title: 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident

text: The equipment used by the divers was typical of the era, and when inspected under forensically valid conditions was found to be of good quality and in good condition. Of 16 cylinders inspected by the police, 14 were and two were , connected as a twin set. At least some of the cylinders relied on a manually operated reserve valve to release the air intended as a safety margin, which was common at the time. The cylinders had been brought to the site with air filled in Sydney, but some had been refilled at Mount Gambier after the first dive. Analysis of the cylinder contents found that the air was not contaminated by carbon monoxide, though two of the cylinders recovered from the deceased had partly flooded after being emptied by their users and sinking back to the bottom, indicating that the air had been completely used up, and had corroded during the months of immersion. Air in the cylinders used by the survivors was found to be within relevant recommendations for breathing air for diving. A sample of air taken from the Mount Gambier compressor was analysed and also found to be within standards, and the compressor in good condition, with the intake clear of possible sources of contamination.


title: 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident

text: Following the accident, Robert Smith alleged that he experienced severe nitrogen narcosis at on the initial dive, but experienced no narcotic effects after grabbing a spare tank and returning to depth to search for the others. He also claimed to be experienced at diving to depths up to (on air) without experiencing notable narcotic effects. The tank he took on the first dive had been filled at Mount Gambier, while the spare tank taken for his second dive to search for the missing divers had been filled back in Sydney. Smith is quoted as saying there was "something wrong with the local air", and proceeded to claim that contamination during the filling of the cylinders at Mount Gambier may have been the cause of the four fatalities.


title: 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident

text: An expert in diving medicine, Dr A. B. Mc. Cant, was consulted regarding the accident and specifically tasked with the examination of the cylinders recovered from Smith and the rest of the party. After extensive examination, and laboratory tests on the cylinder contents he concluded that the allegations of impure air were "entirely without foundation". Dr Cant had previously expressed an opinion that the group had neglected a number of safety measures in the planning and execution of the dive, and that these factors ultimately led to the incident.


title: 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident

text: The limestone aquifer in the Mount Gambier area is up to thick and is fed by rain. Flow is from northwest to south east through the porous rock, to exit at springs on the coast such as Ewens Ponds. Several sinkholes (cenotes) have formed in areas where large volumes of rock have dissolved and the roofs of the voids later collapsed. Parts of some of these sinkholes can be dived with direct access to the surface or with visible daylight – classified as cavern diving, while other parts are beyond daylight and are classified as cave diving.


title: 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident

text: From the early 1960s divers began to dive The Shaft, the Black Hole, Kilsby sinkhole and Picanninnie Ponds, with divers coming in from Victoria and New South Wales. Most of these dives were conducted in sight of natural daylight using standard open water equipment and techniques, including the typical single cylinder with J-valve reserve and no pressure gauge, single demand valve, a wetsuit and a weightbelt, but not often a buoyancy compensator. Single low powered dive lights were used, and caving reels had not yet become available.


title: 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident

text: A small minority of divers started exploring the dark zones of sinkholes and true caves, and experimented with equipment which was to develop into modern cave diving equipment. Some experiment with base-fed lifelines highlighted their limitations in true caves, while working satisfactorily in most sinkhole environments. Consequently cave reels were developed from about 1968, allowing the laying of static temporary and permanent guideline by the diver. Very few twin cylinders were in use, and mostly they were manifolded to a single outlet. Redundant air supplies started to be introduced in the 1970s, but were resisted because of cost. Octopus regulators became accepted as cave diving equipment around 1976, and as sinkhole diving equipment a few years later


title: 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident

text: The "air-clear" water conditions experienced in the sinkholes and caves found in the Lower South East (now called the Limestone Coast) of South Australia (SA) have attracted many visiting divers, with the first cave and sinkhole dives taking place in the very late 1950s. Until the mid-1980s divers generally used single diving cylinders, and homemade torches and reels, resulting in most of their explorations being limited. Mixed-gas and rebreather technologies can now be used in many sites. The area is usually known within the cave diving community as the "Mount Gambier region". It is estimated that about 8000 dives had been done in The Shaft by the time of the incident.


title: 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident

text: A series of incidents between 1969 and 1974 in the former Lower South East in which 11 divers died (including a triple and a quadruple fatality) in the karst features "Kilsby sinkhole", "Piccaninnie Ponds", "Death Cave" (also known as "Alleyns Cave") and "The Shaft", caused much public comment and a government inquiry to report on safety of scuba diving in sinkholes was announced by Des Corcoran, the deputy premier of South Australia, on 29 May, which led to the formation of the Cave Divers Association of Australia Inc. (CDAA) in September 1973 and the closing of sinkholes to persons not assessed by the CDAA. The introduction of a testing program by the CDAA in 1974, which involved the assessment of prospective cave divers' cave diving ability, led to a reduced fatality rate. In 1989, this testing system was replaced by a training system which consists of three levels of qualification – "Deep Cavern", "Cave" and "Advanced Cave". Five further deaths have occurred in the region since 1974; two died at "Piccaninnie Ponds" in 1984, one person died at "Kilsbys Hole" in 2010, and two people died in separate incidents at "Tank Cave" in 2011 including noted cave diver Agnes Milowka.


title: 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident

text: This incident had immediate and long term consequences for the South Australian Police Underwater Recovery Squad, which had been formed in 1957 with the purpose of underwater search and recovery of bodies, stolen property, and other evidence associated with crime. Additional training and improved equipment were considered necessary for the body search and recovery operations, which expanded the scope of their capacities and have been cited as a turning point in the history of the unit.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: John Michael Luttig ( ; born June 13, 1954) is an American corporate lawyer and jurist who was a U.S. federal judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit from 1991 to 2006. Luttig resigned his judgeship in 2006 to become general counsel of Boeing, a position he held until 2019.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: Luttig was born in Tyler, Texas, in 1954. After high school he attended Washington and Lee University, graduating in 1976 with a Bachelor of Arts with Omicron Delta Kappa honors. From 1976 to 1978, Luttig worked for the U.S. Supreme Court's Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Chief Justice, where he developed a close friendship with Chief Justice Warren E. Burger. Luttig then attended the University of Virginia School of Law, graduating with a Juris Doctor in 1981.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: After law school, Luttig spent a year in the Reagan administration as an associate with the White House Counsel, Fred F. Fielding, who hired him on Burger's recommendation. Luttig's duties included reviewing potential judicial appointments and vetting them for ideological consistency with the administration's policies. From 1982 to 1983, Luttig served as a law clerk to judge (later Supreme Court justice in 1986) Antonin Scalia of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, one of the potential judges he had vetted in his prior job. Luttig then clerked for Burger at the Supreme Court from 1983 to 1984. After his Supreme Court clerkship, Luttig continued to work for Burger as a special assistant until 1985. Luttig later served as co-executor of Burger's one-page will, which gained notoriety for Burger's failure to dictate how estate taxes should be paid.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: In 1985, Luttig entered private practice at the law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell. He returned to government service in 1989, holding various positions within the United States Department of Justice until 1991 under President George H. W. Bush, including assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel. His duties in the Justice Department included assisting Supreme Court nominees David Souter and Clarence Thomas through the nomination and confirmation process, including their Senate confirmation hearings. Luttig's help to Thomas in his highly contested confirmation hearings and their aftermath was somewhat controversial because Luttig's own appointment to the federal bench had been approved by the Senate, but he delayed taking the judicial oath of office, presumably because he could not credibly serve as a federal judge, who is supposed to be nonpartisan, while fulfilling the purely political task of ensuring that Thomas got a Supreme Court seat.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: On April 23, 1991, President George H. W. Bush nominated Luttig to fill a newly created seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Confirmed by the United States Senate on July 26, 1991 and receiving his commission on August 2, 1991, he became the youngest judge (at age 37) on a federal appeals court at the time of his appointment.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: On the bench, Luttig was compared to Justice Scalia for his analytical rigor and for criticizing his colleagues for inconsistencies or embellishments in their judicial opinions and right-wing extremism. He was also similar to Scalia in that his judicial philosophy sometimes led to what were seen as anti-conservative opinions.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: Luttig was mentioned frequently as being near the top of George W. Bush's list of potential nominees to the Supreme Court of the United States despite opposition from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and a dispute between Luttig and the Bush administration over the handling of the case of alleged "dirty bomber" Jose Padilla (see below). Bush interviewed Luttig but ultimately did not choose him to fill either of two Supreme Court vacancies in 2005. Those two seats were filled by John Roberts and Samuel Alito.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: Luttig was among the leading feeder judges on the U.S. Court of Appeals, with more than 40 of his law clerks going on to clerk with conservative justices on the Supreme Court. Of those, 33 clerked for either Justice Thomas or Justice Scalia. Luttig's clerks have nicknamed themselves "Luttigators".


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: Luttig's father, John Luttig, was fatally shot in 1994 in a carjacking by Napoleon Beazley, who at the time of the crime was a seventeen-year-old minor. Luttig testified in the sentencing portion of the trial, supporting imposition of the death penalty. Beazley was convicted, condemned to death, and eventually executed after twice appealing to the Supreme Court. Justices Antonin Scalia, David Souter, and Clarence Thomas recused themselves because of past association with Luttig. Scalia recused himself because Luttig had clerked for him; Souter and Thomas recused themselves because Luttig led the George H. W. Bush Administration's efforts to win their Senate confirmation.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: In September 2005, Luttig wrote the opinion for a three-judge panel of the Fourth Circuit that upheld the government's power to designate José Padilla, the alleged "dirty bomber" who was captured at a Chicago airport, as an "enemy combatant" and to detain him in a military brig without charge. In December, the Bush administration, anticipating a reversal in the Supreme Court, petitioned the Fourth Circuit for approval to transfer Padilla to civilian custody for a criminal trial. The move set off a dispute between the Bush administration and Luttig. Luttig's panel refused to grant the transfer and castigated the government for potentially harming its "credibility before the courts." The government petitioned the Supreme Court to allow the transfer by arguing that the appellate court's refusal encroached on the power of the President. The Supreme Court granted the government's request.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: In the case of "Hamdi v. Rumsfeld", Luttig disagreed with the majority opinion of his colleagues on the Fourth Circuit and argued that Yaser Esam Hamdi, an American citizen captured in Afghanistan and held as an enemy combatant, deserved "meaningful judicial review" of his case. The Supreme Court eventually reversed the Fourth Circuit's judgment.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: In May 2006, Luttig resigned his federal judgeship to become general counsel and senior vice president for the American airplane manufacturer Boeing. He replaced Douglas Bain. In his resignation letter, Luttig wrote, "Boeing may well be the only company in America for which I would have ever considered leaving the court." He also mentioned his two children's upcoming college education; the position at Boeing promised more pay than the federal judgeship. At the time of his resignation, federal appellate judges were paid $175,100 annually. According to Boeing's 2008 Annual Report, Luttig's total compensation for 2008 was $2,798,962. In 2015, Luttig was named the 7th highest paid general counsel in the United States by Above the Law with a salary of $4,236,580. Luttig resigned as general counsel to Boeing in May 2019. He was replaced by Brett Gerry. Luttig's resignation coincided with the terminations of former CEO Dennis Muillenberg and former Commercial Aircraft Executive Kevin McCallister that year, during the Boeing 737 MAX groundings crisis. In January of 2021, he was hired by Coca-Cola Company to be counselor and senior advisor for tax matters.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: On January 5, 2021, John Eastman, an attorney representing president Donald Trump, and who had clerked for Luttig, met with vice president Mike Pence in the Oval Office to argue that the vice president had the constitutional authority to alter or otherwise change certified electoral votes for the presidential certification in Congress the next day. According to Eastman, he told the vice president that he might have the authority to reject electoral college votes, and he asked the vice president to delay the certification, a proposal which came to be known as the Pence Card. Pence rejected Eastman's argument and instead agreed with Luttig and another conservative scholar, John Yoo, that a vice president has no such constitutional authority. Pence released a letter on January 6 stating he would not attempt to intervene in the certification process, citing Luttig by name, who later said it was "the highest honor of my life" to be involved in preserving the Constitution.


title: J. Michael Luttig

text: On June 16, 2022, Luttig testified during a televised hearing conducted by the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack. Before the hearing, Luttig wrote a statement for the record stating that Trump and his allies "instigated" a war on democracy "so that he could cling to power." He continued, "It is breathtaking that these arguments even were conceived, let alone entertained by the President of the United States at that perilous moment in history" and that January 6 "was the final fateful day for the execution of a well-developed plan by the former president to overturn the 2020 presidential election at any cost." At the close of the hearing, Luttig said:


title: Sister Hazel

text: Sister Hazel is an American alternative rock band from Gainesville, Florida, whose style blends elements of jangle pop, folk rock, classic rock, and southern rock.


title: Sister Hazel

text: Sister Hazel formed in Gainesville, Florida, in 1993 and was named for Sister Hazel Williams, a local missionary who ran a homeless shelter. The group released its self-titled debut album in 1994, through its independent record label Croakin' Poets. Shortly after its release, singer/guitarist Ryan Newell and drummer Mark Trojanowski joined the band. Newell played on the album before officially joining the group.


title: Sister Hazel

text: The band's second album, "...Somewhere More Familiar" was released in 1997 and sold approximately 30,000 copies through its initial pressing, prompting Universal Records to sign the band. Universal re-released "...Somewhere More Familiar" in late 1997. A single from the album, "All For You" hit No. 11 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and remains the band's most successful single.


title: Sister Hazel

text: The band's third album "Fortress" was released in 2000 by Universal. The band worked with producers Mike Clink (Guns N' Roses, Mötley Crüe, Heart), Richie Zito (Cheap Trick), and Paul Ebersold (3 Doors Down). The album featured minor pop hits "Champagne High" and "Change Your Mind." The album's title track was featured as the outro of Valparaiso University radio station WVUR's weekly Saturday night program during the 2000-01 academic year.


title: Sister Hazel

text: In 2003, after the band split from Universal, they released their fourth studio album, "Chasing Daylight", on the Sixthman label and toured throughout the year to promote the album. The band's internet presence emerged during this time period, and hardcore fans dubbing themselves "Hazelnuts" studied setlists, shared bootleg concert recordings, and initiated a promotion scheme with the band through their official website. 2003 also saw the simultaneous release of "Live*LIVE", a two-disc live album, and "A Life in the Day", a live DVD.


title: Sister Hazel

text: In 2004, Sister Hazel released their next studio album "Lift". Songs from "Lift" were re-recorded for 2005's "Lift: Acoustic Renditions", an EP of studio acoustic takes on five of the songs, offered exclusively through Apple's iTunes Store. In July 2005, the "Sister Hazel" album was re-issued again by Sixthman, in response to claims that the album had become difficult to find in stores.


title: Sister Hazel

text: Sister Hazel then promoted their album, "Absolutely", which was released on October 10, 2006. The band also continued to tour and hold annual fan gathering events, The Rock Boat and The Rock Slope. "Absolutely" is the band's highest-charting album on the "Billboard" charts following "Fortress" and it received 4 out of a possible 5 stars from Allmusic, a tie with "Fortress"'s score.


title: Sister Hazel

text: On June 5, 2007, Sister Hazel released a "hybrid" album entitled "BAM! Volume 1". It contains B-sides from the "Absolutely" recording sessions and some from previous albums.


title: Sister Hazel

text: On February 9, 2008, Sister Hazel performed a live concert at Daytona International Speedway for the Budweiser Shootout.


title: Sister Hazel

text: Sister Hazel released a live acoustic album on June 17, 2008, entitled "Before the Amplifiers, Live Acoustic" on Croakin' Poets/Rock Ridge Music. The record features sixteen tracks, including the band's hits, fan favorites, and live concert staples, all in a stripped-down, acoustic format. The album was recorded on January 12 at Nickel & Dime Studios in Atlanta (other bands who have recorded there in the past include Indigo Girls, The B-52's, Shawn Mullins) in front of 100 lucky fans who were chosen at random from more than five thousand entries.


title: Sister Hazel

text: At the July 18, 2008, concert at Wolf Trap Farm Park, drummer Mark Trojanowski took paternity leave for his newborn child. Former Vertical Horizon and current Doobie Brothers drummer Ed Toth played in his place.


title: Sister Hazel

text: On July 9, 2009 Ford Motor Company announced a collaboration with Sister Hazel to promote the company's new Sync Technology, which is available on a number of Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury vehicles. The band has been chosen to be the face of the company's "Sync My Ride" website, www.syncmyride.com.


title: Sister Hazel

text: The band released their seventh studio album of original songs (tenth album overall) on August 18, 2009. The album, entitled "Release", contains 12 tracks and is on the Rock Ridge Music label. On the day of release, "Release" was the number one album on iTunes.


title: Sister Hazel

text: The band entered the studio less than six months after releasing "Release" and began work on their new album, "Heartland Highway". The album was released on October 12, 2010, and featured "Stay a While" as the first radio single.


title: Sister Hazel

text: The band's ninth studio album, "Lighter in the Dark", was announced in the later part of 2015. It is their first country album, and was released on February 19, 2016. The lead single from the album is "We Got It All Tonight". Two songs, "We Got It All Tonight" and "Karaoke Song", which features country artist Darius Rucker, were made available for instant download for those who pre-ordered the album.


title: Sister Hazel

text: Dr. Hazel Kirkland Williams, the band's namesake, died on July 16, 2016, at the age of 91 in Gainesville.


title: Sister Hazel

text: The band released an EP entitled "Water" on February 9, 2018, which featured the lead single "Roll On Bye".


title: Sister Hazel

text: It was announced, less than a week after the release of "Water", that the band have begun recording their next EP (a follow-up to "Water") in Nashville. The next EP "Wind" was released on September 7, 2018. The next EP in the "Elements" series, "Fire", was released on February 8, 2019. The final installment in the "Elements" series, "Earth", was released on September 6, 2019. Each of the EPs in the series included a portion of a song at the end, intended to be linked together in a future release. On November 26, 2019, all the EPs were combined into a single release, "Elements". The 25-song, double-disc set includes the final "Elements" song pieced together.


title: Sister Hazel

text: The band has had music featured in several movies and soundtracks including "", "The Wedding Planner", "Clay Pigeons", "Bedazzled" and "10 Things I Hate About You". Sister Hazel also appear on the Fleetwood Mac tribute album, "Legacy: A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac's Rumours" with their cover version of "Gold Dust Woman". In 1999, they recorded a cover of "September Gurls" for the Big Star tribute album, "Big Star, Small World". However, the track was not included when the album was released in 2006. The song "Where Do You Go" was featured on "Scrubs" (Season 6, Episode 4, "My House").


title: Sister Hazel

text: While some of the band members feel like their sounds are simply Sister Hazel, Ryan Newell has cited Jimi Hendrix, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Jimmy Page, Van Halen, and Eric Clapton as his influences. The band has certainly been influenced by other southern rock and folk music.


title: Sister Hazel

text: Lyrics for Life is a non-profit organization for the benefit of pediatric cancer. Sister Hazel had a benefit concert to support the Sarah Jones Scholarship Fund.


title: Northampton Saints

text: Northampton Saints (officially Northampton Rugby Football Club) is a professional rugby union club from Northampton, England. They play in Premiership Rugby, England's top division of rugby.


title: Northampton Saints

text: They were formed in 1880 as "Northampton St. James", which gave them the nickname "Saints" from the 1880s. The team play their home games at Franklin's Gardens, in the west of the town, which has a capacity of 15,250 and play in black, green, and gold colours.


title: Northampton Saints

text: At the conclusion of the 2021–22 Premiership Rugby season, Saints finished 4th which entitled them to compete in the 2022–23 European Rugby Champions Cup. The current director of rugby is Phil Dowson, who was promoted to director of rugby in the summer of 2022.


title: Northampton Saints

text: Northampton has won six major titles. They were European Champions in 2000 and English Champions in 2014. They have also won the secondary European Rugby Challenge Cup twice, in 2009 and 2014, the Anglo Welsh Cup in 2010, and, most recently, the inaugural Premiership Rugby Cup in 2019. They have also won the Second Division title three times; in 1990, 1996 and 2008.


title: Northampton Saints

text: Their biggest rivals are Leicester Tigers. "The East Midlands Derby" is one of the fiercest rivalries in English rugby union.


title: Northampton Saints

text: The club was established in 1880 under the original title of Northampton St. James (Saints) by Rev Samuel Wathen Wigg, a local clergyman and curate of St. James Church who was a resident of the nearby village of Milton Malsor in the house known as "Mortimers". This is how the club got its two nicknames of "The Saints" or "Jimmies". His original concept was to promote "order" to his younger parish members by creating a youth rugby club, with the philosophy of a "hooligan sport designed to turn them into gentlemen".


title: Northampton Saints

text: It was not long before Northampton had one of the major rugby union teams in the country. Twenty years after its establishment, the first Saints player, local farmer Harry Weston, was awarded an England cap.


title: Northampton Saints

text: As the club progressed through the early years of the 20th century one player dominated this era for the club, Edgar Mobbs. Edgar was a hero throughout the town. He was the first Northampton player to captain his country but is best remembered for his exploits in World War I. After initially being turned down as too old, Edgar raised his own "Sportsman's" battalion otherwise known as "Mobbs Own". Edgar was killed in battle, leading his battalion over the top by kicking a rugby ball into no man's land on 29 July 1917 attacking a machine gun post and his body was never found. The club arranged the Mobbs Memorial Match as a tribute. It had been played every year since 1921 and the fixture took place between the Barbarians and East Midlands at Franklin's Gardens until the Barbarians withdrew their support in 2008. The match was saved by the efforts of former Northampton player Bob Taylor and former Northampton chairman Keith Barwell, and since 2012 it has been played alternately at Bedford Blues' Goldington Road ground and Franklin's Gardens, with the host club facing the British Army team.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In this postwar period the Saints continued to grow, and they started to produce some of the best players in England, some of whom went on to captain their country. They were one of the driving forces in the English game for the next 60 years producing players such as Butterfield, Jeeps, Longland, White and Jacobs but hard times were ahead.


title: Northampton Saints

text: The club failed to keep pace with movements within the game and top players were no longer attracted to the Gardens, where a 'them and us' mentality had built up between the players and those in charge of the club. Some former players formed their own task force which swept out the old brigade in the 1988 'Saints Revolution' and put a plan into action which would put the club back at the top of the English game.


title: Northampton Saints

text: Barry Corless, as director of rugby, set about restructuring the club and soon the Saints were back on the way up, helped by the signing of All Blacks legend Wayne "Buck" Shelford.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In 1990, Northampton Rugby Union Football Club gained promotion to the First Division and the following year made their first trip to Twickenham to play Quins in the Pilkington Cup Final. They lost in extra time but the foundations of a good Saints line-up were beginning to show in the following few seasons.


title: Northampton Saints

text: Tim Rodber and Ian Hunter forced their way into the England setup while younger players such as Paul Grayson, Matt Dawson and Nick Beal came through the ranks and would follow the duo into the England senior team.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In 1994, Ian McGeechan took over as director of rugby, and although the club were relegated in his first season, they returned in style the next season, winning every single game of their campaign and averaging 50 points a game. This season is referred to by many fans of the club as the "Demolition Tour of Division Two".


title: Northampton Saints

text: In 1995, rugby union turned professional and the club was taken over by local businessman Keith Barwell.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In 1999, Saints came runners-up in the Allied Dunbar Premiership, their league campaign climaxing with a crucial home local derby with eventual winners Leicester Tigers which they lost 15–22. Ian McGeechan had left the club at the end of the previous season to return to coach Scotland, and was replaced by former Saints player John Steele who had done well on a limited budget at London Scottish. Steele relied on the foundations laid by McGeechan, as well as the inspirational captaincy of Samoan Pat Lam to lead the club to European success the following season.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In 1999–2000, the club became a Public Limited Company (Plc) and shares were issued to the public; in this season the Saints lost in the Tetley's Bitter Cup Final to Wasps, but beat Munster 9–8 in the European Cup Final to win their first major trophy.


title: Northampton Saints

text: After a poor start to the 2001/2002 season, former All-Black coach Wayne Smith was appointed as head coach. He went on to transform the club in five short months. A team who looked down and out in November were moulded into a side that reached the Powergen Cup final and again qualified for the Heineken Cup. Travis Perkins became the club's main sponsor in 2001.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In recent times the club narrowly survived relegation from the Premiership, after the coach (Alan Solomons) was sacked in the middle of the 2004–05 season. The coaching role was passed onto the former first teammates Budge Pountney and Paul Grayson to tide the team over. They had a slow start in the 2005–06 season, but continued to stay mainly unbeaten after the New Year. Budge retired at the start of the 2006–07 season leaving Grayson in overall control.


title: Northampton Saints

text: The Saints would again compete in the 2006–07 Heineken Cup. They finished second in their pool, behind Biarritz Olympique, the runners-up from the previous season. Northampton qualified for the quarter-finals and actually met Biarritz in Spain. Despite being in last place of the English league at the time, they defeated the French champions 7–6 to advance to the semi-finals.


title: Northampton Saints

text: On 28 April 2007, despite a 27–22 victory over London Irish at Franklin's Gardens, Northampton were relegated from the English Premiership. A "behind the scenes restructure" led to the brief appointment of Peter Sloane as head coach, from the role of forwards coach. Paul Grayson became the skills and backs coach. England Saxons coach Jim Mallinder became the new head coach and director of rugby, with his assistant Dorian West also following as assistant coach. Peter Sloane has since left the club.


title: Northampton Saints

text: On 22 March 2008, Northampton beat Exeter Chiefs to ensure their promotion and a return to the Guinness Premiership. On 12 April 2008, Northampton beat Exeter Chiefs 24–13 at Twickenham Stadium to win the EDF Energy Trophy. On 26 April 2008 they ended their National Division One season undefeated with 30 wins from 30 games.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In the 2008–09 season, the Saints finished eighth on the table and only losing one game at home to Newcastle Falcons. They also lifted the European Challenge Cup, defeating French side Bourgoin 15–3 in the final on 22 May 2009 at The Stoop in London. The victory gave them a place in the 2009–10 Heineken Cup.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In March 2010, the Saints won the Anglo-Welsh Cup final against Gloucester 30–24, gaining them their fourth piece of silverware in three years, and a place in the following season's Heineken Cup. They also finished second in the English Premiership, losing to Saracens 19–21 in the semi-final played at Franklin's Gardens, and progressed as far as the quarter-finals of the Heineken Cup losing to Munster at Thomond Park, Limerick.


title: Northampton Saints

text: Northampton finished fourth in the 2010–11 English Premiership, losing to Leicester in the semi-final. Saints also went undefeated into the final of the Heineken Cup, where they were beaten by Leinster 33–22, at the Millennium Stadium.


title: Northampton Saints

text: At the beginning of the 2011–12 season, with nine players out for the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand, Saints were knocked out of the 2011–12 Heineken Cup in Stadium MK by Munster. When the international players returned, Saints began to move up the table. England picked eight Saints players out of a squad of 32 to represent England, meaning that over a quarter of the England team were Saints – a new club record for the number of players selected for a single England squad. In 2011–12, the Saints reached a third successive Premiership semi-final and a second Anglo-Welsh Cup final in three seasons.


title: Northampton Saints

text: After winning their first five matches of 2012–13, the Saints were pulled back into the pack in the Premiership and exited both the Anglo-Welsh and Heineken Cups, despite ending Ulster's four-year unbeaten home European record just before Christmas 2012. The team finished fourth in the league, and after beating Saracens in the semi-final reached their first ever Premiership final, where they lost 37–17 to Leicester.


title: Northampton Saints

text: The 2013 season finished with seven players being taken to Argentina as part of the England squad, including Tom Wood as captain.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In the 2013–14 season, the club finished second in the league behind Saracens with a total of 78 points. Despite finishing second in the table, they went on to win the 2013–14 English Premiership, defeating table-topping Saracens 24–20, after 100 minutes of rugby due to the game going to extra time. They also reached the final of the 2013–14 European Challenge Cup, which they won by beating Bath 16–30, with the match being played at Cardiff Arms Park in Wales.


title: Northampton Saints

text: Following the most arguably successful season in the club's history, the Saints finished atop of the Rugby Premiership with 76 points. However, they were undone in the 2014–15 Premiership Rugby semi-finals, losing out 24–29 to Saracens on 23 May 2015.


title: Northampton Saints

text: After this, a couple disappointing seasons followed, with on-pitch results leading to a stagnation of the club overall, and on 12 December 2017, largely successful director of rugby Jim Mallinder was ultimately released from the club as a result after spending more than 10 years at the club. On 29 December 2017, Australian coach Alan Gaffney joined the club on an interim basis until the end of the 2017–18 Premiership Rugby campaign, who worked alongside Alan Dickens at the helm. The team finished 9th overall that year with a points tally of 43, but ultimately avoided relegation and confirmed their place in the 2018–19 Premiership Rugby season.


title: Northampton Saints

text: A new era was confirmed at the club, when it was announced on 29 January 2018, that Hurricanes boss Chris Boyd would link up with the Saints for the 2018–19 Premiership Rugby campaign. The announcement of Boyd was a huge coup for the club, due to the coach's high level profile, and success in Southern Hemisphere Rugby, which included the 2016 Super Rugby title with the Hurricanes. In Boyd's first season at the club, the Northampton Saints would go on to lift the Premiership Rugby Cup, by defeating Saracens 23–9 in front of a home-final crowd, which took place on 17 March 2019. The Saints also secured a top 4 finish for the first time since 2015, and Boyd's men would go on to face the Exeter Chiefs in the Premiership Rugby semi-final play-off system.


title: Northampton Saints

text: Northampton Saints have played at Franklin's Gardens since 1880, when the club was founded. Franklin's Gardens is a purpose-built rugby stadium near the town centre. It is about 1,250 m from the railway station and about 2,000 m from the bus station. The stadium holds approximately 15,250 people. The stadium also has 40 corporate boxes. Each can hold from 8 to 24 people. The four stands are: The Carlsberg Stand; Cinch Stand; Church's Stand; and the new Barwell Stand (which replaced the Sturtridge Pavilion). It is also a multi-functional conference centre as well as the only Aviva Premiership ground with its own cenotaph.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In 2009, the Saints' board announced they would be applying to increase capacity to 17,000 with the redevelopment of the North Stand. It was intended this would be funded by a £40 million investment by supermarket chain Asda, who would build a new store on the land currently used as training pitches. A political battle ensued with the local council, which later came to be seen as an attempt by the board to wrest public funding and public land for their commercial objectives.


title: Northampton Saints

text: The club has since secured funding through alternate means – a loan thought to be in the region of £5million through Northampton Borough Council – and with planning permission rubber-stamped, building will commence in the summer of 2015. The stand, which will take the name of the Barwell family, is due to be completed in time for the start of the 2015–16 Premiership Rugby season, and will take the capacity at Franklin's Gardens up to 15,249.


title: Northampton Saints

text: Northampton Saints had an unbeaten home record that stretched from March 2007 to March 2009, much of this record was set during the Saints' 2007/08 promotion from the RFU Championship (previously National Division One). During the 2008/09 English Premiership regular season the Saints only lost at Franklin's Gardens on one occasion, to the Newcastle Falcons.


title: Northampton Saints

text: The club's Barwell Stand was finished in October 2015 and debuted against Saracens on 7 November 2015.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In September 2021, Northampton Saints announced a six-year sponsorship deal with online car dealership cinch which including naming rights to Franklin's Gardens. The stadium immediately became cinch stadium at Franklin's Gardens and cinch would become the club's principal sponsor from 2022 to 2023 season.


title: Northampton Saints

text: The club played a 2011 Heineken Cup quarter final match against Ulster at Stadium MK in Milton Keynes, because Franklin's Gardens was too small to meet the minimum 15,000 seats demanded by the European Rugby Cup tournament organisers. The Saints won the match, beating Ulster 23–13, witnessed by a crowd of over 21,000. The Saints also played their semi-final there the same year, beating Perpignan 23–7. The Saints then hosted one Premiership


title: Northampton Saints

text: match a season at the stadium between 2014–15 and 2016–17; most recently, an Easter Sunday match against Saracens on 16 April 2017, narrowly losing 25–27.


title: Northampton Saints

text: In 2008, after being promoted from the championship to the premiership, Saints changed from Kooga to Rhino. After two years with Rhino, and coming second in the table, Saints switched again to Burrda Sport, a Swiss sports apparel company. Northampton signed a four-year deal with Burrda which have brought back the old-fashioned ring but with a modern twist for the home shirt and the away shirt with its black and gold ring with a peppermint light green background. In the 2014/15 season Burrda released a kit with horizontal green, black and gold stripes of the same size. It was one of the most popular kit releases of Saints History. Starting in the 2016/17 season Macron are Saints' kit supplier, signing a 10-year deal with the club.


title: Northampton Saints

text: For the 2021–2022 season the club released an away shirt with the names of the season-ticket holders that had donated their ticket to the club because of the coronavirus.


title: Northampton Saints

text: The kit is supplied by Macron. On the front of the shirt, Toolstation is at the centre while Elite Insurance Company appears on the top left while StubHub appears on the left and right of the collar. Hankook appears on the left sleeve. On the back of the shirt, Kubota appears at the top while GRS appears on top of the squad number while The University of Northampton appears on the bottom; Carlsberg on the match day shorts.


title: Northampton Saints

text: Saints' main rivals are Leicester Tigers, whom they face in the East Midlands Derby. Over a number of recent years, the Saints have developed a rivalry with Saracens, largely due to the increased number of fixtures the two teams have performed against one another in, the most notable fixture being the 2013–14 Premiership Rugby Final, in which the Saints ran out victors. Since Wasps relocation to the Ricoh Arena in Coventry, the two teams now also possess a form of local rivalry with one another.


title: Northampton Saints

text: The following are players which have represented their countries at the Rugby World Cup, whilst playing for Northampton:


title: Northampton Saints

text: The following players have toured with the British & Irish Lions while members of the club, other players have been selected but did not tour due to either injury, suspension or other reasons:


title: Northampton Saints

text: The history of Northampton Saints is one filled with illustrious names. To recognise and honour its best players, the club established its Hall of Fame in 2004. To date 21 players have been inducted:


title: Family law

text: Family law (also called matrimonial law or the law of domestic relations) is an area of the law that deals with family matters and domestic relations.


title: Family law

text: Issues may arise in family law where there is a question as to the laws of the jurisdiction that apply to the marriage relationship or to custody and divorce, and whether a divorce or child custody order is recognized under the laws of another jurisdiction. For child custody, many nations have joined the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction in order to grant recognition to other member states' custody orders and avoid issues of parental kidnapping.


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: The Jaguar V12 engine is a V12 internal combustion engine produced by Jaguar Cars. The engine was based on a prototype design by Claude Baily for an intended Le Mans car—the Jaguar XJ13. The XJ13 project was terminated in 1966 before the car was ever entered into competition, but under the direction of Jaguar Chief Engineer William Heynes the V12 engine design was reworked by engineers Walter Hassan and Harry Mundy into a production-ready version, first installed in the Series 3 Jaguar E-Type of 1971. The V12 was the second production engine design in Jaguar's history. The all-aluminium block was fitted with removable wet iron liners, complete with single overhead camshaft aluminium heads with two valves per cylinder. It was regarded as one of the premier power plants of the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: Initial designs for a V12 engine were produced by engineer Claude Baily as early as 1951, with a view to using it in a Le Mans car. Baily's original 8.0 L design used double overhead camshafts heads sharing the same basic layout as the XK6 engine, in order to allow for a relatively high redline. Even after Jaguar withdrew from racing in 1957 the V12 design continued to be refined, and Baily proposed a range of displacements from 7.6 L (sharing 87 mm bore and 106 mm stroke measurements with the 3.8 L XK6) down to 5.0 L (sharing the 2.4 L XK6's 83 mm bore and 76.5 mm stroke). In 1962 Baily was instructed to begin prototype tooling and bench testing of a 5.0 L design, having settled on an 87 mm bore and 70 mm stroke.


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: By 1964 several incarnations of the V12 engine were being tested, including versions meant for racing and others for installation into production cars. An all-aluminium quad-cam design with fuel injection was created for the XJ13, while cast iron blocks and heads, and other double and single overhead cam head designs were created for use in a production road car version. These production versions of the engine were tested in Mark X saloons.


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: After the XJ13 project was cancelled the team of Hassan and Mundy designed a new single overhead cam head, with the camshaft lobes acting directly on vertically-inclined valves through bucket tappets. This was similar to the cylinder head design of the contemporary Rover 2000, with which the Jaguar V12 also shared the use of dished 'Heron' pistons. These changes reduced complexity, weight, size and noise, and were anticipated to help the engine meet future emissions standards.


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: The revised head design by Hassan and Mundy also had longer, more restrictive inlet ports sacrificing top-end power but which—along with an increase in displacement to (90 mm bore x 70 mm stroke)—greatly improved performance at lower and mid-range engine speeds, which was more desirable in heavier luxury cars. The chain-driven SOHC heads and the softer valve springs fitted to reduce valve train noise resulted in the red line being lowered to 6,500 rpm from the 8,000 rpm of the original DOHC design. The engine was continuously refined with various carburettor and fuel injection arrangements before finally seeing production in the Series III E-Type in 1971.


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: The production engine had an oversquare bore x stroke, producing to (depending on emission controls and compression ratio), and up to of torque in fuel-injected form. Right from the start of production in 1971 the V12 engine had Lucas OPUS (Oscillating Pick-Up System) electronic ignition. Initially the OPUS ignition amplifier unit was secured directly to the engine between the cylinder heads and had problems due to overheating. In later cars the ignition amplifier had been moved away from the engine where it could get air flow for cooling. Originally the V12 was supposed to use an advanced fuel injection system under development by AE Brico but this plan was cancelled at a late stage, possibly due to concerns that the design was too similar to Bosch products. The V12 as used in the Series 3 E-Types, Series 1 XJ12 and early Series 2 XJ12s (1973-April 1975) had four side draft Zenith-Stromberg carburettors. After April 1975, the V12 engine used in the Series 2 XJ12 and the new XJ-S had a licensed copy of the Bosch D-Jetronic system adapted by Lucas for use on the V12.


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: A "high-efficiency" (HE) version of the engine debuted in 1981, using special high-swirl design cylinder heads designed by Swiss racing driver Michael May. May's design consisted of a swirl chamber at the exhaust valve with a channel around the intake valve. The use of conventional flat-topped pistons in lieu of the original design's dished type allowed squish from the compression stroke to push the air through the channel around the intake valve to the chamber below the exhaust valve, causing turbulent swirling flow around the spark plug (which had been relocated near the exhaust valve at the top of the chamber). This design created a stratified charge, allowing the engine to run at an unusually high compression ratio for the time (10.5:1 to 12.5:1, depending on market and year) while running a relatively lean fuel mixture. In any given market power levels remained similar to the previous model, but fuel economy was improved by nearly 50%. A new fuel injection system called "Digital P" featuring a digital ECU with integrated manifold air pressure transducer was installed, replacing the older analogue control unit and remote pressure sensor from Bosch's original D-Jetronic design. (However, cars sold in Australia, Sweden and Switzerland continued to use the D-Jetronic system until at least 1985.)


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: The OPUS ignition was replaced by Lucas's Constant Energy Ignition (CEI) in 1982, to deliver a more reliable spark. Series 3 XJ12 and Daimler Double Six cars used the CEI system until the end of their production in 1992, but it was superseded in the XJ-S in mid-1989 by another from Magneti Marelli. The Marelli ignition system was used until the end of XJ-S production, and on the version used in the XJ81 four-door saloons made in 1993 and 1994.


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: The engine was stroked to in 1992 for a displacement of to make this one of the most powerful Jaguar production engines to date at at 5,400 rpm and at 3,750 rpm. The XJR-S stayed in the line until 1993 with power raised at at 5250 rpm and at 3650 rpm of torque. The engine on X305 used a new Nippondenso distributorless crank-fired ignition system with coil packs very similar to Ford EDIS-6 units. The last Jaguar V12 engine was produced on 17 April 1997.


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: In 1985, Tom Walkinshaw Racing became Jaguar's official team in World Endurance Championship, taking over the project from American team Group 44. Their first car, XJR6, used the engine, but in the following year the engine was upgraded to 6.9 L and in 1988 the XJR9 used the engine's most famous displacement of . By 1991, the V12 was good for 7.4 L inside the XJR12, developing an impressive


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: TWR also upgraded production Jaguar cars (usually XJRS's), with a variety of styling, handling and performance modifications. Most of the cars thus modified were straight from the Jaguar factory and sold through Jaguar dealerships.


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: By 1989, TWR were selling moderate numbers of XJRS's fitted with a version of the V12, which pre-dated the Jaguar production version by some 3 years.


title: Jaguar V12 engine

text: Lister Cars, a well-known Jaguar tuner with a long history of technical collaboration with the British automaker, made frequent use of this powerplant. The first Jaguar Lister XJRS's were built by the company BLE Automotive in Erdington, Birmingham in the early 1980s until the Lister brand was passed on to WP Automotive of Leatherhead. In 1991, they fitted the version of the engine, with a bore and stroke, into a modified Jaguar XJS, which was rebadged Lister Le Mans. This engine officially produced and . From 1993, Lister Cars owner Laurence Pearce produced the company's first in house design the Lister Storm, which, naturally, continued using the V12 engine, both on the road and on the track, the car becoming a mainstay of the FIA GT Championship and several national championships for the following decade.


title: Kirsten Nelson

text: Kirsten Nelson (born October 3, 1970) is an American actress and director best known for her role as police chief Karen Vick on the TV series "Psych".


title: Kirsten Nelson

text: Kirsten Nelson was born in Enid, Oklahoma and raised in Chicago. Nelson grew up playing the piano and singing, and has said "I wanted to be a concert pianist at Carnegie Hall, that is what I wanted to do from really early on." Nelson graduated from Northwestern University.


title: Kirsten Nelson

text: Nelson was a founding member of Chicago's Roadworks Theatre Ensemble before moving to Los Angeles in 1995.


title: Kirsten Nelson

text: Nelson's career includes roles in "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" (as Lorraine), "The O'Keefes" (as Ellie O'Keefe), "Baby's Day Out", "The Fugitive", "Frasier", "Ally McBeal", "The West Wing", "Just Shoot Me!" and "Boy Meets World". Most recently, she played Danielle Bishop on "K.C. Undercover".


title: Coleman fuel

text: Coleman fuel, also generically sold as white gas, is a petroleum naphtha product marketed by the Coleman Company.


title: Coleman fuel

text: Historically called "white gas", it is a liquid petroleum fuel (100% light hydrotreated distillate), composed of cyclohexane, nonane, octane, heptane, and pentane. White gas was originally simply additive-free gasoline. This formulation is now rarely found. Coleman fuel, and its white gas copies, contain additives for inhibiting rust, ease of lighting, and fast burning. It is also cleaner than the original white gas.


title: Coleman fuel

text: Coleman fuel is used primarily for fueling lanterns and camp stoves. It is usually sold in one-gallon cans in the United States; in Europe it is usually sold in one-litre bottles.


title: Coleman fuel

text: Additionally, it is a popular fuel for fire dancing. Originally, it was simply casing-head gas or drip gas, which has similar properties. Drip gas was sold commercially at gas stations and hardware stores in North America until the early 1950s. The white gas sold today is a similar product but is produced at refineries and has a very low benzene content, benzene being a human carcinogen.


title: Coleman fuel

text: Though Coleman fuel has an octane rating of 50 to 55 and a flammability similar to gasoline, it has none of the additives found in modern gasoline. Most burners will readily burn unleaded gasoline as a substitute fuel.


title: Intelligence agencies of Russia

text: The intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation, often unofficially referred to in Russian as "Special services" (), include:


title: Intelligence agencies of Russia

text: The SVR, FSB and FSO, GUSP are all successor agencies to the Soviet Union′s KGB, are administratively independent of each other and report to the President of Russia, who under law is in charge of directing these agencies. The GRU is a structural component of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia and its director reports to the Chief of the General Staff and the Minister of Defence and to a certain extent may also answer to the President of Russia if ordered so.


title: Intelligence agencies of Russia

text: The Director of FSB and Director of SVR are permanent "ex officio" members of the Security Council of Russia, a consultative body under the president of Russia. Although the Director of FSO is not classified as a member of the Russian Security Council, he is invited to join in the meetings when ordered by the President.


title: Intelligence agencies of Russia

text: Parliamentary supervision over the intelligence community in Russia is undertaken by the Federation Council's Committee for Security and Defense, and the Committee for Security and Anti-Corruption of the State Duma, which supervises Russia's intelligence and security services.


The 2020 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 3, 2020, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent Michigan. It was held concurrently with the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the United States Senate, elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections.


title: 2020 United States Senate election in Michigan

text: Incumbent Gary Peters was one of two Democratic U.S. Senators up for re-election in 2020 in a state President Donald Trump carried in 2016; the other was Doug Jones from Alabama. The primary was held on August 4. The filing deadline for candidates to run in the primary was April 21 but was extended to May 8 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The election was considered a potential upset pickup by the Republicans due to the state's demographic trends, incumbent Trump's upset win in 2016, and Republican candidate John James's outperformance of polling expectations despite losing the state's Senate election in 2018. However, most experts still believed Peters to be the more likely winner.


text: Peters won re-election to a second term, though by a closer margin than expected. James, who outperformed Trump on the same ballot, initially refused to concede, claiming in a statement published to his campaign website two days after the election that he had been "cheated" out of winning the election. The statement alleged that there were "deep concerns that millions of Michiganders may have been disenfranchised by a dishonest few who cheat.". On November 24, James conceded the race exactly three weeks after election day. With a margin of 1.68%, this election was the second-closest race of the 2020 Senate election cycle, behind only the regularly-scheduled election in Georgia.


text: Polls indicated that the race would be close with Peters leading in most polls. In 2018, Michigan voters approved 'no reason required' absentee balloting. The COVID-19 pandemic led to a record number of absentee voters. Michigan law does not allow for early tabulating of absentee ballots, so the absentee ballots were tabulated after completing the tabulating of ballots from polling places. This created a 'mirage' effect because more Republicans voted on Election Day and more Democrats voted by absentee ballot. James was ahead when the counting of Election Day ballots was completed. When the absentee ballots were tabulated and with 98% of the votes counted, Peters was declared the winner by a tight margin of one percentage point after a day of waiting. When the results were certified on November 23, Peters' margin of victory was 1.68%.


text: Peters was able to win re-election by running up a big margin in Wayne County, home of Detroit, winning over 67% of the vote there. Peters also managed to improve his performance in the reliably Democratic Washtenaw County, home of Ann Arbor, improving on his 2014 election by almost three percentage points. Peters also came within just 1,139 votes of winning Kent County, home of Grand Rapids, having lost the county by over eight percentage points six years prior. Peters was sworn in for his second term on January 3, 2021. His term will expire on January 3, 2027.


text: African-Americans in Detroit were a major demographic contributing to Gary Peters winning the election.


text: After Peters took the lead in the election on the 4th, James refused to concede the race. The following day, James claimed that he had been cheated out of winning the election in a statement published to his campaign website. The statement said that there were "[...] deep concerns that millions of Michiganders may have been disenfranchised by a dishonest few who cheat" and that "[...] there is enough credible evidence to warrant an investigation to ensure that elections were conducted in a transparent, legal and fair manner." A lawyer for James' campaign alleged that fraud was committed at the TCF Center, which the Trump campaign had also attempted to claim in a dismissed lawsuit. James conceded the election to Peters on November 24.


title: Brian Aherne

text: William Brian de Lacy Aherne (2 May 190210 February 1986) was an English actor of stage, screen, radio and television, who enjoyed a long and varied career in Britain and the United States.


title: Brian Aherne

text: His first Broadway appearance in "The Barretts of Wimpole Street" in 1931 teamed him with Katharine Cornell, with whom he appeared in many productions. In films, he played opposite Madeleine Carroll, Bette Davis, Marlene Dietrich, Rita Hayworth and Carole Lombard, and was Oscar-nominated for his role as Emperor Maximilian in "Juarez" (1939). On TV, he appeared in "The Twilight Zone" episode, "The Trouble With Templeton", "Wagon Train" and "Rawhide".


title: Brian Aherne

text: He was born in King's Norton, Worcestershire, the second and younger son of the architect William de Lacy Aherne and his wife Louise (née Thomas). His elder brother Pat Aherne was also an actor.


title: Brian Aherne

text: Educated in Edgbaston, Birmingham, he received stage training at Italia Conti Academy in London as a child actor and then completed his education at Malvern College.


title: Brian Aherne

text: He first appeared on the stage in Birmingham with the Pilgrim Players (which developed into the Birmingham Repertory Theatre) on 5 April 1910 in "Fifinella", and he made his first appearance on the London stage at the Garrick Theatre, 26 December 1913 in "Where the Rainbow Ends", a play by Clifford Mills and John Ramsey, with music by Roger Quilter, which ran at various theatres for over 25 years.


title: Brian Aherne

text: He then studied with a view to becoming an architect, but, having had considerable amateur experience in Birmingham and with Liverpool's Green Room Club, he obtained an engagement under Robert Courtneidge, and appeared at London's Savoy Theatre, opening on 26 December 1923, as Jack O'Hara in a revival of "Paddy the Next Best Thing", the play by W. Gayer-Mackay and Robert Ord (from the novel).


title: Brian Aherne

text: He then toured with Violet Vanbrugh as Hugo in "The Flame" and appeared at the London Playhouse in May 1924 as Langford in Leon Gordon's "White Cargo", in which he played all through 1924–1925.


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne's first screen appearance was in "The Eleventh Commandment" in 1924. He made several appearances in productions at Cricklewood Studios by Stoll Pictures, then the largest British film company, including two directed by Sinclair Hill: "The Squire of Long Hadley" (1925) and "A Woman Redeemed" (1927). He was also in "King of the Castle" (1925) and the comedy "Safety First" (1926).


title: Brian Aherne

text: In 1926. he accompanied Dion Boucicault Jr. to Australia, where he appeared in several plays by J.M. Barrie (as Valentine Brown in the comedy "Quality Street", John Shand in the comedy "What Every Woman Knows", Crichton in "The Admirable Crichton", Simon and Harry in "Mary Rose") and Willocks in "Aren't We All?", another comedy by Frederick Lonsdale.


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne reappeared in London at the Strand in March 1927, again as Langford, in "White Cargo" and continued on the London stage in a succession of plays until late 1930 when he went to the U.S.


title: Brian Aherne

text: His latter silents were two films "Shooting Stars" and "Underground" by director Anthony Asquith. Aherne made his sound debut in "The W Plan" (1930), directed by Victor Saville. He appeared opposite Madeleine Carroll in "Madame Guillotine" (1931).


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne made his first appearance on the New York City stage at the Empire Theatre on 9 February 1931, playing Robert Browning in Rudolf Besier's play "The Barretts of Wimpole Street" opposite Katharine Cornell. The play was a big success, running for 370 performances. Cornell and Aherne remained lifelong friends and he played in many of her productions.


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne returned to Broadway in 1932 for "Lucrece", which starred Cornell. It only had a short run. He then went to Hollywood, where he made his American film debut in "The Song of Songs" (1933) with Marlene Dietrich.


title: Brian Aherne

text: In 1934, he was reunited with Cornell on Broadway in "Romeo and Juliet", playing Mercutio; Cornell was Juliet, and Basil Rathbone was Romeo. It only ran 77 performances.


title: Brian Aherne

text: In Hollywood, Aherne supported Ann Harding in "The Fountain" (1934), released by RKO Pictures. At Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Aherne co-starred with Helen Hayes in "What Every Woman Knows" (1934), and Joan Crawford in "I Live My Life" (1935), which was a big hit. In 1935, Aherne and Cornell revived "The Barretts of Wimpole Street" on Broadway for 24 performances. Aherne returned to RKO for "Sylvia Scarlett" (1935) with Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant, a notorious flop.


title: Brian Aherne

text: He returned to Broadway, where he appeared in Cornell's production of "Saint Joan" (1936), co-starring Maurice Evans. Back in Hollywood, he appeared in "Beloved Enemy" (1936) with Merle Oberon at Goldwyn Productions. Then, in 1937, he appeared as Iago on Broadway in "Othello".


title: Brian Aherne

text: At Warner Bros., Aherne was top-billed in "The Great Garrick" (1937), directed by James Whale. He supported Constance Bennett in the hit comedy "Merrily We Live" (1938) for Hal Roach Studios, distributed by MGM. He was Oscar-nominated for his role as Emperor Maxmilian in "Juarez" (1939).


title: Brian Aherne

text: Hal Roach gave Aherne the star role in "Captain Fury" (1939) as a bushranger in colonial Australia. He supported Carole Lombard in "Vigil in the Night" (1940) at RKO, then reunited with Madeleine Carroll in "My Son, My Son!" (1940) for Edward Small.


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne was billed over Rita Hayworth in "The Lady in Question" (1940) at Columbia. He made "Hired Wife" (1940) at Universal with Rosalind Russell; for that studio, he did "The Man Who Lost Himself" (1941) with Kay Francis.


title: Brian Aherne

text: MGM put Aherne in support of Jeanette MacDonald for "Smilin' Through" (1941). He supported Claudette Colbert in "Skylark" (1941) at Paramount and Rosalind Russell in "My Sister Eileen" (1942) at Columbia. He stayed at that studio to support Loretta Young in "A Night to Remember" (1942) and was one of many stars in "Forever and a Day" (1943).


title: Brian Aherne

text: At Columbia, Aherne supported Merle Oberon in "First Comes Courage" (1943) and Rosalind Russell in "The Beautiful Cheat" (1943).


title: Brian Aherne

text: In 1943, he quit films to become a flight instructor for the Royal Air Force at Falcon Field, Arizona. In November 1943, it was reported Columbia paid him $144,958 for the year, making him the second highest paid person at Columbia after Harry Cohn.


title: Brian Aherne

text: In 1945, he and Cornell returned to Broadway in a revival of "The Barretts of Wimpole Street". He stayed in New York to appear in "The French Touch" (1945–1946), directed by René Clair.


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne returned to movies with RKO's "The Locket" (1946), billed after Laraine Day. He was top-billed in "Smart Woman" (1948), co-starring producer Constance Bennett. He did "Drums Along the Amazon" (1948) for Republic.


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne made his television debut with "Dear Brutus" for "The Ford Theatre Hour" (1950), which he had performed on stage in Boston. He followed it with "The Magnificent Gesture" for "Armstrong Circle Theatre" (1950), "A Well-Remembered Voice" for "Lux Video Theatre", "The Old Flame" for "The Billy Rose Show" (1951), "The Buccaneer" for "Pulitzer Prize Playhouse" (1951), and "Betty Crocker Star Matinee" (1952).


title: Brian Aherne

text: He and Cornell reunited on stage in "The Constant Wife" (1951–1952). Then Aherne returned to Hollywood. He had supporting roles in "I Confess" (1953), directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and "Titanic" (1953) as Captain E.J. Smith.


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne did "Escapade" (1953) on Broadway and "Two for Tea" for "Lux Video Theatre" and "Element of Risk" and "Breakdown" for "Robert Montgomery Presents" (1953).


title: Brian Aherne

text: 20th Century Fox asked Aherne back to Hollywood to play King Arthur in "Prince Valiant" (1954) and to play a supporting part in "A Bullet Is Waiting" (1954).


title: Brian Aherne

text: He did "Quadrille" (1954–1955) on Broadway with the Lunts, then "Now in Rehearsal" for the Eddie Cantor episode of "The Colgate Comedy Hour" (1955). Aherne did "The Martyr" for "General Electric Theater" (1955), "Reunion in Vienna" for "Producers' Showcase" (1955), and "The Round Dozen" and "Appearances and Reality" for "The Star and the Story" (1955).


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne went to MGM for "The Swan" (1956). On TV, he did "One Minute from Broadway" for "Sneak Preview" (1956), "Night Shriek" for "Climax!" (1956), "The Sacred Trust" and "The Lamp of Father Cataldo" for "Crossroads" (1956), "The Transfer" for "The Errol Flynn Theatre" (1956), "Safe Enough" for "Studio 57" (1957), and "Story Without a Moral" for "Goodyear Theatre" (1959).


title: Brian Aherne

text: In 1957, he went on a national tour of "My Fair Lady", playing Professor Henry Higgins. In 1960, he played the title role of "The Trouble with Templeton" on the television series "The Twilight Zone".


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne was invited back to 20th Century Fox for a sizable supporting role in the big budget "The Best of Everything" (1959). Aherne's final Broadway appearance was in "Dear Liar" (1960) with Cornell, where he played George Bernard Shaw ("with great vivacity" according to "The New York Times") opposite Cornell's Mrs Patrick Campbell. He acted in the movie "Susan Slade" (1961). He did "The Bruce Saybrook Story" on "Wagon Train" (1961), and "The Gentleman's Gentleman" on "Rawhide" (1961). He also appeared as guest host on the TV panel show "The Name's the Same".


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne's final film roles included "Lancelot and Guinevere" (1963) as King Arthur, "The Waltz King" (1964) for Disney (as Johann Strauss I), and "The Cavern" (1964).


title: Brian Aherne

text: He settled in Switzerland. He appeared in a play in England and agreed to return to Hollywood to play Rosalind Russell's love interest in "Rosie!" (1967).


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne co-starred in the "Florence Nightingale" episode of "Theatre Guild on the Air" 13 April 1952. In 1945, he played sleuth Simon Templar in the mystery series "The Saint". He also appeared in an episode of "The Burns and Allen Show" titled "Brian Aherne's Shorts" on March 28, 1944.


title: Brian Aherne

text: Between 1939 and 1945, Aherne was married to actress Joan Fontaine; the marriage ended in divorce. He married Eleanor de Liagre Labrot in 1946, and their union lasted until his death in 1986.


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne published his autobiography "A Proper Job" in 1969 as well as "A Dreadful Man" (1979), a biography of his close friend George Sanders.


title: Brian Aherne

text: Aherne died of heart failure in Venice, Florida at the age of 83 on 10 February 1986. He was cremated at Sarasota Crematory.


title: Papaverine

text: Papaverine (Latin "papaver", "poppy") is an opium alkaloid antispasmodic drug, used primarily in the treatment of visceral spasms and vasospasms (especially those involving the intestines, heart, or brain), occasionally in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and acute mesenteric ischemia. While it is found in the opium poppy, papaverine differs in both structure and pharmacological action from the analgesic morphine and its derivatives (such as codeine).


title: Papaverine

text: Papaverine was discovered in 1848 by Georg Merck (1825–1873). Merck was a student of the German chemists Justus von Liebig and August Hofmann, and he was the son of Emanuel Merck (1794–1855), founder of the Merck corporation, a major German chemical and pharmaceutical company.


title: Papaverine

text: Papaverine is approved to treat spasms of the gastrointestinal tract, bile ducts and ureter and for use as a cerebral and coronary vasodilator in subarachnoid hemorrhage (combined with balloon angioplasty) and coronary artery bypass surgery. Papaverine may also be used as a smooth muscle relaxant in microsurgery where it is applied directly to blood vessels.


title: Papaverine

text: Papaverine is used as an erectile dysfunction drug, alone or sometimes in combination. Papaverine, when injected in penile tissue, causes direct smooth muscle relaxation and consequent filling of the corpus cavernosum with blood resulting in erection. A topical gel is also available for ED treatment.


title: Papaverine

text: It is also commonly used in cryopreservation of blood vessels along with the other glycosaminoglycans and protein suspensions. Functions as a vasodilator during cryopreservation when used in conjunction with verapamil, phentolamine, nifedipine, tolazoline or nitroprusside.


title: Papaverine

text: Papaverine is also being investigated as a topical growth factor in tissue expansion with some success.


title: Papaverine

text: Papaverine is used as an off-label prophylaxis (preventative) of migraine headaches. It is not a first line drug such as a few beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, and some anticonvulsants such as divalproex, but rather when these first line drugs and secondary drugs such as SSRIs, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, etc. fail in the prophylaxis of migraines, have intolerable side effects or are contraindicated.


title: Papaverine

text: Papaverine is also present in combinations of opium alkaloid salts such as papaveretum (Omnopon, Pantopon) and others, along with morphine, codeine, and in some cases noscapine and others in a percentage similar to that in opium, or modified for a given application.


title: Papaverine

text: Papaverine is found as a contaminant in some heroin and can be used by forensic laboratories in heroin profiling to identify its source. The metabolites can also be found in the urine of heroin users, allowing street heroin to be distinguished from pharmaceutical diacetylmorphine.


title: Papaverine

text: The "in vivo" mechanism of action is not entirely clear, but an inhibition of the enzyme phosphodiesterase causing elevation of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels is significant. It may also alter mitochondrial respiration.


title: Papaverine

text: Papaverine has also been demonstrated to be a selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the PDE subtype found mainly in the striatum of the brain. When administered chronically to mice, it produced motor and cognitive deficits and increased anxiety, but conversely may produce an antipsychotic effect, although not all studies support this view.


title: Papaverine

text: Frequent side effects of papaverine treatment include polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, constipation, interference with sulphobromophthalein retention test (used to determine hepatic function), increased transaminase levels, increased alkaline phosphatase levels, somnolence, and vertigo.


title: Papaverine

text: Rare side effects include flushing of the face, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), cutaneous eruption, arterial hypotension, tachycardia, loss of appetite, jaundice, eosinophilia, thrombopenia, mixed hepatitis, headache, allergic reaction, chronic active hepatitis, and paradoxical aggravation of cerebral vasospasm.


title: Papaverine

text: Papaverine is available as a conjugate of hydrochloride, codecarboxylate, adenylate, and teprosylate. It was also once available as a salt of hydrobromide, camsylate, cromesilate, nicotinate, and phenylglycolate. The hydrochloride salt is available for intramuscular, intravenous, rectal and oral administration. The teprosylate is available in intravenous, intramuscular, and orally administered formulations. The codecarboxylate is available in oral form, only, as is the adenylate.


title: Papaverine

text: The codecarboxylate is sold under the name Albatran, the adenylate as Dicertan, and the hydrochloride salt is sold variously as Artegodan (Germany), Cardioverina (countries outside Europe and the United States), Dispamil (countries outside Europe and the United States), Opdensit (Germany), Panergon (Germany), Paverina Houde (Italy, Belgium), Pavacap (United States), Pavadyl (United States), Papaverine (Israel), Papaverin-Hamelin (Germany), Paveron (Germany), Spasmo-Nit (Germany), Cardiospan, Papaversan, Cepaverin, Cerespan, Drapavel, Forpaven, Papalease, Pavatest, Paverolan, Therapav (Canada), Vasospan, Cerebid, Delapav, Dilaves, Durapav, Dynovas, Optenyl, Pameion, Papacon, Pavabid, Pavacen, Pavakey, Pavased, Pavnell, Alapav, Myobid, Vasal, Pamelon, Pavadel, Pavagen, Ro-Papav, Vaso-Pav, Papanerin-hcl, Qua bid, Papital T.R., Paptial T.R., Pap-Kaps-150. In Hungary, papaverine and homatropine methylbromide are used in mild drugs that help "flush" the bile.


title: Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)

text: The Kingdom of Naples (; ; ) was a French client state in southern Italy created in 1806 when the Bourbon Ferdinand IV & VII of Naples and Sicily sided with the Third Coalition against Napoleon and was in return ousted from his kingdom by a French invasion. Joseph Bonaparte, elder brother of Napoleon I, was installed in his stead: Joseph conferred the title "Prince of Naples" to be hereditary to his children and grandchildren. When Joseph became King of Spain in 1808, Napoleon appointed his brother-in-law Joachim Murat to take his place. Murat was later deposed by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after striking at Austria in the Neapolitan War, in which he was decisively defeated at the Battle of Tolentino.


title: Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)

text: Although the Napoleonic kings were officially styled King of Naples and Sicily, British domination of the Mediterranean made it impossible for the French to gain control of Sicily, where Ferdinand had fled, and French power was confined to the mainland Kingdom of Naples alone while Ferdinand continued to reside in and rule the Kingdom of Sicily.


title: Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)

text: In the modernising spirit of the French Revolution, the regimes of Joseph and Murat implemented a programme of sweeping reforms to the organisation and structure of the ancient feudal kingdom. On 2 August 1806, feudalism was abolished, and all the rights and privileges of the nobility suppressed. The practice of tax farming was also ended. The collection of all taxes slowly brought under direct central control as the government brought out the contractors and compensated those who had lost their feudal tax-collecting privileges with bonds. The first public street-lighting system, modelled on that of Paris, was also installed in the city of Naples during Joseph's reign.


title: Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)

text: Continuing the anti-clerical sentiment of the Revolution, church property was confiscated en masse and auctioned off as "biens nationaux" (in compensation for the loss of feudal privileges, the nobles received a certificate which could be exchanged for such properties). However, not all church land was sold immediately, with some retained to support charitable and educational foundations. Most monastic orders were also suppressed and their funds transferred to the royal treasury; the Benedictines and Jesuits were dissolved, but Joseph preserved the Franciscans.


title: Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)

text: In 1808 Joachim Murat, husband of Napoleon's sister Caroline, was granted the crown of Naples by the Emperor after Joseph had reluctantly accepted the throne of Spain.


title: Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)

text: Murat joined Napoleon in the disastrous campaign of 1812 and, as Napoleon's downfall unfolded, increasingly sought to save his kingdom. Opening communications with the Austrians and British, Murat signed a treaty with the Austrians on January 11, 1814 in which, in return for renouncing his claims to Sicily and providing military support to the Allies in the war against his former Emperor, Austria would guarantee his continued possession of Naples. Marching his troops north, Murat's Neapolitans joined the Austrians against Napoleon's stepson, Eugène de Beauharnais, Viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy. After initially opening secret communications with Eugène to explore his options of switching sides again, Murat finally committed to the allied side and attacked Piacenza. Upon Napoleon's abdication on 11 April 1814 and Eugène's armistice, Murat returned to Naples. However, his new allies did not trust him, and he became convinced they were about to depose him.


title: Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)

text: Upon Napoleon's return in 1815, Murat struck out from Rimini at the Austrian forces in northern Italy in what he considered a pre-emptive attack. The powers at the Congress of Vienna assumed he was in concert with Napoleon, but this was, in fact, the opposite of the truth, as Napoleon was then seeking to secure recognition of his return to France through promises of peace, not war. On 2 April, Murat entered Bologna without a fight. Still, soon he was in headlong retreat as the Austrians crossed the Po at Occhiobello, and his Neapolitan forces disintegrated at the first sign of a skirmish. Murat withdrew to Cesena, then Ancona, then Tolentino. At the Battle of Tolentino on 3 May 1815, the Neapolitan army was swept aside. Though Murat escaped to Naples, his position was irrecoverable, and he soon continued his flight, leaving Naples for France.


title: Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)

text: Ferdinand IV & VI was soon restored, and the Napoleonic kingdom came to an end. The Congress of Vienna confirmed Ferdinand in possession of both his ancient kingdoms, Naples and Sicily, but under the new unified title of King of the Two Sicilies, which would survive until 1861.


title: Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)

text: The Army of the Kingdom of Naples, active during the French period, or the decade when the Bourbon kingdom was conquered and ruled by the Napoleonids, was an armed land force that took part, alongside the Grande Armée, in many of the major campaigns of the Napoleonic wars. With the Napoleonic occupation and the creation of the new kingdom in 1806, the Neapolitan throne was initially entrusted to Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother. In 1808, until 1815, the Neapolitan throne was occupied instead by Joachim Murat, one of the most brilliant military commanders of the Napoleonic empire. Following the execution of Murat, this army was not dissolved, but amalgamated with the other army that the Bourbons had kept during their exile in Sicily.


title: Damp proofing

text: Damp proofing in construction is a type of moisture control applied to building walls and floors to prevent moisture from passing into the interior spaces. Dampness problems are among the most frequent problems encountered in residences.


title: Damp proofing

text: "Damp proofing" is defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as a material that resists the passage of water with no hydrostatic pressure. "Waterproof" is defined by the ASTM as a treatment that resists the passage of water under pressure. Generally, damp proofing keeps moisture out of a building, where vapor barriers keep interior moisture from getting into walls. Moisture resistance is not necessarily absolute; it is usually defined by a specific test method, limits, and engineering tolerances.


title: Damp proofing

text: A DPC is a durable, impermeable material such as slate, felt paper, metal, plastic or special engineered bricks bedded into the mortar between two courses of bricks or blocks. It can often be seen as a thin line in the mortar near ground level. To create a continuous barrier, pieces of DPC or DPM may be sealed together. In addition, the DPC may be sealed to the DPM around the outside edges of the ground floor, completely sealing the inside of the building from the damp ground around it.


title: Damp proofing

text: In a masonry cavity wall, there is usually a DPC in both the outer and inner wall. In the outer wall it is normally to above ground level (the height of 2-3 brick courses). This allows rain to form puddles and splash up off the ground, without saturating the wall above DPC level. The wall below the DPC may become saturated in rainy weather. The DPC in the inner wall is usually below floor level, (under a suspended timber floor structure), or, with a solid concrete floor, it is usually found immediately above the floor slab so that it can be linked to the DPM under the floor slab. This enables installation of skirting boards above floor level without fear of puncturing it. Alternatively, instead of fitting separate inner and outer DPCs, it is common in commercial housebuilding to use a one-piece length of rigid plastic (with an angled section) that fits neatly across the cavity and slots into both walls (a cavity tray). This method requires weep vents to enable water to drain from the cavity, otherwise dampness could rise from above the DPC.


title: Damp proofing

text: Concrete normally allows moisture to pass through so a vertical vapor barrier is needed. Barriers may be a coating or membrane applied to the exterior of the concrete. The coating may be asphalt, asphalt emulsion, a thinned asphalt called cutback asphalt, or an elastomer. Membranes are rubberized asphalt or EPDM rubber. Rubberized products perform better because concrete sometimes develops cracks and the barrier does not crack with the concrete.


title: Damp proofing

text: Until the 20th century, masonry buildings in Europe and North America were generally constructed from highly permeable materials such as stone and lime-based mortars and renders covered with soft water-based paints which all allowed any damp to diffuse into the air without damage. The later application of impermeable materials which prevent the natural dispersion of damp, such as tile, linoleum, cement and gypsum-based materials and synthetic paints is thought by some to be the most significant cause of damp problems in older buildings.


title: Damp proofing

text: There are many solutions for dealing with dampness in existing buildings, the choice of which will largely be determined by the types of dampness that are affecting the building, "e.g.", rising damp, hygroscopic damp, condensation, penetrating damp, etc.


title: Damp proofing

text: Some DPC materials may contain asbestos fibres. This was more commonly found in the older, grey sealants as well as flexible tar boards.


title: The Amazing Race 26

text: The Amazing Race 26 is the twenty-sixth season of the American reality television show "The Amazing Race". In this season, eleven teams of dating couples (six existing couples and five blind date teams who met for the first time at the start of the race) competed in a race around the world.


title: The Amazing Race 26

text: The season premiered on CBS with a special 90-minute episode on February 25, 2015, and the season finale aired on May 15, 2015.


title: The Amazing Race 26

text: All three of the final teams were couples matched up as blind dates at the start of the race. Laura Pierson and Tyler Adams were the winners of this season, while Jelani Roy and Jenny Wu finished in second place, and Hayley Keel and Blair Townsend finished in third.


title: The Amazing Race 26

text: This season covered , five continents, and eight countries, including a first-time visit to Monaco. On some legs, teams could receive special Date Night rewards, which were inserted randomly in clue envelopes. These allowed the lucky team an opportunity to participate in a romantic activity during the pit stop.


title: The Amazing Race 26

text: For the second season in a row, four teams competed in the final leg. However, host Phil Keoghan eliminated one team in the middle of the final leg, leaving only three teams to race to the finish line.


title: The Amazing Race 26

text: Travelocity and Ford continued their sponsorships with "The Amazing Race". Fitbit became a new sponsor this season. Each team member received Fitbit devices, which were used in one of the tasks in Leg 10. This was also the last season to have Ford as a sponsor for the show.


title: The Amazing Race 26

text: The cast included a pair of dating Olympians: short-track speed skater Aly Dudek and bobsledder Steven Langton; as well as New Kids on the Block singer Jonathan Knight.


title: The Amazing Race 26

text: In June 2015, Jackie Ibarra and Jeff Weldon were revealed as additional contestants on the seventeenth season of "Big Brother" by host Phil Keoghan.


title: The Amazing Race 26

text: The following teams are listed with their placements in each leg. Placements are listed in finishing order.


title: The Amazing Race 26

text: "The Amazing Race 26" received mixed reviews. Daniel Fienberg of HitFix wrote that "'Amazing Race' tried to do something that 'Amazing Race' wasn't equipped to do this season and the experiment was an utter failure, but it speaks to the resiliency of the format that it didn't destroy the season entirely. I don't think this was a great season of 'The Amazing Race,' but whatever problems I had with the season were entirely about weakly integrated product placement, redundant challenges and problematic Race architecture that left too many Legs stagnant and unchanged from start to finish." Meredith Goodman of "The Daily Northwestern" was negative towards the blind date format calling it "the tackiest gimmick of all". Jodi Walker of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote that "this season has been a weird one, but it's certainly been interesting." Rob Moynihan of TV Insider wrote that the blind date "gamble paid off, with most of that season's memorable moments stemming from the contempt between blind dating medical professionals Hayley and Blair." Luke Gelineau of TV Equals wrote "I ended up liking this season a bit more than I thought I was going to." In 2016, this season was ranked 25th out of the first 27 seasons by the "Rob Has a Podcast Amazing Race" correspondents. Kareem Gantt of "Screen Rant" wrote that "it was a truly suspenseful race throughout the season, and the cast was thoroughly likable, so much so that you hated for any team to get bumped off of this season."


title: The Amazing Race 26

text: Canadian broadcaster CTV also airs "The Amazing Race" on Fridays. Episodes air at 8:00 p.m. Eastern and Central (9:00 p.m. Pacific, Mountain and Atlantic).


title: Regional Internet registry

text: A regional Internet registry (RIR) is an organization that manages the allocation and registration of Internet number resources within a region of the world. Internet number resources include IP addresses and autonomous system (AS) numbers.


title: Regional Internet registry

text: The regional Internet registry system evolved, eventually dividing the responsibility for management to a registry for each of five regions of the world. The regional Internet registries are informally liaised through the unincorporated Number Resource Organization (NRO), which is a coordinating body to act on matters of global importance.


title: Regional Internet registry

text: Regional Internet registries are components of the Internet Number Registry System, which is described in IETF . The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) delegates Internet resources to the RIRs who, in turn, follow their regional policies to delegate resources to their customers, which include Internet service providers and end-user organizations. Collectively, the RIRs participate in the Number Resource Organization (NRO), formed as a body to represent their collective interests, undertake joint activities, and coordinate their activities globally. The NRO has entered into an agreement with ICANN for the establishment of the Address Supporting Organisation (ASO), which undertakes coordination of global IP addressing policies within the ICANN framework.


title: Regional Internet registry

text: The Number Resource Organization (NRO) is an unincorporated organization uniting the five RIRs. It came into existence on October 24, 2003, when the four existing RIRs entered into a memorandum of understanding (MoU) in order to undertake joint activities, including joint technical projects and policy coordination. The youngest RIR, AFRINIC, joined in April 2005.


title: Regional Internet registry

text: A local Internet registry (LIR) is an organization that has been allocated a block of IP addresses by a RIR, and that assigns most parts of this block to its own customers. Most LIRs are Internet service providers, enterprises, or academic institutions. Membership in a regional Internet registry is required to become a LIR.


title: Tritagonist

text: In literature, the tritagonist () or tertiary main character is the third most important character of a narrative, after the protagonist and deuteragonist. In ancient Greek drama, the tritagonist was the third member of the acting troupe.


title: Tritagonist

text: As a character, a tritagonist may act as the instigator or cause of the sufferings of the protagonist. Despite being the least sympathetic character of the drama, they occasion the situations by which pity and sympathy for the protagonist are excited.


title: Tritagonist

text: The part of the tritagonist emerged from earlier forms of two-actor drama. Where two actors only allowed for a principal character and their adversary, moving the part of adversary to a third actor (the tritagonist) allowed for the second actor (the deuteragonist) to play roles as a confidant or aide to the principal character, and thereby elicit greater character depth from the principal character by having the protagonist explain their feelings and motivations to an on-stage listener. As Ancient Greek theater recitations were partly melodic, the role of the tritagonist would typically go to a performer with a voice in the bass range (as compared to the protagonist as tenor and the deuteragonist as baritone). Cicero, in his "Divinatio in Caecilium", reported that the tritagonist (being a role of lesser importance than the protagonist) would often have to subdue his voice if he was naturally stronger than the protagonist.


title: Tritagonist

text: Notable Ancient Greek actors who worked in this role include the orator Aeschines, who was held by Demosthenes to have been untalented as a tritagonist, and Myniscus, who was tritagonist under the playwright Aeschylus.


title: Tritagonist

text: In some forms of Greek theater, it was traditional for the tritagonist to enter the stage from the left.


title: Ron Dayne

text: Ronald Dayne (born March 14, 1978) is a former professional American football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons. Dayne played college football for the University of Wisconsin and won the 1999 Heisman Trophy. He was a first round pick of the New York Giants in the 2000 NFL Draft and also played for the Denver Broncos and Houston Texans during his 7-year NFL career.


title: Ron Dayne

text: Bowl game statistics included, Dayne is the all-time leader in rushing yards in NCAA Division I FBS history, with 7,125 yards (Official stats exclude Bowl Games played before 2002. Without Bowl game stats, Dayne is second all-time behind Donnel Pumphrey).


title: Ron Dayne

text: When Dayne was a child, his parents divorced, and he was sent to live with relatives. Due to a lack of reliable adult relatives, Dayne was forced to take on a parental role to his younger sister when he was just ten years old. His athleticism and speed made him a star running back at Overbrook High School in his hometown of Pine Hill, New Jersey, and he was heavily recruited by many colleges. He also excelled at track and field. In 1995, he won the New Jersey Meet of Champions, setting a new meet record in the discus throw. In 1996, he won state titles in both the shot put and discus, breaking both meet records. He won the Meet of Champions in both events and breaking his own meet record in the discus. He has the fifth-best distance ever thrown in the discus by a U.S. high school athlete at 216 feet, 11 inches (66.12m).


title: Ron Dayne

text: His football role was expected to change when he reached college. At 270 pounds out of high school, many felt that he was too big to be a tailback and believed he would be best suited as a fullback. Eventually, coach Barry Alvarez promised Dayne a tailback position and persuaded him to come to play for Wisconsin.


title: Ron Dayne

text: He attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he played for the Wisconsin Badgers football team from 1996 to 1999. Known as the "Great Dayne" and "The Dayne Train" throughout college, Dayne was the starting running back all four years at Wisconsin and had 1,220 carries during his career.


title: Ron Dayne

text: Over his four seasons, Dayne set the NCAA Division I-A rushing record for total yards in a career. He gained 1,863 yards as a freshman, 1,421 as a sophomore, 1,325 as a junior, and 1,834 as a senior. He broke the record in the final game of the 1999 season against Iowa. Dayne ended his career with 6,397 rushing yards (which does "not" include yardage from the four bowl games he played in), eclipsing the record set the previous year by Ricky Williams of Texas. The record has since been eclipsed by San Diego State back Donnel Pumphrey.


title: Ron Dayne

text: Dayne excelled in three bowl games for Wisconsin. He rushed for 246 to lead the Badgers to a 38–10 victory in the 1996 Copper Bowl against Utah, garnering MVP honors. Dayne only gained 36 yards in the 1998 Outback Bowl loss against Georgia the next season, but bounced back the next two seasons with 246 yards and 200 yards, respectively, in the Badgers' 1999 and 2000 Rose Bowl wins. Dayne won MVP honors in both games, becoming only the third player in the history of the Rose Bowl to repeat as MVP — and the first and still only Big Ten player to do so. Bob Schloredt (Washington/AAWU), Charles White (USC/Pac-10) were the first two, and Vince Young (Texas/Big 12) has subsequently accomplished this feat.


title: Ron Dayne

text: Dayne won the Heisman Trophy in 1999 as well as other awards throughout college, including Big Ten Player of the Year for 1999 and All-American placement in 1996, 1998 and 1999. His name and number is one of six displayed on the Camp Randall Stadium façade. Dayne's #33 was officially retired during the November 10, 2007, game against Michigan.


title: Ron Dayne

text: , Dayne's 6,397 career yards is second in the Division I-A (now FBS) career rushing list, trailing only Donnel Pumphrey of San Diego State. When yardage from bowl games is included, he amassed 7,125 yards. He shares the record for most 200-yard rushing games with Ricky Williams and Marcus Allen, with twelve. He is one of only eight players in NCAA history to rush for over a thousand yards in each of his four seasons.


title: Ron Dayne

text: Dayne was inducted into the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Athletic Hall Of Fame as part of the 2009 class alongside fellow NFL player Joe Panos and MLB pitcher Thornton Kipper. For his contribution to the Rose Bowl game, he was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame on December 31, 2011. In 2013, Dayne was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.