title: Africa Addio

text: Praise was usually directed at the film's music and visuals, as well as the courage of the filmmakers to deliver such unique and risky footage to the world, especially of massacres that would have been covered up. "Africa Addio" features the only known combat footage of the Congo Mercenaries, and the only known visual evidence of the Arab genocide during the Zanzibar Revolution. In Italy, it won the 1966 David di Donatello award for producer Angelo Rizzoli. Some conservative publications, such as Italy's "Il Tempo", praised the film. In 1968 at the Carnival of Viareggio, a float inspired by the film took part and made by the master of papier-mâché Il Barzella. Some items from this float, along with other memorabilia including a copy of the book by John Cohen, are kept in Museum of Dizionario del Turismo Cinematografico in Verolengo.


title: Africa Addio

text: Many commentators, however, accused it of racism and misrepresentation. Jacopetti and Prosperi responded to criticism of the film by defending their intentions. In the 2003 documentary "The Godfathers of Mondo", Prosperi argues that the criticism was due to the fact that, "The public was not ready for this kind of truth," and Jacopetti explicitly states that the film “was not a justification of colonialism, but a condemnation for leaving the continent in a miserable condition.” The subsequent film collaboration between the two men, "Addio Zio Tom", explored the horrors of American racial slavery and was intended (in part) to combat the charges of racism leveled against them following the release of "Africa Addio" (though that, too, was criticized for perceived racism).


title: Africa Addio

text: Film directors Octavio Getino and Fernando Solanas harshly criticized the film in their manifesto "Toward a Third Cinema", calling Jacopetti a fascist, and asserting that in the film, man is "viewed as a beast," and is "turned into an extra who dies so Jacopetti can comfortably film his execution."


title: Africa Addio

text: Film critic Roger Ebert, in a scathing 1967 review of the shortened American version of the film, called it "racist" and stated that it "slanders a continent." He drew attention to the opening narration:


title: Africa Addio

text: "Europe has abandoned her baby," the narrator mourns, "just when it needs her the most." Who has taken over, now that the colonialists have left? The advertising spells it out for us: "Raw, wild, brutal, modern-day savages!"


title: Africa Addio

text: US Ambassador to the United Nations Arthur Goldberg condemned the film as "grossly distorted" and "socially irresponsible," noting the protests of five African UN delegates. In West Germany, a protest movement against the film emerged after "Africa Addio" was awarded by the state-controlled movie rating board. The protest was chiefly organized by the Socialist German Student Union (SDS) and groups of African students. In West Berlin, the distributor resigned from showing the film after a series of demonstrations and damage to cinemas.


title: Africa Addio

text: Despite the filmmakers vehemently denying that anything in the film was staged, widespread rumors still claim that various scenes are inauthentic for entertainment purposes. Jacopetti has repeatedly stated that all images in the film are real and that nothing was ever staged. In the documentary "The Godfathers of Mondo", Jacopetti and Prosperi stressed that the only scenes they ever staged were in "Mondo Cane 2". In the same documentary, Prosperi described their filmmaking philosophy: “Slip in, ask, never pay, never reenact.”


title: Young Adam (film)

text: Young Adam is a 2003 British erotic drama film written and directed by David Mackenzie and starring Ewan McGregor, Tilda Swinton, Peter Mullan, Ewan Stewart and Emily Mortimer. The film is based on the 1954 novel of the same name by Alexander Trocchi.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: The film is set in Scotland in 1954. Shiftless young drifter Joe Taylor works on a barge which operates from Glasgow, on the River Clyde, along the Forth and Clyde and Union Canals to Edinburgh. He shares the cramped on-board living quarters with its operators, Les and Ella Gault, and their young son Jim. One day Joe and Les pull the body of a young woman, Cathie Dimly, naked except for a petticoat, from the water. Via flashbacks, we learn Joe knew her, and scenes involving his relationship with Cathie are juxtaposed with those set in the present time.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: After finding Cathie's body, Joe and Les go to a local pub to play darts. Joe leaves Les behind and returns to the barge, where Ella succumbs to his advances. Not wanting to disturb the sleeping Jim, the two engage in sex on the towpath. It proves to be the first of many such encounters they enjoy whenever they can find a few moments away from Les.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: In the past, Joe meets Cathie, an office worker, on a beach and the two soon are living together. He aspires to be a writer and spends his days banging on a battered typewriter while she works to support them. Joe begins to suffer from chronic writer's block and Cathie, unhappy with his lack of productivity, accuses him of taking advantage of her. In violent reply to her words, Joe humiliates Cathie, beats and rapes her. He packs his meager belongings and moves out. After tossing his typewriter in a canal, he meets Les, who offers him a job on the barge.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: Les eventually becomes aware of Ella and Joe's affair and moves out of the barge, which belongs to her, and Ella and Joe drift into a more serious relationship. When she receives word her brother-in-law has died, she and Joe visit her sister Gwen and invite her to spend a couple of weeks with them. One evening, on the pretext Gwen would like to see a movie, she and Joe leave the barge and go to a pub. After a few drinks, the two have sex in an alleyway.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: Eventually, Ella's desire to settle in the suburbs and her no-nonsense supervision of the barge's daily commercial activities put a dampener on the once-unbridled passion in her relationship with Joe, and he packs and leaves.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: In the past, Joe and Cathie reunite on the waterfront and have sex beneath a parked truck. She reveals she is two months pregnant with his child, and when Joe nonchalantly begins to walk away, she runs after him, trips, and falls into the water while dressed only in her petticoat. Joe makes no move to rescue her and, when she fails to surface, he panics and runs away.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: Past and present converge. Daniel Gordon, a plumber whom Cathie was casually seeing, is arrested and tried for her murder, and Joe spends a few days in the courtroom listening to testimony. Guilt-stricken, he writes an anonymous note absolving Daniel of the crime and leaves it where a courthouse guard can find it. It has no effect on the proceedings, and Daniel is found guilty and sentenced to hang. Unwilling to risk his life, Joe opts not to confess how Cathie really died and sets off for parts unknown.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: The film was shot on location in Gullane in East Lothian, along the Union Canals from Edinburgh to Falkirk, on the Forth and Clyde and in Clydebank, Dumbarton, Renton in West Dunbartonshire, Grangemouth and Perth and Kinross.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: The film was scored by David Byrne and the soundtrack was released under the title "Lead Us Not into Temptation".


title: Young Adam (film)

text: The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. It was also shown at the Moscow Film Festival, the Edinburgh Film Festival, the Telluride Film Festival, the Toronto International Film Festival and the Athens Film Festival before going into theatrical release in the UK on 26 September 2003. It earned $1,135,673 in the United Kingdom and $2,561,820 worldwide.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: When the film was released in the United States, the Motion Picture Association of America rated it NC-17 for "some explicit sexual content," notably a 14-second scene depicting oral sex.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: Talking about the rough sex scene with Ewan McGregor, Emily Mortimer said, "There's something really liberating about letting it rip and just going for it. There's no way in real life you'll ever be allowed to get up to all that - I mean, unless you were really into kinky stuff."


title: Young Adam (film)

text: "Young Adam" holds a approval rating on review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews, with an average rating of . The critical consensus states that the film is "A grim mood piece with good performances from the leads." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Young Adam (film)

text: Philip French of "The Guardian" called it "a cleverly constructed film that holds the attention throughout its economical 95 minutes. The naturalistic acting has considerable power, with Tilda Swinton giving a characteristically unself-regarding performance and Ewan McGregor steering clear of easy charm. But it is a depressing film exuding hopelessness and inviting us to pity the characters rather than share in their tragic condition."


title: Young Adam (film)

text: A.O. Scott of the "New York Times" observed, "The storytelling is deliberately disjointed, jumping back and forth in time without warning, so that the meaning of events and the connections among them emerge retrospectively. This creates a mood of unease and dislocation, a noirish dread that persists even after certain crucial mysteries are solved. The narrative scheme, the brooding period atmosphere, the understated score (by David Byrne) and the precision of the acting also make the story seem more interesting than it is. Joe, though in some ways fairly passive, is sexually voracious as well as sexually irresistible . . . In the end, Joe's sexuality, while exhibited with quite a bit more explicitness than the old movies would permit, is also what makes "Young Adam" feel most dated. Its view of male narcissism, as expressed through erotic need, is not only uncritical but also pretentious. The film follows the novel (and many others like it) in assuming, rather than proving, that its hero's selfishness and failure offer clues to the human condition, rather than evidence of individual limitation."


title: Young Adam (film)

text: Manohla Dargis of the "Los Angeles Times" observed, "Unlike the novel, which is written in the first person . . . the film assumes a markedly less claustrophobic, less personal point of view. Everything happens more or less through Joe's eyes, but Mackenzie, having rejected a voice-over narration, never gets inside the character the way Martin Scorsese gets inside Travis Bickle in "Taxi Driver" . . . While the novel turns Joe into a question mark, Mackenzie takes a more palatable, less ambiguous approach to the character. The casting of McGregor also softens Joe. Even tamped down and without his easy smile, the actor conveys so much natural charm he's a sorry excuse for a moral void. These changes compromise the adaptation but generally improve the story since Trocchi's existentialism has neither the heft of Jean-Paul Sartre nor the pulp pleasures of James M. Cain. Mackenzie may have realized the shortcomings in Trocchi's prose or decided he didn't want to condemn his film commercially. Whichever the case, he has greatly tempered the story's brutality the old-fashioned way: He puts an appealing, sympathetic star at the center and surrounds him with beautiful visuals, with a darkly contrasting color palette of bruising black and blue."


title: Young Adam (film)

text: Carla Meyer of the "San Francisco Chronicle" thought Tilda Swinton's "rich, compelling performance is reason enough to see this uneven picture, which devolves from a riveting romantic triangle to a morality tale without a moral center . . . McGregor has trouble negotiating the role of a man playing at life. He excels at showing the writer's vanity (in captain's hat and jacket, McGregor looks like a rent boy), but not what makes him tick."


title: Young Adam (film)

text: Mike Clark of "USA Today" noted, "This movie is so much the opposite of uplifting that you think Gary Oldman ought to be in it. But it's honestly made, and its second half does linger in the memory."


title: Young Adam (film)

text: Derek Elley of "Variety" called the film "strongly cast" and "a resonant, beautifully modulated relationships drama" that "establishes Mackenzie as an accessible stylist within mid-range [contemporary] British cinema.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: BAFTA Scotland named it Best Film and honored Ewan McGregor as Best Actor in a Scottish Film, Tilda Swinton as Best Actress in a Scottish Film, and David Mackenzie as Best Director.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: The Director's Guild of Great Britain nominated Mackenzie for the DGGB Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in British Film. He won the award for Best New British Feature at the Edinburgh International Film Festival and the London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Newcomer of the Year. London Film Critic's Circle nominations went to the film for Best Film and Ewan McGregor for British Actor of the Year, Tilda Swinton for British Actress of the Year, Emily Mortimer for British Supporting Actress of the Year, and Mackenzie for British Director of the Year and British Screenwriter of the Year.


title: Young Adam (film)

text: The Region 2 DVD was released on 29 March 2004. The Region 1 DVD was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on 14 September 2004. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks in English and French and subtitles in French. Bonus features include commentary by screenwriter/director David Mackenzie; commentary by Mackenzie, film editor Colin Monie, production designer Laurence Dorman, and actress Tilda Swinton; narration by Ewan McGregor that was deleted prior to the film's release; and an extended scene.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: Rolando Antonio Blackman (born February 26, 1959) is a Panamanian-American former professional basketball player. He was a four-time NBA All-Star who spent most of his career with the Dallas Mavericks.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: After being raised in Brooklyn, Blackman attended Kansas State University where he played basketball under coach Jack Hartman. At Kansas State, Blackman had a number of noteworthy achievements:


title: Rolando Blackman

text: Prior to his senior season, Blackman also was selected as a starter for the 1980 Summer Olympics basketball team, but did not participate in the Olympics because of the U.S. Olympic boycott. He did however receive one of 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: In his senior year Blackman led Kansas State into the West Regional of the NCAA tournament as the #8 seed. They defeated #9 seed University of San Francisco in the first round. Then KSU pulled an iconic upset of #1 seed Oregon State, 50–48, in the second round, punctuated by Blackman's game-winning jumper with three seconds left in the game. Next up was #4 seed Illinois, whom they defeated 57–52 in the semi before losing to #2 seed North Carolina 82–68 in the West Regional final.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: In 1996, after the Big Eight Conference expanded to the Big 12, Blackman was named to the AP all-time All-Big Eight basketball team. Blackman's number 25 jersey was retired by Kansas State February 17, 2007 in a ceremony at halftime during a game against Iowa State. In 2015, he was inducted into National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: Rolando Blackman was drafted by the Mavericks in the first round (9th overall) of the 1981 NBA Draft. He became the first Panamanian-born player in the NBA. Blackman had an immediate impact on the team, averaging 13.3 PPG in his rookie season. He was given a good amount of minutes in his career, getting around 24 minutes per game in his rookie campaign. He played well but the Mavericks weren't good until the 1983–1984 season. That was also Blackman's best statistical season as he averaged a career high 22.4 PPG and lead the franchise to its first ever playoff appearance. The Mavericks managed to beat the Seattle SuperSonics and reach the second round before ultimately losing to the Los Angeles Lakers. Despite putting up amazing stats, Blackman missed the all star game that year, although he did make it the following year. He would go on to be named an NBA All-Star four times in his career. At the 1987 All-Star Game, Blackman tied the game at the end of regulation with two free throws. The West team would go on to win in overtime. As for the Mavericks, they played well and even had a magical season in 1987–1988 where they managed to reach the Western Conference Finals. This appearance happened to be the franchise's first Conference Finals appearance in its history. The Mavericks made it far but fell to the Los Angeles Lakers in 7 games. After this series the Mavericks began to decline and wouldn't achieve the same amount of success until much later on in the Dirk Nowitzki era. Blackman continued to play well and averaged around 19 PPG for the next few seasons, however the Mavericks fell off in the standings. By the 1991–1992 season, Blackman was 32 years old and the Mavericks entered a stage of rebuilding. By the 1992 off-season Blackman's time with the team was finished. Blackman made 6,487 field goals with the Mavericks and scored 16,643 points, which was a franchise record for 18 years – until broken by Dirk Nowitzki on March 8, 2008. In his 865 games with the Mavericks, Blackman never fouled out of a game.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: On June 24, 1992, Blackman was traded to the New York Knicks for a 1995 first round pick (which became Loren Meyer). Blackman spent his final two seasons in the NBA with the New York Knicks. In his last season in New York, he was reunited with former Dallas teammate Derek Harper. The team made it to the NBA Finals where they lost to the Houston Rockets in seven games. One of Blackman's most notable games as a Knick was when he hit the game winning shot in Game 4 of the 1993 Eastern Conference Semi-finals against the Charlotte Hornets, hitting a jump shot with five seconds left in the game that put the Knicks up by two. Blackman still played well in the twilight years of his career but his age was finally getting to him and his time in the NBA was over. On July 6, 1994 the Knicks waived Blackman.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: Shortly after being released, he retired from the league. Following the 1993–94 season, he had career totals of 17,623 points, 3,278 rebounds and 2,981 assists. Blackman was NBA's all-time scoring leader among Hispanic/Latin players (born in Iberian, Latin American & Spanish-speaking countries) until March 6, 2015, when Pau Gasol overtook him. Blackman's number 22 jersey was retired by the Mavericks on March 11, 2000.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: Blackman signed with the Greek League team AEK Athens BC in the middle of the 1994–95 season. Coached by Vlade Đurović, they finished the season in a disappointing 8th place.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: Over the summer of 1995, Blackman moved to Olimpia Milano, where he was brought in by head coach Bogdan Tanjević. Playing in the Italian League on a team including Dejan Bodiroga, Gregor Fučka, Nando Gentile, and Alessandro De Pol, Blackman, who turned 37 during the season, helped them win both the and the Italian Basketball Cup by averaging 15.3 points per game. Blackman was named MVP of the Italian Cup series. Olimpia also reached the Korać Cup final, losing to Efes Pilsen Istanbul in the home-and-away series.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: Blackman transferred to Limoges CSP in the summer of 1996, essentially brought along by coach Tanjević who earlier signed to be the club's new head coach.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: In 2000, Blackman was tapped to be the defensive coordinator for the Mavericks under coach Don Nelson. The next year, he served as an assistant coach for the German National team and helped lead them to a bronze medal at the 2002 World Basketball Championships in Indianapolis. During the 2004–05 season, Blackman was hired as one of the Mavericks television analysts, along with Matt Pinto and Bob Ortegel. For the 2005–06 season, Blackman returned to the Mavericks' bench, serving his first season as a full-fledged assistant coach. In July 2006 he was promoted to the position of Director of Player Development.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: In August 2010, Blackman was hired as an assistant coach for the Turkey national basketball team by head coach Bogdan Tanjević, in advance of the 2010 FIBA World Championship tournament. Blackman stated that he took the job specifically to work again with Tanjević, who had been his coach in Milan.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: During the 2006 NBA Finals, Blackman's former coach with the New York Knicks, Pat Riley, admitted, publicly for the first time, that sitting Rolando Blackman in favor of John Starks during Games 6 and 7 of the 1994 NBA Finals was the biggest coaching mistake in his career, and that he has never forgiven himself for it.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: Blackman is on the board of directors of the Assist Youth Foundation. The foundation's goal is to advance opportunities for underprivileged kids in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex and across the globe.


title: Rolando Blackman

text: Blackman is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. Blackman continues to contribute to his chapter, Beta Psi, as well as the Kansas State University community.


title: Lucki

text: Lucki Camel Jr. (born May 30, 1996) known mononymously as Lucki (stylized in all caps) is an American rapper and record producer from Chicago, Illinois. He came to public attention in 2013, after receiving recognition for his debut project, "Alternative Trap". Lucki has worked with prominent music figures since then, releasing songs with Chance the Rapper, FKA Twigs, Danny Brown, Earl Sweatshirt, Future and Lil Yachty. He has now signed with record label Empire. He has been hailed as one of the most influential figures in underground rap in recent years. His 2022 studio album "Flawless Like Me" saw mainstream success, debuting at #12 on the Billboard 200.


title: Lucki

text: Lucki grew up on the West Side of Chicago, Illinois and listened to Erykah Badu, Prince, and The Notorious B.I.G. growing up; he cites Chief Keef, Future, and Babyface Ray as some of his current inspirations. Lucki started rapping in his freshman year of high school after praise from his close friends. Soon after, he dropped out of high school at the age of 16 to pursue music full-time.


title: Lucki

text: Lucki's debut single and music video "Untouchable Lucki" was produced and premiered by music blog ELEVATOR. Lucki's music was first brought to ELEVATOR co-founder Bryan Zawlocki's attention by Lucki's friends Antoinne Bryant and Kevin Wright Jr, who at the time were interns for ELEVATOR. ELEVATOR subsequently produced Lucki's first two music videos "Untouchable" and "Everything Outside", both directed by Bryan Zawlocki, alongside Antoinne Bryant and Kevin Wright Jr.


title: Lucki

text: Teaming up with his close friend and producer Plu2o Nash and other producers, Lucki released his first project, titled "Alternative Trap" at the age of 17. Lucki garnered attention from multiple music blogs including "Fake Shore Drive", "ELEVATOR", "Complex" and "Noisey", because of his distinct flow and cadence, most prominent on his lead single "Count on Me", which garnered over 700,000 views on YouTube.


title: Lucki

text: After receiving attention from music blogs for his self-proclaimed "alternative trap" music, Lucki started receiving attention from other music artists as well. In July 2014, FKA Twigs collaborated with Lucki on a song titled "Ouch Ouch"; the collaboration was a celebration of Twigs' recent visit to Chicago, as she tends to collaborate with local artists when she travels.


title: Lucki

text: August 2014 saw the release of his second project, "Body High". Later on that month, Red Bull Sound Select released a track titled "Weightin' On", featuring Danny Brown, whom he met at SXSW when they both played Red Bull's Sound Select showcase.


title: Lucki

text: In December 2014, Lucki collaborated with fellow Chicago musician Chance the Rapper and released a song titled "Stevie Wonder".


title: Lucki

text: After releasing his first single to his third project titled "X", Lucki continued to drop more songs from the mixtape in 2015; the other singles were "Lowlife" and "What I Wanna". Lucki released "X" on May 30, 2015, the day of his 19th birthday.


title: Lucki

text: A few months later, Lucki started releasing freestyles to his extended play "Freewave EP". At first, they were single songs, but soon announced they were to be a part of the upcoming EP; he first released "Freewave Freestyle" and "Back Home", and soon followed with "Freewave 3, 4, 5, and 7". The EP consisted of ten songs, the tenth song titled "Rumors" was added a couple of weeks later.


title: Lucki

text: In January 2016, Lucki announced his name change from Lucki Eck$ to Lucki when he released the first single to his then upcoming project, "@ MIDNIGHT", titled "Deja Vu", featuring fellow Chicago rapper Joey Purp. Lucki claimed that the Eck$ moniker was "childish" and that he has "grown" from the name.


title: Lucki

text: Lucki released his debut studio album "Freewave 3" in February 2019. His fifth EP, "Almost There" was released on May 29, 2020, acting as a placeholder for fans until his next project. The EP received positive reviews.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: The Madurai Nayaks were rulers of Telugu origin from around 1529 until 1736, of a region comprising most of modern-day Tamil Nadu, India, with Madurai as their capital. The Nayak reign was an era noted for its achievement in arts, cultural and administrative reforms, revitalization of temples previously ransacked by the Delhi Sultans, and the inauguration of a unique architectural style.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: The Madurai Nayaks had their social origins among the Balija warrior-merchant clans of South India, particularly in states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: The dynasty consisted of 13 rulers, of whom 9 were kings, 2 were queens, and 2 were joint-kings. The most notable of these were King Tirumala Nayaka, and Queen Rani Mangammal. Foreign trade was conducted mainly with the Dutch and the Portuguese, as the British and the French had not yet made inroads into the region.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: Originally, the Nayakas were Telugu-speaking Warrior-merchants, who started as "kartakkals" (agents) of the Vijayanagar empire in southern regions of what would become Tamil Nadu. That region had long been a troubled province due to its distance from Vijayanagara and had been only been fully subjugated in the early 16th century under Veera Narasimha. The first Nayaka, Nangama, was a popular and able general of Krishnadevaraya. Krishnadevaraya sent Nangama Nayaka with a large army to bring Pandya Nadu back under imperial control. Although he was an able administrator he was a hard ruler and rejected any claims of authority from the petty chieftains, which made him unpopular. In addition, experienced officers like Nangama Nayaka were chafing under the strict control Krishnadevaraya imposed on them. Towards the end of Krishnadevaraya's reign, trouble erupted in the south as the Chola Nayakas openly revolted and fled to Travancore, while Nangama began defying central orders while still claiming power of deputy. In response, the emperor sent Nangama's son, Viswanatha, with a large army to recapture Madurai. Viswanatha Nayaka defeated his father and sent him as prisoner to Krishnadevaraya, who in turned pardoned Nangama Nayaka for his valued service. After defeating his father Krishnadevaraya made Viswanatha governor of Madurai and other Tamil provinces in 1529, beginning the Madurai Nayaka dynasty.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: Another story goes that the Pandyas were under attack from the Cholas and appealed to Krishnadevaraya for help. He then sent Nangama Nayaka to restore the Pandyas to their rightful throne. Nangama defeated the Cholas, but instead claimed the throne for himself and deposed the Pandyan king. So Krishnadevaraya sent Nangama's son Viswanatha Nayaka to defeat him, which he did. Thus he was made "nayaka" of the region. However, this story does not have epigraphic evidence to support it.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: Viswanatha Nayaka was not originally independent, but was treated as just another governor who the emperor had sent to keep control over the provinces. Originally he had control over Chola Nadu as well, which was ruled by a feudatory Chola prince, but this was transferred to the Thanjavur Nayakas. In 1544, Viswanatha Nayaka helped Aliya Rama Raya's army subdue Travancore, which had been refusing to pay tribute.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: Vishwanatha also rebuilt fortifications at Madurai and made travel safer. He cleared the jungle around the banks of the Kaveri near Tiruchirappalli and destroyed hideouts of robbers there. He also expanded the borders of the kingdom so it included most of modern southern and western Tamil Nadu at his death. However, many of the local chieftains were still chafing under his rule, and so to appease them, Viswanatha's chief minister, Ariyanatha Mudaliar, assisted him in using the "palayam" or poligar system. The system was a quasi-fedual organisation of the country, which was divided into multiple "palayams" or small provinces; and each palayam was ruled by a "palayakkarar" or a petty chief. Ariyanatha organized the Pandyan kingdom into 72 "palayams" and ruled over the 72 dry-zone poligar chiefs. Of these 72, Kurvikulam and Ilayarasanendal, which were ruled by Kamma Nayakas of the Pemmasani, Komatineni and Ravella clans, were considered royal "palayams". In the last year of his life he abdicated the throne and was alive for his son's investiture with ruling power in 1564, and died thereafter.Viswanatha's son, Krishnappa, was crowned in 1564. He immediately faced threats from nobles disgruntled with the new "palayam" system brought in by his father. These nobles, led by Tumbichchi Nayaka instigated a revolt among some of the polygars, which was crushed by Krishnappa. In the same year, he sent a contingent to the Battle of Talikota but it could not arrive in time. This defeat made the Nayakas virtually independent. When the king of Kandy, a friend of Tumbichchi Nayaka, stopped sending tribute, Krishnappa then led an invasion of Kandy. In this invasion he killed the king of Kandy, sent the late king's wife and children to Anuradhapura and placed his own brother-in-law Vijaya Gopala Naidu as his viceroy there to ensure tribute.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: After his death in 1572, power in the kingdom went to his son Virappa Nayaka. Some documents claim the two sons of Krishnappa Nayaka were co-rulers, while other historians claim some member of the royal family was associated with rule, but not actually a ruler, like a "yuva raja" system in many of the princely states. During this time he crushed another revolt of polygars who were illegitimate descendants of the Pandyas. Virappa reigned over a period of relative stability. His relations with his nominal Vijayanagara overlords varied by their strength, but were generally cordial. After his death in 1595, power passed to his eldest son Krishnappa Nayaka II. During this time he led an occupation of Travancore and recognized Venkatapati Raya as emperor of VIjayanagar. During his reign, Ariyanatha Mudaliar died, and he himself died in 1601.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: After his death a succession crisis arose and Krishnappa Nayaka II's youngest brother, Kasturi Rangappa, seized the throne but was assassinated a week later. Muttu Krishnappa Nayaka, the son of Krishnappa Nayaka II's second brother, became ruler. His rule was mainly focused on the organization of the southern coast, mainly inhabited by the Paravars. The community was excellent at fishing and pearl diving, which made them a valuable revenue source, but the region had generally been neglected by previous Nayakas. The region gradually became lawless and fell under Portuguese control. However when the Portuguese asserted the coast was now theirs and began to collect taxes, Muttu Krishnappa started sending officers called "Sethupathis" to modern Ramanathapuram, where their duties were to protect pilgrims going to Rameswaram and to compel the Portuguese to respect Nayaka authority in the region. Muttu Krishnappa Nayak is credited with the founding of Sethupathi dynasty in Ramnad.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: He was succeeded by his son Muttu Virappa Nayaka in 1609, who desired greater independence from his Vijayanagara overlords and thus stopped paying tribute regularly. After the death of Venkatapati Raya in 1614, a nobleman Gobburi Jagga Raya murdered his successor Sriranga II and his family. This fomented a succession crisis in the Vijayanagara empire developed and civil war broke out between him and Rama Deva Raya, Sriranga II's son, who had escaped. Madurai, Gingee and the Portuguese supported the side of Jagga Raya while Raghunatha Nayaka of Thanjavur and Yachama Nayaka of Kalahasti were among those supporting Rama Deva Raya. In the Battle of Toppur in 1616, the generalship of Raghunatha and Yachama led to a crushing defeat for Jagga Raya's forces, and he was killed. Muttu Virappa was forced to pay a huge tribute to the Centre. He then shifted his capital to Tiruchirappalli later that year so that he could more easily launch an invasion of Thanjavur if he wanted to, but this failed. However, his appeasement of his Pandyan vassals meant they were loyal when Mysore invaded Dindigul in 1620 and was repelled. He died in 1623.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: Muttu Virappa was succeeded by his brother Tirumala Nayaka, either as de facto or de jure ruler, in 1623. One of his first acts was to shift the capital back to Madurai, both as a better protection against invasion and its religious significance. The change took 10 years and was finally done in 1635. He also increased the army size to 30,000 to better work against. The kingdom was invaded again by Mysore in 1625, but Tirumala and his generals Ramappayya and Ranganna Nayaka crushed the invasion and launched a counterattack in which they laid siege to Mysore. Later in 1635, Travancore stopped paying tribute to Madurai so Tirumala Nayaka sent armies to attack him, which forced Travancore to resume tribute payments. In 1635, Tirumala Nayaka sent Ramappayya against the "Sethupathi" of Ramnad, who had rejected his decision on a succession matter. In this campaign, the Portuguese supported Tirumala Nayaka, and in return he allowed them to build a fortress and station a small garrison wherever they might want.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: During this time, the Vijayanagara empire was falling fast and so Tirumala Nayaka cancelled tribute payment altogether. However when Sriranga III took power, he viewed this as an act of rebellion and assembled a large army to subdue his vassal. Tirumala allied with Thanjavur and Gingee, but Thanjavur defected to the emperor. Madurai then made a new alliance with the Golconda Sultanate, who laid siege to Vellore and defeated Sriranga III. When he then appealed to his Nayakas for an alliance, all rejected him and Vijayanagara fell altogether. Goldonda, which conquered Vellore around 1646, laid siege to Gingee along with the Bijapur Sultanate. Tirumala Nayaka's armies arrived too late to save the fortress.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: In 1655, Mysore launched another invasion of Madurai when Tirumala was on his sickbed, and so he entrusted his defense to the Sethupathi of Ramnad, who had just emerged from a period of chaos. Ragunatha Thevar managed to drive back Mysore and in return all tribute was cancelled from him.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: Tirumala was succeeded by his son in 1659, who ruled for only four months, and then was succeeded by Chokkanatha Nayaka. In the first part of his reign, his army commander and chief minister revolted, supported by Thanjavur. He crushed the insurgents and invaded Thanjavur in retaliation, briefly placing his brother Muddu Alagiri as ruler there. But Madurai soon lost control of the region as Alagiri declared his independence and the Marathas under Venkoji conquered the province in 1675. Chokkanatha then waged war with Mysore and lost more territory, but his successor Muttu Virappa III recaptured it. After his death in 1689, Muttu Virappa III was succeeded by his infant son with Rani Mangammal, Virappa's mother, as regent. With the Mughal juggernaut approaching southern India, Rani Mangammal recognised it would be better to pay tribute to the Mughals than have them invade. She supporter their capture of Jinji from Rajaram, who would otherwise have attacked Madurai and Thanjavur, and ruled the fort as a Mughal vassal.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: Muttu Virappa III's son Vijayaranga Chokkanatha reached maturity in 1704. However, he was more interested in scholarship and learning than ruling, and so real power fell to his chief counselor and commander of the army, who were known to abuse their power prodigiously. After his death in 1732, his wife, Queen Meenakshi, decided to adopt the son of Bangaru Tirumalai Nayaka, a member of the royal house. However there was severe strife between Bangaru Tirumalai and Meenakshi, and he led an uprising against her. In 1734, the Nawab of Arcot sent an expedition south to demand tribute and fealty from the kingdoms there, and in desperation, Meenakshi gave tribute to the Nawab's son-in-law, Chanda Sahib, to form an alliance. Bangaru Tirumalai retreated to the far south, in Madurai, and organized a large force of disgruntled polygars in 1736. Although they took Dindigul, Meenakshi and Chanda Sahib organized an army to attack Tirumalai. At the battle of Ammayanayakkanur near Dindigul, Bangaru Tirumalai's forces were defeated and he fled to Sivaganga. Once he was admitted into the Tiruchirappalli fort, however, Chanda Sahib declared himself king and imprisoned Meenakshi in her palace, ending the Madurai Nayakas for good. Tradition states she poisoned herself in 1739.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: Some of the family members of Vangaru Thirumalai established the Nayak dynasty in Sri Lanka known as the Kandy Nayaks. They ruled till 1815 with Kandy as their capital and were also the last ruling dynasty of Sri Lanka. The Kings of Kandy had from an early time sought marrriages with Madurai and many of the queens were from Madurai. The Kandy Nayaks received military support from the Nayaks of Madurai in fighting off the Portuguese. And in the 17th and 18th centuries, marital alliances between the Kandyan kings and Nayak princesses had become a matter of policy.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: The Madurai Nayakas followed a decentralized governance style. The king was supreme ruler, but his main advisor was the "dalavai", who controlled both civil and military matters. The three most effective "dalavais" were Ariyanatha Mudaliar, Eamppayya and Narasappayya. The next most important figure was the "pradhani" or finance minister, and then the "rayasam", chief of the bureaucracy. The empire was divided into provinces and local areas, each with its own governor and bureaucracy. The most basic unit was the village. Revenue would be earned through taxes on land.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: The Nayakas also had a parallel system of administration. They divided their territory into 72 "palayams", each of which was ruled by a "palaiyakkarar", better known as "polygar". These warrior-chiefs had a significant amount of autonomy from the centre and held powers of law enforcement and judicial administration. In return, they would give one-third of the "palaiyam"'s revenue to the Nayaka and another third for the upkeep of an army. Often, however, the "polygars" were completely outside central control and would raid and pillage nearby territory.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: The main languages of Nayaka rule were Telugu and Tamil. Tamil was mainly used by the common people, although there were some Telugu cultivators in the region. The Madurai Nayakas, on the other hand, had Telugu as mother tongue but could also speak Tamil.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: The Nayakas were great patrons of literature in Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit. Although most kings patronized mainly poetry (considered "divine"), under Nayaka patronage Telugu prose flourished.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: The Nayakas were some of the most prolific architects in South India. Much of their work was expansions and additions to existing Vijayanagara or pre-Vijayanagara structures. By far their greatest work was the Meenakshi-Surendeswara complex in Madurai, which is known for its four towering gopurams up to 50 metres in height. The original structure that stood there during Pandyan times was neglected during the Madurai Sultanate and fell into ruin, and the Vijayanagara rulers had begun to rebuild it. However the Nayakas made the most extensive contributions to the temple complex. Each of the additions to the temple was done by different rulers in different stages, and almost all rulers of the dynasty, or their wives and ministers, made generous donations to the temple and its construction so that it grew to a size of 254 by 238 metres. The Nayakas mainly followed the Dravidian style of architecture, with much emphasis on towering structures and elaborate carving. Much of the work centered around the addition of various "mandapas", or columnated halls, filled with a variety of carved pillars such as the "pudu mandapa" directly adjoining the complex. Other important works included the Azhagar kovil and Tiruparankundram Murugan Kovil in the outskirts of Madurai, as well as the expansion of the Ranganathaswamy temple complex in Srirangam. In the case of the Ranganathaswamy temple, the Nayakas expanded the original shrine to be seven concentric enclosures, each topped with towering "gopurams". However this project was incomplete when the Nayak dynasty fell and has since been continued into the modern-day.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: Although temple architecture was the main pursuit of the Nayakas, they constructed other buildings as well. Thirumala Nayaka is famous for his huge Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal, which George Mitchell speculated must have been the largest of all royal residences in the 17th century, develops earlier palace architecture from the Vijayanagara period. This architecture includes both completely indigenous elements such as square and rectangular bases with u-shaped ascending floors with numerous courts and verandahs, as well as double-curved eaves, "gopuram"-like towers and plastered sculptures as well as elements borrowed from the Bahmanis such as significant presence of arches, cusps, and geometric designs. This Vijayanagara style was blended with indigenous Tamil architecture, for instance, the use of cylindrical columns like Tamil wooden architecture, to create new architectural styles for grand buildings such as the Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal. Only two sections of this palace still stand, the dance hall and audience hall.


title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: Some early Madurai Nayaka coins portray the figure of the king. The bull also is seen frequently on the Madurai Nayak coins. Chokkanatha Nayak, one of the last rulers of the dynasty, issued coins displaying various animals, such as the bear, elephant and lion. He also issued coins featuring Hanuman and Garuda. The inscriptions on the Nayak coins are in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Nagari scripts. Unlike the coins of many of the earlier dynasties, the Nayak coins are easily available for coin-collectors.


title: Justin Tranter

text: Justin Drew Tranter (born June 16, 1980) is an American songwriter, singer, and activist. Frequently co-writing with Julia Michaels, Tranter has written songs for artists such as Britney Spears, Gwen Stefani, Linkin Park, Kelly Clarkson, Selena Gomez, Justin Bieber, DNCE, Kesha, Imagine Dragons, Fifth Harmony, 5 Seconds of Summer, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Bea Miller, Demi Lovato, Dua Lipa, Måneskin, and Fall Out Boy. From 2004 to 2014, Tranter was the lead singer of Semi Precious Weapons, a rock band based in New York. Since February 2017, they have been a board member of GLAAD, an organization that promotes LGBT acceptance in the entertainment and news industries. Tranter's songs have garnered over 50 million single sales and 50 billion streams on Spotify and YouTube alone.


title: Justin Tranter

text: Justin Drew Tranter was born and grew up in Hawthorn Woods. They have three older brothers. Tranter says that they experienced bullying during their youth, which caused them to be transferred from the Lake Zurich public high school to the Chicago Academy for the Arts after a semester. While studying musical theater at the Academy, they started the AIDS Benefit, an annual show run by students to raise awareness for HIV/AIDS. Tranter graduated in 1998. Following this, they studied at the Berklee College of Music in Boston. Along with songwriting, they also took classes in business management. While at Berklee, they founded Musicians with a Mission, a scholarship fund for LGBT youth education.


title: Justin Tranter

text: Tranter released their debut studio album "Scratched" in 2002 and followed it up with their second studio album "Tear Me Together" in 2004.


title: Justin Tranter

text: In 2004, following the release of "Tear Me Together", Tranter formed the band Semi Precious Weapons in New York with fellow Berklee graduates Cole Whittle, Dan Crean, and Aaron Lee Tasjan; Tasjan was later replaced by Stevy Pyne. The band's debut studio album "We Love You" was released in 2008 and the band subsequently opened for Lady Gaga on her Monster Ball Tour from 2009 to 2011. Semi Precious Weapons released two more albums, "You Love You" (2010) and "Aviation" (2014), before disbanding in 2014. While still part of Semi Precious Weapons, Tranter moved to Los Angeles and signed a publishing deal with Warner Chappell Music in 2012 to write songs for other artists.


title: Justin Tranter

text: After signing with Warner Chappell, Tranter began working with artists such as Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez, Hailee Steinfeld, Fifth Harmony, and Fall Out Boy. In December 2015, Tranter was named one of the "20 Biggest Breakouts of 2015" by "Rolling Stone" for their songwriting contributions to the pop charts of that year. Tranter frequently collaborates with Julia Michaels and multiple songs co-written by the pair have appeared on "Billboard" charts; two such tracks, Gomez's "Good for You" and Bieber's "Sorry", topped the Mainstream Top 40. Tranter and Michaels also teamed up to co-write Gwen Stefani's third solo studio album "This Is What the Truth Feels Like" (2016). Tranter has since written for artists ranging from Britney Spears and Demi Lovato to Imagine Dragons and Linkin Park. Beginning in 2020, Tranter began working on music and soundtracks for film and television, having executive produced and co-written the soundtrack for Hulu's film Happiest Season, executive produced the soundtrack for Billy Porter’s directorial debut Anything's Possible (film), executive produced and co-written the soundtrack to Netflix’s movie Purple Hearts (2022 film), and co-written the end title song “Hindsight” for Billy Eichner’s movie Bros. In 2023, Tranter will executive produce and write original new music for , the musical romantic comedy television series that is a prequel to Grease (film) and will premiere on Paramount+.


title: Justin Tranter

text: Tranter's activism began in high school at the Chicago Academy for the Arts, where they created the annual AIDS Benefit to raise awareness for HIV/AIDS. This was followed by Musicians with a Mission, a scholarship fund for LGBT youth education that Tranter founded while attending the Berklee College of Music.


title: Justin Tranter

text: Tranter flew to Orlando to help in the aftermath of the 2016 Pulse nightclub shooting. They also co-wrote and co-organized the release of the charity single "Hands" to raise funds for Equality Florida's Pulse Victims Fund, GLAAD, and the GLBT Community Center of Central Florida.


title: Justin Tranter

text: In February 2017, Tranter joined GLAAD's National Board of Directors. During the GLAAD Media Awards of that year, Tranter raised $123,000 for the organization by auctioning off four individual songwriting and recording sessions.


title: Justin Tranter

text: On November 17, 2019, Tranter was honored with the ACLU of Southern California's Bill of Rights Award for their activist work as "an outspoken and powerful voice for the LGBTQIA+ community, diversity, the climate crisis, arts education, animal rights, and ending gun violence".


title: Justin Tranter

text: Each year, Tranter hosts an annual in-person Spirit Day concert to raise funds for GLAAD's efforts to support LGBTQ youth. The fourth annual event in 2022 raised $400,000.


title: Justin Tranter

text: Tranter identifies as gender non-conforming and non-binary. They have stated that, with regards to pronouns, "they/them/theirs is what I relate to the most". They are bisexual.


title: Justin Tranter

text: Tranter's jewelry company, Fetty, grew out of necklaces they designed to sell as merchandise for the Semi Precious Weapons shows. Fetty sold at retailers such as Urban Outfitters and Barneys. The designs typically feature hearts and weapons. In 2008, Tranter designed a limited-edition sneaker for DKNY.


title: Justin Tranter

text: Tranter is the founder and CEO of Facet Records and Publishing, which looks after a roster of artists, songwriters, and producers.


title: Justin Tranter

text: Tranter has appeared as a guest on the E! cable network show "Chelsea Lately". In December 2008, they also appeared as a coach on the MTV reality show "Made", in which they helped a young girl transform into a "rock star". In 2010, Tranter had a cameo appearance as a person at a diner in the music video for "Telephone" by Lady Gaga. In 2012, they were interviewed for the documentary feature film "Jobriath A.D." about rock musician Jobriath.


title: Revelación

text: Revelación is the fourth extended play by American singer Selena Gomez. It was released on March 12, 2021, by Interscope Records. Gomez collaborated with various producers, such as Albert Hype, DJ Snake, Jota Rosa, Maro, Neon16, and Tainy, to achieve her desired sound. She stated that the EP centers on themes of "strength, love, forgiveness and moving on".


title: Revelación

text: The EP was supported by three singles: "De Una Vez", "Baila Conmigo" with Rauw Alejandro, and "Selfish Love" with DJ Snake, and is Gomez's first project to be prominently in Spanish language. It blends reggaeton, electropop, Latin pop, R&B and alternative R&B genres with urbano elements. It marks a departure from the dance-pop sound of its predecessor, "Rare" (2020). Upon release, "Revelación" received acclaim from music critics, who highlighted its tasteful production, and praised Gomez's expansion of her artistry. The EP became her best-reviewed project on Metacritic.


title: Revelación

text: Commercially, "Revelación" debuted at number 22 on the US "Billboard" 200, shifting 23,000 equivalent album units in its first week of release, marking the biggest sales week for a Latin music album by a woman since Shakira's "El Dorado" (2017). It also debuted atop the "Billboard" Top Latin Albums chart. Four tracks from "Revelación" entered on the "Billboard" Hot Latin Songs chart dated March 27, 2021. The music video for its opening track, "De Una Vez", was nominated for Best Short Form Music Video at the 22nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards.


title: Revelación

text: "Revelación" was nominated for Best Latin Pop Album at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards, earning Gomez her first nomination.


title: Revelación

text: In a February 2020 interview with "Dazed", Gomez revealed that she had plans to release Spanish-language music. To tease the unveiling of new music in Spanish, in January 2021, Gomez "quoted" a tweet from January 2011 that referenced a never-released Spanish-language album, stating: "I think it will be worth the wait".


title: Revelación

text: Recording of "Revelación" began right before the introduction of COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdowns; it was almost entirely recorded remotely, in a home recording studio, using Zoom to communicate. Gomez hired Leyla Hoyle-Guerrero, a language coach, to help restore her Spanish vocabulary, work on her accent, and practice her slang.


title: Revelación

text: "Revelación" has been described as a reggaeton, electropop, Latin pop and both R&B and alternative R&B record, with influences of urbano. It marks a departure from the dance-pop sound of its predecessor, "Rare" (2020). Gomez stated that the EP's themes are "strength, love, forgiveness and moving on".


title: Revelación

text: The EP's lead single, "De Una Vez", was released on January 14, 2021. Her first venture into Latin music since the release of the Spanish-language version of her former band Selena Gomez & the Scene 2010 single "A Year Without Rain", titled "Un Año Sin Lluvia", she described the song as "a beautiful love anthem". The music video, directed by Los Pérez premiered the same day.


title: Revelación

text: The EP's release was announced on January 27, 2021, along with the announcement of its second single, "Baila Conmigo", featuring Puerto Rican rapper and singer Rauw Alejandro. The single was released as on January 29, 2021, and the EP was made available for pre-order the same day. The accompanying music video also premiered along the song and was directed by Brazilian filmmaker Fernando Nogari.


title: Revelación

text: The third single from the project, a collaboration with French DJ and producer DJ Snake, titled "Selfish Love", was announced on February 25, 2021, and was released on March 4, 2021, alongside its music video, directed by Rodrigo Saavedra. The track marked the second partnership between the artists, first as a duo, following their 2018 hit single "Taki Taki" with Cardi B and Ozuna. The track listing for the EP was unveiled on March 2, 2021. In the days prior to "Revelación"'s release, Gomez released previews of the songs yet to be released through social media.


title: Revelación

text: "Revelación" was met with critical acclaim upon release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score out of 100 to ratings from publications, the album received a weighted mean score of 83 based on 4 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". The EP is Gomez's best-reviewed project on the site.


title: Revelación

text: AllMusic's Matt Collar found Gomez remaining "artistically fearless" on "Revelación", by taking up her Latin roots and sophisticating her pop sound furthermore, which ensued in a "romantic atmosphere that balances chic studio-cool with warm vulnerability". Hannah Mylrea of "NME" stated that the EP replaces "all-out pop belters" of Gomez's older catalog with "tasteful R&B and reggaeton" that shine new confidence. "Entertainment Weekly" writer Marcus Jones wrote that the project succeeds in establishing Gomez's ability "to toe the line", as she does not fully embrace urbano, but adds her own twist to it. He opined that the EP is a risky venture for Gomez, calling her "a far more versatile musician than she's been given credit for". "Rolling Stone" critic Lucas Villa viewed "Revelación" as Gomez's "captivating flirtation" with Latin music, through which she discovers "her groove among the reggaetón beats". He praised Gomez's "ASMR-ready" Spanish vocals as "alluring", and Tainy's "masterful" production that blurs the lines between pop and Latin music scenes. Villa further suggested that Gomez's Spanish venture deserves a full-length studio album. Gabriella Ferlita, writing for "Gigwise", remarked that the EP is not ground-breaking, but "it is fun; and quite frankly, we could all use a bit of that". She picked "De Una Vez", "Baila Conmigo" and "Selfish Love" as the best tracks, while dismissing "Buscando Amor", "Dámelo To" and "Adiós" as outdated.


title: Revelación

text: "Revelación" was nominated for Best Latin Pop Album at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards, marking Gomez's first career Grammy nomination. The album was also nominated for Favorite Pop Album at the Latin American Music Awards of 2022.


title: Revelación

text: "Revelación" debuted at number 22 on the US "Billboard" 200, shifting 23,000 equivalent album units in its first week of release, marking the biggest sales week for a Latin album by a woman since Shakira's "El Dorado" in 2017. It also debuted atop the "Billboard" Top Latin Albums chart, becoming the first album by a woman to do so, also since 2017's "El Dorado". Four tracks from "Revelación" charted on the "Billboard" Hot Latin Songs chart on the chart dated March 27, 2021; "Baila Conmigo", which rose to number five; "Selfish Love" at number 18; "Dámelo To" at number 20, and "De Una Vez", which re-entered at number 50. In the same week, Gomez became the first female act to top the "Billboard" Top Latin Albums and Latin Airplay charts simultaneously since 2010, with the EP and "Baila Conmigo" respectively.


title: Revelación

text: Outside of the US, "Revelación" peaked at number 2 in Portugal, number 4 in Spain and number 28 in the UK.


title: Troy Brown

text: Troy Fitzgerald Brown (born July 2, 1971) is an American football coach and former wide receiver who is the wide receivers and kick returners coach for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played 15 seasons in the NFL, spending his entire career with the Patriots. Brown played college football at Marshall and was selected by the Patriots in the eighth round of the 1993 NFL Draft. During his New England tenure, he received Pro Bowl honors and was a member of the franchise's first three Super Bowl-winning teams. In 2020, Brown rejoined the Patriots as an offensive assistant. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2010. Brown also was inducted to the Patriots Hall of Fame in 2012.


title: Troy Brown

text: Brown attended Blackville-Hilda High School in Blackville, South Carolina. He was discouraged from playing football, as he was thought too small, beginning at 5'6", 135 lbs. Still, he lettered in football and track and field. His high school team won a state championship in 1988 with a 14-1 record.


title: Troy Brown

text: He attended Lees_McRae College before it became a 4 year college in 1989-1990. In college, Brown was a standout wide receiver, punt returner, and kickoff returner for Marshall University, leading the Division I-AA in both kickoff and punt return average in 1991, a year in which he and quarterback Todd Donnan tied a record by combining for a 99-yard pass play against Virginia Military Institute. The following year, Marshall claimed its first national championship with Brown as its primary wide receiver and returner. In the championship game, Brown sealed the win by intercepting a Hail Mary Youngstown State pass in the final seconds of the game.


title: Troy Brown

text: His career kickoff return average (29.69 yards per return) still stands as an NCAA record, as do his four kickoff returns for touchdowns. He scored one touchdown for every eight times he touched the football.


title: Troy Brown

text: Brown was drafted by the Patriots out of Marshall in the eighth round of the 1993 NFL Draft (198th overall). He was waived as a final cut in the 1994 pre-season by head coach Bill Parcells but was re-signed on October 19, 1994. It wasn't until the 1995 season that he started seeing time as a wide receiver, recording 14 catches for 159 yards. The next season in 1996, when the New England Patriots reached the Super Bowl, he recorded 21 catches for 222 yards. In 1997, he recorded 41 catches for 607 yards and 6 touchdowns despite being behind both Terry Glenn and Shawn Jefferson on the depth chart at receiver as well as competing with Ben Coates and Vincent Brisby for catches. In 1998, he resumed his duties as a punt returner.


title: Troy Brown

text: His first year as a starter was 2000, when he recorded 83 catches for 944 yards and 4 touchdowns. In 2001 he, alongside Tom Brady, led the Patriots to their first ever Super Bowl championship, recording 101 catches during the season for 1,199 yards and 5 touchdowns, setting the franchise record for receptions and earning his first and only trip to the Pro Bowl. He also returned 29 punts for 413 yards and 2 touchdowns, giving him a league-leading 14.2 yards per return average. During the AFC Championship Game at Heinz Field against the Pittsburgh Steelers in the playoffs that season, Brown returned a crucial punt for a touchdown which provided the winning margin, adding to the two he returned for touchdowns during the regular season. He also scooped up a blocked field goal attempt in that game, and made a lateral pass to teammate Antwan Harris, which completed a second special teams touchdown. In 2002, he recorded 97 receptions for 890 yards and 3 touchdowns. In 2003, he had 40 catches for 472 yards, helping his team back to Super Bowl XXXVIII.


title: Troy Brown

text: In 2004, he had only 17 receptions, but contributed in what was originally an emergency role on defense, ranking second on the team in interceptions with three. He was topped in this category only by Eugene Wilson. Further demonstrating his versatility, during the 2006 preseason he lined up as an emergency quarterback; when questioned as to why Brown had appeared there, the head coach of the Patriots, Bill Belichick, joked that he had lined Brown up there ""to develop his legend"".


title: Troy Brown

text: Brown was released by the Patriots on March 1, 2005 for salary cap reasons, but he signed a new contract with them on May 23, 2005. He signed despite a better financial deal from the New Orleans Saints. In the 2005 season, he recorded 39 receptions for 466 yards.


title: Troy Brown

text: On July 17, 2007, Brown reached an agreement with the New England Patriots for a 15th season, making him the second longest-playing Patriot at the time behind Steve Grogan; both have since been surpassed by Tom Brady. On July 28, he was placed on the physically unable to perform (PUP) list, but was activated on November 27.


title: Troy Brown

text: In addition to playing offense and defense with success, Brown is the Patriots' all-time leading punt returner with 252 returns for 2,625 yards and 3 touchdowns. He is third all-time in Patriots history in receptions (557) and third all-time in receiving yards (6,366). He still holds the Super Bowl record for most punt returns in a career with 8.


title: Troy Brown

text: Brown is the only player in NFL history with at least 550 receptions, 250 punt returns, and an interception.


title: Troy Brown

text: A memorable moment for Brown came in a 2006 AFC Divisional Playoff game, when the Patriots met the favored San Diego Chargers. With 5 minutes left in the game, the Patriots were down 21-13 and facing 4th and 5. Tom Brady threw his third interception of the game, to the Chargers' Marlon McCree. Brown, making what teammate Tedy Bruschi described as a "quick mental switch" from offensive to defensive player, instinctively ripped the ball out of McCree's grasp. The fumble was subsequently recovered by the Patriots Reche Caldwell, giving them a new set of downs. New England went on to tie the score with a touchdown and a two-point conversion, and then won the game on a 31-yard field goal. Brown also caught 5 passes for 39 yards in the game.


title: Troy Brown

text: Brown is a fan favorite among many Patriots fans due to his style of play and years of dedication to his team. His punt return in the 2001 AFC Championship along with numerous big plays throughout his Patriots career culminated in his induction into the Patriots Hall of Fame at Patriots Place.


title: Troy Brown

text: On March 13, 2008, "The Boston Globe" reported that the Patriots would not offer Brown a contract for the 2008 season. On September 25, 2008, Brown officially retired from professional football during a press conference alongside Patriots owner Robert Kraft and head coach Bill Belichick. He finished his playing career as the all-time leader for the New England Patriots in receptions with 557.


title: Troy Brown

text: On June 4, 2012, it was announced that Brown was elected to the Patriots Hall of Fame by fan vote, beating out former head coach Bill Parcells and safety Fred Marion.


title: Troy Brown

text: At the beginning of the 2019 NFL season, he began coaching in an unofficial capacity with the New England Patriots, assisting wide receivers coach Joe Judge, who was often busy with his other role as special teams coordinator. In addition in 2016 he was a part of the Bill Walsh Minority Coaching Fellowship working with the Patriots.


title: Troy Brown

text: In 2020 it was officially announced that Brown was on the Patriots coaching staff. He would be serving as the teams running backs/kick returners coach.


title: Troy Brown

text: Since 2008, Brown has been a football analyst with NBC Sports Boston. Brown, along with teammate Tom Brady, played himself on the "Family Guy" episode "Patriot Games". He also had a cameo in the 2012 film "The Three Stooges".


title: Troy Brown

text: Brown currently resides in Huntington, West Virginia, where a portion of West Virginia Route 10 was designated Troy Brown Way. Brown and his ex wife Kimberly (who works as a chemist for the United States Army Corps of Engineers), have two sons, Sir'mon, Saanjay .


title: Troy Brown

text: He works with various charities through the Troy Brown Fantasy Football Camp. He also worked with the Bartrum Brown Football Camp from 2001 through 2011.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: The game was released in Australia, Europe, and North America in September 2008, and then in Japan the following year. It was met with generally mixed reviews from critics, who appreciated both the graphics and environments, as well as "Sonic" overall transition to the role-playing genre, while the music and story were received with mixed reactions, as were some gameplay elements, such as the combat system. The game also garnered controversy after former comic writer Ken Penders sued Sega and BioWare over it, claiming that the Nocturnus Clan were too similar to his Dark Legion.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: Two main types of gameplay are featured: exploration and combat. In exploration areas, the character is controlled by tapping the stylus where the player wants the character to go, while action buttons are used to traverse certain elements, such as vertical loops. Navigation can also require a certain character to be in the lead for progress to continue, taking advantage of that character's special ability, be it flying, climbing, or jumping large gaps. Puzzle elements also feature allowing the party to break up to complete the task, such as pressing switches in various areas.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: Combat gameplay occurs when enemies are walked into, shifting the view to a close-up for turn-based battles to occur. Standard attacks are available, while special attacks, dubbed POW Moves, can be performed by rhythmically tapping the stylus. These will use up "POW Points", in a manner similar to "Magic Points" in other RPGs. Examples of individual special attacks include Sonic's "Axe Kick" and "Whirlwind", while some group-based special attacks require certain characters in the party, such as the "Blue Bomber", which requires both Sonic and Tails. After combat is complete, loot is available, ranging from healing items to character equipment - equippable in one of three slots per character - while experience points boosts up to two of four attributes per character: speed, attack, defense, and luck.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: Characters can also collect and equip Chao, each with their own ability, to enhance a team member's status. These Chao are collectable and can be stored in the Chao Garden, and using the DS's wireless connectivity, players can swap the Chao they have collected.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: The game features areas and music from previous "Sonic" games, such as Green Hill Zone, "Sonic Adventure", "Sonic the Hedgehog 3" and "Sonic Adventure 2". Most of the music in the game are arrangements of themes from "Sonic 3D Blast" and "Sonic CD".


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: The story of "Sonic Chronicles" is split into two acts, which are further divided into several chapters. The first takes place in Sonic's world, with the team attempting to unravel the situation they are in, while also stopping the Master Emerald from being taken. The second act sees Sonic and the team traveling to another dimension, called the Twilight Cage, in order to stop a new threat to their own world.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: "Sonic Chronicles" opens by detailing Eggman's defeat, and presumed death, some time ago after the destruction of the Egg Carrier at the hands of Sonic and friends. In the present, Sonic is on vacation when he receives a call from Tails, stating that Knuckles has been kidnapped by a group called the Marauders, and they have stolen the Chaos Emeralds. Travelling with Amy to meet Tails, they are escorted by Rouge the Bat to meet the GUN Commander, who informs them that they have been watching the Marauders for some time, and know where to search. Having no luck, they eventually locate the Marauders' base in the Mystic Ruins and with the help of Big the Cat, they find Knuckles, who is found escaping from some robots; leaving the base, they find Angel Island has gone. Devices found in their initial search help them locate Eggman, who claims to be a reformed character, revealing that he survived the crash of the Egg Carrier by anticipating his own defeat and making a robot that would rescue him. He informs the team that Angel Island is being pulled to Metropolis, the location of the Marauders' main base.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: With Metropolis as their next destination, they meet Shadow and he joins up in order to find E-123 Omega, but are attacked by Shade and her Marauders. She reveals herself to be an Echidna of the Nocturnus Tribe, leaving Knuckles, supposedly the last of the Echidnas, shocked. After her defeat, the team head to Angel Island to get the Master Emerald before the Marauders, but are shot down; they confront the Nocturnus leader, the Grand Imperator Ix, who reveals his plot to take over the dimension. Shade is shocked, having believed that Ix merely wanted to bring her clan back to Earth, as they had been sealed in an alternate dimension called the Twilight Cage. Tails and Eggman arrive with a non-lethal weapon, using it to transport several of the Nocturnus back to the Twilight Cage, but Ix escapes and steals the Master Emerald. This causes Angel Island to fall from the sky, and Knuckles saves Shade as the island crashes into Metropolis.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: Tails and Eggman build a vehicle, dubbed the Cyclone, that will transport them to the other dimension, but Eggman claims he must remain to ensure their safe return; as they leave, he reveals that he has a more sinister plan in mind for them. Once in the Twilight Cage, the team encounter the rock-like Kron Colony, who assist them on their journey by providing them with a Chaos Emerald. Next, they meet the N'rrgal Colony, who will give the team their Chaos Emerald if they take a weapon from their enemies, the Zoah. Having gained the Zoah's weapon by defeating their leader in combat, the team discover it is another Chaos Emerald — the two races realise they have been duped by Ix, who gave them the Emeralds to keep each other in check. Two further Emeralds are found in the Voxai Colonies, inhabited by a telepathic race who have been controlled by a group of three Voxai known as the Overmind, whose dominating telepathic power stemmed from the use of Chaos Emeralds. The team defeat them, and the new leader gives them the two Emeralds that had been given to them by Ix.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: With the remaining two Emeralds on Nocturne, the team gathers the leaders of all encountered colonies and carry out a plan to invade the Nocturnus home world. The Voxai find weaknesses in the force field around the planet, the Zoah fly a spaceship created by the Kron towards it and launch a missile which deploys a small group of N'rrgal to eat a hole in the force field. Splitting into two teams, they defeat two Gizoids (Scylla and Charyb) who each use a Chaos Emerald to wield the elements of fire and water, and also lower the force field surrounding Nocturne in order to allow the invading forces from the other Twilight Cage races to attack. Both Knuckles and Sonic's team then fights Ix, and are victorious; Ix then uses the Master Emerald to achieve a very powerful Transformation, but Sonic uses the Chaos Emeralds to become Super Sonic, and finally defeats him. As Nocturne begins to fall, and is nearly destroyed, the team escapes to the Cyclone and heads back to Earth. However, once they've arrived back in Metropolis, they find Eggman waiting for them with a fully rebuilt Metropolis, and the team take the Cyclone to confront the new Eggman Empire. The game ends at this cliffhanger moment as Eggman fires lasers at the Cyclone, shooting it down from the sky. Sonic, Tails, and Omega then break the fourth wall by citing the credits themselves.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: Development began in 2006 when BioWare began to look into developing a handheld video game project. Some time thereafter, the development of a "Sonic" handheld game began, and eventually the project had over 30 people involved. As BioWare's first handheld project, the BioWare development team, used to the long development cycles of video games, had to adjust to the change of pace that handheld development brought. BioWare's employees were fans of the "Sonic" series as a whole, and felt they could bring their reputation for strong story-driven games to expand the "Sonic" series. While wanting to stay true to the "Sonic" franchise as a whole, they also wanted to add their own touches, such as introducing original, darker elements to the storyline; the second dimension, including its new characters and locations, was one such element.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: The design process for gameplay was built on the idea of satisfying four "activity pillars": story and character, encompassing characters that the player would want to get to know and spend time with; combat, encompassing conflict as the game progresses; progression customization, so that players are able to upgrade their characters as they see fit with such elements as new abilities and attributes; and exploration, in which the player can visit and explore many differing environments. BioWare decided to opt for a look reminiscent of the early games in the "Sonic" series, and so opted for more flat-shaded, anime-like characters, as well as saturated, vibrant environments and backdrops. Richard Jacques, long-time producer of music for the "Sonic" series, composed some of the music tracks for "Chronicles", in the traditional "Sonic" style.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: During February 2008, Sega announced that it would be giving fans the opportunity to vote on the name of a hostile alien race that would appear within the game. From March 4, fans were invited to vote on Sega Europe's "Sonic" portal "Sonic City" for their preferred name. The winning entry in the contest was announced as The Zoa, a reference to the town in "Panzer Dragoon Saga". The name was suggested as a potential name initially by the Sega fan blog "Sega Nerds".


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: The game went gold on September 5, 2008, and was released at the end of the same month in Australia, Europe, and then North America.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: A sequel to the game was once seen as a possibility if the game performed well enough, and the developer, BioWare, had "a precise idea" for how the sequel should be made; another indication of a potential sequel was the nature of the game's ending, which ended on a cliffhanger and left the player with the message "THE END?" However, after BioWare was acquired by Electronic Arts, plans of a sequel had been dropped, and "Sonic Chronicles" became a one-shot game.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: "The Dark Brotherhood" received "mixed or average" reviews from critics, garnering a 74 out of 100 average at review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: The game received praise in the area of graphics and environments, being "bright, colorful, and cheery", "undeniably nice-looking" with "slick presentation", and with cut-scenes that are "visually sharp".


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: As "Sonic" first transition to the RPG genre, the overall scenario, including the game's story and dialogue, were received with mixed reception. Critics acknowledged that, compared to other games in the genre, the "chapter-based story is predictably lightweight and cartoony", and though interesting enough, it "takes a backseat to the actual gameplay". Combined with a generally low difficulty level (also described as "phenomenally easy"), the story and scenario were cited as a good reason that this entry would be suitable as a role-playing game for younger gamers. Reviewers also agreed that the story only begins to become more elaborate and interesting in the second half of the game. The cast of playable characters, who some reviewers acknowledged were less than well received in previous "Sonic" games, were generally received well, and were "well written and likeable".


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: Further to the reception of the RPG design, gameplay elements of the role-playing genre also received mixed reception. Some reviewers cited the "overbearing" battle system becoming "an annoyance", while others found the combat system a "joy", with a good difficulty level and "some great tension". The lack of multiplayer options, aside from the ability to share Chao, was also seen as a disappointment.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: Archie Comics made an adaption of "Sonic Chronicles" titled "Invaders from Beyond", featuring the kidnapping of Knuckles. The short strip only covers what happened before the game's story, which acts as a sort of prologue, and ends by urging readers to buy "Sonic Chronicles" to find out "what happens next".


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: However, the game also proved a source of contention with former Archie head writer Ken Penders, who felt that the Nocturnus Clan antagonists were heavily derived from his own Echidna characters in the Archie Comics "Sonic" titles, whom he subsequently revealed he had copyrighted. Penders filed a lawsuit against Sega and Electronic Arts in 2011 for alleged copyright infringement; the lawsuit was dismissed in favor of Sega/EA three times.


title: Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood

text: Nocturne, the site of the game's final battle, is also used as the start and finish of the Dream Bobsledding course in the Wii version of "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games.


title: Louise Minchin

text: Louise Mary Minchin (born September 1968) is a British television presenter, journalist and former news presenter who currently works freelance within the BBC.


title: Louise Minchin

text: Beginning in 2012, Minchin was a regular anchor on the BBC One programme "Breakfast", co-hosting the show three days a week with Dan Walker. On 8 June 2021, Minchin announced live on air that she would be leaving "BBC Breakfast" "after the summer", after presenting the show for 20 years (at first as a stand-in host). Her final appearance on the show was on 15 September 2021.


title: Louise Minchin

text: From 2009 until 2012, Minchin co-hosted "Real Rescues" alongside Nick Knowles and Chris Hollins. She has guest-hosted "The One Show" a number of times since 2010.


title: Louise Minchin

text: Minchin spent her early life in British Hong Kong, where her father was a Major in the Irish Guards of the British Army. She was educated at St Mary's School, Ascot, and has a degree in Spanish from the University of St Andrews. She subsequently studied journalism at the London College of Communication.


title: Louise Minchin

text: Minchin started her career in the Latin American section of the BBC World Service during a year in Argentina, the "Today" programme, Five and various local radio stations. In 2006, she toured the country in a converted bus meeting England fans as part of the World Cup coverage for BBC News.


title: Louise Minchin

text: She started work for Radio 5 Live in 1998, and married David Minchin the same year. She presented many of the station's main programmes, including "Drive" and "Breakfast". Between September 2003 and April 2012, she was a regular BBC News Channel presenter, initially working alongside Jon Sopel from 7 pm to 10 pm. Minchin then presented the 2 pm to 5 pm slot, also with Sopel, sharing this shift with Emily Maitlis. She was also one of the main relief presenters for "BBC News at One" until April 2012.


title: Louise Minchin

text: In 2006 and 2007, Minchin was a relief presenter on "BBC Breakfast" while Kate Silverton covered for main anchor Sian Williams. After Williams returned, she continued to co-host the programme, and from May 2009 until April 2012 was the regular weekend presenter of the show. In December 2011, the BBC announced that Minchin would replace Williams as a main presenter of BBC Breakfast along with Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt when the programme moved to Salfordthe first edition was presented on Tuesday 10 April 2012. On Tuesday 8 June 2021, she announced live on "BBC Breakfast" that she would be stepping down from the role later that year to concentrate on other interests. Her final appearance on the show was on 15 September 2021.


title: Louise Minchin

text: From 21 April 2008, Minchin presented a weekday programme called "Missing Live" along with Rav Wilding. The programme was shown at 9:15 am after BBC Breakfast on BBC One and ran for four weeks. The show returned for a second four-week run from 16 March 2009, and again in March 2010, highlighting both new cases and those previously featured with updates.


title: Louise Minchin

text: From 2 November 2009, Minchin presented four weeks of live broadcasts of "Real Rescues" along with Nick Knowles.


title: Louise Minchin

text: Minchin also presented "In the Know", a BBC sports magazine programme on Saturday mornings on BBC One during the 2004 Athens Olympics alongside co-presenter John Inverdale.


title: Louise Minchin

text: In April 2010, Minchin co-presented "The One Show" for a week alongside Chris Hollins while regular hosts Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley were unavailable. She covered again when the show returned in July 2010 for two weeks alongside Matt Baker and one episode with Matt Allwright.


title: Louise Minchin

text: Minchin and Gethin Jones presented the documentary series "Crime and Punishment", which began on BBC One on 12 March 2012.


title: Louise Minchin

text: For a time from November 2012, Minchin was a co-presenter of Radio 5 Live's "Drive" programme with Peter Allen. She has worked as an occasional presenter of BBC Radio 4's daily consumer programme "You and Yours".


title: Louise Minchin

text: Minchin has played herself reading the news in three BBC series: spy drama "Spooks", crime drama "Silent Witness" and the "Torchwood" mini-series "".


title: Louise Minchin

text: In June 2021, BBC announced that Minchin was to leave "BBC Breakfast" after almost 20 years of working on the show.


title: Louise Minchin

text: In November 2021, Minchin was announced as a contestant on the twenty-first series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" and finished in seventh.


title: Louise Minchin

text: She is an amateur triathlete, and qualified as a member of the 2015 Great Britain Age-Group Triathlon Team (45–49 age group). She competed in the standard distance event (1500 m swim, a 40 km bike ride and a 10 km run) at the World Triathlon Championships in Chicago on 19 September 2015. She qualified for the team at the Dambuster Triathlon at Rutland Water on 15 June 2015. She went on to finish 71st out of 78 finishers at the ITU World Triathlon Championships.


title: Louise Minchin

text: In 2019, Minchin talked about the menopause, describing her experience of suffering hot flushes on the "BBC Breakfast" set that led to them lowering the temperature. A man who stalked both Minchin and one of her daughters pleaded guilty in October 2021 to sending intimidating messages via Instagram. The crimes occurred in July 2020 during the term of a suspended sentence for stalking Girls Aloud singer Nicola Roberts.


title: Louise Minchin

text: Minchin is a supporter of SOS Children's Villages, an international orphan charity providing homes and mothers for orphaned and abandoned children.


title: Louise Minchin

text: She is a supporter of the charity Missing People, which provides support for missing children, vulnerable adults and families left in limbo.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a measure of how well a manufacturing operation is utilized (facilities, time and material) compared to its full potential, during the periods when it is scheduled to run. It identifies the percentage of manufacturing time that is truly productive. An OEE of 100% means that only good parts are produced (100% "quality"), at the maximum speed (100% "performance"), and without interruption (100% "availability").


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Measuring OEE is a manufacturing best practice. By measuring OEE and the underlying losses, important insights can be gained on how to systematically improve the manufacturing process. OEE is an effective metric for identifying losses, bench-marking progress, and improving the productivity of manufacturing equipment (i.e., eliminating waste). The best way for reliable OEE monitoring is to automatically collect all data directly from the machines.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Total Effective Equipment Performance (TEEP) is a closely related measure which quantifies OEE against calendar hours rather than only against scheduled operating hours. A TEEP of 100% means that the operations have run with an OEE of 100% 24 hours a day and 365 days a year (100% "loading").


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: The term OEE was coined by Seiichi Nakajima. It is based on the Harrington Emerson way of thinking regarding labor efficiency. The generic form of OEE allows comparison between manufacturing units in differing industries. It is not however an absolute measure and is best used to identify scope for process performance improvement, and how to get the improvement.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: OEE measurement is also commonly used as a key performance indicator (KPI) in conjunction with lean manufacturing efforts to provide an indicator of success. OEE can be illustrated by a brief discussion of the six metrics that comprise the system (the "Six Big Losses").


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: The calculations of OEE are not particularly complicated, but care must be taken as to standards that are used as the basis. Additionally, these calculations are valid at the work center or part number level but become more complicated if rolling down to aggregate levels.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Each of the three components of the OEE points to an aspect of the process that can be targeted for improvement. OEE may be applied to any individual Work Center, or rolled up to Department or Plant levels. This tool also allows for drilling down for very specific analysis, such as a particular Part Number, Shift, or any of several other parameters.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: It is unlikely that any manufacturing process can run at 100% OEE. Many manufacturers benchmark their industry to set a challenging target; 85% is not uncommon.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Alternatively, and often easier, OEE is calculated by dividing the minimum time needed to produce the parts under optimal conditions by the actual time needed to produce the parts. For example:


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Whereas OEE measures efficiency based on scheduled hours, TEEP measures efficiency against calendar hours, i.e.: 24 hours per day, 365 days per year.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: The Loading portion of the TEEP Metric represents the percentage of time that an operation is scheduled to operate compared to the total Calendar Time that is available. The Loading Metric is a pure measurement of Schedule efficiency and is designed to exclude the effects how well that operation may perform.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: The Availability portion of the OEE Metric represents the percentage of scheduled time that the operation is available to operate. The Availability Metric is a pure measurement of Uptime that is designed to exclude the effects of Quality and Performance. The losses due to wasted availability are called "availability losses".


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: A given Work Center is scheduled to run for an 8-hour (480-minute) shift with a 30-minute scheduled break and during the break the lines stop, and unscheduled downtime is 60 minutes.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Operating Time = 480 Minutes – 30 Minutes Schedule Loss – 60 Minutes Unscheduled Downtime = 390 Minutes


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Also known as "process rate", the Performance portion of the OEE Metric represents the speed at which the Work Center runs as a percentage of its designed speed. The Performance Metric is a pure measurement of speed that is designed to exclude the effects of Quality and Availability. The losses due to wasted performance are also often called "speed losses". In practice it is often difficult to determine speed losses, and a common approach is to merely assign the remaining unknown losses as speed losses.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: A given Work Center is scheduled to run for an 8-hour (480-minute) shift with a 30-minute scheduled break.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: The Work Center produces 242 Total Units during the shift. Note: The basis is Total Units, not Good Units. The Performance metric does not penalize for Quality.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: The Quality portion of the OEE Metric represents the Good Units produced as a percentage of the Total Units Started. The Quality Metric is a pure measurement of Process Yield that is designed to exclude the effects of Availability and Performance. The losses due to defects and rework are called "quality losses" and "quality stops".


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Reworked units which have been corrected are only measured as "unscheduled downtime" while units being scrapped can affect both operation time and unit count.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: To be able to better determine the sources of the greatest loss and to target the areas that should be improved to increase performances, these categories (Availability, Performance and Quality) have been subdivided further into what is known as the 'Six Big Losses' to OEE.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: The reason for identifying the losses in these categories is so that specific countermeasures can be applied to reduce the loss and improve the overall OEE.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Continuous improvement in OEE is the goal of TPM (Total Productive Maintenance). Specifically, the goal of TPM as set out by Seiichi Nakajima is "The continuous improvement of OEE by engaging all those that impact on it in small group activities". To achieve this, the TPM toolbox sets out a Focused improvement tactic to reduce each of the six types of OEE loss. For example, the Focused improvement tactic to systematically reduce breakdown risk sets out how to improve asset condition and standardise working methods to reduce human error and accelerated wear.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Combining OEE with Focused improvement converts OEE from a lagging to a leading indicator. The first Focused improvement stage of OEE improvement is to achieve a stable OEE. One which varies at around 5% from the mean for a representative production sample. Once an asset efficiency is stable and not impacted by variability in equipment wear rates and working methods. The second stage of OEE improvement (optimisation) can be carried out to remove chronic losses. Combining OEE and TPM Focused improvement tactics creates a leading indicator that can be used to guide performance management priorities. As the TPM process delivers these gains through small cross functional improvement teams, the process of OEE improvement raises front line team engagement/problem ownership, collaboration and skill levels. It is this combination of OEE as a KPI, TPM Focused improvement tactics and front line team engagement that locks in the gains and delivers the TPM goal of year on year improvement in OEE.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: OEE is useful as a heuristic, but can break down in several circumstances. For example, it may be far more costly to


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: run a facility at certain times. Performance and quality may not be independent of each other or of availability and loading.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Experience may develop over time. Since the performance of shop floor managers is at least sometimes compared to the OEE, these numbers are often not reliable, and there are numerous ways to fudge these numbers.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: OEE has properties of a geometric mean. As such it punishes variability among its subcomponents. For example, 20% * 80% = 16%,


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: whereas 50% * 50% = 25%. When there are asymmetric costs associated with one or more of the components, then the model may become less appropriate.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Consider a system where the cost of error is exceptionally high. In such a condition, higher quality may be far more important


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: in a proper evaluation of efficiency than performance or availability. OEE also to some extent assumes a closed system and a potentially static one. If one can bring in additional resources (or lease out unused resources to other projects or business units) then it may be more appropriate for example to use an expected net present value analysis.


title: Overall equipment effectiveness

text: Variability in flow can also introduce important costs and risks that may merit further modeling. Sensitivity analysis and measures of change may be helpful.


title: Welcome to Country

text: A Welcome to Country is a ritual or formal ceremony performed as a land acknowledgement at many events held in Australia. It is intended to highlight the cultural significance of the surrounding area to the descendants of a particular Aboriginal clan or language group who were recognised as the original human inhabitants of the area. For the Welcome to be recognised as official, it must be performed by a recognised elder of the group. Welcomes to Country are sometimes accompanied by traditional smoking ceremonies, music or dance. Where an elder is not available to perform the Welcome, or there is not a recognised traditional owner, an Acknowledgement of Country may be offered instead.


title: Welcome to Country

text: The term "Country" has a particular meaning and significance to many Aboriginal peoples, encompassing an inter-dependent relationship between an individual or a people and their ancestral or traditional lands and seas. The connection to land involves culture, spirituality, language, law/lore, kin relationships and identity. The Welcome to Country has been a long tradition among Aboriginal Australian groups to welcome peoples from other areas. Today it serves also as a symbol which signifies the recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' presence in Australia before colonisation and an end to their past exclusion from Australian history and society, aiding to reconciliation with Australia's First Nations.


title: Welcome to Country

text: Since 2008, a Welcome to Country has been incorporated into the ceremonial opening of the Parliament of Australia, occurring after each federal election.


title: Welcome to Country

text: In Aboriginal culture prior to European settlement, each clan's survival was dependent upon its understanding of food, water and other resources within its own country – a discrete area of land to which it had more or less exclusive claim. Traditional ownership has been legally recognised under native title in Australia since the "Native Title Act 1993".


title: Welcome to Country

text: Connection to country (often spelt with a capital C) means more than just the land or waters in Aboriginal culture. There is no equivalent in the English language to describe that which permeates all aspects of existence: culture, spirituality, language, law, family and identity. Aboriginal people did not own land as property in the past, but their relationship to an area of land provides a deep sense of "identity, purpose and belonging", and is a relationship of reciprocity and respect. Country includes all living things in the environment: people, plants and animals. It also embraces the seasons, stories and creation spirits. " The history of a people with an area ("Country") can go back for thousands of years, and the relationship with the land is nurtured and sustained by cultural knowledge and by the environment. Disconnection from the land can impact health and wellbeing. This connection is also reflected in such phrases as "caring for country" or "living on country", and related to the importance of land rights and native title.