title: Darren Elkins

text: Elkins faced Michael Johnson on January 14, 2018, at . He won the fight via rear-naked choke submission in round two. The trademark "Damage" weathered a first round storm to complete the comeback and was awarded a "Performance of the Night" bonus.


title: Darren Elkins

text: Elkins faced Alexander Volkanovski on July 14, 2018, at UFC Fight Night 133. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Darren Elkins

text: Elkins faced Ricardo Lamas on November 17, 2018, at UFC Fight Night 140. He lost the fight via TKO in the third round.


title: Darren Elkins

text: Elkins faced Ryan Hall on July 13, 2019, at UFC on ESPN+ 13. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Darren Elkins

text: Elkins faced Luiz Eduardo Garagorri on November 7, 2020, at . He won the fight via a submission in round three.


title: Darren Elkins

text: Elkins faced Darrick Minner on July 24, 2021, at . He won the bout via TKO. This fight earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Darren Elkins

text: Elkins faced Tristan Connelly on April 30, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 35. He won the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Darren Elkins

text: Elkins faced Jonathan Pearce on December 3, 2022, at UFC on ESPN 42. He lost the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Kiran Juneja

text: She is second wife of filmmaker Ramesh Sippy. She hails from Punjabi Bagh area of New Delhi, India and her father was a doctor.


title: Kiran Juneja

text: In 1984, she started her acting career by signing an Indo-Italian co-production film called "Shaheen" as the leading lady, followed by a serial called "Paying Guest" for Rajshree Films and "Wah Janaab" opposite Shekhar Suman. She went on to act in several serials such as "Ye Jo Hai Zindagi", "Kismat", "Junoon", "Siddhi", "Banjara Guest House", "Mouth Full of Sky", "Waqt Ki Raftar", "Swabhimaan", "Gaatha", "Palchin", "Tere Ghar Ke Saamne" with Raju Kher, "Commander", "Colonel", "Tere Mere Sapne", "Suraag", "Kuch Love Kuch Masti", "Koi Dil Me Hai" and "Sindoor Tere Naam Ka".


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: Sclerocarya birrea ( , "hard", and , "nut", in reference to the stone inside the fleshy fruit), commonly known as the marula, is a medium-sized deciduous fruit-bearing tree, indigenous to the miombo woodlands of Southern Africa, the Sudano-Sahelian range of West Africa, the savanna woodlands of East Africa and Madagascar.


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: The tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown. It is characterised by a grey mottled bark. The tree grows up to 18 m tall mostly in low altitudes and open woodlands. The distribution of this species throughout Africa and Madagascar has followed the Bantu in their migrations. There is some evidence of human domestication of marula trees, as trees found on farm lands tend to have larger fruit size.


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: The fruits, which ripen between December and March, have a light yellow skin (exocarp), with white flesh (mesocarp). They fall to the ground when unripe and green in colour, and then ripen to a yellow colour on the ground. They are succulent and tart with a strong and distinctive flavour. Inside is a walnut-sized, thick-walled stone (endocarp). These stones, when dry, expose the seeds by shedding 2 (sometimes 3) small circular plugs at one end. The fruits are drupes with a single seed encased within their endocarp, although up to four seeds can be present. The seeds have a delicate nutty flavour and are much sought-after, especially by small rodents who know to gnaw exactly where the plugs are located.


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: The trees are dioecious. Male trees produce multiple male flowers on a terminal raceme. These have red sepals and petals, and about 20 stamens per flower. On rare occasion a male flower can produce a gynoecium, turning it bisexual. Female flowers grow individually on their own pedicel and have staminodes. The leaves are alternate, compound, and imparipinnately divided. The leaflet shapes range from round to elliptical.


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: "Sclerocarya birrea" is divided into three subspecies: subsp. "birrea", subsp. "caffra" and subsp. "multifoliolata." These subspecies are differentiated by changes in leaf shape and size. Subsp. "birrea" is found in northern Africa, subsp. "caffra" is found in southern Africa, and subsp. "multifoliolata" is only found in Tanzania.


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: The generic name "Sclerocarya" is derived from the Ancient Greek words 'skleros' meaning 'hard' and 'karyon' meaning 'nut'. This refers to the hard pit of the fruit. The specific epithet 'birrea' comes from the common name 'birr', for this type of tree in Senegal. The marula belongs to the same family, Anacardiaceae, as the mango, cashew, pistachio and sumac, and is closely related to the genus "Poupartia" from Madagascar.


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: Common names include jelly plum, cat thorn, morula, cider tree, marula, maroola nut/plum, and in Afrikaans, maroela.


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: The fruit is traditionally used for food in Africa, and has considerable socioeconomic importance. The fruit juice and pulp are mixed with water and stored in a container over 1–3 days of fermentation to make marula beer, a traditional alcoholic beverage. The alcoholic distilled beverage (maroela-mampoer) made from the fruit is referenced in the stories of the South African writer Herman Charles Bosman. Marula oil is used topically to moisturise the skin, and as an edible oil in the diet of San people in Southern Africa. The marula tree is protected in South Africa.


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: On an industrial level the fruit of the marula tree is collected from the wild by members of rural communities on whose land the trees grow. This harvest and sale of fruit only occurs during two to three months but is an important income to poor rural people, especially women. The fruit is delivered to processing plants where fruit pulp, pips, kernels and kernel oil are extracted and stored for processing throughout the year.


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: The fruit is used to make the cream liqueur Amarula and also sold as a frozen puree used in juice blends. Marula oil is used as an ingredient in cosmetics.


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: The marula fruit is eaten by various animals in Southern Africa. Giraffes, rhinoceroses and elephants all browse on the marula tree, with elephants in particular being a major consumer. Elephants eat the bark, branches and fruits of the marula, which may limit the spread of the trees. The damaged bark, due to browsing, can be used to identify marula trees as elephants preferentially target them. Elephants distribute marula seeds in their dung. In the documentary "Animals Are Beautiful People" by Jamie Uys, released in 1974, some scenes portray elephants, ostriches, warthogs and baboons allegedly becoming intoxicated from eating fermented marula fruit, as do reports in the popular press. While the fruit is commonly eaten by elephants, the animals would need a huge amount of fermented marulas to have any effect on them, and other animals prefer the ripe fruit.


title: Sclerocarya birrea

text: The marula fruit has been suggested to be the food of choice for the ancestral forest-dwelling form of the fruit fly "Drosophila melanogaster", which was much more selective about which fruit they preferred than the flies that have self-domesticated themselves to live near to humans. The ancestral fruit flies are triggered by the ester ethyl isovalerate in the marula fruit.


title: Coin grading

text: Coin grading is the process of determining the grade or condition of a coin, one of the key factors in determining its value. A coin's grade is generally determined by six criteria: strike, preservation, luster, color, attractiveness, and occasionally the country/state in which they’re minted. Several grading systems have been developed. Certification services professionally grade coins for tiered fees.


title: Coin grading

text: A "grade" measures a coin's appearance. There are generally five main components which determine a coin's grade: strike, surface preservation, luster, coloration and eye appeal. Grading is subjective and even experts can disagree about the grade of a given coin.


title: Coin grading

text: U.S. coin grading has evolved over the years to a system of finer and finer grade distinctions. Originally, there were only two grades, new and used. This changed to the letter grading system beginning with the lowest grade – "Basal State" (also "Poor" (PO)), then continuing "Fair" (Fr), "About" or "Almost Good" (AG), "Good" (G), "Very Good" (VG), "Fine" (F), "Very Fine" (VF), "Extremely Fine" (EF), "Almost" or "About Uncirculated" (AU), "Uncirculated" (Unc) and up to "Brilliant Uncirculated" (BU). "Gem Uncirculated" was roughly equivalent in usage to BU at that time. Numerical grades from 1 to 70 now accompany the verbal grades.


title: Coin grading

text: The quality of all coins is not equal and collectors felt the necessity of defining the quality of the coins in order to assess their value. Rim damage, nicks, polishing, cleaning, scratches and other forms of wear are considered factors in grading a coin. Whether or not a coin shows evidence of having been mounted in jewelry also affects its grade.


title: Coin grading

text: As the collector market for coins grew rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it became apparent that a more precise grading standard was needed. Some coins were simply more fine than others, and some uncirculated coins showed more luster and far fewer marks than others. Terms like "gem uncirculated" and "very fine" began to see use, as more precise grading descriptions allowed for more precise pricing for the booming collector market.


title: Coin grading

text: In 1948, well-known numismatist Dr. William Herbert Sheldon attempted to standardize coin grading by proposing what is now known as the Sheldon Scale, as is detailed below. , included in his book "Penny Whimsy", was originally devised for U.S. large cents but it is now applied to all series.


title: Coin grading

text: European countries use various, roughly equivalent, grading systems. The main features of their systems are presented in the following table:


title: Coin grading

text: As the hobby of numismatics evolved, the need arose for a more concrete grading system. In 1978, the American Numismatic Association published the "Official A.N.A. Grading System for United States Coins". It established grading tiers of, in descending order of preservation, "Mint State", "About Uncirculated", "Extremely Fine", "Very Fine", "Fine", "Very Good", "Good" and "About Good". Most numismatists, as well as third-party grading services, also use two other descriptors for the lowest grades, "Fair" and "Poor". The higher tiers on this scale each encompass two or more "sub-grades" denoted by the appending of the corresponding Sheldon scale number, such as "Very Fine-20" or "Very Fine-30". This allows for the recognition of coins which exceed the standard for a given tier, but do not meet the criteria for the next. Grades are commonly abbreviated, and not all numismatists use the numerical grades, so a grade of "Fine-12" may be rendered as "Fine", "F-12", "12" or simply "F".


title: Coin grading

text: Coin certification services emerged in the 1980s as a response to the need for buyers and sellers to agree on grading. For tiered fees, certification services grade, authenticate, attribute, and encapsulate coins in clear, plastic holders. Professional Coin Grading service (PCGS), Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (NGC), Independent Coin Graders (ICG), and American Numismatic Association Certification Service (ANACS) are the most popular services. These are the only services whose coins have a special section on eBay, the largest rare coin marketplace. All four firms guarantee the grades and authenticity of their certified coins. Together they have certified over 80 million coins.


title: Coin grading

text: At each of the four main grading companies, a similar process is used. Each coin is graded (on a verbal and 1 to 70 numerical scale) and authenticated by two or more graders, and then assigned a final grade by a finalizer, based in part upon the recommendations of the prior graders. Depending on the company, various descriptors may be added, such as Full Bands for Mercury dimes, Full Bell Lines (FBL) for Franklin Half Dollars, or Deep Mirror Prooflike (DMPL) for Morgan dollars, and the coin's die variety may be noted. The coin is then slabbed and returned to the customer. In 2010, PCGS and NGC introduced "Plus" grading for high-end coins graded XF45 to MS68. A plus symbol (+) is added after the grade.


title: Coin grading

text: In 2007, the Professional Numismatists Guild (PNG), a US association of rare coin dealers, released the results of a survey of major coin dealers who gave their professional opinions about 11 certification services. PCGS and NGC were rated "Superior" overall, with ANACS and ICG deemed "Good". PCI and SEGS were listed as "Poor", while called "Unacceptable" were Accugrade (ACG), Numistrust Corporation (NTC), Hallmark Coin Grading Service (HCGS), American Coin Club Grading Service (ACCGS), and Star Grading Services (SGS).


title: Coin grading

text: Counterfeit NGC and PCGS holders have been reported, but significant measures have been taken by both services to remedy the problem, such as NGC's use of photographic verification for every coin certified and both services' employment of serial number verification and anti-counterfeiting features in their holders.


title: Galaxy (chocolate bar)

text: Galaxy is a chocolate bar, made and marketed by Mars Inc., and first manufactured in the United Kingdom in the 1960s. Galaxy is sold in the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, the Middle East, Morocco, India, Pakistan, Malta, and is also sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico and various Continental European countries as Dove. In 2014, Galaxy was ranked the second-best-selling chocolate bar in the UK, after Cadbury Dairy Milk.


title: Galaxy (chocolate bar)

text: The Galaxy and Dove brands cover a wide range of products including chocolate bars in milk chocolate, caramel, Cookie Crumble, and Fruit & Nut varieties, Minstrels, Ripple (milk chocolate with a folded or "rippled" milk chocolate centre), Amicelli, Duetto, Promises, Bubbles and Truffle. Related brands in other parts of the world include "Jewels", and "Senzi" in the Middle East. The Galaxy and Dove brands also market a wide range of products including ready-to-drink chocolate milk, hot chocolate powder, chocolate cakes, ice cream and more.


title: Galaxy (chocolate bar)

text: Galaxy Bubbles is a chocolate bar made by Mars similar to a Cadburys Wispa or Nestlé Aero and was introduced in early 2010. The chocolate is like an ordinary Galaxy which has been aerated. The product also comes in an orange variety.


title: Galaxy (chocolate bar)

text: The standard version sold in stores is lighter compared to its competitors, at and consequently has a lower energy content, at , compared to the Wispa's and or the Aero's and .


title: Galaxy (chocolate bar)

text: It is also available as a 100g 'block' or as a 28g milk chocolate egg (again with an aerated centre). The bar is suitable for vegetarians.


title: Galaxy (chocolate bar)

text: Galaxy Honeycomb Crisp is a chocolate bar made by Mars that contains small granular nougats of honeycomb toffee, as part of the Galaxy chocolate range.


title: Galaxy (chocolate bar)

text: A 2013 British television advertisement for Galaxy featured a computer-generated image of Audrey Hepburn, which was created by CGI firm Framestore in London. The commercial, set to Hepburn singing "Moon River", debuted in the UK in February 2013.


title: Rising Pune Supergiant

text: Rising Pune Supergiant (often abbreviated as RPS) was a franchise cricket team based in Pune, Maharashtra, that played in the Indian Premier League in 2016 and as a finalist in 2017. It was the second team representing Pune after Pune Warriors India. The team, along with Gujarat Lions, featured as two-season replacements for Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals, who were suspended due to their involvement in illegal betting by their respective owners.


title: Rising Pune Supergiant

text: The Rising Pune Supergiant franchise was owned by RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group controlled by Sanjiv Goenka. The team name was announced (as "Rising Pune Supergiants") on 18 January 2016 by Goenka in Kolkata and Raghu Iyer was appointed CEO. The owners changed the team name to "Rising Pune Supergiant" on 26 March 2017. The team lost the 2017 IPL Final to Mumbai Indians by 1 run, which was the team's last game in the IPL.


title: Rising Pune Supergiant

text: However, the same owner bought another franchise Lucknow Super Giants in October 2021. It is now among the 10 teams of the league and take part in it.


title: Rising Pune Supergiant

text: The Rising Pune Supergiant's home ground was the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium in Pune. However, controversies arose over holding 2016 IPL games in Maharashtra due to water usage of the cricket stadiums during severe drought and the Bombay High Court ordered all matches in May to be shifted out of the state. On 15 April 2016, it was reported that the Rising Pune Supergiants were considering the ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium in Vishakhapatnam as an alternate home ground.


title: Rising Pune Supergiant

text: The Rising Pune Supergiant made an excellent start to the season, convincingly winning their first game against the defending champions, Mumbai Indians, by 9 wickets. However, they went on to lose their next four games - against the Gujarat Lions, Kings XI Punjab, Royal Challengers Bangalore and the Kolkata Knight Riders. The inclusion of Ashoke Dinda, in their 6th game of the season, provided a brief inspiration as the Supergiants beat the Sunrisers Hyderabad by 34 runs. They lost the next two games - against the Gujarat Lions and the Mumbai Indians - at the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium in Pune. The Supergiants were also briefly bolstered by the arrival of Australian batsmen Usman Khawaja and George Bailey against the Delhi Daredevils at the Feroz Shah Kotla and went on to win the game by 7 wickets. Pune's last game of the season was against Kings XI Punjab, with the loser finishing at the bottom of the points table. RPS was struggling to chase down a total of 172 despite a good start from the openers and they kept losing wickets at constant intervals. RPS needed 23 runs from the last over which was bowled by Axar Patel with captain MS Dhoni on the crease. After a wide, four, six and two dot balls, RPS were left requiring 12 runs from the last two balls. It seemed the game was over but Dhoni hit two sixes off the last two balls. This win ensured RPS didn't finish at the bottom of the points table. At the end of the 2016 IPL, the Supergiants won only 5 games out of 14, and won only 2 of their 7 home games - 4 at the MCA Stadium in Pune and 3 at their new home ground, the ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium in Vishakhapatnam. They finished at seventh place in the IPL points table.


title: Rising Pune Supergiant

text: After the auction, Pune axed MS Dhoni as captain and Steve Smith was appointed captain barely months before the start of the 2017 season. The franchise then changed their name to Rising Pune Supergiant, removing the 's', on 26 March 2017. Washington Sundar replaced Ravichandran Ashwin who was ruled out of the tournament with a sports hernia. RPS bought Ben Stokes for ₹14.5 Crore at the auction, making him the most expensive overseas player in the history of IPL at the time (this record was later broken when Kolkata Knight Riders bought Australian pacer Pat Cummins for ₹15.5 Crore in the 2020 IPL Player Auction). Imran Tahir was recruited by RPS to replace Mitchell Marsh, who was once again ruled out of the tournament due to a shoulder injury. This decision proved to be extremely decisive, as Imran Tahir went on to take 18 wickets in 12 games for RPS before leaving for his national team, along with Faf du Plessis.


title: Rising Pune Supergiant

text: RPS once again got off to a great start in IPL 2017 by beating the Mumbai Indians by 7 wickets in their first game. However, losses against Kings XI Punjab, Delhi Daredevils and Gujarat Lions followed and it seemed like Pune were repeating what took place last year. However, results picked up and RPS won 7 out of their next 8 games, all of them by close margins, with the top performers being Rahul Tripathi, Jaydev Unadkat, Ben Stokes, MS Dhoni and Imran Tahir. But a 6-day gap left them rusty and RPS lost to Delhi Daredevils by 7 runs, forcing them to win their last game vs Punjab to qualify. In their do-or-die game vs Punjab, RPS skittled them out for 73 and won comfortably by 9 wickets, thus finishing in second place with 18 points and qualifying for the play-offs.


title: Rising Pune Supergiant

text: RPS faced the Mumbai Indians in Qualifier 1 at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai, with a win securing them a spot in the final. RPS batted first and posted a slightly below-par total of 162–4, with 41 runs coming from the last two overs, thanks to well-paced innings from Manoj Tiwary and Ajinkya Rahane and a late surge from MS Dhoni. Washington Sundar ripped apart the middle order of the Indians and finished with career best figures of 3–16 in 4 overs. Shardul Thakur and Jaydev Unadkat chipped in as Pune beat the Mumbai Indians comfortably by 20 runs.


title: Rising Pune Supergiant

text: RPS faced the Mumbai Indians for the fourth time in the season, in the final at Hyderabad. This was Rising Pune Supergiant's last game in the IPL. RPS had a psychological edge over Mumbai, considering RPS had beaten them on all three meetings in the season. Rohit Sharma won the toss and decided to bat first. Jaydev Unadkat and Adam Zampa took key wickets as Mumbai crumbled to 79-7 but a late surge from Krunal Pandya meant that Mumbai finished with a slightly below par score of 129–8. RPS looked comfortable after the powerplay but over-cautious batting cost them dearly. Ajinkya Rahane scored runs easily but captain Steve Smith struggled and things took a turn when Rahane got out for 44. MS Dhoni arrived but was quickly removed for 10 and Pune were left requiring 11 runs from the last over with Smith and Manoj Tiwary at the crease. Tiwary hit a four on the first ball off Mitchell Johnson's bowling and RPS looked to have the trophy in the bag. But Smith and Tiwary got out off consecutive deliveries which left RPS requiring 7 runs from 3 balls. A single from Washington Sundar and a double from Daniel Christian meant RPS required 4 runs from the last ball. Unfortunately, RPS could only complete two runs before Sundar was run out. Thus, Mumbai Indians won by 1 run to get their 3rd IPL title.


title: Nuremberg Chronicle

text: The Nuremberg Chronicle is an illustrated encyclopedia consisting of world historical accounts, as well as accounts told through biblical paraphrase. Subjects include human history in relation to the Bible, illustrated mythological creatures, and the histories of important Christian and secular cities from antiquity. Finished in 1493, it was originally written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel, and a German version was translated by Georg Alt. It is one of the best-documented early printed books—an incunabulum—and one of the first to successfully integrate illustrations and text.


title: Nuremberg Chronicle

text: Latin scholars refer to it as the Liber Chronicarum (Book of Chronicles) as this phrase appears in the index introduction of the Latin edition. English-speakers have long referred to it as the "Nuremberg Chronicle" after the city in which it was published. German-speakers refer to it as Die Schedelsche Weltchronik (Schedel's World History) in honour of its author.


title: Nuremberg Chronicle

text: Two Nuremberg merchants, Sebald Schreyer (1446–1503) and his son-in-law, Sebastian Kammermeister (1446–1520), commissioned the Latin version of the chronicle. They also commissioned Georg Alt (1450–1510), a scribe at the Nuremberg treasury, to translate the work into German. Both Latin and German editions were printed by Anton Koberger, in Nuremberg. Contracts were recorded by scribes, bound into volumes, and deposited in the Nuremberg City Archives. The first contract, from December 1491, established the relationship between the illustrators and the patrons. The painters, Wolgemut and Pleydenwurff, were to provide the layout of the chronicle, to oversee the production of the woodcuts, and to guard the designs against piracy. The patrons agreed to advance 1,000 "gulden" for paper, printing costs, and the distribution and sale of the book. A second contract, between the patrons and the printer, was executed in March 1492. It stipulated conditions for acquiring the paper and managing the printing. The blocks and the archetype were to be returned to the patrons once the printing was completed.


title: Nuremberg Chronicle

text: The author of the text, Hartmann Schedel, was a medical doctor, humanist and book collector. He earned a doctorate in medicine in Padua in 1466, then settled in Nuremberg to practice medicine and collect books. According to an inventory done in 1498, Schedel's personal library contained 370 manuscripts and 670 printed books. The author used passages from the classical and medieval works in this collection to compose the text of the chronicle. He borrowed most frequently from another humanist chronicle, "Supplementum Chronicarum", by Giacomo Filippo Foresti of Bergamo. It has been estimated that about 90% of the text is pieced together from works on humanities, science, philosophy and theology, while about 10% of the chronicle is Schedel's original composition.


title: Nuremberg Chronicle

text: Nuremberg was one of the largest cities in the Holy Roman Empire in the 1490s, with a population of between 45,000 and 50,000. Thirty-five patrician families composed the City Council. The Council controlled all aspects of printing and craft activities, including the size of each profession and the quality, quantity and type of goods produced. Although dominated by a conservative aristocracy, Nuremberg was a centre of northern humanism. Anton Koberger, printer of the "Nuremberg Chronicle", printed the first humanist book in Nuremberg in 1472. Sebald Shreyer, one of the patrons of the chronicle, commissioned paintings from classical mythology for the grand salon of his house. Hartmann Schedel, author of the chronicle, was an avid collector of both Italian Renaissance and German humanist works. Hieronymus Münzer, who assisted Schedel in writing the chronicle's chapter on geography, was among this group, as were Albrecht Dürer and Johann and Willibald Pirckheimer.


title: Nuremberg Chronicle

text: The "Chronicle" was first published in Latin on July 12, 1493 in the city of Nuremberg. This was quickly followed by a German translation on December 23, 1493. An estimated 1,400 to 1,500 Latin and 700 to 1,000 German copies were published. A document from 1509 records that 539 Latin versions and 60 German versions had not been sold. Approximately 400 Latin and 300 German copies survived into the twenty-first century. They are scattered around the world in museums and collections. The larger illustrations were also sold separately as prints, often hand-tinted in watercolour. Many copies of the book are coloured, with varying degrees of skill; there were specialist shops for this. The colouring on some examples has been added much later, and some copies have been broken up for sale as decorative prints.The publisher and printer was Anton Koberger, the godfather of Albrecht Dürer, who in the year of Dürer's birth in 1471 ceased goldsmithing to become a printer and publisher. He quickly became the most successful publisher in Germany, eventually owning 24 printing presses and having many offices in Germany and abroad, from Lyon to Buda.


title: Nuremberg Chronicle

text: The large workshop of Michael Wolgemut, Nuremberg's leading artist in various media, provided the unprecedented 1,809 woodcut illustrations (before duplications are eliminated; see below). Sebastian Kammermeister and Sebald Schreyer financed the printing in a contract dated March 16, 1492, although preparations had been well under way for several years. Wolgemut and his stepson Wilhelm Pleydenwurff were first commissioned to provide the illustrations in 1487–1488, and a further contract of December 29, 1491, commissioned manuscript layouts of the text and illustrations.Albrecht Dürer was an apprentice with Wolgemut from 1486 to 1489, so may well have participated in designing some of the illustrations for the specialist craftsmen (called "formschneiders") who cut the blocks, onto which the design had been drawn, or a drawing glued. From 1490 to 1494 Dürer was travelling. A drawing by Wolgemut for the elaborate frontispiece, dated 1490, is in the British Museum. While some art experts may claim to be able to identify which Nuremberg Chronicle woodcuts may be attributed to Dürer, there is no consensus. Dürer was not yet using his monogram, and no artists in Wolgemut's studio signed their work in the Chronicle.


title: Nuremberg Chronicle

text: Illustrations depicted many never-before-illustrated major cities in Europe and the Near East. Six hundred and forty-five original woodcuts were used for the illustrations. As with other books of the period, many of the woodcuts, showing towns, battles or kings were used more than once in the book, with just the text labels changed. The book is large at 18 inches by 12 inches. Only the city of Nuremberg is given a double-page illustration with no text measuring about 342 × 500mm. The illustration for the city of Venice is adapted from a much larger woodcut of 1486 by Erhard Reuwich in the first illustrated printed travel book, the "Sanctae Perigrinationes" of 1486. This and other sources were used where possible; where no information was available a number of stock images were used and reused up to eleven times. The view of Florence was adapted from an engraving by Francesco Rosselli.


title: Nuremberg Chronicle

text: Due to the success and prestige of the Nuremberg Chronicle, which had one of the largest print-runs of an edition during the incunabula (also known as the incunable period of book production circa 1455–1500), one of the first large-scale pirated editions of the Chronicle appeared on the market. The culprit was Johann Schönsperger (c. 1455–1521), a printer working out of Augsburg who produced smaller editions of the Chronicle in 1496, 1497 and 1500 in German, Latin and a second edition also in German. It was the beginning of unauthorized book editions; pirated editions which capitalized on the success of another author and printer/publisher without consent. Despite the pirating of a successful book, Schönsperger went bankrupt in 1507.


title: United States Aviator Badge

text: A United States Aviator Badge refers to three types of aviation badges issued by the United States Armed Forces, those being for Air Force, Army, and Naval (to include Marine and Coast Guard) aviation.


title: United States Aviator Badge

text: Air Force and Army Aviator Badges are issued in three ratings: Basic, Senior, and Command (Air Force)/Master (Army). The higher degrees are denoted by a star or star with wreath above the badge. Air Force regulations state that the basic rating denotes completion of specified training and that the advanced ratings denote experience levels. The Naval Aviator Badge is issued in a single rating for Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard aviators.


title: United States Aviator Badge

text: The first United States Aviator Badges were issued to members of the Air Service during World War I. The badges were issued in three degrees: Observer (a "US" shield and one left-side wing), Junior Aviator or Reserve Aviation Officer (a "US" shield between two wings), and Senior Aviator (a star over "US" shield between two wings). The Army Air Service also issued a badge for balloon pilots, known as the Aeronaut Badge.


title: United States Aviator Badge

text: Enlisted Aviators wore their regular rank insignia and the Observer's badge. There were 29 enlisted pilots before the American entry into World War I. The second enlisted aviator, William A. Lamkey, got a discharge and flew for Pancho Villa. The remaining enlisted pilots received commissions in 1917. There were 60 enlisted mechanics who were trained as pilots in France during the war, but they were used for ferrying duties and did not fly in combat. The recruiting and training of enlisted Aviators ended in 1933.


title: United States Aviator Badge

text: During World War II, with the rise of the Army Air Forces, a second series of aviator badges were issued to include a design that has survived to the modern day. The Pilot Badge was issued in three degrees, including Pilot, Senior Pilot, and Command Pilot. A polished silver colored version of these badges is currently used as the United States Air Force Pilot Badges.


title: United States Aviator Badge

text: From August 1941 to November 1942, the Enlisted Aviator program was restarted. Candidates had to be at least 18, possess a high school diploma, and have graduated at the top of their high school class. Graduates were rated as Flight Staff Sergeants or Flight Technical Sergeants and wore the same pilot's wings as officers. They were usually assigned to pilots of transport and auxiliary aircraft to free officer pilots to pilot the more prestigious fighters and bombers. Auxiliary pilots received their own special wings to indicate their status and specialty. In November 1942 all enlisted pilots were promoted to Flight Officer rank and enlisted cadets were graded as Flight Officers or Second Lieutenants depending on merit. The qualifying requirements for the Senior Pilot Wings are: Seven (7) years as rated pilot and permanent award of pilot rating. Plus 2000 total hours or 1300 hours primary and instructor flight (refer to U.S. Air Force aeronautical rating for details).


title: United States Aviator Badge

text: In 1947, the U.S. Army Air Forces became its own separate service as the U.S. Air Force. The Air Force use the same pilot's badges as the earlier USAAF design, except that starting in the mid-1990s, they began to be made of chrome metal or sterling silver rather than the dull alloy wings used by the Army Air Forces and Air Force from 1947 to the mid-1990s. The U.S. Air Force currently issues several aviation badges including pilot, combat systems officer (formerly navigator), air battle manager, flight surgeon, flight nurse, non-rated officer aircrew, and enlisted aircrew. The requirements to earn these are listed here.


title: United States Aviator Badge

text: After the creation of the U.S. Air Force as a separate service in 1947, Army Aviation continued to a degree that warranted a new badge for Army Aviators (who piloted light observation and liaison airplanes and helicopters). The result was the creation of the Army Aviator Badge, which is a modified version of the U.S. Air Force Pilot Badge. It comes in three grades: Basic, Senior (7 years' service and 1,000 flight hours), and Master (15 years' service and 2,000 flight hours). The Aviator and Senior Aviator Badges were approved on 27 July 1950 and the Master Aviator Badge was approved on 12 February 1957.


title: United States Aviator Badge

text: The aviator badge currently used in the Navy has remained virtually unchanged since it was first issued on 13 November 1917. The Naval Aviator Badge is earned by all U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard pilots upon graduation from advanced flight training. Additional aviator badges exist for Naval Flight Officers (USN & USMC), Naval Flight Surgeons, Naval Aviation Physiologists, Naval Flight Nurses, Naval Aviation Observers (USN & USMC) and enlisted Naval Aircrewman (USN, USMC & USCG). Naval Aviators' badges are gold in color. Unlike the Air Force and the Army, the naval services do not employ senior or command/master aeronautical ratings.


title: United States Aviator Badge

text: The NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps Aviator Insignia is a gold-colored pin, winged, with a central device consisting of a fouled anchor surcharged with a NOAA Corps device. NOAA Corps officer pilots and navigators may wear the NOAA aviator insignia after authorization by the Director of the NOAA Corps.


title: United States Aviator Badge

text: With the dawn of the Space Age, all of the United States Aviator badges are upgradable to the Astronaut Badge, for those military members who become astronauts.


title: Reb Brown

text: Reb Brown (born Robert Edward Brown; April 29, 1948) is an American former football player and actor. Brown is perhaps best known for playing the lead in the television film "Captain America" and the action war film "Uncommon Valor". He is also known for the 1983 cult classic, "Yor, the Hunter from the Future", regarded as a classic B-movie, as well as the sci-fi film "Space Mutiny", and for the collaborations with director Bruno Mattei in films "Strike Commando" and "Robowar".


title: Reb Brown

text: Brown's father was a policeman who had also been a singer. He grew up in the Los Angeles area and played football at Temple City High School. After graduating in 1966, he received a scholarship to play fullback at the University of Southern California during the 1967 season. He ended up losing the starting running back position to another student, O. J. Simpson, and Brown decided to transfer to another college in the Los Angeles area.


title: Reb Brown

text: Brown's acting career started in 1973, when he appeared in the films "The Girl Most Likely to..." and "Sssssss." When he began acting, there was already a Robert Brown in the Screen Actor's Guild, so he took his initials, Reb, as his first name for acting. He later appeared in guest starring roles in several Universal Studios-produced television series, including "Emergency!," "Marcus Welby, M.D.," "Kojak," "The Eddie Capra Mysteries", and "The Rockford Files." He also appeared as Rebel, a southern boy who has a fight with Ralph Malph in "Happy Days", and played Jim Bridger in the all-star miniseries "Centennial". He also appeared in Three's Company as Elmo, a date for Chrissy Snow.


title: Reb Brown

text: He also played Captain America in two made-for-TV films, "Captain America" and "", during the late 1970s, part of the same development deal that yielded the Lou Ferrigno vehicle, "The Incredible Hulk".


title: Reb Brown

text: In the film, "Big Wednesday" (1978), Brown played the role of "Enforcer." He landed the supporting role of the only starting white member (as a freshman) of the team in the college basketball comedy, "Fast Break" (1979), starring Gabe Kaplan. In Paul Schrader's 1979 film "Hardcore", he plays a bouncer in a neon-lit sex shop who throws George C. Scott into the street after Scott's character becomes rowdy.


title: Reb Brown

text: In 1983, Brown landed a lead role in the cult film classic "Yor, the Hunter from the Future", as well as Blaster, a Viet Nam veteran character who trains with other vets in a P.O.W. rescue operation in "Uncommon Valor."


title: Reb Brown

text: Critical acclaim for Brown came in the 1986 Australian film, "Death of a Soldier," which was based on a true story. Starring James Coburn, Brown received a nomination for Best Lead Actor in a Dramatic Role by the Australian Film Institute for his portrayal of serial killer, Private Edward Leonski.


title: Reb Brown

text: Brown later starred with Lou Ferrigno playing Vietnam War veterans/buddies in a pair of action films, "Cage" (1989) and "Cage II" (1994). Brown also appeared in Bruno Mattei's "Strike Commando" (1987) and "Robowar" (1988).


title: Reb Brown

text: Brown has continued his career moving between television and feature films. He is perhaps best known for portraying the main character Dave Ryder in 1988's "Space Mutiny," which was lambasted in an episode of "Mystery Science Theater 3000."


title: Reb Brown

text: He appeared in the third-season "Miami Vice" episode, "Viking Bikers from Hell," in which he played a sociopathic biker, avenging his buddy's recent death.


title: Ian Maatsen

text: Ian Ethan Maatsen (born 10 March 2002) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Burnley, on loan from Chelsea.


title: Ian Maatsen

text: Maatsen joined Feyenoord's academy at the age of 7, but was dropped for allegedly being too small. He moved to Sparta Rotterdam and then PSV Eindhoven, before joining Chelsea in 2018.


title: Ian Maatsen

text: On 25 September 2019, he made his debut for the London club as a substitute in a 7–1 EFL Cup victory over Grimsby Town.


title: Ian Maatsen

text: On 13 October 2020, Maatsen joined Charlton Athletic on a season-long loan. On 20 October, he made his league debut for Charlton, coming off the bench as a second-half substitute in the side's 1–0 win over Blackpool. He scored his first senior goal on 2 April 2021 in a 1–0 away win over Doncaster Rovers.


title: Ian Maatsen

text: On 30 July 2021, Maatsen joined Coventry City on loan. On 2 October 2021, he scored his first goal for Coventry in a match against Fulham, helping his team to a 4–1 victory. Overall, Maatsen made 40 league appearances for the "Sky Blues" and scored 3 goals during the 2021–22 season.


title: Ian Maatsen

text: On 15 July 2022, Maatsen joined Burnley on a season-long loan. He made his debut in the first round of the 2022–23 EFL Championship against Huddersfield Town, where he also scored the only goal of the game in a 1–0 win.


title: Ian Maatsen

text: Born in the Netherlands, Maatsen is of Surinamese descent. He is a youth international for the Netherlands, having represented the country at all levels from under-15 to under-21.


title: Mud cookie

text: A mud cookie, Galette or bonbon tè in Haitian Creole, is a food that is eaten in Haiti, particularly during pregnancy. They can be found in slums like Cité Soleil. Dirt is collected from the nation's central plateau, near the town of Hinche, and trucked over to the market (e.g. La Saline market) where women purchase it. It is processed into cookies in shanty towns such as Fort Dimanche. First, the dirt is strained to remove rocks and clumps. Then, the dirt is mixed with salt and vegetable shortening or fat. Next, it is formed into flat discs. Then, it is dried in the sun. The finished product is transported in buckets and is sold in the market or on the streets.


title: Mud cookie

text: Due to their mineral content, mud cookies were traditionally used as a dietary supplement for pregnant women and children. Haitians believe they contain calcium which could be used as an antacid and for nutrition, but this is disputed by doctors who warn of tooth decay, constipation, and worse. The production cost is cheap; the dirt to make one hundred cookies was five US dollars in 2008 (about 5 cents apiece) even after increasing by $1.50 since 2007. It is also seen as a way to stave off starvation. This is especially true in times where there is a rise in global food prices like in 2008.


title: Mud cookie

text: The taste has been described as a smooth consistency that immediately dries the mouth with a pungent aftertaste of dirt that lingers for hours.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: BattleTech is a Mecha turn-based strategy video game developed by Harebrained Schemes and published by Paradox Interactive. It was released on Windows and OS X on April 24, 2018, with a Linux release to follow. The developers set aside to create the game, and turned to Kickstarter to secure funding for additional features, including a single player campaign, an expansion of that campaign, and a player versus player multiplayer mode.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: In the game, the player assumes the role of a mercenary commander leading a team of powerful combat vehicles called battlemechs. The player is responsible for selecting each mech's model, armor, pilot, armaments, and skills, and controls a team of four mechs (a 'lance') in combat. The world of "BattleTech" is dominated by powerful noble houses locked in a devastating war, and the player selects one or more houses to serve.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: The game shares a setting with the board game that launched the "BattleTech" franchise, "Classic BattleTech", and many members of the development team have worked on previous games in the franchise. This includes both of the studio's co-founders; Jordan Weisman created the franchise while at FASA, and Mitch Gitelman was the producer for "MechCommander" and "MechAssault".


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: "BattleTech" is a turn-based strategy video game. Players assume the role of a mercenary commander leading a "mech lance", or group of four giant humanoid-shaped combat vehicles. The developers state that the game will have the spirit of the board game but will not use the board game's rules. The player selects each mech's chassis, the weapons and armor mounted on that chassis, as well as smaller details such as actuators and gyros that influence a mech's turning radius. In addition to choosing hardware, the player can also specialize the mech's pilots (called "mechwarriors") by selecting talents from a skill tree.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: "BattleTech" shares a setting with the original board game, now called "Classic BattleTech". The game takes place during the 3025 Succession Wars Era, in which powerful noble houses employ an ever-shrinking number of giant fighting vehicles called battlemechs ('mechs for short), piloted by individuals called MechWarriors, to fight for control of the Inner Sphere. The fighting has lasted for so long, and has been so intense, that it has caused technological regression. The small number of remaining 'Mechs makes them exceptionally valuable to the warring houses, and the player will have the opportunity to select which house or houses to serve.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: In a map published by Harebrained Schemes during the Kickstarter campaign, the Inner Sphere is depicted as an area of space stretching between 400 and 600 Light-years away from Earth in every direction. It is divided between five major states, each tied to a noble house, and four minor states. Each major state borders Earth and expands outward, while the minor states occupy small areas on the outside edge of the map known as The Periphery.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: The game takes place in the peripheral realm of the Aurigan Reach. The Reach is governed by the Aurigan Coalition which is made up of several independent systems led by noble houses in accordance with the standard Inner Sphere feudal system. The Reach lies between the peripheral realms of the Taurian Concordat and the Magistracy of Canopus, and bordering the Inner Sphere Successor State of the Capellan Confederation. Much of the Aurigan Reach is made up of former holdings from the Taurians, Magistracy, and Capellans, though the three realms abandoned many of the systems for defensibility reasons. After their abandonment, the Reach systems became unified under Arano family and began consolidating and expanding, incorporating not only the abandoned planets into the Aurigan Coalition, but even annexing border planets from their neighbors.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: The Aurigan Reach was created by the Harebrained Schemes design team led by Kiva Maginn as a space where players could move through an original story line without infringing on the already set lore of Third Succession Wars BattleTech. "Our first priority was to find a way to coexist with "BattleTech" lore... We needed somewhere interesting, close but not too close, and basically empty. A blank slate where we could do whatever needed to be done to make our story work." The area of space chosen for a Reach was a blank space between the Magistracy of Canopus and the Taurian Concordat that had planets occupying it, but has little to no mention in sourcebooks, novels, or other media.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: The main campaign of the game begins in 3022 with Kamea Arano, daughter of Tamati Arano, hiring the player (a former pupil of Raju "Mastiff" Montgomery, who also trained Kamea) to serve as her honor guard for her coronation along with Mastiff. At the time of the events, tensions are mounting between her and her uncle, Santiago Espinosa, who has become increasingly dissatisfied with the rule of House Arano and Kamea's refusal to reform the government to a more autocratic House. On the day of Kamea's coronation, a coup d'état is launched by the newly established Aurigan Directorate, an autocracy led by Espinosa. Mastiff and the player attempt to help Kamea to safety, but the player is forced to eject from their Battlemech due to sabotage, as the capital planet Coromodir and the entire Aurigan Reach falls to the Aurigan Directorate. Kamea and Mastiff are reported dead, with the player being rescued by a mercenary company called Markham's Marauders.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: The player joins the Marauders, and by 3025 the player becomes the leader of the mercenary company. After a disastrous contract for a mining company led to the company losing out on payment and under heavy debt, the mercenaries receive financial support from Magestrix Kyalla Centrella of the Canopus Magistracy to retrieve the Argo, an ancient dropship, from Bandits as part of an unauthorized job to escape their heavy debts.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: The player reunites with Kamea, who survived the coup and has been in hiding along with her trusted advisor Alexander Madeira. Kamea reveals the salvage operation of the Argo was a test of the player and their mercenaries, as well as a means to equip them in order to fight the Directorate on behalf of the Magistracy (without getting themselves involved in an outright war), as tensions run high between the many nations and states such as the Magistracy, the Federated Suns, and the Taurian Concordat. The Magestrix tasks and funds the player and Kamea with the liberation of the Aurigan Reach under the banner of the Aurigan Restoration. The player's mercenaries begin using and restoring the Argo as their mobile base of operations.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: Arriving at the Aurigan planet Weldry to liberate it, Kamea instructs the player to assault the Icebox, a prison that, they learn, is a concentration camp for dissidents against the Directorate. Liberating the prison, Kamea finds among the dead is Mastiff, who also survived and was captured during the coup on Coromodir - and passed away some time later in captivity. Kamea moves onto Panzyr with the player where they uncover a Star League-era Black Box that cannot be decrypted by anyone other than the head of House Karosa of Smithon, an Aurigan noble house. Meanwhile, a massacre of ten thousand citizens occurs in a chemical attack on a planet in the Taurian Concordat planet of Perdition.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: Moving to the planet Smithon next, Lord Karosa refuses to cooperate with Kamea, bitter about his son's incarceration at the IceBox and his daughter's death under Directorate rule. In exchange for Karosas's aid, the player destroys a dropship that serves as a smuggling vessel for weapons for the Directorate, and in the process capture Victoria Espinosa - Lord Espinosa's daughter and Kamea's cousin. Karosa decrypts the black box, which gives intel about an ancient Star League Defense Force (SLDF) outpost on the planet Artru.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: On Artru, the Restoration uncovers an enormous cache of advanced SLDF battlemechs, but are attacked by Commodore Samuel Ostergaard of the Taurian Concordat. The Taurians reveal have allied with the Directorate in the wake of the attack on Perdition, and Ostergaard mentions his son was killed on Smithon by the Restoration forces. At the same time, the Argo becomes infected by an SLDF computer virus when the cache is opened. Backed into a corner, Kamea destroys the entire cache of battlemechs to deny the Taurians and Directorate access to them, escaping with only a small handful of mechs, while the virus is isolated and contained on a drive onboard the Argo. With the backing of their new allies, the Directorate begins a counter-invasion on the recently liberated worlds of the Restoration, leading the deaths of multiple House Lords loyal to the Restoration, including Karosa, who is killed during Victoria's escape from incarceration on Smithon.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: Heading to the planet Itrom, Lord Gallas offers the Restoration an opportunity to break the alliance between the Directorate and Concordat - she reveals a lead to some valuable information located on House Madeira's homeworld of Guldra. Alexander offers to go to his homeworld while the Restoration defends against Taurian incursions on liberated Restoration worlds. The grim reality sets in that unless the Concordat-Directorate alliance is broken, the Restoration will be crushed under the forces led by Ostergaard. Alexander is able to recover the information and reveals that Victoria carried out the chemical attack on Perdition that killed thousands of civilians as a means to spark the Taurians into action. Alexander, however, is discovered by the Directorate and, despite the Restoration's attempts to rescue him, Kamea makes the difficult decision to leave him behind.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: After liberating the planet Tyrlon from the Directorate, the Restoration reveals the incriminating evidence of the attack on Perdition. In response, the Taurian Concordat officially ends their alliance with the Aurigan Directorate. The Restoration fianlly moves on to the capital of Coromodir, but Commodore Ostergaard has gone rogue due to his personal grudge against Kamea and attempts to destroy the capital city. The player's mercenaries use the contained virus from the SLDF cache, and upload it to Ostergaard's ship, resulting in a crash that kills him and destroys many Directorate forces. Meanwhile, Kamea's forces take the capital and Santiago Espinosa surrenders, realizing all is lost without the alliance and Ostergaard. Victoria, angry at her father's surrender, makes a defiant last stand against Kamea, challenging her and the mercenaries by offering the captured Alexander's life for a final duel - where the player and Kamea are ultimately victorious and rescue Alexander. Kamea is crowned the rightful ruler of the Aurigan Reach and she contemplates how the Restoration shaped her to be a ruler. She says while future remains uncertain for the Reach, the player and their mercenaries will be remembered in stories of the Reach for years to come.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: "BattleTech" was developed by Harebrained Schemes. The studio is led by Jordan Weisman, who created the "BattleTech" franchise while working at board game and wargaming publisher FASA. Many members of the development team worked on another game in the franchise, "MechCommander". Along with Weisman, the development team will be led by Mitch Gitelman, the producer for "MechCommander" and "MechAssault", and Mike McCain, who served as creative director for Harebrained Scheme's games in the "Shadowrun" franchise. Harebrained Schemes is working with Catalyst Game Labs and Piranha Games, who also publish "BattleTech" works, to maintain continuity across the franchise. This includes using art from Piranha Games' "MechWarrior Online".


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: Studio co-founders Weisman and Gitelman implied in a May 2015 interview that they might soon be announcing a game based on an intellectual property that they had previously created, with "Game Informer" speculating that they meant either "BattleTech" or "Crimson Skies". "BattleTech" was revealed in July 2015. The Kickstarter campaign for the game launched on September 29, 2015, and received its funding goal of within an hour. The studio had already committed $1 million to the development of the game before launching the Kickstarter, which would fund a basic "skirmish mode". The Kickstarter campaign set stretch goals of $1 million, $1.85 million, and $2.5 million to fund a single player campaign, an expansion to the campaign, and an online player versus player multiplayer mode, respectively. The $1.85 million level would add procedurally generated levels and would make the campaign open-ended, allowing for an indefinite campaign. Harebrained Schemes planned to release the game in early 2017 for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: According to Weisman, fans of the franchise had been asking for a new "BattleTech" game for years, and the only thing holding his team back was that they did not own the rights to the game, which are held by Microsoft. Weisman was not interested in developing a spiritual successor, stating in an interview that the fantasy mech game "Golem Arcana" was as close as he was willing to get towards creating a "BattleTech" game without the license.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: Harebrained Schemes chose the turn-based strategy genre because they wanted the game to play out at a slower, more methodical pace. Weisman emphasized that in a turn-based game, players could be presented with the chances of success or failure for each action, and have time to think through their decisions. In an interview with "PC Gamer", he explained that the idea was to make a game with "even more depth than we did in the old days as a pen-and-paper but make it fluid and fast playing so you're focusing on the strategy, not on the mechanics". This depth is reflected in the number of options players have in customizing their mechs. Players that are only interested in combat, however, will be able to play the game without spending time on customization.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: The studio wanted the game to feel realistic and believable, with Gitelman explaining "We're grounding "BattleTech", so it doesn't just feel like this goofy sci-fi future". Harebrained Schemes paid special attention to ensuring that the size of the mechs was apparent to players, despite the limitations of the top-down view in showing scale. This informed several of the team's decisions. The development team intentionally set the mechs to move at a slow pace, and the in-game camera shakes when they move. The mechs' movement also leaves cracks in the ground and causes damage to objects in the environment.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: In May 2017, Paradox Interactive announced that they had partnered with Harebrained Schemes to publish the game, meaning that they will provide additional funds, as well as marketing and localization support. In August 2017, Paradox announced that the game had been delayed to 2018 in order to give the development team more time to refine the game.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: This desire to approach the game with realism extends into the soundtrack composed by long-time collaborator Jon Everist, who explained in interviews that he wanted the soundtrack to be grounded in "empathy for the characters" and to "approach the score as if it were for a film or TV series". The soundtrack, largely orchestral, was recorded in Hungary, Germany, Seattle and Latvia and mixes live elements with an eclectic mix of analog and modular synths. Jon Everist won several awards for the score, and was nominated for "Best Video Game Score of the Year" at the 34th Annual ASCAP Screen Music Awards along with "God of War", "Destiny 2", "Torn" and "Celeste".


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: Paradox Interactive and Harebrained Schemes have announced three downloadable content expansions for "BattleTech".


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: The first DLC, "Flashpoint", features self-contained, procedurally-generated missions which do not affect or influence the main game. In these missions, decisions must be made that will change the progress of the self-contained story chains. The missions also introduce a concept called "consecutive deployments", in which mechs are unable to be repaired between missions. The DLC also includes new mechs, a new biome, and a new multiplayer mode. "Flashpoint" was released on November 27, 2018, alongside Version 1.3 of the main game.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: The second DLC, "Urban Warfare", adds three new vehicles, new equipment, two new battlemechs and ten new Flashpoint missions. The main focus of the DLC is the introduction of urban environments with destructible buildings. "Urban Warfare" was released on June 4, 2019.


title: BattleTech (video game)

text: The third DLC, "Heavy Metal", adds eight new weapon systems, eight new battlemechs (including a design created for the game), and a Flashpoint mission which sets the player against two characters from Wolf's Dragoons mercenary company. A free update for the base game, released simultaneously, added a further two battlemechs and support for third-party mods. The DLC was released on November 21, 2019.


title: Thomas Robb (Ku Klux Klan)

text: Thomas Robb (born 1946) is an American white supremacist, Ku Klux Klan leader and Christian Identity pastor. He is the National Director of The Knights Party, also known as the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, taking control of the organization in 1989.


title: Thomas Robb (Ku Klux Klan)

text: Robb is the pastor of the Christian Revival Center in Zinc, Arkansas, a Christian Identity center where Robb espouses racism and antisemitism. Robb's "Thomas Robb Ministries" website declares that "the Anglo Saxon ["sic"], Germanic, Scandinavian, and kindred people are THE people of the Bible."


title: Thomas Robb (Ku Klux Klan)

text: In 1989, Robb took over the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, originally led by David Duke. In a bid to gain mainstream acceptance, he took the title of "National Director" instead of "Imperial Wizard", and chose to rename the organization "The Knights Party". He also decided to accept members via mail-in forms, rather than through initiation rites that had been common Klan practice in the past. Robb defends the Klan as a harmless organization, claiming that it is "gentle, upbeat, and friendly"; when featured in the PBS documentary "Banished", Robb compared a Klan hood to a businessman's tie, claiming that "it's just tradition".


title: Thomas Robb (Ku Klux Klan)

text: Robb has maintained ties to other far-right groups; he has spoken at the Aryan Nations' annual "World Congress" of hate group leaders, appeared on Jamie Kelso's white supremacist Voice of Reason Radio Network, and contributed regularly to the white supremacist Internet forum "Stormfront". In 1996 Robb began to pioneer the concept that white people were being targeted for genocide.


title: Thomas Robb (Ku Klux Klan)

text: In 2009, Robb's daughter Rachel Pendergraft and his granddaughters, Charity and Shelby Pendergraft, formed a "white nationalist" band called Heritage Connection.


title: Thomas Robb (Ku Klux Klan)

text: Robb's Party publishes "The Crusader", a quarterly publication. In November 2016, just days before the presidential election, Robb wrote a front-page article under the title "Make America Great Again" in "The Crusader", devoted to a lengthy endorsement of Donald Trump and Trump's message. The Trump campaign responded by denouncing "The Crusader" article.


title: Redmi Note 10

text: The Redmi Note 10 is a line of Android-based smartphones as part of the Redmi Note series by Redmi, a sub-brand of Xiaomi Inc. This series were introduced in March 2021 in India and worldwide and May 2021 in China. It succeeds the Redmi Note 9 series of smartphones, which were introduced in 2020.


title: Redmi Note 10

text: In some markets Redmi Note 10 5G is marketed as the POCO M3 Pro and Redmi Note 10T 5G. In Russia Redmi Note 10 5G sold as Redmi Note 10T without 5G support. A Redmi Note 10 JE (Japan Edition) was introduced for the Japanese market, and that has similar specifications to the Redmi Note 10 5G but a different processor, battery and the addition of IP68 water resistance. The Japanese Redmi Note 10T has most specefications as Redmi Note 10 JE but with other camera, design, battery capacity as Note 10 5G and eSIM support. On May 24, 2022 Xiaomi introduced Redmi Note 11SE which have same specs as Chinese Redmi Note 10 5G but design from POCO M3 Pro.


title: Redmi Note 10

text: In 2022 Redmi Note 10S was reintroduced in India as Redmi Note 11 SE (note to be confused with Chinese Redmi Note 11SE) and as Poco M5s on global market. Redmi Note 11 SE do not have in-box charger and Poco M5s has slightly different.


title: Process philosophy

text: Process philosophy, also ontology of becoming, or processism, is an approach to philosophy that identifies processes, changes, or shifting relationships as the only true elements of the ordinary, everyday real world. In opposition to the classical view of change as illusory (as argued by Parmenides) or accidental (as argued by Aristotle), process philosophy posits transient occasions of change or becoming as the only fundamental things of the ordinary everyday real world.


title: Process philosophy

text: Since the time of Plato and Aristotle, classical ontology has posited ordinary world reality as constituted of enduring substances, to which transient processes are ontologically subordinate, if they are not denied. If Socrates changes, becoming sick, Socrates is still the same (the substance of Socrates being the same), and change (his sickness) only glides over his substance: change is accidental, and devoid of primary reality, whereas the substance is essential.


title: Process philosophy

text: Philosophers who appeal to process rather than substance include The Buddha, Heraclitus, Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson, Martin Heidegger, Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, John Dewey, Alfred North Whitehead, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Iain McGilchrist, Eugene Gendlin, Thomas Nail, Alfred Korzybski, R. G. Collingwood, Alan Watts, Robert M. Pirsig, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Charles Hartshorne, Arran Gare, Nicholas Rescher, Colin Wilson, Tim Ingold, Bruno Latour, William E. Connolly, Gilles Deleuze, Alain Badiou, and Arthur M. Young. In physics, Ilya Prigogine distinguishes between the "physics of being" and the "physics of becoming". Process philosophy covers not just scientific intuitions and experiences, but can be used as a conceptual bridge to facilitate discussions among religion, philosophy, and science.


title: Process philosophy

text: Process philosophy is sometimes classified as closer to Continental philosophy than analytic philosophy, because it is usually only taught in Continental departments. However, other sources state that process philosophy should be placed somewhere in the middle between the poles of analytic versus Continental methods in contemporary philosophy.


title: Process philosophy

text: "Everything changes and nothing remains still ... and ... you cannot step twice into the same stream"


title: Process philosophy

text: "All things are an interchange for fire, and fire for all things, just like goods for gold and gold for goods."


title: Process philosophy

text: "...reality is not a constellation of things at all, but one of processes. The fundamental "stuff" of the world is not material substance, but volatile flux, namely "fire", and all things are versions thereof ("puros tropai"). Process is fundamental: the river is not an "object", but a continuing flow; the sun is not a "thing", but an enduring fire. Everything is a matter of process, of activity, of change ("panta rhei")."


title: Process philosophy

text: An early expression of this viewpoint is in Heraclitus's fragments. He posits strife, "ἡ ἔρις" (strife, conflict), as the underlying basis of all reality defined by change. The balance and opposition in strife were the foundations of change and stability in the flux of existence.


title: Process philosophy

text: In the early twentieth century, the philosophy of mathematics was undertaken to develop mathematics as an airtight, axiomatic system in which every truth could be derived logically from a set of axioms. In the foundations of mathematics, this project is variously understood as logicism or as part of the formalist program of David Hilbert. Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell attempted to complete, or at least facilitate, this program with their seminal book Principia Mathematica, which purported to build a logically consistent set theory on which to found mathematics. After this, Whitehead extended his interest to natural science, which he held needed a deeper philosophical basis. He intuited that natural science was struggling to overcome a traditional ontology of timeless material substances that does not suit natural phenomena. According to Whitehead, material is more properly understood as 'process'. In 1929, he produced the most famous work of process philosophy, "Process and Reality", continuing the work begun by Hegel but describing a more complex and fluid dynamic ontology.


title: Process philosophy

text: Process thought describes truth as "movement" in and through substance (Hegelian truth), rather than substances as fixed concepts or "things" (Aristotelian truth). Since Whitehead, process thought is distinguished from Hegel in that it describes entities that arise or coalesce in "becoming", rather than being simply dialectically determined from prior posited determinates. These entities are referred to as "complexes of occasions of experience". It is also distinguished in being not necessarily conflictual or oppositional in operation. Process may be integrative, destructive or both together, allowing for aspects of interdependence, influence, and confluence, and addressing coherence in universal as well as particular developments, i.e., those aspects not befitting Hegel's system. Additionally, instances of determinate occasions of experience, while always ephemeral, are nonetheless seen as important to define the type and continuity of those occasions of experience that flow from or relate to them.


title: Process philosophy

text: Alfred North Whitehead began teaching and writing on process and metaphysics when he joined Harvard University in 1924.


title: Process philosophy

text: In his book "Science and the Modern World" (1925), Whitehead noted that the human intuitions and experiences of science, aesthetics, ethics, and religion influence the worldview of a community, but that in the last several centuries science dominates Western culture. Whitehead sought a holistic, comprehensive cosmology that provides a systematic descriptive theory of the world which can be used for the diverse human intuitions gained through ethical, aesthetic, religious, and scientific experiences, and not just the scientific.


title: Process philosophy

text: Whitehead's influences were not restricted to philosophers or physicists or mathematicians. He was influenced by the French philosopher Henri Bergson (1859–1941), whom he credits along with William James and John Dewey in the preface to "Process and Reality".


title: Process philosophy

text: For Whitehead, metaphysics is about logical frameworks for the conduct of discussions of the character of the world. It is not directly and immediately about facts of nature, but only indirectly so, in that its task is to explicitly formulate the language and conceptual presuppositions that are used to describe the facts of nature. Whitehead thinks that discovery of previously unknown facts of nature can in principle call for reconstruction of metaphysics.


title: Process philosophy

text: The process metaphysics elaborated in "Process and Reality" posits an ontology which is based on the two kinds of existence of an entity, that of actual entity and that of abstract entity or abstraction, also called 'object'.


title: Process philosophy

text: "Actual entity" is a term coined by Whitehead to refer to the entities that really exist in the natural world. For Whitehead, actual entities are spatiotemporally extended events or processes. An actual entity is how something is happening, and how its happening is related to other actual entities. The actually existing world is a multiplicity of actual entities overlapping one another.


title: Process philosophy

text: The ultimate abstract principle of actual existence for Whitehead is "creativity". Creativity is a term coined by Whitehead to show a power in the world that allows the presence of an actual entity, a new actual entity, and multiple actual entities. Creativity is the principle of novelty. It is manifest in what can be called 'singular causality'. This term may be contrasted with the term 'nomic causality'. An example of singular causation is that I woke this morning because my alarm clock rang. An example of nomic causation is that alarm clocks generally wake people in the morning. Aristotle recognizes singular causality as efficient causality. For Whitehead, there are many contributory singular causes for an event. A further contributory singular cause of my being awoken by my alarm clock this morning was that I was lying asleep near it till it rang.


title: Process philosophy

text: An actual entity is a general philosophical term for an utterly determinate and completely concrete individual particular of the actually existing world or universe of considered in terms of singular causality, about which categorical statements can be made. Whitehead's most far-reaching and radical contribution to metaphysics is his invention of a better way of choosing the actual entities. Whitehead chooses a way of defining the actual entities that makes them all alike, "qua" actual entities, with a single exception.


title: Process philosophy

text: For example, for Aristotle, the actual entities were the substances, such as Socrates. Besides Aristotle's ontology of substances, another example of an ontology that posits actual entities is in the monads of Leibniz, which are said to be 'windowless'.


title: Process philosophy

text: For Whitehead's ontology of processes as defining the world, the actual entities exist as the only fundamental elements of reality.


title: Process philosophy

text: With one exception, all actual entities for Whitehead are "temporal" and are "occasions of experience" (which are not to be confused with consciousness). An entity that people commonly think of as a simple concrete object, or that Aristotle would think of as a substance, is, in this ontology, considered to be a temporally serial composite of indefinitely many overlapping occasions of experience. A human being is thus composed of indefinitely many occasions of experience.


title: Process philosophy

text: The one exceptional actual entity is at once both temporal and "atemporal": God. He is objectively immortal, as well as being immanent in the world. He is objectified in each temporal actual entity; but He is not an eternal object.


title: Process philosophy

text: The occasions of experience are of four grades. The first grade comprises processes in a physical vacuum such as the propagation of an electromagnetic wave or gravitational influence across empty space. The occasions of experience of the second grade involve just inanimate matter; "matter" being the composite overlapping of occasions of experience from the previous grade. The occasions of experience of the third grade involve living organisms. Occasions of experience of the fourth grade involve experience in the mode of presentational immediacy, which means more or less what are often called the qualia of subjective experience. So far as we know, experience in the mode of presentational immediacy occurs in only more evolved animals. That some occasions of experience involve experience in the mode of presentational immediacy is the one and only reason why Whitehead makes the occasions of experience his actual entities; for the actual entities must be of the ultimately general kind. Consequently, it is inessential that an occasion of experience have an aspect in the mode of presentational immediacy; occasions of the grades one, two, and three, lack that aspect.


title: Process philosophy

text: There is no mind-matter duality in this ontology, because "mind" is simply seen as an abstraction from an occasion of experience which has also a material aspect, which is of course simply another abstraction from it; thus the mental aspect and the material aspect are abstractions from one and the same concrete occasion of experience. The brain is part of the body, both being abstractions of a kind known as "persistent physical objects", neither being actual entities. Though not recognized by Aristotle, there is biological evidence, written about by Galen, that the human brain is an essential seat of human experience in the mode of presentational immediacy. We may say that the brain has a material and a mental aspect, all three being abstractions from their indefinitely many constitutive occasions of experience, which are actual entities.


title: Process philosophy

text: Inherent in each actual entity is its respective dimension of time. Potentially, each Whiteheadean occasion of experience is causally consequential on every other occasion of experience that precedes it in time, and has as its causal consequences every other occasion of experience that follows it in time; thus it has been said that Whitehead's occasions of experience are 'all window', in contrast to Leibniz's 'windowless' monads. In time defined relative to it, each occasion of experience is causally influenced by prior occasions of experiences, and causally influences future occasions of experience. An occasion of experience consists of a process of prehending other occasions of experience, reacting to them. This is the "process" in "process philosophy".


title: Process philosophy

text: Such process is never deterministic. Consequently, free will is essential and inherent to the universe.


title: Process philosophy

text: The causal outcomes obey the usual well-respected rule that the causes precede the effects in time. Some pairs of processes cannot be connected by cause-and-effect relations, and they are said to be spatially separated. This is in perfect agreement with the viewpoint of the Einstein theory of special relativity and with the Minkowski geometry of spacetime. It is clear that Whitehead respected these ideas, as may be seen for example in his 1919 book "An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge" as well as in "Process and Reality". In this view, time is relative to an inertial reference frame, different reference frames defining different versions of time.


title: Process philosophy

text: The actual entities, the occasions of experience, are logically "atomic" in the sense that an occasion of experience cannot be cut and separated into two other occasions of experience. This kind of logical atomicity is perfectly compatible with indefinitely many spatio-temporal overlaps of occasions of experience. One can explain this kind of atomicity by saying that an occasion of experience has an internal causal structure that could not be reproduced in each of the two complementary sections into which it might be cut. Nevertheless, an actual entity can completely contain each of indefinitely many other actual entities.


title: Process philosophy

text: Another aspect of the atomicity of occasions of experience is that they do not change. An actual entity is what it is. An occasion of experience can be described as a process of change, but it is itself unchangeable.


title: Process philosophy

text: The reader should bear in mind that the atomicity of the actual entities is of a simply logical or philosophical kind, thoroughly different in concept from the natural kind of atomicity that describes the atoms of physics and chemistry.


title: Process philosophy

text: Whitehead's theory of extension was concerned with the spatio-temporal features of his occasions of experience. Fundamental to both Newtonian and to quantum theoretical mechanics is the concept of momentum. The measurement of a momentum requires a finite spatiotemporal extent. Because it has no finite spatiotemporal extent, a single point of Minkowski space cannot be an occasion of experience, but is an abstraction from an infinite set of overlapping or contained occasions of experience, as explained in "Process and Reality". Though the occasions of experience are atomic, they are not necessarily separate in extension, spatiotemporally, from one another. Indefinitely many occasions of experience can "overlap" in Minkowski space.


title: Process philosophy

text: Nexus is a term coined by Whitehead to show the network actual entity from the universe. In the universe of actual entities spread actual entity. Actual entities are clashing with each other and form other actual entities. The birth of an actual entity based on an actual entity, actual entities around him referred to as nexus.


title: Process philosophy

text: An example of a nexus of temporally overlapping occasions of experience is what Whitehead calls an "enduring physical object", which corresponds closely with an Aristotelian substance. An enduring physical object has a temporally earliest and a temporally last member. Every member (apart from the earliest) of such a nexus is a causal consequence of the earliest member of the nexus, and every member (apart from the last) of such a nexus is a causal antecedent of the last member of the nexus. There are indefinitely many other causal antecedents and consequences of the enduring physical object, which overlap, but are not members, of the nexus. No member of the nexus is spatially separate from any other member. Within the nexus are indefinitely many continuous streams of overlapping nexūs, each stream including the earliest and the last member of the enduring physical object. Thus an enduring physical object, like an Aristotelian substance, undergoes changes and adventures during the course of its existence.


title: Process philosophy

text: In some contexts, especially in the theory of relativity in physics, the word 'event' refers to a single point in Minkowski or in Riemannian space-time. A point event is not a process in the sense of Whitehead's metaphysics. Neither is a countable sequence or array of points. A Whiteheadian process is most importantly characterized by extension in space-time, marked by a continuum of uncountably many points in a Minkowski or a Riemannian space-time. The word 'event', indicating a Whiteheadian actual entity, is not being used in the sense of a point event.


title: Process philosophy

text: Whitehead's "abstractions" are conceptual entities that are abstracted from or derived from and founded upon his actual entities. Abstractions are themselves not actual entities. They are the only entities that can be real but are not actual entities. This statement is one form of Whitehead's 'ontological principle'.


title: Process philosophy

text: An abstraction is a conceptual entity that refers to more than one single actual entity. Whitehead's ontology refers to importantly structured collections of actual entities as nexuses of actual entities. Collection of actual entities into a "nexus" emphasizes some aspect of those entities, and that emphasis is an abstraction, because it means that some aspects of the actual entities are emphasized or dragged away from their actuality, while other aspects are de-emphasized or left out or left behind.


title: Process philosophy

text: 'Eternal object' is a term coined by Whitehead. It is an abstraction, a possibility, or pure potential. It can be ingredient into some actual entity. It is a principle that can give a particular form to an actual entity.


title: Process philosophy

text: Whitehead admitted indefinitely many eternal objects. An example of an "eternal object" is a number, such as the number 'two'. Whitehead held that eternal objects are abstractions of a very high degree of abstraction. Many abstractions, including eternal objects, are potential ingredients of processes.


title: Process philosophy

text: For Whitehead, besides its temporal generation by the actual entities which are its contributory causes, a process may be considered as a concrescence of abstract "ingredient" eternal objects. God enters into every temporal actual entity.


title: Process philosophy

text: Whitehead's "ontological principle" is that whatever reality pertains to an abstraction is derived from the actual entities upon which it is founded or of which it is comprised.


title: Process philosophy

text: Concrescence is a term coined by Whitehead to show the process of jointly forming an actual entity that was without form, but about to manifest itself into an entity Actual full ("satisfaction") based on datums or for information on the universe. The process of forming an actual entity is the case based on the existing datums. Concretion process can be regarded as "subjectification process."


title: Process philosophy

text: Datum is a term coined by Whitehead to show the different variants of information possessed by actual entity. In process philosophy, datum is obtained through the events of concrescence. Every actual entity has a variety of datum.


title: Process philosophy

text: Whitehead is not an idealist in the strict sense. Whitehead's thought may be regarded as related to the idea of panpsychism (also known as panexperientialism, because of Whitehead's emphasis on experience).


title: Process philosophy

text: Whitehead's philosophy is complex, subtle, and nuanced; and in order to comprehend his thinking regarding what is commonly referred to by many religions as "God", it is recommended that one read from "Process and Reality Corrected Edition" (1978), wherein regarding "God" the authors elaborate Whitehead's conception.


title: Process philosophy

text: Process philosophy, might be considered according to some theistic forms of religion to give God a special place in the universe of occasions of experience. Regarding Whitehead's use of the term "occasions" in reference to "God", "Process and Reality Corrected Edition" explains:


title: Process philosophy

text: It also can be assumed within some forms of theology that a God encompasses all the other occasions of experience but also transcends them and this might lead to it being argued that Whitehead endorses some form of panentheism. Since, it is argued theologically, that "free will" is inherent to the nature of the universe, Whitehead's God is not omnipotent in Whitehead's metaphysics. God's role is to offer enhanced occasions of experience. God participates in the evolution of the universe by offering possibilities, which may be accepted or rejected. Whitehead's thinking here has given rise to process theology, whose prominent advocates include Charles Hartshorne, John B. Cobb, Jr., and Hans Jonas, who was also influenced by the non-theological philosopher Martin Heidegger. However, other process philosophers have questioned Whitehead's theology, seeing it as a regressive Platonism.


title: Process philosophy

text: Whitehead enumerated three essential "natures of God". The "primordial" nature of God consists of all potentialities of existence for actual occasions, which Whitehead dubbed eternal objects. God can offer possibilities by ordering the relevance of eternal objects. The "consequent" nature of God prehends everything that happens in reality. As such, God experiences all of reality in a sentient manner. The last nature is the "superjective". This is the way in which God's synthesis becomes a sense-datum for other actual entities. In some sense, God is prehended by existing actual entities.


title: Process philosophy

text: In plant morphology, Rolf Sattler developed a process morphology (dynamic morphology) that overcomes the structure/process (or structure/function) dualism that is commonly taken for granted in biology. According to process morphology, structures such as leaves of plants do not have processes, they "are" processes.


title: Process philosophy

text: In evolution and in development, the nature of the changes of biological objects are considered by many authors to be more radical than in physical systems. In biology, changes are not just changes of state in a pre-given space, instead the space and more generally the mathematical structures required to understand object change over time.


title: Process philosophy

text: With its perspective that everything is interconnected, that all life has value, and that non-human entities are also experiencing subjects, process philosophy has played an important role in discourse on ecology and sustainability. The first book to connect process philosophy with environmental ethics was John B. Cobb, Jr.'s 1971 work, "Is It Too Late: A Theology of Ecology". In a more recent book (2018) edited by John B. Cobb, Jr. and Wm. Andrew Schwartz, "Putting Philosophy to Work: Toward an Ecological Civilization" contributors explicitly explore the ways in which process philosophy can be put to work to address the most urgent issues facing our world today, by contributing to a transition toward an ecological civilization. That book emerged from the largest international conference held on the theme of ecological civilization ("Seizing an Alternative: Toward an Ecological Civilization") which was organized by the Center for Process Studies in June 2015. The conference brought together roughly 2,000 participants from around the world and featured such leaders in the environmental movement as Bill McKibben, Vandana Shiva, John B. Cobb, Jr., Wes Jackson, and Sheri Liao. The notion of ecological civilization is often affiliated with the process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead—especially in China.


title: Process philosophy

text: In the philosophy of mathematics, some of Whitehead's ideas re-emerged in combination with cognitivism as the cognitive science of mathematics and embodied mind theses.


title: Process philosophy

text: Somewhat earlier, exploration of mathematical practice and quasi-empiricism in mathematics from the 1950s to 1980s had sought alternatives to metamathematics in social behaviours around mathematics itself: for instance, Paul Erdős's simultaneous belief in Platonism and a single "big book" in which all proofs existed, combined with his personal obsessive need or decision to collaborate with the widest possible number of other mathematicians. The process, rather than the outcomes, seemed to drive his explicit behaviour and odd use of language, as if the synthesis of Erdős and collaborators in seeking proofs, creating sense-datum for other mathematicians, was itself the expression of a divine will. Certainly, Erdős behaved as if nothing else in the world mattered, including money or love, as emphasized in his biography "The Man Who Loved Only Numbers".


title: Process philosophy

text: Several fields of science and especially medicine seem to make liberal use of ideas in process philosophy, notably the theory of pain and healing of the late 20th century. The philosophy of medicine began to deviate somewhat from scientific method and an emphasis on repeatable results in the very late 20th century by embracing population thinking, and a more pragmatic approach to issues in public health, environmental health and especially mental health. In this latter field, R. D. Laing, Thomas Szasz and Michel Foucault were instrumental in moving medicine away from emphasis on "cures" and towards concepts of individuals in balance with their society, both of which are changing, and against which no benchmarks or finished "cures" were very likely to be measurable.


title: Process philosophy

text: In psychology, the subject of imagination was again explored more extensively since Whitehead, and the question of feasibility or "eternal objects" of thought became central to the impaired theory of mind explorations that framed postmodern cognitive science. A biological understanding of the most eternal object, that being the emerging of similar but independent cognitive apparatus, led to an obsession with the process "embodiment", that being, the emergence of these cognitions. Like Whitehead's God, especially as elaborated in J. J. Gibson's perceptual psychology emphasizing affordances, by ordering the relevance of eternal objects (especially the cognitions of other such actors), the world becomes. Or, it becomes simple enough for human beings to begin to make choices, and to prehend what happens as a result. These experiences may be summed in some sense but can only approximately be shared, even among very similar cognitions with identical DNA. An early explorer of this view was Alan Turing who sought to prove the limits of expressive complexity of human genes in the late 1940s, to put bounds on the complexity of human intelligence and so assess the feasibility of artificial intelligence emerging. Since 2000, Process Psychology has progressed as an independent academic and therapeutic discipline: In 2000, Michel Weber created the Whitehead Psychology Nexus: an open forum dedicated to the cross-examination of Alfred North Whitehead's process philosophy and the various facets of the contemporary psychological field.


title: Process philosophy

text: The philosophy of movement is a sub-area within process philosophy that treats processes as "movements". It studies processes as flows, folds, and fields in historical patterns of centripetal, centrifugal, tensional, and elastic motion. See Thomas Nail's philosophy of movement and process materialism.


title: Al-Falaq

text: Al-Falaq or The Daybreak (, "al-falaq") is the 113th chapter ("sūrah") of the Qur'an. It is a brief five ayat (verse) surah, asking God for protection from the evil:


title: Al-Falaq

text: This surah and the 114th (and last) surah in the Qur'an, an-Nās, are collectively referred to as "al-Mu'awwidhatayn", "the Refuges", as both begin with "I seek refuge"; an-Nās tells to seek God for refuge from the evil from within, while al-Falaq tells to seek God for refuge from the evil from outside, so reading both of them would protect a person from his own mischief and the mischief of others.


title: Al-Falaq

text: Regarding the timing and contextual background of the believed revelation ("asbāb al-nuzūl"), it is an earlier "Meccan surah", which indicates a revelation in Mecca rather than in Medina. Early Muslims were persecuted in Mecca where Muhammed was not a leader, and not persecuted in Medina, where he was a protected leader.


title: Al-Falaq

text: The word ""al-Falaq"" in the first verse, a generic term referring to the process of 'splitting', has been restricted in most translations to one particular type of splitting, namely 'daybreak' or 'dawn'.


title: Al-Falaq

text: Verse 4 refers to one of the soothsayer's techniques: partially tieing a knot, uttering a curse, spitting into the knot and pulling it tight. In the pre-Islamic period, soothsayers claimed the power to cause various illnesses. According to soothsayers the knot had to be found and untied before the curse could be lifted. This practice is condemned in verse 4.


title: Al-Falaq

text: "And from the evil of the darkening (night) as it comes with its darkness; (or the moon as it sets or goes away).


title: Al-Falaq

text: The first and foremost exegesis/tafsir of the Qur'an is found in hadith of Muhammad. Although scholars including ibn Taymiyyah claim that Muhammad has commented on the whole of the Qur'an, others including Ghazali cite the limited amount of narratives, thus indicating that he has commented only on a portion of the Qur'an. Ḥadīth (حديث) is literally "speech" or "report", that is a recorded saying or tradition of Muhammad validated by isnad; with Sirah Rasul Allah these comprise the sunnah and reveal shariah. According to Aishah, the life of Muhammad was practical implementation of Qur'an. Therefore, higher count of hadith elevates the importance of the pertinent surah from a certain perspective. This surah was held in special esteem in hadith, which can be observed by these related narratives. According to hadith, Muhammad used to recite this surah before sleeping every night.


title: Cauchy principal value

text: In mathematics, the Cauchy principal value, named after Augustin Louis Cauchy, is a method for assigning values to certain improper integrals which would otherwise be undefined.


title: Cauchy principal value

text: Depending on the type of singularity in the integrand , the Cauchy principal value is defined according to the following rules:


title: Cauchy principal value

text: In some cases it is necessary to deal simultaneously with singularities both at a finite number and at infinity. This is usually done by a limit of the form


title: Cauchy principal value

text: then the function is integrable in the ordinary sense. The result of the procedure for principal value is the same as the ordinary integral; since it no longer matches the definition, it is technically not a "principal value".


title: Cauchy principal value

text: The Cauchy principal value can also be defined in terms of contour integrals of a complex-valued function formula_4 with formula_5 with a pole on a contour . Define formula_6 to be that same contour, where the portion inside the disk of radius around the pole has been removed. Provided the function formula_7 is integrable over formula_6 no matter how small becomes, then the Cauchy principal value is the limit:


title: Cauchy principal value

text: In the case of Lebesgue-integrable functions, that is, functions which are integrable in absolute value, these definitions coincide with the standard definition of the integral.


title: Cauchy principal value

text: If the function formula_7 is "meromorphic", the Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem relates the principal value of the integral over with the mean-value of the integrals with the contour displaced slightly above and below, so that the residue theorem can be applied to those integrals.


title: Cauchy principal value

text: Let formula_11 be the set of bump functions, i.e., the space of smooth functions with compact support on the real line formula_12. Then the map


title: Cauchy principal value

text: is a distribution. The map itself may sometimes be called the principal value (hence the notation p.v.). This distribution appears, for example, in the Fourier transform of the Sign function and the Heaviside step function.


title: Cauchy principal value

text: is bounded by the usual seminorms for Schwartz functions formula_27. Therefore, this map defines, as it is obviously linear, a continuous functional on the Schwartz space and therefore a tempered distribution.