title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: The NWA did not hold a tournament for the vacant NWA World Tag Team Championship until almost two years later, holding a one night tournament on April 11, 1995. The tournament was won by The Rock 'n' Roll Express (Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson), defeating the team of Dick Murdoch and Randy Rhodes in the finals.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: In 1998 the NWA board of directors reached an agreement with the World Wrestling Federation to feature several of the NWA championships on WWF television as part of an "Invasion" storyline. For the purposes of the storyline the then-champions Pat and C. W. Anderson were stripped of the championship and instead the Rock 'n' Roll Express were named the new champions so they could work with the WWF. The storyline saw WWF wrestler Jeff Jarrett lead a group of "Old School" wrestlers representing the NWA, including Jarrett winning the NWA North American Heavyweight Championship. As part of the storyline the Rock 'n' Roll Express lost the tag team championship to WWF regulars The Headbangers (Mosh and Thrasher) on February 17, 1998, during an episode of "Raw is War". The Headbangers later lost the championship to The Midnight Express (Bombastic Bob and Bodacious Bart) as the NWA Invasion angle was being phased out.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: On August 14, 1998, the Midnight Express lost the championship to The Border Patrol (Agent Gunn and Agent Maxx), ending the association with the WWF. Over the following years the championship changed hands at various minor shows as well as the NWA 50th Anniversary Show where The Brotherhood (Knuckles Nelson and Erich Sbraccia) won the championship. In 2002 The Shane Twins (Mike and Todd) won the championship from The New Heavenly Bodies (Chris Nelson and Vito DeNucci).


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: In early 2002, Jeff Jarrett and his father Jerry Jarrett started a new promotion called NWA Total Nonstop Action (NWA-TNA) based in Nashville. The Jarretts reached an agreement with the NWA board of directors to allow NWA-TNA to control both the singles and tag team versions of the world heavyweight championship. Both championships were vacated to allow NWA-TNA to hold tournaments for the new champions. On July 3, 2002 A.J. Styles and Jerry Lynn defeated The Rainbow Express Bruce and Lenny in the finals of a tournament to win the championship. TNA controlled the championship from 2002 until May 2007, crowning a total of 32 champions in that period of time. At that point the NWA withdrew its recognition of NWA:TNA, which then rebranded itself "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling" and created the TNA World Tag Team Championship.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: With the championship vacant after the split from TNA, the National Wrestling Alliance arranged a three team tournament to determine the new champions. On July 8, 2007, The Real American Heroes (Karl Anderson and Joey Ryan defeated the teams of Billy Kidman/Sean Waltman and Incognito/Sicodelico Jr. in a three-way match to win the championship. On October 4, 2008, The Skullcrushers (Rache Brown and Keith Walker) defeated "Los Luchas" (Phoenix Star and Zokre) to win the championship. This marked the start of a 777 day long reign, the longest in the championships history, lasting until November 20, 2010, where The Skullcrushers were defeated by The Dark City Fight Club (Jon Davis and Kory Chavis.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: In 2013 the NWA began working closely together with New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), co-promoting shows and NJPW hosting several championship matches for both the heavyweight and tag team championships. On April 20, 2013, the Killer Elite Squad (Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Lance Archer) defeated Scott Summers and Ryan Genesis to win the championship, the Killer Elite Squad was also the IWGP Tag Team Champions at the time of the title victory. On November 3, 2013 The IronGodz (Jax Dane and Rob Conway) won the NWA World Tag Team Championship in a special two falls match that saw Tencozy (Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima) with the IWGP championship in the other fall. Conway was the reigning NWA World Heavyweight Champion, making him the first person to hold both championships at once. On April 6, 2014, Tencozy defeated the Iron Godz to win the NWA championship and would later lose those to the Killer Elite Squad on October 10, 2014. On October 15, 2015, The Heatseekers (Sigmon and Elliot Russel) won the championship on a show in Dyersburg.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: On April 27, 2019, the National Wrestling Alliance announced on their Twitter page that the winners of the 2019 Crockett Cup tournament would be awarded the vacated NWA World Tag Team Championship as a reward. Later that night, Villain Enterprises (Brody King and PCO) defeated the wild card team of Royce Isaacs and Thomas Latimer defeated in the finals to win the NWA World Tag Team Championship.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: There have been 90 total officially recognized title reigns and five "unofficial reigns" from the time WCW controlled the championship. Rasche Brown and Keith Walker, known as the Skullkrushers, hold the record for longest reign, which lasted 777 days before they lost the belts to The Dark City Fight Club. The Skullkrushers, by virtue of such a lengthy run as champions, also hold the record for most cumulative days as champions, 35 days longer than the two reigns of the Dark City Fight Club which totaled 742 days.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: America's Most Wanted (James Storm and Chris Harris) are the record holders for most reigns as a team with six. Storm himself also holds the individual record for most reigns as champion with eight, having also won the titles while teaming with Christopher Daniels and Eli Drake; his win with Drake broke a tie with his former partner Harris, who had seven total reigns as champion including a single reign with Elix Skipper as his partner.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: The current champions are La Rebelión (Bestia 666 and Mecha Wolf 450), who are in their second reign as a team. They defeated Hawx Aerie (Luke Hawx and PJ Hawx) on Night One of the NWA 74th Anniversary Show on August 27, 2022 in St. Louis, Missouri to win the vacant titles.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: When the National Wrestling Alliance Board of Directors decided to finally endorse a NWA World Tag Team Championship in 1992 they reached out to World Championship Wrestling to organize the initial tournament as well give them the rights to control the championship on a day-to-day basis. WCW pulled together a 16-team tournament that saw seven teams made up of regular WCW competitors as well as teams from various countries such as Japan, Mexico, Canada and more. The eight matches of the first round all took place on June 16, 1992, at WCW's Clash of the Champions XIX. During the show WCW started a storyline feud between WCW's top tag team, the Steiner Brothers, and the favorite non-WCW team of Steve Williams and Terry Gordy, who had been one of the top teams in Japan for years prior to the tournament. During the show Gordy and Williams attacked the Steiners' opponents prior to the match, leading to the Steiners winning by forfeit. During the show the Steiners challenged Gordy and Williams to face them in the second round that night instead of waiting for the next round. In the main event of the Clash of Champions Gordy and Williams defeated the Steiner Brothers to advance to the semi-finals. In the month between the first round and the rest of the tournament Gordy and Williams defeated the Steiner Brothers to win the WCW World Tag Team Championship.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: The finals took place at that year's The Great American Bash pay per view on July 12. For the second round Japanese wrestler Shinya Hashimoto replaced Akira Nogami who had been injured after he and Hiroshi Hase had qualified for the quarter-finals. Hase and Hashimoto defeated The Fabulous Freebirds in the quarter-finals only to lose to Dustin Rhodes and Barry Windham in the semi-final. In the other semi-final match Gordy and Williams defeated the team of Nikita Koloff and Ricky Steamboat, followed by Gordy and Williams defeating Rhodes and Windham in the finals to become dual champions.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: While the NWA withdrew their recognition of the WCW controlled championship in August 1993 they did not establish new champions until almost two years later, holding a one-night, eight-team tournament on April 11, 1995, in Dallas, Texas. The tournament saw tag team veterans, and former four-time holders of the Mid-Atlantic version of the championship The Rock 'n' Roll Express defeat Dick Murdoch and Randy Rhodes to win the championship.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: The NWA Board of Directors stripped the Rock 'n' Roll Express of the championship on August 4, 1995, when Ricky Morton was suspended by Smokey Mountain Wrestling and thus was unable to defend the championship. During the fall of 1995 the NWA reached an agreement with their Japanese member, International Wrestling Association of Japan (IWA Japan) to give the Japanese promotion control of the championship. IWA Japan held a multi-week, multi-team round-robin tournament to crown new champions. The finals saw Mr. Gannosuke and Tarzan Goto defeat the team of Cactus Jack and Tiger Jeet Singh to become the eight overall champions. The table below was derived from the results page.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: In June 2002 the NWA vacated the tag team championship to allow the newly formed NWA-Total Non-Stop Action (NWA-TNA) to use the championship on their weekly pay-per-view (PPV) shows. NWA-TNA held a four-team tournament, which included the former champions the Shane Twins, albeit working as the masked tag team "The Johnsons".


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: The tournament was the focal point of NWA-TNA's third weekly PPV and saw America's Most Wanted (AMW) defeat the Johnsons in the first match, followed by The Rainbow Express (Bruce and Lenny) defeated the team of Buff Bagwell and Gran Apolo. Between the first round and the finals it was announced that both Harris and Storm of America's Most Wanted were injured and unable to compete in the final match. NWA-TNA management then announced that A.J. Styles and Jerry Lynn would replace AMW in the last match of the tournament. Styles and Lynn went on to defeat The Rainbow Express to become the first NWA-TNA era NWA World Tag Team Champions


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: During the 9th weekly TNA PPV show on August 14, 2002, then-champions A.J. Styles and Jerry Lynn defended the championship against the team of Jeff Jarrett and Ron Killings. The match ended with Jarrett pinning Lynn while Styles pinned Killings, which lead to the championship being held up due to the inconclusive outcome of the match. On September 18 NWA-TNA held a tournament to determine new champions. The tournament had two stages, first a Gauntlet for the Gold, multi-man elimination match, with the final two competitors moving to the finals along with their respective tag team partners. The Gauntlet for the Gold was won by Brian Lee and Chris Harris. Immediately after the match Harris and partner James Storm (America's Most Wanted) defeated Brian Lee and his chosen partner Ron Harris to win the championship.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: On February 4, 2004, A.J. Styles was scheduled to team with Abyss to wrestle then-champions The Red-Shirt Security (Kevin Northcutt and Joe Legend) for the belts. The two were storyline rivals that were forced to team up. On the night the storyline was that Abyss did not show up for the match, but Styels managed to defeat Northcutt and Legend to win the championship. Three weeks later Abyss defeated A.J. Styles to gain full control of the championship. A couple of weeks later the championship was vacated because Abyss did not defend them, nor did he chose a new partner.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: Over the following weeks NWA-TNA held an eight-team tournament to crown new champions. Triple X (Christopher Daniels and Low-Ki) earned their way to the finals by defeating The New Franchise (Michael Shane and Shane Douglas) in the first round and The Naturals (Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens) in the semi-finals. The team of Dallas and Kid Kash qualified for the finals with victories over the team of Simon Diamond and Sonny Siaki and then defeated The Disciples of the New Church (Sinn and Slash). In the finals Dallas and Kash defeated Triple X to win the NWA World Tag Team Championship for the first time.


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: In October 2018, during the NWA 70th Anniversary Show, it was announced that the Crockett Cup would be returning in 2019.[8] It was later revealed that the event would take place on April 27, 2019, at Cabarrus Arena in Concord, North Carolina. The event was co-produced by the NWA and Ring of Honor (ROH).[1]


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: At the NWA New Years Clash, The War Kings (Crimson and Jax Dane) (with Road Warrior Animal) defeated Caleb Konley and Jay Bradley to become the first team to qualify for the 2019 Crockett Cup.[10] From January 24 to January 26, 2019, Ring of Honor held a 12-team Tag Wars tournament as part of their Road To G1 Supercard tour of Texas. Villain Enterprises (Brody King and PCO) won the three-day tournament by defeating The Kingdom (Vinny Marseglia and TK O'Ryan) in the first round, The Bouncers (Brian Milonas and Beer City Bruiser) and the team of Kenny King and MVP in the second round, and Lifeblood (Juice Robinson and David Finlay) in the finals to earn a spot in the Crockett Cup as well as a match for the ROH World Tag Team Championship.[11]


title: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: On February 8, 2019, it was announced that ROH partner promotions Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) out of Mexico, and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) from Japan would also be sending teams for the 2019 Crockett Cup.[12][10]


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: Binod Kumar Chaudhary (; born 14 April 1955) is a Nepalese billionaire businessman, politician and philanthropist. He is the chairman and president of the Chaudhary Group (CG).


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: In February 2013, he was recognised as Nepal's wealthiest person and only billionaire, having an estimated net worth of $1 billion. Since 2013, his net worth has risen to $1.7 billion. Besides his business, which focuses on distribution, retail, leisure and manufacturing, he has done charity work, bookwriting, and filmmaking.


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: Binod Kumar Chaudhary was born in Kathmandu, Nepal, to a Marwari family. His grandfather, Bhuramal Das Chaudhary, was an entrepreneur who started a textile business. His father was also a businessman who further developed his grandfather's business. Early in his career, Chaudhary chose to pursue further education rather than join the family business.


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: Chaudhary credits his grandfather and father as inspirations. He is a fan of Bollywood icons Amitabh Bachchan and Ranbir Kapoor. He admires Nelson Mandela, the former president of South Africa, for bringing freedom to that country, and businessman J. R. D. Tata, for "building a company of rare distinction".


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: His grandfather, Bhuramal Das Chaudhary, migrated to Nepal from Rajasthan, India, in the 19th century. After his arrival at age 20, he started a textile business. A few years later, after the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake, he became the first in Nepal to start a formally registered clothing company. His father, Lunkaran Das Chaudhary, continued to develop the textile business, and also established international-trading houses, and a construction company. In 1968 Lunkaran Das Chaudhary founded Arun Emporium, a retail store which was his most successful enterprise. At the age of eighteen, Binod Chaudhary was about to head to India to study chartered accountancy, but his father was diagnosed with heart disease and the doctor told him his father could not continue to run the family business. As he was the eldest son in the family he stepped in as head of the business. He told "The Telegraph", "My life was overnight changed completely. I did not have a choice at all. But it has made me a tougher man." He also stated "I would have liked to study further but I was required to do my duty" in an interview with the "Hong Kong Tatler".


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: At first, he considered importing Japanese Suzuki cars to Nepal. He once wrote that "Suzuki did not trust me as I was a young clothes trader. I convinced them. They gave me a trial dealership along with four others to sell Suzuki in Nepal. Whoever sold most cars in six months would get the dealership."


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: His first independent business was in 1973—a discothèque company called Copper Floor. The company was a huge success, because of the many wealthy and powerful people who visited the club. In 1979, Chaudhary made a deal with Japanese electronic firm National Panasonic, which was his first multinational deal.


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: The Chaudhary Group is a business group, founded by Chaudhary's grandfather Lunkaran Das Chaudhary. Wai Wai, a brand of instant noodles, introduced to Nepal in 1984, became the company's bestseller. Chaudhary took over his family company at the age of 23, and wrote "running that disco taught me a lot about business but it was only when I took over the family business of running Arun Emporium, turning its fortune and looking after family, I understood the business." The idea to sell Wai Wai noodles came to Chaudhary after seeing many people from Thailand with packets of noodles. Soon after that, he realized that there was a craving for Thai noodles in Nepal. He went to Thailand, where he visited Thai Preserved Food Factory Co. Ltd., the company that produced Wai Wai noodles for Thailand. He wanted to collaborate with the company, however, the owner was not that confident the idea of bringing the noodles to Nepal would work due to the country's "poverty and poor infrastructure".


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: Chaudhary told "Forbes India": Yes, back then I was simply looking to create a product from flour and then I decided on this product. Flying to Bangkok and back, I saw many cases of noodles on the baggage belt and I would ask people: 'Why are there so many of these cases coming from Thailand?' They would tell me that people loved them. I think people have grown with the product. To begin with, Wai Wai wasn't easily available in India. Today we have 20 percent market share in India. Now we're looking at creating a large national campaign here. We do localised marketing, but this is going to be a big one. After seeing Chaudhary's enthusiasm, he taught him how to make the noodles. He also told the "Bangkok Post", "I'm a great admirer of Thailand and this company that has given our group this kind of status."


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: In 2013, Chaudhary was listed as Nepal's first billionaire by "Forbes". As of March 2019 he is listed at number 1,349 on "Forbes" Billionaires of 2019 list. After the announcememt, he said, "I am humbled. As a businessman, you don't get a Nobel. This is my Nobel Prize, ... I see this as a recognition for the 40 years of my hard work". In 2015 he was featured in cover of "Forbes Asia". By 2018 his fortune had risen by $200 million. After appearing in the list he stated that, ""Forbes" Billionaire List is the result of the blood and sweat of four generations. I am proud to say that there are 7000 people associated with the Chaudhary Group (CG) in 19 countries."


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: In Daman, India during November 2019 the local administration confiscated the valuable beachfront land and bulldozed the homes of the local indigenous fishing community. The ensuing 2019 Daman Indigenous Landgrabbing Protests resulted with the detention of 70 protesters in schools converted to 'temporary jails' and another 8 arrests. Few of the adivasi fisherfolk were rehoused whilst most languished traumatised and homeless on the streets near the rubble of their razed homes. As of March 2021 the site is now CG Corp Global's The Fern Seaside Luxurious Tent Resort offering tourist accommodation for $80US/£57GBP/Rs6000 for a night in a tent.


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: In 1995, Chaudhary bought the Dubai government's controlling stake in the Nabil Bank. He started Cinnovation Group on Singapore in 1990. Cinnovation Group is one of the first highly pervasive multinational Nepali companies. The company has interests in hotels and resorts, wildlife and in-bound tourism, FMCG (food and beverage), real estate, cement, and financial services.Chaudhary has also started to show interest in joint ventures with Taj Hotels Group. He also wants Nepal to move to a certain point where other investors see it as a safe place to invest. Has said that, "The government must become investment friendly and appreciate wealth creation and entrepreneurship. We need to give investors confidence in us to take Nepal forward. That's my single biggest priority."


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: In 1979 his first multinational collaboration needed a license from Nepal's government. At that time Surya Bahadur Thapa was in power. When he asked Chaudhary and his father for financial advice "to fund the campaign for the retention of Panchayat regime," they decided to support Thapa's political campaign. After his downfall, Chaudhary contacted Dhirendra Shah. He said he was forced to work with the Dhirendra of Nepal, "I had to do business with Dhirendra due to the need of that time. Rather than making profits from the investment, he gave me protection. Afterwards, the same security brought troubles".


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: In the first People's Movement, which occurred in 1990, he became close with parliamentary parties including the Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist (CPN-UML). He was involved working on the draft of their economic policy in 1994. This led to him becoming a member of the Constituent Assembly nominated by the party in 2008. He has also said, "I would like to see Nepal's politics being driven by economic growth. I want to see someone who does not compromise the country's interests for his personal or party-oriented agendas."


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: In 2017, Chaudhary joined the Nepali Congress party, led by Sher Bahadur Deuba. The party has stated that Chaudhary has made significant contributions to the country.


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: He was a member of the parliament of Nepal, representing the Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist. He has said that, "They [CPN-UML] wanted me to come and contribute in the making of the Constitution as a person who is known within and outside the country." He was also a UML lawmaker before that program went defunct.


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: In 2013, Chaudhary released his autobiography, titled ""Binod Chaudhary: Atmakatha"". The book was later translated into English by journalist Sanjeev Ghimire, titled ""Binod Chaudhary –  My Life: From the Streets of Kathmandu to a Billion Dollar Empire"", and sometimes called ""Making It Big: The Inspiring Story of Nepal's First Billionaire in His Own Words"" which was released on 2015. The book was launched in India under the title "Ek Unchi Udaan". Chaudhary told "Forbes India", "When I made up my mind to write this book, I also decided that I would not manipulate it". The book was called a must read for everyone. Some sources said, "It charts the immensely successful and interesting life story of a self-made man who never forgot to enjoy or live his life while navigating his way up a volatile, unstable and unfriendly environment."


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: "The Kathmandu Post" wrote, "The 327-page autobiography published by Nepalaya reveals a lot about Chaudhary, who was an unusual Marwari. Against the Marwari tradition, he went for a love marriage, that too when he was already engaged with another lady. Starting a discotheque—Copper Floor—in early 70s in Kathmandu was again unthinkable at the time for someone from Marwari family." Rajan Thapaliya of the "HuffPost" wrote, "I recommend Mr. Chaudhary's book for those looking to expand and improve their knowledge. His information is approached from a plethora of angles and he uses his mistakes as a learning tool. He his a charismatic man with a vision." Nirmal Thapa wrote, "Binod Chaudhary's autobiography is a very good read for someone to understand how the entrepreneur built a billion dollar empire. A must read for the youth of the country and for aspiring/current entrepreneurs who want to build a multinational company from Nepal."


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: On the same days as the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, he organized relief efforts in Kathmandu. He arranged for health care workers to help the victims of the earthquake in 12 districts of Nepal. He has donated more than $2.5 million to help rebuild schools and homes destroyed by the earthquake, and the Chaudhary Group has also donated 500,000 packets of Wai Wai noodles, thousands of juice cartons, and food and water to people in need.


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: He has his own charity, called the Chaudhary Foundation. It has signed the United Nations Development Programme for the advancement and promotion of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nepal. The foundation was established in 1995. After the serious earthquake the foundation has been helping to rebuild Nepal. The foundation has also handed over 166 shelters for victims of the earthquake to the Kumpur Village Development Committee (VDC) located in Dhading. They have also said, "Chaudhary Foundation is willing to join hands with the National Reconstruction Authority on its mission of rebuilding Nepal. We hope that the rebuilding efforts are driven in a way to boost the country's economic development. Our Foundation wishes to significantly contribute toward that direction."


title: Binod Chaudhary

text: In 2015 he was honoured by Sri Sri University for his outstanding contribution in philanthropy; he was given an honorary doctorate degree. In 2016 he was awarded Asian Man of the Year Award. Later in 2016 he was also awarded the 2016 Frost & Sullivan Growth, Innovation and Leadership (GIL) Award. In 2019 he was awarded with Lifetime Achievement Award by Hotelivate.


title: Gizelle Bryant

text: Gizelle Annette Bryant (; born September 9, 1970) is an American model, television personality, and author. She has appeared on the reality TV series, "The Real Housewives of Potomac", since 2016 and was the First Lady of Empowerment Temple AME.


title: Gizelle Bryant

text: Bryant was born on September 9, 1970, in Houston, Texas, as Gizelle Graves to former politician and civil rights activist Curtis Graves and Joanne Graves. She graduated from Hampton University in 1992 with a degree in marketing.


title: Gizelle Bryant

text: Bryant starred as a main cast member in the first season of Bravo's "The Real Housewives of Potomac", which premiered on January 17, 2016. Since then, she has been the leading cast member of the show for all seven seasons. The seventh season of "The Real Housewives of Potomac" premiered on October 9, 2022.


title: Gizelle Bryant

text: In 2017, Bryant launched her beauty brand, EveryHue Beauty. Bryant’s goal was to create the perfect product for women of all colors and complexions. She later became co-host of "Bravo's Chat Room" in 2020 alongside fellow "Real Housewife Porsha Williams."


title: Gizelle Bryant

text: In November 2021, Bryant teamed up with Robyn Dixon in "Reasonably Shady," the podcast featuring stories from their lives and how they dealt with them. In 2022, the podcast was nominated for the Outstanding Arts and Entertainment Podcast at the 53rd NAACP Image Awards.


title: Gizelle Bryant

text: Bryant turned her sights on writing a fiction book that chronicles her life as the First Lady of a megachurch. She published her book "My Word" in April 2019, for which she won an African-American Literary Award for Best Fiction.


title: Gizelle Bryant

text: Bryant moved to Baltimore after graduating from university. She married megachurch pastor and activist Jamal Harrison Bryant in 2002, and they have 3 daughters. They met when they were working together on civil rights and social justice at the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's national headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland.


title: Gizelle Bryant

text: In 2008, Gizelle filed for divorce accusing Jamal of adultery, they divorced later in 2009. Bryant is a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.


title: Vestel

text: Vestel is a Turkish home and professional appliances manufacturing company consisting of 18 companies specialised in electronics, major appliances and information technology. Vestel's headquarters and production plant are located in Manisa, while the company's parent conglomerate is the Istanbul based Zorlu Holding.


title: Vestel

text: Vestel, together with its subsidiary brands has a significant share in the European market of consumer electronics and home appliances, in particular TV sets. As of 2006, Vestel was the largest TV producer in Europe with more than 8 million units sold, accounting for a quarter of the European market. Vestel also has a subsidiary brand Vestfrost, used for white goods, and Luxor, used for televisions, sold in the Nordic countries. In 2014, Vestel entered the smartphone market.


title: Vestel

text: Most TVs produced by Vestel are sold under licensed brand names such as Toshiba, Hitachi, Polaroid, JVC, Bush, Alba and many own brand labels.


title: Vestel

text: In 2021, Vestel Customer Services received two awards from the 4th CX Awards Turkey and one award from the Istanbul Marketing Awards.


title: Vestel

text: Originally founded in 1984, Vestel has grown realizing its global potential after joining the Zorlu Group in 1994. Having rapidly accumulated market share, Vestel has attained global significance thanks to its flourishing export activity and enormous production capacity.


title: Periodical literature

text: A periodical literature (also called a periodical publication or simply a periodical) is a published work that appears in a new edition on a regular schedule. The most familiar example is a newspaper, but a magazine or a journal are also examples of periodicals. These publications cover a wide variety of topics, from academic, technical, trade, and general interest to leisure and entertainment.


title: Periodical literature

text: Articles within a periodical are usually organized around a single main subject or theme and include a title, date of publication, author(s), and brief summary of the article. A periodical typically contains an editorial section that comments on subjects of interest to its readers. Other common features are reviews of recently published books and films, columns that express the author's opinions about various topics, and advertisements.


title: Periodical literature

text: A periodical is a serial publication. A book is also a serial publication, but is not typically called a periodical. An encyclopedia or dictionary is also a book, and might be called a serial publication if it is published in many different editions over time.


title: Periodical literature

text: Periodicals are typically published and referenced by volume and issue (also known as issue number or number). "Volume" typically refers to the number of years the publication has been circulated, and "issue" refers to how many times that periodical has been published during that year. For example, the April 2011 publication of a monthly magazine first published in 2002 would be listed as, "volume 10, issue 4". Roman numerals are sometimes used in reference to the volume number.


title: Periodical literature

text: When citing a work in a periodical, there are standardized formats such as "The Chicago Manual of Style". In the latest edition of this style, a work with volume number 17 and issue number 3 may be written as follows:


title: Periodical literature

text: Sometimes, periodicals are numbered in absolute numbers instead of volume-relative numbers, typically since the start of the publication. In rare cases, periodicals even provide both: a relative issue number and an absolute number. There is no universal standard for indicating absolute numbers, but often a '#' is used.


title: Periodical literature

text: The first issue of a periodical is sometimes also called a premiere issue or charter issue. The first issue may be preceded by dummy or zero issues. A last issue is sometimes called the final issue. In comic books, a first issue will often include a first appearance by a new character, although a first appearance can happen in other issues as well.


title: Periodical literature

text: Periodicals are often characterized by their period (or frequency) of publication. This information often helps librarians make decisions about whether or not to include certain periodicals in their collection. It also helps scholars decide which journal to submit their paper to.


title: Periodical literature

text: Periodicals are often classified as either popular or scholarly. Popular periodicals are usually magazines (e.g., "Ebony" and "Esquire"). Scholarly journals are most commonly found in libraries and databases. Examples are "The Journal of Psychology" and the "Journal of Social Work".


title: Periodical literature

text: Trade magazines are also examples of periodicals. They are written for an audience of professionals in the world. As of the early 1990s, there were over 6,000 academic, business, scientific, technical, and trade publications in the United States alone.


title: Periodical literature

text: These examples are related to the idea of an indefinitely continuing cycle of production and publication: magazines plan to continue publishing, not to stop after a predetermined number of editions. By contrast, a novel might be published in monthly parts, a method revived after the success of "The Pickwick Papers" by Charles Dickens. This approach is called part-publication, particularly when each part is from a whole work, or a serial, for example in comic books. It flourished during the nineteenth century, for example with Abraham John Valpy's "Delphin Classics", and was not restricted to fiction.


title: Periodical literature

text: The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is to serial publications (and by extension, periodicals) what the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is to books: a standardized reference number.


title: Periodical literature

text: Postal services often carry periodicals at a preferential rate; for example, Second Class Mail in the United States only applies to publications issued at least quarterly.


title: International Physics Olympiad

text: The International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) is an annual physics competition for high school students. It is one of the International Science Olympiads. The first IPhO was held in Warsaw, Poland in 1967.


title: International Physics Olympiad

text: Each national delegation is made up of at most five student competitors plus two leaders, selected on a national level. Observers may also accompany a national team. The students compete as individuals, and must sit for intensive theoretical and laboratory examinations. For their efforts the students can be awarded gold, silver, or bronze medals or an honourable mention.


title: International Physics Olympiad

text: The theoretical examination lasts 5 hours and consists of three questions. Usually these questions involve more than one part. The practical examination may consist of one laboratory examination of five hours, or two, which together take up the full five hours.


title: International Physics Olympiad

text: The idea of creating the International Physics Olympiad was conceived in Eastern Bloc countries, inspired by the 1959 established International Mathematical Olympiad. Poland seemed to offer the best conditions at the time, and so the first IPhO was held in Warsaw in 1967, organized by Prof. Czesław Ścisłowski. Some months prior to the competition, all Central European countries were invited, and the five countries Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania participated. Each country sent a delegation of three students and one supervisor. Already in this first edition, the competition consisted of two exams, one theoretical and one experimental, and the students went on excursions while their exams were marked.


title: International Physics Olympiad

text: The second IPhO was held in Hungary, with the additional participation of the German Democratic Republic, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. Subsequent editions were carried out in the following years in Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Bulgaria and Romania. At that sixth IPhO in 1972, France joined the competition as the first Western country and Cuba as the first non-European country. With growing size and organizational effort (and no participation fee at that time), no country was willing to arrange an IPhO in 1973. To hold up the competition, Poland volunteered to host another IPhO in 1974, but the problem soon reappeared: With the Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden and Finland, additional Western countries had joined the IPhO, and the Eastern Bloc countries decided in 1977 that they would only host every other IPhO. As the Western countries were not yet ready with the necessary long-term preparation effort, no IPhO was held in 1978 and in 1980. The first Western Country to host the IPhO was the Federal Republic of Germany in 1982. Since then, the IPhO has been held regularly every year except 2020 due to the pandemic, and the organization has become a prestigious endeavor that many countries are happy to take.


title: International Physics Olympiad

text: The number of participating countries has grown steadily over the years. After the initial set of Eastern Bloc countries, many European countries joined since the 1970s, as well as Asian and American countries starting in the 1980s. Between 1990 and 2000 alone, the total number increased from 32 countries to 63. African countries have been joining since the 2000s. After accession into IPhO, every country must notify the others within five years about its willingness to host the IPhO. The venue of the Olympiad is decided for years ahead. With over 80 actively participating countries today, each IPhO is a big event with around 700 attendees and a total budget of several million euros. A small fraction of the cost is covered by a participation fee of around €3500 per team, which was introduced in 1997 on a voluntary basis and made obligatory in 2013.


title: International Physics Olympiad

text: The formal structure of the IPhO was established in 1968 at a dedicated meeting in Czechoslovakia, soon after the second IPhO. There the statutes and the syllabus were officially accepted by the International Board, which consists of the delegation heads from all participating countries. The team size was finally set to five students in 1971, and in 1976 the number of experimental problems was set to one or two, while there are three theoretical problems in each competition. In 1984, the IPhO established a permanent secretariat and a president's office. This position was held by Dr. Waldemar Gorzkowski until the 2007 Olympiad, then Prof. Maija Ahtee (2007–2008), Prof. Hans Jordens (2008–2018) and Prof. Rajdeep Singh Rawat (2018 onwards). Since 1984 the IPhO has collaborated with UNESCO for moral support and publicity. An advisory committee, consisting of 14 experienced people, was introduced in 1996.


title: International Physics Olympiad

text: The minimal scores required for Olympiad medals and honourable mentions are chosen by the organizers according to the following rules: A gold medal should be awarded to the top 8% of the participants. A silver medal or better should be awarded to the top 25%. A bronze medal or better should be awarded to the top 50%. An honourable mention or better should be awarded to the top 67%. All other participants receive certificates of participation. The participant with the highest score (absolute winner) receives a special prize, in addition to a gold medal.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In programming language theory, lazy evaluation, or call-by-need, is an evaluation strategy which delays the evaluation of an expression until its value is needed (non-strict evaluation) and which also avoids repeated evaluations (sharing).


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Lazy evaluation is often combined with memoization, as described in Jon Bentley's "Writing Efficient Programs". After a function's value is computed for that parameter or set of parameters, the result is stored in a lookup table that is indexed by the values of those parameters; the next time the function is called, the table is consulted to determine whether the result for that combination of parameter values is already available. If so, the stored result is simply returned. If not, the function is evaluated and another entry is added to the lookup table for reuse.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Lazy evaluation is difficult to combine with imperative features such as exception handling and input/output, because the order of operations becomes indeterminate.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: The opposite of lazy evaluation is eager evaluation, sometimes known as strict evaluation. Eager evaluation is the evaluation strategy employed in most programming languages.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Lazy evaluation was introduced for lambda calculus by Christopher Wadsworth and employed by the Plessey System 250 as a critical part of a Lambda-Calculus Meta-Machine, reducing the resolution overhead for access to objects in a capability-limited address space. For programming languages, it was independently introduced by Peter Henderson and James H. Morris and by Daniel P. Friedman and David S. Wise.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Delayed evaluation is used particularly in functional programming languages. When using delayed evaluation, an expression is not evaluated as soon as it gets bound to a variable, but when the evaluator is forced to produce the expression's value. That is, a statement such as codice_1 (i.e. the assignment of the result of an expression to a variable) clearly calls for the expression to be evaluated and the result placed in codice_2, but what actually is in codice_2 is irrelevant until there is a need for its value via a reference to codice_2 in some later expression whose evaluation could itself be deferred, though eventually the rapidly growing tree of dependencies would be pruned to produce some symbol rather than another for the outside world to see.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Lazy evaluation allows control structures to be defined normally, and not as primitives or compile-time techniques. For example one can define if-then-else and short-circuit evaluation operators:


title: Lazy evaluation

text: These have the usual semantics, i.e. evaluates (a), then if and only if (a) evaluates to true does it evaluate (b), otherwise it evaluates (c). That is, exactly one of (b) or (c) will be evaluated. Similarly for , if the easy part gives True the lots of work expression could be avoided. Finally, when evaluating , if "SafeToTry" is false there will be no attempt at evaluating the "Expression".


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Conversely, in an eager language the above definition for would evaluate (a), (b), and (c) regardless of the value of (a). This is not the desired behavior, as (b) or (c) may have side effects, take a long time to compute, or throw errors. It is usually possible to introduce user-defined lazy control structures in eager languages as functions, though they may depart from the language's syntax for eager evaluation: Often the involved code bodies need to be wrapped in a function value, so that they are executed only when called.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Delayed evaluation has the advantage of being able to create calculable infinite lists without infinite loops or size matters interfering in computation. The actual values are only computed when needed. For example, one could create a function that creates an infinite list (often called a "stream") of Fibonacci numbers. The calculation of the "n"-th Fibonacci number would be merely the extraction of that element from the infinite list, forcing the evaluation of only the first n members of the list.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In the function , the value of is an infinite range, but until an actual value (or more specifically, a specific value at a certain index) is needed, the list is not evaluated, and even then it is only evaluated as needed (that is, until the desired index.) Provided the programmer is careful, the program completes normally. However, certain calculations may result in the program attempting to evaluate an infinite number of elements; for example, requesting the length of the list or trying to sum the elements of the list with a fold operation would result in the program either failing to terminate or running out of memory.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: As another example, the list of all Fibonacci numbers can be written in the Haskell programming language as:


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In Haskell syntax, "codice_5" prepends an element to a list, codice_6 returns a list without its first element, and codice_7 uses a specified function (in this case addition) to combine corresponding elements of two lists to produce a third.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In computer windowing systems, the painting of information to the screen is driven by "expose events" which drive the display code at the last possible moment. By doing this, windowing systems avoid computing unnecessary display content updates.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Another example of laziness in modern computer systems is copy-on-write page allocation or demand paging, where memory is allocated only when a value stored in that memory is changed.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Laziness can be useful for high performance scenarios. An example is the Unix mmap function, which provides "demand driven" loading of pages from disk, so that only those pages actually touched are loaded into memory, and unneeded memory is not allocated.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: MATLAB implements "copy on edit", where arrays which are copied have their actual memory storage replicated only when their content is changed, possibly leading to an "out of memory" error when updating an element afterwards instead of during the copy operation.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: The number of beta reductions to reduce a lambda term with call-by-need is no larger than the number needed by call-by-value or call-by-name reduction. And with certain programs the number of steps may be much smaller, for example a specific family of lambda terms using Church numerals take an infinite amount of steps with call-by-value (i.e. never complete), an exponential number of steps with call-by-name, but only a polynomial number with call-by-need. Call-by-need embodies two optimizations - never repeat work (similar to call-by-value), and never perform unnecessary work (similar to call-by-name).


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Lazy evaluation can also lead to reduction in memory footprint, since values are created when needed.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In practice, lazy evaluation may cause significant performance issues compared to eager evaluation. For example, on modern computer architectures, delaying a computation and performing it later is slower than performing it immediately. This can be alleviated through strictness analysis. Lazy evaluation can also introduce memory leaks due to unevaluated expressions.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Some programming languages delay evaluation of expressions by default, and some others provide functions or special syntax to delay evaluation. In Miranda and Haskell, evaluation of function arguments is delayed by default. In many other languages, evaluation can be delayed by explicitly suspending the computation using special syntax (as with Scheme's "codice_8" and "codice_9" and OCaml's "codice_10" and "codice_11") or, more generally, by wrapping the expression in a thunk. The object representing such an explicitly delayed evaluation is called a "lazy future." Raku uses lazy evaluation of lists, so one can assign infinite lists to variables and use them as arguments to functions, but unlike Haskell and Miranda, Raku does not use lazy evaluation of arithmetic operators and functions by default.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In lazy programming languages such as Haskell, although the default is to evaluate expressions only when they are demanded, it is possible in some cases to make code more eager—or conversely, to make it more lazy again after it has been made more eager. This can be done by explicitly coding something which forces evaluation (which may make the code more eager) or avoiding such code (which may make the code more lazy). "Strict" evaluation usually implies eagerness, but they are technically different concepts.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: However, there is an optimisation implemented in some compilers called strictness analysis, which, in some cases, allows the compiler to infer that a value will always be used. In such cases, this may render the programmer's choice of whether to force that particular value or not, irrelevant, because strictness analysis will force strict evaluation.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In Haskell, marking constructor fields strict means that their values will always be demanded immediately. The codice_12 function can also be used to demand a value immediately and then pass it on, which is useful if a constructor field should generally be lazy. However, neither of these techniques implements "recursive" strictness—for that, a function called codice_13 was invented.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Also, pattern matching in Haskell 98 is strict by default, so the codice_14 qualifier has to be used to make it lazy.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In Java, lazy evaluation can be done by using objects that have a method to evaluate them when the value is needed. The body of this method must contain the code required to perform this evaluation. Since the introduction of lambda expressions in Java SE8, Java has supported a compact notation for this. The following example generic interface provides a framework for lazy evaluation:


title: Lazy evaluation

text: The codice_15 interface with its codice_16 method is equivalent to the codice_17 interface with its codice_18 method in the codice_19 library.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Each class that implements the codice_15 interface must provide an codice_21 method, and instances of the class may carry whatever values the method needs to accomplish lazy evaluation. For example, consider the following code to lazily compute and print 2:


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In the above, the variable initially refers to a lazy integer object created by the lambda expression codice_22. Evaluating this lambda expression is similar to constructing a new instance of an anonymous class that implements codice_23 with an method returning .


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Each iteration of the loop links to a new object created by evaluating the lambda expression inside the loop. Each of these objects holds a reference to another lazy object, , and has an method that calls codice_24 twice and returns the sum. The variable is needed here to meet Java's requirement that variables referenced from within a lambda expression be final.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: This is an inefficient program because this implementation of lazy integers does not memoize the result of previous calls to . It also involves considerable autoboxing and unboxing. What may not be obvious is that, at the end of the loop, the program has constructed a linked list of 11 objects and that all of the actual additions involved in computing the result are done in response to the call to codice_25 on the final line of code. This call recursively traverses the list to perform the necessary additions.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: This allows the previous example to be rewritten to be far more efficient. Where the original ran in time exponential in the number of iterations, the memoized version runs in linear time:


title: Lazy evaluation

text: Note that Java's lambda expressions are just syntactic sugar. Anything you can write with a lambda expression can be rewritten as a call to construct an instance of an anonymous inner class implementing the interface, and any use of an anonymous inner class can be rewritten using a named inner class, and any named inner class can be moved to the outermost nesting level.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In JavaScript, lazy evaluation can be simulated by using a generator. For example, the stream of all Fibonacci numbers can be written, using memoization, as:


title: Lazy evaluation

text: let first10 = Array.from(new Array(10), () => stream.next().value); // evaluate only the first 10 numbers


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In Python 2.x the codice_26 function computes a list of integers. The entire list is stored in memory when the first assignment statement is evaluated, so this is an example of eager or immediate evaluation:


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In Python 3.x the codice_26 function returns a generator which computes elements of the list on demand. Elements are only generated when they are needed (e.g., when codice_28 is evaluated in the following example), so this is an example of lazy or deferred evaluation:


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In Python 2.x is possible to use a function called codice_29 which returns an object that generates the numbers in the range on demand. The advantage of codice_30 is that generated object will always take the same amount of memory.


title: Lazy evaluation

text: From version 2.2 forward, Python manifests lazy evaluation by implementing iterators (lazy sequences) unlike tuple or list sequences. For instance (Python 2):


title: Lazy evaluation

text: In the .NET Framework it is possible to do lazy evaluation using the class System.Lazy<T>. The class can be easily exploited in F# using the lazy keyword, while the force method will force the evaluation. There are also specialized collections like Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq that provide built-in support for lazy evaluation.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Henri Désiré Landru (12 April 1869 – 25 February 1922) () was a French serial killer, nicknamed the Bluebeard of Gambais. He murdered at least seven women in the village of Gambais between December 1915 and January 1919. Landru also killed at least three other women and a young man, at a house he rented from December 1914 to August 1915 in the town of Vernouillet, 35 km northwest of Paris. The true number of Landru's victims, whose remains were never found, was almost certainly higher.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru was arrested on 12 April 1919 at an apartment near Paris's Gare du Nord, which he shared with his 24-year-old mistress, Fernande Segret. The police eventually concluded that Landru had met or been in romantic correspondence with 283 women during the First World War, including 72 who were never traced. In December 1919, Landru's wife Marie-Catherine, 51, and his eldest son Maurice, 25, were arrested on suspicion of complicity in Landru's thefts from his victims. Both denied any knowledge of Landru's criminal activities. Marie-Catherine was released without charge in July 1920 due to health reasons, on the same day that Maurice was released because the authorities could not establish his guilt.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru continued to protest his complete innocence during an investigation that lasted more than a year. He was finally charged with the murders at Vernouillet and Gambais of ten women and the teenage son of his first victim. Landru's trial in November 1921 at Versailles was attended by leading French celebrities, including the novelist Colette and the actor and singer Maurice Chevalier. On 30 November, Landru was found guilty by a majority verdict of all eleven murders and sentenced to death. He was executed by guillotine on 25 February 1922.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Henri Landru was born in Paris, the son of a furnace stoker and a laundress, who were both ardent Catholics. He was educated by monks at a Catholic school on the Île Saint-Louis, serving as an altar boy at the adjacent church, where his parents and elder sister worshiped. By his late teens, Landru had graduated to sub-deacon, a secular post which involved lighting candles and helping a priest with his vestments. According to his future wife Marie-Catherine, she first set eyes on the young Landru at Mass one Sunday in 1887. "We got talking as we were leaving the church and so my love story began."


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru and Marie-Catherine's first child, Marie, was born illegitimately in 1891, shortly after Landru began three years' obligatory military service in the northern French town of Saint-Quentin, rising from private to the position of deputy quartermaster. In the autumn of 1893, he returned to Paris and married Marie-Catherine, who was already pregnant with their second child, Maurice. The couple had two more children: Suzanne, born in 1896, and Charles, born in 1900.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: During the 1890s while his wife worked as a laundress, Landru drifted from one job to the next. He was employed for short periods in Paris as a plumber's accountant, a furniture salesman and an assistant to a toy maker. In a later newspaper interview, Marie-Catherine described Landru as a "model husband" and father in the early years of their marriage, even though she also told police that he was a "skirt chaser" from the very beginning.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru's drift into crime and possible insanity seems to have been associated with his ambition to become a famous inventor. In 1898 he designed a primitive motorbike, which he called "The Landru", and then deceived several potential investors into giving him money to build a factory to manufacture it. Having pocketed the money, Landru vanished. Other projects that Landru began in the late 1890s and early 1900s included a plan for a new suburban railway line west of Paris and an automated children's toy. Meanwhile, he was constantly on the run from the police, seeing little of his family and lying low for a year in Le Havre.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: In 1904 Landru was finally arrested in Paris after falling in the street, as he was running away from a bank he had tried to defraud. He was remanded in custody at the Santé prison where he made what appears to have been a fake suicide attempt, slipping his head through a noose made from his bed sheet just as a guard was entering his cell. Landru was examined by Dr Charles Vallon, one of France's leading criminal psychiatrists, who concluded that Landru was "on the frontiers of madness" but was not yet insane and was still responsible for his actions. Vallon's diagnosis was confirmed by two other psychiatrists. Yet Vallon was sufficiently concerned by Landru's behavior that he warned Marie-Catherine to be on guard in the future.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru was tried and sentenced to two years in jail in the town of Fresnes, south of Paris. He was in and out of prison for the next decade. During this period, Landru's wife and four children lived in a series of cheap rented apartments in and around Paris. In 1909 Landru attempted to swindle an affluent widow in the northern city of Lille by posing as a wealthy, single businessman and persuading her to hand over her savings in a pre-marital contract. He was arrested while trying to cash in her investment certificates and sentenced to three years in prison at Loos, near Lille. While he was in jail, his widowed father committed suicide in April 1912 by hanging himself from a tree in the Bois de Boulogne. Landru's wife subsequently claimed that her father-in-law had killed himself partly in despair at her husband's criminal career. She also said that in the autumn of 1912, as soon as he was released from prison, Landru stole around 12,000 francs (approximately $40,000 in modern money) that his father had pointedly left her and the four children, rather than him.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: In the winter of 1913–14, Landru executed easily the most successful swindle of his career, duping more than a dozen individuals into giving him a total of 35,600 francs to "invest" in building a fictitious automobile factory. He went on the run in April 1914 with all this money, plus most of his father's inheritance, just before the police came to arrest him. In late July 1914 he was tried and convicted "in absentia" for the fraud. Taking his previous convictions into account, the court sentenced Landru to four years of hard labor followed by exile for life on the French Pacific island of New Caledonia.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru had escaped to a village near the town of Chantilly, 50 km north of Paris, in the company of Jeanne Cuchet, a pretty, 39-year-old Parisian seamstress who had been widowed in 1909. She knew him at this stage as "Raymond Diard", an industrialist from northern France, who had promised to marry her and had persuaded her to give up her job making lingerie for a dress shop in Paris. Cuchet appears to have hoped that Landru, alias Diard, would provide a respectable home for her and her only son André, 17, who was illegitimate.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: The balance of Cuchet's relationship with Landru changed completely in early August 1914 when Germany declared war on France. Landru failed to make a rendezvous with Cuchet, who had returned to Paris to be with André, still living in her old apartment. In despair, Cuchet went back to the house near Chantilly, accompanied by André and her brother-in-law, hoping to find the man she still knew as "Diard". The house was empty, but she found Landru's identity papers inside a chest, along with various fake documents. The next day, Cuchet visited Landru's abandoned apartment in southern Paris where she discovered that he was a criminal on the run who should have been deported to New Caledonia.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Cuchet insisted to her sister and brother-in-law that her engagement with Landru was over, but when he reappeared in late August 1914 she resumed their relationship. Meanwhile, she kept a close watch on her patriotic son André, who was desperate to join the army and fight the Germans, even though he was too young to volunteer. In late November 1914, Cuchet suddenly pulled André out of his job at an automobile factory in northwest Paris. At the start of December, Cuchet, Landru (posing as "Monsieur Cuchet") and André moved to a house in Vernouillet, a small town by the Seine, 35 km northwest of Paris. Over Christmas, Cuchet wrote to a woman friend in Paris, explaining that it would not be convenient to visit her in Vernouillet because of the poor weather: "at the moment the place is rather muddy". In mid-January, André learned to his joy that his scheduled recruitment to the army had been brought forward two years to the summer of 1915. He wrote to a friend in the army on 20 January, reporting his good news, and another to an uncle a week later. Then Cuchet and André disappeared without a trace. No one ever saw them again.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru's subsequent murders between 1915 and 1919 were presented chronologically at his trial, creating the false impression that he had met the women in the order in which he killed them. In fact, one of his known victims had been "engaged" to the married Landru for more than two years before he murdered her, a period during which he killed at least five other women; another victim had known him for more than a year and a half before she disappeared; while his last known victim, a prostitute, may have first encountered Landru as early as 1914.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: It was also taken for granted by the police and the prosecution that he had recorded the total number of his victims in a list of 11 names and code-names he had written at the back of a little black notebook (known in French as a "carnet)" which was discovered immediately after his arrest. This is questionable for several reasons. Landru did not acquire the "carnet" until the spring of 1915, more than a year after he first met Jeanne Cuchet, his first known victim. He did not begin to keep detailed notes in the "carnet" until the summer of 1916, and even then, statements by various witnesses proved beyond doubt that Landru did not record all his planned and impromptu encounters with women in the later years of the war. Landru claimed at his trial that the list was simply an "aide-mémoire" to remind him of clients from whom he had bought furniture as a second-hand dealer. He was certainly lying, but based on witness testimony and forensic evidence, it is also almost certain that other unknown victims were not recorded by Landru on the list.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru's nine known victims after Jeanne and André Cuchet all lived in Paris. In order of the presumed date of their murder, they were:


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Born in Argentina, Thérèse Laborde-Line was a divorced, unemployed widow who was estranged from her only son, a postal clerk, and her daughter-in-law. She met Landru either through a lonely-hearts advertisement he placed on 1 May 1915 in "Le Journal", a mass circulation daily, or through a notice applying for a position as a lady's companion which she placed in another newspaper.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: She was a widowed, retired housekeeper, living near Paris's Gare de Lyon, who had inherited a substantial sum from her last employer. Guillin answered Landru's 1 May 1915 lonely-hearts advertisement and believed his story about being the next Consul-General to Australia, in need of a wife to host diplomatic receptions.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Originally from Le Havre, Berthe Héon scraped a living as a cleaning woman and had suffered multiple bereavements, losing in turn her husband, her long-term lover, her two legitimate children and her beloved illegitimate daughter in childbirth. She met Landru in the summer of 1915, probably via a second lonely-hearts advertisement he placed in "Le Journal". Posing as a businessman, Landru pretended he was in search of a wife to join him in the "pretty colony" of Tunisia.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Anna Collomb was a clever, attractive widow who worked as a typist at an insurance company in Paris and had had a string of lovers since the death of her alcoholic, bankrupt husband a decade earlier. Her motive for answering Landru's 1 May 1915 lonely-hearts advertisement was probably that she wanted a stepfather for her illegitimate young daughter, whom she had reportedly placed in the care of nuns in Italy. The little girl was never traced by the police.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Chatty and vivacious, Andrée Babelay was a nanny and possible casual prostitute whom Landru picked up one evening while riding on the Paris metro. Babelay spent the next ten days living with Landru (whom she called 'Lulu') in a room he rented near Paris's Gare du Nord, and then a further fortnight at his rented house near Gambais, where she was seen by a local game warden learning to ride a bicycle.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Homely, trusting and semi-literate, Célestine Buisson was yet another woman who answered Landru's 1 May 1915 lonely-hearts advertisement in "Le Journal." Born in southwest France, Buisson was a widow who worked as a housekeeper and was lonely after the mobilization of her only son, who was illegitimate. Landru, alias Georges Frémyet, became "engaged" to Buisson immediately, but then put off their marriage for more than two years, pleading lost identity documents and long "business trips" abroad.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: She was a devout Catholic, working as a dress shop assistant, who answered a lonely-hearts advertisement Landru placed in a conservative newspaper after deciding to divorce her estranged husband. Jaume initially refused to sleep with Landru, alias "Lucien Guillet", a refugee from the German-occupied Ardennes region. He broke her resistance and then took her to Gambais on a one-way train ticket after celebrating Mass with her at the basilica of Sacré Cœur in Paris.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: On account of her wide-brimmed hats, Annette Pascal was nicknamed "Mme Sombrero" by her neighbors on the street near the Père Lachaise cemetery where she lived and worked, making dresses for a Paris fashion house. Pascal was divorced and childless, following the death of her only son in infancy, and was looking for a so-called ""vieux monsieur"" ("sugar daddy") in September 1916 when she spotted Landru's lonely-hearts advertisement in the Paris evening daily, "La Presse."


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Born in Bordeaux, Marie-Thérèse Marchadier was a career prostitute and a familiar sight on the street outside her apartment on Paris's Rue Saint-Jacques, where she liked to walk her two beloved Belgian griffon dogs. At Landru's trial, the prosecution claimed that he first met the heavily indebted Marchadier in October 1918 after she advertised to sell her furniture. Circumstantial evidence suggests that he may have encountered her several years earlier in the port of Le Havre or the provincial town of Beauvais.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru was able to avoid capture during the war for three principal reasons. One was the war itself, which denuded France's civilian police force, as officers of military age were mobilized and sent to the front. In Vernouillet, where Landru rented his first house from December 1914 to August 1915, there was just one constable for the whole town. In Gambais, where Landru rented his second house from December 1915 till his arrest, there was one constable in his early seventies, stationed in the village, and a single mounted gendarme in the market town of Houdan, four miles (6.4 km) away.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Secondly, Landru's wife and four children knew his whereabouts throughout the war but shielded him from the police. Landru's youngest son Charles, born in 1900, worked as his self-styled "apprentice", helping Landru remove furniture and other possessions from at least five of his known victims' apartments and latterly acting as his father's chauffeur. His eldest son Maurice, born in 1894, was mobilized in the summer of 1915 and arrested soon afterwards for various frauds and thefts, including the receipt and sale of valuables from Landru that had belonged to his first known victim, Jeanne Cuchet. Following his release from prison, Maurice helped Landru concoct a cover story to explain the disappearance of his sixth known victim, Anna Collomb, to one of Anna's friends. Meanwhile, Landru's wife lived for most of the war in the northwestern Paris suburb of Clichy under the false name "Frémyet" (one of Landru's aliases) in an apartment where he was seen coming and going at regular intervals. Landru's wife forged the signature of his eighth known victim, Célestine Buisson, so he could gain access to Célestine's bank account, and impersonated his ninth known victim, Louise Jaume, for the same purpose.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Lastly, Landru benefited from the indifference of police officers and village officials to the fate of the women, at a time when hundreds of thousands of young men were losing their lives at the front. Indeed, it is arguable that Landru might never have been arrested without the persistence of another woman who forced the authorities to investigate the suspicious man who rented the Villa Tric outside Gambais.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Marie Lacoste, the younger half-sister of Célestine Buisson, was an unmarried housemaid who disliked Landru, alias George Frémyet, from the moment she first met him at Buisson's apartment in the summer of 1915. Over the next two years, Lacoste began to suspect that Buisson's fiancé was a marriage swindler, out to get his hands on the naive Buisson's savings. Lacoste's suspicion was confirmed during a visit with Buisson to the Villa Tric in August 1917, when Buisson admitted that "Frémyet" had taken charge of her investments. Buisson refused to take Lacoste's advice to end her engagement to "Frémyet" and the two siblings were scarcely on speaking terms when they returned to Paris. A day later, Landru took Buisson back to Gambais, travelling on a one-way train ticket. She was never seen again.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: During the autumn of 1917, Landru became increasingly worried that Lacoste might suspect him of Buisson's murder. He tried to reassure Lacoste that her half-sister was still alive by sending her two fake postcards from Gambais, purportedly signed by "Célestine". Lacoste instantly realized the signatures were forgeries, but having concluded that Landru was just a con man, did not take any other action. Still worried, Landru turned up alone on several occasions at Lacoste's workplace to invite her to dinner with Buisson at Buisson's apartment in Paris. Landru knew the apartment was empty and almost certainly intended to kill Lacoste there. Each time, Lacoste refused, eventually telling Landru to get lost and not to come back.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: For the next year, Lacoste mentally washed her hands of Buisson, deciding that her half-sister was too ashamed about falling into the clutches of a crook to want any further contact between them. Then in December 1918 Lacoste received a letter which stirred her into action. Buisson's son had been blinded during the war and from his home in southwest France, had tried to contact Buisson to borrow money, following what he called a "serious accident". She had not replied, prompting the son to ask Lacoste if she could intervene with Buisson on his behalf. Lacoste visited Buisson's old apartment, where the concierge told her that Buisson had last been seen there in the summer of 1917 and that at least one other woman had subsequently spent the night at the address with "Frémyet" before he paid off the lease. Thoroughly alarmed, Lacoste concluded that Landru had probably killed Buisson and had been planning to kill her when he invited her to the apartment.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: She rapidly compiled a dossier for the police, noting Landru's physical appearance, his known movements with Buisson since 1915, the location and design of his house near Gambais, his thefts from Buisson's bank accounts, the forged postcards after her disappearance and his phony invitations to dinner. On 11 January 1919, Lacoste took her dossier to her local police station in Paris, accompanied by a fellow maid called Laure Bonhoure who had seen Landru when he had visited the house where they worked. At the station, a police officer told Lacoste that she needed to contact the authorities in Gambais, where Buisson had vanished. The next day, Lacoste wrote to the mayor of Gambais in her best formal French, forgetting her full stops as she raced on:


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: “You have in your commune a house at about 100 meters from the church, which is called the Maison Tric, the name of the owner, I do not know him, but the house was rented in 1917, to a gentleman around 40 years old, who had a long brown beard and who has as his name Monsieur Frémyet. Therefore this gentleman lived in this house for a good part of the summer of 1917 with a woman of about 45 to 50, or more exactly 47, with blue eyes and chestnut hair, medium height.”


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: The mayor denied any knowledge of Célestine Buisson or a man called Frémyet living at the Maison (or Villa) Tric. This claim was well short of the truth, because the mayor recognized the man described accurately by Lacoste by another of Landru's aliases: "Raoul Dupont". The mayor did, however, put Lacoste in touch with Victorine Pellat, the younger sister of Landru's sixth known victim Anna Collomb, who had made an identical inquiry about Collomb in 1917.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Lacoste contacted Pellat and after conferring about their separate investigations, they filed two missing person complaints with the prosecutor's office in the department of Seine-et-Oise, where Gambais was located. By a desultory route, the cases finally wound their way back to Inspector Jules Belin of the Paris flying squad ("brigade mobile").


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Belin interviewed Pellat and Lacoste and then plagiarized most of the latter's research for an internal police report in which he falsely took the credit for Landru's arrest. In reality, Landru's capture was entirely due to a chance sighting of him on 11 April 1919 by Lacoste's friend Laure Bonhoure as he was shopping with his mistress Fernande Segret in a crockery shop on Rue de Rivoli. Bonhoure tried to follow Landru after he left the shop, but fearing he had recognized her, she ran home to tell Lacoste, who phoned Belin with the news. Belin retrieved the business card that Landru, alias "Lucien Guillet", had given to a shop assistant and visited the address indicated: 76 Rue de Rochechouart, near the Gare du Nord. However, Belin only had an arrest warrant for a man called "Frémyet", so decided to go home for the night.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: On 12 April, at around midday, Belin returned with two fellow officers and a newly-drafted warrant and arrested Landru, who had just returned from accosting a woman on the metro.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: From the moment of his arrest, when he refused to confirm his identity, Landru was a formidably obdurate suspect. During multiple interrogations in 1919 and 1920, he repeatedly protested his innocence, demanding to know why he would have killed the women when they were his "friends".


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: The investigating magistrate Gabriel Bonin was initially confident that he could wrap up the case in a matter of days, following the discovery on 29 April 1919 of some tiny fragments of charred human bone debris beneath a pile of leaves in Landru's back garden at Gambais. However, this material was more problematic than it first appeared. Gradually, Bonin's inquiry was enmeshed in a series of interlocking, seemingly insoluble puzzles.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: In the weeks after Landru's arrest, the police gathered overwhelming proof that Landru had stolen the financial assets and possessions of the 10 missing women on the list in his "carnet". Landru had kept the booty he had not sold at a garage in Clichy and various storage depots around Paris, along with files on dozens of women he had contacted during the war via lonely hearts advertisements and matrimonial agencies.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: What the police lacked was direct evidence of murder, apart from the charred bone debris discovered at Gambais; and under the microscope, these fragments turned out to be "a veritable puzzle", according to Dr Charles Paul, the director of the Paris police laboratory. Paul and his colleagues were only able to establish that the debris had come from three or more skeletons. They did not know if the skeletons were female, because there were no pelvic bones; nor could the forensic scientists confirm that the fragments came from three or more of the women who were known to have vanished at Gambais.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Although Paul avoided speculation in his report on the debris, it was possible that the fragments came from the burnt skeletons of other unknown victims whom Landru had killed at the Villa Tric. This possibility was reinforced by the evidence of one witness in particular, an army doctor who had seen Landru dumping a heavy package in a pond near Gambais in the late spring or early summer of 1916. The doctor did not testify at Landru's trial, pleading illness, but the prosecution acknowledged that his sighting did not fit the timeline of the known disappearances; about six months after the presumed murder of Landru's fifth known fiancée and six months before the death of the next victim on the charge sheet.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: To varying degrees, Landru's wife and four children were all complicit in shielding him from the police during the war and in abetting his thefts from the missing women. The unanswered question is whether any, some or all of them were also complicit in his murders.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: His youngest son Charles, acted as his self-styled "apprentice" from 1914 to 1919, helping Landru to clear five of the women's apartments after they vanished. Two days after Landru's arrest, Charles also admitted assisting his father with unexplained "gardening work" at Landru's house in Vernouillet in early 1915, around the time that Jeanne and André Cuchet disappeared.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru's eldest son Maurice (born in 1894) was arrested for swindling and thefts in the autumn of 1915, shortly after his mobilization, and tried by court martial. Among the valuables in Maurice's possession was jewelry belonging to Jeanne Cuchet which Landru had given him. Maurice later disclaimed any knowledge of the jewelry's provenance. In January 1917, following his release from a military prison, Maurice assisted his father in creating a cover story to explain the disappearance of the sixth missing woman, Anna Collomb.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru's wife Marie Catherine forged at least one of the missing women's signatures so Landru could gain access to his victim's bank savings. Under interrogation, Marie Catherine initially protested her innocence, claiming her only crime had been "to love my husband too much". She eventually confessed, while insisting that she had had no idea why Landru had asked her to commit the forgery.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: The complicity of Landru's two daughters, Marie (born 1891) and Suzanne (born 1896), was less certain. Marie disclaimed any knowledge of his activities during the war, even though in August 1917 she had bid unsuccessfully at a property auction in Gambais on Landru's behalf for a house in which he was interested. Suzanne moved out of the family's apartment in 1916 when she became engaged, but still saw Landru at intervals on her visits back home.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: In December 1919 the investigating magistrate Bonin ordered the arrest of Landru's wife and Maurice Landru on suspicion of complicity in Landru's thefts and frauds. However, Bonin never formally charged them and in July 1920 they were released from custody – in Marie-Catherine's case on medical grounds (she had a bad back) and in Maurice's case because according to Bonin, his continuing detention was not helpful to the investigation. It appears more likely that Bonin decided a jury would struggle to believe that Marie-Catherine and Maurice had known nothing about the murders, given their clear involvement in Landru's thefts. This is also the most plausible explanation for why Bonin never arrested Landru's youngest son and "apprentice" Charles.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: In December Bonin finally submitted his case against Landru (drafted by another lawyer because of Bonin's other commitments). His central premise was that all the murders had occurred in identical circumstances and for the same motive: financial gain. In Bonin's narrative, Landru was a serial killer who had acted alone, murdering his victims after he had stolen their assets, to prevent them from reporting him to the police.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Bonin's assessment of Landru's psychiatric state was also contradictory. On the one hand, Bonin's submission declared that Landru was a human monster who was endowed with a "savage energy". On the other hand, Bonin determined that Landru was "not at all deranged" and therefore mentally fit to stand trial. Bonin based his conclusion on the diagnosis of the same three psychiatrists who had first examined Landru in 1904 and found him "on the frontiers of madness". In 1920, the doctors revised their opinion, maintaining that Landru was "entirely normal" and responsible for his actions. They produced no substantive clinical evidence to support their new diagnosis, which was possibly the result of pressure from Bonin to bring Landru to trial rather than send him to an asylum.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru was eventually brought to trial in Versailles in November 1921, after exhausting his appeals against previous convictions. The location was a compromise between the authorities in the department of Seine-et-Oise (now Yvelines), where Landru had allegedly committed the murders, and the judiciary in Paris, where his victims had lived. Versailles was chosen as the venue as the largest town in Seine-et-Oise, while the presiding judge, Maurice Gilbert, was from the Paris judiciary.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Gilbert allowed photographers to take pictures during each session, a decision which helped to stoke the sensational atmosphere surrounding the long-awaited trial of the "Bluebeard of Gambais". Every day, the newspapers gave saturation coverage of the proceedings and as the trial progressed, and the possibility of Landru's acquittal on the murder charges seemed to increase, the proceedings attracted trainloads of spectators from Paris. Celebrities who came to watch Landru included the reigning queen of French musical theater, Mistinguett, the actors Maurice Chevalier and Sacha Guitry, the writer Rudyard Kipling (in Paris to receive an honorary degree) and the novelist Colette (who covered the first session for the newspaper "Le Matin)". By the end of the trial, Gilbert had lost all control of the audience, with as many as 500 spectators crammed inside, double the courtroom's capacity.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru's 43-year-old defense attorney Vincent de Moro Giafferri, widely regarded as the most famous trial lawyer in France, privately despised his client and thought he was insane. However, Moro was also a passionate opponent of the death penalty and did not believe that the prosecution could remotely prove that Landru had certainly killed the 10 women and one young man on the murder charge sheet. Moro therefore proposed to offer the jury a bargain. The defense would not contest the multiple charges of theft and fraud (even though Landru denied them), which would be enough to send Landru for the rest of his life into exile with hard labor in French Guiana – an ordeal which would probably kill him before long, given Landru's poor physical health.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: In constructing this defense, Moro's chief difficulty was keeping Landru under control and preferably silent. Under examination, Landru repeatedly made clear that he knew more about the fate of the women than he was prepared to reveal, ostensibly because he had had a "sacred compact" with them which swore him to silence. Adding to the impression of his guilt, Landru argued ludicrously that he had pursued the women via lonely hearts advertisements as a means to gain access to their furniture, which he had wanted to sell. He denied that any of them had been his mistresses and insisted that the incriminating list of names in his notebook was merely a record of his clients.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Moro's best chance of saving Landru from the guillotine lay in the overall weakness of the murder case. As Moro argued, none of the 157 witnesses on the prosecution's list (about 120 of whom were called) had any direct evidence of murder. All the mothers, sisters and female friends of the missing women could produce was proof of Landru's trickery of their loved ones, which the defense did not dispute. Moro ridiculed the incompetence of the police, who had failed to seal Landru's property at Gambais after their first search of the house and gardens, when they had not discovered the bone debris. In Moro's view, it was possible that the debris had been planted by persons unknown before the second search, in order to incriminate Landru.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: The chief prosecuting attorney Robert Godefroy, a plodding government barrister, struggled from the start of the trial to make any headway with Landru, or prevent Moro undermining the credibility of the police and forensic witnesses. Gilbert, the judge, effectively took over the examination of Landru, as he was entitled to do under the French judicial system. Yet while Gilbert scored some palpable hits against Landru – in particular, regarding the records in his notebook – the consensus among reporters covering the trial was that the outcome would depend on the closing speeches by Godefroy and Moro.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Godefroy was suffering from flu, forcing him to break off his marathon address on the first day and complete it the following afternoon. He itemized eight "proofs" which in his view demonstrated Landru's guilt beyond all doubt, from the one-way train tickets Landru had bought the women on their last known journey to Gambais to the killer's tell-tale noting of the hour they disappeared – "the hour of the execution".


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: In a brilliant "tour de force", Moro set about demolishing every shred of supposed certainty in the case. Yet even Moro could not explain away the sinister fact that none of the women had surfaced following Landru's arrest. Instead, Moro fell back on a lurid scenario where Landru had been a pimp who had dispatched the women abroad into the "white slave trade". To support his argument, Moro claimed that all the women had been in some sense estranged from their families, an allegation that was demonstrably untrue in several cases, and arguable in several others.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: The jury's verdict, delivered on the evening of 30 November 1921 after three hours deliberation, was not straightforward. By a majority of nine to three they found Landru guilty of all 11 murders on the charge sheet. Separately, the jury unanimously convicted Landru of all the counts of theft and fraud, apart from those concerning a teenaged girl who had been destitute.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: In the mayhem that followed the verdict, Moro instantly added to the confusion by persuading all twelve jurors to sign Landru's pre-drafted appeal for clemency. If the appeal was successful, the sentence would be commuted to transportation with hard labor. However, Landru refused to sign the document on the grounds that he was entirely innocent. "The tribunal has made a mistake", he told the court before being led back to his cell. "I have never killed anyone. This is my final protest."


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Landru was eventually persuaded by Moro to sign his clemency appeal, which was rejected by President Alexandre Millerand. Just before his execution, his final request was for a foot bath. He was executed by guillotine just before dawn on 25 February 1922 outside the gates of the Prison Saint-Pierre in Versailles. The whole procedure from Landru walking out of prison to his beheading took approximately 20 seconds. Landru's corpse was then buried in a marked grave in the nearby Cimetière des Gonards. Five years later his remains were disinterred and reburied in an unmarked grave in the same cemetery when his family declined to renew the lease on the burial site.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: In the 1930s Landru's house at Gambais was converted into a restaurant which traded on his notoriety. The house still stands and in 2017 was put up for sale. Landru's notorious oven, in which he allegedly burnt the remains of his victims, was sold at auction in 1923 to a businessman who wanted to put it on display in the Italian city of Turin, beyond French jurisdiction. The Turin authorities banned the exhibition and the oven disappeared from public view, possibly acquired by another private collector.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: In 1968 a sketch of the oven that Landru had drawn during the trial and entrusted to Moro's deputy counsel was produced by the lawyer's daughter. Beside the oven, Landru had written: “One can burn anything one wants in there”, a remark attributed to him by a woman who had survived a visit to the house. On the back of the sketch, Landru had written: “This demonstrates the stupidity of the witnesses. Nothing happened in front of the wall, but in the house.” The meaning of Landru's statement is unclear.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: The two most famous films that are based on Landru bear little relation to the original case. In 1947, Charlie Chaplin played the title role in "Monsieur Verdoux", a black comedy about a bank clerk who loses his job and murders 14 affluent women to support his family. Chaplin adapted an original script by Orson Welles about Landru, which Chaplin then bought.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: Claude Chabrol's French-language "Landru" (1963), from a script by the novelist Françoise Sagan, ignored the first four murders at Vernouillet and recast the remaining women as fashionable and attractive. Chabrol was sued for defamation by Landru's last mistress Fernande Segret, who disapproved of her portrayal in the film by the actress Stéphane Audran. Segret received modest damages and retired to a care home in the town of Flers, where she committed suicide in 1968.


title: Henri Désiré Landru

text: In 1963, in "The Twilight Zone" episode "The New Exhibit", depicts Landru as a wax figure who commits murder. He is portrayed by the American actor Milton Parsons.


title: Ibn Hazm

text: Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm (; also sometimes known as al-Andalusī aẓ-Ẓāhirī; 7 November 994 – 15 August 1064 [456 AH]) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath, historian, muhaddith, jurist, philosopher, and theologian, born in the Caliphate of Córdoba, present-day Spain. Described as one of the strictest hadith interpreters, Ibn Hazm was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri school of Islamic thought and produced a reported 400 works, of which only 40 still survive. In all, his written works amounted to some 80 000 pages. Described as one of the fathers of comparative religion, the "Encyclopaedia of Islam" refers to him as having been one of the leading thinkers of the Muslim world.


title: Ibn Hazm

text: Ibn Hazm's grandfather Sa'id and his father, Ahmad, both held high advisory positions in the court of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II. Scholars believe that they were Iberian Christians who converted to Islam.


title: Ibn Hazm

text: Having been raised in a politically and economically important family, Ibn Hazm mingled with people of power and influence all his life. He had access to levels of government by his adolescence that most people then would never know throughout their whole lives. Those experiences with government and politicians caused Ibn Hazm to develop a reluctant and even sad skepticism about human nature and the capacity of human beings to deceive and to oppress.


title: Ibn Hazm

text: His reaction was to believe that there was no refuge or truth except with an infallible God and that with men resided only corruption. He was thus known for his cynicism regarding humanity and a strong respect for the principles of language and sincerity in communication.


title: Ibn Hazm

text: Ibn Hazm lived among the circle of the ruling hierarchy of the Caliphate of Córdoba government. His experiences produced an eager and observant attitude, and he gained an excellent education at Córdoba.


title: Ibn Hazm

text: After the death of the grand vizier, al-Muzaffar, in 1008, the Caliphate of Iberia became embroiled in a civil war that lasted until 1031 and resulted in its collapse of the central authority of Córdoba and the emergence of many smaller incompetent states, the taifas.


title: Ibn Hazm

text: Ibn Hazm's father died in 1012. Ibn Hazm was frequently imprisoned as a suspected supporter of the Umayyads. By 1031, Ibn Hazm retreated to his family estate at Manta Lisham and had begun to express his activist convictions in the literary form. He was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri school of Islamic thought, and he produced a reported 400 works, but only 40 still survive. His political and religious opponents gained power after the collapse of the caliphate and so he accepted an offer of asylum from the governor of the island of Majorca in the 1040s. He continued to propagate the Zahiri School there before he returned to Andalusia.


title: Ibn Hazm

text: Contemporaries coined the saying "the tongue of Ibn Hazm was a twin brother to the sword of al-Hajjaj", an infamous 7th century general and governor of Iraq. Ibn Hazm became so frequently quoted that the phrase "Ibn Hazm said" became proverbial.


title: Ibn Hazm

text: As an Athari, he opposed the allegorical interpretation of religious texts and preferred a grammatical and syntactical interpretation of the Qur'an. He granted cognitive legitimacy only to revelation and sensation, and he considered deductive reasoning insufficient in legal and religious matters. He rejected practices common among more orthodox schools such as juristic discretion. He was initially a follower of the Maliki school of law within Sunni Islam, but he switched to the Shafi'i school at around the age of thirty. He finally settled with the Zahiri school. He is perhaps the most well-known adherent of the school and the main source of extant works on Zahirite law. He studied the school's precepts and methods under Abu al-Khiyar al-Dawudi al-Zahiri of Santarém Municipality and was eventually promoted to the level of a teacher of the school himself.


title: Ibn Hazm

text: Much of Ibn Hazm's substantial body of works, which approached that of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari and As-Suyuti's, was burned in Seville by his sectarian and political opponents. His surviving works, while criticised as repetitive, didactic and abrasive in style, also show a fearless irreverence towards his academic critics and authorities.


title: Ibn Hazm

text: Ibn Hazm wrote works on law and theology and over ten medical books. He called for science to be integrated into a standard curriculum. In "Organization of the Sciences", he diachronically defines educational fields as stages of progressive acquisition set over a five-year curriculum, from language and exegesis of the Qur'an to the life and physical sciences to a rationalistic theology.