title: Joel Greenblatt

text: In 2000 Gotham Capital helped Michael Burry create his hedge fund Scion Capital by buying 25% of its capital for one million dollars after taxes. This was the first time Greenblatt partnered with an outside investor. In October 2006, Gotham's investment in the funds managed by Scion amounted to $100 million. Based on disagreements about Burry's strategy of betting against the US housing market, Gotham Capital and other investors eventually wanted their money back. However, Burry used a provision in his prospectus to "side pocket" (block withdrawals) between 50 and 55 percent of Greenblatt's investment, an amount corresponding to his credit default swap short-bet which was then losing money. Gotham Capital threatened to sue Burry because it was "wildly unconventional to side-pocket an investment for which there was obviously a market". On August 31, 2007, Burry lifted the side pocket and began to sell his credit default swaps, which were now a profitable bet in the housing market crisis. Gotham exited its investments both in the managed funds by Scion Capital and as a shareholder. In the 2015 film adaptation of Michael Lewis's book The Big Short, Tracy Letts appears as "Lawrence Fields", a fictionalized composite of Greenblatt and others who'd invested with Burry.


title: Joel Greenblatt

text: In 2008 Gotham Asset Management, LLC was created as "the successor to the investment advisory business of Gotham Capital". In 2010, Gotham started four conventional mutual funds raising $360 million. In January 2014, the mutual funds managed $1 billion. Due to new-money inflows this suddenly increased to $4.8 billion in October 2014 and briefly culminated to $13.1 billion in March 2015. As of November 2019 Gotham Asset Management, LLC manages $5.6 billion.


title: Joel Greenblatt

text: In 1996, Greenblatt began teaching value investing classes for MBA students at Columbia University's Graduate School of Business.


title: Joel Greenblatt

text: Greenblatt co-founded a website with John Petry called the Value Investors Club, where investors approved through an application process exchange value and special situation investment ideas. Membership is capped at 250 members and is considered highly prestigious. A 2012 academic study showed that the recommendations of the members of the club do in fact appear to generate significant abnormal profits. The club awards $5000 bimonthly to members who provide the best advice.


title: Joel Greenblatt

text: Greenblatt's book "The Little Book that Beats the Market" (Wiley, 2005 & 2010) introduced the investment strategy of "magic formula investing", a method for determining which stocks to buy: "cheap and good companies" with a high earnings yield and a high return on invested capital. His strategy is featured in "The Guru Investor" by John P. Reese. Several studies from around the world have found Greenblat's formula tends to result in long-term outperformance relative to market averages, but is also associated with significantly higher short-term volatility and sharper drawdowns due to his concentrated approach of 20–30 stocks.


title: Joel Greenblatt

text: In October 2009 he launched Formula Investing, an online money management firm that follows the investment strategy described in his New York Times bestselling book "The Little Book That Beats the Market". Formula Investing was a money management firm that uses a proprietary stock-screening system and a disciplined approach to manage portfolios of value stocks. The firm offered its services to individual investors and institutions and to registered investment advisors, who could use Formula Investing as a sub-advisor. Formula Investing used a system that determines portfolio selections based on a combination of their relative cheapness and quality, as measured by earnings yield and return on capital. Formula Investing was promoted as managing money in a disciplined manner that removes factors, like excess emotion and future projections, that often lead to bad investment results. In February 2014, Formula Investing's operations were merged into Gotham Asset Management, the advisor to the Formula Investing Mutual Funds.


title: Joel Greenblatt

text: Greenblatt is also famous for his contributions to education in New York City. In 2002, he donated $2.5 million to P.S. 65Q, a public elementary school in the borough of Queens, whose students come largely from the neighborhood's South American and South Asian immigrant communities. This investment, equal to about $1,000 per student per year over five years, helped P.S. 65Q to go from a struggling school to an urban success story almost overnight. He continues to aid the school in Ozone Park currently as they have continued to rise. Recently the school and principal Rafael Morales received a progress report score of A, scoring 98 out of a possible 100 points.


title: Joel Greenblatt

text: In 2006, Greenblatt also helped start the Success Academy Charter Schools, then known as the Harlem Success Academy Charter School, an elementary school in the city's historically African-American neighborhood. He is also a board member of the Institute for Student Achievement, a national leader in developing new small high schools and transforming large comprehensive public high schools into small learning communities.


title: Joel Greenblatt

text: During 2007 and 2008, Joel Greenblatt, Robert Goldstein and Gary Curhan created a website, inspired by the Value Investors Club, to spur idea sharing in order to advance cancer research. The, finally, unique $1 million Gotham Prize for Cancer Research was awarded in 2008 to Alexander Varshavsky for trying to find a potentially vulnerable feature of cancer cells that won't change during tumor progression.


title: Welcome (TV series)

text: Welcome () is a 2020 South Korean television series starring Kim Myung-soo, Shin Ye-eun, Seo Ji-hoon, Yoon Ye-joo and Kang Hoon. Based on the 2009–2010 Naver webtoon of the same name by Go A-ra, it aired on KBS2's Wednesdays and Thursdays at 22:00 (KST) time slot from March 25 to April 30, 2020.


title: Welcome (TV series)

text: During its run, "Welcome" recorded a lowest single-episode rating of 0.8%, beating the previous record lows set by previous KBS2 dramas "Lovely Horribly" (2018) and "Manhole" (2017) to become the lowest rated drama airing in a primetime slot on a free-to-air network in history. "Welcome's" average rating of 1.7% was also the worst, until MBC drama "Oh My Ladylord" broke the record with a slightly lower average figure of 1.6% a year later.


title: Welcome (TV series)

text: A graphic designer in her mid-twenties, Sol Ah harbours dreams of becoming a web-based comic author and has always had a love-hate relationship with cats.


title: Welcome (TV series)

text: But Sol Ah's life changes fast when she brings home a friendly feline. It turns out, however, that this is not any old cat. Named Hong Jo, he can take human form. Hong Jo becomes exceptionally fond of So Ah, and goes to great pains to hide his human identity from her. He soon proves that he will do anything that is required in order to stay near her. Will Hong Jo manage to keep his identity a secret?


title: Welcome (TV series)

text: He is actually a cat, who dreams to be a human. He realises that he can only be turned into a human by Sol-Ah. He grew excessive fond of Sol-ah and can go to any measures to stay near her.


title: Welcome (TV series)

text: She is a graphic designer who dreams to be a webtoon artist. She has a love-hate relationship against cats. Initially, she used to date Lee Jae-Sun. Later, she tries hard to protect the secret identity of Hong-jo.


title: Welcome (TV series)

text: He has a cat like personality but is allergic to cats. Jae-sun broke up with Sol-Ah and went in a relationship with Lee Ru-bi. He has somewhat a complicated relationship with his father. He is the first person to find out that Hong-jo is a cat who can turn into human from time to time.


title: Welcome (TV series)

text: She is a senior sunbaenim in Sol-Ah and Doo-sik's office. She is introverted and has a cat like personality.


title: Welcome (TV series)

text: He is a friend to Sol-Ah and Jae-sun. Doo sik has a puppy like personality. He always stays cheerful and happy. His family runs a restaurant. His mother often sends breakfast to Sol-Ah.


title: Welcome (TV series)

text: Early working title of the series is "Man Who Bakes Bread" (). It was originally planned to air on cable channel tvN in the first half of 2019, and the lead roles were offered to Yook Sung-jae and Park Eun-bin, but both declined.


title: Welcome (TV series)

text: The first script reading took place in October 2019 at KBS Annex Broadcasting Station in Yeouido, South Korea.


title: Steve Ells

text: Steve Ells (born September 12, 1966) is an American businessman. He is the founder, former CEO, and former Executive Chairman of Chipotle Mexican Grill. Ells founded Chipotle in 1992, and under his direction, the chain serves what it describes as "naturally raised meat" and promotes sustainable agriculture.


title: Steve Ells

text: On November 29, 2017, Chipotle announced Ells' resignation as CEO, pending the search for a new CEO with "turnaround expertise". Ells will serve as executive chairman following the appointment of a new CEO, and will also serve on the CEO search committee. Brian Niccol became CEO of Chipotle Mexican Grill in February 2018. On March 6, 2020, Ells resigned as chairman and left the board of directors, breaking his final ties to the company.


title: Steve Ells

text: Ells was born in Indianapolis on September 12, 1965, the son of a pharmaceutical executive. He attended Boulder High School and the University of Colorado at Boulder where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Art History and became a member of the Delta Chi fraternity. Ells later enrolled at the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York, graduating in 1990.


title: Steve Ells

text: Ells served for two years as a sous chef under Jeremiah Tower at Stars restaurant in San Francisco prior to launching Chipotle. Ells opened a Chipotle themed taco store in Denver, Colorado near the University of Denver campus using $85,000 borrowed from his family and friends. Ells served as CEO of the chain from 1993 until 2009, when he split co-CEO duties with Monty Moran. Ells returned as sole CEO on December 12, 2016, upon Moran's retirement. In 2007, Ells received the CEO of the Year Award from "ColoradoBiz" magazine. He currently sits on the board of directors of the Land Institute.


title: Steve Ells

text: In 2010, Ells joined the judging and investment panel on NBC's series "America's Next Great Restaurant" alongside Bobby Flay, Curtis Stone and Lorena Garcia. Ells had not previously watched reality television and was disillusioned with the experience.


title: Steve Ells

text: Chipotle announced on November 29, 2017, that Ells will step down as CEO following the appointment of a new CEO with "turnaround expertise." Ells will serve as executive chairman after the new CEO appointment, and will serve on the CEO search committee with fellow Chipotle board members Robin Hickenlooper and Ali Namvar. Ells left the company that he had founded in March 2020.


title: Steve Ells

text: Ells has received criticism over his salary. In 2013, "The New York Times" reported he was paid $25.1 million, more than equivalent executives in companies like Ford, Boeing, and AT&T. By the early 2010s, Ells and his co-CEO, Montgomery Moran, were paid more than $300 million. In May 2014 shareholders rejected a plan to further increase the executives' wages.


title: 2023 Ryder Cup

text: The 44th Ryder Cup Matches will be held in Italy in autumn 2023 at Marco Simone Golf and Country Club in Guidonia Montecelio near Rome. The biennial event was originally scheduled from 30 September to 2 October 2022, before the 43rd matches were postponed into 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The United States is the holder of the Ryder Cup after its 19–9 victory over Europe in 2021 at Whistling Straits.


title: 2023 Ryder Cup

text: The bidding process for the 2023 Ryder Cup opened on 23 June 2014. Countries had until 31 August to formally express an interest. These expressions had to come either from a central government or a national golf governing body. On 14 December 2015, Rome was announced as the host of 2022 Ryder Cup. Italy beat Germany, Austria and Spain to win the bid for 44th edition of Ryder Cup.


title: 2023 Ryder Cup

text: The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format will be as follows:


title: 2023 Ryder Cup

text: On the first two days there are 4 foursome matches and 4 fourball matches with the home captain choosing which are played in the morning and which in the afternoon.


title: 2023 Ryder Cup

text: With a total of 28 points available, 14 points are required to win the Cup, and 14 points are required for the defending champion to retain the Cup. All matches are played to a maximum of 18 holes.


title: 2023 Ryder Cup

text: Both team captains were announced in early 2022; Zach Johnson was named as the U.S. team captain on February 28, and Henrik Stenson as the European team captain on March 15. Stenson was removed from the role in July 2022 due to his decision to join LIV Golf. On 1 August 2022, Luke Donald was announced as the new captain of the European team.


title: 2023 Ryder Cup

text: For the European team, Thomas Bjørn and Edoardo Molinari were named by Stenson as vice captains. They were retained as vice-captains by Donald. In November 2022, Donald named Nicolas Colsaerts as the team's third vice-captain.


title: 2023 Ryder Cup

text: The United States qualification rules were confirmed along with the announcement of Johnson as captain on 28 February 2022. There was no change from the amended selection process used for the previous Ryder Cup, with six players qualifying from the Ryder Cup points list and six captain's picks.


title: 2023 Ryder Cup

text: The European team qualification rules were announced on 30 August 2022. There were several changes from the previous Ryder Cup, with three qualifiers from each of the European and World points lists and the number of captain's picks increased from three to six; the weighting of points was also changed, with highest ranked events now worth 4 times the lowest, having been six times the value previously.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: Crotalus cerastes, known as the sidewinder, horned rattlesnake or sidewinder rattlesnake, is a pit viper species belonging to the genus "Crotalus" (the rattlesnakes), and is found in the desert regions of the Southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Like all other pit vipers, it is venomous. Three subspecies are currently recognized.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: A small species, adult specimens measure between in length. Most adults are in length. The females are larger than the males, which is unusual for this group of snakes.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: Usually, 21 rows of keeled dorsal scales occur midbody. Males have 141 or fewer ventral scales; females have 144 or fewer. It is sometimes referred to as the horned rattlesnake because of the raised supraocular scales above its eyes. This adaptation may help shade the eyes or prevent sand drifting over them as the snake lies almost buried in it.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: The color pattern consists of a ground color that may be cream, buff, yellowish-brown, pink, or ash gray, overlaid with 28–47 dorsal blotches subrhombic or subelliptical in shape. In the nominate subspecies, the belly is white and the proximal lobe of the rattle is brown in adults. Klauber and Neill describe the ability of this species to display different coloration depending on the temperature—a process known as metachrosis.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: Common names include sidewinder, horned rattlesnake, sidewinder rattlesnake, Mojave Desert sidewinder (for "C. c. cerastes"), and sidewinder rattler.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: In the Southwestern United States, this species is found in the desert region of southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and western Arizona. In northwestern Mexico, it is found in western Sonora and eastern Baja California.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: This species is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List (v3.1, 2001). Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2007.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: The common name sidewinder alludes to its unusual form of locomotion, which is thought to give it traction on windblown desert sand, but this peculiar locomotor specialization is used on any substrate over which the sidewinder can move rapidly. As its body progresses over loose sand, it forms a letter J-shaped impression, with the tip of the hook pointing in the direction of travel. Sidewinding is also the primary mode of locomotion in other desert sand dwellers, such as the horned adder ("Bitis caudalis") and Peringuey's adder ("Bitis peringueyi"), but many other snakes can assume this form of locomotion when on slick substrates (e.g., mud flats). Sidewinder rattlesnakes can use sidewinding to ascend sandy slopes by increasing the portion of the body in contact with the sand to match the reduced yielding force of the inclined sand, allowing them to ascend up to the maximum possible sand slope without slip. In cybernetics, incorporating this control scheme into a snakebot can enable the robot to replicate sidewinding movement.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: The species is nocturnal during hot months and diurnal during the cooler months of its activity period, which is roughly from November to March (probably longer in the southern part of its range).


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: Juveniles use their tails to attract lizard prey, a behavior termed "caudal luring". Adults lose this behavior as they make the transition from lizard prey to their primary diet of desert rodents, birds, and other snakes. Sidewinder juveniles appear to mimic both life stages of lepidopterans in their luring motions. Their fast luring motions resemble the fluttering of a moth, and their slower tail movements resemble a caterpillar. Both movements have been observed to attract prey lizards.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: Neonatal sidewinders engage in a remarkable behavioral homeothermy that has not been observed in any other type of snake. Following birth, the neonates mass together in their natal burrow. Most often, gravid females select an east-facing, small-diameter rodent burrow for giving birth. For the first week or so of their lives, neonatal sidewinders plug the entrance to this burrow during daylight hours, forming a dynamic multiple-individual mass that takes advantage of the hot exterior environment and the cool interior of the burrow to maintain an average aggregate temperature of 32 °C (the optimal temperature for shedding). The dynamic mass of neonates modifies the thermal environment at the burrow entrance such that the young can occupy a location that would ordinarily become lethally hot for an individual neonate (or even an adult). Because of the constant movements of the neonates, the aggregate assumes stable temperature properties reminiscent of a homeothermic organism (i.e., maintains tight temperature tolerance ± 2 °C).


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: Females produce up to 18 young, with an average of about 10 per litter. Like most other viperids, the young are born enveloped in thin embryonic membranes, from which they emerge shortly after being expelled from the mother. The young stay with their mother in a burrow for 7–10 days, shed for the first time, then leave their natal burrow. During this time, the mother is thought to guard and protect them from predators.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: Sidewinders mature at 2–3 years of age, are capable of reproducing annually, and give birth to live young. Some females skip reproductive opportunities. Some might even skip two years if the food supply is scarce. Sidewinders mate in April through May and sometimes in fall. When the male and female mate, the male snake crawls along the female's back, rubbing her with his chin to stimulate or arouse her. The male then will wrap his tail around her tail, and then will try to bring their cloacae together. The cloaca is the posterior body opening through which snakes both excrete waste and reproduce. If the female wants to mate, she lifts her tail and allows him to mate with her. The snakes can mate for several hours, and if one of the snakes decides to move, the other is dragged along. Females might mate with several males in a season. Females give birth to five to 18 young in late summer to early fall. The young are born 6-8 inches long. The birth takes only 2–3 hours altogether. Within a few minutes of being born, the newborn sidewinder escapes from a thin, transparent membrane. The young stay at their natal burrow for 7–10 days until they shed, and then they disappear and have no future contact with their mother or their littermates. While the density of sidewinders can be up to one individual per hectare, they rarely encounter each other except during mating season.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: Sidewinders have an extraordinarily accelerated lifecycle, with natural life expectancies of females of about 5 years. Males may live quite a bit longer (maximum known natural lifespan of 13 years). Sidewinders can live more than 20 years when well fed in captivity (even females). Thus, energetics apparently factor heavily into natural female mortality, whereas predation might be the primary pressure on males. In the wild, females often die of exhaustion after giving birth, but the lives of sidewinders are also cut short by predation, diseases, and vehicle encounters.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: These snakes are venomous, but possess a weaker venom than many other rattlesnakes. This, together with the smaller size of their venom glands, makes them less dangerous than their larger relatives. Regardless, any rattlesnake bite can be fatal and should be taken seriously and medical attention sought immediately.


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: Norris (2004) lists these venom yields: 33 mg average and 63 mg maximum (Klauber, 1956), and 30 mg average and 80 mg maximum (Glenn & Straight, 1982). Brown (1973) gives a venom yield of 33 mg (Klauber, 1956) and values for mice of 2.6 mg/kg IV, 3.0, 4.0, 2.3 mg/kg IP and 5.5 mg/kg SC for toxicity. With these figures, Brown calculated that the LD for an adult human being weighing 70 kg would be 385 mg (SC).


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: Envenomation can cause pain, swelling, hemorrhagic bleb formation, and ecchymosis ("i.e.", bruising). Swelling, while not particularly severe, occasionally may involve entire limbs and the trunk. Envenomation's systemic symptoms include nausea, dizziness, chills, coagulopathy (blood disorders), and shock. Klauber (1997) includes an account of a man who had been bitten on the first joint of the index finger of the right hand, with only a single fang penetrating. Although the bite was described as no more painful than a pin prick, a doctor was seen within about 25 minutes, and 10 cm of antivenin were administered. Within 2.5 hours, his entire arm was swollen and the pain was severe, "as if the arm were soaked in a bucket of boiling oil."


title: Crotalus cerastes

text: Ovine-derived antivenom, CroFab, for North American pit viper envenomation, has been widely available since 2001. Consultation with a local expert or regional poison control center should be obtained before administering antivenom. The previous antivenin (ACP) is no longer manufactured.


title: Glória (2021 TV series)

text: Glória is a Portuguese historical thriller drama television series. It was released on 5 November 2021 and is the first Netflix production originating in Portugal. It tells the story of a young spy operating in Cold-War Portugal, amid the intrigues of the USA and Soviet Union. According to "Variety", the show cost 6 million euros to produce, making it the most expensive series in Portuguese television history.


title: Glória (2021 TV series)

text: In the small village of Glória do Ribatejo, João Vidal is recruited as a spy for the KGB. It is the 1960s, at the height of the Cold War, and both the Soviets and Americans are attempting to manipulate events to their respective advantage and gain strategic control of Europe. Vidal undertakes high-risk espionage missions that have the potential to change the course of Portuguese and world history.


title: The World's Greatest First Love

text: On December 13, 2016, Funimation announced they had licensed the series, including the OVA. It was released on home-video on March 7, 2017.


title: The World's Greatest First Love

text: A new anime adaptation focused on the Proposal Arc has been announced to celebrate the fifth anniversary of the new "Emerald" magazine. It premiered on February 21, 2020. In June 2021, the anime was revisited by Funimation's Aedan Juvet where it was praised for its expansion of LGBTQ+ representation in anime.


title: The World's Greatest First Love

text: Ritsu Onodera, a literary editor, resigns from his father's publishing company, due to his coworkers' jealousy toward his success, claiming that he is simply riding his father's coattails. He applies for a position at Marukawa Publishing in order to move away from his father's shadow, but instead of his preferred department of literature, he is placed in the infamous shōjo manga department, "Emerald". He initially considers resigning, especially because he finds his new boss, Masamune Takano, intolerable and unnerving from the very beginning; however, Takano inadvertently convinces Onodera to stick with the job by calling him "useless," his pride forcing him to stay in order to prove his worth. Later, Onodera learns that Takano's old family name was Saga, and that he was an older schoolmate from high school that Onodera fell in love with and confessed to. It turns out Takano still has feelings for Onodera, and he tells him he will make him fall in love with him again. The series shows how Takano slowly achieves this goal, and the obstacles the two face.


title: The World's Greatest First Love

text: There are also two other couples in this show; their stories are shown in later episodes. The characters follow Onodera's fellow editors: Hatori and his longtime friend (and manga artist he's in charge of) Yoshino, as well as Kisa and the attractive bookstore employee he has his eye on, Yukina.


title: The World's Greatest First Love

text: An extra novel follows salesman and longtime friend of Takano's, Yokozawa, as he's swept off his feet following a harsh breakup by attractive widower and single father Kirishima.


title: The World's Greatest First Love

text: Written and illustrated by Shungiku Nakamura, "Sekai-ichi Hatsukoi" began serialization in the November 2006 issue of "The Ruby" magazine, which went on sale October 13, 2006. It moved to "Asuka Ciel" magazine in July 2009 where it continued through May 2014. Publisher Kadokawa announced in May 2014 that it would launch a real-life version of the "Emerald" manga magazine from Shungiku Nakamura's "Sekai-ichi Hatsukoi" manga. As of August 2014, "Sekai-ichi Hatsukoi" and Nakamura's other manga "Junjou Romantica" have switched publications to "Emerald" magazine. The individual chapters have been released as seventeen tankōbon volumes by Kadokawa Shoten's "Asuka Comic CL-DX" branch. The first volume was published on July 1, 2008, and the seventeenth on April 30, 2022.


title: The World's Greatest First Love

text: The first eight volumes of "Sekai-ichi Hatsukoi" have been licensed for an English release in February 2015 by SuBlime, a subsidiary of North American manga publisher Viz Media. The English title will be "The World's Greatest First Love: The Case of Ritsu Onodera", and volume one will print in February 2015. Subsequent releases will be every other month thereafter. The series was originally licensed for English-language release in North America by Tokyopop's Blu Manga, with volume 1 due for release on 12 July 2011 but went unused due to the 31 May 2011 closure of Tokyopop's publishing efforts.


title: The World's Greatest First Love

text: As of April 2011, there have been four novels published telling the story of Hatori and Yoshino, titled "Yoshino Chiaki no Baai" (The Case of Chiaki Yoshino), authored by Fujisaki Miyako. There are also mini-comics drawn by Shungiku Nakamura included at the end of each novel.


title: The World's Greatest First Love

text: As of December 2012, three novels about Yokozawa and his new lover have been published, titled "Yokozawa Takafumi no Baai" (The Case of Takafumi Yokozawa). These novels also include mini-comics. In 2013's January issue of Asuka Ciel magazine, it was confirmed that an anime adaptation film of this story is currently in development. The series director, Chiaki Kon, will also be directing the film. In addition, a special "Sekai-ichi Hatsukoi" anime short called ""Valentine-hen"'" will screen alongside the film on March 15, 2014.


title: The World's Greatest First Love

text: The first season opening for the anime is "Sekai de Ichiban Koishiteru" by Shuhei Kita and the ending is "Ashita Boku wa Kimi ni Ai ni Iku" by Wakaba. The second season opening is "Sekai no Hate ni Kimi ga Itemo" by Shuhei Kita and the ending is "Aikotoba" by Sakura Merry-Men. The second season featured Junjou Mistake in episode 6. An OVA, bundled with the limited edition manga Vol. 6, was released in September. A new anime adaptation, focusing on the Proposal Arc premiered on February 21, 2020.


title: Dilan Çiçek Deniz

text: Dilan Çiçek Deniz (born 28 February 1995) is a Turkish actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Turkey 2014 and represented her country at the Miss Universe 2014 pageant. Deniz is known for her role as Sena in "Çukur", Leyla Kavak in "One-Way to Tomorrow", Rüya in "Alev Alev", and Elif Urazoglu in "Yarım Kalan Aşklar".


title: Dilan Çiçek Deniz

text: She was born in 1995 in Kangals And Bards Lands Sivas. Her parents are teachers. Her mother is Hale Temizyürek and her father is Orhan Deniz. She got three years of theater education at her high school. At the age of 15 she wrote a poetry book titled "Güneşi Annem Sanırdım" (lit. "I thought the Sun was my mother") in Turkish. When she was 17, she joined a theater competition in her school and won an acting prize. She started with a tourism major at Ege University but soon changed her major to literature.


title: Dilan Çiçek Deniz

text: Dilan participated in 2014 Elidor Miss Turkey beauty competition and won second place. In the 2015 Miss universe pageant that took place in Miami she represented Turkey. In 2015 she acted as 'Ebru' in "Tatlı Küçük Yalancılar". In that TV show she joined Bensu Soral, Şükrü Özyıldız, Alperen Duymaz, Beste Kökdemir, Büşra Develi, and Burak Deniz.


title: Dilan Çiçek Deniz

text: In 2015 she also acted as 'Elif' in "Güneşin Kızları" TV show with Hande Erçel and Tolga Sarıtaş. From August 2016 to June 2017 she played a leading role in the series "Bodrum Masalı". In 2016 she was awarded with the shining star award at the Golden Butterfly Awards. In 2018 she appeared in a lipstick commercial for Avon Products.


title: Dilan Çiçek Deniz

text: From 2017 to 2019 she had one of the leading roles in the TV series "Çukur", alongside Aras Bulut İynemli, Perihan Savaş, Erkan Kolçak Köstendil, Necip Memili and Rıza Kocaoğlu. In 2020, she was cast opposite Metin Akdülger in the movie "One-Way to Tomorrow", which tells the story of two foreigners traveling from Ankara to İzmir.


title: Dilan Çiçek Deniz

text: In 2020, she starred as Elif Urazoğlu opposite Burak Deniz in the series "Yarım Kalan Aşklar". In the same year she was cast as one of the female leads "Alev Alev" alongside Demet Evgar and Hazar Ergüçlü, playing the character of Rüya Yıldırımlar.


title: Dilan Çiçek Deniz

text: Dilan Cicek Deniz was crowned as Miss Universe Turkey. At the same pageant with three other winners of Miss Turkey 2014. Deniz and three queens who were crowned as Miss World Turkey as the official winner of the pageant, Miss Earth Turkey as the third place and the last place as Miss International Turkey. The Miss Turkey pageant for 2014 was held at the Star TV Studios in Istanbul on 27 May.


title: Dilan Çiçek Deniz

text: In January 2018, it was revealed that she was in a relationship with Turkish actor Furkan Andıç. The two broke up in November 2018.


title: Dilan Çiçek Deniz

text: She is currently in a relationship with Icelandic director Thor Saevarsson. On 10 December 2021, she revealed through her Instagram that they were engaged.


title: Color Rush (web series)

text: Color Rush () is a South Korean mystery romance web series starring Yoo Jun and Hyun Jun. Based on the eponymous Boys' love novel; it tells the story of Yeon Woo, played by Yoo, who can only see the world in varying tones of gray and Yoo Han, played by Hur, with whom Yeon Woo experiences a "color rush" – suddenly being able to see colour. It premiered in South Korea on Seezn, Wavve, Naver Series on and Skylife VOD and outside South Korea on Viki, Viu and Line TV on December 30, 2020, and concluded on January 21, 2021. On October 28, 2021, it was confirmed for a second season.


title: Color Rush (web series)

text: Yeon Woo is a monochrome person also known as 'Mono' who sees the world only through different shades of gray, white and black due to his total color blindness (achromatopsia), he is aware that other colors exist but has never experienced them for himself, nor did he care to do so. However, each "Mono" has a fated person known as a "Probe", Yeon Woo's life changes forever when he meets Yoo Han, his destined lover, and experiences his first "color rush", a phenomenon that causes suddenly see colors through intense experiences.Terrified that he would be obsessed with Yoo Han due to Yoo Han's ability to make him see colors, Yeon Woo tries to avoid Yoo Han, but why does Yoo Han insist on approaching him? While all this is happening his aunt Yi Rang searches for her sister who went missing years ago.


title: Color Rush (web series)

text: Choi Yeon Woo is a high school student and a "mono", a person who sees the world through different shades of gray, white, dull and lifeless black. But for each mono there is a "probe", a kind of soulmate that allows the mono to see the world in vivid colors. Yeon Woo's probe was a boy named Yoo Han, and the two developed a beautiful friendship that blossomed into romance. But as their relationship intensified, mysterious events unfolded that suddenly became very unpleasant for Yeon Woo, who eventually found out that Yoo Han was also missing. Yeon Woo vows to do whatever it takes to locate his "probe" and his mother as well. A classmate named Se Hyun learns of Yeon Woo's search and decides to help and protect him, while a close friendship develops between the two students. But Se Hyun is hiding a secret and Yeon Woo may be about to find out the truth...


title: Color Rush (web series)

text: Meanwhile, Yeon Woo is not alone: other mono's are closer than he thinks, including a female mono who is also searching for her own probe and a TV producer is also on the scene, hoping to get to the bottom of the mystery of the probe and the mono.


title: Talanoa Hufanga

text: Talanoa Hufanga (born February 1, 2000) is an American football safety for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at USC.


title: Talanoa Hufanga

text: Hufanga attended Crescent Valley High School in Corvallis, Oregon. He played safety, wide receiver, and quarterback. As a senior in 2017, he was the Polynesian High School National Player of the Year. He played in the 2018 U.S. Army All-American Game. Hufanga committed to the University of Southern California (USC) to play college football.


title: Talanoa Hufanga

text: As a true freshman at USC in 2018, Hufanga played in eight games with five starts before suffering a season-ending broken collarbone. He finished the season with 51 tackles. As a sophomore in 2019, he started all 10 games he played in and recorded 90 tackles and 3.5 sacks. Hufanga returned to USC as a starter his junior year in 2020. He and BYU quarterback Zach Wilson were selected as co-recipients of the 2020 Polynesian College Football Player of the Year Award.


title: Talanoa Hufanga

text: Hufanga was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the fifth round, 180th overall, of the 2021 NFL Draft. He signed his four-year rookie contract on May 13, 2021.


title: Talanoa Hufanga

text: During his rookie campaign, Hufanga played mainly on special teams and sparingly on defense. He appeared in 15 games, of which he started three. In the Divisional Playoffs against the Green Bay Packers, he recovered and returned a blocked punt for a critical touchdown which eventually set up a 13–10 victory for the 49ers.


title: Talanoa Hufanga

text: Hufanga is of Tongan descent. He is the son of Tevita and Tanya Hufanga and has a brother named T. J.


title: Eaves

text: The eaves are the edges of the roof which overhang the face of a wall and, normally, project beyond the side of a building. The eaves form an overhang to throw water clear of the walls and may be highly decorated as part of an architectural style, such as the Chinese dougong bracket systems.


title: Eaves

text: According to the "Oxford English Dictionary", "eaves" is derived from the Old English (singular), meaning "edge", and consequently forms both the singular and plural of the word. This Old English word is itself of Germanic origin, related to the German dialect "Obsen", and also probably to "over".


title: Eaves

text: The Merriam-Webster dictionary lists the word as "eave" but notes that it is "usually used in plural".


title: Eaves

text: The primary function of the eaves is to keep rain water off the walls and to prevent the ingress of water at the junction where the roof meets the wall. The eaves may also protect a pathway around the building from the rain, prevent erosion of the footings, and reduce splatter on the wall from rain as it hits the ground.


title: Eaves

text: The secondary function is to control solar penetration as a form of passive solar building design; the eaves overhang can be designed to adjust the building's solar gain to suit the local climate, the latitude and orientation of the building.


title: Eaves

text: Aesthetic, traditional or purely decorative considerations may prevail over the strictly functional requirements of the eaves. The Arts and Crafts Movement influenced the American Craftsman tradition, which has very wide eaves with decorative brackets technically called modillons, for which there is not necessarily a real functional need; likewise the Italian-style eaves.


title: Eaves

text: The eaves may terminate in a fascia, a board running the length of the eaves under the tiles or roof sheets to cap off and protect the exposed rafter ends and to provide grounds on which to fix gutters. At the gables the eaves may extend beyond the gable end wall by projecting the purlins and are usually capped off by bargeboards to protect the wall and the purlin ends.


title: Eaves

text: The underside of the eaves may be filled with a horizontal soffit fixed at right angles to the wall, the soffit may be decorative but it also has the function of sealing the gap between the rafters from vermin and weather.


title: Eaves

text: Eaves must be designed for local wind speeds as the overhang can significantly increase the wind loading on the roof.


title: Eaves

text: The line on the ground under the outer edge of the eaves is the eavesdrip, or dripline, and in typical building planning regulations defines the extent of the building and cannot oversail the property boundary.


title: Stymphalian birds

text: The Stymphalian birds ( ; , Modern transliteration "Stymfalídes Órnithes") are a group of voracious birds in Greek mythology. The birds' appellation is derived from their dwelling in a swamp in Stymphalia.


title: Stymphalian birds

text: The Stymphalian birds are man-eating birds with beaks of bronze, sharp metallic feathers they could launch at their victims, and poisonous dung.


title: Stymphalian birds

text: These birds were pets of Artemis, the goddess of the hunt; or had been brought up by Ares, the god of war. They migrated to a marsh in Arcadia to escape a pack of wolves. There they bred quickly and swarmed over the countryside, destroying crops, fruit trees, and townspeople.


title: Stymphalian birds

text: The Stymphalian birds were defeated by Heracles (Hercules) in his for Eurystheus. Heracles could not go into the marsh to reach the nests of the birds, as the ground would not support his weight. Athena, noticing the hero's plight, gave Heracles a rattle called "krotala", which Hephaestus had made especially for the occasion. Heracles shook the krotala (similar to castanets) on a certain mountain that overhung the lake and thus frightening the birds into the air. Heracles then shot many of them with feathered arrows tipped with poisonous blood from the slain Hydra. In some versions of this story this labour was discounted because of the help of Athena. The rest flew far away, never to plague Arcadia again. Heracles brought some of the slain birds to Eurystheus as proof of his success.


title: Stymphalian birds

text: The surviving birds made a new home on the island of Aretias in the Euxine Sea. The Argonauts later encountered them there.


title: Stymphalian birds

text: According to Mnaseas, they were not birds, but women and daughters of Stymphalus and Ornis, and were killed by Heracles because they did not receive him hospitably. In the temple of the Stymphalian Artemis, however, they were represented as birds, and behind the temple, there were white marble statues of maidens with birds' feet.


title: Stymphalian birds

text: Chronological listing of the main classical literature sources for the Stymphalian birds (not comprehensive):


title: Stymphalian birds

text: Regarding the Sophocles source, Jebb says Brunck reads "πτωκάδες" as "πλωάδες" which is an epithet given by Apollonius Rhodius to the Stymphalian birds in "Argonautica" 2. 1054.


title: Glass frog

text: The glass frog belong to the amphibian family Centrolenidae (order Anura). While the general background coloration of most glass frogs is primarily lime green, the abdominal skin of some members of this family is transparent and translucent. The internal viscera, including the heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, are visible through the skin, giving the glass frog its common name. Their transparency becomes jeopardized once on land however, and they are considered more translucent than truly transparent. Glass frogs are arboreal, meaning they mainly live in trees, and only come out for mating season.


title: Glass frog

text: The first described species of Centrolenidae was the "giant" "Centrolene geckoideum", named by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1872, based on a specimen collected in northeastern Ecuador. Several species were described in subsequent years by different herpetologists (including G. A. Boulenger, G. K. Noble, and E. H. Taylor), but usually placed together with the tree frogs in the genera "Hylella" or "Hyla".


title: Glass frog

text: The family Centrolenidae was proposed by Edward H. Taylor in 1945. Between the 1950s and 1970s, most species of glass frogs were known from Central America, particularly from Costa Rica and Panama, where Taylor, Julia F., and Jay M. Savage extensively worked, and just a few species were known to occur in South America. In 1973, John D. Lynch and William E. Duellman published a large revision of the glass frogs from Ecuador, showing the species richness of Centrolenidae was particularly concentrated in the Andes. Later contributions by authors such as Juan Rivero, Savage, William Duellman, John D. Lynch, Pedro Ruiz-Carranza, and José Ayarzagüena increased the number of described taxa, especially from Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.


title: Glass frog

text: The evolutionary relationships, biogeography, and character evolution of centrolenids were discussed by Guayasamin et al. (2008) Glass frogs originated in South America and dispersed multiple times into Central America. Character evolution seems to be complex, with multiple gains and/or losses of humeral spines, reduced hand webbing, and complete ventral transparency.


title: Glass frog

text: The taxonomical classification of the glass frogs has been problematic. In 1991, after a major revision of the species and taxonomic characters, the herpetologists Pedro Ruiz-Carranza and John D. Lynch published a proposal for a taxonomic classification of the Centrolenidae based on cladistic principles and defining monophyletic groups. That paper was the first of a series of contributions dealing with the glass frogs from Colombia that led them to describe almost 50 species of glass frogs. The genus "Centrolene" was proposed to include the species with a humeral spine in adult males, and the genus "Hyalinobatrachium" to include the species with a bulbous liver. However, they left a heterogeneous group of species in the genus "Cochranella", defined just by lacking a humeral spine and a bulbous liver. Since the publication of the extensive revision of the Colombian glass frogs, several other publications have dealt with the glass frogs from Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Ecuador.


title: Glass frog

text: In 2006, the genus "Nymphargus" was erected for the species with basal webbing among outer fingers (part of the previous "Cochranella ocellata" species group).


title: Glass frog

text: Four genera ("Centrolene, Cochranella, Hyalinobatrachium, Nymphargus") have been shown to be poly- or paraphyletic and recently a new taxonomy has been proposed (see below).


title: Glass frog

text: The family Centrolenidae is a clade of anurans. Previously, the family was considered closely related to the family Hylidae; however, recent phylogenetic studies have placed them (and their sister taxon, the family Allophrynidae) closer to the family Leptodactylidae.


title: Glass frog

text: The monophyly of Centrolenidae is supported by morphological and behavioral characters, including: 1) presence of a dilated process on the medial side of the third metacarpal (an apparently unique synapomorphy); 2) ventral origin of the musculus flexor teres digiti III relative to the musculus transversi metacarpi I; 3) terminal phalanges T-shaped; 4) exotroph, lotic, burrower/fossorial tadpoles with a vermiform body and dorsal C-shaped eyes, that live buried within leaf packs in still or flowing water systems; and 5) eggs clutches deposited outside of water on vegetation or rocks above still or flowing water systems. Several molecular synapomorphies also support the monophyly of the clade.


title: Glass frog

text: The taxonomic classification of the Centrolenidae was recently modified. The family now contains two subfamilies and 12 genera.


title: Glass frog

text: The evolutionary advantage of a partly clear skin and an opaque back was a mystery, as it did not seem to be effective as camouflage. It was found that the colour of the frog's body changed little against darker or lighter foliage, but the legs were more translucent and consequently changed in brightness. By resting with the translucent legs surrounding the body, the frog's edge appears softer, with less brightness gradient from the leaf to the legs and from the legs to the body, making the outline less noticeable. This camouflage phenomenon, in which the frog's edges are softened to match the relative brightness of its surroundings, is referred to as edge diffusion. Experiments with computer-generated images and gelatine models of opaque and translucent frogs found that the translucent frogs were less visible, and were attacked by birds significantly less often.


title: Glass frog

text: Glass frogs are generally small, ranging from in length. They appear light green in color over most of their bodies, except for the skin along the lower surface of the body and legs, which are transparent or translucent. The glass frog's transparent skin allows an external view of the viscera—the internal organs present in the body's main cavity—making it so observers can witness the frog's internal processes, such as the heart beating and pumping blood through its arteries. Patterning of glass frogs is varied amongst different species, while some appear as a uniform green color, others display spots that range from yellow to white, mimicking the coloration of their eggs.


title: Glass frog

text: Their digit tips are expanded, allowing them to climb, thus allowing most to live in elevated areas along forest streams, such as trees and shrubs.


title: Glass frog

text: Glass frogs are similar in appearance to some green frogs of the genus "Eleutherodactylus" and to some tree frogs of the family Hylidae. However, hylid tree frogs have eyes that face to the side, whilst those of glass frogs face forward.


title: Glass frog

text: Two members of the glass-frog family Centrolenidae (Centrolenella fleischmanni, know is called Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni, C. prosoblepon) and the hylid subfamily Phyllomedusinae (Agalychnis moreletii, Pachymedusa dacnicolor) reflect near-infrared light (700 to 900 nanometers) when examined by infrared color photography. Infrared reflectance may confer adaptive advantage to these arboreal frogs both in thermoregulation and infrared cryptic coloration.


title: Glass frog

text: Mating begins by the call of a male tree frog, who is perched either on the underside or top of a leaf over a lake edge or a stream. Once a female has responded to the male's call, mating begins on the leaf in the amplexus physical position, in which the male wraps his arms around the female and attaches himself to her back. Once the physical mating process has concluded, the female produces her eggs onto the leaf before departing, leaving the male to defend the newly-laid eggs against predators. Males will occasionally call for and mate with other females on the same leaf, establishing a multitude of different developmentally-staged egg clutches to guard.


title: Glass frog

text: Once the tadpoles, the frog aquatic larval stage, have been hatched, they fall from their original position on the leaf into the water below. When living in the water the tadpoles feed on the leaf litter and streamside detritus until undergoing metamorphosis to become a froglet.


title: Glass frog

text: A main predator towards the glass frog in its tadpole stage are "frog flies." The flies deposit their eggs within the frog eggs, and once having hatched, the maggots feed on the embryos of the glass frogs.


title: Glass frog

text: The Centrolenidae are a diverse family, distributed from southern Mexico to Panama, and through the Andes from Venezuela and the island of Tobago to Bolivia, with some species in the Amazon and Orinoco River basins, the Guiana Shield region, southeastern Brazil, and northern Argentina.


title: Glass frog

text: Glass frogs are mostly arboreal. They live along rivers and streams during the breeding season, and are particularly diverse in montane cloud forests of Central and South America, although some species occur also in Amazon and Chocóan rainforest and semideciduous forests.


title: Glass frog

text: "Hyalinobatrachium valerioi" glass frogs are carnivores, their diet mainly including small insects like crickets, moths, flies, spiders, and other smaller frogs.


title: Glass frog

text: The eggs are usually deposited on the leaves of trees or shrubs hanging over the running water of mountain streams, creeks, and small rivers. One species leaves its eggs over stones close to waterfalls. The method of egg-laying on the leaf varies between species. The males usually call from leaves close to their egg clutches. These eggs are less vulnerable to predators than those laid within water, but are affected by the parasitic maggots of some fly species. As a result, some glass frogs show parental care. In many species, glass frog females brood their eggs during the night the eggs are fertilized, which improves the survival of the eggs, while in almost a third of species, glass frog males stay on guard for much longer periods. After they hatch, the tadpoles fall into the waters below. The tadpoles are elongated, with powerful tails and low fins, suited for fast-flowing water. Outside of the breeding season, some species live in the canopy.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: South Africa's Police Service releases the country's crime statistics. The crime category "sexual offences" includes a wide range of sexual offences, including rape, sexual assault, incest, bestiality, flashing and other crimes.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The South African Police Service releases rape statistics every quarter of the year as well as an annual report.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: According to the report by the United Nations Office on Crimes and Drugs for the period 1998–2000, South Africa was ranked first for rapes per capita. In 1998, one in three of the 4,000 women questioned in Johannesburg had been raped, according to Community Information, Empowerment and Transparency (CIET) Africa. While women's groups in South Africa estimate that a woman is raped every 26 seconds, the South African police estimates that a woman is raped every 36 seconds.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: A survey from the comprehensive study "Rape in South Africa" from 2000 indicated that 2.1% of women aged 16 years or older across population groups reported that they had been sexually abused at least once between the beginning of 1993 and March 1998, results which seem to starkly conflict the MRC survey results. Similarly, The South African demographic and health survey of 1998 gave results of rape prevalence at 4.0% of all women aged between 15 and 49 years in the sampled households (a survey also performed by the Medical Research Council and Department of Health). So far no attempts have been made to address these large statistical disparities.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: In a study of three South African provinces (Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga, and Limpopo) in 1997, 6.8% of women surveyed in Mpumalanga said they had been raped during their lifetime, 5.0% of women surveyed in Limpopo had been raped, and 4.5% of women in Eastern Cape had been raped. In 1998, the region of Gauteng accounted for the largest percentage of prisoners in custody for sexual offences with 20.6% and Western Cape had the second largest percentage with 17.3%. The province with the least percentage of prisoners convicted of sexual offences was Northern Cape with 3.8% and Limpopo with 2.6%.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The South African Crime Survey 2003 highlights the regional differences of citizens' perceptions and fears. Surveying what type of crime respondents thought occurred most in their area of residence, 14.6% of Northern Cape respondents reported that they believed rape to be the most prevalent type of crime. While the Northern Cape had the largest percentage of respondents who believed rape to be most prevalent, the province of KwaZulu-Natal had the least with 1.7%.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: Averaging all provinces, rape ranked 7th in the crime that respondents thought was most prevalent, after housebreaking, property theft, robbery, murder, livestock theft, and assault. This survey also investigated what type of crime respondents feared most in their area. Rape ranked third in this category after only murder and housebreaking. 40.8% of respondents in the Northern Cape and 31.8% of respondents in Free State feared rape the most. On the other side of the spectrum, 11.6% of KwaZulu-Natal and 12.1% of respondents in Mpumalanga stated rape as the crime they were most afraid of in their area.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: By September 2019, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa acknowledged that sexual violence against women had grown in South Africa, The nation's "Mother City" Cape Town has seen an extended use of military deployment to combat sexual violence against women as well.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The South African government reports that one of these reasons is the culture of patriarchy in South Africa. Its report states that patriarchy is firmly rooted in black and white culture and fighting it is seen as attempting to destroy South African tradition or South African ideals.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The danger from rape and sexual assault is compounded because of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in South African townships. A woman being raped over the age of 25 has a one in four chance that her attacker is HIV positive and more women than men are affected from HIV/AIDS.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The perpetrators of rape in South Africa tend to be men known to the victim. It is reported that a husband or boyfriend kills a woman every six hours in South Africa. Many men and women say that rape cannot occur in relationships; however, one in four women reported having been abused by an intimate partner. In 1993 South Africa outlawed marital rape. In September 2019, President Ramaphosa responded to a surge in violence against women by calling for the passage of laws making rape punishable by death and called an emergency session of the South African Parliament.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: South Africa has some of the highest incidences of child and infant rape in the world. The Tears Foundation and the MRC stated 50% of South Africa's children will be abused before the age of 18. The MRC study stated that, in 2009, 15% were under 12 years old. In 2017, the police reported that 9% of reported rape are those of 9 years old or younger with agencies reporting an increase throughout the country. Although there are varying numbers on the number of reported rapes of children, one report states that in 2000, 21,538 rapes and attempted rapes of children under the age of 18 were reported and another from 2001 states that there were 24,892 rapes. Child welfare groups believe that the number of unreported incidents could be up to 10 times that number. The largest increase in attacks was against children under seven. A trade union report said a child was being raped in South Africa every three minutes. Some cite a 400% increase in sexual violence against children in the decade preceding 2002 and that it may still be on the rise. A third of the cases are committed by a family member or close relative.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: A number of high-profile infant rapes appeared since 2001 (including the fact that they required extensive reconstructive surgery to rebuild urinary, genital, abdominal, or tracheal systems). In October 2001, a 9-month-old girl named Tshepang was raped by an HIV-positive man and had to undergo extensive reconstructive surgery in Cape Town. In February 2002, an 8-month-old infant was reportedly gang raped by four men. One has been charged. The infant has required extensive reconstructive surgery. The 8-month-old infant's injuries were so extensive, increased attention on prosecution has occurred.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: A significant contributing factor for the escalation in child abuse is the widespread myth in HIV ravaged South Africa that having sex with a virgin will cure a man of AIDS. This virgin cleansing myth exists in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Nigeria. The child abusers are often relatives of their victims and are at times their fathers or providers.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: Lesbians in certain parts of South Africa also face a dangerous environment. Raping lesbians (a practice referred to as corrective rape) is believed to convert them to heterosexuality. The South African government reported to CEDAW that lesbians and gays are discriminated against in many spheres. The government has been accused of condoning the practice for fear of not appearing "macho."


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: One notable case of this was the gang-rape and murder of Eudy Simelane, a member of the South African football team and LGBT-rights activist. 31 lesbians have died from these attacks in the last 10 years and more than 10 lesbians per week are raped or gang-raped in Cape Town alone.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: Corrective rape is also perpetrated against gay men. A 2003 study conducted by Out LGBT Well-Being (Out) and the University of South Africa Centre for Applied Psychology (UCAP) discovered that the percentage of black gay men who said they have experienced corrective rape matched that of the black lesbians who partook in the study. Stigmatization of male victims was said to be the cause of low reporting rates for corrective gay rape.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: About 3.5% of men have been forced to have sex with other men in a 2009 Medical Research Council survey. About 19.4% of all adult victims of sexual assault in South Africa in 2012 were male. Another group's survey estimates that one in five adult males become victims of sexual offences, and this figure could be much higher as a male is 10 times less likely to report a sexual violation than a woman. There are very few support networks for male victims of rape in the country, which makes it difficult for men to report being raped.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: Nearly half of all South African inmates surveyed by the Judicial Inspectorate for Correctional Services reported that sexual abuse happens "sometimes", "often" or "very often". Sexual violence in prisons is linked to gang violence and its power structures, and inmates who are sexually abused are targets for repeated abuse, and usually are victimized again and again. Survivors of prison rape have told that officials in the country are of the opinion that "[males should] expect this treatment in prison," and scholarship has found that "new inmates in male prisons are raped upon arrival by all members of any given cell." The high prevalence of prison rape has been tied to the high rate of HIV infection in the country.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: In 2014 and 2015, a Western Cape study estimated that 15% of men had raped a woman who was not their partner. A Gauteng study conducted in 2010 revealed that 37.4% of men admitted to raping a woman. More than 25% of a sample of 1,738 South African men from the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces admitted to raping someone when anonymously questioned in 2009; of these, nearly half said they had raped more than one person, according to a non-peer reviewed policy brief issued by the Medical Research Council (MRC). Several news publications wrongly extrapolated these results to the rest of the South African population, giving reported rape prevalence several times higher in the two provinces in question. Nearly three out of four men who admitted rape stated they had first forced a woman or girl into sex before the men were the age of 20, and nearly one in ten admitted to doing so before the age of 10.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The Medical Research Council states, "Many forms of sexual violence, particularly sexual harassment and forms of sexual coercion that do not involve physical force are widely viewed as normal male behaviour." It also said practices such as gang rape were common because they were considered a form of male bonding. Market Research Africa, a Johannesburg-based market research agency, reported in 1994 that 76% of men felt that women had a right to say no to sex, one third thought that women could not decide for themselves on abortion, and 10% condoned a man beating a woman or his wife.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: Among children, a 2007 survey by CIET found 60% of both boys and girls, aged 10 to 19 years old, thought it was not violent to force sex upon someone they knew, while around 11% of boys and 4% of girls admitted to forcing someone else to have sex with them. The study also found that 12.7% of the students believed in the virgin cleansing myth.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: In a related survey conducted among 1,500 school children in the Johannesburg township of Soweto, a quarter of all the boys interviewed said that 'jackrolling', a term for gang rape, was fun. Furthermore, more than half the interviewees insisted that when a girl says no to sex she really means yes. It is also noteworthy that those in this study were school children as age is significantly associated with rape. Men from ages 20–40 are more likely to have raped younger or older men.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: Another issue with sexual violence against minors in South Africa is the sexual abuse and harassment that is reported to occur in schools by teachers and other students. According to the Human Rights Watch, girls from all levels of society and ethnic groups have been subjected to sexual violence at school in bathrooms, empty classrooms, dormitories, and more. Police, prosecutors, and social workers have also complained that many incidents of sexual violence in schools are not reported to them because schools often prefer to deal with it internally, thus hindering justice against the perpetrators. The danger of sexual violence in schools has created a barrier for girls to seek education. HRW also reported that South African girls' school performance suffers after an incident of sexual violence.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The government of the Republic of South Africa is cognizant of this problem. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa sets to ensure rights of all of the people in South Africa with the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. Furthermore, it calls for the right to freedom and security, including freedom from all forms of violence by either public or private sources and the right to bodily and psychological integrity, including reproduction and bodily security. South Africa is also a member of the UN Convention for the Elimination of all Discrimination Against Women, where it reported on some issues of sexual violence. It reported about how the Truth and Reconciliation Commission offered a platform for the voices of victims of violence and sexual violence during the Apartheid. It also reported details on the Judicial Authority of South Africa, where the lower courts are responsible for important issues such as sexual assault and family violence.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The Parliament of South Africa has enacted the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, which has been in effect since 16 December 2007. The comprehensive act looks to review and amend all laws dealing with sexual offences and strengthening them. The preamble of the amendment calls to scrutinize the problem in South Africa, noting that the problem "is reflective of deep-seated, systemic dysfunctionality in our society". The amendment defines sexual violence as including, but not limited to, the following forms:


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: It also adds measures in the matters of sexual offences against children (including consensual sexual acts), sexual exploitation, exposure to pornography, forced witness of sexual acts, and sexual offences against mentally disabled. Furthermore, the amendment provides services for victims of sexual offences and compulsory HIV testing of alleged sex offenders and creates a national registry for sex offenders. The Department of Justice also conducted a major national Campaign on Prevention of Violence Against Women, launched on 25 November 1996, as an education campaign.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The offense of rape is defined by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007. This act has repealed the common law offence of rape, replacing it with a broader statutory offense which is defined in section 3 of the act as follows:


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: With regard to sentencing, S.3(aA) of the Criminal Law (Sentencing) Amendment Act 2007 provides that:


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: It is estimated that over 40% of South African women will be raped in their lifetime and that only 1 in 9 rapes are reported. It is also estimated that 14% of perpetrators of rape are convicted in South Africa. In 1997, violence against women was added as one of the priority crimes under the National Crime Prevention Strategy; nevertheless, the rates of reported rape, sexual abuse of children and domestic violence continue to rise.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The South African report to CEDAW partly attributes the low report and conviction rate to the post-apartheid public perception of the police force. Moreover, the report states that the attitudes and prejudices of law enforcement agencies and other government personnel and the inaccessibility of services, particularly in rural areas, are also part of the problem. Much of the South African public regard the police as symbols of the oppressors during the apartheid; thus, poor faith in the police is still instituted in the post-apartheid country.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: Other institutional barriers contribute to lack of report and conviction rates. The "cautionary rule" is a law that requires that a judge must show awareness to special dangers on relying on uncorroborated evidence of a complainant, lowering this rate and making victims of sexual violence feel as if the court will deem them untrustworthy. According to a survey that questioned rape victims who did not report the crime to the police, 33.3% of victims cited they feared reprisals, 9.6% cited that they felt the police would not be able to solve the crime, and 9.2% cited embarrassment as their reasons for not reporting the crime.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: This problem is portrayed in the media to the public through different avenues. Media reports documenting high levels of sexual violence in South Africa have increased in the media since the 1990s.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: Others have condemned South African sexual violence in the media as fitting into a specific narrative of only broadcasting incidents where the victims are white, middle-class and educated and are not attacked by their peers or family members.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: However, there are many news stories and events dealing with sexual violence in South Africa that have garnered a lot of international attention.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: In April 1999, a female American UNICEF official visiting South Africa on business was gang raped during a robbery of the home where she was staying.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: The former president of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, was accused of raping the HIV-positive 31-year-old daughter of a family friend in November 2005 before he was president. He was acquitted by the court in 2006, yet he did admit to consensual unprotected sex with the woman. This event was widely covered by the press.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: One particularly well-known publication of rape in South Africa was Charlene Leonora Smith's report of her own rape. As a journalist of the "Mail and Guardian" and having contributed to articles for the "Washington Post" and BBC, Smith claimed that 'rape is endemic' in the culture of South Africa.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: Another scandal of sexual violence in South Africa involved the media tycoon Oprah Winfrey's, school, Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls, in Johannesburg, South Africa. The dormitory matron, Tiny Virginia Makopo, was charged with 13 separate counts of abuse against students at the school.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: A particularly controversial issue was an episode of "Big Brother Africa" in South Africa where Richard Bezuidenhout, a 24-year-old film student, allegedly sexually assaulted his housemate, Ofunneka Molokwu, a 29-year-old medical assistant. While many watchers disagree on what was actually shown, some saw Bezuidenhout manually penetrating Molokwu while she was unconscious or intoxicated while another housemate pleaded with him to stop. After the contested un-consensual act ceased, the producers intervened, sending paramedics into the house and cutting the live feed. News publications and blogs have widely discussed this controversy.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: Another contentious issue was when the only black player in the South African cricket team, Makhaya Ntini, was convicted of the rape of a 22-year-old student. This was particularly controversial as Ntini was the first black cricketer to represent South Africa on an international level and was viewed as a role model. However, Ntini won his appeal against his rape conviction and had his six-year jail sentence overturned.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: In contrast to these scandals of sexual violence, action against sexual violence in South Africa has also been featured in the news and media.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: A protest against sexual violence that was portrayed in the media occurred in 2012, when the African National Congress Women's League called on hundreds of South Africans to engage in a "mini-skirt march" to protest the attack of two women in Johannesburg for wearing short skirts. In response to corrective rape, the New York Festivals Television and Film Awards Gala at the NAB Show in Las Vegas will award ESPN for their E:60 production, "Corrective Rape," with the Gold Award. This award was established in 1990 to films that reflected the ideals of the United Nations and signifies that the issue of corrective rape is becoming more discussed on an international level.


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: In late August 2019, student Uyinene Mrwetyana was raped and murdered by a post office attendant who was working in Claremont, Cape Town. Her death highlighted the broader national problem of gender based violence and femicide in South Africa, and is credited with "shifting the South African collective consciousness" and "igniting a movement".


title: Sexual violence in South Africa

text: Some novels and movies have also delved into this issue in its connection to the Apartheid. Antjie Krog's "Country of My Skull" delves into the Truth and Reconciliatory Commission and the reports of women that were victims of sexual violence during the Apartheid. J.M. Coetzee's novel, "Disgrace", has been accused of racism as it depicts a young white woman being raped by three black men in her house in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The book, "The Writing Circle", by Rozena Maart, depicts a group of young women's experiences with rape and other forms of violence living in Cape Town, South Africa. The 2006 documentary, "Rape for Who I Am", delves into the lives of black lesbians living in South Africa.


title: Vardhan Puri

text: Vardhan Puri (born 2 May 1990) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi films. The grand son of actor Amrish Puri, he made his first screen appearance as an actor in the 2019 film "Yeh Saali Aashiqui".


title: Vardhan Puri

text: Puri is the son of Rajeev Amrish Puri and Meena Rajeev Puri. He completed his graduation from Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics in 2011.


title: Vardhan Puri

text: Before making his first screen appearance as an actor in the 2019 film Yeh Saali Aashiqui, starring Shivaleeka Oberoi, Puri worked as an assistant director in Daawat-e-Ishq, Shuddh Desi Romance and Ishaqzaade.


title: Vardhan Puri

text: Puri's first acting role as an adult came with Yeh Saali Aashiqui, starring Shivaleeka Oberoi, directed by Cherag Ruparel, in which he played a dual role of Sahil Mehra and Surya Mehra.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: Hong Kong Airlines Limited (stylised as HONGKONG AIRLINES) is an airline based in Hong Kong, with its headquarters in the Tung Chung district and its main hub at Hong Kong International Airport. It was established in 2006 as a member of the HNA Group and flies to 25 destinations across Asia Pacific. The company slogan was changed from "Fresh + very Hong Kong" to "Where Hong Kong Begins".


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: Robert Yip (), the chairman of China Rich Holdings, with business interests in Chinese medicine, internet portal, construction and property development, established CR Airways in Hong Kong on 28 March 2001. The airline received its Air Operator's Certificate (AOC) from the Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department (CAD) in 2002, with its first aircraft a Sikorsky S-76C+ helicopter, which could carry 12 passengers and fly at . It was Hong Kong's third commercial helicopter operator and the first helicopter operator to receive an AOC since Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region of China.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: On 27 June 2003, CR Airways became Hong Kong's third passenger airline after receiving a revised AOC from the Director-General of Civil Aviation. It operated its first passenger service the next day. It started passenger charter operations to Laoag, Philippines on 5 July 2003, with a Bombardier CRJ200 leased from GE Capital Aviation Services. In September 2003, the airline applied for traffic rights to operate scheduled passenger services to Laoag and Chinese cities of Jinan, Naning, Meixian and Wenzhou. In addition, Robert Yip sold 40 percent of the airline to his company, China Rich Holdings, for HK$180 million. By March 2004, the airline had added Siem Reap, Cambodia to its charter network.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In April 2005, the Hong Kong Air Transport Licensing Authority (ATLA) granted a five-year licence to transport passengers, cargo and mail to China; the airline was free to apply for traffic rights to 10 cities in China. Then in July, the airline announced the imminent purchase of two Bombardier CRJ700s from Danish carrier Maersk Air. At year-end, a Memorandum of Understanding with Boeing for the purchase of 10 Boeing 787 Dreamliners and 30 Boeing 737-800s for US$3.28 billion took the business to the next level. Some of the aircraft were from a prior Hainan Airlines order.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: On 27 June 2006, Hainan Airlines secured a 45 percent holding in the airline, by purchase of convertible notes held by Yu Ming Investments, which was to be injected into its new airline holding company Grand China Air. Two months later, Mung Kin-keung () acquired the remaining 55 percent of the airline and became the controlling shareholder on 7 August; and its director on 13 August. Mung's previous main business interest had been a 30 percent holding in Banana Leaf (Asia Pacific) Catering Group Company Ltd, a restaurant operator.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: On 22 September 2006, CR Airways Ltd officially changed its name to Hong Kong Airlines Ltd, with a launch ceremony on 28 November 2006. The airline also introduced a new logo, which represents a bauhinia flower, the symbol of Hong Kong where the airline is anchored. The airline made the biggest aircraft order in its young history on 21 June 2007, by ordering 51 narrow- and wide-body aircraft from European plane maker, Airbus, at an estimated value of US$5.6 billion. The airline's IATA code was changed from N8 to HX on 27 May 2007.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: On 24 October 2008, in preparation for the arrival of the Airbus A330-200 wide-body aircraft, the airline announced plans to adjust personnel and fleet composition. The new aircraft were to provide medium haul passenger and cargo services to the Middle East and Australia.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: On 8 June 2010, Hong Kong Airlines completed their flight certification from Hong Kong to Beijing, earning an Air Operator's Certificate for the Airbus A330 operations from the Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department. Scheduled flights to Moscow were launched later that month.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In September 2010, the airline introduced its first Airbus A330F cargo freighter, on a route from Hong Kong to Hangzhou. It officially joined the IATA the next month.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In 2011, Hong Kong Airlines was awarded a 4-star rating by Skytrax. Passenger traffic exceeded one million passengers serving 19 destinations.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: On 8 March 2012, the airline launched daily flights from Hong Kong to London Gatwick airport with an Airbus A330-200 aircraft. It operated as an all Club Class service, featuring 34 "Club Premier" (business class lie-flat beds) and 82 "Club Classic" (cradle style recliner business class) seats, the service lasted only six months.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In 2013, Hong Kong Airlines concluded a system-wide strategy review to determine its priority routes for the immediate future with key focus areas on the Asia Pacific region during this period. One new route was established when the Hong Kong-Maldives service was inaugurated. Total passenger traffic had reached over four million and the last of its Boeing aircraft were retired.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In 2014, Hong Kong Airlines launched new passenger routes between Hong Kong and Ho Chi Minh City, Tianjin and Kagoshima; they also increased daily flight frequency to Beijing and Shanghai.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In February 2015, Hong Kong Airlines signed a sub-lease with the Airport Authority Hong Kong to develop a flight training center on a plot near the southeast perimeter of the Hong Kong International Airport. In March 2015, the airline joined the Executive Committee of the Board of Airline Representatives in Hong Kong (BAR HK), holding hands with another almost 80 airlines to improve the commercial and operational conditions for airlines active in Hong Kong. On 28 December 2015, Hong Kong Airlines flight HX658 bound for Okinawa became the first departure from the HKIA Midfield Concourse (MFC).


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In April 2017, the firm's air cargo business in Hong Kong was set up as an independent subsidiary cargo airline of Hong Kong (Hong Kong Air Cargo), having received its operator's licence from the Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department. In June 2017, Skytrax ranked Hong Kong Airlines second-best regional airline and 24th best internationally. On 8 August 2017, Atlas Air announced that it had placed three 747-400 freighters with Hong Kong Air Cargo, the airline's cargo subsidiary. The first aircraft was to enter service in September 2017, serving routes between the United States and Asia. Delivery of the remaining two aircraft was anticipated during 2018. All three aircraft were to be operated by Atlas Air on behalf of Hong Kong Air Cargo.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In September 2017, Hong Kong Airlines took delivery of its first Airbus A350-900, which shortly began service to and from Bangkok (BKK). The company also launched its "Club Autus" VIP lounge at the HKIA Midfield Concourse. On 18 December 2017, Hong Kong Airlines started operating a direct flight to Los Angeles with the A350-900 aircraft, and direct flights to San Francisco followed three months later.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In late 2018, both co-chairmen, Mung and Zhang Kui, resigned, as did the airline's vice-chairman and CFO. Former vice-president and chief marketing officer of Hainan Airlines, Hou Wei, took over as chairman in November 2018.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: The attempted expansion was draining the company financially, and in March 2019, it announced a cutback in its passenger fleet, from 38 to 28 planes, and reduced services on some of its new international routes, including to Vancouver, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In an attempt to roll back loss-making long-haul services in favour of more profitable Asian destinations, flights to Gold Coast and Cairns were suspended from October 2018 and the last Auckland flight departed for Hong Kong on 22 May 2019.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: On 5 October 2019 its San Francisco flight, launched less than two years earlier, was suspended. The airline also discontinued its Hong Kong-Fuzhou service from 2 September, while boosting flights to three short-haul destinations.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: The carrier added a daily flight between Hong Kong and Haikou from 2 September, four additional weekly flights between Hong Kong and Hangzhou from 8 September and two additional weekly flights between Hong Kong and Sapporo from 28 September. The arrangements brought the total number of its Haikou, Hangzhou and Sapporo services to three daily flights, 14 weekly flights, and 11 weekly flights, respectively.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: By November 2019 the airline was facing severe financial difficulties due to the ongoing Sino-US trade conflict, coupled with political and social unrest in Hong Kong and was reportedly unable to pay the employees salaries on time. On 29 November the airline announced that it would end its remaining long-haul flights, to Los Angeles and Vancouver, from February 2020, leaving HKA as a purely regional airline. It also announced the termination of its in-flight entertainment system from 1 December 2019, to cut costs.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: On 7 February 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic hit many airlines hard, HKA announced it was cutting 400 jobs – ten percent of the workforce, mainly pilots and cabin crew, and asked remaining staff to take two months' unpaid leave or switch to a three-day week.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: On 18 February 2020, HKA announced that it would suspend in-flight services such as food, drinks and blankets to help stop the spread of COVID-19. The next day HKA also announced they would be laying off 170 additional employees, mostly flight attendants.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In June 2021, Hong Kong Airlines announced it would ground its entire fleet of A320s with only eight A330s flying in the interim, prioritizing cargo. The latest plan also calls for cutting hundreds more jobs.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: The airline's head office is at One Citygate in Tung Chung, close to Hong Kong International Airport.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: Hong Kong Aviation Ground Services Ltd (HAGSL) is a provider of passenger self-handling services at Hong Kong International Airport and HKA Holidays Ltd (HKA Holidays) offers travel products, including fixed charter flights tickets, tour packages and hotel accommodation.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: In 2015, Hong Kong Airlines was selected as the Official Carrier for the Hong Kong Paralympic Committee and the Sports Association for the Physically Disabled. The airline has joined the Caritas Fund Raising Bazaar for six consecutive years from 2009 and sponsored Hong Kong events marking the "World Diabetes Day 2012". The airline also has a number of student sponsorship and aviation education programmes, including its "Triumph Sky High" Junior Programme, "Embrace the World" Student Sponsorship Programme and "School Sharing Workshops".


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: A frequent flyer program, the Fortune Wings Club, is operated by Hong Kong Airlines and its sister airlines Grand China Air, Grand China Express, Hainan Airlines and Lucky Air. Membership benefits include air ticket redemption and upgrade; dedicated First or Business Class check-in counters, Club Autus and Club Bauhinia lounge access, bonus mileage and extra baggage allowance.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: Business class on long haul flights has 180-degree flat beds and direct aisle access. Passengers may use two business lounges: Club Autus and Club Bauhinia. They can also earn Fortune Wing Points, depending on their fare class.


title: Hong Kong Airlines

text: Most economy class seats do not feature personal televisions (PTV), even on long haul aircraft. On long haul flights, passengers are given complimentary tablets, which serve as an in-flight entertainment system, including video-on-demand.


The Baylor University sexual assault scandal was the result of numerous allegations of and convictions for sexual and non-sexual assaults committed by Baylor University students, mostly players in the Baylor Bears football team. During a period from about 2012 to 2016, school officials suppressed reports of rapes and sexual misconduct. In 2016, Baylor's football team came under fire when it was revealed university officials had failed to take action regarding the alleged rapes and assaults. The scandal led to the ousting of head football coach Art Briles, the demotion and eventual resignation of Baylor president Ken Starr, the resignation of athletic director Ian McCaw, and the firing of two others connected with the football program. It also led to the resignation of Baylor's Title IX Coordinator, Patty Crawford. A plaintiff's attorney, Jim Dunnam, accused Baylor of implementing a ″concerted strategy to get the public to believe this is entirely and only a football-related problem."


title: Baylor University sexual assault scandal

text: Tevin Elliot, a former Baylor linebacker, was sentenced on January 23, 2014, to twenty years in prison and fined US$10,000 for each of his two sexual assaults committed against a Baylor student in 2012. Sam Ukwuachu, a defensive end, was indicted on June 25, 2014, on two counts of sexual assault against a Baylor student-athlete and was found guilty by a Texas court on August 21, 2015. That conviction was later overturned, granting Ukwuachu a new trial, but was reinstated in 2018 and again reversed in July 2019. Jacob Anderson, 20-year-old Phi Delta Theta president, was charged with sexual assault on March 3, 2016, following a fraternity party. Anderson pleaded no contest to a charge of unlawful restraint as part of a deal which included mandatory counseling, a $400 fine, and three years of probation. Shawn Oakman, a former All-American defensive end, was arrested on April 13, 2016, on charges of sexual assault against a female student. In February 2019, Oakman was found not guilty of the charges against him.


text: In September 2015, following the conviction of former football players Tevin Elliot and Sam Ukwuachu for sexual assault, as well as allegations against other players, Baylor University commissioned the law firm Pepper Hamilton to conduct an independent external investigation regarding Baylor's handling of sexual violence. Also, in April 2016, former player Shawn Oakman was arrested on sexual assault charges. Head coach Art Briles was terminated on May 26, 2016, following the presentation of Pepper Hamilton's report. Baylor president Ken Starr and athletic director Ian McCaw also resigned. Jim Grobe, a former Wake Forest head coach and former chairman of the AFCA Ethics Committee, was hired on an interim basis.


text: Following the threat of a lawsuit by Briles for wrongful termination, Baylor provided an out-of-court settlement. Briles and Baylor are co-defendants in a lawsuit filed by a woman allegedly sexually assaulted by a football player. After Briles's departure, many Baylor football players, including Jarrett Stidham, announced it would best for them to transfer to other schools. Seven members of the 2016 recruiting class requested to be released from their National Letter of Intent, and six of the then-seven commits in the 2017 recruiting class decommitted.


text: In a lawsuit, a previous student accused the university of fostering a "hunting ground for sexual predators" and suggested that the football program used rules prohibiting students from engaging in pre-marital sex and drinking alcohol as a method of intimidating students into silence. Further, there are reports of a student suing the university in 2016 because officials ignored rape claims. In response to the multiple lawsuits against them, the school stated, "Baylor University is pleased that the parties were able to resolve this dispute".


text: Tevin Elliot joined the Baylor football team as a redshirt in 2009. Two years later, he was suspended for academic misconduct, but Starr lifted the suspension. Before being indicted on two separate counts of sexual assault, Elliot had allegedly assaulted three other women who kept it a secret and never pressed charges.


text: Elliot's first known sexual assaults were committed against a former Baylor student twice in the same night at a party on April 15, 2012. According to testimony given during the trial, the victim was the fifth person to be assaulted by Elliot. During the trial, two of the other victims detailed their sexual assaults that took place on October 31, 2009. On January 16, 2014, the jury indicted Elliot on two separate counts of sexual assault, allegedly involving two 18-year-old women on the same night in April 2012. A week later, on January 23, 2014, he was found guilty and was sentenced to twenty years in prison with a fine of $10,000 for each of his two sexual assaults. The jury had found him guilty in less than an hour and deliberated his punishment for two hours.


text: After his arrest, Elliot was suspended from Baylor's football program and campus on the claim of violating student and team policies. He later finished his degree at Bacone College in Muskogee, Oklahoma.


text: In 2013, Sam Ukwuachu transferred to Baylor after requesting to be released from Boise State, wanting to be closer to home. Citing his depression and erratic behavior, Boise State released Ukwuachu. It was widely rumored that he was dismissed due to domestic violence or sexual assault incidents, both of which are denied by Boise State.


text: On the night of October 19, 2013, Baylor was celebrating its homecoming victory against Iowa State. Ukwuachu, who was ineligible to play the 2013 season because of National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) rules regarding transfer students, was celebrating with the rest of the team nonetheless at the Waco convention center. Also at the celebration was an 18-year-old "Jane Doe" who was on friendly terms with Ukwuachu. Shortly before two in the morning, Ukwuachu texted Doe, who replied by saying that she would call him. During her testimony, Doe said that she had called him moments later and agreed to go with him to get something to eat or to go to another party—but after he picked her up that night, he turned the wrong way out of her apartment complex and drove her to his apartment instead. Doe described Ukwuachu as extremely agitated, getting angry with his dog and with a friend on the phone, who was in from out of town. After she resisted his initial advances, Doe testified, he began to grab her. "He was using all of his strength to pull up my dress and do stuff to me", she said. "He had me on my stomach on the bed, and he was on top of me." Doe testified that he pulled her dress up, pulled her underwear to the side, and forced her legs open with his toes, her head pressed between his bed and his desk, then forced himself inside of her. Doe was a virgin at the time. Texts between Ukwuachu and Doe from earlier in the week, before the encounter, were also revealed to the jury during trial. In those messages, Doe is unambiguous that she is not interested in a physical or romantic relationship with Ukwuachu; he sent her messages like “we have unfinished business", in reference to a previous encounter, which she characterized as Ukwuachu trying to put "moves" on her. She replied "I don't think we need finish any business" and "let's just chill." The night at his apartment, she testified, “I was screaming stop and no.” According to her testimony, after he finished, he told her "This isn't rape", asked her if she was going to call the police, and left her to find a ride. Two of Doe's friends arrived in the middle of the night to pick her up, at which point she told them that Ukwuachu had raped her. The next day, Doe went to the hospital and was subject to a sexual assault nurse examination, which found vaginal injuries including redness, bleeding, and friction injuries.


text: The police decided not to make an arrest, but prosecutors brought the case before a grand jury. On June 25, 2014, the grand jury brought an indictment against Ukwuachu for two counts of sexual assault. The true bill of indictment does not provide any details about what happened and gave zero notice to the media. On August 7, two days after the case was exposed to the public, a judge granted a gag order on everyone involved in the case that prohibited the release of information to the media. The trial began with the jury selection in Texas on August 17, 2015. There are no publicly available details or accounts of how the night in question unfolded. There is no timeline of how the police handled it, or how the university responded, or any discussion of Baylor's investigation.


text: Ukwuachu was convicted of sexual assault and sentenced to 180 days in jail, 10 years' felony probation, 400 hours of community service, and had to register as a sex offender. In March 2017, Waco's 10th Court of Appeals overturned Ukwuachu's conviction and ordered a new trial based on evidence they felt shouldn't have been suppressed. This evidence indicated the victim sent text messages indicating she wanted to have sex with Ukwuachu. In a unanimous decision, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reinstated the conviction. They ruled that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it did not allow into evidence text messages the woman sent to her friend while the woman and Ukwuachu were traveling to his apartment on the night of the reported assault and found the evidence "harmless".


text: On July 11, 2019, the 10th Court of Appeals reversed and remanded Sam Ukwuachu’s 2015 sexual assault conviction after stating that prosecutors used false testimony and violated the person's due process rights. In the legal findings it was stated that there is a “reasonable likelihood that the false impression affected the judgment of the jury.” In 2020, the sexual assault conviction was again reinstated.