title: Academic dress in the United States

text: In June 1893, the trustees of Princeton appointed one of their members, John J. McCook, to look into creating an academic costume that showed the wearer’s degree, faculty, and alma mater, and to discuss the concept with Columbia, Yale, Harvard and other universities with the goal being “the adoption of a uniform academic costume.”


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: Columbia hosted the meeting with delegates from Princeton (McCook), Yale and New York University attending, and as a “technical adviser” Gardner Cotrell Leonard, whose Albany, N.Y., firm manufactured academic dress. (Harvard waited until 1902 to adopt its academic dress statute, which is recognizable for its inclusion of the university’s nineteenth-century crows’ feet and the use of the Edinburgh simple shape hood [s4]). The meeting took place in either 1894 or 1895 and adopted the Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume on March 16, 1895. The Code was based on Columbia’s existing statute, and prescribed the cut and style and materials of the gowns, as well as eight colors representing fields of learning. The descriptions, however, are vague compared to the descriptions of academic costume in Europe. For example, no particular shape of hood was specified in the Code (nor has one ever been). The version Americans typically wear is the Wales simple shape [s5] with a split-salmon cut. In the late nineteenth century it was the shape worn by Oxford bachelors; today it is worn by graduates of the University of Wales.


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: In 1932 the American Council on Education (ACE) authorized the appointment of a committee "to determine whether revision and completion of the academic code adopted by the conference of the colleges and universities in 1895 is desirable at this time, and, if so, to draft a revised code and present a plan for submitting the code to the consideration of the institutional members of the Council." The committee essentially adopted the Code in whole and changed it in two ways:


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: A Committee on Academic Costumes and Ceremonies, appointed by the American Council on Education in 1959, again reviewed the academic dress code and made several changes. They took effect as of 1960. The significant alterations included:


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: These changes were approved in March 1959. In April, the Committee approved the use of maroon for home economy. The color has never been included in any edition of the ACE book.


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: As part of the socio-political upheaval of the 1960s in many Western cultures, eschewing academic regalia became a popular means of demonstrating anti-establishment views, particularly in response to the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Student protests, which had the effect of cancelling graduation ceremonies at some American universities, led to a general relaxing of protocols on academic attire and ceremonial pageantry. After the war, academic regalia continued to be shunned by some who considered it a symbol of elitism. However, since the 1980s, academic regalia has been in resurgence. Some colleges or academic departments allow graduating students to vote on whether or not to wear academic regalia at graduation ceremonies.


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: More changes were approved by the Committee in 1973, following the “large numbers of requests for advice about academic dress” received by the Committee. The important changes, which first appeared in the 11th edition of the ACE book (published in 1973), include:


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: The 11th edition also included a contradiction in selecting a faculty color. Since 1960 the color was to be connected not to the title of the degree but to the discipline studied (e.g. a Bachelor of Arts in Music would wear pink, for music, instead of white etc.). That suggestion remained in the 11th edition, but in another paragraph was the opposite direction: “For the hood, the border [i.e. the edging of the cowl] should be white if the degree is awarded in arts (B.A. or M.A.), golden yellow if in science (B.S. or M.S.).”


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: Doctors had similarly confusing advice. Interdisciplinary doctorates could wear the faculty color of any of a number of fields. “Thus,” the 1973 Code states, “urban affairs may be distinguished by copper (economics), peacock blue (public administration), or another field already assigned ...”


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: Doctoral degrees were clarified in 1987 when all Ph.D. graduates were to wear dark blue as their faculty color. While this was the most visible of changes that took effect that year, it was hardly the only one, and it wasn't the only change that involved color. Some of the other changes included:


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: Although readers of the Code may believe it to be an enforceable edict, the current version of the Code points out its permissive nature: “… it is impossible (and probably undesirable) to lay down enforceable rules with respect to academic costume. The governing force is tradition and the continuity of academic symbols from the Middle Ages. The tradition should be departed from as little as possible … ” In addition, the Committee wrote a memo in 1967 that makes the point directly, pointing out that “the general guidelines are as stated and should not be interpreted as supported by highly detailed and hard-and-fast regulations on file in some central place.”


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: Although today in the U.S. academic dress is rarely worn outside commencement ceremonies or other academic rituals such as encaenia and baccalaureate services, those graduation ceremonies have gained in popularity and have expanded to high school graduations, middle school, elementary school and even kindergarten graduation ceremonies.


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: More than 400 universities in the U.S. grant the doctoral degree. Of them, more than 125 use academic dress for their doctors that varies from the guidelines found in the code. Some universities limit their unique costumes for doctors only; others provide it for doctors and masters; some provide it for the upper degrees and bachelors too.


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: Unique academic dress typically separates itself from the Code's standards through color. While the Code sanctions black for gowns at the bachelor's level and above (and grey gowns for the associate degree), several American colleges in the late nineteenth century had adopted colored academic dress (see "History", above). When the Code was approved in 1895, black became the only sanctioned color for gowns, caps, and hood shells.


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: As early as 1912, however, uniformity was challenged when Brown adopted mortarboards for its trustees and fellows in the university color, seal brown. In 1938 Yale began using Yale blue gowns for its masters' and doctors' academic dress.


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: In 1950 Syracuse began using orange gowns for its academic officers, but not for graduates. Rochester created a red gown for its president and a black gown with gold trim for some of its officers in 1954. In the next year, Harvard adopted crimson for the gowns of its Ph.D. holders. (Later, all Harvard doctors but the J.D. would wear the crimson gown; today, only research doctors may wear the crimson gown.)


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: Other Ivy League universities soon followed suit. Princeton adopted a doctoral gown in 1960 whose shape differed slightly from the Code's standard. The sleeves were somewhat shorter and they were lined in orange; the gown was black with orange trim. The standard shape was recently authorized by Princeton; both are permitted today. Columbia debuted its light blue gowns for all graduates in 1963, following failed attempts in 1948 and 1958 to adopt colored gowns. The gowns Columbia has used since 1963, designed by Jacques Barzun, have a pair of crowns below the yoke; on the bachelor's and master's gown they are embroidered onto a tab while they are embroidered directly into the velvet facing of the doctoral gown. Pennsylvania's distinctive doctoral gown was first used in 1964. It is red but the lower ends of the sleeves are blue.


title: Academic dress in the United States

text: Deviations from the Code generally fall into one of five categories. Referring to doctoral gowns, these are:


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Fashion in the period 1600–1650 in Western European clothing is characterized by the disappearance of the ruff in favour of broad lace or linen collars. Waistlines rose through the period for both men and women. Other notable fashions included full, slashed sleeves and tall or broad hats with brims. For men, hose disappeared in favour of breeches.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: The silhouette, which was essentially close to the body with tight sleeves and a low, pointed waist to around 1615, gradually softened and broadened. Sleeves became very full, and in the 1620s and 1630s were often paned or slashed to show the voluminous sleeves of the shirt or chemise beneath.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Spanish fashions remained very conservative. The ruff lingered longest in Spain and the Netherlands, but disappeared first for men and later for women in France and England.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: The social tensions leading to the English Civil War were reflected in English fashion, with the elaborate French styles popular at the courts of James I and his son Charles I contrasting with the sober styles in sadd colours favoured by Puritans and exported to the early settlements of New England (see below).


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: In the early decades of the century, a trend among poets and artists to adopt a fashionable pose of melancholia is reflected in fashion, where the characteristic touches are dark colours, open collars, unbuttoned robes or doublets, and a generally disheveled appearance, accompanied in portraits by world-weary poses and sad expressions.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Figured silks with elaborate pomegranate or artichoke patterns are still seen in this period, especially in Spain, but a lighter style of scrolling floral motifs, woven or embroidered, was popular, especially in England.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: The great flowering of needlelace occurred in this period. Geometric reticella deriving from cutwork was elaborated into true needlelace or "punto in aria" (called in England "point lace"), which also reflected the popular scrolling floral designs.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: In England, embroidered linen silk jackets fastened with ribbon ties were fashionable for both men and women from c. 1600–1620, as was reticella tinted with yellow starch. Overgowns with split sleeves (often trimmed with horizontal rows of braid) were worn by both men and women.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: From the 1620s, surface ornament fell out of fashion in favour of solid-colour satins, and functional ribbon bows or points became elaborate masses of rosettes and looped trim.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: In England from the 1630s, under the influence of literature and especially court masques, Anthony van Dyck and his followers created a fashion for having one's portrait painted in exotic, historical or pastoral dress, or in simplified contemporary fashion with various scarves, cloaks, mantles, and jewels added to evoke a classic or romantic mood, and also to prevent the portrait appearing dated within a few years. These paintings are the progenitors of the fashion of the later 17th century for having one's portrait painted in "undress", and do not necessarily reflect clothing as it was actually worn.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: In the early years of the new century, fashionable bodices had high necklines or extremely low, rounded necklines, and short wings at the shoulders. Separate closed cartwheel ruffs were sometimes worn, with the standing collar, supported by a small wire frame or "supportasse" used for more casual wear and becoming more common later. Long sleeves were worn with deep cuffs to match the ruff. The cartwheel ruff disappeared in fashionable England by 1613.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: By the mid-1620s, styles were relaxing. Ruffs were discarded in favor of wired collars which were called "rebatos" in continental Europe and, later, wide, flat collars. By the 1630s and 1640s, collars were accompanied by kerchiefs similar to the linen kerchiefs worn by middle-class women in the previous century; often the collar and kerchief were trimmed with matching lace.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Bodices were long-waisted at the beginning of the century, but waistlines rose steadily to the mid-1630s before beginning to drop again. In the second decade of the 17th century, short tabs developed attached to the bottom of the bodice covering the "bum-roll" which supported the skirts. These tabs grew longer during the 1620s and were worn with a stomacher which filled the gap between the two front edges of the bodice. By 1640, the long tabs had almost disappeared and a longer, smoother figure became fashionable: The waist returned to normal height at the back and sides with a low point at the front.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: The long, tight sleeves of the early 17th century grew shorter, fuller, and looser. A common style of the 1620s and 1630s was the virago sleeve, a full, slashed sleeve gathered into two puffs by a ribbon or other trim above the elbow.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: In France and England, lightweight bright or pastel-coloured satins replaced dark, heavy fabrics. As in other periods, painters tended to avoid the difficulty of painting striped fabrics; it is clear from inventories that these were common.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Unfitted gowns (called "nightgowns" in England) with long hanging sleeves, short open sleeves, or no sleeves at all were worn over the bodice and skirt and tied with a ribbon sash at the waist. In England of the 1610s and 1620s, a loose nightgown was often worn over an embroidered jacket called a "waistcoat" and a contrasting embroidered petticoat, without a farthingale. Black gowns were worn for the most formal occasions; they fell out of fashion in England in the 1630s in favour of gowns to match the bodice and petticoat, but remained an important item of clothing on the Continent.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: At least in the Netherlands the open-fronted overgown or "vlieger" was strictly reserved for married women. Before marriage the "bouwen", "a dress with a fitted bodice and a skirt that was closed all round" was worn instead; it was known in England as a "Dutch" or "round gown".


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Skirts might be open in front to reveal an underskirt or petticoat until about 1630, or closed all around; closed skirts were sometimes carried or worn looped up to reveal a petticoat.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Corsets were shorter to suit the new bodices, and might have a very stiff "busk" in the center front extending to the depth of the stomacher. Skirts were held in the proper shape by a padded roll or "French farthingale" holding the skirts out in a rounded shape at the waist, falling in soft folds to the floor. The drum or wheel farthingale was worn at the English court until the death of Anne of Denmark in 1619.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: To about 1613, hair was worn feathered high over the forehead. Married women wore their hair in a linen coif or cap, often with lace trim. Tall hats like those worn by men were adopted for outdoor wear.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: In a characteristic style of 1625–1650, hair was worn in loose waves to the shoulders on the sides, with the rest of the hair gathered or braided into a high bun at the back of the head. A short fringe or bangs might be worn with this style. Very fashionable married women abandoned the linen cap and wore their hair uncovered or with a hat.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Linen shirts had deep cuffs. Shirt sleeves became fuller throughout the period. To the 1620s, a collar wired to stick out horizontally, called a "whisk", was popular. Other styles included an unstarched ruff-like collar and, later, a rectangular "falling band" lying on the shoulders. Pointed Van Dyke beards, named after the painter Anthony van Dyck, were fashionable, and men often grew a large, wide moustache, as well.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Doublets were pointed and fitted close to the body, with tight sleeves, to about 1615. Gradually waistlines rose and sleeves became fuller, and both body and upper sleeves might be slashed to show the shirt beneath. By 1640, doublets were full and unfitted, and might be open at the front below the high waist to show the shirt.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Sleeveless leather jerkins were worn by soldiers and are seen in portraits, but otherwise the jerkin rapidly fell out of fashion for indoor wear.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: "Paned" or "pansied" "trunk hose" or "round hose", padded hose with strips of fabric ("panes") over a full inner layer or lining, were worn early in the period, over "cannions", fitted hose that ended above the knee. Trunk hose were longer than in the previous period, and were pear-shaped, with less fullness at the waist and more at mid-thigh.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: "Slops" or "galligaskins", loose hose reaching just below the knee, replaced all other styles of hose by the 1620s, and were now generally called breeches. Breeches might be fastened up the outer leg with buttons or buckles over a full lining.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: From 1600 to c. 1630, hose or breeches were fastened to doublets by means of ties or "points", short laces or ribbons pulled through matching sets of worked eyelets. Points were tied in bows at the waist and became more elaborate until they disappeared with the very short waisted doublets of the late 1630s. Decorated metal tips on points were called aiguillettes or aiglets, and those of the wealthy were made of precious metals set with pearls and other gemstones.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Short cloaks or capes, usually hip-length, often with sleeves, were worn by fashionable men, usually slung artistically over the left shoulder, even indoors; a fashion of the 1630s matched the cape fabric to the breeches and its lining to the doublet. Long cloaks were worn for inclement weather.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Early in the period, hair was worn collar-length and brushed back from the forehead; very fashionable men wore a single long strand of hair called a lovelock over one shoulder. Hairstyles grew longer through the period, and long curls were fashionable by the late 1630s and 1640s, pointing toward the ascendance of the wig as the standard wardrobe in the 1660s. King Louis XIII of France (1601–1643) started to pioneer wig-wearing during this period in 1624 when he had prematurely begun to bald.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: To about 1620, the fashionable hat was the capotain, with a tall conical crown rounded at the top and a narrow brim. By the 1630s, the crown was shorter and the brim was wider, often worn "cocked" or pinned up on one side and decorated with a mass of ostrich plumes.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Close-fitting caps called coifs or "biggins" were worn only by young children and old men under their hats or alone indoors.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Flat shoes were worn to around 1610, when a low heel became popular. The ribbon tie over the instep that had appeared on late sixteenth century shoes grew into elaborate lace or ribbon rosettes called "shoe roses" that were worn by the most fashionable men and women.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: The boots themselves were usually turned down below the knee; boot tops became wider until the "bucket-top" boot associated with "The Three Musketeers" appeared in the 1630s. Spurs straps featured decorative butterfly-shaped "spur leathers" over the instep.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Wooden clogs or pattens were worn outdoors over shoes and boots to keep the high heels from sinking into soft dirt.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Stockings had elaborate "clocks" or embroidery at the ankles early in the period. "Boothose" of stout linen were worn under boots to protect fine knitted stockings; these could be trimmed with lace.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: In Protestant and Catholic countries, attempts were made to simplify and reform the extravagances of dress. Louis XIII of France issued sumptuary laws in 1629 and 1633 that prohibited lace, gold trim and lavish embroidery for all but the highest nobility and restricting puffs, slashes and bunches of ribbon. The effects of this reform effort are depicted in a series of popular engravings by Abraham Bosse.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Puritans advocated a conservative form of fashionable attire, characterized by sadd colors and modest cuts. Gowns with low necklines were filled in with high-necked smocks and wide collars. Married women covered their hair with a linen cap, over which they might wear a tall black hat. Men and women avoided bright colours, shiny fabrics and over-ornamentation.


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Contrary to popular belief, most Puritans and Calvinists did not wear black for everyday, especially in England, Scotland and colonial America. Black dye was expensive, faded quickly and black clothing was reserved for the most formal occasions (including having one's portrait painted), for elders in a community and for those of higher rank. Richer puritans, like their Dutch Calvinist contemporaries, probably did wear it often but in silk, often patterned. Typical colours for most were brown, murrey (mulberry, a brownish-maroon), dull greens and tawny colours. Wool and linen were preferred over silks and satins, though Puritan women of rank wore modest amounts of lace and embroidery as appropriate to their station, believing that the various ranks of society were divinely ordained and should be reflected even in the most modest dress. William Perkins wrote "...that apparel is necessary for Scholar, the Tradesman, the Countryman, the Gentleman; which serveth not only to defend their bodies from cold, but which belongs also to the place, degree, calling, and condition of them all" ("Cases of Conscience", 1616).


title: 1600–1650 in Western European fashion

text: Some Puritans rejected the long, curled hair as effeminate and favoured a shorter fashion which led to the nickname Roundheads for adherents of the English Parliamentary party but the taste for lavish or simple dress cut across both parties in the English Civil War.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: Pororo the Little Penguin () is a South Korean computer-animated television series. The series premiered on EBS 1 in South Korea in 2003 and ran on the channel until 2021. The series had 7 seasons.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: The series revolves around the adventures of a little penguin named Pororo, and his friends who live in the snowy hamlet of Porong Porong Forest, who often encounter challenges and learn practical and moral lessons in each episode.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: It was created in 2003 Iconix Entertainment Co., Ltd, a company based in Seoul, South Korea. Choi Sang-hyun, who was working at Iconix Entertainment, was given a project of creating a character that represents an animal living in the winter. Choi visited a zoo in order to see those animals and understand how children enjoyed watching them.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: Several professional designers joined the project to come up with a character, but Choi's design was chosen as the winner, which then became Pororo. The original Pororo was a blue and white, petite penguin sporting an aviator helmet and goggles, which became popular among children. When it was introduced, it targeted children aged 4–7.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: Pororo has no specific background or cultural coding, so that the series could be popular to children worldwide. Pororo's design inspirations include iconic mascots Mickey Mouse and Hello Kitty. The creators picked the colours blue, pink and white to ensure familiarity for children, as well as representing said colors for boys and girls.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: When making episodes, producers focused to details that could be biased to certain cultural codes or give a historical reference, that is sensitive to viewers in certain parts of the world. For example, they ensured that the characters wave rather than bowing or nodding to each other. In the second season, the characters were all given redesigns and outfits that correspond to their personalities.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: In the USA, the show was dubbed in Spanish and aired on V-me in the late 2000s and currently aired on V-me Kids.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: On October 5, 2015, it was broadcast in Brazil through TV Cultura and later on October 12 through TV Rá-Tim-Bum.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: Initially, Pororo was created solely for entertainment. Later, parents suggested to Choi Jung-il of Iconix Entertainment that new episodes with educational value be included. Producers have received many requests, ranging from what the characters should eat and how to play in episodes to what they can do for society.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: Korean Air also provides Pororo-related merchandise for children including a doodle book, a colouring book and a plush toy of the character. In 2015, Pororo was chosen as the mascot for mass transportation in Seoul.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: In the summer of 2016, a Pororo theme park opened at Seoul COEX Mall featuring rides and a parade of Pororo characters.


title: Pororo the Little Penguin

text: In 2007, Pororo received numerous awards from the South Korean government, including the award by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. In 2010, Pororo got the president's award for Best Animated Characters. In 2014, Pororo got the award for Creative Brands.


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: Italdesign Giugiaro S.p.A. is a design and engineering company and brand based in Moncalieri, Italy, that traces its roots to the 1968 foundation of Studi Italiani Realizzazione Prototipi S.p.A. by Giorgetto Giugiaro and Aldo Mantovani. Best known for its automobile design work, Italdesign also offers product design, project management, styling, packaging, engineering, modeling, prototyping and testing services to manufacturers worldwide. As of 2010, Italdesign employs 800 people.


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: On August 9, 2010, Volkswagen Group subsidiary Audi's subsidiary Lamborghini acquired 90.1% of the shares of Italdesign Giugiaro S.p.A., including the brand name rights and patents. The remaining shares were sold to Audi on 28 June 2015, with Giorgetto Giugiaro resigning from the firm at the same time.


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: Giorgetto Giugiaro and Aldo Mantovani founded Studi Italiani Realizzazione Prototipi S.p.A., the company that would eventually become Italdesign, on February 13, 1968, in Moncalieri, Italy.


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: Former Volkswagen AG Chairman Ferdinand Piëch apprenticed at Italdesign during the summer of 1972, learning about engineering and design. Italdesign is responsible for the design of several notable Volkswagen vehicles including the first generation Volkswagen Golf (1974), Volkswagen Scirocco (1974) and Volkswagen Passat (1973) and the Audi 80 (1974).


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: In May 2010, Italdesign agreed to transfer 90.1% of its shares to Audi AG subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S.p.A. in order to keep Volkswagen's Italian holdings bundled together. The purchase price was not disclosed. The Giugiaro family retained ownership of the remaining shares. Both Giorgetto Giugiaro and his son, Fabrizio Giugiaro, continued to have active roles in the company. In July 2015 it was announced that Giorgetto Giugiaro had left and sold the remaining shares to Audi AG.


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: Following a large-scale cooperation with SEAT - already dating back to the 1980s - Italdesign created a new firm, Diseño Industrial Italdesign Srl, in SEAT's hometown Barcelona, Spain, in 1992 to design and construct models, master models and prototypes for the Spanish manufacturing industry. This subsidiary is known today as Italdesign Giugiaro Barcelona SL.


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: In 2017 the company founded a daughter company dedicated to building collector vehicles. Named ITALDESIGN AUTOMOBILI SPECIALI, the new brand will feature on all vehicles constructed in ultra low series production, aimed at a number of selected collectors. The first car to be produced is the Zerouno with a production of only five units.


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: Italdesign acquired SALLIG, a company founded in 1960 that designs and builds acrylic, cast iron and zamak matrices for automotive, aeronautical and household appliance prototypes.


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: Italdesign acquired ETM (Engineering Technologies Methods), a company founded in 1984 that creates silicone prototypes, allowing the transition from an acrylic prototype to a more refined prototype with characteristics similar to the finished product.


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: Italdesign-Giugiaro S.p.A. is headquartered 10 km south of Turin, Italy, in Moncalieri. Best known for its automobile design work, Italdesign also offers project management, styling, packaging, engineering, modeling, prototyping and testing services.


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: Under Volkswagen Group ownership, Rupert Stadler is the Chairman of the Board and Jörg Astalosch is CEO.


title: Italdesign Giugiaro

text: Italdesign has been credited for the design of a wide variety of concept and production cars since the firm's founding in 1968.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: Steve Sueng Jun Yoo (born December 15, 1976), also known as his Korean name Yoo Seung-jun (), is a Korean-American singer and actor who became one of South Korea's most popular K-pop singers after his debut in 1997. Yoo's singing career ended in 2002 when he was accused of evading South Korean mandatory military service by becoming a U.S. citizen. He was subsequently banned from entering South Korea, becoming the only person in history to be banned from the country for acquiring another citizenship. Since then, Yoo has been working as an actor in China.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: Yoo was born on December 15, 1976, in Seoul, South Korea. He and his family immigrated to the United States when he was thirteen and settled in Buena Park, California. Yoo made demo tapes of his rapping and dance skills and sent these to Brothers Entertainment, where he was eventually scouted and left California to start his career as a singer.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: Yoo made his South Korean debut as a singer in 1997. His first album "West Side" was a hit with the debut single "Gawi" ("gawi" is the Korean word for "scissors" - in this context it translates to "nightmare" as South Koreans use the word to describe the rigid sleep paralysis which sometimes accompanies bad dreams). Along with another single "I Love You, Noona," he won "Best Newcomer of the Year" at many award ceremonies. Yoo gained popularity with his signature dance move "Gawi," in which he and his backup dancers lined up diagonally to perform the same moves in unison. "West Side" sold a million copies.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: In the summer of 1998, he released his second album "1998 V2 for SALE" with "Na Na Na" ("나나나") as its lead song, where it and the music video topped the charts. In the video, it featured actress Choi Ji-woo, who played as the internship teacher while he played as the troublesome student. Many consider this album as the most successful of his career, as it won him "Best Artist of the Year" in multiple award ceremonies. The album again sold 1 million records.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: In 1999, he went on to release his third album "Now Or Never", which contained the hit single "Passion". Later that year, Yoo released his fourth album, "Over and Over," which contained the hit single "Vision."


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: During this time, he began to expand his career into China and Taiwan, with the release of the single "Can't Wait", which was a collaboration with Taiwanese singer Yuki. "Now or Never" topped the South Korean charts with first week sales of 879,000 albums sold. Setting a record for the highest first week sales ever at the time. The album eventually sold close to 1.5 million units. He also released music videos for two of his Korean songs that year for "찾길 바래" () & "어제 오늘 그리고" (), the latter showing off a more sophisticated image.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: In 2001, he released the single "Wow" from his sixth album "Infinity." Though considered a disappointment critically and commercially compared to his last three albums, "Infinity" still debuted at No. 1 on the charts with first-week sales of 359,961 units. The album went to achieve sales of over 600,000.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: Yoo had repeatedly stated on television that he would fulfill his mandatory military service. But in 2002, just before he was to be drafted, he became a naturalized U.S. citizen. As a result, the South Korean government considered it an act of desertion, and deported him, permanently banning him from entering the country.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: In 2006, he was featured on rapper H-Eugene's song "독불장군" (). The song's music video does not show Yoo's face, but shows him dancing and his silhouette.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: In 2007, he released his seventh album "Yoo Seungjun Vol. 7 - Rebirth of YSJ" for his fans who stood by him through the highs and lows of his career. The album was produced under the collaboration of production teams from the United States, China, and South Korea. He released singles such as "Missing U," "Breakin' Love," "One For Me" and "Fireworks."


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: He earned a role in an untitled Taiwanese drama loosely based on Bret Easton Ellis's novel "Less than Zero". In June 2008, Yoo signed a 15-year contract with Jackie Chan's entertainment management company to become an actor. He has since attempted to establish a name for himself in mainland China while continuing his singing and acting career.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: In 2011, in response to an announcement by South Korean television network Seoul Broadcasting System on holding a public poll on whether South Koreans think Yoo should be allowed to come back to South Korea, he said he had no plans to return.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: In December 2013, rumor had it that the ban on Yoo was lifted and that he could enter South Korea. In January 2014, however, South Korea's Military Manpower Association released a statement firmly denying the allegation.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: On May 19, 2015, Yoo appeared in a video where he opened up on his side of the story regarding his evading military service back in 2002. He appeared getting down on his hands and knees begging to be accepted back into South Korea promising that he would "do whatever it takes" and that he would accept any condition the South Korean government allowed.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: On February 23, 2017, following a court hearing, Yoo lost his second and final appeal for having his entry ban lifted, and is no longer allowed to return to South Korea, nor he is able to appeal his entry ban in the future.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: On July 11, 2019, the South Korean Supreme Court sent Yoo's previously closed case back to the Seoul High Court.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: On November 15, 2019, an appeals court reversed its earlier decision and ruled in favor of Yoo, which could finally allow him to visit South Korea.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: Ever since his banishment from South Korea in 2002, Yoo has made residence in Beijing, China. Soon after, he moved back to the United States to live in Los Angeles, California. Yoo married Christine Oh in 2004 with whom he has 4 children. In October 2019, Yoo launched his YouTube channel where he posted videos of his daily workout routine.


title: Yoo Seung-jun

text: Yoo is a practitioner of Taekwondo which he has been a practitioner of during the height of his celebrity days which he featured his skills on some of the Korean TV shows of the time. In 2010 when he was invited as a guest on the show Asia Uncut, he stated he (at the time of filming) holds 3rd Dan black belt.


title: Borna Barišić

text: Borna Barišić (; born 10 November 1992) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Scottish Premiership club Rangers and Croatia national team. Barišić previously played for Osijek in the Prva HNL.


title: Borna Barišić

text: Barišić was born in Osijek in eastern Croatian region of Slavonia to Bosnian Croat parents. His father Stipe "Moljac" Barišić hails from Galečić, while his mother Verica () hails from Stražbenica. He joined the youth academy of Osijek in 2003, spending eight years with the side. After failing to break into the first team, Barišić moved to nearby BSK Bijelo Brdo.


title: Borna Barišić

text: After a single season with Bijelo Brdo, Barišić returned to Osijek. In his first season with the first team, Barišić managed 23 Prva HNL appearances, debuting on 12 July 2013 in a 3–1 loss to Dinamo Zagreb. Barišić first goal for Osijek came on 4 April 2014 in the form on an 88th minute winner against Lokomotiva. Osijek finished in 8th place in the 2013–14 season. The following season, Barišić played in 28 games, managing one goal and two assists from left back as Osijek narrowly avoided relegation.


title: Borna Barišić

text: Despite his club's struggles, Barišić's performance for Osijek in the 2014–15 season saw him earn a move to league champions Dinamo, signing a five-year contract. Barišić's made his debut for his new club against his former club Osijek on 19 July 2015. In late August, however, Barišić was loaned out to Dinamo's feeder club Lokomotiva. At Lokomotiva, Barišić made 19 league appearances, managing two assists.


title: Borna Barišić

text: Osijek were purchased in February 2016 by Hungarian oligarch Lőrinc Mészáros and Croatian entrepreneur Ivan Meštrović, the first time the club had gone into private ownership. The new ownership identified Barišić as the type of player they want representing the club; young, talented and produced by the youth academy. Barišić subsequently agreed to the transfer and was appointed captain of his junior club. Barišić made his returning debut for Osijek on 23 July 2016, captaining the club to a 2–0 win over Inter Zaprešić. Barišić made 32 league appearances, scoring once and assisting seven times as Osijek finished 4th, its highest league finish in nearly 10 years.


title: Borna Barišić

text: In summer 2017, Barišić drew attention from Ukrainian club Dynamo Kyiv, and he agreed personal terms with the club. However, at the last minute, Dynamo opted for Dinamo Zagreb's Josip Pivarić. In an interview with "Sportske novosti" on 11 August, Barišić publicly called out Dinamo for sabotaging the transfer. On 22 August, Dinamo Zagreb executive Zdravko Mamić was shot in his native village of Zidine, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The shooting was believed to be an assassination attempt organized by the Čepin Mafia clan, of which Barišić's father Stipe is a member.


title: Borna Barišić

text: In the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League qualifying, Barišić scored a penalty in a 1–0 away win for Osijek over PSV Eindhoven. Osijek would go on to win the home leg 1–0, knocking out PSV from the competition. Barišić made 22 appearances in the league, scoring once and assisting four times as the club again finished in fourth place.


title: Borna Barišić

text: On 7 August 2018, Barišić signed a four year deal with Rangers after a deal was agreed with Osijek for a reported £2.2 million. He signed having just played against Rangers in the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League qualifying phase.


title: Borna Barišić

text: After an injury hit first season, on 29 December 2019, Barišić assisted both goals and was named Man of the Match in a 2–1 victory over Celtic, the first win at Celtic Park for Rangers since 2010. On 30 January 2020, he signed a new contract that sees him stay at the club until 2024.


title: Borna Barišić

text: On 18 February 2021, in his hundredth appearance for the club, Barišić scored a brace from the penalty spot in a 4–3 away win over Royal Antwerp in the Europa League Round of 32.


title: Borna Barišić

text: He made his Croatia national team debut on 11 January 2017 in a friendly against Chile. In May 2018, he was named in Croatia's preliminary 32-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia but did not make the final 23.


title: Borna Barišić

text: He scored his debut international goal on 21 March 2019 in a home Euro 2020 qualifier against Azerbaijan, that ended as a 2–1 win. By the end of qualifying, he solidified his spot in the national team's starting XI.


title: Shaq Diesel

text: Shaq Diesel is the debut album by American professional basketball player and rapper Shaquille O'Neal, released on October 26, 1993 through Jive Records. The album features production from Ali Shaheed Muhammad, Def Jef, Erick Sermon, K-Cut and Meech Wells, and guest appearances from Def Jef, Phife Dawg and Fu-Schnickens.


title: Shaq Diesel

text: Despite mixed reviews, the album became a surprising success, reaching 25 on the "Billboard" 200 and eventually reaching platinum status on March 21, 1994 for shipping of one million copies.


title: Shaq Diesel

text: Two singles from the album also managed to fare well on the charts, "(I Know I Got) Skillz", made it to #35 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and managed to reach gold status on December 21, 1993 for shipping of 500,000 copies, while "I'm Outstanding" made it to #47 on the Hot 100. A third single entitled "Shoot Pass Slam" was also released, but did not make it to the Billboard charts.


title: Tonya Lewis Lee

text: Tonya Linnette Lewis Lee (née Lewis; March 30, 1966) is an American film and television producer, author, entrepreneur, and advocate for women and infant health. Since founding her production company, Madstone Company Inc., in 1998, she has been involved in media for children, through her work with Nickelodeon and her authorship of children's books.


title: Tonya Lewis Lee

text: Lewis Lee was born in Yonkers, New York, to Lillian Charlotte (née Glenn) and George Ralph Lewis. Her father was a Philip Morris corporate executive. She graduated from Sarah Lawrence College with a BA and the University of Virginia School of Law with a JD. After practicing law at Nixon, Hargrave, Devans & Doyle LLP in Washington, D.C. for nearly two years, she returned to New York and married Spike Lee in 1993. They have two children.


title: Tonya Lewis Lee

text: Lewis Lee has been producing content for television and film for nearly 20 years. She began her career producing interstitial programming for Nickelodeon. She went on to produce larger projects for them, ultimately producing the miniseries "Miracle’s Boys" for the network along with the documentary, "I Sit Where I Want", commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education decision.


title: Tonya Lewis Lee

text: In 2014, Lewis Lee co-founded the production company ToniK Productions with Nikki Silver. Since its founding, ToniK has produced several projects including "The Watsons Go To Birmingham" which Lewis Lee wrote, "The Giver", "She's Gotta Have It" and "MONSTER".


title: Tonya Lewis Lee

text: Lewis Lee is the author of three children's books, "Please Baby Please", "Please Puppy Please", and "Giant Steps to Change the World". She is also the co-author of the New York Times bestselling "Gotham Diaries" and the writer of the script, "The Watsons Go to Birmingham."


title: Tonya Lewis Lee

text: Lewis Lee also served as the spokesperson for A Healthy Baby Begins With You an infant mortality awareness raising campaign out of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health from 2007 to 2013. Through the campaign she traveled the US speaking on issues of women's health for the sake of their unborn children. She also produced the documentary film Crisis in the Crib: Saving Our Nation's Babies. Her work with this campaign inspired her to found Healthy You Now, a web platform for women's health.


title: King Alfred's Tower

text: King Alfred's Tower is a folly in Somerset, England, on the edge of the border with Wiltshire, on the Stourhead estate. The tower stands on Kingsettle Hill and belongs to the National Trust. It is designated as a Grade I listed building.


title: King Alfred's Tower

text: Henry Hoare II planned the tower in the 1760s to commemorate the end of the Seven Years' War against France and the accession of King George III, and it was erected near the site of Egbert's Stone, where it is believed that Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, rallied the Anglo-Saxons in 878 before the Battle of Edington. The tower was damaged by a plane in 1944 and restored in the 1980s.


title: King Alfred's Tower

text: The triangular tower has a hollow centre and is climbed by means of a helical staircase in one of the corner projections. It has a statue of King Alfred and a dedication inscription.


title: King Alfred's Tower

text: The tower stands near the site of 'Egbert's Stone', where it was said that Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, rallied the Saxons in May 878 before the important Battle of Edington (historically known as the battle of "Ethandun"), where the Danish army, led by Guthrum the Old was defeated. It is the start of the Leland Trail, a footpath which runs south-west to Ham Hill Country Park.


title: King Alfred's Tower

text: The project to build the tower was conceived in 1762 by the banker Henry Hoare II (1705–1785). The tower was intended to commemorate the end of the Seven Years' War against France and the accession of King George III.


title: King Alfred's Tower

text: In 1765 Henry Flitcroft, a Palladian architect, designed the tower. Building began in 1769 or early 1770, and was completed in 1772 at a cost estimated to be between £5,000 and £6,000. There may have been some delay due to difficulty in obtaining the bricks. In addition to the commemorative function, the tower was also intended to serve as an eye-catcher for those touring the parkland of the Stourhead Estate. In April 1770, when the tower was just high, Hoare is quoted as saying: "I hope it will be finished in as happy Times to this Isle as Alfred finished his Life of Glory in then I shall depart in peace."


title: King Alfred's Tower

text: The tower was damaged in 1944 when a Noorduyn Norseman aeroplane crashed into it in fog, resulting in the death of the five American aircrew and damage to the uppermost . It was designated as a Grade I listed building in 1961. Restoration work in 1986 included the use of a Wessex helicopter to lower a piece of masonry onto the top. The statue of King Alfred was also restored at this time, including the replacement of his missing right forearm.


title: King Alfred's Tower

text: The triangular tower is over high with a girth of . Each of the three corners of the triangular structure has a round projection. The centre of the tower is hollow, and to stop birds from entering the space a mesh has been added at roof level. The viewing platform, which has a crenellated parapet and offers a view over the surrounding countryside, is reached by a 205-step spiral staircase at the corner furthest from the entrance. The brick tower has Chilmark stone dressings and is surmounted by an embattled parapet.


title: King Alfred's Tower

text: The south-east face of the tower has a Gothic-arched entrance door, a statue of King Alfred, and a stone panel bearing an inscription (see below). This is the face that most visitors see first when walking from Stourhead garden or from the nearby car park.


title: King Alfred's Tower

text: Around the Stourhead estate are several inscriptions. The one on the tower was drafted in 1762 and installed in 1772. The stone tablet above the door on the east face of the tower reads:


title: King Alfred's Tower

text: The tower is mentioned in Thomas Hardy's poem "Channel Firing" (written in April 1914) as a place "far inland".


title: Turning

text: Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates.


title: Turning

text: Usually the term "turning" is reserved for the generation of "external" surfaces by this cutting action, whereas this same essential cutting action when applied to "internal" surfaces (holes, of one kind or another) is called "boring". Thus the phrase "turning and boring" categorizes the larger family of processes known as lathing. The cutting of faces on the workpiece, whether with a turning or boring tool, is called "facing", and may be lumped into either category as a subset.


title: Turning

text: Turning can be done manually, in a traditional form of lathe, which frequently requires continuous supervision by the operator, or by using an automated lathe which does not. Today the most common type of such automation is computer numerical control, better known as CNC. (CNC is also commonly used with many other types of machining besides turning.)


title: Turning

text: When turning, the workpiece (a piece of relatively rigid material such as wood, metal, plastic, or stone) is rotated and a cutting tool is traversed along 1, 2, or 3 axes of motion to produce precise diameters and depths. Turning can be either on the outside of the cylinder or on the inside (also known as boring) to produce tubular components to various geometries. Although now quite rare, early lathes could even be used to produce complex geometric figures, even the platonic solids; although since the advent of CNC it has become unusual to use non-computerized toolpath control for this purpose.


title: Turning

text: The turning processes are typically carried out on a lathe, considered to be the oldest of machine tools, and can be of different types such as "straight turning", "taper turning", "profiling" or "external grooving". Those types of turning processes can produce various shapes of materials such as "straight", "conical", "curved", or "grooved" workpieces.


title: Turning

text: In general, turning uses simple "single-point cutting" tools. Each group of workpiece materials has an optimum set of tool angles that have been developed through the years.


title: Turning

text: The bits of waste metal from turning operations are known as chips (North America), or swarf (Britain). In some areas they may be known as "turnings".


title: Turning

text: The tool's axes of movement may be literally a straight line, or they may be along some set of curves or angles, but they are essentially linear (in the non mathematical sense).


title: Turning

text: A component that is subject to turning operations can be termed as a “Turned Part” or “Machined Component”. Turning operations are carried out on a lathe machine which can be manually or CNC operated.


title: Turning

text: The general process of turning involves rotating a part while a single-point cutting tool is moved parallel to the axis of rotation. Turning can be done on the external surface of the part as well as the internal surface (the process known as boring). The starting material is generally a workpiece generated by other processes such as casting, forging, extrusion, or drawing.


title: Turning

text: Facing in the context of turning work involves moving the cutting tool at right angles to the axis of rotation of the rotating workpiece. This can be performed by the operation of the cross-slide, if one is fitted, as distinct from the longitudinal feed (turning). It is frequently the first operation performed in the production of the workpiece, and often the last—hence the phrase "ending up".


title: Turning

text: This process, also called parting off or cutoff, is used to create deep grooves which will remove a completed or part-complete component from its parent stock.


title: Turning

text: Grooving is like parting, except that grooves are cut to a specific depth instead of severing a completed/part-complete component from the stock. Grooving can be performed on internal and external surfaces, as well as on the face of the part (face grooving or trepanning).


title: Turning

text: A lathe is a machine tool used principally for shaping pieces of metal, wood, or other materials by causing the workpiece to be held and rotated by the lathe while a tool bit is advanced into the work causing the cutting action. Lathes can be divided into three types for easy identification: engine lathe, turret lathe, and "special purpose lathes". Some smaller ones are bench mounted and semi-portable. The larger lathes are floor mounted and may require special transportation if they must be moved.


title: Turning

text: Field and maintenance shops generally use a lathe that can be adapted to many operations and that is not too large to be moved from one work site to another. The engine lathe is ideally suited for this purpose. A trained operator can accomplish more machining jobs with the engine lathe than with any other machine tool. Turret lathes and special purpose lathes are usually used in production or job shops for mass production or specialized parts, while basic engine lathes are usually used for any type of lathe work.


title: Turning

text: The various angles, shapes, and sizes of a "single-point cutting" tool have direct relation to the resulting surface of a workpiece in machining operations. Different types of angle such as "rake angle", "side rake angle", "cutting-edge angle", "relief angle", "nose radius" exist and may be different with respect to the workpiece. Also, there are many shapes of "single-point cutting" tools, such as "V-shaped" and "Square." Usually, a special toolholder is used to hold the cutting tool firmly during operation.


title: Turning

text: The relative forces in a turning operation are important in the design of machine tools. The machine tool and its components must be able to withstand these forces without causing significant deflections, vibrations, or chatter during the operation. There are three principal forces during a turning process:


title: Turning

text: Speeds and feeds for turning are chosen based on cutter material, workpiece material, setup rigidity, machine tool rigidity and spindle power, coolant choice, and other factors.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Say Anything is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California. The band was formed in 2000 by Max Bemis and his friends, and within two years, self-released two EPs and a full-length album.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In 2003, the band signed with their first label, Doghouse Records. A year later, they released their second album, "...Is a Real Boy". To support the album, they picked up new members and began touring; however, despite rapidly growing critical and fan acclaim, Bemis' health problems, including bipolar disorder and drug addictions, sidelined the band in 2005 as five band members left during the year.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Say Anything signed with J Records in 2005 and, following Bemis' successful rehabilitation, re-released "...Is a Real Boy" with their new label. They went on co-headlining tours with Saves the Day in 2006 and Hellogoodbye in 2007. In 2008, Say Anything went on a headlining tour across the US and UK and appeared on every date of Warped Tour.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Bemis announced the end of the band in 2018, months before the 2019 release of their eighth LP, "Oliver Appropriate".


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On Tuesday, October 11th, 2022, Bemis shared through Instagram that the band would be performing at the When We Were Young Festival in 2023.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: The band was formed in 2000 by Max Bemis and four of his friends as Sayanything. Within two years, they self-released two EPs, "Junior Varsity" and "In Your Dreams", and the full-length "Baseball: An Album by Sayanything".


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In 2002, Sayanything added a space to their name to become Say Anything. In late 2002, Bemis and Linder recorded the "Menorah/Majora" EP and released the album online. By this point, Say Anything's releases had generated "a major bidding war". Drive-Thru Records pursued the band and called Max Bemis "the next Bob Dylan." Brett Gurewitz of Epitaph Records recorded "A Boston Peace," one of the dorm-room demos, with the band. In early 2003, Say Anything signed with Doghouse Records stating sarcastically that Doghouse "put out such obscure, borderline D.I.Y. records as "The All-American Rejects"."


title: Say Anything (band)

text: After signing with the label, Bemis began writing songs for his band's Doghouse debut. Bemis went into the studio with Florida producer Paul Trust. They recorded 3 songs that were not released although one of the songs entitled "Spider Song" would later appear on a Doghouse compilation. With tremendous self-created pressure, he threw himself into pushing the sonic boundaries of the band and maturing their sound, incorporating elements of math-rock, indie-pop and theatrical pomp. He and Linder also started the search for a producer. The two met several producers but eventually decided on Tim O'Heir and Stephen Trask. Bemis struggled with different ideas for the record and decided the album should focus on "the artistic struggle, the fact that every creative person has this sick ambition to affect some sort of change in society with their art, to be more than just a guy in a band or a poet or a sculptor." Bemis originally intended the album to be a rock opera with a full script, narration, and a cast of characters. It was tentatively titled "Zona! Zona!" However, Bemis became overwhelmed by the entire process of writing and playing most of the instruments and had a breakdown.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: "I literally lost my mind while we were recording," stated Bemis regarding the breakdown. The breakdown was precipitated by a mockumentary discussed by Bemis and O'Heir. Bemis' condition led him to believe he was being secretly filmed for the mockumentary; the situation culminated in him walking the streets of Brooklyn thinking he was being filmed while encountering friends (who were actually strangers). After recovering, Bemis decided to focus solely on the music and dropped the idea of a script. Around July 2003, the band began recording "...Is a Real Boy", their first album with Doghouse Records. Bemis said the two people he wanted to "outdo with "...Is a Real Boy" were Andy Warhol and Jesus." In addition to working with O'Heir and Trask, Say Anything worked with Forrest Kline (of power pop band Hellogoodbye) to record the "For Sale..." EP, released in 2004. The band also worked with ECA Records to record a promotional album that was never released.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: "...Is a Real Boy" was released August 3, 2004. The album featured Linder on drums and Bemis on vocals, guitar, bass guitar, and keyboard. "...Is a Real Boy" received positive reviews, including a 99% from AbsolutePunk.net and four and a half stars (out of five) from AllMusic. When the band began touring in support of "...Is a Real Boy", they picked up Dan DeLauro, Casper Adams, and Kevin Seaton.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Say Anything signed with J Records in 2005, owned by Sony BMG Music Entertainment, one of the "big four" record labels. When asked why he signed with a major label, Bemis stated, "We were looking to expand our fan base as well as have more money to tour comfortably. I also wanted enough money to work with an awesome producer for ["In Defense of the Genre"]." In June 2005, Say Anything was forced to cancel a six-week headlining tour with Circa Survive and Emanuel on the third day of the tour due to health problems with Bemis, including "full-on paranoid delusions" in Austin, Texas. At this point, Bemis' bipolar disorder and drug addictions were wreaking havoc on the band. Bassists DeLauro and Seaton had already parted ways with the band. Andy Jackson left in September after only a few months of touring with Say Anything. Casper Adams, who was clashing personally with Bemis despite a close friendship, was fired after a show.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On October 3, 2005, Bemis had another breakdown; this time, it involved depressive behaviour, spitting in food at an outdoor cafe, spending a "half-hour pouring a bowl of soup onto the floor, one spoonful at a time," engaging in a street fight and finally being admitted to a mental hospital by an off-duty policeman. This incident forced Say Anything to cancel another tour, this time with Bemis' personal idols Saves the Day, along with Senses Fail and The Early November. The band was replaced by Emanuel. After returning from his stay in the hospital, Bemis' mother and the remaining members of the band selected the Menninger clinic in Houston, Texas, to rehab Bemis. Eventually, Bemis approved of their decision, admitted himself to the Menninger clinic, and has reportedly not had a relapse since.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Under J Records, Say Anything re-released "...Is a Real Boy" with a bonus CD entitled "...Was a Real Boy" on February 28, 2006 (although the album was originally slated for release on October 18, 2005 and later January 17, 2006). However, copies were leaked before the release by Tower Records and His Master's Voice, with some copies selling on eBay at inflated prices. According to the album's liner notes, "...Was a Real Boy" was originally intended as charity record and recorded in Kevin Seaton's garage. Bemis said that "it was J Records' idea to reissue "...Is a Real Boy". They believe it has a mainstream appeal that wasn't really reached when Doghouse released the record." Around this time, the band also released "Alive with the Glory of Love" as a single.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Alex Kent joined the band to play bass guitar after the band met him while touring with Lance's Hero. Jake and Jeff Turner joined to play guitar and help with backup vocals after Adams and Jackson left. Parker Case completed the sextet when he joined to play guitar and keyboard after his previous band JamisonParker broke up. At the time, JamisonParker and Say Anything shared the same manager, Randy Nichols; the band met Case while at a train station on the way to Nichols' wedding.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In summer 2006, Say Anything toured with Dashboard Confessional; Ben Lee was with the tour in the US, while John Ralston joined the tour in Canada. The band was asked to be a part of the Warped Tour 2006, but instead opted for the Dashboard tour. Bemis later made statements implying he did not feel he was emotionally ready for a Warped Tour.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Say Anything completed one of their first headlining tours in fall 2006, when they toured with Piebald and mewithoutYou. Days Away, Brazil and Forgive Durden opened for the band on select dates. In February 2007, Say Anything performed on "Last Call with Carson Daly". The band also released their second single, "Wow, I Can Get Sexual Too," which was from the "...Was a Real Boy" bonus disc. Also in that month, the band announced a co-headlining tour with Saves the Day and The Almost, John Ralston, The Dear Hunter, and Manchester Orchestra as openers on select dates. The band completed the tour successfully during April and May of that year. In August, Say Anything announced a co-headlining tour with Hellogoodbye sponsored by MySpace. The tour took place during fall of the same year with shows in the US and Europe.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In the weeks before the release of their third album, Say Anything released several songs from the album on MySpace. They also announced pre-ordered copies could be ordered with a signed CD booklet. The band released their first single from the new album, "Baby Girl, I'm a Blur", on October 2, 2007. "In Defense of the Genre" was released on October 23, 2007. It was released in a dual-disc format complete with 27 songs and contained many guest vocals. When asked about the name of the record, Bemis said, "Whatever 'genre' (or music) one loves needs a defense, because half the world is too ignorant to really understand something before they dismiss it." Before recording the record, Bemis stated, "I hope that ["In Defense"] will be more inspiring and uplifting. I want [the record] to be "The Joshua Tree" with balls on laughing gas."


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Andy Jackson, a former member of the band and close friend of Bemis, along with Liam Ortmeier was responsible for recording many of the cameo appearances. He recorded some cameos while at the Warped Tour 2007 with Hot Rod Circuit and others in his home studio. Jackson recorded vocals from several musicians, such as Gerard Way, Adam Lazzara, Anthony Raneri, Anthony Green, Hayley Williams, Aaron Gillespie, Jordan Pundik, and Chad Gilbert. Chris Conley and several others also provided guest vocals. "Alternative Press" called the record "a truly magnificent sophomore effort" and gave it a 4.5/5, while "Spin" gave the album four stars and Corey Schmidt of PastePunk said, "There are a few really great songs here."


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In January 2008, Say Anything announced a US headlining tour with Manchester Orchestra, Biffy Clyro and Weatherbox. The tour took place in March and April of that year. After finishing this tour, Say Anything announced a headlining tour in the UK that took place in June. The tour was in support of "In Defense of the Genre", which was released in the UK on June 23, 2008.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Say Anything released the video for "Shiksa (Girlfriend)" on April 9, 2008. On April 25, Say Anything performed on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". During summer 2008, Say Anything joined the Warped Tour for the first time, appearing on all dates. On August 1, 2008, Say Anything announced the Max Bemis Song Shop, through which users could pay for Max Bemis to write a song based on a short writing by the customer. However, by the end of the night, the item was no longer available with the following text displayed on the item listing: "We're sorry but Max can't write songs as fast as you are requesting them. As soon as he catches up we will start again. Thank you so much for believing in our crazy idea." The Song Shop has reopened semi-annually since its initial launch, and taken down after about a week each time. This aforementioned message has been displayed each time the Song Shop was discontinued.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In an online chat with fans on March 14, 2008, Max Bemis stated that the band has plans to record a new record called "This Is Forever". He said it will be "about God and how we relate to Him." AbsolutePunk.net reported on August 1, 2008, that J Records "picked up the option for Say Anything's next release." On November 10, Bemis announced that the focus of the fourth album changed and the new record will be self-titled. He noted that the album, which will be released in 2009, will ask "what the point of all of it was."


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Though Max has explained that he was very proud of "In Defense of the Genre", he described it as being more of an "homage to sort of a lot of the bands that we liked and, like, a style that we respected." He then explained that the new album would be "more concise and would be a bit more original, I want to say, and sort of pop out like Is a Real Boy did." He also explained that this CD has both the catchiest and most mature songs they've ever recorded and called it a "step forward."


title: Say Anything (band)

text: During a concert at the College of Saint Rose in Albany, New York on April 25, 2009, Max Bemis proclaimed to the crowd that the newest album titled "Say Anything" is complete, and will be released "early summer," after stating that he was married three weeks prior to the event on April 4, 2009.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: According to Say Anything's In Studio website, on May 21, 2009, Max posted a blog stating, "I just wanted to let you guys know we’re done recording our new record, entitled "Say Anything", and we’re moving into the mixing phase. It should be out this fall. This record is kind of a new start, or at least a new phase in the Say Anything story."


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Max posted a blog on Myspace.com saying that the new album will be released October 13, 2009, and will be titled Say Anything. The self-titled album will be released by RCA Records and will have 13 tracks, including "Hate Everyone", the album's first single. "Hate Everyone" was officially released on August 25, 2009, after WBRU FM in Providence, RI became the first radio station to debut the single on the 17th. Lead singer Max Bemis also premiered the song "Crush'd," performing the song acoustic in WBRU's studio. The corresponding video for Hate Everyone was released on MySpace Music on September 1, 2009. The new album's release date had been delayed by three weeks and was officially released on November 3, 2009, after being posted to the band's Myspace page on October 28.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On August 19, 2010, it was confirmed that Say Anything and RCA Records had parted ways. Max Bemis also announced via his Twitter account that big changes were to be announced during the following week.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On September 29, 2010, it was announced via Say Anything's official website that Alex Kent would be leaving the band, and that Kenny Vasoli of The Starting Line would be temporarily taking over as bassist for their upcoming tour. On October 24, 2011, it was announced that Adam Siska was officially joining Say Anything.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: After recording "In Defense of the Genre", Say Anything band members Max Bemis and Coby Linder worked with Saves the Day's Chris Conley and David Soloway on a side project named Two Tongues. The group features Bemis and Conley sharing lead vocals and guitar duties with Soloway on bass guitar and Linder on drums. Thirteen songs were recorded in Electric Ladybug Studio, Conley's home studio in Chico, California. Bemis, Conley, and Linder previously collaborated on a cover song of Bob Dylan's "The Man In Me" for the compilation album "Paupers, Peasants, Princes & Kings: The Songs of Bob Dylan" released by Doghouse Records in 2006. The group's self-titled debut was released on February 3, 2009.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Say Anything band members Jake and Jeff Turner self-released their six-track EP "Some Day" in February 2009 under the name XO. They recorded it with Matt Malpass in Atlanta in January 2008 at Monsters and Marigolds Studio. The album features both brothers on vocals, guitar, bass, and keyboard, with Jeff also playing drums. Around the same time, Parker Case embarked on a solo project named I and the Universe, while Alex Kent started a record label, Gnome Records and began work on his own solo effort under the name Alexander T. Kent. Alex also has a side project with members of Japandi and Witt called Qwermicide.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In 2008, Say Anything featured on the Punk Goes Crunk album covering Ol' Dirty Bastard's "Got Your Money".


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In 2009, Max and his wife, Sherri DuPree (From the band Eisley) formed a small side project named "Perma" and were selling the demo during the 2009 tour.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In early 2010, the band announced that they will be opening for Angels and Airwaves on their LOVE tour which kicked off on April 5.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In August 2010, Max announced that he will be releasing a "lo-fi" post-punk album in Fall 2010 under the name "Max Bemis and The Painful Splits."


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Say Anything also toured with the bands Motion City Soundtrack and Saves the Day in the fall of 2010. Bemis commented on it on his Twitter, claiming that Say Anything's fans might want to come up with their favorite Two Tongues songs, insinuating that the group will play a few songs on the tour.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On 13 July 2011, Max Bemis posted a video on the band's website announcing that the band has officially signed with Equal Vision Records, he also stated that Tim O'Heir, who produced their second record "...Is a Real Boy" would be producing Say Anything's fifth studio record. Additionally, Bemis stated Equal Vision had acquired the rights to Say Anything's past releases, as he cited the proposed re-release of "Baseball". Bemis announced via an October 6 interview with AltPress.com that the name of the new record was "Anarchy, My Dear", and this was later confirmed by Bemis and the rest of the band via Twitter. Anarchy, My Dear was released on March 13, 2012. On April 20, 2012, the music video for the song "Say Anything" premiered on mtvU.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On November 9, 2012, Equal Vision announced a statement that confirms the release of the re-release of the Say Anything record "Baseball", the Menora/Mejora EP, the "Dormroom Demos", Junior Varsity, and other various rarities in a triple-CD box set that are limited to 5000 physical copies. A citation and more information can be found at Equal Vision's website.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On December 28, 2012, it was announced via Say Anything's Facebook page that Coby had left the band on good terms. Max Bemis stated the following in regards to seeking a new drummer "Say Anything will continue on without Coby but we will not be seeking a replacement drummer to play on the records we put out, as Coby and his style of drumming is, in many senses, irreplaceable; rather we plan on having a multitude of drummers play on our material. Say Anything on record will now be identified in the same way Nine Inch Nails is, in that it’s pretty much me and whoever I choose to play with at the time. Live shows will continue to have their own identity including Jake, Jeff, Parker, Adam, and whoever plays drums for us live. The band couldn’t be further from breaking up, and as I’ve said recently, we plan on releasing music as Say Anything forever, and already have a lot in the works."


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On January 22, 2013, Say Anything released "All My Friends Are Enemies: Early Rarities", a three-disc compilation consisting of all of the material recorded by Say Anything prior to the release of "...Is a Real Boy". Disc one of this compilation is a copy of "Baseball: An Album by Sayanything"; disc two is "Menorah/Majora" EP and the "Dormroom Demos"; and disc three is titled "Junior Varsity" and includes all the songs from the first "Junior Varsity (in Your Dreams)" EP, in addition to other tracks. Overall, the album contains 45 remastered B-side tracks from the early days of Say Anything.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On January 13, 2014, wife of Max Bemis, Sherri DuPree-Bemis published an Instagram photo stating that the new Say Anything album is almost mixed. The band's record, "Hebrews", was released June 10, 2014 on Equal Vision Records. The album was the first album that was self-produced by front-man Max Bemis. Bemis worked in the studio with audio engineer Garron DuPree for many months while recording the album at Bemis and Dupree's own studio in Tyler, TX. The album was mixed by mix engineer Brad Wood, and mastered by Emily Lazar. It returned to the collaborative nature of the band's earlier material, with guest vocals including Jon Simmons of Balance and Composure, Tom Delonge of Blink 182 and Angels and Airwaves, Andy Hull of Manchester Orchestra, Brian Sella of The Front Bottoms and Jeremy Bolm of Touche Amore. The album was met with positive reception by fans and critics upon its release, and the group embarked on a successful headlining tour in support of the album in the summer of 2014.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: At about midnight EST on February 4, 2016, Say Anything released "I Don't Think It Is" without any prior announcement besides several teaser posts the day before. The album was co-produced by Bemis and Darren King of Mutemath, who also played drums and percussion, as well as Liam Ortmeier, who briefly appeared in previous works on guitar. The record was mixed by Will Yip and featured contributions by members of The Hotelier, Tiny Moving Parts, Eisley, Japanese Breakfast and others.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In 2017 it was announced drummer Reed Murray would be leaving the band. He was then replaced by Remington DuPree of Eisley for the band's "In Defense of the Genre" tenth anniversary tour.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: The band announced their signing to Dine Alone Records at South by Southwest 2018 and revealed the existence of a forthcoming LP produced by Will Yip.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On August 16, 2018, Bemis released a nine-page letter to fans detailing the band's forthcoming record, his future plans for Say Anything, and struggles with his own sexuality and drug use. Say Anything's final LP for the time being, "Oliver Appropriate", was released on January 25, 2019, via Dine Alone Records. The album is a purported sequel to "...Is a Real Boy", featuring an adult version of the narrator fictionalized on that record who struggles with his own sexuality, leading to a violent conclusion. Bemis stated his intention to "sort of, kind of end" the band, but that the project would also likely return in the future to record and perform again. As for now, Bemis is finished with "the traditional music thing" and there will be no tour in support of the new album, nor any scheduled live performances in the near future. However, he went on a solo tour in 2019 where he played acoustic versions of Say Anything and Perma songs. During the tour, he confirmed that Say Anything would eventually return.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On October 11th, 2022, Max Bemis announced via instagram that Say Anything would be reuniting in 2023 at the When We Were Young Festival.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Say Anything's music falls into the indie rock, emo and pop punk genres. They can most easily be identified by their sardonic, literary sense of humor balanced out with a sense of intense catharsis. The band, as well as certain artists within the indie/punk scene such as Cursive, MewithoutYou, Brand New, Bright Eyes and Manchester Orchestra tend to straddle the line between older fans and a youth oriented audience. Their style incorporates pieces of hardcore, bombastic arena rock and post-punk. Bemis, the primary songwriter of Say Anything, stated, "I believe that an artist should let his art be appreciated by anyone who's interested and not 'play favourites'." He also said that lyrics are "based on experience." However, due to Bemis' bipolar disorder and his resulting mentality, the themes of the songs are often surreal, bleak, irreverent, personal, and autobiographical. Other themes include distaste with snobbery and hypocrisy. Drugs and mankind's relationship with drugs are also a popular subject in Say Anything's songs, especially on "Is a Real Boy", which was written and recorded after Bemis' several drug-fueled breakdowns. Specifically, "Admit It!!!", "Yellow Cat (Slash) Red Cat", "Try To Remember, Forget", "The Writhing South", and "Sorry, Dudes, My Bad" include references to Bemis' drug usage. In general, Say Anything tends to draw inspiration from alienation from a flawed society but confers a sense of hope.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Max Bemis was raised "in a strong Jewish environment." Many of Bemis' lyrics borrow from his Jewish roots, and contain elements of Jewish humor. While most of band's earlier songs are free of any such inspiration, the songs of "...Is a Real Boy" and "In Defense of the Genre" include references to Jewish heritage. "Alive with the Glory of Love," Say Anything's first single, has a main subject of a relationship affected by World War II and the Holocaust, based on Bemis's grandparents, while "Wow, I Can Get Sexual Too" includes mentions of "the old shul" and a rabbi's teachings. A strong example from "In Defense" comes from the lyrics of "Died a Jew". The song includes several references to the Jewish people and its history along with mentions of "the murder of God" and Bemis' departures from kosher. References to religion come again in "Fed to Death" on "Say Anything", referring to a 'man from Nazareth' who would one day 'spring to life to smile and clear your name' but until then 'nail yourself upon the cross and hang your head in shame.'


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In regards to writing songs for "...Is a Real Boy", Bemis stated, "The songs were jam packed with fairly blatant nods to bands I dig (Queen, Saves the Day, Pavement, Faith No More, Fugazi, etc)." These can be considered some of Say Anything's influences. Other influences at some point cited by the band include Botch, Weezer, The Stooges, Neutral Milk Hotel, Sunny Day Real Estate, Wilco, and the Foo Fighters. Also of note, the band has covered songs by Ol' Dirty Bastard ("Got Your Money"), Notorious B.I.G. ("No Soul" contains the same hook as the sample in "Juicy" although it adheres more closely to the original song "Juicy Fruit" from which the sample for the Notorious B.I.G. song was taken), The Four Tops ("Sure, Baby...Hold Back" features a chorus lifted from "Sugar Pie Honey Bunch"), Safety in Numbers ("Dealer"), Saves the Day ("Jessie and My Whetstone"), and Bob Dylan ("The Man in Me").


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Max Bemis expounded upon the story of "In Defense of the Genre" as well as the differences between that album and "...Is a Real Boy" in an interview with AbsolutePunk.net on June 19, 2007.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: During live shows, some members of the group (other than Bemis) sing backing vocals. Bemis often sings parts he wrote, but which were sung by guest vocalists on studio recordings. In recent years, Bemis has switched up the lineup of performing musicians, using some permanent members of the groups, while rotating other musicians in and out of the live lineup. Beginning on the "All My Friends Are Enemies – Rarities Tour," Bemis added drummer Reed Murray, and bassist Garron DuPree. In summer of 2014 on the Hebrews tour, Bemis recruited ex-Taking Back Sunday member Fred Mascherino, Moneen guitarist Kenny Bridges, and Moving Mountains vocalist Greg Dunn to replace Jake and Jeff Turner and Parker Case, who were at the time performing with their band XO.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: In the midst of the "Me Too" movement and accusations of sexual harassment against numerous prominent musicians, Bemis announced that the band would no longer perform "Wow, I Can Get Sexual Too" during live shows in 2017. His Twitter post stated that the song portrayed a "sarcastic caricature of someone I’ve never been at all and is no longer appropriate during this crisis."


title: Say Anything (band)

text: On September 8, 2020, frontman Max Bemis performed an online acoustic performance of the bands debut album, "...Is a Real Boy" in its entirety on an online livestream. During the livestream, Bemis stated that if the turnout for the livestream went well, the remaining Say Anything albums may also be performed online by livestream.


title: Say Anything (band)

text: Georgia emcee Kyle Lucas remixed "Wow, I Can Get Sexual Too" on his mixtape, "Kyle Lucas Is Still My Favorite".


title: Wing commander

text: Wing commander (Wg Cdr in the RAF, the IAF, and the PAF, WGCDR in the RNZAF and RAAF, formerly sometimes W/C in all services) is a senior commissioned rank in the British Royal Air Force and air forces of many countries which have historical British influence, including many Commonwealth countries but not including Canada (since Unification) and South Africa. It is sometimes used as the English translation of an equivalent rank in countries which have a non-English air force-specific rank structure. It ranks immediately above squadron leader and immediately below group captain.


title: Wing commander

text: It has a NATO ranking code of OF-4. It is equivalent to commander in the Royal and United States Navies, as well as to lieutenant colonel in the British Army, the Royal Marines, and the United States Army, Air Force and Marine Corps. The equivalent rank in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force and the Women's Royal Air Force (until 1968) and in Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (until 1980) was wing officer. The equivalent rank in the Royal Observer Corps (until 1995) was observer commander, which had a similar rank insignia.


title: Wing commander

text: On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the British Army, with Royal Naval Air Service captains and Royal Flying Corps colonels officially becoming colonels in the RAF although there was some inconsistency in practice with some former naval officers using their former ranks unofficially. In response to the proposal that the RAF should use its own rank titles, it was suggested that the RAF might use the Royal Navy's officer ranks, with the word "air" inserted before the naval rank title. For example, the rank that later became wing commander would have been "air commander". Although the Admiralty objected to this simple modification of their rank titles, it was agreed that the RAF might base many of its officer rank titles on naval officer ranks with differing pre-modifying terms. It was also suggested that RAF lieutenant colonels might be entitled reeves or wing-leaders. However, the rank title wing commander was chosen as wings were typically commanded by RAF lieutenant colonels and the term wing commander had been used in the Royal Naval Air Service. The rank of wing commander was introduced in August 1919 and has been used continuously since then.


title: Wing commander

text: In the early years of the RAF, a wing commander commanded a flying wing, typically a group of three or four aircraft squadrons. In current usage a wing commander is more likely to command a wing which is an administrative sub-division of an RAF station. A flying squadron is normally commanded by a wing commander but is occasionally commanded by a squadron leader for small units. In the Air Training Corps, a wing commander is usually the officer commanding of a wing.


title: Wing commander

text: The rank insignia is based on the three gold bands of commanders in the Royal Navy and consists of three narrow light blue bands over slightly wider black bands. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulder of the flight suit or the casual uniform.


title: Wing commander

text: The command pennant is two triangular command pennants used in the RAF. Two thin red lines differentiate this one from the other.


title: Wing commander

text: During 1941-45 RAF Fighter Command's wing leaders (of wing commander rank) were also allowed to use their own initials as aircraft identification letters on their personal aircraft, e.g., Wing Commander Roland Beamont's personal Hawker Tempest, "JN751", was coded "R-B", Wing Commander John Robert Baldwin's personal Hawker Typhoon was coded "J-B".


title: Wing commander

text: The rank of wing commander is also used in a number of the air forces in the Commonwealth, including the Bangladesh Air Force, Ghana Air Force, Nigerian Air Force, Indian Air Force, Namibian Air Force, Pakistan Air Force, Royal Australian Air Force, Royal New Zealand Air Force, and the Sri Lankan Air Force. It is also used in the Egyptian Air Force, Hellenic Air Force, Royal Air Force of Oman, Royal Thai Air Force and the Air Force of Zimbabwe. The Royal Malaysian Air Force used the rank until it was retitled as that of lieutenant colonel in 1973, with the same rank insignia.


title: Wing commander

text: Canada is a unique exception. Due to the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, the air force rank titles are the same as those of the Canadian Army. However, like their Commonwealth counterparts, rank braids are pearl grey and increase from OF-1 to OF-5 in half strip increments. The decision was taken not to retain the historic rank titles for the RCAF due to it being deemed "too confusing."


title: Wing commander

text: In the 1990s, the Canadian Forces Air Command (the post-1968 RCAF) altered the structure of those bases under its control, redesignating them as wings. The commander of such an establishment was re-designated as the "wing commander" (or "Wg Comd"). Like the United States Air Force usage, the term "wing commander" (as used in the Canadian Forces and again in the RCAF) is an appointment, not a rank. A wing commander usually holds the rank of colonel.


title: Wing commander

text: On 16 August 2011, the Government of Canada announced that the name "Air Command" was being changed to the air force's original historic name of Royal Canadian Air Force. Though traditional insignia for the RCAF was restored in 2015, there has been no restoration of the traditional RCAF officer rank structure that paralleled the RAF.


title: Wing commander

text: In the United States Air Force (USAF), a wing commander is a command billet, not a rank. The equivalent USAF rank is most often a colonel (some USAF wings are commanded by a brigadier general) who typically has command of an air wing with several group commanders reporting to him/her.


title: Wing commander

text: In the United States Navy (USN), a wing commander is also a command billet, not a rank. The equivalent USN rank is a captain. Navy wing commanders are either Naval Aviators or Naval Flight Officers who typically have command of a carrier air wing or a "functional" air wing or air group such as a strike fighter wing, a patrol and reconnaissance wing, a tactical air control group, or a training air wing, with several squadron commanding officers reporting to him/her. Those officers commanding carrier air wings are called "CAG," dating back to when carrier air wings were called carrier air groups. Those officers commanding functional air wings and air groups are called "commodore." Unlike USAF, "group" commands in USN are either equal to or senior to an air wing.


title: Wing commander

text: The Civil Air Patrol, the volunteer auxiliary of the USAF, follows the USAF rank structure. The CAP divides the nation into 52 wings (each corresponding to a state, territory, and District of Columbia). Each wing is headed by a CAP colonel, who holds the position of wing commander.


title: The Reluctant Fundamentalist

text: The Reluctant Fundamentalist is a "metafictional" novel by Pakistani author Mohsin Hamid, published in 2007.


title: The Reluctant Fundamentalist

text: The novel uses the technique of a frame story, which takes place during the course of a single evening in an outdoor Lahore cafe, where a bearded Pakistani man called Changez tells a nervous American stranger about his love affair with an American woman, and his eventual abandonment of America. A short story adapted from the novel, called "Focus on the Fundamentals," appeared in the fall 2006 issue of "The Paris Review". A film adaptation of the novel by director Mira Nair premiered at the 2012 Venice Film Festival.


title: The Reluctant Fundamentalist

text: The story begins in the streets of Lahore. A Pakistani man, Changez, offers to direct an American visitor where he can find a good cup of tea. As they wait for their tea, Changez begins to weave a long story about his life, especially his time living in the United States – in between making remarks about the history, landmarks and society of Lahore, his native city which he loves and of which he is proud. The unnamed American is restless but remains to listen.


title: The Reluctant Fundamentalist

text: Changez tells the American he was an excellent student who, after completing his bachelor's degree in finance, joined Underwood Samson, a consultancy firm, as an analyst. After graduating from Princeton University, he vacationed in Greece with fellow Princetonians, where he met Erica, an aspiring writer. He was instantly smitten by her, but his feelings remained almost unrequited because she was still grieving over the death of her childhood sweetheart Chris, who succumbed to lung cancer. After a date, they return to his place and he proceeds to have sex with her, but stops because her emotional attachment to Chris prevents her from becoming aroused. After this incident there is an interlude where neither contacts each other. But soon they go on another date, after which they have sex when Changez convinces Erica to close her eyes and fantasize that she is with Chris. Though Changez is satisfied at this development in their relationship, this irreversibly damages their relationship. Soon she begins treatment in a mental institution. He notices she is physically emaciated and no longer her former self. After this meeting he travels to Chile on an assignment. When he returns to meet her, it is found that she has left the institution and her clothes were found near the Hudson River. Officially she is stated as a missing person, as her body has not been found.


title: The Reluctant Fundamentalist

text: In his professional life, he impresses his peers and gets earmarked by his superiors for his work, especially Jim, the person who recruited him, develops a good rapport with him, and holds him in high esteem. This prompts the firm to send him to offshore assignments in the Philippines and Valparaíso, Chile. In Chile, he is very distracted due to developments in the world and, responding to the parabolic suggestion of the publisher his company is there to assess (which would lead to its breakup), he visits the nearby preserved home of the late left-wing poet Pablo Neruda and comes to see himself as a servant of the American empire that has constantly interfered with and manipulated his homeland. He returns from Chile to New York without completing the assignment and ends up losing his job.


title: The Reluctant Fundamentalist

text: Politically, Changez is surprised by his own reaction to the September 11 attacks. "Yes, despicable as it may sound, my initial reaction was to be remarkably pleased", he tells the American. He observes the air of suspicion towards Pakistanis. Changez, due to his privileged position in society, is not among those detained or otherwise abused, but he notices a change in his treatment in public. To express solidarity with his countrymen after his trip to Chile, he starts to grow a beard. After the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, India and Pakistan mobilize leading to a standoff. Noticing the US response to this situation, he has an epiphany that his country is being used as a pawn. With no job, an expiring visa and no reason to stay in the United States, he moves back to Lahore.


title: The Reluctant Fundamentalist

text: After returning to Lahore, he becomes a professor of finance at the local university. His experience and insight in world issues gains his admiration among students. As a result, he becomes a mentor to large groups of students on various issues. He and his students actively participate in demonstrations against policies that were detrimental to the sovereignty of Pakistan. Changez advocates nonviolence, but a relatively unknown student gets apprehended for an assassination attempt on an American representative, which brings the spotlight on Changez. In a widely televised interview, he strongly criticizes the militarism of U.S. foreign policy. This act makes people surrounding him think that someone might be sent to intimidate him or worse.


title: The Reluctant Fundamentalist

text: As they sit in the cafe, Changez keeps noting that the American stranger is very apprehensive of their surroundings, that he is in possession of a sophisticated satellite phone on which he is repeatedly messaging, and that under his clothing there is a bulge which might be a gun. Changez walks the stranger toward his hotel. As they walk, the American, now highly suspicious that he is in immediate danger, reaches into his pocket, possibly for a gun. Changez says he trusts it is simply his holder of business cards. But the novel ends without revealing what was in his pocket, leaving the reader to wonder if the stranger was a CIA agent, possibly there to kill Changez, or if Changez, in collusion with the waiter from the cafe, had planned all along to do harm to the American.