title: Tweed New Haven Airport

text: On March 16, 2009, New Haven and East Haven announced that an agreement had been reached, keeping the main runway at , with all obstructions in the approach zones to be removed. Departures are to be capped at 30 per day, with a passenger cap of 180,000 boardings per year.


title: Tweed New Haven Airport

text: In July 2014, the Tweed New Haven Airport Authority and the City of New Haven sought federal grant money as a part of the Small Community Air Service Development Program. Language within this air service proposal described the airport's hope to lengthen the main runway past . In the same month, the airport also sought an increase in annually-appropriated State of Connecticut funds, specifically to pave the runway safety areas in order to expand the length of the runway. This legislation was not enacted and federal money for air service development was not granted. In 2015, Mayor Toni Harp of New Haven and Rep. Rosa DeLauro wrote a joint letter to residents pledging their support for runway expansion.


title: Tweed New Haven Airport

text: Opposition to the airport runway expansion is strong among some local residents, resulting in a small grassroots campaign. Tensions flared up at May 20, 2015 and May 21, 2015 community meetings. East Haven voters and Mayor Joseph Maturo still oppose Tweed expansion proposals.


title: Tweed New Haven Airport

text: In November 2015, the Airport Authority's Board of Directors voted to sue the State of Connecticut in Federal court.


title: Tweed New Haven Airport

text: Tim Larson, former Executive Director and State Senator for East Hartford, described Tweed as "an airport at a critical juncture. Commercial carriers are interested in servicing the Southern Connecticut market but will not consider coming to Tweed until the runway is lengthened." He added that "American (formerly US Airways), may discontinue our existing service when in the next few years they replace the current Dash-8 aircraft with planes that require a longer runway." Activist residents responded with a new effort against the expansion and a reporting app for noise, health, and quality of life complaints.


title: Tweed New Haven Airport

text: In July 2019, the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Tweed New Haven Airport. In a unanimous opinion, the court ruled that the state statute limiting the length of the runway is preempted by federal law, and is therefore invalid.


title: Tweed New Haven Airport

text: In December 2019, Connecticut Attorney General William Tong submitted an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States seeking a challenge to the runway expansion.


title: Tweed New Haven Airport

text: On March 23, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear the State of Connecticut's appeal to the proposed runway expansion. Having exhausted all legal options, the state can no longer prevent the airport from expanding its runway and adding additional services.


title: Tweed New Haven Airport

text: On May 6, 2021, Avelo Airlines announced that their new East Coast hub will be located at Tweed, and will hire 100 new employees to be based in New Haven. Flights will begin in the third quarter of 2021. It was also announced that Avports will build a new terminal on the East Haven side of the airport in addition to expanding the length of the runway.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: The Carnegie Deli is a small Jewish delicatessen, formerly a chain, based in New York City. Its main branch, opened in 1937 near Carnegie Hall, was located at 854 7th Avenue (between 54th and 55th Streets) in Midtown Manhattan. It closed on December 31, 2016. There is one branch still in operation at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan, and the deli still operates a wholesale distribution service.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: The Parker family's delicatessen was in its third generation of owners. Among the United States' most renowned delis, it was operated by a second-generation owner, Marian Harper Levine.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: The restaurant offered pastrami, corned beef, and other sandwiches containing at least of meat, as well as traditional Jewish fare such as matzoh ball soup, latkes, chopped chicken livers, and lox. The restaurant also offered other, non-Jewish food such as ham, sausage, and bacon. Available for order were cheesecake portions of over per serving. The restaurant's motto was: "If you can finish your meal, we've done something wrong." In addition to the large servings, the restaurant was also known for its surly waiters, who allegedly tried to impart some of the stereotypical gruffness of New York to visitors.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: Leo Steiner (c. 1939 – December 31, 1987) was a Jewish American restaurateur who was co-owner of the first Carnegie Deli, located at 55th Street and Seventh Avenue in Midtown Manhattan near Carnegie Hall. While his partner, Milton Parker, mostly worked behind the scenes, Steiner worked the crowd with his Jewish humor in the restaurant, which became a destination for both celebrities and tourists in the theater district. Steiner was born in Newark, New Jersey. He worked in his parents' grocery store in nearby Elizabeth, New Jersey, where he grew up. The one-time owner of Pastrami & Things, a delicatessen located at Third Avenue and 23rd Street, he joined Milton Parker and Fred Klein in 1976, purchasing the Carnegie Deli from the trio of Bernie Gross, Max Hudas and Thomas North. Klein, who had not been actively involved in running the business, dropped out shortly thereafter.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: Under the management of Parker and Steiner, the deli became known nationwide, attracting celebrities such as Woody Allen, Jackie Mason and Henny Youngman, and opened branch locations in Atlantic City, New Jersey; Secaucus, New Jersey; and Tysons Corner, Virginia. Steiner became the public face of Jewish food, appearing in a television commercial for rye bread. He created a Statue of Liberty carved from chopped liver, complete with a torch fashioned from a turkey wing, for the United States Bicentennial and was asked to prepare corned beef and pastrami for visiting heads of state attending the G7 economic summit meeting held in 1983 in Williamsburg, Virginia. Portions of Woody Allen's 1984 movie "Broadway Danny Rose" were filmed in the restaurant.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: Milton Parker, who died in 2009, had written a book (with Allyn Freeman) called "How to Feed Friends and Influence People: The Carnegie Deli", providing the history of the family's ownership.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: On April 24, 2015, the main, Midtown Manhattan branch of Carnegie Deli was closed temporarily due to the discovery of an illegal gas line in the restaurant. Con Edison was investigating the restaurant, later fining the eatery $40,050. On July 28, 2015, Carnegie Deli was subsequently closed for upgrades to its energy lines after the discovery of improperly siphoning off natural gas for the previous six years. The deli reopened on February 9, 2016.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: On September 30, 2016, it was announced that the Midtown Manhattan branch of the deli would close by the end of the year. The owner, Marian Harper Levine, stated that she needed a more permanent break from operating the restaurant, saying, "At this stage of my life, the early morning to late night days have taken a toll, along with my sleepless nights and grueling hours that come with operating a restaurant business in Manhattan." Two branches in Las Vegas, Nevada and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania remained open, as well as the wholesale distribution service.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: At midnight on December 31, 2016, Carnegie Deli on Seventh Avenue closed after almost eighty years of service.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: In 2011, Carnegie Deli opened a storefront within Madison Square Garden. After the closing of the Seventh Avenue location in 2016, this location became the last physical Carnegie Deli location in New York.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: The Bethlehem location closed at the end of 2017. In December 2018, for one week only, Amazon Prime worked with the owners of the Carnegie Deli to bring the restaurant back to life on Lafayette Street in the Nolita section of Manhattan as a pop-up restaurant in celebration of the second season of "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel". There were more than six thousand reservations taken to dine-in with servers in period attire. Food was offered at 1958 prices and all purchases were made as suggested donations to charity. In May 2019, Amazon Prime brought Carnegie Deli back again, this time as a food truck which travelled around Manhattan for three days giving out sandwiches and cookies for free in order to help promote "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel."


title: Carnegie Deli

text: The deli's corned beef and pastrami, celebrated by smoked meat connoisseurs nationwide, were cured in the store's cellar using Steiner's own recipe in a two-week-long curing process. The Carnegie Deli used a half-ton of brisket to prepare a week's supply of corned beef by the time of his death. Steiner admitted, "You could eat it after seven days, but if you wait until the 13th you're in heaven." The Carnegie Deli was the favorite hangout of comedian Henny Youngman, and Adam Sandler included a reference to the deli in "The Chanukah Song" in 1996. Steiner was eulogized by comedian Henny Youngman as "the deli lama."


title: Carnegie Deli

text: The walls of the deli were nearly completely covered with autographed pictures of celebrities who have eaten there. Menu items have been named after famous patrons, including a corned beef and pastrami sandwich named after Woody Allen after the deli served as a filming location for "Broadway Danny Rose." A number of items on the menu feature Broadway themes and Yiddish vocabulary, including dishes like "nosh, nosh, Nanette" (after the musical, "No, No, Nanette") and "the egg and oy" ("The Egg and I"). There are also some humorous items in the menu, like the famous liver sandwich named "50 Ways to Love Your Liver" after the Paul Simon song "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover." It is a place many reporters in the city frequent, including staffers from Black Rock (aka the CBS Building) like Bob Simon.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: In March 2012, the deli introduced a sandwich dedicated to newly arrived New York Jets quarterback Tim Tebow. The sandwich, named the "Jetbow", was priced at $22.22, weighs in at 3.5 lbs and consists of corned beef, pastrami, roast beef, American cheese, lettuce and tomato on white bread.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: In 2021, Carnegie Deli announced a collaboration with comedian Mel Brooks, in which the deli offered specialty foods to complement Brooks' memoir, "All About Me!"


title: Carnegie Deli

text: The deli opened several branch locations in the 1980s, including two New Jersey branches in Secaucus and Atlantic City and one in the Washington, D.C. suburbs in Tysons Corner. However, most of these branches have since closed and are no longer in operation. One, in Beverly Hills, California, was financed by oil billionaire Marvin Davis and designed by restaurant designer Pat Kuleto at a cost of $4 million to be the "best deli in the world", in response to Davis' complaint that the delis in California were not as good as those in New York.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: The deli operated a second location on the Las Vegas Strip, which opened at the Mirage in 2005. The Las Vegas location closed a few weeks prior to February 9, 2020. A third location opened in 2006 at the Six Flags Great Adventure in New Jersey and served as the "healthy choice" restaurant at the park; however, the menu was smaller and only had the restaurant's most popular items. The fifth location was at the Sands Casino Resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It opened on November 22, 2009, and closed at the end of 2017.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: In addition to the retail operation, the restaurant sells cheesecakes and merchandise such as T-shirts and baseball caps online.


title: Carnegie Deli

text: In March 1979, "Mimi Sheraton" penned a "New York Times" newspaper review that rated Carnegie Deli the "Tops" in pastrami and corned beef preparation and taste. Sheaton wrote "The generous sandwiches of both corned beef and pastrami are simply wonderful."


title: Herb Kelleher

text: Herbert David Kelleher (March 12, 1931 – January 3, 2019) was an American billionaire airline businessman and lawyer. He was the co-founder, later CEO, and chairman emeritus of Southwest Airlines until his death in 2019.


title: Herb Kelleher

text: Kelleher was born in Camden, New Jersey, on March 12, 1931, and raised in Audubon, New Jersey, where he graduated from Haddon Heights High School. He earned a bachelor's degree from Wesleyan University where he was an Olin Scholar and where his major was English and his minor Philosophy, and a Juris Doctor (cum laude) from New York University School of Law where he was a Root-Tilden Scholar.


title: Herb Kelleher

text: After clerking for a New Jersey Supreme Court justice, Kelleher moved to Texas intending to start a law firm or a business. He was a partner in Oppenheimer, Rosenberg, Kelleher & Wheatley, 1969–1981. Kelleher and one of his law clients, Texas businessman Rollin King, created the concept with banker John Parker that later became Southwest Airlines. An often retold founding myth claimed the business plan was written out on a cocktail napkin in a San Antonio restaurant, though Kelleher and King have both stated that there was no literal cocktail napkin. They originally devised a very simple plan of connecting the Texas Triangle with low-cost air service, patterned largely on California's Pacific Southwest Airlines. After incorporating the company initially as "Air Southwest Co." in 1967, Kelleher and King faced four years of setbacks and legal challenges from competitors that culminated in winning key cases before the Supreme Court of the United States in December 1970 and the Supreme Court of Texas in June 1971. The first flights finally took off on June 18, 1971.


title: Herb Kelleher

text: Reflecting back on that time Kelleher said, "I think my greatest moment in business was when the first Southwest airplane arrived after four years of litigation and I walked up to it and I kissed that baby on the lips and I cried." Kelleher's early involvement in the company was helping the company navigate legal concerns and as an advisor to the operation and later as general counsel. Lamar Muse was hired as CEO, but after struggles between Muse and King escalated over the next several years, Muse resigned in 1978. Kelleher was installed as chairman of the board in March of that year and the board appointed him as temporary CEO until hiring Howard Putnam as the new CEO and president. In 1981, after Putnam left to head Braniff Airways, he was appointed the full-time CEO and president, positions he held for 20 years.


title: Herb Kelleher

text: Under Kelleher's leadership, Southwest succeeded by a strategy of offering low fares to its passengers, eliminating unnecessary services, using a single aircraft type (the Boeing 737) (except for use of the Boeing 727 and use of MD-80 by TranStar and 717 by AirTran), avoiding the hub-and-spoke scheduling system used by other airlines in favor of building point-to-point traffic, and focusing on secondary airports such as Chicago-Midway (instead of Chicago-O'Hare), Dallas Love Field (instead of DFW), and Orange County, California but later some hub flights were operated at airports, such as ATL, LAS, PHX, MDW, DEN, STL, and BWI and some major airports, like LGA, LAX, SFO, and DEN. The company he founded and built has consistently been named among the most admired companies in America in "Fortune" magazine's annual poll. "Fortune" has also called him perhaps the best CEO in America.


title: Herb Kelleher

text: Kelleher's outrageous personality created a corporate culture which made Southwest employees well known for taking themselves lightly but their jobs seriously. His culture-leadership was well-demonstrated in an arm-wrestling event in March 1992. Shortly after Southwest started using the "Just Plane Smart" motto, Stevens Aviation, who had been using "Plane Smart" for their motto, threatened a trademark lawsuit, which was resolved between Kelleher and Stevens Aviation CEO Kurt Herwald in an arm-wrestling match, now known as "Malice in Dallas". Kelleher lost the match, but was allowed to use the slogan in exchange for a $5,000 charitable donation and conceding Southwest's legal claim to the slogan.


title: Herb Kelleher

text: In March 2001, Kelleher stepped down as CEO and president of Southwest. He passed the CEO role onto James Parker and the president role to Colleen Barrett, although he remained chairman. In July 2007, Southwest announced that Kelleher would step down as chairman and resign from the board of directors in May 2008. The retirement of Barrett as president was announced at the same time, though the two would remain full-time employees for another five years. Kelleher ultimately stepped down as chairman on May 21, 2008. Immediately following, Southwest Airlines filled both the chairman and president positions with then-current CEO Gary C. Kelly, who had taken over the CEO position from Parker three years earlier. Kelleher was given the title of chairman emeritus with an office at Southwest Airlines headquarters and he remained connected to the company until his death in 2019.


title: Herb Kelleher

text: In July 2010, Kelleher was appointed chair of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas board of directors for 2011. Kelleher's term expired in 2013. Previously, he had served as deputy chair.


title: Herb Kelleher

text: Kelleher was the recipient of over 100 awards and honors in the worlds of business and aviation during his life. Some of the most notable include:


title: Herb Kelleher

text: At Wesleyan he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. On a blind date at a basketball game, he met Joan Negley who was a student at Connecticut College in New London. The two got married, and Joan was the person who introduced him to the state of Texas, which he also fell in love with, saying "The greatest business decision I ever made ...was the move to Texas."


title: Herb Kelleher

text: Kelleher was known for getting little sleep and for his affinity for Wild Turkey bourbon and cigarettes. He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1999, and underwent radiation therapy. He died on January 3, 2019, in Dallas at the age of 87.


title: Inugami

text: , like kitsunetsuki, is a spiritual possession by the spirit of a dog, widely known about in western Japan. They have seemed firmly rooted until recent years in the eastern Ōita Prefecture, Shimane Prefecture, and a part of Kōchi Prefecture in northern Shikoku, and it is also theorized that Shikoku, where no foxes (kitsune) could be found, is the main base of the inugami. Furthermore, traces of belief in inugami exists in the Yamaguchi Prefecture, all of Kyushu, even going past the Satsunan Islands all the way to the Okinawa Prefecture. In the Miyazaki Prefecture, the Kuma District, Kumamoto Prefecture, and Yakushima, the local dialect pronounces it "ingami" and in Tanegashima, they are called "irigami." It can also be written in kanji as 狗神.


title: Inugami

text: The phenomenon of inugami spiritual possession was a kojutsu (also called "kodō" or "kodoku", a greatly feared ritual for employing the spirits of certain animals) that was already banned in the Heian period that was thought to have spread throughout the population, and it was known to involve cutting off the head of a starving dog and burying the dog at a crossroads to inflame its grudges as people pass over its head so that its spirit would turn into a curse that could be used.


title: Inugami

text: Another method was to bury the dog alive leaving only its head sticking out or attach the dog to a supporting pole, put some food in front of the dog, cut the dog's neck just when it is about to starve so that the head would fly towards and bite at the food, burn the dog into mere bones, put the remains into a vessel, and deify it. By doing so, it will spiritually possess that person forever, granting their wishes. Another method was to set several dogs to fight against each other, give the one dog remaining alive some fish, cut off that dog's head, and eat the remaining fish. In Yamaga, Hayami District, Ōita Prefecture (now Kitsuki), there were actual cases where a miko did cut off a dog's heads this way, dried the maggots that gathered at the heads, and sold them calling it inugami, and there were also people who were thankful for these and bought them.


title: Inugami

text: However, in descriptions of an inugami's appearance, it is said that they have a somewhat large patch of color around the size of a mouse, and they have split ends on their tail, and as they were a species of talpidae, their eyes cannot be seen, and moved in single file one after another. Thus, they would seem to be more like kuda-gitsune or osaki rather than dogs, so it does not appear as if they were purely following the legends of kodō curses (such as the "dog curse" found in the In Search of the Supernatural). In fact, it would seem more as if the main focus of these descriptions were imitations of the belief in fox spirits. They also seem similar in appearance to house mouse, and their mouths are said be torn vertically with a pointy end, and in the Ōita Prefecture, they are said to resemble a dsinezumi shrew, and in Toyooka town, Hayami District, Ōita, they are said to be a weasel with black and white spots. On the island of Aishima in the aforementioned Yamaguchi Prefecture, they are called "inugami nezumi" (inugami mice), and like the long-nosed house mouse, they are said to form groups of 75 mice in a single house. On the mountain of Iyayama, Miyoshi District, Tokushima Prefecture, the inugami type are called "suikazura," and they are said to be a bit larger than mice and warm themselves by the fireside. In a book titled "Chiriyahokori" by the kokugaku Oka Kumaomi, it is stated that they have a body length of 1 shaku and 1 sun and looked like bats. Also, in Asai Ryōi's "Otogi Bōko", the inugami of Tosa Province was told to have a physical appearance with length similar to that of a rice grain and a body that was colored with patches of black and white, among other colors.


title: Inugami

text: There are several theories about how inugami came to be, including the tale that the body of the nue slain by Minamoto no Yorimasa split into 4 parts and scattered and flew to different lands to become inugami, as well as the tale that it was born from Kōbō-Daishi's painting of a dog that was made for the sake of warding off boars. There is also the legend that when Gennō Shinshō attempted to calm the curse of a sessho-seki by splitting the stone, the fragments that flew off to Kōzuke Province (now Gunma Prefecture) turned into osaki and the fragments that flew to Shikoku became inugami.


title: Inugami

text: Inugami are explained to be raised in the storage room chests (tansu), under the floors, and in the water jugs of the families that have inugami. Like other types of spirit possession, inugami become more easily attached to people who are wildly unstable in emotions. Those who get possessed by it (those who get an inugami attached to them) are said to feel pain in their chest, complain about pain in their arms and feet, suddenly sway without warning, and bark like a dog. They would enter and invade the human body from the ears, and it's said that those who get possessed by these would develop a personality full of jealousy. In Tokushima Prefecture, it is said that those that get possessed by an inugami would become voracious big eaters and would have teeth marks on their body when they die. Not limited to just humans, inugami would also possess cows and horses and even inorganic materials, and when they possess a saw, it would become useless.


title: Inugami

text: The idea there exist bloodlines of families that easily get possessed by an inugami as well as bloodlines of inugami themselves come from the regional tales told by the bloodlines of the sorcerers, yamabushi, priests, and fuko that engaged in kodoku. In many cases, it shows how those nomadic peoples who engaged in folk sorcery would earn trust and respect and at the same time be treated with discrimination. This is because inugami follows people into their descendants, and it was normal for everyday villagers to consider it taboo to marry into an inugami bloodline, and even associating with them was normally seen with apprehension. In various parts of Shikoku, there is a custom during marriage to check the bloodlines for inugami, and there were none too few cases when it was a problem related to "assimilation issues" (dōwa mondai).


title: Inugami

text: In the legends of Komatsu, Shūsō District, Ehime Prefecture (now part of Saijō), there were as many inugami as there were people in families that had inugami, and the number of inugami increased each time the family grew larger. It is said that these inugami would pick up cues and understand what the family is thinking and the inugami would immediately go possess them when the family wanted something. However, it is said that sometimes they didn't behave in an obedient manner and would bite to death members of the family that have inugami.


title: Inugami

text: It is said that those afflicted with illnesses that come from inugami were unable to be cured by doctors and needed to have the inugami removed by a sorcerer. In Tanegashima, there is a practice called "inugami-tsure" (meaning "taking along an inugami") that was performed when a family that had inugami was known or even just suspected without confirmation to have transferred an inugami to another family whereby the family that originally had inugami would bring food into the other family's house to take the inugami along with them and then go to live in seclusion in a hut in the outskirts of town until the newly afflicted person was cured, and it is said that their descendants would continue even after that to live alone in the mountains.


title: Inugami

text: Families that had inugami were thought to have prospered and grew wealthy. At the same time, there were also cases where they were not treated like fox spirits that brought fortune into families by being deified, but rather detested as curse gods.


title: Protocol I

text: Protocol I (sometimes referred to as Additional Protocol I or AP 1) is a 1977 amendment protocol to the Geneva Conventions relating to the protection of victims of "international conflicts", extending to "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination, alien occupation or racist regimes" are to be considered international conflicts. It reaffirms the international laws of the original Geneva Conventions of 1949, but adds clarifications and new provisions to accommodate developments in modern international warfare that have taken place since the Second World War.


title: Protocol I

text: As of February 2020, it had been ratified by 174 states, with the United States, Israel, Iran, Pakistan, India, and Turkey being notable exceptions. However, the United States, Iran, and Pakistan signed it on 12 December 1977, which signifies an intention to work towards ratifying it. The Iranian Revolution has occurred in the interim.


title: Protocol I

text: On 16 October 2019, President Vladimir Putin signed an executive order and submitted a State Duma bill to revoke the statement accompanying Russia's ratification of the Protocol I, accepting the competence of the Article 90 International Fact-Finding Commission. The bill was supplied with the following warning:


title: Protocol I

text: The available reports regarding this action do not indicate that Russia has revoked their accession to Protocol I as a whole, and the Russian Federation is still included on the lists of parties maintained by the International Committee of the Red Cross and by the United Nations.


title: Protocol I

text: Protocol I is an extensive document, containing 102 articles. The following is a basic overview of the protocol. For a comprehensive listing of all provisions, consult the text and the commentary.


title: Protocol I

text: In general, the protocol reaffirms the provisions of the original four Geneva Conventions. However, the following additional protections are added.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition is a digital audio workstation developed by Adobe Inc. featuring both a multitrack, non-destructive mix/edit environment and a destructive-approach waveform editing view.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Syntrillium Software was founded in the early 1990s by Robert Ellison and David Johnston, both former Microsoft employees. Originally developed by Syntrillium as Cool Edit, the program was distributed as crippleware for Windows computers. The full version was useful and flexible, particularly for its time. Syntrillium later released Cool Edit Pro, which added the capability to work with multiple tracks as well as other features. Audio processing, however, was done in a destructive manner (at the time, most computers were not powerful enough in terms of processor performance and memory capacity to perform non-destructive operations in real-time). Cool Edit Pro v2 added support for real-time non-destructive processing, and v2.1 added support for surround sound mixing and unlimited simultaneous tracks (up to the limit imposed by the computer hardware). Cool Edit also included plugins such as noise reduction and FFT equalization.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Ever since the earliest versions, Cool Edit 2000 and Cool Edit Pro supported a large range of import/export codecs for various audio file formats. When MP3 became popular, Cool Edit licensed and integrated the original Fraunhofer MP3 encoder. The software had an SDK and supported codec plugins (FLT filters), and a wide range of import/export format plugins were written by the developer community to open and save in a number of audio compression formats. The popular audio formats and containers supported by Cool Edit with built-in codecs or plugins were Fraunhofer MP3, LAME MP3, Dolby AC3, DTS, ACM Waveform, PCM waveform, AIFF, AU, CDA, MPEG-1 Audio, MPEG-2 Audio, AAC, HE-AAC, Ogg Vorbis, FLAC, True Audio, WavPack, QuickTime MOV and MP4 (import only), ADPCM, RealMedia, WMA Standard, WMA Professional, WMA Lossless and WMA Multichannel.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe purchased Cool Edit Pro from Syntrillium Software in May 2003 for $16.5 million, as well as a large loop library called "Loopology". Adobe then renamed Cool Edit Pro to "Adobe Audition".


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition was released on August 18, 2003. It had bug fixes but no new features and was essentially a more polished Cool Edit Pro 2.1 under a different name. Adobe then released Audition v1.5 in May 2004; major improvements over v1 included pitch correction, frequency space editing, a CD project view, basic video editing and integration with Adobe Premiere, as well as several other enhancements.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition 2 was released on January 17, 2006. With this release, Audition (which the music recording industry had once seen as a value-oriented home studio application, although it has long been used for editing by radio stations) entered the professional digital audio workstation market. The current version included two sections. Multitrack View supported up to 128 digital audio mono or stereo tracks at up to 32-bit resolution. In the track controls section one could select the input and output for each track (the program supported multiple multi-channel sound cards), select "record", "solo", and "mute", and access the effects rack. New features included Audio Stream Input/Output (ASIO) support, VST (Virtual Studio Technology) support, new mastering tools (many provided by iZotope), and a redesigned UI. Adobe also included Audition 2.0 as part of its Adobe Production Studio bundle.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition 3 was released on November 8, 2007. New features included VSTi (virtual instrument) support, enhanced spectral editing, a redesigned multi-track interface, new effects, and a collection of royalty-free loops.


title: Adobe Audition

text: CS2 activation servers' shutdown: Adobe Audition 3, with some other CS2 products, was released with an official serial number, due to the technical glitch in Adobe's CS2 activation servers (see Creative Suite 1 & 2).


title: Adobe Audition

text: Audition 4, also known as Audition CS5.5, was released on April 11, 2011, as part of Adobe Creative Suite. Audition 4 was shipped as part of the Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 Master Collection and Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 Production Premium, replacing the discontinued Adobe Soundbooth. Audition 4 was also made available as a standalone product. Enhanced integration with Adobe Premiere Pro allowed editing of multitrack Premiere projects, and users of third-party software were served by the introduction of OMF- and XML-based import-export functions. Other new features included improved 5.1 multichannel support, new effects (DeHummer, DeEsser, Speech Volume Leveler, and Surround Reverb), a history panel, faster and fully supported real-time FFT analysis, and a new audio engine (more reliable and faster) for non-ASIO devices.


title: Adobe Audition

text: According to Adobe, Audition CS5.5 was rewritten from the ground up to take advantage of parallel/batch processing for performance and make it a platform-agnostic product. Audition CS5.5 now works on Windows and Mac platforms. Over 15 years of C++ code was analyzed, and many features of the previous Audition 3 were ported or enhanced. Notable features that were present in Audition 3, but removed for CS5.5, include VSTi support and MIDI sequencing. Unlike all the previous versions, this is the first release to be available as a Mac version as well as a Windows version. Many other features from previous Windows versions of Adobe Audition, such as FLT filters, DirectX effects, clip grouping, many effects (Dynamic EQ, Stereo Expander, Echo Chamber, Convolution, Scientific filters, etc.) were removed as the product was rewritten to have identical cross-platform features for Windows and macOS. Some of the features were later restored in Audition CS6 but the wide range of audio codec compression/decoding filters for import/export of various audio file formats were discontinued.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe showed a sneak preview of Audition CS6 in March 2012 highlighting clip grouping and automatic speech alignment (which had its technology previewed in September 2011).


title: Adobe Audition

text: Audition CS6 was released on April 23, 2012, as part of both Creative Suite 6 Master Collection and Creative Suite 6 Production Premium. It included faster and more precise editing, real-time clip stretching, automatic speech alignment, EUCON and Mackie control surface support, parameter automation, more powerful pitch correction, HD video playback, new effects, and more features.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition 6, also more commonly known as Audition CC, was released on June 17, 2013. It is the first in the Audition line to be part of the Adobe Creative Cloud. Also, Audition CC is now the first 64-bit application in the Audition line. This can provide faster processing time when compared to Audition CS6. New features include sound remover, preview editor, and pitch bender.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition 7 was released in June 2014 with the name Adobe Audition CC 2014. New with this release came support for Dolby Digital and Dolby Digital Plus formats, custom channel labels, a new UI skin, High DPI support, enhanced clip and track colors and navigation, minimize tracks, tools for splitting all clips at the playhead, and more.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition 8 was released in June 2015 with the name Adobe Audition CC 2015. This release offered Dynamic Link video streaming which enabled Audition to display a Premiere Pro project sequence as a video stream at full resolution and frame rate and with all effects, without needing to render to disk. Other features included support for displaying that video content on an external display, scheduled recording, customization of level meter crossover values, automatic session backup, automatic storage of assets alongside session files, import/export of markers, options to relink media, and the addition of Brazilian Portuguese language support. The 8.1 update in the fall of 2015 first unveiled Remix which could analyze a music track and recompose it to a different duration, tools for generating speech based on the OS text-to-speech voice libraries, new options for ITU-based loudness conformation, and the ability to expand and create custom functionality and integration with the Adobe Content Extensibility Platform (CEP) panel support. This update also removed "Upload to Soundcloud" support as the API had been abandoned by SoundCloud and was no longer functional.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition 9 was released in June 2016 with the name Adobe Audition CC 2015.2. Of most importance with this release was the new Essential Sound panel, which offered novice audio editors a highly organized and focused set of tools for mixing audio and would soon be introduced to Premiere Pro allowing non-destructive and lossless transfer of mixing efforts between the two applications. This release also supported exporting directly to Adobe Media Encoder, supporting all available video and audio formats and presets.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition 10 was released in November 2016 with the name Adobe Audition CC 2017. A new, flat UI skin and the introduction of the Audition Learn panel, with interactive tutorials, spearheaded this release. This also marked the introduction of the Essential Sound panel and the sharing of all real-time Audition audio effects with Premiere Pro. The 10.1 update in Spring, 2017, offered deep channel separation and manipulation features when working with multichannel audio recordings in Multitrack view, significant improvements to interchange with Premiere Pro sharing all effects and automation non-destructively when transferring a sequence to Audition for mixing, and added spectrum meters to many audio effects. This update also offered the visual keyboard shortcut editor common across other Adobe applications and offered native support for the Presonus Faderport control surface and mixer.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition 11 was released on October 18, 2017, with the name Adobe Audition CC. (The year moniker was dropped from all Creative Cloud applications.) With this release, users were able to easily duck the volume of music behind dialogue and other content types with the new Auto-Ducking feature available in the Essential Sound panel. Multitrack clips were enhanced with fixed z-order, new fade features such as symmetrical fade in/out and fixed duration/curve adjustments. Performance of mixdowns and bounces improved up to 400%. Smart monitoring provides intelligent source monitoring when recording punch-ins and ADR. Video timecode overlay can display source or session timecode without burn-in, a new Dynamics effect with auto-gate, limiting, and expansion simplifies compression for many users, and support for any control surfaces and mixers which use Mackie HUI protocol for communication rounds out the release. Dolby Digital support was removed from this release, though import continues to be supported through the most recent operating systems.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition 12 was released on October 17, 2018, with the main new features being DeNoise and DeReverb effects. Other new features include: Multitrack Clip improvements, Mulitrack UI improvements, Zoom to time, Add or delete empty tracks, Playback and recording improvements. Third-party effect migration.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Punch and roll recording: This record mode allows you to record audio using the punch and roll technique with pre-roll, visual countdown, and Punch Again functionality. If you made a mistake while recording audio, this feature allows you to correct mistakes and continue recording without interruption.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Zoom to selected clip: Quickly zoom to the time range of one or more selected clips using the Zoom menu command. In the Multitrack Editor, choose Zoom > Zoom To Selected Clips.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Auto-ducking ambience sound: You can now auto duck ambience sound for a more seamless editing experience. While working on a project, automatically generate a volume envelope to duck ambience sound behind dialogue, sound effects, or any other audio clip using the Ducking parameter in the Essential Sound panel.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Nudge clip up and down: You can now nudge a clip up and down using keyboard shortcuts. Freely move selected clips without taking your hands away from the keyboard.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Adobe Audition 13 released with improved effects support, route multichannel effects channels with full control and overlapped clips support.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Deafult audio device switching: Select System Default when selecting audio input and output devices to use the device that is currently in use by the operating system.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Export video clip range: While editing, audio and video clip's range are often different. If the range does not match, black video frames will be appended while the audio is still playing. You can now set the export range to video clip while exporting using AME.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Link Media: This feature allows you to relink files and associated session clips using the Files Panel without having to search for your offline clips in the Editor View. All clips which reference the media of the file will be relinked to the new media. When opening Sessions with offline media, offline files will be created to offer relink functionality for the corresponding Session Clips. With this update of Adobe Audition, you can relink offline media by selecting the offline item in the Files Panel in order to select new media and relink all associated clips of the Session Or from the Opening Files dialog when media is missing.


title: Adobe Audition

text: The context menu entry, Link All Media Clip has been replaced with the Relink Media context menu in the Files Panel.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Default audio device switching for macOS: Select System Default when selecting audio input and output devices in Audition to use the device that is currently in use by the operating system. The device will automatically switch when new devices are plugged in or connected. This feature is also available in Adobe Premiere Pro, Adobe After Effects, Adobe Character Animator, AME and Premiere Rush on macOS.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Waveform drawing might be incorrect if there's a selection and the user switch out and then back into Audition.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Clip fade envelopes might fail to draw when manipulated if multiple clips are selected vertically and horizontally.


title: Adobe Audition

text: If a clip is relinked to a clip of a different channelization and merged in Multitrack, it might crash upon playing.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Audition may crash while scrubbing in the Waveform Editor when it gains or loses focus, if the audio device's sample rate is not a multiple of the file's sample rate.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Merge Selected Markers during Waveform Editor recording stops recording and deletes all audio between markers.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Insert mode in Waveform Editor: The new Insert mode in the Waveform edior enables you to insert audio at playhead position without overwriting.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Keyframe dragging: Keyframe dragging is now limited until the clip edge and cannot be dragged beyond clip boundaries.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Equitable language: To better reflect core Adobe values of diversity and inclusion, we have replaced non-inclusive language and reference imagery in Premiere Pro, After Effects and Audition.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Clicking Repair on one click in the DeClicker removes all of the other clicks from the Repair list if one channel is disabled in the Waveform Editor


title: Adobe Audition

text: Audition could crash when canceling "Adaptive multichannel tracks have been converted to multiple mono tracks" warning dialog when opening a .prproj in Audition.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Effect presets in Chorus/Flanger, DeEsser, and Vocal Enhancer cannot be selected after importing older version prefs in AU 14.0.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Audition on Apple M1: Audition now runs natively on Apple M1 systems providing improved performance for recording and mixing high-quality audio content.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Strip Silence: Use new Strip Silence to automatically identify and remove silent or inactive regions in recorded clips, without losing synchronization in multitrack audio.


title: Adobe Audition

text: New Loudness Meter: The new Loudness Meter provides industry standard ITU-based loudness monitoring for broadcast, podcast, and streaming media content.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Incorrect sample rate was displayed in the audio hardware preference for MME (Windows) if system default input and output are used and the input and output sample rates differ.


title: Adobe Audition

text: If file is cut into two or more clips, Strip Silence doesn't analyze, strip, or split beyond the first clip.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Audition could crash when making a selection in the Waveform editor when Preview Editor and Spectral Frequency are open.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Unified version numbers: With this major release, all the Adobe video and audio applications will align on version number 22.0, making it easier to ensure compatibility across the applications.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Fixed issues in Adobe Audition: This release provides stability and performance improvements along with bug fixes.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Fixed issues in Adobe Audition version 22.0: Incorrect 3rd party effects list is automatically imported on application upgrade on mac ARM. Curves change shape symmetrically when Right clicking on the fade handle and selecting Crossfade.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Punch and Roll recording in Audition's waveform editor was introducing an unexpected amount of pre-roll audio signal.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Clip Panning envelope would not render on mixdown or bounce if only a few channels of the source file are used.


title: Adobe Audition

text: Relinking a clip can select the wrong channels from the source file and change the channelization of the clip.


title: Adobe Audition

text: An Error Message Workspaces Manager not initialized appears when setting the Workspaces to Reset to Saved Layout.


title: Adobe Audition

text: The Reset Layout button overlaps the Request Layout button when we create a multitrack session by selecting Mono in Mix.


title: Trash (computing)

text: In computing, the trash is a graphical user interface desktop metaphor for temporary storage for files set aside by the user for deletion, but not yet permanently erased. The concept and name is part of Mac operating systems, a similar implementation is called the Recycle Bin in Microsoft Windows, and other operating systems use other names.


title: Trash (computing)

text: In the file manager, the trash can be viewed by the user as a special file directory, allowing the user to browse the files and retain those still wanted before deleting the others permanently (either one by one, or via an "empty trash" command). It may still be possible using third party software to undelete those that were deleted by mistake. In macOS, the Trash folder links to hidden folders on each mounted drive where the files are actually stored.


title: Trash (computing)

text: Within a trash folder, a record may be kept of each file and/or directory's original location, depending on the implementation. On certain operating systems, files must be moved out of the trash before they can be accessed again.


title: Trash (computing)

text: Whether or not files deleted by a program go to the recycle bin depends on its level of integration with a particular desktop environment and its function. Low-level utilities usually bypass this layer entirely and delete files immediately. A program that includes file manager functionality may or may not send files to the recycle bin, or it may allow the user to choose between these options.


title: Trash (computing)

text: Bill Atkinson began developing the Apple Lisa user interface in late 1978. In March 1982 he reached the stage of changing to an icon-based file manager, and produced a mock-up with a trash can icon (including buzzing flies) for deleting files. The release version of Lisa was launched in 1983 with a "Wastebasket", its icon "an alley-style garbage can [with] vertical lines to indicate a ribbed surface ... an open lid and a handle on the front of the can." Apple advertised "If you can find the trash can, you can run a computer."


title: Trash (computing)

text: Following this, the Magic Desk I ROM cartridge for Commodore 64 presented a primitive representation of office furniture, with a wastebasket or trash bin under the desk. This lacked functionality and was not taken further.


title: Trash (computing)

text: In 1983 Susan Kare designed the core visual design language of Classic Mac OS System 1, launched in January 1984. This incorporated some elements of the Lisa interface, including a refined version of the icon, now labelled Trash, with "a closed lid with a handle on top." An ad supplement in "Newsweek" introduced the Mac interface, with its "pictures of objects you'll have no trouble recognizing ... Even a trash can." A subsequent update to Lisa renamed its Wastebasket icon "Trash". In "International English" localizations of Classic Mac OS, Trash was named "Wastebasket".


title: Trash (computing)

text: In early versions of the Macintosh Finder, Trash contents were in volatile memory, and were lost when the computer restarted. From 1987, if anything was in Trash its icon bulged as a reminder to check the contents before shutting down. Following the 1991 introduction of System 7, the Trash folder retains its contents until the user chooses to empty the trash.


title: Trash (computing)

text: The outcome of the lawsuit "Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp." (filed in 1988, decision affirmed on appeal in 1994) was that graphical user interfaces similar to Apple's did not infringe rights, but some features including Apple's Trash "icon" were original and protected by copyright. Non-Apple software could use other metaphors for file deletion, such as Recycle Bin, Smart Eraser, or Shredder.


title: Trash (computing)

text: In 1993 or 1994, Microsoft implemented its first temporary deletion system in MS-DOS 6, under the name "Delete Sentry": When a file was deleted, it was moved to a hidden SENTRY folder at the root of the drive.


title: Trash (computing)

text: Microsoft introduced its current trash system in 1995, the "Recycle Bin", with Windows 95, as an area to store and review files and folders prior to deletion. Unlike the mac, at default settings Recycle Bin auto-deletion permanently deletes files to free up disk space when it gets low, or deletes files in the Bin over 30 days. In this version, the original location record of the file is stored, but the folder itself didn't allow subdirectories. When a folder is deleted, its containing files are moved into the bin and mixed with other deleted files. The directory structure can only be restored if the batch of files is "undeleted". The current (revised) Recycle Bin allows for subdirectory trees to exist within folders that have been moved there. The icon shows a bin with a recycling symbol on its front.


title: Trash (computing)

text: With the new interface of Mac OS X introduced in 2001, the Trash icon moved from the desktop to a permanent place at the end of the Dock. The International English "Wastebasket" had been dropped at the end of 2009, making the name "Trash" standard. In keeping with the system appearance, the Trash was a shiny wire basket, until with OS X Yosemite in 2014 it became a translucent white container. With macOS Mojave, the Trash was renamed "Bin" in the Australian English localisation, and with macOS Catalina, "Bin" also appeared in the UK localisation.


title: Trash (computing)

text: Trash functionality is usually integrated into a desktop environment and its file manager. Examples include:


title: Trash (computing)

text: The KDE, GNOME and Xfce implementations comply with the freedesktop.org Trash specification, ensuring that any applications written with this specification in mind will be interoperable with any trash can implementation.


title: Trash (computing)

text: Although the various Linux desktop environments such as GNOME, KDE, and Xfce provide a trash mechanism, there is traditionally no simple way to trash something from the command line interface. Some third-party applications, such as trash-cli, provide commands on the command-line to use the trash, compatible with the FreeDesktop.org Trash Specification.


title: Trash (computing)

text: Using macOS, a file or folder is deleted in Finder by dragging its icon onto the Trash icon at the right hand end of the Dock, moving the item into the Trash folder, where it can be viewed but not used until it is moved out again. To restore highlighted items from the Trash to their original position, a contextual menu brings up a Put Back option. The keyboard shortcut to move highlighted items to Trash, or Put Back items, is . To finally delete files, clicking on "Empty" brings up a warning that this cannot be undone, and an option to delete.


title: Trash (computing)

text: Putting items in the Trash folder moves them to a hidden temporary folder: for the boot disk, a user account has this at ; each mounted volume such as an external drive has a hidden folder in the root folder named . When viewing the device's available space the space occupied by the deleted files is shown as occupied. The Trash folder shows deleted files from external drives, including removable media. This does not apply to networked drives, where trying to move an item to Trash brings up a warning that it will be deleted immediately and this cannot be undone.


title: Trash (computing)

text: Since OS X El Capitan, the Trash can be bypassed by pressing when a file is selected. Since macOS Sierra, the user can enable an option to have the Trash automatically empty after 30 days.


title: Trash (computing)

text: In several macOS apps and in the iOS mobile operating system, the Trash is within apps rather than in the system as a central feature. The standard icon for the Trash is a small version of the original Classic Mac OS trash can. Files are moved to a "Recently Deleted" folder within the app where they remain available for recovery for a stated number of days, then are automatically permanently deleted. Apps where this applies include Photos and Mail. Files may still be recoverable if a computer backup was run before they were moved to "Recently Deleted".


title: Trash (computing)

text: Microsoft's "Recycle Bin" is implemented as a special folder with columns like "Date deleted" and "Original location". Typically only files deleted via File Explorer (but not necessarily other Windows graphical interfaces such as file selection dialogs) will be put into the Recycle Bin; files deleted via the Command Prompt are permanently deleted, as (by default) are files deleted via operating system APIs and applications other than Windows Explorer. Some operating system APIs do, however, allow applications to recycle files rather than delete them. In previous Windows operating systems and in MS-DOS, undeletion was the only way to recover accidentally or intentionally deleted files.


title: Trash (computing)

text: As standard, the Recycle Bin only stores files deleted from hard drives, not from removable media, such as memory cards, thumb drives, or floppy disks, nor does it store files deleted from network drives. There are methods to make it work on network paths, however.


title: Trash (computing)

text: The Recycle Bin has a setting to configure the amount of deleted files it can store. Free disk space allocated for this is not actually used until files are deleted from folders and stored in the Recycle Bin. In versions of Windows prior to Windows Vista, the default configuration of the Recycle Bin is a global setting for all drives to hold 10% of the total capacity of each host hard drive volume to store deleted files. For example, on a volume with a capacity of 20 gigabytes, the Recycle Bin will hold up to 2 gigabytes of deleted files. This can be changed anywhere from 0 to 100% of the drive space, but will not be allowed to exceed 3.99GB of space, even if the user-indicated % of the drive space is larger than 3.99GB. If the Recycle Bin fills up to maximum capacity, the oldest files will be deleted in order to accommodate the newly deleted files. If a file is too large for the Recycle Bin, the user will be prompted to immediately and permanently delete the file instead.


title: Trash (computing)

text: The actual location of the Recycle Bin depends on the type of operating system and file system. On older FAT file systems (typically Windows 98 and prior), it is located in "Drive:\RECYCLED". In the NTFS filesystem (Windows 2000, XP, NT) it is "Drive:\RECYCLER". On Windows Vista and above it is "Drive:\$Recycle.Bin" folder.


title: Trash (computing)

text: The Recycle Bin can be accessed from the desktop or Windows Explorer, or by typing "shell:RecycleBinFolder" in the Run dialog box (). It is the only icon shown by default on the Windows XP desktop. When accessed from the desktop, the Recycle Bin options and information are different from those of the physical Recycle Bin folders seen on each partition in Windows Explorer. From Windows XP onwards, with NTFS, different users cannot see the contents of each other's Recycle Bins.


title: Trash (computing)

text: Prior to Windows Vista, a file in the Recycle Bin is stored in its physical location and renamed as . A hidden file called "info2" ("info" in Windows 95 without the Windows Desktop Update) stores the file's original path and original name in binary format. Since Windows Vista, the "meta" information of each file is saved as and the original file is renamed to .


title: Trash (computing)

text: When the user views the Recycle Bin, the files are displayed with their original names. When the file is "Restored" from the Recycle Bin, it is returned to its original directory and name.


title: Trash (computing)

text: It is possible to bypass the Recycle Bin and directly delete a file by holding the SHIFT key while performing an action that would normally send a file to the trash.


title: Trash (computing)

text: The 1984 original Mac and several of its successors (up to the 1987 Macintosh SE) lacked a (then prohibitively expensive) hard drive. Instead, the system ran from a floppy disk which could be ejected (), graying out its icon ('ghosting') and leaving its contents in memory, ready to transfer to another disk. In Classic Mac OS, dragging the disk icon to Trash (shortcut ) directly ejected a disk (or CD) without leaving a grayed icon.


title: Trash (computing)

text: Mac OS X removed the transfer option; dragging a disk or storage volume onto Trash converted the icon to the universal Eject symbol before unmounting and ejecting the disk or volume. This does not place the disk/volume in the Trash folder, nor does it erase the disk/volume.


title: Trash (computing)

text: The GNOME Human Interface Guidelines cite using a waste basket to eject a removable disk as an example of a metaphor taken beyond its reasonable use.


title: Mieko Kawakami

text: Born in Osaka, Kawakami made her literary debut as a poet in 2006, and published her first novella, "My Ego, My Teeth, and the World", in 2007. Her writing is known for its poetic qualities and its insights into the female body, ethical questions, and the dilemmas of modern society.


title: Mieko Kawakami

text: Her works have been translated into many languages and are available all over the world. She has received numerous prestigious literary awards in Japan for her work, including the Akutagawa Prize, the Tanizaki Prize, and the Murasaki Shikibu Prize.


title: Mieko Kawakami

text: Kawakami worked as a bar hostess and bookstore clerk before embarking on a singing career. Kawakami released three albums and three singles as a singer, but quit her singing career in 2006 to focus on writing.


title: Mieko Kawakami

text: Before winning the Akutagawa Prize in 2008 for "Chichi to ran", Kawakami was known in Japan primarily as a blogger. At its peak, her popular blog received over 200,000 hits per day.


title: Mieko Kawakami

text: Kawakami's first full-length novel, titled "Hevun" ("Heaven"), won the 2010 Murasaki Shikibu Prize for Literature. In 2012 an English translation of her short story "March Yarn" appeared in "March was Made of Yarn", a collection of essays and stories about the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.


title: Mieko Kawakami

text: In 2016, she was selected as Granta Best of Young Japanese Novelists 2016 for her short story "Marie's Proof of Love".


title: Mieko Kawakami

text: From 2015 to 2017, Kawakami conducted a series of interviews with Haruki Murakami, in which she notably asked him about women and sexualization in his novels. The edited volume of these interviews, titled "Mimizuku wa Tasogare ni Tobitatsu" ("Haruki Murakami: A Long, Long Interview") was published in 2017.


title: Mieko Kawakami

text: Mieko Kawakami's novel, "Ms Ice Sandwich", made the shortlist of the 2018 edition of the Grand Prix of Literary Associations.


title: Mieko Kawakami

text: In 2019, Kawakami published "Natsu monogatari"(夏物語), a considerably expanded version of her novella "Chichi to ran" and received the 73rd Mainichi Publication Culture Award.


title: Mieko Kawakami

text: In 2020, "Summer Stories", the English translation of "Natsu monogatari", was published by Europa Editions and has attained high acclaim. "The New York Times" ran a review by Katie Kitamura on the day of publication in which she observes, "Mieko Kawakami writes with a bracing lack of sentimentality, particularly when describing the lives of women."


title: Mieko Kawakami

text: Kawakami's writing often employs Osaka-ben, a distinctive Japanese dialect spoken in Osaka and surrounding cities. She also incorporates experimental and poetic language into her short stories and novels, citing Lydia Davis and James Joyce as literary influences. Celebrated Japanese author Haruki Murakami called her his favorite young novelist and has described her writing as "ceaselessly growing and evolving."


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: The Alfa Romeo Brera and the Alfa Romeo Spider (Type 939) are mid-size sports cars using the GM/Fiat Premium platform, manufactured by Pininfarina and marketed by Alfa Romeo as a 2+2 coupé and roadster respectively.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: 12,488 units of the Spider and 21,786 units of the Brera were made with production ending in late 2010 and inventory remaining into 2011.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: The Brera was originally unveiled as a concept car at the 2002 Geneva Motor Show, designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro of Italdesign Giugiaro. The concept was powered by a Maserati V8 engine rated at around . The Brera received positive feedback, and Alfa Romeo subsequently announced production plans for 2005. In 2004, Giorgetto Giugiaro was awarded the Compasso d'Oro industrial design award for his Brera Concept.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: The Alfa Romeo Brera was introduced in production form at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show. It translated the original's exterior appearance on a much smaller scale, becoming a mid-size coupé on the GM/Fiat Premium platform (shared with the Alfa Romeo 159), and designed to replace the outgoing GTV. A convertible version of the Brera called the Spider was also announced, to be launched shortly after the coupe to replace the existing GTV-based Spider.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: In Europe, the Brera was initially available with two petrol engines, the 2.2-litre JTS and 3.2-litre V6; and a 2.4-litre JTD turbodiesel. Cars with the diesel or 2.2 petrol were front-wheel drive, whilst the V6 came with a Torsen four-wheel drive system similar to the 159's Q4.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: At the 2008 Geneva Motor Show Alfa Romeo introduced updated versions of the Brera and Spider respectively. The 3.2 liter V6 version became available in front-wheel-drive form, allowing for a top speed of ; all model variants adopted the e-Q2 electronic limited slip differential; the use of aluminum for various parts of the car helped reduce weight.<ref name="www.italiaspeed.com/2008/cars"></ref>


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: The following year, again at the Geneva Motor Show, an all-new turbocharged petrol engine model badged as "1750 TBi" (Turbo Benzina iniezione) was added to the lineup. This 1,742 cc unit featured direct injection and variable valve timing on both inlet and exhaust cams, and developed and of torque.<ref name="www.fiatautopress.com/download"></ref>


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: As with its predecessor, the Brera was initially available with two trim levels: 'Medium' and 'Sky View', the latter's name being derived from the panoramic glass roof available for the Brera's top specification. In 2008 a special trim was introduced; called the TI (Turismo Internazionale), featuring 19" alloy wheels, special badges on the front fenders and inside the front headrests. Alongside the bigger wheels, there were bigger Brembo brakes and stiffer shocks and springs.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: In Spring 2008 the Brera 'S' Special Edition was announced. This Alfa Romeo-approved British-only limited-run version was developed by British engineering specialists Prodrive and was intended to address criticism regarding the handling of the standard car. 500 units of the Brera S were made. The Brera S was developed in 12 months and suspension and chassis components and settings of the 'S' were amended from the standard car, altering the handling characteristics. These include Bilstein and Eibach suspension, Prodrive sports exhaust and special 19" wheels and trim. Alfa Romeo and Prodrive had previously collaborated in motorsport, campaigning an Alfa Romeo 155 in the BTCC during 1994 and 1995.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: In 2009, Alfa Romeo released a limited edition of the Brera and Spider in association with Italia Independent, an Italian design company owned and run by Lapo Elkann, grandson of Gianni Agnelli of the Fiat empire. Limited to 900 units and named after Alfa Romeo's partner in the venture, the Italia Independent edition of the Brera was offered with opaque-finish titanium paintwork, 18" "turbine" style alloy wheels, and an aluminum fuel-filler cap. The interior had a Sat-Nav system as standard and the interior had a carbon-fiber trim.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: The Italia Independent was offered with 125 kW (170 PS) 2.0 JTDM, 154 kW (210 PS) 2.4 JTDM diesel,157 kW (214 PS) 2.4 JTDM diesel (2009–10) or 147 kW (200 PS) 1.8 TBi, 136 kW (185 PS) 2.2 JTS, 191 kW (260 PS) 3.2 V6 petrol engines and six-speed transmission. A conventional 6-speed manual, the "Selespeed" automated manual, and the Q-Tronic automatic transmission options were offered, and the V6 engine was also available with Alfa Romeo's Q4 all-wheel drive system.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: The New Spider version (Type 939) was introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show, where it also received the "Cabrio of the Year" award. The Spider is based on the Brera coupe, seating two passengers rather than four passengers as in the coupe. Originally Alfa Romeo offered two engines: the 2.2 L straight-4 and 3.2 L V6 JTS engines — the JTD common rail turbodiesel was introduced at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show. This car replaced the GTV Spider, which was introduced in 1995.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: The 939 Spider can be viewed as the 6th generation of Alfa Romeo Spiders, the first version of which was released in 1966. Production ended in November 2010.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: In 2009, Alfa Romeo unveiled a limited edition of the Brera and Spider in association with Italia Independent. Limited to 900 units and named after Alfa Romeo's partner in the venture, the Italia Independent edition of the Brera was offered with opaque-finish titanium paintwork, 18" "turbine" style alloy wheels, and an aluminum fuel-filler cap.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: The Italia Independent was offered with 125 kW (170 PS) 2.0 JTDM, 154 kW (210 PS) 2.4 JTDM diesel, JTDM, 157 kW (214 PS) 2.4 JTDM diesel or 147 kW (200 PS) 1.8 TBi, 136 kW (185 PS) 2.2 JTS or 191 kW (260 PS) 3.2 V6 petrol engines and six-speed transmission. A conventional 6-speed manual, the "Selespeed" automated manual, and the Q-Tronic automatic transmission options were offered, and the V6 engined-car was also available with Alfa Romeo's Q4 all-wheel drive system.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: Alfa Romeo has created a special edition of its Spider convertible in order to commemorate the historic Mille Miglia 1,000-mile race that takes place in Italy annually. The carmaker built just 11 examples of the 'Spider Mille Miglia' to mark the 11 victories it's had in the famous Italian race, which heralded the rise of the original sports grand tourer.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: While there are no performance increases, the Spider Mille Miglia is based on the standard 3.2 V6 model and has a power output of . Rather than performance upgrades, each special edition features a silver plate that outlines one of Alfa Romeo's victories between 1928 and 1947. The special edition model also gets an exclusive, bright red paint job called 'Rosso 8C' and a 'Quadrifoglio' logo (a four-leaf clover) on its front wings, as well as red stitching for the black leather seats. Additionally, the rear caps on the roll hoops bars are chrome rather than being painted silver, with the body caps behind them - also silver on other versions - in red.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: The Alfa Romeo Spider Limited Edition features a choice of three color combinations (Carbonio Black, Alfa Red, Ghiaccio White) plus 19-inch alloy wheels, leather upholstery, electrically adjustable and heated memory front seats, and door mirrors. The car is also now available with Fiat Group's Blue&Me hands-free system with voice recognition and media player. Bespoke colors for the Alfa Spider Limited Edition include a Carbonio Black version with a natural leather upholstery while the Alfa Red exterior paintwork is matched to a black leather interior. The Ghiaccio White color scheme comes with a choice of either black or natural leather upholstery.


title: Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider

text: Under the hood sits the familiar 185 hp 2.2 L JTS petrol engine. The car can accelerate from 0-62 mph in about 8.8 seconds and reach a top speed of more than . The new limited edition diesel was only on sale in the UK from 2009, less than 500 were produced worldwide. The 214 hp diesel engine was exclusive to the limited edition spider.


title: 2nd century

text: The 2nd century is the period from 101 (CI) through 200 (CC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period.


title: 2nd century

text: Early in the century, the Roman Empire attained its greatest expansion under the emperor Trajan, but after his death became primarily defensive for the rest of its history. Much prosperity took place throughout the empire at this time, ruled as it was by the "Five Good Emperors", a succession of well-received and able rulers. This period also saw the removal of the Jews from Jerusalem during the reign of Hadrian after Bar Kokhba's revolt.


title: 2nd century

text: The last quarter of the century saw the end of the period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana at the death of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, last of the "Five Good Emperors", and the ascension of Commodus. After Commodus was murdered in 192, a turbulent period known as the Year of the Five Emperors ensued, which, after the quick successive removals of Pertinax and Didius Julianus from power, had the general-turned-emperor Septimius Severus, founder of the Severan dynasty, pitted against rival claimants in the form of Pescennius Niger, whom his forces defeated at the Battle of Issus in 194, and Clodius Albinus, whom he defeated at the Battle of Lugdunum in 197, granting him sole authority over the empire.


title: 2nd century

text: Although the Han Dynasty of China was firmly cemented into power and extended its imperial influence into Central Asia during the first half of the century, by the second half there was widespread corruption and open rebellion. This led to its decline, and in September 189, the Han general Dong Zhuo, after being summoned to the capital by He Jin to help quell the corrupt and powerful eunuch faction by serving as an intimidator to both them and the Empress Dowager, marched his army into Luoyang in light of He Jin's assassination and the subsequent slaughter of the eunuchs, taking over the capital and effectively becoming the "de facto" head of the government.


title: 2nd century

text: Although warlords and government officials quickly took against him in a campaign that, while failing to put him down, compelled Dong Zhuo to shift the seat of imperial power further west to Chang'an. As Dong Zhuo was killed in 192, the chaos in the wake of the collapse of centralized authority only continued, with various warlords attempting to vie for supremacy in order to establish or hold onto their authority within the decaying empire. Meanwhile, Dong Zhuo's former followers Li Jue and Guo Si were left to squabble amongst themselves, while Emperor Xian himself fled and returned to the ravaged city of Luoyang. In 196, he was given refuge by the warlord Cao Cao, who relocated him to the new capital city of Xu, from where he could control the emperor. Cao Cao would further exert his authority by defeating the powerful warlord Yuan Shao at the decisive Battle of Guandu in 200.


title: Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

text: Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, also called the Sri Kanchi Matham or the Sri Kanchi Monastery or the Sarvagna Peetha, is a Hindu institution, located in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu. It is located near a temple dedicated to Goddess Sri Kamakshi (Durga, Kamakoti, Maha Tripurasundari) of the Shaktism tradition, along with a shrine for the Advaita Vedanta teacher Adi Shankara.


title: Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

text: The matha-tradition attributes its founding to Adi Shankara, but this and the reliability of the matha's succession list has been questioned. The Kanchi Math was originally established as the Kumbakonam Mutt in 1821 as a branch of the Sringeri Mutt, and later became involved with the Kamakshi temple in Kanchipuram. According to the Sri Kanchi math tradition, the matha was founded at Kanchipuram, and shifted south to the temple city of Kumbakonam in mid-18th-century due to the on-going wars, when there was warfare in the region, and returned to Kanchipuram in the 19th century.


title: Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

text: The matha is a living tradition, that continues to pursue spiritual scholarship in contemporary times. The head of the "matha" is referred to as a "Acharya" unlike the four amnaya peetham Jagadgurs who are called "Shankaracharya", while the matha and its followers sometimes calls its head as "Shankaracharya" it has been contested and opposed by other four main Shankaracharyas. Since February 2018, the institution has been led by Vijayendra Saraswathi Shankaracharya Swamigal.


title: Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

text: The founding of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam is traditionally attributed by its adherents to Adi Shankara, but this and the reliability of the matha's succession list has been questioned. Sringeri matha rejects the claims of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam, and does not count it among the mathas established by Shankara. According to Clark, the story of the four cardinal mathas founded by Shankara dates from the 16th century, questioning the founding stories off all those mathas.


title: Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

text: The Kanchi Math was originally established as the Kumbakonam Mutt in 1821 by the Maratha king of Tanjore, Serfoji II Bhonsle, as a branch of the Sringeri Mutt. It became an apostate schismatic institution in 1839 when the Kumbakonam Mutt applied for permission to the English Collector of Arcot to perform the "kumbhabhishekham" of the Kamakshi temple in Kanchipuram. In 1842, the East India Company headquartered at Fort William, Calcutta appointed the head of the mutt as the sole trustee of the Kamakshi temple, despite the protests of the traditional priests of the Kamakshi temple, which are well documented and preserved.


title: Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

text: According to the Kanchi matha's tradition, their monastery was founded in Kali 2593 (509 BCE) by Adi Shankara. According to the Sri Kanchi matha documents, the "matha" relocated completely to Kumbakonam in mid-18th century to escape wars and persecution. According to Jonathan Bader and other scholars, the monastic tradition gives "fear of Muslim atrocities" from Nawab of Arcot, Mysore's Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan as the reason, but the details remain unclear. According to T. A. Gopinatha Rao, copperplate inscriptions show that the matha was located at Kanchipuram until 1686 CE, and relocated to Kumbhakonam, Tajore, in the 18th century. According to Rao, based on the oldest record found in the respective mathas (1291 and 1346 respectively), Kanchipuram matha "may" be older than Sringeri Pitham. The matha returned to Kanchi in the 19th century.


title: Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

text: The successive heads of the Kanchi and all other major Hindu Advaita tradition monasteries have been called Shankaracharya leading to confusion, discrepancies and scholarly disputes. The chronology stated in Kanchi matha texts recognizes five major Shankaras: Adi, Kripa, Ujjvala, Muka and Abhinava. According to the Kanchi matha tradition, it is "Abhinava Shankara" that western scholarship recognizes as the Advaita scholar Adi Shankara. Scholars such as William Cenkner, Christopher Fuller and David Smith dispute this traditional belief, though they accept that the Kanchi Shankaracharyas are his direct "spiritual descendants".


title: Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

text: The 70th Shankaracharya, Sri Sankara Vijayendra Saraswati is the current Shankaracharya, before which, the matha was headed by Sri Jayendra Saraswathi, the 69th Shankaracharya.


title: Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

text: The Kanchi monastery, along with its sister monasteries across India, has also been an important preserver and source of historic palm leaf manuscripts.


title: Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

text: In 2004, Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal and his junior Vijayendra Saraswati were arrested in connection with the Sankararaman murder case on Diwali day. The court said that the complainant failed to support the prosecution and he was given bail. The trial went on till 2013 when he was acquitted by the court.


title: System integration

text: System integration is defined in engineering as the process of bringing together the component sub-systems into one system (an aggregation of subsystems cooperating so that the system is able to deliver the overarching functionality) and ensuring that the subsystems function together as a system, and in information technology as the process of linking together different computing systems and software applications physically or functionally, to act as a coordinated whole.


title: System integration

text: The system integrator integrates discrete systems utilizing a variety of techniques such as computer networking, enterprise application integration, business process management or manual programming.


title: System integration

text: System integration involves integrating existing, often disparate systems in such a way "that focuses on increasing value to the customer" (e.g., improved product quality and performance) while at the same time providing value to the company (e.g., reducing operational costs and improving response time). In the modern world connected by Internet, the role of system integration engineers is important: more and more systems are designed to connect, both within the system under construction and to systems that are already deployed.


title: System integration

text: Vertical integration (as opposed to "horizontal integration") is the process of integrating subsystems according to their functionality by creating functional entities also referred to as silos. The benefit of this method is that the integration is performed quickly and involves only the necessary vendors, therefore, this method is cheaper in the short term. On the other hand, cost-of-ownership can be substantially higher than seen in other methods, since in case of new or enhanced functionality, the only possible way to implement (scale the system) would be by implementing another silo. Reusing subsystems to create another functionality is not possible.


title: System integration

text: Star integration, also known as spaghetti integration, is a process of systems integration where each system is interconnected to each of the remaining subsystems. When observed from the perspective of the subsystem which is being integrated, the connections are reminiscent of a star, but when the overall diagram of the system is presented, the connections look like spaghetti, hence the name of this method. The cost varies because of the interfaces that subsystems are exporting. In a case where the subsystems are exporting heterogeneous or proprietary interfaces, the integration cost can substantially rise. Time and costs needed to integrate the systems increase exponentially when adding additional subsystems. From the feature perspective, this method often seems preferable, due to the extreme flexibility of the reuse of functionality.


title: System integration

text: Horizontal integration or Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) is an integration method in which a specialized subsystem is dedicated to communication between other subsystems. This allows cutting the number of connections (interfaces) to only one per subsystem which will connect directly to the ESB. The ESB is capable of translating the interface into another interface. This allows cutting the costs of integration and provides extreme flexibility. With systems integrated using this method, it is possible to completely replace one subsystem with another subsystem which provides similar functionality but exports different interfaces, all this completely transparent for the rest of the subsystems. The only action required is to implement the new interface between the ESB and the new subsystem.


title: System integration

text: The horizontal scheme can be misleading, however, if it is thought that the cost of intermediate data transformation or the cost of shifting responsibility over business logic can be avoided.


title: System integration

text: Industrial lifecycle integration is a system integration process that considers four categories or stages of integration: initial system implementation, engineering and design, project services, and operations. This approach incorporates the requirements of each lifecycle stage of the industrial asset when integrating systems and subsystems. The key output is a standardized data architecture that can function throughout the life of the asset.


title: System integration

text: A common data format is an integration method to avoid every adapter having to convert data to/from every other applications' formats, Enterprise application integration (EAI) systems usually stipulate an application-independent (or common) data format. The EAI system usually provides a data transformation service as well to help convert between application-specific and common formats. This is done in two steps: the adapter converts information from the application's format to the bus' common format. Then, semantic transformations are applied on this (converting zip codes to city names, splitting/merging objects from one application into objects in the other applications, and so on).


title: System integration

text: System integration can be challenging for organizations and these challenges can diminish their overall return on investment after implementing new software solutions. Some of these challenges include lack of trust and willing to share data with other companies, unwillingness to outsource various operations to a third party, lack of clear communication and responsibilities, disagreement from partners on where functionality should reside, high cost of integration, difficulty finding good talents, data silos, and common API standards. These challenges result in creating hurdles that “prevent or slow down business systems integration within and among companies”. Clear communication and simplified information exchange are key elements in building long term system integrations that can support business requirements.


title: System integration

text: On the other hand, system integration projects can be incredibly rewarding. For out-of-date, legacy systems, different forms of integration offer the ability to enable real-time data sharing. This can enable, for example, publisher-subscriber data distribution models, consolidated databases, event-driven architectures, reduce manual user data entry (which can also help reduce errors), refresh or modernize the application's front-end, and offload querying and reporting from expensive operational systems to cheaper commodity systems (which can save costs, enable scalability, and free up processing power on the main operational system). Usually, an extensive cost-benefit analysis is undertaken to help determine whether an integration project is worth the effort.


title: 24 Oras

text: 24 Oras (pronounced as bente kwatro oras / ) is a Philippine television news broadcasting show broadcast by GMA Network. Originally anchored by Mel Tiangco and Mike Enriquez, it premiered on March 15, 2004, on the network's Telebabad line up, replacing "". Tiangco, Enriquez and Vicky Morales currently serve as the anchors.


title: 24 Oras

text: "24 Oras" premiered on March 15, 2004, broadcasting from Studio 2 of GMA Network Center, replacing the news program "". Mel Tiangco and Mike Enriquez served as anchors, while Pia Guanio served as the anchor for the segment "Showbiz Time" (later "Chika Minute").


title: 24 Oras

text: On February 21, 2011, studio filming location for the program moved to Studio 5 of GMA Network Center. On June 4, 2012, the weather forecasting segment "I.M. Ready: GMA Weather" was launched, featuring Nathaniel Cruz as the anchor. On November 10, 2014, Vicky Morales was hired an anchor. On May 29, 2015, Guanio left the program. Iya Villania was hired as the new "Chika Minute" anchor on June 15, 2015. On August 24, 2018, Atom Araullo served as a substitute anchor for Enriquez, who went on medical leave. Enriquez returned to the program on November 26, 2018.


title: 24 Oras

text: In March 2020, due to the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon caused by the COVID-19 pandemic; Enriquez temporarily took a break from the program, Tiangco anchored the segment "Kapusong Totoo" through voice recording, Araullo and Jessica Soho served as anchors along with Morales and Villania and Cruz started anchoring their segments through their respective home. In April 2020, the program added sign language interpreters. On June 1, 2020, Enriquez, Tiangco and Cruz returned to anchor from the studio set of the program. On October 11, 2021, Kim Atienza joined the program to anchor the "#KuyaKimAnoNa" segment.


title: 24 Oras

text: In December 2021, Enriquez took another medical leave from the show. He returned to the show on March 28, 2022.


title: 24 Oras

text: Originally anchored by Pia Arcangel and Jiggy Manicad, the weekend edition of "24 Oras" premiered on February 21, 2010, on the network's Saturday and Sunday evening line up replacing "GMA Weekend Report". On April 21, 2018, Manicad left the show. In August 2018, Ivan Mayrina became an anchor. Arcangel and Mayrina currently serve as the anchors.


title: 24 Oras

text: According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the premiere of "24 Oras Weekend" earned an 18.4% rating.


title: The Beths

text: The Beths are a New Zealand indie rock band, originally from Auckland. Formed in 2014, the band consists of Elizabeth Stokes (vocals, rhythm guitar), Jonathan Pearce (lead guitar, vocals), Benjamin Sinclair (bass, vocals), and Tristan Deck (drums).


title: The Beths

text: Elizabeth Stokes and Jonathan Pearce originally met in high school, and they met both Benjamin Sinclair and Ivan Luketina-Johnston when all four attended classes at the University of Auckland, studying jazz. Prior to The Beths, Luketina-Johnston was performing swing under the moniker of Sal Valentine. Stokes, Pearce and Sinclair were all a part of his backing band, The Babyshakes, for various tenures.


title: The Beths

text: The Beths were formed in late 2014, and released their first single "Idea/Intent" via SoundCloud in July 2015. In March 2016, the band independently released their debut EP, "Warm Blood". The EP spawned a single, "Whatever," which was released with an accompanying music video in May 2016.


title: The Beths

text: The Beths have received financial support from the NZ on Air and NZ Music Commission. In September 2015, the band received money to make the single and video for "Whatever" from NZ on Air. In May 2016, NZ on Air funded a video for "Lying in the Sun". Through their Outward Sound program, the NZ Music Commission funded three tours as part of their international music market development grants.


title: The Beths

text: A new single, "Great No One," was released in October 2017. The song was the first to be lifted from the band's debut album, "Future Me Hates Me". Prior to the album's release in 2018, the band announced their signing to Carpark Records in the US (who also reissued "Warm Blood" internationally) and to Dew Process in Australia. The album was released globally on 10 August 2018, followed by an international tour supporting the release. The title track was nominated as one of five finalists for the 2018 Silver Scroll award in New Zealand.


title: The Beths

text: In November 2018, the band announced the forthcoming release of a new seven-inch, "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas". The vinyl features the band's cover of the traditional title track, as well as a demo version of their song "Happy Unhappy." "Happy Unhappy" was named 2018 "Rolling Stone" magazine song of the summer.


title: The Beths

text: On June 13, 2022, the single "Silence Is Golden" was released with the announcement of their third album, "Expert In A Dying Field", which was released on September 16, 2022.


title: The Beths

text: The band is known for its use of vocal harmony, using the voices of all four band members. Members of the band have cited Alvvays and Bully as inspirations for their work.


title: Halfdan the Black

text: Halfdan the Black (Old Norse: "Halfdanr Svarti"; fl. c. 9th century) was a king of Vestfold. He belonged to the House of Yngling and was the father of Harald Fairhair, the first king of a unified Norway.


title: Halfdan the Black

text: According to "Heimskringla" and "Fagrskinna", Halfdan was the son of the Yngling King Gudrød the Hunter. "Heimskringla" also names his mother, as Åsa, daughter of King Harald of Agder, and his half-brother as Olaf Geirstad-Alf. Heimskringla relates that when Halfdan's father was killed, Åsa took the 1 year-old Halfdan and returned to Agder, where Halfdan was raised. When he was 18 or 19 years old, Halfdan became king of Agder. He quickly began adding to his kingdom, through political negotiation and military conquest. He divided the kingdom of Vestfold with his brother Olaf and, through military action, persuaded King Gandalf of Vingulmark to cede half his kingdom. Based on the formulaic nature of his ties to his predecessors, his strong affiliation with Agder, and the failure of an early saga dedicated to him to name any family connections, some scholars have suggested that the linkage to the earlier Yngling dynasty of Vestfold was a later invention, created to associate a conquering Halfdan and his son Harald Fairhair with the family glorified in the "Ynglingatal", whom he had displaced.


title: Halfdan the Black

text: Halfdan next is said to have subdued an area called Raumarike. To secure his claim to Raumarike, Halfdan first defeated and killed the previous ruler, Sigtryg Eysteinsson, in battle. He then defeated Sigtryg's brother and successor Eystein, in a series of battles. This established Halfdan's claim not only to Raumarike, but also to half of Hedmark, the core of Sigtryg and Eystein's kingdom. These details are only mentioned in "Heimskringla".


title: Halfdan the Black

text: "Fagrskinna" and "Heimskringla" both agree that Halfdan's first wife was Ragnhild, daughter of King Harald Gulskeg (Goldbeard) of Sogn. Halfdan and Ragnhild had a son named "Harald" after his grandfather, and they sent him to be raised at his grandfather's court. Harald Gulskeg, being elderly, named his grandson as his successor, shortly before his death. Ragnhild died shortly after her father, and the young king Harald fell sick and died the next spring. When Halfdan heard about his son's death, he travelled to Sogn and laid claim to the title of king. No resistance was offered, and Halfdan added Sogn to his realm.


title: Halfdan the Black

text: The narrative in "Heimskringla" then adds another conquest for King Halfdan. In Vingulmark, the sons of Gandalf of Vingulmark, Hysing, Helsing, and Hake, attempted to ambush Halfdan at night, but he escaped into the forest. After raising an army, he returned to defeat the brothers, killing Hysing and Helsing. Hake fled the country, and Halfdan became king of all of Vingulmark.


title: Halfdan the Black

text: According to "Heimskringla", Halfdan's second wife, also named Ragnhild, had been kidnapped from her home by Hake, a "berserker" who encountered her father in Hadeland and killed him. Halfdan had her kidnapped from Hake, so that he could marry her. "Fagrskinna" does not mention any of these details. However, both sagas agree that Ragnhild and Halfdan had a son who was also named Harald. (Among the more unlikely claims in "Fagrskinna" and "Heimskringla" are that this woman was Ragnhild Sigurdsdotter, daughter of Sigurd Hjort, king of Ringerike. This would make Ragnhild the granddaughter or even great-granddaughter of Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye – an impossibility, given that most sources suggest that Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye was active only in the "late" 9th century, which would mean that he was born a generation or two "after" Halfdan the Black.)


title: Halfdan the Black

text: "Heimskringla", "Fagrskinna", "Ágrip" and "Historia Norwegiæ" all relate that Halfdan drowned when he fell through the ice at the inlet Røykenvik in the lake Randsfjorden on his return home from Hadeland. His horse and sleigh broke through ice weakened by cattle dung near a watering hole dug in the frozen lake. He was buried in a mound at Stein in Ringerike ("Halvdanshaugen på Stein")


title: Halfdan the Black

text: "Heimskringla"s narrative adds that each of the districts of his kingdom wanted to claim his grave, and that it was agreed to divide his body into four pieces so each district could bury a piece of it, resulting in four different sites called "Halvdanshaugen" (from the Old Norse word "haugr" meaning mound). According to this version, only his head is buried in Ringerike.


title: Halfdan the Black

text: No contemporary sources mention Halfdan, and the details of his life that are provided by later kings' sagas are considered semi-legendary by modern historians. Although he has his own saga in "Heimskringla", it lacks any skaldic verse, which is normally used by Snorri as supporting evidence and this, combined with its rather legendary character, leads historians to be wary of seeing much veracity in it. The "Black" nickname was given to him because of his black hair.


title: Halfdan the Black

text: Halfdan is mentioned in Snorri Sturluson's "Heimskringla" (c. 1230), "Fagrskinna" (c. 1220), "Ágrip" (c. 1190) and "Historia Norwegiæ" (late 12th century). The most elaborate story is found in the latest saga, "Heimskringla". According to the Latin "Historia Norwegiæ", Halvdan was a king "in montanis" (in the mountains), which is usually equivalent to Oppland in the Old Norse. This conflicts with the version told in "Heimskringla".


title: Music and mathematics

text: Music theory analyzes the pitch, timing, and structure of music. It uses mathematics to study elements of music such as tempo, chord progression, form, and meter. The attempt to structure and communicate new ways of composing and hearing music has led to musical applications of set theory, abstract algebra and number theory.


title: Music and mathematics

text: While music theory has no axiomatic foundation in modern mathematics, the basis of musical sound can be described mathematically (using acoustics) and exhibits "a remarkable array of number properties".


title: Music and mathematics

text: Though ancient Chinese, Indians, Egyptians and Mesopotamians are known to have studied the mathematical principles of sound, the Pythagoreans (in particular Philolaus and Archytas) of ancient Greece were the first researchers known to have investigated the expression of musical scales in terms of numerical ratios, particularly the ratios of small integers. Their central doctrine was that "all nature consists of harmony arising out of numbers".


title: Music and mathematics

text: From the time of Plato, harmony was considered a fundamental branch of physics, now known as musical acoustics. Early Indian and Chinese theorists show similar approaches: all sought to show that the mathematical laws of harmonics and rhythms were fundamental not only to our understanding of the world but to human well-being. Confucius, like Pythagoras, regarded the small numbers 1,2,3,4 as the source of all perfection.