title: To Have and Have Not

text: Written sporadically between 1935 and 1937, and revised as he traveled back and forth from Spain during the Spanish Civil War, the novel portrays Key West and Cuba in the 1930s, and provides a social commentary on that time and place. Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers described the novel as heavily influenced by the Marxist ideology Hemingway was exposed to by his support of the Republican faction in the Spanish Civil War while he was writing it. The work got a mixed critical reception.


title: To Have and Have Not

text: The novel had its origins in two short stories published earlier in periodicals by Hemingway ("One Trip Across" and "The Tradesman's Return") which make up the opening chapters, and a novella, written later, which makes up about two-thirds of the book. The narrative is told from multiple viewpoints, at different times, by different characters, and the characters' names are frequently supplied under the chapter headings to indicate who is narrating that chapter.


title: To Have and Have Not

text: Hemingway depicts Harry as an ordinary working man of the Depression Era, forced by dire economic forces into the black-market activity of running contraband between Cuba and Florida. A wealthy fishing charter customer (one of the "Have's") bilks Harry by slipping away without paying after a three-week fishing trip, leaving Harry destitute. Stuck in Havana and motivated by the need to support his family, Harry then himself turns to crime. He makes a fateful decision to swindle would-be Chinese immigrants seeking passage into Florida from Cuba. Instead of transporting them as agreed, he murders the Chinese middle-man and puts the men ashore in Cuba. Harry begins to ferry different types of illegal cargo between the two countries, including alcohol and Cuban revolutionaries. These events alternate with chapters that describe the dissolute lives of wealthy yacht owners. The Great Depression features prominently in the novel, forcing depravity and hunger on the poor residents of Key West (the "Have Not's") who are referred to locally as "Conchs".


title: To Have and Have Not

text: "To Have and Have Not" began as a short story—published as "One Trip Across" in "Cosmopolitan" in 1934—introducing the character of Harry Morgan. A second story was written and published in "Esquire" in 1936, at which point Hemingway decided to write a novel about Harry Morgan. However, the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War delayed his work on it.


title: To Have and Have Not

text: "To Have and Have Not" was published by Scribner's on 15 October 1937 to a first edition print-run of approximately 10,000 copies. "Cosmopolitan" published a section of the novel as "One Trip Across" in 1934; "Esquire" published a section as "The Tradesman's Return" in 1936. It was also published as an Armed Services Edition during WWII.


title: To Have and Have Not

text: The novel was adapted into a 1944 film starring Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. The film, directed by Howard Hawks, changed the story's setting from Key West to Martinique under the Vichy regime, and made significant alterations to the plot, including removing themes involving economic inequality and class conflict, and turning the story into a romantic thriller centering on the sparks going on between Harry Morgan and Marie Browning. It was one of the influences for "Bold Venture", a 1951–1952 syndicated radio series starring Bogart and Bacall.


title: To Have and Have Not

text: The second film version, titled "The Breaking Point" (1950), was directed by Michael Curtiz and stars John Garfield and Patricia Neal with Juano Hernandez as Morgan's partner. The movie shifted the action to southern California and made Garfield a former PT Boat captain but is otherwise the most faithful to the original book.


title: To Have and Have Not

text: The third film version, titled "The Gun Runners" (1958), was directed by Don Siegel and stars Audie Murphy in the Bogart/Garfield role and Everett Sloane in Walter Brennan's part as the alcoholic sidekick, although Sloane's interpretation was less overtly comedic than Brennan's. The movie features a bravura performance by Eddie Albert as a charismatic villain. Pauline Kael and Bosley Crowther have claimed that the ending was used for John Huston's film "Key Largo" (1948); Kael also said that "One Trip Across" was made into "The Gun Runners" (1958).


title: To Have and Have Not

text: In 1987 the Iranian director Nasser Taghvai adapted the novel into a nationalized version called "Captain Khorshid" which took the events from Cuba to the shores of the Persian Gulf.


title: To Have and Have Not

text: Season 1 episode 12 ("Fury at Rio Hondo") of the television show "Cheyenne" is a shorter version of the same story set in Mexico in the Old West.


title: Star Maa

text: Star Maa (formerly Maa TV) is an Indian Telugu language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Disney Star, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company India. The channel telecasts Telugu language programmes such as serials, reality shows and Telugu films.


title: Star Maa

text: The channel was launched as Maa TV in April 2002 by Murali Krishnam Raju. In March 2006, Nimmagadda Prasad along with film stars Chiranjeevi and Nagarjuna became promoters by purchasing 60% stake with Raju holding 20% stake. In February 2015, Star India acquired broadcast business of Maa Television Network for an estimated price of 2,0002,500 crore. In 2017, Maa TV was rebranded as Star Maa.


title: Star Maa

text: Penmetsa Murali Krishnam Raju founded MAA Television Network in 2001 as a corporate entity. Its flagship TV channel, MAA TV was launched in April 2002. The channel started off as a pay channel with 18 hours of programming a day. An initial investment of 25 crore was made into the venture. D. Rajendra Prasad, a veteran of Telugu television business associated with Citi Cable, was also reportedly a co-promoter of the company. As of 2003, Murali Krishnam Raju owned 70% of the company.


title: Star Maa

text: In March 2006, Nimmagadda Prasad along with film stars Chiranjeevi and Nagarjuna became promoters by purchasing 60% stake worth 40 crore. After the revised capital structure, the three of them acquired equal stake in the channel. Founder Murali Krishna Raju's holding came down to 20% after the restructuring.


title: Star Maa

text: The company's second channel, MAA Music, was launched on 30 May 2008. On 4 February 2011, Maa TV Network launched two new channels, Maa Movies and Maa Junior with content focused on movies and children respectively. Coinciding with the occasion, film actor Ram Charan was inducted as a Director on the board of the company.


title: Star Maa

text: On 9 April 2012, an official announcement was made by Sony Pictures and Maa Television Network that the former would be picking up 30 percent of stake in the latter, subject to necessary approvals. However, the deal did not materialize.


title: Star Maa

text: In February 2015, Star India acquired broadcast business of MAA Television Network for an estimated price of 2,0002,500 crore. At the time of acquisition, Nimmagadda Prasad had 65 percent stake in the company, Chiranjeevi and his family owned 20 percent, and Nagarjuna 10 percent.


title: Star Maa

text: On 13 February 2017, Maa TV was rebranded as Star Maa with a new logo before the start of the fourth season of "Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu". In June 2017, Maa Movies, Maa Music and Maa Gold were rebranded into Star Maa Movies, Star Maa Music and Star Maa Gold On 6 September 2020, Star Maa introduced a new logo during the Bigg Boss season 4 Grand Launch.


title: Star Maa

text: Maa TV presents the CineMAA Awards to Tollywood personalities every year. The trophy was designed by Neil Foley Designs.


title: Star Maa

text: Awards from the television serials were started presenting from 2017 onward with this name, every year best serials were nominated and present awards to them


title: Star Maa

text: "Star Maa Movies" is an Indian pay television channel that broadcasts movies in Telugu. The channel is owned by Disney Star and Wholly owned by The Walt Disney Company India.


title: Star Maa

text: "Star Maa Gold" is an Indian pay television channel that broadcasts movies in Telugu. It usually airs old Telugu movies and formerly broadcast serials on Star Maa. The channel was launched with its sister channel Star Maa Movies in 2011. Formally, launched as "Maa Junior", its name was later changed in 2012 to Maa Gold.


title: Star Maa

text: Launched in 2008, "Star Maa Music" is an Indian pay television channel that broadcasts Telugu language music. The channel is owned by Disney Star and Wholly owned by The Walt Disney Company India.


title: Star Maa

text: The channel is one of the most watched top five Telugu GECs. As of 2010, it remained the third most watched Telugu GEC. In the last quarter of 2014, Maa TV overtook Gemini TV to become the leader.


title: Star Maa

text: Since 2017, the viewership of the channel started to have a great jump and it consistently became the most watched Telugu GEC after the launch of Bigg Boss Telugu with a record viewership and GRPs not garnered by any Telugu GEC. In week 26 while it had 529 GRPs in week 28, it jumped to 828. While as in week 28, it was at third position, in week 29, it became the most watched Telugu GEC. In week 34 of 2018, it became the third most watched Indian Television channel with 936 GRPs. In week 30 of 2019, it garnered its highest GRP of 1108 being third most watched Indian channel. In week 33, it maintained its top position with 1068 GRPs.


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: The first season of the HBO television series "Boardwalk Empire" premiered on September 19, 2010 and concluded on December 5, 2010, consisting of 12 episodes. The series was created by Terence Winter and based on the book "Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times and Corruption of Atlantic City" by Nelson Johnson. Set in Atlantic City, New Jersey, during the Prohibition era, the series stars Steve Buscemi as Enoch "Nucky" Thompson (based on the historical Enoch L. Johnson), a political figure who rose to prominence and controlled Atlantic City, New Jersey, during the Prohibition period of the 1920s and 1930s. The first season takes place between January and November 1920, beginning with the start of national prohibition and ending with the 1920 presidential election.


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: The first episode, with a final cost of $18 million, was directed by Martin Scorsese and was the most expensive pilot episode produced in television history.


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: The first season was met with widespread praise, particularly for its visual style and historical accuracy. On the review aggregator website Metacritic, the first season scored 88/100 based on 30 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". The American Film Institute named "Boardwalk Empire" one of the ten "best television programs of the year".


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: Terence Winter, who had served as executive producer and writer on the HBO series "The Sopranos", was hired to adapt the novel "Boardwalk Empire" on June 4, 2008. Winter had been interested in creating a series set in the 1920s, feeling that it had never properly been explored before. It was for this reason that he decided to focus his adaption of the novel on the Prohibition era section. On September 1, 2009, it was announced that Academy Award-winning director Martin Scorsese would direct the pilot. It would be the first time he had directed an episode of television since an episode of Steven Spielberg's "Amazing Stories" in 1986. The production would be very ambitious, with some even speculating it would be too large scale for television. "I kept thinking 'This is pointless. How can we possibly afford a boardwalk, or an empire? says creator Terence Winter. "We can't call it 'Boardwalk Empire' and not see a boardwalk." The production would eventually build a boardwalk in an empty lot in Brooklyn, New York at the cost of five million dollars. Despite a reported budget of up to $50 million, the pilot's final budget came in at $18 million.


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: On why he chose to return to television, Scorsese said "What's happening the past 9 to 10 years, particularly at HBO, is what we had hoped for in the mid-Sixties with films being made for television at first. We'd hoped there would be this kind of freedom and also the ability to create another world and create longform characters and story. That didn't happen in the 1970s, 1980s and in the 1990s I think. And of course ...HBO is a trailblazer in this. I've been tempted over the years to be involved with them because of the nature of long-form and their development of character and plot." He went on to praise network HBO by saying, "A number of the episodes, in so many of their series, they're thoughtful, intelligent [and] brilliantly put together... It's a new opportunity for storytelling. It's very different from television of the past."


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: "Scorsese is an actor magnet," commented Winter. "Everybody wants to work with him. I had all these pictures on my wall and I thought, 'I'd really better write some good stuff for these people. In casting the role of Nucky Thompson (based upon real-life Atlantic City political boss Enoch L. Johnson), Winter wanted to stray from the real life Johnson as much as possible. "If we were going to cast accurately what the real Nucky looked like, we'd have cast Jim Gandolfini." The idea of casting Steve Buscemi in the lead role came about when Scorsese mentioned wanting to work with the actor, whom Winter knew well having worked with him on "The Sopranos". Winter sent the script out to Buscemi, who responded very enthusiastically. "I just thought, 'Wow. I'm almost sorry I've read this, because if I don't get it, I'm going to be so sad.' My response was 'Terry, I know you're looking at other actors'... and he said, 'No, no, Steve, I said we want you. Explained Scorsese, "I love the range he has, his dramatic sense, but also his sense of humor."


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: The casting of Buscemi was soon followed by Michael Pitt, best known for his roles in the Sandra Bullock film "Murder by Numbers" and in the television series "Dawson's Creek". He was soon joined by Kelly Macdonald, Vincent Piazza and Michael Shannon, who had just received an Oscar nomination for his role in the Sam Mendes film "Revolutionary Road".


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: Filming for the pilot took place at various locations in and around New York City in June 2009. In creating the visual effects for the series, the company turned to Brooklyn-based effects company Brainstorm Digital. Says Glenn Allen, visual effects producer for "Boardwalk Empire" and co-founder of Brainstorm, "It's our most complex job to date. Everything is HD now, so we have to treat it like a feature film." "Anytime you get to work on a period piece, it's more fun," comments visual effects artist Chris "Pinkus" Wesselman, who used archival photographs, postcards, and architectural plans to recreate the Atlantic City boardwalks as accurately as possible. "We got to explore what the old Atlantic City was really like. The piers were one of the toughest parts because every summer they would change—new houses, new advertisements." It took two months for the firm to complete all the visual effects for the pilot.


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: Designed by John Dunn and tailored by Martin Greenfield, "Boardwalk Empire's" costumes were based on 1920s tailoring books from the Fashion Institute of Technology's research libraries and examples found at the Brooklyn Museum and the Met. The costumes have also been rented from the Daybreak Vintage Company located in Albany, NY which also exhibits at the Manhattan Vintage Clothing Show. Dunn's designs were meticulously detailed, including a collar pin for Nucky's shirts and even going so far as to incorporate specially ordered woolens for suiting. Dunn told "Esquire" magazine in a September 2010 interview, "With Marty and Terry Winters, I developed the feel for each of the characters. We all wanted it to be very, very accurate and specific to the period... I don't like to do boring clothing, but you also have to make sure that you're not suddenly putting somebody in something that isn't going to make sense four episodes from now."


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: Martin Scorsese was involved in the filming even before creator Terence Winter. He directed the pilot and established the look of the show, which other directors later emulated to make the show feel seamless. He is also one of the executive producers of the show. Winter stated that Scorsese weighs in on the casting decisions, watches all the cuts and dailies. Up until the shooting of the show's first season, Scorsese and Winter would meet every Sunday afternoon to review what went on during the week where Scorsese would have comments and suggestions. Scorsese continued to be creatively involved in the ongoing production, but did not direct any more episodes.


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: The first season of "Boardwalk Empire" received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Metacritic, the first season scored 88 out of 100 based on 30 reviews. The American Film Institute named "Boardwalk Empire" one of the ten "best television programs of the year". Another aggregator website, Rotten Tomatoes, reported 96% of critics gave the first season a "Certified Fresh" rating, based on 26 reviews with an average score of 8.6/10, with the site consensus stating "Thought-provoking, violent, and filled with lush period detail, Boardwalk Empire is a gangster drama of uncommon depth and scope."


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: David Hinkley of the "New York Daily News" awarded the series five stars, saying "Watching HBO's new 'Boardwalk Empire' is like sitting in your favorite tavern and hearing someone say, 'Drinks are on the house.' Friends, it does not get much better." Paige Wiser of the "Chicago Sun-Times" called it "... an event not to be missed," and praised Buscemi in particular, calling his performance "fascinating." "TV Guide"'s Matt Roush praised the marriage of Scorsese and Winter, saying it "... brilliantly marries Martin Scorsese's virtuosic cinematic eye to Terence Winter's panoramic mastery of rich character and eventful story," and finished his review by stating "It's the most purely—and impurely—enjoyable storytelling HBO has delivered in ages, like a movie that you never want to end." "Variety"'s Brian Lowry praised the show for returning network HBO to top form, saying "This is, quite simply, television at its finest, occupying a sweet spot that—for all the able competition—still remains unique to HBO: An expensive, explicit, character-driven program, tackling material no broadcast network or movie studio would dare touch ... For those wondering when the channel would deliver another franchise to definitively put it on top of the world, Ma, the wait is over: Go directly to 'Boardwalk.'" "One of the unexpected joys of 'Boardwalk Empire,' though, lies in the way the show revels in the oddities of its time, peeling back the layers of polite society to reveal a giddy shadow world of criminals and politicians collaborating to keep the liquor flowing," says online magazine Salon's Heather Havrilesky who went on to call the pilot "breathtaking." Roberto Bianco from "USA Today" said in his review that "Boardwalk Empire" was "Extravagantly produced, shockingly violent and as cold and hard as ice, Boardwalk Empire brings us back to the world's former playground at the start of Prohibition—and brings HBO back to the forefront of the TV-series race."


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: On July 14, 2011 "Boardwalk Empire" was nominated for 18 Emmy Awards that included Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (Steve Buscemi) and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Kelly Macdonald).


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: "Boardwalk Empire" won a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Writing in a New Series and was nominated for Best Writing in a Drama Series. In addition, the show won a Golden Globe for best Dramatic Series, Buscemi won Best Actor in Dramatic Series and MacDonald was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television. The cast won the Screen Actor's Guild Award for Best Ensemble in a Drama Series, while Steve Buscemi won the Screen Actor's Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series and Martin Scorsese won the Directors Guild Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series. "Boardwalk Empire" was in The American Film Institute's Top Ten List for TV in 2010.


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: "Boardwalk Empire" also won two awards at the 9th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards. The first for "Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program" and second for "Outstanding Models & Miniatures in a Broadcast Program or Commercial". The former was received by Richard Friedlander (of Brainstorm Digital), Robert Stromberg, Paul Graff and David Taritero; the latter was received by Brendan Fitzgerald, John Corbett and Matthew Conner of Brainstorm Digital.


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: On its original airing, the pilot episode gained a 2.0/5 ratings share among adults aged 18–49 and garnered 4.81 million viewers. The episode was re-played twice that night, once at 10:15 p.m. and again at 11:30 p.m. Taking these broadcasts into account, a total of 7.1 million Americans viewed the episode on the night of its original broadcast, and is the highest rated premiere for an HBO series since the pilot of "Deadwood" in March 2004. The season finale was watched by 3.29 million viewers, attaining a 1.3 adults 18–49 rating.


title: Boardwalk Empire (season 1)

text: The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on January 10, 2012, in region 2 on January 9, 2012, and in region 4 on January 11, 2012.


title: Rupa Huq

text: Rupa Asha Huq (; born 2 April 1972) is a British Independent MP, columnist and academic. Elected as the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Ealing Central and Acton at the 2015 general election, she was formerly a senior lecturer in sociology at Kingston University. Huq was suspended by the Labour Party in September 2022 pending an investigation into alleged racist comments made at a conference fringe event.


title: Rupa Huq

text: Huq was born in Queen Charlotte's Hospital, Hammersmith, London, England, and grew up on Brunswick Road, Ealing. Huq's father, Muhammad Huq (also known as Abedul), and mother, Rowshan Ara Huq (also known as Dulali Biswas), moved to Britain in 1962 from East Pakistan (since 1971 Bangladesh). Huq's father came from Maksedpur in Pabna city and her mother from Kuthipara in Pabna city. Huq's father was training to become an actuary for The Prudential, but gave that up to open an Indian restaurant in Soho, London. After the recession of the early 1990s, the council did not renew the restaurant's lease so the business folded. He opened another restaurant in Harrow and later retired.


title: Rupa Huq

text: She attended Montpelier Primary School in Ealing. In 1980, at the age of eight, Huq was featured in the BBC Schools programme "Look and Read" when the programme visited the school. For her secondary education she attended the independent girls' school Notting Hill and Ealing High School.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In 1993, she graduated with an upper second in Political and Social Sciences and Law from Newnham College, Cambridge, for a BA. In 1999, she completed a PhD in cultural studies with a thesis on youth culture at the University of East London, comparing young people in East London and the Alsace region of France. This included being a post-graduate at Strasbourg II University in France, during which time she also worked at the European Parliament for the Labour Party, shadowing Labour MEP Carole Tongue. In October 2017, Huq told Sky News that she had been sexually harassed by a male MEP at this time.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In 1998, Huq moved to Manchester. From 1998 to 2004, she was a lecturer at the University of Manchester, during which time she held a Leverhulme Trust Fellowship.


title: Rupa Huq

text: From September 2004 until 2015, Huq was a senior lecturer in Sociology and Criminology at Kingston University in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. She has also taught Media and Cultural Studies.


title: Rupa Huq

text: Huq has contributed to "Tribune", "The Guardian", "New Statesman", "Progress magazine" and "The Times Higher Education Supplement". Huq's research specialism has chiefly been youth culture and pop music. She has a particular interest in David Bowie.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In 2006, her book "Beyond Subculture: youth, pop and identity in a post-colonial world" on these themes was published. It was subsequently one of five titles shortlisted for the 2007 British Sociological Association Philip Abrams Memorial Prize. Huq was a contributor to the 2011 book "What Next for Labour? Ideas for a new generation", published by Queensferry Publishing. In June 2013, her second book "Making Sense of Suburbia through Popular Culture" was published. Also in 2013, her third book "On the Edge: The Contested Cultures of English Suburbia After 7/7" was published.


title: Rupa Huq

text: Huq has appeared on Channel S and Bangla TV as well as "Channel 4 News" and BBC News 24. On radio, she has been on the "Today" programme on BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Asian Network.


title: Rupa Huq

text: Huq says that she has been a part-time DJ, saying in 2004, "I first started DJing for a hospital radio station when I was about 17 and now I DJ in clubs and bars in Manchester".


title: Rupa Huq

text: Huq was a researcher for Tony Banks and Patricia Hewitt. In 2004, she stood as a candidate for Labour in the European Parliament election in North West England.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In 2005, she stood as the Labour parliamentary candidate in Chesham and Amersham at the 2005 general election.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In 2008, she served on a UK government Foreign and Commonwealth "Understanding Islam" delegation to Bangladesh.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In 2010, Huq was one of three Labour candidates standing for a council seat in Walpole in the constituency of Ealing.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In November 2013, Huq was chosen by Labour as their prospective parliamentary candidate for Ealing Central and Acton constituency to challenge Conservative MP Angie Bray at the 2015 general election. In January 2015, she was one of 15 Labour candidates each given financial support of £10,000 by Lord Matthew Oakeshott, the former Liberal Democrat. During the election campaign, Huq was manhandled by the former vice-chairman of the local Conservative branch, Karim Sacoor, who was caught on video repeatedly attempting to drag her away from Boris Johnson, who was campaigning with her Conservative rival Angie Bray.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In May 2015, Huq won the Ealing Central and Acton seat with a 274 majority. Huq won 22,002 votes, previous incumbent Angie Bray received 21,728 votes, with a turnout of 71.4%.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In April 2017, the Green Party decided not to contest her seat in the general election, commenting, "By and large we quite like Rupa. She has made quite prominent statements on proportional representation and Heathrow, as well as climate change and environmental issues in regards to Brexit." In May 2017, Vince Cable commented how he gave Huq a lift home from a joint speaking engagement, saying, "We talked for a couple of hours, and it was very clear that on almost every issue our views were almost identical. And so I would find it difficult to vote against somebody like that, and I hope that our people around the country are discriminating and think and act in a constructive way." In June 2017, in the general election, Huq retained her seat with an increased majority of 13,807.


title: Rupa Huq

text: Huq was appointed vice chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Music Group and All-Party Parliamentary on Crossrail. She chairs the All-Party Parliamentary Group on London, with specific reference to planning and the built environment. Since her election, Huq has been a member of the Justice Select Committee.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In October 2016, Huq was appointed as a member of the Shadow Home Affairs team in the Labour Party's frontbench in Parliament. She is Shadow Home Office Minister for Crime Prevention. Huq led from the frontbench on the bill before the House of Commons to equalise Civil Partnerships to include heterosexual couples. On 22 June 2020 Huq joined the Panel of Chairs.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In June 2015, she was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election, although she later supported Yvette Cooper.


title: Rupa Huq

text: She supported Owen Smith in his unsuccessful attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party leadership election.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In April 2016, Huq defended suspended Labour MP Naz Shah during an interview on BBC's "Today" programme by comparing "alleged anti-Semitic" posts about Israel shared by Shah on social media to a photo Huq shared of Boris Johnson on a zip-wire next to Barack Obama. She also stressed the fact that Shah's comments were made before she became an MP and that some online comments should not be taken seriously. Subsequently, Huq was accused of "trivialising racism". Huq later apologised, saying she was not "fully aware" of Shah's comments before defending her.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In April 2016, Huq claimed that some areas of television had yet to move forward from the racially insensitive sitcoms of the 1970s. She specifically criticised the BBC comedy "Citizen Khan"s "Islamophobic" depiction of a "quite backward" family of Muslims. The BBC responded that "We've also had positive comments from members of the Muslim community for the show and for creator Adil Ray who, like the family portrayed, is a British Pakistani Muslim. As with all sitcoms the characters are comic creations and not meant to be representative of the community as a whole".


title: Rupa Huq

text: In March 2018, Huq received a suspicious package containing an anti-Islamic letter and sticky liquid. The substance was later found to be harmless. Similar packages were received by fellow Labour MPs Mohammad Yasin, Rushanara Ali and Afzal Khan.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In May 2018, Huq told colleagues in Westminster Hall that BAME MPs regularly have their access to the House of Commons estate questioned. She said: "I have been stopped more times in this place since my election in 2015, than in 43 years outside." Furthermore, Huq and fellow Labour MP Tulip Siddiq are mistaken for one another, though they do not look alike. Huq added: "I imagine most BME MPs have encountered it in some form or other."


title: Rupa Huq

text: In June 2019, Huq was the subject of formal complaints to the Labour Party by two former employees for alleged anti-Semitic behaviour. The Jewish Labour Movement called for her to have the party whip suspended in consequence. The allegations were dismissed due to insufficient evidence. Huq had resigned from Labour Friends of Israel shortly before the allegations were made.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In September 2022, Huq was accused of making racist comments during a speech at a Labour Party fringe event running parallel to the party conference. Huq said of the Chancellor of the Exchequer Kwasi Kwarteng, who is black and a member of the Conservative Party, "Superficially he is a black man… if you hear him on the "Today" Programme, you wouldn’t know he is black". In response, figures within the Conservative Party including its Chairman demanded the whip be removed from Huq and her expulsion from the Labour Party.


title: Rupa Huq

text: Labour's Deputy Leader Angela Rayner called on Huq to apologise, describing her comments as "unacceptable". Sadiq Khan, the Labour Mayor of London and a friend of Huq, also criticised her statement, saying "What it infers [implies] is that all black people speak a certain way and all black people are working class. Rupa is not racist but that comment was". Huq was suspended from the Labour Party for her comments on 27 September. Huq went on to tweet an apology, but the suspension still remained in place. If her suspension is not cancelled then she is likely to complete her parliamentary term as an Independent MP.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In May 2017, Huq said "I am an MP who is a resolute Remainer ... I will continue to fight for the UK to stay in the EU and vote accordingly. For me this is respecting the will of the people in Ealing, Acton and Chiswick."


title: Rupa Huq

text: In April 2018, while writing for "Business Insider" Huq said, Brexit is "not carved into concrete, untouchable and unchangeable" arguing that "If the cost of Brexit reaches a point where the British people decide it's not worth it, then they're perfectly entitled to change their minds about whether it's the right path."


title: Rupa Huq

text: In December 2018, she accused UK Prime Minister Theresa May of having "a sort of premature parliamentary ejaculation – that has put the lie to the claim that she sticks to her guns" over her decision to delay a parliamentary vote on the government's Brexit deal. May responded, "I think she will see that I am not capable of a parliamentary ejaculation", which was followed by raucous laughter in the House of Commons.


title: Rupa Huq

text: In January 2018, Huq said that the A Level history syllabus was biased against Labour because it omitted the 1945–51 Labour government, ends just before Tony Blair's Labour government in 1997 and asks pupils to list Conservative strengths and Labour weaknesses. In February, in a personal film for the "Daily Politics" series, Huq said it was "dangerous to deny that these things <nowiki></nowiki>Blair–Brown administrations, or the post-war Labour government which brought in the welfare state and National Health Service<nowiki></nowiki> ever happened" and she argued there was a pro-Conservative bias to what was being taught with a risk of "brainwashing our kids".


title: Rupa Huq

text: Huq married in 2003 and has a son, born in 2004. Her elder sister is an architect, and her younger sister is former "Blue Peter" presenter Konnie Huq; her brother-in-law is Konnie Huq's husband, the satirist and screenwriter Charlie Brooker.


title: Big Bud 747

text: The Big Bud 747 or 16V-747 Big Bud is a large, custom-made farm tractor built in Havre, Montana, in 1977. It has 1100 horsepower. It is billed by the owners and exhibitors as the "World's Largest Farm Tractor". It is about twice the size of many of the largest production tractors in the world, depending on parameter.


title: Big Bud 747

text: The first two Big Bud tractors out of the Havre, Montana plant were the 250-series and were purchased by Leonard M. Semenza of Semenza Farms in 1968 located between Fort Benton, Montana, and Chester, Montana on his 35,000 acre farm. The 747 tractor was originally and built by Ron Harmon and the employees of his Northern Manufacturing Company, at a cost of $300,000. It was made for the Rossi Brothers, cotton farmers of Bakersfield or Old River, California. It was used there for eleven years; it was then purchased by Willowbrook Farms of Indialantic, Florida. Both farms used it for deep ripping.


title: Big Bud 747

text: In 1997, after a period of disuse, it was purchased by Robert and Randy Williams, of Big Sandy, Montana, within of where it was built. It was used on the Williams Brothers' farm in Chouteau County to pull an cultivator, covering per minute at a speed up to .


title: Big Bud 747

text: The United Tire Company of Canada, which made the tractor's custom tires, went bankrupt in 2000, partially contributing to the decision to stop using the tractor for regular work in July 2009, and to move the Big Bud 747 to museums.


title: Big Bud 747

text: After its work on the farm, it was displayed at the Heartland Acres Agribition Center in Independence, Iowa. In 2014, the Big Bud 747 was moved to the Heartland Museum in Clarion, Iowa, on indefinite loan from the Williams Brothers; the museum constructed a separate shed for the tractor in 2013.


title: Big Bud 747

text: On July 14, 2020, the Big Bud's original eight-foot tall construction tires were replaced with Goodyear LSW1400/30r46 tires (which are slightly under seven feet tall), with new rims provided by the Williams Brothers to fit them. The new tires brought the width of the Big Bud to just over 25 feet.


title: Big Bud 747

text: The Big Bud 747 returned to the Williams Brothers farm near Big Sandy, Montana, in September 2020, where it worked farm ground once again with an 80-foot wide FRIGGSTAD chisel plow.


title: Big Bud 747

text: For perspective, many of the largest production tractors such as the John Deere 9630 are about half the horsepower, less than half the ballasted weight, and often use a more standard six cylinder class 8 truck engine.


title: Big Bud 747

text: By the 2020s there were several new tractors over but still weighing much less, including the Fendt 1167 with a low rpm engine.


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: The Terrible Dogfish () is a dogfish-like sea monster, which appears in Carlo Collodi's 1883 book "The Adventures of Pinocchio" ("Le avventure di Pinocchio") as one of the main antagonists and the final one. It is described as being larger than a five-story building, a kilometer long (not including its tail) and sporting three rows of teeth in a mouth that can easily accommodate a train. So fearsome is its reputation, that in Chapter XXXIV, it is revealed that the Dogfish is nicknamed "The Attila of fish and fishermen" ("L'Attila dei pesci e dei pescatori").


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: The Dogfish is first mentioned in Chapter XXIV, when Pinocchio, searching for his creator, Geppetto, is informed by a dolphin that he has likely been swallowed by the Dogfish which "...for some days has come to wreak extermination and desolation in our waters".


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: The Dogfish is later mentioned in Chapter XXVI by Pinocchio's school friends on the Island of the Busy Bees ("Isola delle Api Industriose"), who tell him that it has been sighted on the coast, to coax him away from school.


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: The Dogfish makes its first appearance in Chapter XXXIV when Pinocchio, recently transformed from a donkey to his puppet form, has entered the sea to escape from his former owner. The Fairy with Turquoise Hair, in the form of a turquoise mountain goat, warns him of the Dogfish too late, and it swallows him whole, along with a tuna whom he befriends. He discovers Geppetto, who reveals that he has been trapped inside the Dogfish for two years, surviving on ship supplies swallowed by it. When it is revealed to suffer from asthma, a condition that forces it to sleep with its head raised from the water and its mouth open, Pinocchio carries Geppetto on his back and swims out of its mouth. When Pinocchio's strength begins to fail, the tuna helps them reach the shore.


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: In the 1940 Walt Disney film "Pinocchio", the Dogfish is named Monstro (which is Portuguese, Esperanto, and archaic Italian for "monster") and is portrayed as a gigantic, sadistic, terrible, aggressive, intelligent, vicious, man-eating sperm whale, in contrast with the "gentle giants of the sea" in real life, with massive jaws, both of which have sharp teeth, and a grooved underside like a rorqual. He is first mentioned by Jiminy Cricket in a message from the Blue Fairy about Geppetto, who, sailing to find Pinocchio, has been swallowed by the whale. They search for Monstro, but are frustrated upon mentioning his name to the sea creatures which causes them to flee in terror. After finally discovering Monstro sleeping, he suddenly awakens upon noticing a school of tuna swimming nearby and gives chase, eventually swallowing them and Pinocchio (except Jiminy) before closing his mouth and falling asleep again. Inside Monstro's belly, Pinocchio discovers and reunites with Geppetto before suggesting that they start a fire in order to make Monstro sneeze, the smoke of which wakes him up, prompting the whale to sneeze them out of his mouth. Unfortunately, this serves only to infuriate Monstro after drinking lots of water to put the fire out and he pursues the group, using surprise attacks in order to kill them, but fails. Eventually, when Pinocchio pulls Geppetto into a hole in a cliff, Monstro leaps into the air, aiming to reconsume the two, but ends up smashing against the rocks on impact. It is unknown what exactly happened to him, but due to smashing against the rocks, Monstro was apparently killed by the impact.


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: Monstro was animated by Wolfgang Reitherman, the go-to man for action sequences among Disney's Nine Old Men.


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: Monstro makes a guest star appearance in a "Bonkers" comic story titled "Whale of a Tale", published in the December 1994 issue of "Disney Adventures". In this story, he is a polite actor playing a role in "Pinocchio", who has not found work in the movies since then; he is duped by a gang of crooks, posing as a movie company, into breaking into banks for them to rob, and upon finding out the truth, helps Bonkers catch the criminals.


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: Monstro also plays a notable role in the Disneyland version of Fantasmic!, and also has a smaller role in the Dancing Bubbles scene in the Disney's Hollywood Studios version.


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: Monstro also appears in the video game "Kingdom Hearts" as both a supporting character and a world, where Pinocchio and Geppetto temporarily live inside him until being rescued. Within Monstro dwell many Heartless, including one called the Parasite Cage, which traps Pinocchio in its cage-like stomach, and delivers him to Riku, who wishes to use his heart to rescue Kairi. After Kingdom Hearts is sealed, Monstro presumably returns to his world.


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: He later reappears in "", as a figment of Sora and Riku's memories. He is not physically seen, but card rooms resembling his bowels are explored. In the "Final Mix" version of "", Monstro appears as a boss fight in the Mirage Arena. He reappears as a sub-world in his homeworld, Prankster's Paradise, in "".


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: In ABC's "Once Upon a Time", Monstro makes a brief appearance in the episode "The Stranger", in which his Disney role is reiterated. Monstro's design has many similarities to the Devil Whale found in various other tales.


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: In the 2022 live-action remake adaptation of the same name, Monstro plays a similar role. Unlike his animated counterpart who is a sperm whale, he is instead a monstrous, chimeric sea monster with the characteristics of whales, sharks, and cephalopods.


title: The Terrible Dogfish

text: In the film, when Pinocchio reunites with his father Geppetto at sea after he and Jiminy Cricket escape Pleasure Island, they are suddenly ambushed and swallowed whole (except Jiminy) by Monstro, who then falls asleep. Inside the sea monster, Pinocchio suggests that he and Geppetto make Monstro sneeze. The plan works when Pinocchio uses his feet to start a fire, the smoke of which wakes Monstro up and sneezes them out of his mouth. Unfortunately, this served only to anger the sea monster and he pursues them with the intention of killing the group, but Pinocchio uses his spinning feet as propellers to get Geppetto, Figaro, Cleo and Jiminy away from the beast. Before Monstro could reconsume them when he eventually catches up to them, Pinocchio propels the boat one last time and they zoom into a nearby tunnel for safety, but Monstro runs into the cliffs and ends up smashing against them on impact. It is unknown what exactly happened to Monstro, but due to smashing against the cliffs, he was apparently killed by the impact just like in the original film.


title: New York University Stern School of Business

text: The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business (commonly referred to as NYU Stern, The Stern School of Business, or simply Stern) is the business school of New York University, a private research university based in New York City. It was founded in 1900. It is located on Gould Plaza next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and the economics department of the College of Arts and Sciences.


text: Stern is a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. Established as the School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance, the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern, an alumnus and benefactor of the school. The school offers Bachelor of Science in Business at the undergraduate level and Master of Business Administration degrees at the postgraduate level. Consistently ranked among the best business schools, Stern was ranked 1st among US schools for careers in finance on Wall Street in 2018, accounting for 3.9% of hires among major investment banks. The school was also ranked 1st in the world for finance for all years between 2017-2021 based on the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU).


text: Stern's alumni include former Chair of the Federal Reserve of the United States, Alan Greenspan; former CEO and current Chairman of Nasdaq, Robert Greifeld; Iceland's "first billionaire", Thor Bjorgolfsson; former CEO and Chairman of MetLife, John J. Creedon; former CEO of Viacom, Thomas E. Dooley; CFO of Pfizer, Alan Levin; President of DC Comics, Paul Levitz; and the founding financier of The Home Depot, Kenneth Langone. Current and former CEOs of Fortune 500 companies including American Express, Berggruen Institute, Griffon Corporation, Wynn Resorts, the New York Stock Exchange, Lehman Brothers, Lord Abbett, Barnes & Noble, W. R. Berkley Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Chase Manhattan Bank, and CBS are also Stern alumni.


text: The Stern School was founded by Charles Waldo Haskins (an alumnus of New York University Tandon School of Engineering) in 1900 as the Undergraduate School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance on the University's Washington Square campus. In 1913, Jeanette Hamill, J.D., M.A., joined the school's Economics department, becoming its first female faculty member. In 1936, women comprised 15 percent of the total enrollment.


text: The "'Graduate School of Business Administration" was launched in 1916, and was housed in the NYU's School of Commerce's Wall Street branch. Located in New York's downtown business district, the school's "Wall Street Division" served both full-time and currently employed students. The graduate school's first dean was appointed in 1921.


text: By 1945, the school's enrollment was well over 10,000 with graduates hailing from 36 countries and 48 states. In the 1960s, international business courses were introduced and soon became an important focus of the school's curriculum. The New York University, Graduate School of Business Administration, C.J. Devine Institute of Finance (1959–1966) published many key Finance and Investment bulletins related to International finance. The school awarded its first Doctor of Commercial Sciences degree in 1970.


text: The School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance was renamed the College of Business and Public Administration in 1972. In the same year, Tisch Hall, designed by Philip Johnson and Richard Foster (see also: Bobst Library and Meyer Building) opened at 40 West Fourth Street to house the undergraduate college.


text: In 1988, a $30 million gift from the school's alumnus Leonard N. Stern (B.S., 1957; M.B.A., 1959) allowed the school to consolidate its graduate and undergraduate facilities at NYU's Washington Square campus. The school was renamed Leonard N. Stern School of Business. In 1992, Stern's new $68 million state-of-the-art facility, now known as Kaufman Management Center, was inaugurated.


text: In 1998, a $10 million gift from Henry Kaufman (PhD 1958) supported a major expansion and upgrading of Stern's facilities. The new and renovated space is used almost exclusively to improve the quality of student life. Prominent investment banker and Home Depot investor Kenneth Langone (MBA 1960) donated $10 million to Stern in 1999. The Langone MBA for Working Professionals was renamed in his honor. Celebrating its 100th birthday in the year 2000, Stern launched a $100 million centennial campaign, the school's most ambitious fundraising effort to date. The campaign doubled the school's endowment, the number of named professorships, and the level of student financial aid.


text: In 2010, the renovation of the three Stern School of Business buildings, known as the Stern Concourse Project, was completed. This project was fully funded by donors, alumni and corporate partners.


text: NYU Stern Westchester offers its Langone MBA for Working Professionals in Purchase, New York, at SUNY Purchase.


text: As of 2009, 2,305 students were enrolled in Stern's undergraduate program and 2,969 were enrolled in its Master of Business Administration (MBA) program. There are 202 full-time faculty and 74 adjunct professors. Stern offers a broad spectrum of academic programs at the graduate and undergraduate levels. In 2022, there were a total of 417 full-time, part-time, adjunct, clinical, and visiting faculty members teaching across all NYU Stern programs. The school is located on West 4th Street, occupying Shimkin and Tisch Halls and the Kaufman Management Center, on NYU's Washington Square campus. Stern offers academic majors in Marketing, Finance, Information Systems, Actuarial Science, Economic Policy, Economic Theory, Entertainment Media & Technology, Accounting (CPA and General) and others, as well as co-majors in International Business, Financial Systems, Sustainable Business, and a certificate program in Entertainment, Media and Technology. Stern also offers an Executive MBA program for experienced professionals and executives, a 22-month-long degree program which includes two global study tours as a part of the curriculum. The average age of executive MBA degree candidates is 27, and 45% of the students have at least one advanced degree in other areas.


text: Students who attend the Stern School of Business are often called "Sternies." In the spring break of the undergraduate junior year, all "Sternies" are invited to travel abroad as part of a core curriculum class, "International Study Program," which engages students to visit a non-U.S. company.


text: Stern also offers its own study abroad program IBEX (International Business Exchange Program). This program lasts one semester at many business schools around the world. Stern currently has multiple partner schools for this program in Singapore, Australia, China, Denmark, England, France, Hong Kong SAR, Italy, South Korea, Mexico, The Netherlands, Spain and Thailand.


text: In 2005, Stern launched the Student Social Venture Fund, the first student-run venture philanthropy fund of its kind at a U.S. business school. In 2012, Professor James B. Rosenwald and his wife, Laura made a contribution to Stern for the Rosenwald Global Value Student Investment Fund. Every year, a tenth of the fund will be invested in one or more stocks based on recommendations made by the students in his Global Value Investing class.


text: Founded in 1914, The Knights of the Lamp is the only secret society within the school, and only takes seniors from the Stern School of Business. It, along with the NYU College of Arts and Science's Red Dragon Society, are known for their selectivity and prestige among campus organizations.


text: Undergraduate students from Stern, either graduate with a Bachelor of Science in Business, in Business and Political Economy (BPE) or in Business, Technology and Entrepreneurship (BTE). The programs are all extremely selective. In 2021, the acceptance rate for the class of 2025 was 5.6%. In 2020, the Finance and International Business programs were both ranked #2 nationally by "U.S. News & World Report". Transfer admission to Stern's undergraduate program is also highly selective, with a transfer acceptance rate of 2% in 2019.


text: Stern offers the Master of Business Administration (MBA) for full-time students and executive programs for working professionals. It also offers Master of Science (MS) degrees; one is intended to prepare students to become Certified Public Accountants, two are collaborations with New York University Shanghai, and one is a collaboration with the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.


text: Admissions decisions are handled by the school's parent institution, New York University, and are made on a holistic basis that considers academic record, standardized test scores, accomplishments outside of the classroom, recommendations, essays, and diversity.


text: In 2021, the median combined verbal and math SAT score of incoming freshmen at the undergraduate level of Stern was 1550 and 77% ranked within the top 10% of their high school's graduating class. In 2021, the undergraduate acceptance rate dropped to 5.6%.


text: The MBA program's admission rate is one of the lowest in the country at 15.7%. The admitted (full-time) MBA students' average Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) score was 720 with an undergraduate average GPA of 3.51. The Stern School announced it will join the growing list of programs now accepting the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) from MBA candidates applying beginning in 2010. Applicants will have the option to submit either GMAT or GRE scores with their application.


text: Stern's alumni include former Chair of the Federal Reserve of the United States, Alan Greenspan; former CEO and current Chairman of Nasdaq, Robert Greifeld; Iceland's "first billionaire", Thor Bjorgolfsson; former CEO and Chairman of MetLife, John J. Creedon; former CEO of Viacom, Thomas E. Dooley; CFO of Pfizer, Alan Levin; President of DC Comics, Paul Levitz; and the founding financier of The Home Depot, Kenneth Langone. Current and former CEOs of Fortune 500 companies including American Express, Berggruen Institute, Griffon Corporation, Wynn Resorts, the New York Stock Exchange, Lehman Brothers, Lord Abbett, Barnes & Noble, W. R. Berkley Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Chase Manhattan Bank, and CBS are also Stern alumni. Stern’s alumni also includes a Guinness World Record holder, Vanessa O'Brien, the first woman to reach Earth’s highest and lowest points.


title: 1860 United States census

text: The United States census of 1860 was the eighth census conducted in the United States starting June 1, 1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,322 in 33 states and 10 organized territories. This was an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,069,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 census. The total population included 3,953,762 slaves.


title: 1860 United States census

text: By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, the nation was sinking into the American Civil War. As a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the census staff to produce a cartographic display, including preparing maps of Southern states, for Union field commanders. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including the white population, slave population, predominant agricultural products (by county), and rail and post road transportation routes.


title: 1860 United States census

text: This census saw Philadelphia regain its position as a second-most populous American city, which it had lost to Baltimore in 1820, due to the Act of Consolidation, 1854 merging many smaller surrounding townships, such as Spring Garden, Northern Liberties, and Kensington, into the main city of Philadelphia. Philadelphia would lose the second-most populous American city position to Chicago in 1890.


title: 1860 United States census

text: The 1860 census Schedule 1 (Free Inhabitants) was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States; the other was Schedule 2 (Slave Inhabitants).


title: 1860 United States census

text: Full documentation for the 1860 population census, including microdata, census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS). Aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.


title: 1860 United States census

text: National data reveals that farmers (owners and tenants) made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations. Farm laborers (wage workers) represent the next highest percent with 3.2%, followed by general laborers at 3.0%.


title: 1860 United States census

text: More localized data shows that other occupations were common. In the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. This heavy demand of shoe-related labor reinforces the high demand for rigorous physical laborers in the economy, as supported by the data of very large amounts of farm related work as compared to most other labor options.


title: 1860 United States census

text: IPUMS' data also notes that the share of the population that had been enrolled in school or marked as "Student" stood at 0.2%. This demonstrates a small rate of growth, if any, in the proficiency of the human capital of the time—the skill set a worker has to apply to the labor force, which can increase total output through increased efficiency.


title: 1860 United States census

text: The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property. Analogous to today where wealth can fluctuate with value changes in stocks, factories, and other forms of property, the South suffered a huge loss of total wealth and assets when the American Civil War ended and slaves were no longer counted as physical property.


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: Ang Huling El Bimbo: a musical featuring the songs of the most iconic 90's band, popularly known as Ang Huling El Bimbo, is a jukebox musical written by Dingdong Novenario, featuring the hit songs of the Filipino band Eraserheads. It features the lyrics and melodies of at least 40 of the band's songs, including the titular song. Dexter Santos directed and choreographed the musical, with Myke Salomon serving as its musical director. The Manila Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Rodel Colmenar, provided the music, accompanied by a live band. The set design is by Gino Gonzales, with lighting by Monino Duque.


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: The musical premiered on July 20, 2018 at the Newport Performing Arts Theatre in Pasay. A second production was made in 2019 featuring new cast, and ran from March 1 to April 6, and again from July 5 to August 18. A recorded 2019 performance was streamed for free online on the official YouTube channel and Facebook page of ABS-CBN from May 8 to 9, 2020. It was also streamed on TFC Online in September 2020, and on digital platform KTX.PH from November 28 to 29, 2020.


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: The musical had always been a dream by director Dexter Santos to create. He first watched the band perform when he was just a Theatre Arts college student at the University of the Philippines Baguio in the 1990s. From then on, he has been a fan.


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: Now a teacher at the University of the Philippines Diliman, Santos requires his Theatre Arts students to perform an hour-long piece based on an Eraserheads song.


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: The show opens with someone dancing. As the light goes dim, a corpse is shown. The next scene then shows three men, Emman, Anthony, and Hector, having problems with work. (“Poor Man’s Grave”/“Slo Mo”/“Walang Nagbago”). They are then called to inform them that Joy Manawari has died (“Waiting For The Bus”/“Sino Sa Atin”).


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: Three young men named Emmanuel “Emman” M. Azarcon, Anthony “AJ” F. Cruz, Jr., and Hector Q. Samala are being sent off to college by their parents ("Toyang"/“Waiting For The Bus”), who then become roommates (“Minsan”/“Alapaap (Only the chorus”/“Tindahan Ni Aling Nena”).


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: Back in present day, the police officer questions the connection of Joy to three of them (“Ligaya”). A flashback shows them being introduced to their CAT commandant, Arturo Banlaoi, their student leader, Andre Antonio, and a fried banana seller, Joy Manawari. Joy lives with her Tiya Dely and they run a karinderya named Toyang’s (“Lightyears”/“Pare Ko”/“Ligaya”/“Shirley”/“Tikman”).


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: Andre breaks up with Joy because of Banlaoi (“Ligaya”/“Tama Ka”). The trio tries to comfort her, and vice versa (“Huwag Kang Matakot”/“Sembreak”/“Hey Jay”/”Wishing Wells”/“Fine Time”). Back in present day, Banlaoi makes the trio wait for Joy's daughter (“Ligaya”) and her aunt (“Cha Dely”)


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: Another flashback shows them ditching their graduation rehearsals for a joyride to Antipolo (“Alapaap”/“Fill Her”). They are interrupted by drunk men who then take the trio hostage while they take advantage of Joy.


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: In the midst of graduates, she tries to find the three boys but they are evasive (“With A Smile”). Joy has flashbacks of that fateful night (“Spoliarium”). Banlaoi forces Tiya Dely and Joy to sell beer and girls at Toyang's so the business won’t close (“Tikman”/“Paru-parong Ningning”). Tiya Dely confronts Joy about her late nights. They plan to go back to the province but Banlaoi makes Joy stay behind so she can become his drug mule (“Kilala”/“Balikbayan Box”/“Alkohol”).


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: Joy is now older, and still works as a drug mule for Banlaoi to provide for her daughter Ligaya/“With A Smile”/“Spoliarium”). Joy tries to contact the trio to make them avengers but they are busy: Hector with his TV series (“Maskara”). Emman with his work and wife (“Poor Man’s Grave”/“Magasin”), and Anthony about his sexuality (“Kailan”/“Torpedo”/“Kaliwete”). Several women confront Hector (“Walang Nagbago”/“Huwag Mo Nang Itanong”/“Maselang Bahaghari”/“Umaaraw Umuulan”). Joy goes back to the house and writes a letter for Ligaya (“Ligaya"/"Spoliarium”). The trio is seen fighting (“Spoliarium”). Joy calls them but no one answers, and is then hit by a vehicle (“Wating”).


title: Ang Huling El Bimbo (musical)

text: Tiya Dely and Ligaya enter the morgue (“Fill Her”/“Ligaya”). Banlaoi tries to give them money but they refuse. Hector tells Tiya Dely that they would shoulder the funeral costs. Ligaya talks to the trio and they promise to take care of her (“Ang Huling El Bimbo”).


title: Cassius Stanley

text: Cassius Jerome Stanley (born August 18, 1999) is an American professional basketball player for the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils.


title: Cassius Stanley

text: Stanley first attended Harvard-Westlake School in Studio City, California. As a sophomore, Stanley averaged 17.9 points, 6.8 rebounds, and 3.5 assists per game. In 2017, Stanley transferred to Sierra Canyon School in Chatsworth, California for his last two years of high school. As a senior, he averaged 17.8 points, 6.2 rebounds, and 2.9 assists per game while leading the Sierra Canyon to a 32–3 overall record.


title: Cassius Stanley

text: In his college debut, Stanley scored 13 points to help Duke defeat Kansas 68–66. After injuring his leg in a victory over Winthrop on November 29, Stanley was ruled out indefinitely. However, after his leg improved quicker than expected due to rehabilitation and physical therapy, he returned to play against Virginia Tech after missing just one game. On January 4, Stanley scored 20 points and five rebounds in a 95–62 win over Miami. On February 8, Stanley recorded 22 points and six rebounds in a 98–96 overtime victory over rival North Carolina. At the conclusion of the regular season, Stanley was selected to the ACC All-Freshman Team. Stanley averaged 12.6 points and 4.9 rebounds per game, shooting 47 percent from the floor and 36 percent shooting from three-point range. Following the season, he declared for the 2020 NBA draft.


title: Cassius Stanley

text: On November 18, 2020, Stanley was drafted in the second round, 54th overall, in the 2020 NBA draft by the Indiana Pacers. The Pacers signed Stanley to a two-way contract with their NBA G League affiliate, the Fort Wayne Mad Ants. He participated in the 2021 Slam Dunk Contest, however, he was eliminated following the opening round.


title: Cassius Stanley

text: On September 28, 2021, Stanley signed with the Detroit Pistons. On October 16, 2021, Stanley was waived by the Pistons. He was added to the Motor City Cruise in October 2021. Stanley averaged 9.6 points and 4.5 rebounds per game with the Cruise. On December 25, 2021, he signed a 10-day contract with the Detroit Pistons.


title: Cassius Stanley

text: On January 4, 2022, Stanley was reacquired by the Motor City Cruise of the NBA G League. On January 8, he signed another 10-day contract with the Pistons. On January 18, 2022, Stanley was reacquired by the Motor City Cruise. On January 21, 2022, Stanley signed a third 10-day contract with the Detroit Pistons and returned to Motor City on January 31.


title: MiFi

text: MiFi is a brand name used to describe a wireless router that acts as a mobile Wi-Fi hotspot. In many countries, including The United States, Canada, and Mexico, Inseego Corp (previously known as Novatel Wireless) owns a registered trademark on the "MiFi" brand name; in the United Kingdom, mobile operator Hutchison 3G owns the "MiFi" trademark. Novatel Wireless has never offered an official explanation for the origin of the name "MiFi"; it is believed to be short for "My Wi-Fi". In September 2016, Novatel Wireless announced that it agreed to sell the MiFi brand to TCL Industries Holdings of Hong Kong. The sale was expected to close in early 2017, pending approval from shareholders and regulators.


title: MiFi

text: A MiFi device can be connected to a cellular network and provide Internet access for up to ten devices. Novatel Wireless introduced the first MiFi device in the United States, in May 2009. In the UK, 3's "MiFi" is a similar product from Huawei with the same name.


title: MiFi

text: Novatel Wireless owns a registered trademark on the "MiFi" brand name in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico), and a number of countries worldwide: Bahrain, Canada, Egypt, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, Japan, Kuwait, Mexico, Pakistan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, and Thailand.


title: MiFi

text: The notable exception is in the UK where mobile operator 3 owns the "MiFi" trademark. In India the Mi-Fi trademark is owned by Mi-Fi Networks Private Limited.


title: MiFi

text: The Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show 2011 saw the introduction of two new 4G-capable MiFi devices from Novatel:


title: MiFi

text: In November 2019, Vodafone Qatar and Inseego Corp. together launched the Gulf region’s first commercially available 5G mobile hotspot, 5G MiFi M1100.


title: MiFi

text: Mobile phones with an Internet connection can often be turned into Wi-Fi hotspots using a process called "tethering", which is similar to using dedicated MiFi devices.


title: MiFi

text: In January 2010, two major security holes were discovered with the Novatel MiFi 2200 which, if properly exploited, could allow a malicious user to obtain the device's current GPS location and security keys. If the malicious user were physically close enough to use the device's Wi-Fi signal, this could give access to the MiFi's 3G connection as well as any other connected devices. Novatel responded that a security patch would be available in February 2010.


title: MiFi

text: The popularity of MiFi devices can also be problematic for corporate network security. Corporations generally expect to control on-site Internet access: many use firewalls to reduce the risk of malware, and some enforce restrictions aimed at employee productivity. Personal mobile hotspots may provide a "back door" by which employees can circumvent these precautions.


title: MiFi

text: In May 2010, the Mifi 2372 was recalled in Canada by Bell Mobility and Rogers Communications. In two documented cases, difficulty of opening the MiFi battery compartment had caused customers to use levels of force that caused physical damage to the batteries, which subsequently overheated. Novatel replaced the recalled units with a type that featured an easier-to-open battery compartment.


title: MiFi

text: Customers were sent prepaid courier envelopes and instructed to send back their MiFi units for replacement of the battery and battery compartment cover. Customers were notified that Novatel would return the serviced units within six to eight weeks of their return. Bell customers were provided with cellular Internet access via Novatel U998 USB sticks, which were provided as temporary replacements by Bell.


title: MiFi

text: At two major trade shows in 2010—Google's first public demo of Google TV and the iPhone 4 demonstrations at the 2010 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference—keynote presentations using available Wi-Fi connectivity were disrupted by network unreliability. The problem was traced to massive radio interference, caused by the popularity of MiFi and similar devices for "liveblogging" from the trade show floor. In the case of the Apple conference, Apple CEO Steve Jobs stated that 570 different Wi-Fi networks ("several hundred" being MiFis) were operating simultaneously in the exhibit hall.


title: Russian web brigades

text: Russian web brigades (also called Russian trolls, Russian bots, Kremlin Bots, Kremlins or Rustapar) are state-sponsored anonymous Internet political commentators and trolls linked to the Government of Russia. Participants report that they are organized into teams and groups of commentators that participate in Russian and international political blogs and Internet forums using sockpuppets, social bots and large-scale orchestrated trolling and disinformation campaigns to promote pro-Putin and pro-Russian propaganda. Articles on the Russian Wikipedia concerning the MH17 crash and the Russo-Ukrainian War were targeted by Russian internet propaganda outlets. In June 2019 a group of 12 editors introducing coordinated pro-government and anti-opposition bias was blocked on the Russian-language Wikipedia. During the war by Russia against Ukraine in 2022, Kremlin trolls were still active on many social platforms and were spreading disinformation related to the war events.


title: Russian web brigades

text: Kremlin trolls are closely tied to the Internet Research Agency, a Saint Petersburg-based company run by Yevgeny Prigozhin, who is known to be a close ally to Vladimir Putin.


title: Russian web brigades

text: The earliest documented allegations of the existence of "web brigades" appear to be in the April 2003 Vestnik Online article "The Virtual Eye of Big Brother" by French journalist Anna Polyanskaya (a former assistant to assassinated Russian politician Galina Starovoitova) and two other authors, Andrey Krivov and Ivan Lomako. The authors claim that up to 1998, contributions to forums on Russian Internet sites (Runet) predominantly reflected liberal and democratic values, but after 2000, the vast majority of contributions reflected totalitarian values. This sudden change was attributed to the appearance of teams of pro-Russian commenters who appeared to be organized by the Russian state security service. According to the authors, about 70% of Russian Internet posters were of generally liberal views prior to 1998–1999, while a surge of "antidemocratic" posts (about 60–80%) suddenly occurred at many Russian forums in 2000. This could also be a reflection to the fact that access to Internet among the general Russian population soared during this time, which was until then accessible only to some sections of the society.


title: Russian web brigades

text: In January 2012, a hacktivist group calling itself the Russian arm of Anonymous published a massive collection of email allegedly belonging to former and present leaders of the pro-Putin youth organization Nashi (including a number of government officials). Journalists who investigated the leaked information found that the pro-Putin movement had engaged in a range of activities including paying commentators to post content and hijacking blog ratings in the fall of 2011. The e-mails indicated that members of the "brigades" were paid 85 rubles (about US$3) or more per comment, depending on whether the comment received replies. Some were paid as much as 600,000 roubles (about US$21,000) for leaving hundreds of comments on negative press articles on the internet, and were presented with iPads. A number of high-profile bloggers were also mentioned as being paid for promoting Nashi and government activities. The Federal Youth Agency, whose head (and the former leader of Nashi) Vasily Yakemenko was the highest-ranking individual targeted by the leaks, refused to comment on the authenticity of the e-mails.


title: Russian web brigades

text: In 2013, a Freedom House report stated that 22 of 60 countries examined have been using paid pro-government commentators to manipulate online discussions, and that Russia has been at the forefront of this practice for several years, along with China and Bahrain. In the same year, Russian reporters investigated the St. Petersburg Internet Research Agency (IRA), which employs at least 400 people. They found that the agency covertly hired young people as "Internet operators" paid to write pro-Russian postings and comments, smearing opposition leader Alexei Navalny and U.S. politics and culture.


title: Russian web brigades

text: Some Russian opposition journalists state that such practices create a chilling effect on the few independent media outlets remaining in the country.


title: Russian web brigades

text: Further investigations were performed by Russian opposition newspaper "Novaya Gazeta" and Institute of Modern Russia in 2014–15, inspired by the peak of activity of the pro-Russian brigades during the Russo-Ukrainian War and assassination of Boris Nemtsov. The effort of using "troll armies" to promote Putin's policies is reported to be a multimillion-dollar operation. According to an investigation by the British "Guardian" newspaper, the flood of pro-Russian comments is part of a coordinated "informational-psychological war operation". One Twitter bot network was documented to use more than 20,500 fake Twitter accounts to spam negative comments after the death of Boris Nemtsov and events related to the Ukrainian conflict.


title: Russian web brigades

text: An article based on the original Polyanskaya article, authored by the Independent Customers' Association, was published in May 2008 at Expertiza.Ru. In this article the term "web brigades" is replaced by the term "Team "G"".


title: Russian web brigades

text: During his presidency, Donald Trump retweeted a tweet by a fake account operated by Russians. In 2017, he was among almost 40 celebrities and politicians, along with over 3,000 global news outlets, identified to have inadvertently shared content from Russian troll-farm accounts.


title: Russian web brigades

text: Web brigades commentators sometimes leave hundreds of postings a day that criticize the country's opposition and promote Kremlin-backed policymakers. Commentators simultaneously react to discussions of "taboo" topics, including the historical role of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, political opposition, dissidents such as Mikhail Khodorkovsky, murdered journalists, and cases of international conflict or rivalry (with countries such as Estonia, Georgia, and Ukraine, but also with the foreign policies of the United States and the European Union). Prominent journalist and Russia expert Peter Pomerantsev believes Russia's efforts are aimed at confusing the audience, rather than convincing it. He states that they cannot censor information but can "trash it with conspiracy theories and rumours".


title: Russian web brigades

text: To avert suspicions, the users sandwich political remarks between neutral articles on travelling, cooking and pets. They overwhelm comment sections of media to render meaningful dialogue impossible.


title: Russian web brigades

text: A collection of leaked documents, published by Moy Rayon, suggests that work at the "troll den" is strictly regulated by a set of guidelines. Any blog post written by an agency employee, according to the leaked files, must contain "no fewer than 700 characters" during day shifts and "no fewer than 1,000 characters" on night shifts. Use of graphics and keywords in the post's body and headline is also mandatory. In addition to general guidelines, bloggers are also provided with "technical tasks" – keywords and talking points on specific issues, such as Ukraine, Russia's internal opposition and relations with the West. On an average working day, the workers are to post on news articles 50 times. Each blogger is to maintain six Facebook accounts publishing at least three posts a day and discussing the news in groups at least twice a day. By the end of the first month, they are expected to have won 500 subscribers and get at least five posts on each item a day. On Twitter, the bloggers are expected to manage 10 accounts with up to 2,000 followers and tweet 50 times a day.


title: Russian web brigades

text: In 2015, Lawrence Alexander disclosed a network of propaganda websites sharing the same Google Analytics identifier and domain registration details, allegedly run by Nikita Podgorny from Internet Research Agency. The websites were mostly meme repositories focused on attacking Ukraine, Euromaidan, Russian opposition and Western policies. Other websites from this cluster promoted president Putin and Russian nationalism, and spread alleged news from Syria presenting anti-Western and pro-Bashar al-Assad viewpoints.


title: Russian web brigades

text: In August 2015, Russian researchers correlated Google search statistics of specific phrases with their geographic origin, observing increases in specific politically loaded phrases (such as "Poroshenko", "Maidan", "sanctions") starting from 2013 and originating from very small, peripheral locations in Russia, such as Olgino, which also happens to be the headquarters of the Internet Research Agency company. The Internet Research Agency also appears to be the primary sponsor of an anti-Western exhibition Material Evidence.


title: Russian web brigades

text: Since 2015, Finnish reporter Jessikka Aro has inquired into web brigades and Russian trolls. In addition, Western journalists have referred to the phenomenon and have supported traditional media.


title: Russian web brigades

text: In May 2019, it was reported that a study from the George Washington University found that Russian Twitter bots had tried to inflame the United States' anti-vaccination debate by posting opinions on both sides in 2018.


title: Russian web brigades

text: In June 2019 a group of 12 editors introducing coordinated pro-government and anti-opposition bias was blocked on the Russian-language Wikipedia. In July 2019 two operatives of the Internet Research Agency were detained in Libya and charged with attempting to influence local elections. They were reportedly employees of Alexander Malkevich, manager of USA Really, a propaganda website.


title: Russian web brigades

text: In 2020, the research firm Graphika published a report detailing one particular Russian disinformation group codenamed "Secondary Infektion" (alluding to 80's Operation Infektion) operating running since 2014. Over 6 years the group published over 2,500 items in seven languages and to over 300 platforms such as social media (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Reddit) and discussion forums. The group specialized in highly divisive topics regarding immigration, environment, politics, international relations and frequently used fake images presented as "leaked documents".


title: Russian web brigades

text: Starting in February 2022, a special attempt was made to back the Russian war in Ukraine. Particular effort was made to target Facebook and YouTube.


title: Russian web brigades

text: In May 2022, during the Russian war with Ukraine the trolls allegedly hired by Internet Research Agency (IRA) had reportedly extended their foothold into TikTok, spreading misinformation on war events and attempting to question or sow doubt about the Ukraine war. Authentic-looking profiles had allegedly hundreds of thousands of followers. IRA was reported to be active across different platforms, including Instagram and Telegram.


title: Andy Karl

text: Andy Karl (born August 28, 1974 as Andrew Karl Cesewski) is an American actor and singer, best known for performing in musical theatre. He appeared on Broadway in the original productions of the musical version of "Groundhog Day" (for which he won the Olivier Award, Drama Desk Award and Outer Critics Circle Award), "Legally Blonde", "9 to 5", "Rocky the Musical" and "", as well as appearing in "Wicked" (in which he played Fiyero in 2010), "The Mystery of Edwin Drood", "Jersey Boys", "On The Twentieth Century" (for which he won the Outer Critics Circle Award), "And So It Goes", and "Into the Woods".


title: Andy Karl

text: Karl was born on August 28, 1974 in Baltimore, Maryland to Walter Cesewski and Susan Weisman. He attended Towson High School, where he was on the football team and performed in theater. In high school, he played Jud Fry in "Oklahoma!" and General Bullmoose in "Li'l Abner". At age 16 he performed as the title role in "Aladdin" at the White Marsh Dinner Theatre. After high school, he attended Towson University, where he studied voice and music. Karl originally planned on becoming a voice teacher until the director of a show he was in at college told him he had what it took to be a professional actor. Karl continued to perform in shows while in college.


title: Andy Karl

text: He changed his name to Karl to honor his late great-grandfather, Andrew Karl, a Baltimore fireman. In Winter 1993–1994, he played the 9-foot dragon in the children's musical "The Reluctant Dragon" at Toby's Dinner Theatre in Columbia, Maryland.


title: Andy Karl

text: Karl moved to New York in 1994. He was an understudy in the touring cast of "The Who's Tommy" and in 1998 played Rum Tum Tugger in the touring cast of "Cats". In February 2000 Karl was an understudy in the New York premiere of Sondheim's "Saturday Night" at the Second Stage Theatre. He made his Broadway debut in 2000 as the replacement for Joey in "Saturday Night Fever". He continued with the production, this time in the role of Tony Manero, in its first national tour. In 2001 he performed in the musical stage production "Me and Mrs. Jones" at the Prince Music Theater in Philadelphia.


title: Andy Karl

text: Karl was next seen as Dino Del Canto in the world premiere of the musical "Romeo and Bernadette" at the Coconut Grove Playhouse in Miami, Florida. The show, which ran in January 2003, garnered Karl a Carbonell Award for Best Actor in a musical. He reprised the role at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey in February and March, 2003.


title: Andy Karl

text: Karl was also seen at the Paper Mill Playhouse in June and July of that year, when he performed as Danny Zuko in "Grease". In January 2004 he performed in the musical revue "Nights on Broadway II" at Caesar's Palace in Atlantic City, New Jersey.


title: Andy Karl

text: In September 2004, Karl played Luke in the premiere of "Altar Boyz" at the New York Musical Theatre Festival. He then left the New York area to tour in the original company of Disney's "On the Record". Karl returned to New York to play Luke in the Off-Broadway production of "Altar Boyz", which opened on March 1, 2005 at Stage 4 of Dodger Stages (now New World Stages).


title: Andy Karl

text: On September 26, 2005, Karl performed in the Actor's Fund Concert production of "On the Twentieth Century". Karl's next role was the title character Adam Patterson in the Off-Broadway musical "Slut" at the American Theatre of Actors in Fall 2005.


title: Andy Karl

text: In January 2006 Karl was in the three-person cast of "Hunka Hunka Burnin' Love," a celebration of the music of Elvis Presley, at the now-closed Au Bar. In June and July of that year, he starred as Tad in the musical "Bright Lights, Big City" at the Prince Music Theater in Philadelphia. He then joined the Broadway cast of "The Wedding Singer" at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre, where he played the roles of Drunk Dave and Bad Haircut Guy until the show closed at the end of 2006.


title: Andy Karl

text: Karl's next role was in "Legally Blonde", where he played Kyle "the UPS guy", Dewey, and Grandmaster Chad at the Golden Gate Theatre in San Francisco, where the musical had its pre-Broadway tryout from January 23 to February 24, 2007. He reprised his roles in the Broadway production, which started previews on April 3 and opened on April 29, 2007 at the Palace Theatre. He was also an understudy to Emmett and Professor Callahan. He left the show on July 20, 2008.


title: Andy Karl

text: Karl briefly left "Legally Blonde" in June 2007 to work on "9 to 5" in its week-long workshop. After leaving "Legally Blonde", Karl continued working on the musical "9 to 5". He played Joe, the love interest of Allison Janney's character, in the pre-Broadway tryout in Los Angeles. The show played at the Ahmanson Theatre from September 3 to October 19, 2008. The show opened on Broadway on April 30, 2009 at the Marquis Theatre, and closed on September 6, 2009.


title: Andy Karl

text: Karl took over the role of Fiyero from Kevin Kern in the Broadway production of "Wicked" on February 2, 2010 and played the role until January 2, 2011.


title: Andy Karl

text: Karl played Neville Landless in the Broadway revival of "The Mystery of Edwin Drood" which opened on November 29, 2012 at Studio 54. For this performance, he was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical.


title: Andy Karl

text: Karl and Margo Seibert were featured as Rocky Balboa and Adrian in the new Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty musical "Rocky the Musical", which opened on Broadway in February 2014. In order to get into shape to play Rocky Balboa, Karl put on 12 pounds of muscle and worked with a trainer to get to a heavyweight fighter's weight. Karl received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical for this performance.


title: Andy Karl

text: Karl played the role of Bruce Granit in the 2015 Broadway revival of "On the Twentieth Century" alongside Kristin Chenoweth in the role of Lily Garland/Mildred Plotka. He received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical for his performance.


title: Andy Karl

text: In 2015, Karl joined the recurring cast of "" as the unit's new sergeant, Mike Dodds, who is the son of Peter Gallagher's Chief William Dodds. The role reunites Karl and Gallagher after working together on "On the Twentieth Century". He left his role on "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", when his character died.


title: Andy Karl

text: On January 28, 2016, it was announced that Karl would be playing the role of Phil in the musical adaptation of "Groundhog Day", the role played in the 1993 movie by Bill Murray. The musical ran at the Old Vic Theatre London from Monday 11 July 2016 - Saturday 17 September 2016. Karl then reprised the role in the Broadway production of "Groundhog Day", which opened on April 17, 2017. For his performance in "Groundhog Day" in London, he received the 2017 Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical. On August 15, 2017, the producers of "Groundhog Day" announced it would end its Broadway run on September 17, 2017, but that a national tour and a possible return to London would follow. In May 2018, it was announced that Karl would star as Edward Lewis in the Broadway production of "", following Steve Kazee's departure.


title: Andy Karl

text: On September 6 2022, Karl temporarily filled in for Gavin Creel as The Wolf/Cinderella's Prince for a 9 day run in the Broadway revival of "Into the Woods". A month later, he returned to the production for a limited run from October 11-November 23, (A run that was extended to December 2.) this time playing Rapunzel's Prince.


title: Andy Karl

text: Karl met his wife Orfeh while in the musical for "Saturday Night Fever". They were married in January 2001 and reside in Manhattan. In addition to "Saturday Night Fever", Karl and his wife have performed together in "Me and Mrs. Jones," "Nights on Broadway II," "Bright Lights, Big City," "Legally Blonde," and" ".


title: Boston Common

text: The Boston Common (also known as the Common) is a public park in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It is the oldest city park in the United States. Boston Common consists of of land bounded by Tremont Street (139 Tremont St.), Park Street, Beacon Street, Charles Street, and Boylston Street.


title: Boston Common

text: The Common is part of the Emerald Necklace of parks and parkways that extend from the Common south to Franklin Park in Jamaica Plain, Roxbury, and Dorchester. The visitors' center for the city of Boston is located on the Tremont Street side of the park.


title: Boston Common

text: The Central Burying Ground is on the Boylston Street side of Boston Common and contains the graves of the artist Gilbert Stuart and the composer William Billings. Also buried there are Samuel Sprague and his son, Charles Sprague, one of America's earliest poets. Samuel Sprague was a participant in the Boston Tea Party and fought in the Revolutionary War. The Common was designated as a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1977.


title: Boston Common

text: The Common is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Boston Commons". This stems from its use as a town commons starting in 1634; the modern park's name forgoes the s.


title: Boston Common

text: The first European owner of the land that became the Common was William Blaxton. Blaxton had arrived in Massachusetts as chaplain to the Robert Gorges expedition that landed in Weymouth in 1623. Every other member of this colonization attempt returned to England before the winter of 1625. By this time Blaxton had migrated five miles north to the Shawmut Peninsula, then a 1 mi rocky bulge at the end of a swampy isthmus, surrounded on all sides by mudflats. Blaxton lived entirely alone for five years on the peninsula that would become Boston.


title: Boston Common

text: In 1630 Blaxton wrote a decisive letter to the Puritan group led by Isaac Johnson, whose colony of Charlestown was then failing from lack of fresh water. Blaxton advertised the excellent natural springs of the peninsula and invited Johnson's group to settle with him on it, which they did on 7 September 1630. Johnson died less than three weeks later and Blaxton negotiated a grant of 50 acres around his home on the western edge of the peninsula from the new governor of the colony, John Winthrop. This amounted to around 10% of the available land on the Shawmut Peninsula and stretched from what is now Beacon Hill to Boylston Street. One of Johnson's last official acts as the leader of the Charleston community before dying on 30 September 1630 was to name the new settlement across the river "Boston," after his seaside hometown in Lincolnshire from which he, his wife (namesake of the "Arbella") and John Cotton (grandfather of Cotton Mather) had emigrated to New England.


title: Boston Common

text: However the Episcopalian Blaxton quickly tired of the Puritan church fathers and the difficulty of retaining such a large plot of land in a town that had grown to nearly 4,000 people by 1633. This led Blaxton to sell all but six of his 50 acres back to Winthrop in 1634 for ₤30 ($5,455 adjusted). The governor purchased the land through a one-time tax on residents amounting to 6 shillings (around $50 adjusted) per person. Those 44 acres became the town commons of Puritan Boston and today form the bulk of Boston Common.


title: Boston Common

text: The Common was used for a variety of purposes until its formal conversion into a public park during the 1830s. These uses gradually became more urban as the city developed, shifting from pastureland, to military drilling field, execution grounds, public gathering place and finally parkland.


title: Boston Common

text: During the 1630s the Common was used by many families as a cow pasture. This traditional use for a commons quickly ended when the large herds kept by affluent families led to overgrazing and the collapse of the Common as pastureland. In 1646 grazing was limited to 70 cows at a time. The Common continued to host cows until they were formally banned in 1830 by Mayor Harrison Gray Otis.


title: Boston Common

text: What is now called the Granary Burying Ground, located at the southern edge of the Common, was established in 1660. Two years later part of this land was separated from the Common, with the southwest portion used for public buildings including a Granary and house of correction, and the north portion dedicated to an almshouse (probably the first in the Thirteen Colonies).


title: Boston Common

text: Boston Common took over from the gibbet just outside the gate guarding Boston Neck as the town execution grounds and was used for public hangings until 1817. Most of these executions were carried out from the limb of a large oak, which was replaced with a gallows in 1769. Those executed included common criminals, military deserters, Indians and other enslaved persons, captured pirates and most notably, religious dissidents. The most famous victims of the Common's era as an execution grounds were the group of Quakers known almost immediately after their deaths as the Boston martyrs. The most famous of the Boston Martyrs was executed on 1 June 1660. This was the Quaker Mary Dyer, who was hanged from the oak by the Puritan government of Boston for repeatedly defying a law that banned Quakers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.


title: Boston Common

text: The Common's status as a civic property led to its use as a public speaking grounds, frequently used by evangelists like George Whitefield, the orator who famously persuaded a reluctant Benjamin Franklin to part with all the money he carried (more than $2,000 adjusted) during a 1739 meeting in Philadelphia. On 19 May 1713, two hundred citizens rioted on the Common in reaction to a food shortage in the city. They later attacked the ships and warehouses of wealthy merchant Andrew Belcher, who was exporting grain to the British West Indies for higher profits. The lieutenant governor was shot during the riot.


title: Boston Common

text: The Common was used as a camp by the British before the American Revolutionary War, from which they left for the Battle of Lexington and Concord.


title: Boston Common

text: True park status seems to have emerged no later than 1830, when the grazing of cows was ended and renaming the Common as Washington Park was proposed. Renaming the bordering Sentry Street to Park Place (later to be called Park Street) in 1804 already acknowledged the reality. By 1836, an ornamental iron fence fully enclosed the Common and its five perimeter malls or recreational promenades, the first of which, Tremont Mall, had been in place since 1728, in imitation of St. James's Park in London. Given these improvements dating back to 1728, a case could be made that Boston Common is in fact the world's first public urban park, since these developments precede the establishment of the earliest public urban parks in England—Derby Arboretum (1840), Peel Park, Salford (1846), and Birkenhead Park (1847)—which are often considered the first. The park was originally "out of bounds" for Black and American Indian people, a restriction that was fought by the Black community in Boston until it was lifted on July 4, 1836.


title: Boston Common

text: Originally, the Charles Street side of Boston Common, along with the adjacent portions of the Public Garden, were used as an unofficial dumping ground, due to being the lowest-lying portions of the two parks; this, along with the Garden's originally having been a salt marsh, resulted in the portions of the two parks being "a moist stew that reeked and that was a mess to walk over", driving visitors away from these areas. Although plans had long been in place to regrade the Charles Street-facing portions of Boston Common and the Public Garden, the cost of moving the amount of soil necessary (approximately , weighing , for the Common, plus an additional , weighing , for the adjoining portions of the Public Garden) prevented the work from being undertaken. This finally changed in the summer of 1895, when the required quantity of soil was made available as a result of the excavation of the Tremont Street subway, and was used to regrade the Charles Street sides of both Boston Common and the Public Garden.


title: Boston Common

text: A hundred people gathered on the Common in early 1965 to protest the Vietnam War. A second protest happened on October 15, 1969, this time with 100,000 people protesting in the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam.


title: Boston Common

text: Today, the Common serves as a public park for all to use for formal or informal gatherings. Events such as concerts, protests, softball games, and ice skating (on Frog Pond) often take place in the park. Famous individuals such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Pope John Paul II have made speeches there. Judy Garland gave her largest concert ever (100,000+) on the Common, on August 31, 1967.


title: Boston Common

text: It was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1987. The Boston Common is a public park managed by the Boston Park Department and cared for by Friends of the Public Garden, a private advocacy group, which also provides additional funding for maintenance and special events.


title: Boston Common

text: Mikhail Gorbachev gave a speech in the Common on May 31, 1990, on his way to Washington D.C. to sign agreements with U.S. President George H. W. Bush.