drive a 2022 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray through a precision driving course within 150 seconds to receive their next clue from a Driving Experience instructor.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: For this season's final Face Off, two teams had to compete against each other in a game of snooker. The team who scored more points would receive their next clue, while the losing team had to wait for another team. The last team remaining at the Face Off had to turn over an hourglass and wait out a 15-minute time penalty before moving on.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this leg's first Roadblock, one team member had to don a wetsuit, jump from a Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin, and swim to a buoy with their next clue.


title: The Amazing Race Canada 8

text: In this season's final Roadblock, the team member who did not perform the previous Roadblock had to don old school roller skates and complete an obstacle course within 75 seconds to receive their next clue.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Duke of Sutherland is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom which was created by William IV in 1833 for George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Marquess of Stafford. A series of marriages to heiresses by members of the Leveson-Gower family made the Dukes of Sutherland one of the richest landowning families in the United Kingdom. The title remained in the Leveson-Gower family until the death of the 5th Duke of Sutherland in 1963, when it passed to the 5th Earl of Ellesmere from the Egerton family.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Sutherland are: Marquess of Stafford (created 1786), Earl Gower (1746), Earl of Ellesmere, of Ellesmere in the County of Shropshire (1846), Viscount Trentham, of Trentham in the County of Stafford (1746), Viscount Brackley, of Brackley in the County of Northampton (1846), and Baron Gower, of Sittenham in the County of York (1703). The marquessate of Stafford, the earldom of Gower and the viscountcy of Trentham are in the Peerage of Great Britain, the dukedom, the earldom of Ellesmere and the viscountcy of Brackley in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, and the barony of Gower in the Peerage of England. The Duke is also a Baronet, of Sittenham in the County of York, a title created in the Baronetage of England in 1620. Between 1839 and 1963 the Dukes also held the titles of Lord Strathnaver and Earl of Sutherland, both in the Peerage of Scotland. The Scottish titles came into the family through the marriage of the first Duke to Elizabeth Sutherland, 19th Countess of Sutherland.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Sir Thomas Gower was created a baronet, of Sittenham in the County of York, by James I of England in 1620. This title was in the Baronetage of England. His son Thomas, the second Baronet, married Frances, daughter of Sir John Leveson. Their grandson William, the fourth Baronet (who succeeded his unmarried elder brother), assumed the additional surname of Leveson. Sir William married Lady Jane (d. 1696), daughter of John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath and sister of Grace Carteret, 1st Countess Granville (see Earl Granville). Their son John, the fifth Baronet, was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Gower, of Sittenham in the County of York, in 1706. His son, the second Baron, served three times as Lord Privy Seal. In 1746 he was created Viscount Trentham, of Trentham in the County of Stafford, and Earl Gower. Both titles are in the Peerage of Great Britain. His eldest surviving son from his first marriage, Granville, the second Earl, was also a prominent politician. In 1786 he was created Marquess of Stafford in the Peerage of Great Britain. Lord Stafford married secondly Lady Louisa Egerton, daughter of Scroop Egerton, 1st Duke of Bridgewater. His son from his third marriage to Lady Susanna Stewart, Lord Granville Leveson-Gore, was created Earl Granville in 1833, a revival of the title created for his great-great-aunt in 1715.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Lord Stafford was succeeded by his eldest son from his second marriage, George. He married Elizabeth Sutherland, 19th Countess of Sutherland. In 1803 he succeeded to the vast estates of his maternal uncle Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater. In 1833 he was created Duke of Sutherland in the Peerage of the United Kingdom for his support for the Reform Act 1832.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The 1st Duke and Duchess of Sutherland remain controversial for their role in the Highland Clearances, when thousands of tenants were evicted and resettled in coastal villages. This allowed the vacated land to be used for extensive sheep farming, replacing the mixed farming carried out by the previous occupants. This was part of the Scottish Agricultural Revolution. The changes on the Sutherland estate were motivated by two major objectives. The first was to increase the rental income from the estate: sheep farmers could afford much higher rents. The second was to remove the population from the recurrent risks of famine. Historical opinion differs on the relevance and severity of famine years, but most do not dispute that the Highland region remained the only part of mainland Britain that was affected in this way at this time.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The future 1st Duke became the proprietor of the Sutherland Estate (which comprised much of the county of Sutherland) on his marriage to Lady Elizabeth Sutherland, the Countess of Sutherland, in 1785. Despite the conventions of the day, Lady Sutherland retained control of the management of the estate, rather than passing this responsibility to her husband.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The Sutherland Clearances did not start until the 19th century, mainly due to insufficient capital – a problem that was solved when, in 1803, George Leveson-Gower, the future 1st Duke inherited a huge fortune from the Duke of Bridgewater. The remaining delay was that many leases did not expire until 1807 or later, but plans were put together for the interior of the estate to be devoted to large sheep farms, with new settlements to be built for the displaced inhabitants. A tentative start was made to this with the letting of the first big sheep farm at Lairg in 1807, involving the removal of about 300 people. Many of these did not accept their new homes and emigrated, to the dissatisfaction of the estate management and Lady Sutherland.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Lady Sutherland was not happy with the estate factor and, in 1811, replaced him with William Young and Patrick Sellar. Young had a proven track record of agricultural improvement in Moray and Sellar was a lawyer educated at the University of Edinburgh; both were fully versed in the modern ideas of Adam Smith. They provided an extra level of ambition for the estate. New industries were added to the plans, to employ the resettled population. A coal mine was sunk at Brora, and fishing villages were built to exploit the herring shoals off the coast. Other ideas were tanning, flax, salt and brick manufacturing.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The next clearances were in Assynt in 1812, under the direction of Sellar, establishing large sheep farms and resettling the old tenants on the coast. Sellar had the assistance of the local tacksmen in this and the process was conducted without unrest – despite the unpopularity of events. But in 1813, planned clearances in the Strath of Kildonan were accompanied by riots: an angry mob drove prospective sheep farmers out of the valley when they came to view the land, and a situation of confrontation existed for more than six weeks, with Sellar failing to successfully negotiate with the protesters. Ultimately, the army was called out and the estate made concessions such as paying very favourable prices for the cattle of those being cleared. This was assisted by landlords in surrounding districts taking in some of those displaced and an organised party emigrating to Canada. The whole process was a severe shock to Lady Sutherland and her advisers, who were, in the words of historian Eric Richards, "genuinely astonished at this response to plans which they regarded as wise and benevolent".


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Further clearances were scheduled in Strathnaver starting at Whitsun, 1814. These were complicated by Sellar having successfully bid for the lease of one of the new sheep farms on land that it was now his responsibility, as factor, to clear. (Overall, this clearance was part of the removal of 430 families from Strathnaver and Brora in 1814 – an estimated 2,000 people.) Sellar had also made an enemy of the local law officer, Robert Mackid, by catching him poaching on the Sutherland's land. There was some confusion among the tenants as Sellar made concessions to some of them, allowing them to stay in their properties a little longer. Some tenants moved in advance of the date in their eviction notice – others stayed until the eviction parties arrived. As was normal practice, the roof timbers of cleared houses were destroyed to prevent re-occupation after the eviction party had left. On 13 June 1814, this was done by burning in the case of Badinloskin, the house occupied by William Chisholm. Accounts vary, but it is possible that his elderly and bedridden mother-in-law was still in the house when it was set on fire. In James Hunter's understanding of events, Sellar ordered her to be immediately carried out as soon as he realised what was happening. The old lady died six days later. Eric Richards suggests that the old woman was carried to an outbuilding before the house was destroyed. Whatever the facts of the matter, Sellar was charged with culpable homicide and arson, in respect of this incident and others during this clearance. The charges were brought by Robert Mackid. As the trial approached, the Sutherland estate was reluctant to assist Sellar in his defence, distancing themselves from their employee. He was acquitted of all charges at his trial in 1816. The estate were hugely relieved, taking this as a justification of their clearance activity. (Robert Mackid became a ruined man and had to leave the county, providing Sellar with a grovelling letter of apology and confession.)


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Despite the acquittal, this event, and Sellar's role in it, was fixed in the popular view of the Sutherland Clearances. James Loch, the Stafford estate commissioner was now taking a greater interest in the Northern part of his employer's holdings; he thought Young's financial management was incompetent, and Sellar's actions among the people deeply concerning. Both Sellar and William Young soon left their management posts with the Sutherland estate (though Sellar remained as a major tenant). Loch, nevertheless, also subscribed to the theory that clearance was beneficial for the tenants as much as for the estate.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Lady Sutherland's displeasure with events was added to by critical reports in a minor London newspaper, the "Military Register", from April 1815. These were soon carried in larger newspapers. They originated from Alexander Sutherland, who, with his brother John Sutherland of Sciberscross, were opponents of clearance. Alexander, after serving as a captain in the army had been thwarted in his hopes to take up leases on the Sutherland estate and now worked as a journalist in London. He was therefore well placed to cause trouble for the estate.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The (effective) dismissal of Sellar placed him in the role of scapegoat, thereby preventing a proper critical analysis of the estate's policies. Clearances continued under the factorship of Frances Suther and the overall control of James Loch. Through 1816 and 1817, famine conditions affected most of the inland areas and the estate had to provide relief to those who were destitute. This altered policy on emigration: if tenants wanted to emigrate, the estate would not object, but there was still no active encouragement.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: In 1818 a large (perhaps the largest) clearance program was put into effect, lasting until 1820. Loch gave emphatic instructions intended to avoid another public relations disaster: rent arrears could be excused for those who co-operated, time was to be taken and rents for the new crofts were to be set as low as possible.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The process did not start well. The Reverend David Mackenzie of Kildonan wrote to Loch on behalf of the 220 families due to be cleared from his parish. He challenged the basic premise of the clearance: that the people from an inland region could make a living on their new coastal crofts. Loch was adamant that the removals would go ahead regardless of objections. Yet, at the same time, Suther and the local ground officer of the estate were pointing out to Loch that few of the new crofts were of an acceptable quality. Some tenants were considering moving off the estate, either to Caithness or emigrating to America or the Cape of Good Hope, which Suther encouraged by writing off their rent arrears. More positively, cattle prices were high in 1818. Ultimately, that year's clearances passed without serious protest.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The next two years had much bigger clearances: 425 families (about 2,000 people) in 1819 and 522 families in 1820. Loch was anxious to move quickly, whilst cattle prices were high and there was a good demand for leases of sheep farms. There was no resistance in 1819, but Suther, despite precise instructions to the contrary, used fire to destroy cleared houses.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: According to the will of the Duke of Bridgewater, the Egerton estates passed on the death of the first Duke of Sutherland to his third but second-surviving son Lord Francis Leveson-Gower, who changed his surname to Egerton by Royal licence. In 1846 he was created Viscount Brackley and Earl of Ellesmere.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The Duke was succeeded by his eldest son and namesake George, the second Duke. In 1839 he also succeeded his mother in the ancient Scottish titles of Earl of Sutherland and Lord Strathnaver. His eldest son, the third Duke, married Anne Hay-Mackenzie, who in 1864 was created Countess of Cromarty, with remainder to their younger sons (see Earl of Cromarty).


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: His grandson, the fifth Duke, succeeded to the title at the age of 25 in 1913. In 1914 he decided on the outbreak of the First World War that it was unwise to have so much of his riches tied up in land and property. He sold the family's Staffordshire estate except Lilleshall Hall and of gardens. He then decided he wanted to live closer to London, and sold the whole package in 1917 to Sir John Lee. The Duke was childless; on his death in 1963, the line of the eldest son of the first Duke failed. He was succeeded in the earldom of Sutherland and lordship of Strathnaver, which could be inherited by females, by his niece Elizabeth. Elizabeth also inherited most of her uncle's wealth, but the dukedom and other titles could only be passed on to male heirs, and they were inherited by his third cousin once removed, John Sutherland Egerton, 5th Earl of Ellesmere, who became the 6th Duke of Sutherland as well. He was a great-great-grandson of the first Earl of Ellesmere, third son of the first Duke of Sutherland. He also died childless and was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, Francis Ronald Egerton, the seventh and present duke, a grandson of the Hon. Francis William George Egerton, second son of the third Earl of Ellesmere.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Today most of the duke's wealth is in the form of the art collection put together by the first duke's uncle, Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, which had been inherited by the Ellesmere line of the family. In 2003 the new Duke sold Titian's "Venus Anadyomene" to the National Gallery of Scotland. In 2009 he sold the two other masterpieces by Titian: "Diana and Callisto" and "Diana and Actaeon", but he is still the owner of other masterpieces, such as a 1657 self-portrait by Rembrandt, the "Bridgewater Madonna" by Raphael and the "Sacraments" series by French master Nicolas Poussin.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The Hon. William Leveson-Gower, second son of John, first Baron Gower and grandson of the fourth Baronet, was Member of Parliament for Stafford. The Hon. Thomas Leveson-Gower, third son of the first Baron, was Member of Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme. The Hon. Baptist Leveson-Gower, fourth son of the first Baron, was also Member of Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The Hon. Richard Leveson-Gower, fourth son of the first Earl, was Member of Parliament for Lichfield. The Hon. John Leveson-Gower (1740–1792), sixth son of the first Earl, was an Admiral in the Royal Navy.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Frederick Neville Sutherland Leveson-Gower, son of Lord Albert Leveson-Gower, younger son of the second Duke, sat as Member of Parliament for Sutherland. Lord Ronald Gower, youngest son of the second Duke, was a politician, sculptor and writer.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Sir Henry 'Shrimp' Leveson-Gower H. D. G. Leveson Gower, Leveson Gower was born in Titsey Place near Oxted in Surrey, the seventh of twelve sons of Granville William Gresham Leveson-Gower JP DL FSA, by his wife The Hon Sophia Leveson Gower LJStJ (née Leigh). Captain of England Cricket v South Africa in 1909–10, captained England in all three of the Test matches in South Africa. Leveson Gower became an England Test selector in 1909, and was chairman of selectors in 1924 and from 1927 to 1930.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The family seat was originally Lilleshall Hall and later, grander, family seats included Trentham Hall, Dunrobin Castle, and Cliveden. The traditional burial place of the Dukes of Sutherland from the Leveson-Gower family was Trentham Mausoleum, a grade I listed mausoleum in Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: In the 19th and early 20th century the family's London residence was Stafford House, which was rated as the most valuable private residence in London.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: When members of the Leveson-Gower family held the dukedom of Sutherland, the arms were: Quarterly, Gules a Cross Flory Sable (Gower), Azure three Laurel Leaves Or (Leveson); Gules three Mullets Or on a Bordure of the second a Double Tressure flory counterflory of the first (Sutherland); Crest: A Wolf passant Argent collared and lined Or; Supporters: a Wolf Argent plain collared and Line reflexed over the back Or.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Since the passing of the dukedom of Sutherland to the Egerton family in 1963, the 6th Duke and his successors have used the Egerton family coat of arms: Argent a Lion rampant Gules between three Pheons Sable.


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: The second in line is Lord Henry Alexander Egerton (b. 1977), younger son of the 7th Duke, who has three daughters. (reference:- Debretts Peerage 2019 Edition)


title: Duke of Sutherland

text: Individuals numbered 1 to 5 are in the line of succession to the dukedom and its subsidiary titles. If the dukedom were to become extinct, the marquessate of Stafford would pass to the Earl Granville, heir of the younger son of the first Marquess. Individuals in the line of succession to the marquessate and the earldoms of Granville and Gower are numbered from 6 (the present Earl Granville) to 8.


title: All Systems Red

text: All Systems Red is a 2017 science fiction novella by American author Martha Wells. The first in a series called "The Murderbot Diaries", it was published by Tor.com. The series is about an artificial construct designed as a Security Unit, which manages to override its governor unit, thus enabling it to develop independence. It calls itself Murderbot, and likes to watch unrealistic soap operas. As it spends more time with some caring humans, it starts developing feelings that it does not care for.


title: All Systems Red

text: A scientific expedition on an alien planet goes awry when one of its members is attacked by a giant native creature. She is saved by the expedition's SecUnit (Security Unit), a cyborg security agent which has secretly named itself "Murderbot". Though it has hacked the governor module that allows it to be controlled by humans, and would much rather be watching soap operas, the SecUnit has a vested interest in keeping its human clients safe and alive, since it has an especially grisly past expedition on its record. Murderbot soon discovers that information regarding hazardous fauna has been deleted from their survey packet of the planet. Further investigation reveals that some sections of their maps are missing as well. Meanwhile the PreservationAux survey team, led by Dr. Mensah, navigate their mixed feelings about the part machine, part human nature of their SecUnit. When they lose contact with the other known expedition, the DeltFall Group, Mensah leads a team to the opposite side of the planet to investigate. At the DeltFall habitat, Murderbot discovers that everyone there has been brutally murdered, and one of their three SecUnits destroyed. Murderbot disables the remaining two as they attack it, but is surprised when two others appear; it destroys one, and Mensah takes the other.


title: All Systems Red

text: Murderbot is seriously injured, and realizes that one of the rogue SecUnits has installed a combat override module into its neck. The Preservation scientists are able to remove it before it completes the data upload that would put Murderbot under the control of whoever has command over the other SecUnits. The team discovers that Murderbot is autonomous, and once malfunctioned and murdered 57 people. The Preservation scientists mostly agree that, based on its protective behavior thus far, the SecUnit can be trusted. Remembering small incidents that now appear to be attempted sabotage, Murderbot and the group determine that there must be a third expedition, whose members are trying to eliminate DeltFall and Preservation for some reason. The Preservation scientists confirm that their HubSystem has been hacked, and flee their habitat before the mystery expedition they have dubbed "EvilSurvey" comes to kill them. The EvilSurvey team—GrayCris—leaves a message in the Preservation habitat inviting its scientists to meet at a rendezvous point to negotiate terms for their survival. Murderbot knows that GrayCris will never let them live, but the SecUnit has a plan. It makes an overture to GrayCris to negotiate for its own freedom, but this is a distraction while the Preservation scientists access the GrayCris HubSystem to activate their emergency beacon. The plan works, but Murderbot is injured protecting Mensah from the explosion of the launch. Later the SecUnit finds itself repaired, and retaining its memories and disabled governor module. Mensah has bought its contract, and will bring it back to Preservation's home base where it can live autonomously. Though grateful, Murderbot is reluctant to have its decisions made for it, and slips away on a cargo ship.


title: All Systems Red

text: "Publishers Weekly" wrote that Wells "gives depth to a rousing but basically familiar action plot by turning it into the vehicle by which SecUnit engages with its own rigorously denied humanity". "The Verge" likewise felt it to be a "pretty basic story", but nonetheless "fun", and lauded Wells's worldbuilding. James Nicoll observed that the plot relies on "opportunistic corporate malevolence", and noted that only Murderbot's personality prevented the setting from being "unrelentingly grim".


title: All Systems Red

text: "All Systems Red" won the 2018 Nebula Award for Best Novella, the 2018 Hugo Award for Best Novella, and the American Library Association's Alex Award, and was nominated for the 2017 Philip K. Dick Award.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Inclusion bodies are aggregates of specific types of protein found in neurons, a number of tissue cells including red blood cells, bacteria, viruses, and plants. Inclusion bodies of aggregations of multiple proteins are also found in muscle cells affected by inclusion body myositis and hereditary inclusion body myopathy.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Inclusion bodies in neurons may be accumulated in the cytoplasm or nucleus, and are associated with many neurodegenerative diseases.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Inclusion bodies in neurodegenerative diseases are aggregates of misfolded proteins (aggresomes) and are hallmarks of many of these diseases, including Lewy bodies in Lewy body dementias, and Parkinson's disease, neuroserpin inclusion bodies called Collins bodies in familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies, inclusion bodies in Huntington's disease, Papp-Lantos inclusions in multiple system atrophy, and various inclusion bodies in frontotemporal dementia including Pick bodies. Bunina bodies in motor neurons are a core feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Other usual cell inclusions are often temporary inclusions of accumulated proteins, fats, secretory granules or other insoluble components.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Inclusion bodies are found in bacteria as particles of aggregated protein. They have a higher density than many other cell components but are porous. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Inclusion bodies contain very little host protein, ribosomal components or DNA/RNA fragments. They often almost exclusively contain the over-expressed protein and aggregation and has been reported to be reversible. It has been suggested that inclusion bodies are dynamic structures formed by an unbalanced equilibrium between aggregated and soluble proteins of "Escherichia coli". There is a growing body of information indicating that formation of inclusion bodies occurs as a result of intracellular accumulation of partially folded expressed proteins which aggregate through non-covalent hydrophobic or ionic interactions or a combination of both.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Inclusion bodies have a non-unit (single) lipid membrane. Protein inclusion bodies are classically thought to contain misfolded protein. However, this has been contested, as green fluorescent protein will sometimes fluoresce in inclusion bodies, which indicates some resemblance of the native structure and researchers have recovered folded protein from inclusion bodies.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: When genes from one organism are expressed in another organism the resulting protein sometimes forms inclusion bodies. This is often true when large evolutionary distances are crossed: a cDNA isolated from Eukarya for example, and expressed as a recombinant gene in a prokaryote risks the formation of the inactive aggregates of protein known as inclusion bodies. While the cDNA may properly code for a translatable mRNA, the protein that results will emerge in a foreign microenvironment. This often has fatal effects, especially if the intent of cloning is to produce a biologically active protein. For example, eukaryotic systems for carbohydrate modification and membrane transport are not found in prokaryotes. The internal microenvironment of a prokaryotic cell (pH, osmolarity) may differ from that of the original source of the gene. Mechanisms for folding a protein may also be absent, and hydrophobic residues that normally would remain buried may be exposed and available for interaction with similar exposed sites on other ectopic proteins. Processing systems for the cleavage and removal of internal peptides would also be absent in bacteria. The initial attempts to clone insulin in a bacterium suffered all of these deficits. In addition, the fine controls that may keep the concentration of a protein low will also be missing in a prokaryotic cell, and overexpression can result in filling a cell with ectopic protein that, even if it were properly folded, would precipitate by saturating its environment.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Inclusion bodies are aggregates of protein associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, accumulated in the cytoplasm or nucleus of neurons. Inclusion bodies of aggregations of multiple proteins are also found in muscle cells affected by inclusion body myositis and hereditary inclusion body myopathy.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Normally a red blood cell does not contain inclusions in the cytoplasm. However, it may be seen because of certain hematologic disorders.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Inclusions of immunoglobulin called Russell bodies are found in atypical plasma cells. Russell bodies clump together in large numbers displacing the cell nucleus to the edge, and the cell is then called a Mott cell.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Examples of viral inclusion bodies in plants include aggregations of virus particles (like those for "Cucumber mosaic virus") and aggregations of viral proteins (like the cylindrical inclusions of potyviruses). Depending on the plant and the plant virus family these inclusions can be found in epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, and stomatal cells when plant tissue is properly stained.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are produced by bacteria as inclusion bodies. The size of PHA granules are limited in "E. coli", due to its small size. Bacterial cell's inclusion bodies are not as abundant intracellularly, in comparison to eukaryotic cells.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Between 70% and 80% of recombinant proteins expressed "E. coli" are contained in inclusion bodies (i.e., protein aggregates). The purification of the expressed proteins from inclusion bodies usually require two main steps: extraction of inclusion bodies from the bacteria followed by the solubilisation of the purified inclusion bodies. Solubilisation of inclusions bodies often involves treatment with denaturing agents, such as urea or guanidine chloride at high concentrations, to de-aggregate the collapsed proteins. Renaturation follows the treatment with denaturing agents and often consists of dialysis and/or use of molecules that promote the refolding of denatured proteins (including chaotopic agents and chaperones).


title: Inclusion bodies

text: "Pseudo-inclusions" are invaginations of the cytoplasm into the cell nuclei, which may give the appearance of intranuclear inclusions. They may appear in papillary thyroid carcinoma.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Inclusion body diseases differ from amyloid diseases in that inclusion bodies are necessarily intracellular aggregates of protein, where amyloid can be intracellular or extracellular. Amyloid also necessitates protein polymerization where inclusion bodies do not.


title: Inclusion bodies

text: Inclusion bodies are often made of denatured aggregates of inactive proteins. Although, the renaturation of inclusion bodies can sometimes lead to the solubilisation and the recovery of active proteins, the process is still very empirical, uncertain and of low efficiency. Several techniques have been developed over the years to prevent the formation of inclusion bodies. These techniques include:


title: Students' Federation of India

text: The Students' Federation of India (abbreviated as SFI) is a communist; Indian left-wing student organisation; politically aligned to the ideologies of Independence, Democracy and Socialism. Currently, V. P. Sanu and Mayukh Biswas are elected as the All India President and General Secretary respectively.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: The origin of Indian students movement in its organised form can be traced to the formation of All India Students’ Federation (AISF) on 12 August 1936 to further anti-imperialist politics.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: Since the 1940s-50s several ideological debates fathomed within the AISF, regarding the analysis of the Indian society, the nature of the Indian state and its attitude towards students. A strong body of opinion emerged as to oppose the existing predominant view within the AISF, to cooperate and compromise with the nation's ruling classes towards a so-called progressive end. They called for militancy in student movements, aimed towards a progressive reorientation of the existing education system. As political differences between dissenting factions within the AISF developed, added with their negligence on student issues, it split into several local organizations which started working independently. In 1970, delegates from such organizations held a conference in Thiruvananthapuram to form a new national students' organisation. The All India Conference was held from 27 to 30 December, and resulted in formation of Students' Federation of India. The elected leaderships from the first conference included C. Baskaran, (first President), Biman Bose (first General Secretary), Shyamal Chakraborty, Baldev Singh, Babu Bharadwaj, Ranjan Goswami, Manik Sarkar, N Ram, Subhash Chakraborty, Umendra prasad Singh, P Madhu and Shaktidhar Das.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: The Students' Federation of India in 202021 has 24 functioning state committees. SFI has strong presence in few states like Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Tripura, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Assam, Odisha, Maharashtra and New Delhi and in many universities in the country.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: SFI leads the student unions in various notable universities across India, including the University of Hyderabad, Pondicherry University, Jadavpur University, Presidency University, Ambedkar University Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Madhya Pradesh State Universities, Kurukshetra University, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Central University of Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh University, Central University of Jammu, University of Calicut, Central University of Gujarat, Doon University, Kannur university.etc.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: SFI along with DYFI, the youth wing of Communist Party of India (Marxist), runs Red Volunteers, Sramajibi Canteen and involves in various social works.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: From 27 to 29 January 2017, the 5th All India Girls Convention was held at Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh and it elected a 23-member team of girls’ sub-committee.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: Protesting against the imposition of 12% tax on sanitary napkins, the women sub-committee of SFI protested nationwide in July 2017. The campaign was named "Bleed Without Fear, Bleed Without Tax". Petitions were submitted to the Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley for revoking the government decision. Thousands of girl students mailed sanitary napkins with protest slogans to Arun Jaitley's office. This campaign was similar to that of the Pink Chaddi Campaign in 2009. The campaign also demanded the installation of adequate sanitary napkin vending machines in schools and colleges and providing six packets of sanitary napkins for one rupee to the women below poverty line.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: Female candidates of the SFI won all seats in a mixed college by fielding an all-women panel for students union elections in Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady in 2017. An SFI member became the first Dalit woman to be elected as the chairperson in Maharaja's College, Ernakulam in 2017.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: In 2018, all-women SFI panels won in CMS College Kottayam and contested in Government Victoria College, Palakkad.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: In 2019, SFI members were elected as the first female chairpersons in Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Kochi, and the College of Engineering, Trivandrum (CET). Earlier, the SFI had organised protests of the female hostelites of CET in February 2019 for extending the curfew timings for girls' hostels. This movement forced the government to accept the demands and Dr Usha Titus, the Higher Education Secretary of Kerala Government issued orders to enforce them.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: The idea of GSCASH (Gender Sensitisation Committee Against Sexual Harassment) was first experimented in Jawaharlal Nehru University by SFI's students union headed by Vijoo Krishnan in 1998–99. In September 2013, after the harassment of two women students of Pondicherry University, the SFI initiated a movement for GSCASH in the university and the activists approached Madras High Court for redressal. The movement later ended successfully with the High Court ordering university to constitute institutional mechanisms for grievances. In Assam, the Directorate of Higher Education (DHE) in 2018 ordered all colleges to set up GSCASH after the SFI's intervention.


title: Students' Federation of India

text: SFI has actively supported LGBTQIA+ rights. SFI was the first student organization in India to nominate an openly gay person for a Student Union election as they nominated Gourab Ghosh for Jawaharlal Nehru University Student Union elections held in 2013 as its candidate for the General Secretary position. SFI has campaigned for LGBTQIA+ rights in college campuses, and has held conventions. In 2016, SFI decided to include the ‘others’ gender option in its membership forms. SFI has supported the scrapping of section 377 and opposes the Transgender Persons Act, 2019 commenting that the Act "infringes on the rights and dignity of transpersons". Prominent LGBTQIA+ persons in SFI include Apratim Roy (first trans SFI West Bengal State committee member), Nandhana (first Transgender member of Thrissur District committee, Kerala), Adam Harry (first transman to become a pilot in India), Muhammed Zuhrabi (queer activist, ex-General Secretary, Pondicherry University Students' Council).


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Marion Bartoli (; born 2 October 1984) is a French former professional tennis player. Bartoli won the 2013 Wimbledon Championships singles title after previously being runner-up in 2007, and was a semifinalist at the 2011 French Open. She also won eight WTA Tour singles and three doubles titles.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli was known for her unorthodox style of play, using both hands on her forehand and backhand. On 30 January 2012 she reached a career-high ranking of world No. 7; she returned to this ranking on 8 July 2013 after triumphing at Wimbledon. Bartoli reached the quarterfinals at each of the four majors. Her win at Wimbledon made her only the sixth player in the Open Era to win the title without losing a set. She is also one of only three players to have played at both the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tournament of Champions (later renamed the WTA Elite Trophy) in the same year (2011); the other two being Kiki Bertens and Sofia Kenin.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Marion Bartoli was born on 2 October 1984 in Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire. She is of Corsican descent; her family is from Palneca, Corse-du-Sud.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli was introduced to tennis by her father, Walter, when she was six years old. She would practice tennis with him late at night after school on small, icy, unevenly surfaced courts which restricted free movement and influenced her playing style. When weather was sufficiently bad, they would train in an old indoor facility where there was very limited room between baseline and the wall, meaning Bartoli became adept at playing inside the baseline. He devised original training methods, such as improving hand-eye coordination by using balls of different size and color, or encouraging Marion to stay on her toes by taping tennis balls to the heels of her shoes. He drove hundreds of kilometres to tournaments while she would do her homework in the back of the car.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: In December 2019, Bartoli married Belgian football player Yahya Boumediene. Their daughter was born a year later.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli was known for her unorthodox and intense style of play on the court. She used two hands on both the forehand and the backhand, and was generally classed as an aggressive and hard-hitting player who played primarily from the baseline. She developed her two-handed style on the advice of her father and longtime coach, Walter Bartoli. He had seen the classic 1992 French Open final in which Monica Seles defeated Steffi Graf, and immediately was inspired to teach Seles' technique to his daughter. Bartoli had previously had trouble with her forehand, but it improved significantly when she made the switch to two hands. Her game was based on power and she used her double-fisted strokes to create sharp angles to open up the court and preferred to take the ball very early on groundstrokes.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Her serve was considered a weakness but her return of serve was considered to be her biggest weapon. She often stood well inside the baseline to receive serve, even on first serves, and managed to take advantage of break point opportunities.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Her style of play could be most closely compared to that of Seles, who had a strong influence on Bartoli as a young player. In a TV interview during the 2012 US Open tournament, Bartoli explained that both Seles and she are left-handed, and that she had a very weak forehand before changing to two hands.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli was not a very good mover on court, a state exacerbated by her two-fisted strokes, which made her vulnerable to fast all-court players such as Agnieszka Radwańska (whom she never beat). Instead, she relied on her excellent hand-eye coordination and anticipation skills. Bartoli did however work on her fitness and mobility throughout her career to varying success.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli was also known for her unusual serve, in which she used her wrist to generate speed. She also changed her service motion many times over the years. During the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, she had an unusual setup for serves – no ball-bouncing, arms crossed, right wrist resting on her left thumb before the toss.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli manifested unusual on-court mannerisms, such as energetically bouncing on the spot and practising racquet swings between points, and being noticeably restless during changeovers. She claimed that this was to maintain the focus needed for her intense style of play.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli's father, who had no background in tennis, had years earlier retired from his career as a medical doctor to learn how to become a tennis coach and coach her to become a professional tennis player.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli has denied allegations that her close relationship with her father is a public show to hide a dominating parent. She has resisted pressure to play without him, including giving up the chance to play at the Olympics in London in 2012 because she would not play in the Fed Cup without his private coaching. In February 2013 Bartoli announced that the coaching setup with her father, who had been her coach throughout her tennis career, had come to an end by mutual agreement, and stated that she would be working with physical trainer Nicolas Perrotte and former player Gabriel Urpí until she found a new coach who could take her to the next level and help her win her first Grand Slam singles title. The following month it was announced on the WTA website that Bartoli was being coached by Jana Novotná, but they cancelled the coaching arrangement after a week with the conclusion of the Indian Wells Masters tournament. Bartoli was subsequently coached by the former World No. 1 Amélie Mauresmo, under whom she won the 2013 Wimbledon Championships.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli retired whilst using the Prince EXO 3 Warrior racquet. She had previously used the Prince EXO3 Black and the Prince O3 Red. All her Prince racquets were specially modified in New York to make them longer by 2.0 inches (to 29 inches) than standard racquets to give her better reach with her two-handed strokes. She started using the 29-inch frames in 2006 and soon won her first tournament in Auckland. For many years she had no clothing sponsor, but wore Nike. In October 2011, she signed a three-year clothing deal with Lotto. Before her breakthrough into the top 100, Bartoli was playing with a standard length Babolat racquet and she was wearing Le Coq Sportif apparel. Due to her small hands, her racquets had a very small grip size of 0.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli started entering tournaments regularly at the age of 16. After a few aborted starts in 1999 and 2000, she played in the $10,000 clay events in the spring of 2001. Winning two tournaments back to back in May (in Hatfield and Torino) ensured that she would be given a wildcard into her first Grand Slam, the French Open, where she lost to Catalina Castaño in the first round. Bartoli also won another tournament in Koksijde, Belgium.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: In 2002, she received a wildcard into the Australian Open. She lost to Tina Pisnik in three sets. She then won her fourth ITF title in Columbus, Ohio. She followed that with a first-round exit at the French Open, losing in three sets to Ai Sugiyama. In the US Open where she qualified, she defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, which was Bartoli's first win over a player in the top 100. She followed that with a win over Rossana de los Ríos, before losing to fourth seed Lindsay Davenport.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli began 2003 by coming through the qualifying draw in the Canberra Women's Classic to reach her first WTA semifinal, where she lost to Francesca Schiavone. At the Australian Open, where she earned her place in a Grand Slam through her ranking for the first time, she lost to 11th seed Magdalena Maleeva in the first round. She qualified for Key Biscayne and made it to the quarterfinals, after Lindsay Davenport retired in their fourth-round match due to injury. In the quarterfinal she lost to Serena Williams.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: In the Internationaux de Strasbourg Bartoli reached the quarterfinals, where she lost to Vera Zvonareva. At the French Open, she earned another victory over Rossana de los Ríos, but lost to Jennifer Capriati in the second round. At her first Wimbledon, she drew the ninth seed Daniela Hantuchová in the first round, and lost.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: At the Acura Classic, Bartoli defeated her first top-20 player, Meghann Shaughnessy, before losing to Kim Clijsters in the third round. At the US Open she lost to Hantuchová in the first round. But in doubles, she reached her first and only semifinal of doubles at Grand Slams. At the end of the year, she reached the quarterfinals of Bell Challenge, losing to Milagros Sequera.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli began the season by getting to her first WTA semifinal in the season-opener in Auckland. She then got to the second round of the Australian Open for the first time, losing to 22nd-seeded Patty Schnyder.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: In February Bartoli played at the Hyderabad Open, where she defeated Ankita Bhambri, Galina Fokina, and Mervana Jugić-Salkić to reach the semifinals, before losing to eventual champion Nicole Pratt. This performance briefly made her a top-50 player.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli refound her doubles form of late 2003. Partnering compatriot Émilie Loit, she reached the semifinals of Acapulco, the quarterfinals of Indian Wells, and then Bartoli won her first WTA doubles title in Casablanca.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: After a forgettable singles clay-court season (culminating in her second loss to Sugiyama at her native Grand Slam event), she climbed back up the rankings by reaching the third round of Wimbledon (losing to Sugiyama for the second successive Grand Slam). She also got to the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in doubles, partnering Loit for the second successive Grand Slam (they had failed to get beyond the second round of the French Open). Bartoli got to her third singles semifinal of the year in Cincinnati, before pulling out of her match with Lindsay Davenport with a blister on her right hand. She reached the second round of the US Open, despite being drawn against 32nd-seeded Meghann Shaughnessy in the first round. She lost to Russian Vera Dushevina in the second round.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: In the absence of Amélie Mauresmo and Mary Pierce due to injuries, Bartoli received her debut Fed Cup call-up for France's semifinals against Spain. She was teamed with Loit again and helped complete a 5–0 whitewash of the Spanish team. In the final against Russia, Bartoli's and Loit's doubles match against Myskina and Vera Zvonareva was the decisive rubber. The Russian pair won, earning the Fed Cup for Russia for the first time. As a result, Bartoli's team leader Guy Forget resigned, and she was not chosen by the new team leader Georges Goven to play in 2005.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: She ended 2004 ranked world No. 41, having gone 30–24 over the year. Her hard-court record was 23–13, with clay going 4–7, grass 3–3, and carpet 0–1.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: After a promising start (semifinals in Auckland and quarterfinals in Canberra), which took her to world No. 32 and winning the second doubles tournament of her career in Pattaya City, injury disrupted the second quarter of 2005. The only match Bartoli played in the clay-court season was her straight-sets first-round loss to Shahar Pe'er at the French Open (where she was seeded for the first time, 28th). Her quarterfinal run at Eastbourne (where she had to retire hurt) led her to a career-high ranking of No. 27 at the start of Wimbledon, where she lost to Jill Craybas in the second round.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Highlights of the year were reaching the third round of the US Open for the second time (losing to Sania Mirza) and making her second WTA semifinal of the year (and fifth of her career) in Québec.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Her end-of-season statistics were 35–26, albeit padded by a victory in a satellite tournament in Doha at the end of the year. She went 30–21 on hard courts, 0–1 on clay, 3–3 on grass, and 2–1 on carpet. She was now ranked world No. 40.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: In January 2006, Bartoli at 21 years of age won her first senior title at the Auckland Open in New Zealand, beating Vera Zvonareva in the final. She then lost in the second round of the first three Grand Slam events of the year (losing to Roberta Vinci in Australia, Jelena Janković at the French Open, and Karolina Šprem at Wimbledon, all in three sets), but she won her third career doubles title by capturing the ECM Prague Open with Shahar Pe'er in May.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: The North American summer hard-court season was very productive for Bartoli, as she reached the third round (and in some cases that meant the quarterfinals) of five of the seven tournaments she entered, including the US Open, where she again lost in the third round, this time to seventh-seeded Patty Schnyder. The following week she beat Schnyder en route to her second final of the year in Bali, where she lost to world No. 5 Svetlana Kuznetsova.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: In October, Bartoli won her second WTA singles title at the Japan Open, beating Aiko Nakamura in the final. This was the first ever WTA final contested by two players using two-handed strokes on both the forehand and backhand. As a result of winning the title, Bartoli broke into the top 20 for the first time. In her last event of the year, she captured the Bell Challenge in Québec, defeating Olga Puchkova without losing a game in the final.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli finished the year ranked world no. 17. Her record was 45–28, her best on tour so far. That consisted of 37–17 on hard courts, 4–6 on clay, 3–3 on grass, and 1–2 on carpet. She was 3–6 against top-10 players.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: Bartoli began 2007 with another second-round exit at the Australian Open, this time falling to Victoria Azarenka. In the clay-court season, she reached the final of the ECM Prague Open in May, losing to Akiko Morigami. After reaching the semifinals in Strasbourg, she lost to Amélie Mauresmo. Bartoli reached her first career Grand Slam fourth round at the French Open by defeating Aravane Rezaï, Andrea Petkovic, and 13th seed Elena Dementieva. In the fourth round, she was knocked out by fourth seed Jelena Janković, though Bartoli injured her back during this match. In the grass-court season, she reached the semifinals at Birmingham, where she lost to Maria Sharapova. She also reached the semifinals at Eastbourne, but lost to world No. 1 Justine Henin.


title: Marion Bartoli

text: At Wimbledon, Bartoli advanced to her first Grand Slam final, after defeating top-seeded Justine Henin in the semi-final. Bartoli lost the first set, and claimed afterwards that the reason for her turnaround in the match was seeing Pierce Brosnan in the royal box and being determined to play well in front of one of her favourite actors. In the final, Bartoli lost to the three-time former champion Venus Williams, but rose to a career high of No. 11 in the WTA rankings. At the US Open, Bartoli reached the fourth round for the first time by defeating the world No. 25 Lucie Šafářová, but lost to Serena Williams. At the Luxembourg Open, she reached her first semifinal since her Wimbledon run, but then lost to Daniela Hantuchová.