title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport is one of two international airports serving Chengdu, the capital of China's Sichuan province, the other one being Chengdu Tianfu International Airport (TFU), and a major air hub. Located about southwest of downtown Chengdu to the north of Shuangliu District, Shuangliu airport is an important aviation hub for Western China. Shuangliu Airport is one of the two core hubs for Air China, together with Beijing, as well as the main hub and headquarters for Sichuan Airlines and Chengdu Airlines. China Eastern Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines, Lucky Air and Tibet Airlines also have bases at Shuangliu Airport.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: Shuangliu Airport handled 55.9 million passengers in 2019, being among the world's 25 busiest airports in 2019, the fourth-busiest in mainland China, and the busiest in western China.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: The airport, formerly named Shuangguisi Airport, opened as an auxiliary military airfield in 1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War/World War II. At the time, its runway was only large enough for small biplanes. It was also where the Republic of China Air Force Polikarpov I-15 fighters of the 5th Pursuit Group were based for aerial defense of the Chengdu area against Imperial Japanese bomber raids;this following the Chinese retreat from Wuhan to Chungking (now Chongqing) as the new provisional capital in aftermath of the Battle of Wuhan against the Imperial Japanese onslaught. Civilian targets were indiscriminately bombed, and ace fighter pilot of the Chinese Air Force Major Wong Sun-shui, Captain Cen Zeliu and Lieutenant Lin Heng (younger brother of renowned architect and poet Lin Huiyin) flying in their I-15 fighter planes were all killed over Shuangliu air base as a result of battling against the most advanced fighter aircraft of the time; the Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" (Reisen) fighter, in defense of Chengdu on 14 March 1941.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: When the U.S. was shocked into World War II with the Pearl Harbor attack, the airport became known as "Shwangliu Airfield" as it was later used by the United States Army Air Forces Fourteenth Air Force as part of the China Defensive Campaign (1942–1945). It was used as a fighter base by the 33d Fighter Group, which flew P-47 Thunderbolt fighter-bombers from the airport in 1944 to support Chinese ground forces, and also by reconnaissance units that operated camera-equipped P-38 Lightnings that located Japanese forces and provided intelligence to the fighter-bombers. The Americans closed their facilities at Shwangliu Airfield at the end of August 1945.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: On 12 December 1956, the Shuangguisi Airport was put under civil aviation, which was then formally listed as a civil aviation airport and renamed Chengdu Shuangliu Airport. In 1957, the flights of Chengdu civil aviation were shifted to Shuangliu Airport from Guanghan Airport. The flight courses from Chengdu were thus opened to various cities within China including Beijing, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Chongqing, Kunming, Guiyang, and Nanchong. The airport went through several earlier expansions in 1959, 1967, 1983 and 1991 respectively.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: A large-scale expansion was conducted on flight area and navigation area from 1994 to 2001. The runway was extended to with Class 4E rating, allowing for larger jumbo jets including the Boeing 747-400. The newly built terminal building was incorporated with a three-parallel-porch design, accommodating an hourly capacity of 3,500 passengers during rush hours, while the previous terminal building was only designated for regional flights within Sichuan and Chongqing.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: The airport is now an international civil airport with flights to more than 50 international destinations and over 170 domestic airports, and is a hub for Chengdu Airlines, Air China and Sichuan Airlines. It is linked to downtown Chengdu by the Airport Expressway, the Chengdu–Mianyang–Leshan intercity railway and the newly built Chengdu Metro line 10 which has stations in both terminals. KLM launched the first intercontinental air route from Chengdu, to Amsterdam, on 28 May 2006.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: The construction of its second runway started from late 2008, and service commenced in December 2009. The completed new runway, in length and in width, upgraded the previous flight area rating from 4E to 4F, capable of handling the Airbus A380.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: The new Terminal 2 has started construction in June 2009; trial operations began on 28 July 2012 with limited airlines and was officially opened on 9 August 2012 for all domestic airlines other than Sichuan Airlines. T1 is split into Domestic and International wings, and retained all international flights from airlines within and outside China. The new terminal is twice the size of the current T1, and allows the airport to handle up to 50 million passengers annually.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: On 9 June 2014, United Airlines began operating a nonstop service from San Francisco to Chengdu, connecting central China to the United States non-stop for the first time. Service to the US has since expanded, as Hainan Airlines now offers nonstop service from Chengdu to Los Angeles and began nonstop service to New York–JFK in October 2017. In addition, Sichuan Airlines and Air China have many international routes in this airport.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: With the opening of Chengdu Tianfu Airport on 27 June 2021, it is planned for most international and cargo routes to be moved away from Shuangliu Airport, which is to mainly operate domestic flights going forward.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: It costs about RMB 60 Yuan from Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport to the city centre of Chengdu.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: Passengers can take the CRH train at Shuangliu Airport railway station to Chengdu South railway station and Chengdu East railway station; single tickets are about ￥11 (US$1.5). The CRH trains at Shuangliu Airport railway station are also bound for Mianyang, Deyang, Meishan Dong (East), Leshan railway and Emeishan railway stations.


title: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport

text: Two stations on Line 10 of the Chengdu Metro links Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport with Taipingyuan station. The stations are Terminal 1 of Shuangliu International Airport station and Terminal 2 of Shuangliu International Airport station which serves Terminals 1 and 2 respectively. It was opened on 6 September 2017.


title: Free energy suppression conspiracy theory

text: Free energy suppression (or new energy suppression) is a conspiracy theory that technologically viable, pollution-free, no-cost energy sources are being suppressed by government, corporations, or advocacy groups. Devices allegedly suppressed include perpetual motion machines, cold fusion generators, torus-based generators, reverse-engineered extraterrestrial technology, anti-gravity propulsion systems, and other generally unproven, low-cost energy sources.


text: The alleged suppression (or weakening) is claimed to have occurred since the mid-19th century and allegedly perpetrated by various government agencies, corporate powers, special interest groups, and fraudulent inventors. The special interest groups are usually claimed to be associated with the fossil fuel or nuclear industry, whose business model would be threatened.


text: Some notable people who have been claimed to be suppressed, harassed or killed for their research are Stanley Meyer,


text: and Nikola Tesla. Free energy proponents claim that Tesla developed a system (the Wardenclyffe Tower) that could generated unlimited energy for free. However, his system was only intended to "transmit" energy for free; the system's energy would still need to be generated through conventional means.


text: Notable proponents of the conspiracy theory include Gary McKinnon, a Scottish computer hacker who unlawfully accessed computer systems to find evidence of a secret free energy device.


title: Vikki Dougan

text: Dougan was born in Brooklyn. Her mother was a librarian and her father was an insurance salesman. Her father left the family when Dougan was 6 months old.


title: Vikki Dougan

text: Dougan began modeling at age eleven. She had a successful career in modeling before gaining her first movie role in "Back from Eternity" as an uncredited showgirl. She gained small parts in another nine movies.


title: Vikki Dougan

text: Dougan won multiple beauty pageants, including the Miss Coney Island pageant and the eighth annual New York Skate Queen contest. She began modeling as a teenager, changing her name to Vikki after the actress Vickie Lester and Dougan after her mother’s maiden name.


title: Vikki Dougan

text: In 1956, publicity-man Milton Weiss had the idea of promoting Vikki using a backless dress to garner publicity. The idea was to gain a contrast with the fashion for models and actresses with large bosoms, such as Jayne Mansfield.


title: Vikki Dougan

text: In 1953, photographer Ralph Crane photographed Dougan for "Life" magazine, and their October 26 edition featured Dougan on the cover.


title: Vikki Dougan

text: In June 1957, Dougan appeared in the (Vol. 4, Issue 6) edition of "Playboy" magazine. Dougan featured again in the December 1962 issue, under the section "Playboy's Other Girlfriends".


title: Vikki Dougan

text: In 1960, Dougan married Jim R. Sweeney, an ex-football player from Texas Christian University. The marriage was short lived.


title: Vikki Dougan

text: In 1961, her backless dresses and "callipygian cleft" were celebrated in the song "Vikki Dougan" by The Limeliters in their album "The Slightly Fabulous Limeliters".


title: Vikki Dougan

text: In January 1964, "Cavalier" magazine featured twelve nude photographs of Vikki Dougan in a pictorial entitled "The Back is Back". Dougan brought a lawsuit against the magazine, stating that the magazine did not have permission to publish them. The photographs had been posed for "Playboy" but Dougan had subsequently declined to let "Playboy" publish the photographs.


title: Vikki Dougan

text: Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, she dated a string of prominent Hollywood men, including Frank Sinatra and Glenn Ford.


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: "Black" is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam. The song is the fifth track on the band's debut album, "Ten" (1991), and features lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by guitarist Stone Gossard.


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: After "Ten" became a commercial success in 1992, Pearl Jam's record label Epic Records urged the group to release the song as a single. The band refused, citing the song's personal nature. Despite the lack of a commercial single release, the song managed to reach number three on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Remixed versions of the song were included on Pearl Jam's 2004 greatest hits album, "Rearviewmirror", and the 2009 "Ten" reissue. It has gone on to become one of the band's most popular songs, as well as a fan favorite.


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: The song originated as an instrumental demo under the name "E Ballad" that was written by guitarist Stone Gossard in 1990. It was one of five songs compiled onto a tape called "Stone Gossard Demos '91" that was circulated in the hopes of finding a singer and drummer for Pearl Jam. The tape made its way into the hands of vocalist Eddie Vedder, who was working as a San Diego gas station attendant at the time. Vedder recorded vocals for three of the songs on the demo tape ("Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps"), and mailed the tape back to Seattle. Upon hearing the tape, the band invited Vedder to come to Seattle. On his way to Seattle, Vedder wrote lyrics for "E Ballad", which he called "Black". The song was recorded during the "Ten" album recording sessions at London Bridge Studios with Rick Parashar at the helm as Producer. The song was finally mixed and completed at Ridge Farm Studios in Surrey, England with Tim Palmer


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: That's more of a Stevie [Ray Vaughan] rip-off, with me playing little flowing things. I was way into that trip—I still am, actually, but it was probably more obvious back then. I really thought the song was beautiful. Stone wrote it and he just let me do what I wanted.


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder had been a fan of American Music Club for years. Pearl Jam's song 'Black', "Melody Maker"'s Allan Jones maintains, "couldn't have been written without AMC's songs as an example. 'Black' doesn't quote directly from 'Western Sky,' but it paraphrases the line 'Please be happy baby' where Vedder sings in a very Eitzel way, 'I hope someday you'll have a beautiful life'." Vedder confirmed Jones' interpretation when they first met. "Oh yes, nobody ever picked up on that," the singer told him. "It is American Music Club, but I'm surprised that anyone here has even heard of them."


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: It's about first relationships. The song is about letting go. It's very rare for a relationship to withstand the Earth's gravitational pull and where it's going to take people and how they're going to grow. I've heard it said that you can't really have a true love unless it was a love unrequited. It's a harsh one, because then your truest one is the one you can't have forever.


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: "Black" became one of Pearl Jam's best-known songs and is a central emotional piece on the album "Ten". Despite pressure from Epic Records, the band refused to make it into a single, citing it as too personal and expressing fear that its emotional weight would be destroyed in a music video. Vedder stated that "fragile songs get crushed by the business. I don't want to be a part of it. I don't think the band wants to be part of it." Vedder personally called radio station managers to make sure Epic had not released the song as a single against his wishes. In spite of this, the song charted at number three on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number 20 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart in 1993.


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: Stephen M. Deusner of Pitchfork Media said, "On songs like...'Black,' with strangely dramatic vocalizations, there's a hardscrabble dynamic that the band would be unable to capture on subsequent releases."


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: In March 2009, "Black" was made available as downloadable content for the "Rock Band" series as a master track as part of the album "Ten". The song was featured in the "Cold Case" episode "Into the Blue" in 2009.


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: In May 2011, "Black" was voted the 9th Best Ballad of All Time by readers of "Rolling Stone" magazine.


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: In 2021, "American Songwriter" ranked the song number five on their list of the 10 greatest Pearl Jam songs, and "Kerrang" ranked the song number one on their list of the 20 greatest Pearl Jam songs.


title: Black (Pearl Jam song)

text: "Black" was first performed live at the band's October 22, 1990 concert in Seattle, Washington at the Off Ramp Café. Pearl Jam performed the song for its appearance on "MTV Unplugged" in 1992. Live performances of "Black" can be found on the "Dissident"/"Live in Atlanta" box set, the live album "Live on Two Legs", various official bootlegs, the live album "Live at Benaroya Hall", the "Live at the Gorge 05/06" box set, and the "Drop in the Park" LP included in the Super Deluxe edition of the "Ten" reissue. Performances of the song are also included on the DVD "Live at the Garden" and the "MTV Unplugged" DVD included in the "Ten" reissue.


title: Jason Stryker

text: Jason Stryker is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is usually depicted as the mutant son of William Stryker and an enemy of the X-Men.


title: Jason Stryker

text: Created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Brent Anderson, he first appeared in "Marvel Graphic Novel" #5 (1983). His character was later re-introduced in "All-New X-Men" #19 (2013) and was officially given his name "Jason Stryker" in that version.


title: Jason Stryker

text: At the time Jason's mother, Marcy Stryker, got pregnant, his father William was still a colonel and stationed on a nuclear testing facility. After the couple crashed their car in the Nevada desert, Marcy went into labor, forcing Stryker to deliver their baby. Marcy fell unconscious in the process and, upon waking up, she asked if the baby was fine, only for William to snap her neck. William saw his son's birth as a sign from God, causing him to turn into a religious fanatic that ensures the genocide of all mutants. However, Jason was kept alive and Stryker resorted to A.I.M. to treat his son's mutant condition.


title: Jason Stryker

text: As an adult, Jason joined the Purifiers to continue his father's work and faced the original X-Men's time-displaced version. Jason was defeated and arrested by S.H.I.E.L.D.


title: Jason Stryker

text: Jason Stryker possesses the ability to project a blinding white light from his body that is powerful enough to knock several people unconscious. His mutation was apparently initially unstable, as he was born horribly deformed and was also implied by his father to be deathly ill, afflictions that A.I.M. was able to somehow alleviate, though with side-effects such as chronic headaches and insomnia.


title: Jason Stryker

text: The Ultimate Marvel iteration of the character is Reverend William Stryker, Jr., the son of William Stryker, Sr. and the leader of an anti-mutant coalition armed with Sentinel technology that is possibly stolen from S.H.I.E.L.D. He has a Sentinel tech body armor that resembles Ahab from the mainstream Marvel universe and various alternate realities. His wife Kate Stryker and son John Stryker are killed during the "Ultimatum" wave through New York, leading to his hatred against mutants. His forces (that wears Crusader-esque outfits) later attack Juggernaut and Rogue. He is later seen with the advanced Nimrod Sentinels. When he attacks Times Square, executing mutants in public, the X-Men appear and the Shroud kills him via a phasing arm through his abdomen; it's revealed that he's a mutant with the power of technopathy. His father used medication in order to suppress his abilities but his powers manifest with his last breath and manipulate a wave of Nimrod Sentinels to kill every mutant on the planet. It is revealed that his last act left his brain-patterns imprinted on the Nimrod Sentinels as Master Mold, and continues to be a threat to the X-Men. Stryker led an assault against Kitty Pryde's team of mutants before Pryde managed to damage Stryker's machine body enough to destroy him permanently.


title: Area code 562

text: Area code 562 is a California telephone area code that was split from area code 310 on January 25, 1997. It is the area code for much of southeastern Los Angeles County, including Long Beach, and parts of northern Orange County.


title: Area code 562

text: Prior to November 2, 1991; this region had been part of area code 213. On that date, most of the western and southern portions of the old 213 region became area code 310. On January 25, 1997, the southern portion of the old 310 territory split again to become the 562 area code.


title: Area code 562

text: 562 was originally meant to be an overlay code exclusively for cellular telephones and pagers for existing 310 area code customers in late 1995. However, the overlay (and all others in CA since 2008) was cancelled after cellular companies sued the California Public Utilities Commission to prevent a repeat of a similar split in New York City, where all 212 & 718 mobile customers were changed over to a new 917 NPA. Cellular technology was relatively new, and the industry argued that separate area codes for cellular customers created a stigma and would hurt sales as people wanted their home and cell phone numbers to be in the same area code. After years in court, the CPUC sided with the cellular industry, and so plans were made to split 310 instead.


title: Area code 562

text: Prior to October 2021, area code 562 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, "988" was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.


title: Area code 562

text: One anomaly in this area code is that all of it is in Los Angeles County except for the cities of Seal Beach and Los Alamitos, which are in the very northwest corner of the Orange County coastline, portions of the city of La Habra, and the very small and northwest part of the city of Brea in the very northwest corner of inland Orange County. These exceptions exist because, at the time of 310's creation, Pacific Bell (now part of AT&T Inc.) was the primary telephone company for most of Southern California, whereas this region's primary telephone company was GTE (later Verizon and now part of Frontier). In fact, when 310 was carved out of the southern portion of the old 213 territory, Pacific Bell chose to move all of GTE's area code 213 exchanges into the 310 area code. As the primary telephone provider in Southern California, PacBell had the right to decide what exchanges stayed in 213.


title: Blend modes

text: Blend modes (alternatively blending modes or mixing modes) in digital image editing and computer graphics are used to determine how two layers are blended with each other. The default blend mode in most applications is simply to obscure the lower layer by covering it with whatever is present in the top layer (see alpha compositing); because each pixel has numerical values, there also are many other ways to blend two layers.


title: Blend modes

text: Most graphics editing programs, such as Adobe Photoshop and GIMP, allow users to modify the basic blend modes, for example by applying different levels of opacity to the top "layer". The top "layer" is not necessarily a layer in the application; it may be applied with a painting or editing tool. The top "layer" also is called the "blend layer" and the "active layer".


title: Blend modes

text: This is the standard blend mode which uses the top layer alone, without mixing its colors with the layer beneath it:


title: Blend modes

text: where "a" is the value of a color channel in the underlying layer, and "b" is that of the corresponding channel of the upper layer. The result is most typically merged into the bottom layer using "simple" (b over a) alpha compositing (making the actual formula formula_2), but other Porter-Duff operations are possible. The compositing step results in the top layer's shape, as defined by its alpha channel, appearing over the bottom layer.


title: Blend modes

text: The dissolve mode takes random pixels from both layers. With top layer opacity greater than that of the bottom layer, most pixels are taken from the top layer, while with low opacity most pixels are taken from the bottom layer. No anti-aliasing is used with this blend mode, so the pictures may look grainy and harsh.


title: Blend modes

text: Adobe Photoshop generates a pseudo-random noise dither pattern on startup, with each pixel location in a 2D raster array assigned a gray value (R=G=B) and an alpha value of 1 ("on"). As the opacity of the top layer is reduced, the alpha value of some of the gray pixels is switched from 1 to 0 ("off"), with the result that image pixels corresponding to a gray-valued pixel in the raster array are either on (visible, opaque) or off (invisible, transparent), with no opacity gradation.


title: Blend modes

text: Multiply and Screen blend modes are basic blend modes for darkening and lightening images, respectively. There are many combinations of them, such as Overlay, Soft Light ("see below"), Vivid Light, Linear Light, and Pin Light.


title: Blend modes

text: Multiply blend mode takes the RGB channel values from 0 to 1 of each pixel in the top layer and multiples them with the values for the corresponding pixel from the bottom layer. Wherever either layer was brighter than black, the composite is darker; since each value is less than 1, their product will be less than each initial value that was greater than zero.


title: Blend modes

text: This mode is "commutative": exchanging two layers does not change the result. If the two layers contain the same picture, multiply blend mode is equivalent to a quadratic curve, or gamma correction with γ=2. For image editing it is sometimes more convenient to simply go to the Curves dialog of the software, because it gives more flexibility in the shape of the curves. Or one can use Levels dialog: the middle number is usually 1/γ, so one can just type 0.5.


title: Blend modes

text: If one layer contains a homogeneous color, such as the gray color (0.8, 0.8, 0.8), multiply blend mode is equivalent to a curve that is simply a straight line. This is also equivalent to using this gray value as opacity when doing "normal mode" blend with a black bottom layer.


title: Blend modes

text: With Screen blend mode, the values of the pixels in the two layers are inverted, multiplied, and then inverted again. The result is the opposite of Multiply: wherever either layer was darker than white, the composite is brighter.


title: Blend modes

text: This mode is "commutative": exchanging two layers does not change the result. If one layer contains a homogeneous gray, Screen blend mode is equivalent to using this gray value as opacity when doing "normal mode" blend with white top layer.


title: Blend modes

text: Where the base layer is light, the top layer becomes lighter; where the base layer is dark, the top becomes darker; where the base layer is mid grey, the top is unaffected.


title: Blend modes

text: Depending on the value "a" of the base layer, one gets a linear interpolation between black ("a"=0), the top layer ("a"=0.5), and white ("a"=1).


title: Blend modes

text: Hard Light is also a combination of Multiply and Screen. Hard Light affects the blend layer's relationship to the base layer in the same way Overlay affects the base layer's relationship to the blend layer. The inverse relationship between Overlay and Hard Light makes them "commuted blend modes".


title: Blend modes

text: Soft light is most closely related to Overlay and is only similar to Hard Light by name. Applying pure black or white does not result in pure black or white.


title: Blend modes

text: There are a variety of different methods of applying a soft light blend. All the flavors produce the same result when the top layer is pure black; same for when the top layer is pure neutral gray. The Photoshop and illusions.hu flavors also produce the same result when the top layer is pure white (the differences between these two are in how one interpolates between these 3 results).


title: Blend modes

text: These three results coincide with gamma correction of the bottom layer with γ=2 (for top black), unchanged bottom layer (or, what is the same, γ=1; for top neutral gray), and γ=0.5 (for top white).


title: Blend modes

text: The formula used by Photoshop as of 2012 has a discontinuity of local contrast, and other formulas correct it. Photoshop's formula is:


title: Blend modes

text: where "a" is the base layer value and "b" is the top layer value. Depending on "b", one gets a linear interpolation between three gamma corrections: γ=2 (for "b"=0), γ=1 (for "b"=0.5), and γ=0.5 (for "b"=1).


title: Blend modes

text: This is a linear interpolation between Multiply (for "a"=0) and Screen (for "a"=1) blend modes. It can also be seen as a linear interpolation between the gamma correction with γ=2 (for "b"=0), and a certain tonal curve (for "b"=1). (The latter curve is equivalent to applying γ=2 to the negative of image.)


title: Blend modes

text: A third formula defined by illusions.hu corrects the discontinuity in a different way, doing gamma correction with γ depending on "b":


title: Blend modes

text: For "b"=0, one still gets γ=2, for "b"=0.5 one gets γ=1, for "b"=1 one gets γ=0.5, but it is not a linear interpolation between these 3 images.


title: Blend modes

text: The formula specified by recent W3C drafts for SVG and Canvas is mathematically equivalent to the Photoshop formula with a small variation where b≥0.5 and a≤0.25:


title: Blend modes

text: It is still a linear interpolation between 3 images for "b"=0, 0.5, 1. But now the image for "b"=1 is not γ=0.5, but the result of a tonal curve which differs from the curve of γ=0.5 for small values of "a": while gamma correction with γ=0.5 may increase the value of "a" many times, this new curve limits the increase of "a" by coefficient 4.


title: Blend modes

text: Dodge and burn change the lightness of the pictures, inspired by the dodging and burning performed in a darkroom. Dodging lightens an image, while burning darkens it. Dodging the image is the same as burning its negative (and vice versa).


title: Blend modes

text: This blend simply divides pixel values of one layer with the other, but it's useful for brightening photos if the color is on grey or less. It is also useful for removing a color tint from a photo. If you create a layer that is the color of the tint you wish to remove – such as a pale blue, for scenes that are too cool in color temperature – Divide mode will return that color to white in the resulting composite, as any value divided by itself equals 1.0 (white).


title: Blend modes

text: This blend mode simply adds pixel values of one layer with the other. In case of values above 1 (in the case of RGB), white is displayed. "Linear Dodge" produces the same visual result. Since this always produces the same or lighter colors than the input it is also known as 'plus lighter'. A variant subtracts 1 from all end values, with values below 0 becoming black; this mode is known as 'plus darker'.


title: Blend modes

text: This blend mode simply subtracts pixel values of one layer with the other. In case of negative values, black is displayed. In some applications such as Krita, "Inverse Subtract" is also available.


title: Blend modes

text: Difference subtracts the bottom layer from the top layer or the other way around, to always get a non-negative value. Blending with black produces no change, as values for all colors are 0. (The RGB value for black is (0,0,0).) Blending with white inverts the picture.


title: Blend modes

text: One of the main utilities for this is during the editing process, when it can be used to verify alignment of pictures with similar content. "Exclusion" is a very similar blend mode with lower contrast.


title: Blend modes

text: "Darken Only" creates a pixel that retains the smallest components of the foreground and background pixels. If the foreground pixel has the components , and the background has , the resultant pixel is:


title: Blend modes

text: "Lighten Only" has the opposite action of "Darken Only". It selects the maximum of each component from the foreground and background pixels. The mathematical expression for "Lighten Only" is:


title: Blend modes

text: A few applications, such as Aviary's Peacock and KDE's Krita, supply boolean arithmetic blend modes. These combine the binary expansion of the hexadecimal color at each pixel of two layers using boolean logic gates. The top layer's alpha controls interpolation between the lower layer's image and the combined image.


title: Blend modes

text: Photoshop's "hue", "saturation", "color", and "luminosity" blend modes are based on a color space with hue, chroma and luma dimensions. Note: this space is different from both HSL and HSV, and only the hue dimension is shared between the three. See the article for details.


title: Blend modes

text: Unlike all of the previous blend modes described, which operate on each image channel independently, in each of these modes, some dimensions are taken from the bottom layer, while the remainder are taken from the top layer. Colors which end up out of gamut are brought inside by mapping along lines of constant hue and luma. This makes the operations uninvertible – after a top layer has been applied in one of these blend modes, it is in some cases impossible to restore the appearance of the original (bottom) layer, even by applying a copy of the bottom layer in the same blend mode above both.


title: Blend modes

text: Because these blend modes are based on a color space which is much closer than RGB to perceptually relevant dimensions, it can be used to correct the color of an image without altering perceived lightness, and to manipulate lightness contrast without changing the hue or chroma. The Luminosity mode is commonly used for image sharpening, because human vision is much more sensitive to fine-scale lightness contrast than color contrast. (See Contrast (vision))


title: Blend modes

text: Few editors other than Photoshop implement this same color space for their analogs of these blend modes. Instead, they typically base their blend modes on HSV (aka HSB) or HSL. Blend modes based on HSV are typically labeled "hue", "saturation", and "brightness". Using HSL or HSV has the advantage that most operations become invertible (at least in theory), but the disadvantage that the dimensions of HSL and HSV are not as perceptually relevant as the dimensions of the space Photoshop uses.


title: Blend modes

text: The result of applying several of these modes depends linearly on the pixel level of the top layer. In such cases, when the top layer is purely black, one gets a certain transformation of the bottom layer (which may be just a purely black or purely white image). When the top layer is purely white, one gets another such transformation. The intermediate gray values are described above using the opacity slider on the second transformation.


title: Blend modes

text: Some applications allow the user to apply blending modes to painting tools, such as the Brush tool in Photoshop or any painting tools in GIMP. When blending modes are used with these tools, the result is calculated based on pixels already existing on the target layer. If no pixels currently exist, then the 'painted' pixels are created as if in Normal blending mode. Subsequent strokes that overlap are then calculated based on the tool's blending mode, and the result is applied directly to the layer. A key difference with tool blending versus layer blending is that the results of tool blends are generally not able to be adjusted after the stroke is made, with the exception of stepping backward with the application's Undo command; layer blends may be adjusted with opacity or even switched, as they are applied dynamically between layers. Put differently, painting tools alter the pixels on a layer; blend modes applied to two layers don't alter any pixels, but only affect the resulting visual image.


title: Blend modes

text: This distinction is useful to create various effects on a single layer, such as when applying dodge and burn techniques, where painting with a low opacity in screen or multiply modes allows the user to build up or reduce the results in a more organic way on a single layer.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: The Central African Armed Forces (; FACA) are the armed forces of the Central African Republic and have been barely functional since the outbreak of the civil war in 2012. Today they are among the world's weakest armed forces, dependent on international support to provide security in the country. In recent years the government has struggled to form a unified national army. It consists of the Ground Force (which includes the air service), the gendarmerie, and the National Police.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: Its disloyalty to the president came to the fore during the mutinies in 1996–1997, and since then has faced internal problems. It has been strongly criticised by human rights organisations due to terrorism, including killings, torture and sexual violence. In 2013 when militants of the Séléka rebel coalition seized power and overthrew President Bozizé they executed many FACA troops.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: The military has played an important role in the history of Central African Republic. The immediate former president, General François Bozizé was a former army chief-of-staff and his government included several high-level military officers. Among the country's five presidents since independence in 1960, three have been former army chiefs-of-staff, who have taken power through coups d'état. No president with a military background has, however, ever been succeeded by a new military president.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: The country's first president, David Dacko was overthrown by his army chief-of-staff, Jean-Bédel Bokassa in 1966. Following the ousting of Bokassa in 1979, David Dacko was restored to power, only to be overthrown once again in 1981 by his new army chief of staff, General André Kolingba.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: In 1993, Ange-Félix Patassé became the Central African Republic's first elected president. He soon became unpopular within the army, resulting in violent mutinies in 1996–1997. In May 2001, there was an unsuccessful coup attempt by Kolingba and once again Patassé had to turn to friends abroad for support, this time Libya and DR Congo. Some months later, at the end of October, Patassé sacked his army chief-of-staff, François Bozizé, and attempted to arrest him. Bozizé then fled to Chad and gathered a group of rebels. In 2002, he seized Bangui for a short period, and in March 2003 took power in a coup d'état .


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: When General Kolingba became president in 1981, he implemented an ethnicity-based recruitment policy for the administration. Kolingba was a member of the Yakoma people from the south of the country, which made up approximately 5% of the total population. During his rule, members of Yakoma were granted all key positions in the administration and made up a majority of the military. This later had disastrous consequences when Kolingba was replaced by a member of a northerner tribe, Ange-Félix Patassé.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: Soon after the election 1993, Patassé became unpopular within the army, not least because of his inability to pay their wages (partly due to economic mismanagement and partly because France suddenly ended its economic support for the soldiers' wages). Another reason for the irritation was that most of FACA consisted of soldiers from Kolingba's ethnic group, the Yakoma. During Patassé's rule they had become increasingly marginalised, while he created militias favouring his own Gbaya tribe, as well as neighbouring Sara and Kaba. This resulted in army mutinies in 1996–1997, where fractions of the military clashed with the presidential guard, the "Unité de sécurité présidentielle (USP)" and militias loyal to Patassé.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: On 6 December, a negotiation process started, facilitated by Gabon, Burkina-Faso, Chad and Mali. The military — supported by the opposition parties — insisted that Patassé had to resign. In January, 1997, however, the Bangui Agreements were signed and the French EFAO troop were replaced by the 1,350 soldiers of the "Mission interafricaine de surveillance des Accords de Bangui (MISAB)". In March, all mutineers were granted amnesty. The fighting between MISAB and the mutineers continued with a large offensive in June, resulting in up to 200 casualties. After this final clash, the mutineers calmed.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: After the mutinies, President Patassé suffered from a typical "dictator's paranoia", resulting in a period of cruel terror executed by the presidential guard and various militias within the FACA loyal to the president, such as the Karako. The violence was directed against the Yakoma tribe, of which it is estimated that 20,000 persons fled during this period. The oppression also targeted other parts of the society. The president accused his former ally France of supporting his enemies and sought new international ties. When he strengthened his presidential guard (creating the FORSIDIR, see below), Libya sent him 300 additional soldiers for his own personal safety. When former President Kolingba attempted a coup d'état in 2001 (which was, according to Patassé, supported by France), the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC) of Jean-Pierre Bemba in DR Congo came to his rescue.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: Crimes conducted by Patassé's militias and Congolese soldiers during this period are now being investigated by the International Criminal Court, who wrote that "sexual violence appears to have been a central feature of the conflict", having identified more than 600 rape victims.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: The FACA has been dominated by soldiers from the Yakoma ethnic group since the time of Kolingba. It has hence been considered disloyal by the two northerner presidents Patassé and Bozizé, both of whom have equipped and run their own militias outside FACA. The military also proved its disloyalty during the mutinies in 1996–1997. Although Francois Bozizé had a background in FACA himself (being its chief-of-staff from 1997 to 2001), he was cautious by retaining the defence portfolio, as well as by appointing his son Jean-Francis Bozizé cabinet director in charge of running the Ministry of Defence. He kept his old friend General Antoine Gambi as Chief of Staff. Due to failure to curb deepening unrest in the northern part of the country, Gambi was in July 2006 replaced with Bozizé's old friend from the military academy, Jules Bernard Ouandé.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: The forces assisting Bozizé in seizing the power in 2003 were not paid what they were promised and started looting, terrorising and killing ordinary citizens. Summary executions took place with the implicit approval of the government. The situation has deteriorated since early 2006, and the regular army and the presidential guard regularly execute extortion, torture, killings and other human rights violations. There is no possibility for the national judicial system to investigate these cases. At the end of 2006, there were an estimated 150,000 internally displaced people in CAR. During a UN mission in the northern part of the country in November 2006, the mission had a meeting with a prefect who said that he could not maintain law and order over the military and the presidential guards. The FACA currently conducts summary executions and burns houses. On the route between Kaga-Bandoro and Ouandago some 2,000 houses have been burnt, leaving an estimated 10,000 persons homeless.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: Both the "Multinational Force in the Central African Republic" (FOMUC) and France are assisting in the current reform of the army. One of the key priorities of the reform of the military is make it more ethnically diversified. It should also integrate Bozizé's own rebel group (mainly consisting of members of his own Gbaya tribe). Many of the Yakoma soldiers who left the country after the mutinies in 1996–1997 have now returned and must also be reintegrated into the army. At the same time, BONUCA holds seminars in topics such as the relationship between military and civil parts of society. 2018 saw Russia send mercenaries to help train and equip the CAR military and by 2020 Russia has increased its influence in the region.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: Most of the army's heavy weapons and equipment were destroyed or captured by Séléka militants during the 2012–2014 civil war. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the army was only in possession of 70 rifles. The majority of its arsenals were plundered during the fighting by the Séléka coalition and other armed groups. Thousands of the army's small arms were also distributed to civilian supporters of former President Bozizé in 2013. Prior to 2014, the army's stocks of arms and ammunition were primarily of French, Soviet, and Chinese origin.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: In 2018, the army's equipment stockpiles were partly revitalized by a donation of 900 pistols, 5,200 rifles, and 270 unspecified rocket launchers from Russia.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: Since the mutinies, a number of peacekeeping and peace enforcing international missions have been present in Central African Republic. There has been discussion of the deployment of a regional United Nations (UN) peacekeeping force in both Chad and Central African Republic, in order to potentially shore up the ineffectual Darfur Peace Agreement. The missions deployed in the country during the last 10 years are the following:


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: In addition to the multilateral forces, CAR has received bilateral support from other African countries, such as the Libyan and Congolese assistance to Patassé mentioned above. Bozizé is in many ways dependent on Chad's support. Chad has an interest in CAR, since it needs to ensure calmness close to its oil fields and the pipeline leading to the Cameroonian coast, close to CAR's troubled northwest. Before seizing power, Bozizé built up his rebel force in Chad, trained and augmented by the Chadian military. Chadian President Déby assisted him actively in taking the power in March 2003 (his rebel forces included 100 Chadian soldiers). After the coup, Chad provided another 400 soldiers. Current direct support includes 150 non-FOMUC Chadian troops that patrol the border area near Goré, a contingent of soldiers in Bangui, and troops within the presidential lifeguard. The CEMAC Force includes 121 Chadian soldiers.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: There has been an almost uninterrupted French military presence in Central African Republic since independence, regulated through agreements between the two Governments. French troops were allowed to be based in the country and to intervene in cases of destabilisation. This was particularly important during the cold war era, when Francophone Africa was regarded as a natural French sphere of influence.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: Additionally, the strategic location of the country made it a more interesting location for military bases than its neighbours, and Bouar and Bangui were hence two of the most important French bases abroad.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: However, in 1997, following Lionel Jospin's expression "Neither interference nor indifference", France came to adopt new strategic principles for its presence in Africa. This included a reduced permanent presence on the continent and increased support for multilateral interventions. In Central African Republic, the Bouar base and the Béal Camp (at that time home to 1,400 French soldiers) in Bangui were shut down, as the French concentrated its African presence to Abidjan, Dakar, Djibouti, Libreville and N'Djamena and the deployment of a "Force d'action rapide", based in France.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: However, due to the situation in the country, France has retained a military presence. During the mutinies, 2,400 French soldiers patrolled the streets of Bangui. Their official task was to evacuate foreign citizens, but this did not prevent direct confrontations with the mutineers (resulting in French and mutineer casualties). The level of French involvement resulted in protests among the Central African population, since many sided with the mutineers and accused France of defending a dictator against the people's will. Criticism was also heard in France, where some blamed their country for its protection of a discredited ruler, totally incapable of exerting power and managing the country. After the mutinies in 1997, the MISAB became a multilateral force, but it was armed, equipped, trained and managed by France. The Chadian, Gabonese and Congolese troops of the current "Force multinationale en Centrafrique (FOMUC)" mission in the country also enjoy logistical support from French soldiers.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: A study carried out by the US Congressional Research Service revealed that France has again increased its arms sales to Africa, and that during the 1998–2005 period it was the leading supplier of arms to the continent.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: The Air Force is almost inoperable. Lack of funding has almost grounded the air force apart from an AS 350 Ecureuil delivered in 1987. Mirage F1 planes from the French Air Force regularly patrolled troubled regions of the country and also participated in direct confrontations until they were withdrawn and retired in 2014. According to some sources, Bozizé used the money he got from the mining concession in Bakouma to buy two old MI 8 helicopters from Ukraine and one Lockheed C-130 Hercules, built in the 1950s, from the USA. In late 2019 Serbia offered two new Soko J-22 orao attack aircraft to the CAR Air Force but was it is unknown whether the orders were approved by the Air Force. The air force otherwise operates 7 light aircraft, including a single helicopter:


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: The Presidential Guard ("garde présidentielle") or Republican Guard is officially part of FACA but it is often regarded as a separate entity under the direct command of the President. Since 2010 the Guard has received training from South Africa and Sudan, with Belgium and Germany providing support. GR consists of so-called patriots that fought for Bozizé when he seized power in 2003 (mainly from the Gbaya tribe), together with soldiers from Chad. They are guilty of numerous assaults on the civil population, such as terror, aggression, sexual violence. Only a couple of months after Bozizé's seizure of power, in May 2003, taxi and truck drivers conducted a strike against these outrages. However, post-civil leaders have been cautious in attempting to significantly reform the Republican Guard.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: Bozizé has created an amphibious force. It is called the Second Battalion of the Ground Forces and it patrols the Ubangi river. The staff of the sixth region in Bouali (mainly made up of members of the former president's lifeguard) was transferred to the city of Mongoumba, located on the river. This city had previously been plundered by forces from the MLC, that had crossed the CAR/Congo border. The riverine patrol force has approximately one hundred personnel and operates seven patrol boats.


title: Central African Armed Forces

text: A program for disarmament and reintegration of veteran soldiers is currently taking place. A national commission for the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration was put in place in September 2004. The commission is in charge of implementing a program wherein approximately 7,500 veteran soldiers will be reintegrated in civil life and obtain education.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre is a historic movie theater located at 6706 Hollywood Blvd. in Hollywood, California. Opened in 1922, it is an early example of a lavish movie palace and is noted as having been the site of the first-ever Hollywood film premiere. From 1998 until 2020, it was owned and operated by the American Cinematheque, a member-based cultural organization.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: In May 2020, Netflix became the owner of the theater. Following the sale, the American Cinematheque will continue to host events on weekends.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: The Egyptian was built by showman Sid Grauman and real estate developer Charles E. Toberman, who subsequently built the nearby El Capitan Theatre and Chinese Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard. Grauman had previously opened one of the United States' first movie palaces, the Million Dollar Theater, on Broadway in Downtown Los Angeles in 1918. The Egyptian cost $800,000 to build and took 18 months to construct. Architects Meyer & Holler designed the building, and it was built by The Milwaukee Building Company.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: The Egyptian was the location for the first-ever Hollywood premiere, "Robin Hood", starring Douglas Fairbanks, on Wednesday, October 18, 1922. As the film reportedly cost over $1 million to produce, the admission price to the premiere was $5. One could reserve a seat up to two weeks in advance for the daily performances. Evening admission was 75¢, $1 or $1.50. The film was not shown in any other Los Angeles theater during that year. The theater also premiered Cecil B. DeMille's 1923 film "The Ten Commandments".


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: In 1927, Grauman opened a second movie theater further west on Hollywood Boulevard. In keeping with the public fascination in that era with international themes, he named his new theater the Chinese Theatre. Its popularity eventually rivaled and surpassed the Egyptian because of its numerous celebrity handprints, footprints, and signatures in the cement of its forecourt.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: The Egyptian was closed in 1992 and fell into disrepair. In 1996, the Community Redevelopment Agency of Los Angeles sold the theater to the American Cinematheque for a nominal $1 with the provision that the landmark building be restored to its original grandeur and reopened as a movie theater.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: The Cinematheque committed to raising the funds to pay for the restoration and to using the renovated theater as home for its programs of public film exhibition. The Egyptian was reopened to the public on December 4, 1998, after a $12.8 million renovation. The original theater seated 1,760 patrons in a single auditorium. In the restored Egyptian, the building has been reconfigured to add a second screening theater. The main theater now accommodates 616 patrons and is named after Los Angeles philanthropist Lloyd E. Rigler. The 78 seat screening theater is named for Steven Spielberg. While the interior was rebuilt as two modern cinemas, using some of the decorative elements of the original theater, the exterior was completely restored to its original 1922 appearance.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: In April 2019, it was announced that Netflix was seeking to purchase the theater from the American Cinematheque to use as a special events venue, possibly to qualify its films and series to be considered for Oscar and Emmy award nomination, respectively, and that the American Cinematheque would still hold events on weekends. Immediately after the announcement, a petition campaign called on the American Cinematheque board, the California Attorney General, and the Los Angeles City Council to halt the sale and hold a public meeting to answer questions about the proposed sale and status of the Attorney General's investigation. On May 29, 2020, it was announced that Netflix would acquire the theater and invest in some renovations.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: The American Cinematheque also rents and presents film screenings at the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica and at the Los Feliz 3 theater in the Los Feliz district of Los Angeles.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: The layout, design, and name of the Egyptian Theatre was emulated by other movie palaces in the USA. Peery's Egyptian Theatre in Ogden, Utah, opened in 1924, is one example.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: The exterior of the theater is in the Egyptian Revival style. However, the roof pans above the main entrance are items not in the ancient Egyptian style. The original plans for the theater show a Hispanic-themed theater, but at some point these plans were changed to an Egyptian style.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: It is probable that this was due to public fascination with the multiple expeditions searching for the tomb of Tutankhamun by archaeologist Howard Carter over the preceding years. (Carter eventually discovered the tomb on November 4, 1922—just two weeks after the Egyptian opened.) At that time, the change in architectural style was determined, the Hispanic-styled roof pans had already been delivered and paid for; they were kept and used in the building.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: Following the destruction from the 1994 Northridge earthquake, architecture and design studio Hodgetts + Fung was brought on to design a new cinema and update the technology to accommodate the American Cinematheque's programming of film and new media in 1997. The exterior was restored to its original appearance a year later while projection, sound, seating, mechanical systems, and circulation were brought up to 21st century standards. In 2000, the project won the National Preservation Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: The exterior and interior walls contain Egyptian-style paintings and hieroglyphs. The four massive columns that mark the theater's main entrance are wide and rise .


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: Capitalizing on Southern California's sunny weather is the large courtyard () in the front, complete with a fountain . This is actually the "entrance hall" (the theater doors used to open directly into the auditorium) and was specifically designed to host the theater's famous red-carpet ceremonies.


title: Grauman's Egyptian Theatre

text: The theater is the scene of a gunfight during the conclusion of a case in the detective video game "L.A. Noire".


title: CPUID

text: In the x86 architecture, the CPUID instruction (identified by a codice_1 opcode) is a processor supplementary instruction (its name derived from CPU IDentification) allowing software to discover details of the processor. It was introduced by Intel in 1993 with the launch of the Pentium and SL-enhanced 486 processors.


title: CPUID

text: A program can use the codice_1 to determine processor type and whether features such as MMX/SSE are implemented.


title: CPUID

text: Prior to the general availability of the codice_1 instruction, programmers would write esoteric machine code which exploited minor differences in CPU behavior in order to determine the processor make and model. With the introduction of the 80386 processor, EDX on reset indicated the revision but this was only readable after reset and there was no standard way for applications to read the value.


title: CPUID

text: Outside the x86 family, developers are mostly still required to use esoteric processes (involving instruction timing or CPU fault triggers) to determine the variations in CPU design that are present.


title: CPUID

text: In the Motorola 680x0 family — that never had a CPUID instruction of any kind — certain specific instructions required elevated privileges. These could be used to tell various CPU family members apart. In the Motorola 68010 the instruction "MOVE from SR" became privileged. This notable instruction (and state machine) change allowed the 68010 to meet the Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements. Because the 68000 offered an unprivileged "MOVE from SR" the 2 different CPUs could be told apart by a CPU error condition being triggered.


title: CPUID

text: While the codice_1 instruction is specific to the x86 architecture, other architectures (like ARM) often provide on-chip registers which can be read in prescribed ways to obtain the same sorts of information provided by the x86 CPUID instruction.


title: CPUID

text: In assembly language, the codice_1 instruction takes no parameters as codice_1 implicitly uses the EAX register to determine the main category of information returned. In Intel's more recent terminology, this is called the CPUID leaf. codice_1 should be called with codice_10 first, as this will store in the EAX register the highest EAX calling parameter (leaf) that the CPU implements.


title: CPUID

text: To obtain extended function information codice_1 should be called with the most significant bit of EAX set. To determine the highest extended function calling parameter, call codice_1 with codice_13.


title: CPUID

text: CPUID leaves greater than 3 but less than 80000000 are accessible only when the model-specific registers have IA32_MISC_ENABLE.BOOT_NT4 [bit 22] = 0 (which is so by default). As the name suggests, Windows NT 4.0 until SP6 did not boot properly unless this bit was set, but later versions of Windows do not need it, so basic leaves greater than 4 can be assumed visible on current Windows systems. , basic valid leaves go up to 14h, but the information returned by some leaves are not disclosed in publicly available documentation, i.e. they are "reserved".


title: CPUID

text: Some of the more recently added leaves also have sub-leaves, which are selected via the ECX register before calling CPUID.


title: CPUID

text: This returns the CPU's manufacturer ID string a twelve-character ASCII string stored in EBX, EDX, ECX (in that order). The highest basic calling parameter (largest value that EAX can be set to before calling codice_1) is returned in EAX.


title: CPUID

text: For instance, on a GenuineIntel processor values returned in EBX is 0x756e6547, EDX is 0x49656e69 and ECX is 0x6c65746e. The following code is written in GNU Assembler for the x86-64 architecture and displays the vendor ID string as well as the highest calling parameter that the CPU implements.


title: CPUID

text: This returns the CPU's stepping, model, and family information in register EAX (also called the "signature" of a CPU), feature flags in registers EDX and ECX, and additional feature info in register EBX.


title: CPUID

text: The processor info and feature flags are manufacturer specific but usually the Intel values are used by other manufacturers for the sake of compatibility.


title: CPUID

text: This returns a list of descriptors indicating cache and TLB capabilities in EAX, EBX, ECX and EDX registers.


title: CPUID

text: This returns the processor's serial number. The processor serial number was introduced on Intel Pentium III, but due to privacy concerns, this feature is no longer implemented on later models (the PSN feature bit is always cleared). Transmeta's Efficeon and Crusoe processors also provide this feature. AMD CPUs however, do not implement this feature in any CPU models.


title: CPUID

text: For Intel Pentium III CPUs, the serial number is returned in the EDX:ECX registers. For Transmeta Efficeon CPUs, it is returned in the EBX:EAX registers. And for Transmeta Crusoe CPUs, it is returned in the EBX register only.


title: CPUID

text: Note that the processor serial number feature must be enabled in the BIOS setting in order to function.


title: CPUID

text: These two leaves are used for processor topology (thread, core, package) and cache hierarchy enumeration in Intel multi-core (and hyperthreaded) processors. AMD does not use these leaves but has alternate ways of doing the core enumeration.


title: CPUID

text: Unlike most other CPUID leaves, leaf Bh will return different values in EDX depending on which logical processor the CPUID instruction runs; the value returned in EDX is actually the x2APIC id of the logical processor. The x2APIC id space is not continuously mapped to logical processors, however; there can be gaps in the mapping, meaning that some intermediate x2APIC ids don't necessarily correspond to any logical processor. Additional information for mapping the x2APIC ids to cores is provided in the other registers. Although the leaf Bh has sub-leaves (selected by ECX as described further below), the value returned in EDX is only affected by the logical processor on which the instruction is running but not by the subleaf.


title: CPUID

text: The processor(s) topology exposed by leaf Bh is a hierarchical one, but with the strange caveat that the order of (logical) levels in this hierarchy doesn't necessarily correspond the order in the physical hierarchy (SMT/core/package). However, every logical level can be queried as an ECX subleaf (of the Bh leaf) for its correspondence to a "level type", which can be either SMT, core, or "invalid". The level id space starts at 0 and is continuous, meaning that if a level id is invalid, all higher level ids will also be invalid. The level type is returned in bits 15:08 of ECX, while the number of logical processors at the level queried is returned in EBX. Finally, the connection between these levels and x2APIC ids is returned in EAX[4:0] as the number of bits that the x2APIC id must be shifted in order to obtain a unique id at the next level.


title: CPUID

text: As an example, a dual-core Westmere processor capable of hyperthreading (thus having two cores and four threads in total) could have x2APIC ids 0, 1, 4 and 5 for its four logical processors. Leaf Bh (=EAX), subleaf 0 (=ECX) of CPUID could for instance return 100h in ECX, meaning that level 0 describes the SMT (hyperthreading) layer, and return 2 in EBX because there are two logical processors (SMT units) per physical core. The value returned in EAX for this 0-subleaf should be 1 in this case, because shifting the aforementioned x2APIC ids to the right by one bit gives a unique core number (at the next level of the level id hierarchy) and erases the SMT id bit inside each core. A simpler way to interpret this information is that the last bit (bit number 0) of the x2APIC id identifies the SMT/hyperthreading unit inside each core in our example. Advancing to subleaf 1 (by making another call to CPUID with EAX=Bh and ECX=1) could for instance return 201h in ECX, meaning that this is a core-type level, and 4 in EBX because there are 4 logical processors in the package; EAX returned could be any value greater than 3, because it so happens that bit number 2 is used to identify the core in the x2APIC id. Note that bit number 1 of the x2APIC id is not used in this example. However EAX returned at this level could well be 4 (and it happens to be so on a Clarkdale Core i3 5x0) because that also gives a unique id at the package level (=0 obviously) when shifting the x2APIC id by 4 bits. Finally, you may wonder what the EAX=4 leaf can tell us that we didn't find out already. In EAX[31:26] it returns the APIC mask bits "reserved" for a package; that would be 111b in our example because bits 0 to 2 are used for identifying logical processors inside this package, but bit 1 is also reserved although not used as part of the logical processor identification scheme. In other words, APIC ids 0 to 7 are reserved for the package, even though half of these values don't map to a logical processor.


title: CPUID

text: The cache hierarchy of the processor is explored by looking at the sub-leaves of leaf 4. The APIC ids are also used in this hierarchy to convey information about how the different levels of cache are shared by the SMT units and cores. To continue our example, the L2 cache, which is shared by SMT units of the same core but not between physical cores on the Westmere is indicated by EAX[26:14] being set to 1, while the information that the L3 cache is shared by the whole package is indicated by setting those bits to (at least) 111b. The cache details, including cache type, size, and associativity are communicated via the other registers on leaf 4.


title: CPUID

text: Beware that older versions of the Intel app note 485 contain some misleading information, particularly with respect to identifying and counting cores in a multi-core processor; errors from misinterpreting this information have even been incorporated in the Microsoft sample code for using cpuid, even for the 2013 edition of Visual Studio, and also in the sandpile.org page for CPUID, but the Intel code sample for identifying processor topology has the correct interpretation, and the current Intel Software Developer’s Manual has more clear language. The (open source) cross-platform production code from Wildfire Games also implements the correct interpretation of the Intel documentation.


title: CPUID

text: Topology detection examples involving older (pre-2010) Intel processors that lack x2APIC (thus don't implement the EAX=Bh leaf) are given in a 2010 Intel presentation. Beware that using that older detection method on 2010 and newer Intel processors may overestimate the number of cores and logical processors because the old detection method assumes there are no gaps in the APIC id space, and this assumption is violated by some newer processors (starting with the Core i3 5x0 series), but these newer processors also come with an x2APIC, so their topology can be correctly determined using the EAX=Bh leaf method.


title: CPUID

text: This returns extended feature flags in EBX, ECX, and EDX. Returns the maximum ECX value for EAX=7 in EAX.


title: CPUID

text: This returns extended feature flags in EDX and ECX. Bits 0 through 9, 12 through 17, 23, and 24 of codice_46 are duplicates of codice_46 from the codice_48 leaf.


title: CPUID

text: These return the processor brand string in EAX, EBX, ECX and EDX. codice_1 must be issued with each parameter in sequence to get the entire 48-byte null-terminated ASCII processor brand string. It is necessary to check whether the feature is present in the CPU by issuing codice_1 with codice_13 first and checking if the returned value is greater or equal to 80000004h.


title: CPUID

text: Returns details of the L2 cache in ECX, including the line size in bytes (Bits 07 - 00), type of associativity (encoded by a 4 bits field; Bits 15 - 12) and the cache size in KB (Bits 31 - 16).


title: CPUID

text: This function provides advanced power management feature identifiers. EDX bit 8 indicates support for invariant TSC.


title: CPUID

text: EDX provides information specific to RDPRU (the maximum register identifier allowed) in 31-16. The current number as of Zen 2 is 1 for MPERF and APERF.


title: CPUID

text: Specific to AMD K7 and K8 CPUs, this returns the string "IT'S HAMMER TIME" in EAX, EBX, ECX and EDX, a reference to the MC Hammer song U Can't Touch This.


title: CPUID

text: This information is easy to access from other languages as well. For instance, the C code for gcc below prints the first five values, returned by the cpuid:


title: CPUID

text: /* This works on 32 and 64-bit systems. See Inline assembler#In actual compilers for hints on reading this code. */


title: CPUID

text: In MSVC and Borland/Embarcadero C compilers (bcc32) flavored inline assembly, the clobbering information is implicit in the instructions:


title: CPUID

text: If either version was written in plain assembly language, the programmer must manually save the results of EAX, EBX, ECX, and EDX elsewhere if they want to keep using the values.


title: CPUID

text: GCC also provides a header called codice_52 on systems that have CPUID. The codice_53 is a macro expanding to inline assembly. Typical usage would be:


title: CPUID

text: But if one requested an extended feature not present on this CPU, they would not notice and might get random, unexpected results. Safer version is also provided in codice_52. It checks for extended features and does some more safety checks. The output values are not passed using reference-like macro parameters, but more conventional pointers.


title: CPUID

text: Notice the ampersands in codice_55 and the conditional statement. If the codice_56 call receives a correct request, it will return a non-zero value, if it fails, zero.


title: CPUID

text: Microsoft Visual C compiler has builtin function codice_57 so the cpuid instruction may be embedded without using inline assembly, which is handy since the x86-64 version of MSVC does not allow inline assembly at all. The same program for MSVC would be:


title: CPUID

text: Many interpreted or compiled scripting languages are capable of using CPUID via an FFI library. One such implementation shows usage of the Ruby FFI module to execute assembly language that includes the CPUID opcode.


title: CPUID

text: .NET 5 and later versions provide the codice_58 method. For instance, the C# code below prints the processor brand if it supports CPUID instruction:


title: CPUID

text: Some of the non-x86 CPU architectures also provide certain forms of structured information about the processor's abilities, commonly as a set of special registers:


title: CPUID

text: DSP and transputer-like chip families have not taken up the instruction in any noticeable way, in spite of having (in relative terms) as many variations in design. Alternate ways of silicon identification might be present; for example, DSPs from Texas Instruments contain a memory-based register set for each functional unit that starts with identifiers determining the unit type and model, its ASIC design revision and features selected at the design phase, and continues with unit-specific control and data registers. Access to these areas is performed by simply using the existing load and store instructions; thus, for such devices there is no need for extending the register set for the device identification purposes.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: "Bailando" () is a song by Spanish singer-songwriter Enrique Iglesias for his tenth studio album "Sex and Love" (2014). Written by Iglesias with long-time collaborator Descemer Bueno, the first and Spanish version was released with Cuban artists Bueno and Gente de Zona. Shortly afterward, the official version of the song was released by Universal Republic Records as the sixth single from the album. The song spent 41 weeks at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot Latin Songs chart. "Bailando" was produced by Carlos Paucar.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: As of 24 August 2014, there are three other versions of the song that have been released to the music market besides the original Spanish version. The Spanglish version features Jamaican singer Sean Paul. Iglesias also released two Portuguese versions of the song: one version of the song in Portuguese destined for Brazilian market with additional vocals by Brazilian singer Luan Santana, and the other Portuguese version destined for the Portuguese market featured the additional vocals of the Portuguese singer Mickael Carreira.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: The original Spanish version of "Bailando" served as the theme song of the soap opera "Reina de Corazones" which aired on Telemundo. According to the IFPI, Bailando was the tenth best-selling song of 2014 with 8 million units (sales plus track-equivalent streams) worldwide.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: In an interview Iglesias gave to Univision Musica, backstage at the Premios lo Nuestro he told the reporter that when Bueno presented the song to him, he initially did not like it and did not want to record it. But after recording he loved the song. He termed it as one of his favorites from the album.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: The Peruvian singer and composer Sergio Pelo D'ambrosio Robles reported that the song "Bailando" (signed by the Cuban Descemer Bueno) by Enrique Iglesias, copied the intro and the chorus of his song "Lejos de ti". A few months later, however, the Peruvian singer decided to withdraw the complaint because experts indicated that there was nothing copied in the lyrics nor in the chorus.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: In Vietnam, the singer and composer released the song "Đắng lòng thanh niên" in July 2014 and borrowed the beat from "Bailando" without permission from Enrique Iglesias. It featured with the Avatar Boys Band to become a phenomenon on social networks, despite the mixed opinions.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: Accompanying music videos for both, the Spanish and the Spanglish versions of "Bailando" were filmed in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The video for Spanish version was premiered through Univision on 10 April 2014 and was premiered worldwide on 11 April 2014 through Iglesias' official Vevo account for the Spanglish version through Vevo on 13 June 2014, next the Brazil Portuguese version with Brazilian singer Luan Santana through Vevo on 7 July 2014, and the Portugal Portuguese version with Portugal singer Mickael Carreira on 22 August 2014 through Iglesias' official Vevo account too.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: The music video is directed by Cuban producer Alejandro Perez, under Enrique Iglesias' longtime collaborators creative director Yasha Malekzad & executive producer Kasra Pezeshki. The music video was produced by Artist Preserve, London.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: The video production in the Dominican Republic was produced by Aquiles Jimenez. On YouTube, the Spanish version of the video has been viewed over 3.1 billion times while the English version of the video has received over 490 million views as of April 26, 2022. It is his most viewed video on YouTube, surpassing his 2010 hit "I Like It". The Spanish version of the video is the 17th most viewed video on YouTube. "Bailando" became the first Spanish-language music video to have been viewed over a billion times.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: The video starts black and white in a living room, with Bueno singing parts of "Bailando" while Iglesias and Gente de Zona are having fun in the background, before starting to sing along with Bueno. As the song starts, Iglesias, Bueno and Gente de Zona walk the streets of a city, surrounded by working people and kids who juggle soccer balls. They are then seen performing the song in a tunnel, running through a street market and a troop of flamenco dancers showing off their moves. Shortly after, Iglesias is seen to be seduced by a brunette (Ana Karla Suarez) showing her best dance moves. The video ends with Enrique and Co. running back after they hear police sirens approaching them.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: "Billboard" described the video as spectacular and mentioned that "a young Cuban flamenco troupe swirling in red dresses meet up with street dancers with some mad soccer skills in one of the best choreographed encounters since the Sharks met the Jets."


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: Iglesias first performed the Spanish version of "Bailando" on "Today" in New York City. in a set that included "I'm a Freak", and "Heart Attack". He would go on to perform the song on that year's Nuestra Belleza Latina, Billboard Latin Music Awards and included in a medley with El Perdedor at the Premios Juventud.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: Iglesias' first televised performance of the English version at Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular and went on to perform the song at America's Got Talent, Good Morning America in set that included Hero and I'm a Freak. He would also perform the song on So You Think You Can Dance and Fashion Rocks and performed the song as a medley with I'm a Freak at the MTV Europe Music Awards and finally at Pitbull's New Year's Revolution.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: The song has since become the most commercially successful song from "Sex and Love", charting in more than 50 countries worldwide and it is most successful in Spanish and Portuguese speaking region, topping the charts in Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, and the Latin based charts in the United States. The song debuted at number 81 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The Spanish version of the song has peaked at number 12, making it Iglesias' highest-charting Spanish song of his career on the chart, surpassing the peak of "Loco". It is also his first top 20 hit on the chart since 2011's "Dirty Dancer". The song became Enrique's 13th number-one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. As of October 2014, it has crossed the 1,000,000 mark for digital downloads. "Billboard" named "Bailando" its number 38 song of 2014. "Bailando" was certified triple platinum by the RIAA on 27 August 2015, because of its sales and streamings.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: The song first charted on the Hot Latin Songs chart at number 6. In its third week, it topped the chart, becoming his third consecutive single from "Sex and Love" to hit number one on the chart and his 25th number-one single on the Hot Latin Songs chart. By 28 February 2015, the song had spent 41 consecutive weeks on top of the chart, making the song the longest-run at number one, beating the record set by Shakira, when her song "La Tortura" spent 25 non-consecutive weeks at the top in 2005. This record was later broken in 2017 when "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber spent 56 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart. The single also debuted on the Latin Pop Songs chart at number 34 and on Tropical Songs chart at number 39.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: In the rest of Europe also, the single was a success. It became a top ten hit in Portugal, Romania, Ukraine, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Finland, Netherlands, Russia, Luxembourg, Poland, Serbia, Bulgaria and Slovakia, top 20 hit in France, Czech Republic, Greece and Turkey, top 40 hit in Austria, Germany and Hungary, and a top 50 hit in Sweden. In addition to the Spanish charts, "Bailando" topped the European charts in Portugal, Romania, Italy, Finland, Poland, Serbia and Slovakia.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: In the UK and Ireland, however, "Bailando" performed poorly, resulting in its peak at number 75 on the UK Singles Chart and only staying on the chart for a week. In Ireland, the song debuted at 92, and managed a peak of 72, staying for 6 weeks on the Irish charts. Enrique Iglesias marked his return in the French charts by reaching number 12, his last single that entered French charts was "Dirty Dancer" in 2011. In Italy, the song reached number one, making it his highest-charting single there since 2010's "Euphoria" hit song "I Like It", and has enjoyed 13 weeks at number one.<ref name="ENRIQUE IGLESIAS FEAT. SEAN PAUL / GENTE DE ZONA / DESCEMER BUENO - BAILANDO (SONG)"></ref>


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: On the Canadian Hot 100, the Spanish version of the song debuted at number 52, then peaking to number 13, making this song his first Spanish single to peak into the top 20. It was also his highest-charting single from "Sex and Love" on the Canadian Hot 100.


title: Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: The song gave Iglesias three Latin Grammys including Song of the Year. This was his first win since 2003 when the singer won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album, Male for "Quizás". Apart from song of the year, Bailando won Best Urban Performance and Best Urban Song award also at the Latin Grammys 2014.


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: Sergei Fyodorovich Bondarchuk (, ; ; 25 September 192020 October 1994) was a Soviet and Russian actor, film director, and screenwriter of Ukrainian, Bulgarian and Serbian origin who was one of the leading figures of Russian cinema of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He is known for his sweeping period dramas, including the internationally acclaimed four-part adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace" and the Napoleonic War epic "Waterloo".


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: Bondarchuk's work won him numerous international accolades. His epic production of Tolstoy's "War and Peace" won Bondarchuk, who both directed and acted in the leading role of Pierre Bezukhov, the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film (1968), and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1968. He was made both a Hero of Socialist Labour and a People's Artist of the USSR.


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: Sergey Bondarchuk was born in the village of Bilozerka (now in Kherson Raion, Kherson Oblast of Ukraine) on September 25, 1920 in the family of peasants Fyodor Petrovich and Tatyana Vasilievna (nee Tokarenko). The paternal grandfather was ethnically Bulgarian Pyotr Konstantinovich Bondarchuk, the grandmother was ethnically Serbian Matryona Fyodorovna Sirvulya. At the time of childbirth, the father was serving in the Red Army, the mother, being a deeply religious person, named her son in honor of Sergius of Radonezh and baptized him in the Annunciation Monastery near Kherson. Sergei Bondarchuk spent his childhood in the cities of Yeysk and Taganrog, graduating from the Taganrog School Number 4 in 1938. His first performance as an actor was onstage of the Taganrog Theatre in 1937. He continued studies in the Rostov-on-Don theater school (1938–1942). After his studies, he was conscripted into the Red Army during World War II against Nazi Germany. He was decorated for his courage in battles and was discharged with honors in 1946.


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: In 1948, Bondarchuk made his film debut in "The Young Guard" directed by Sergei Gerasimov. In 1952, he was awarded the Stalin Prize for the leading role in the film "Taras Shevchenko". At the age of 32, he became the youngest Soviet actor ever to receive the top dignity of People's Artist of the USSR. In 1955, he starred with his future wife Irina Skobtseva in "Othello". In 1959, he made his directorial debut with "Fate of a Man", based on Mikhail Sholokhov's short story of the same name. The film was internationally acclaimed upon its release.


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: Bondarchuk earned international fame with his epic production of Tolstoy's "War and Peace", which on original release totaled more than seven hours of cinema, took six years to complete and won Bondarchuk, who both directed and acted the role of Pierre Bezukhov, the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1968. The year after his victory, in 1969, he starred as Martin with Yul Brynner and Orson Welles in the Yugoslav epic "Battle of Neretva", directed by Veljko Bulajic.


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: His first English-language film was 1970's "Waterloo", produced by Dino De Laurentiis. In Europe, the critics called it remarkable for the epic battle scenes and details in capturing the Napoleonic era. However, it failed at the box office. To prevent running into hurdles with the Soviet government, he joined the Communist Party in 1970. A year later, he was appointed president of the Union of Cinematographers, while he continued his directing career, steering toward political films, directing "Boris Godunov" before being dismissed from the semi-governmental post in 1986.


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: In 1975, he directed "They Fought for Their Country", which was entered into the 1975 Cannes Film Festival. In 1982 came "Red Bells", based on John Reed's "Ten Days That Shook the World" (which serves as the film's alternative title). His 1986 film "Boris Godunov" was also screened at Cannes that year.


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: Bondarchuk's last feature film, and his second in English, was an epic TV version of Sholokhov's "And Quiet Flows the Don", starring Rupert Everett. It was filmed in 1992–1993 but premiered on Channel One only in November 2006, as there were disputes concerning the Italian studio that was co-producing over unfavorable clauses in his contract, which left the tapes locked in a bank vault. After his death, the film remained locked for several years until it was recovered and released in 2006.


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: In 1995, he was posthumously awarded an honorable diploma for contribution to cinema at the 19th Moscow International Film Festival.


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: He first married Inna Makarova, mother to his oldest daughter, Natalya Bondarchuk (born 1950). Natalya is remembered for her role in Andrei Tarkovsky's 1972 film "Solaris".


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: He met his second wife Irina Skobtseva when both were appearing in "Othello", and they married in 1959. They had two children, actress Yelena Bondarchuk (1962–2009) and a son Fyodor (born 1967), (who starred with him in "Boris Godunov"), a popular Russian film actor and director best known for his box-office hit "The 9th Company" (2005).


title: Sergei Bondarchuk

text: Sergei Bondarchuk died on October 20, 1994 at the age of 74 in Moscow from myocardial infarction. Before his death, he was confessed and given communion by Hieromonk Tikhon (Shevkunov). He is buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow. In June 2007, his ex-wife Inna Makarova unveiled a bronze statue of Bondarchuk in his native Yeysk.


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: The Eastern Conference is one of Major League Soccer's two conferences, along with the Western Conference.


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: As of 2023, the Eastern Conference contains fifteen teams. The conference has produced sixteen Supporters' Shield champions and ten MLS Cup winners in Major League Soccer's first 27 seasons. In 2000 and 2001, the conference was referred to as the "Eastern Division" when Major League Soccer briefly reorganized into three divisions.


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: "Changes from 1997": New York/New Jersey MetroStars simplified their name to "New York MetroStars"; the Miami Fusion were added in the 1998 expansion.


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: "Changes from 1999": The Eastern Conference changed its name to Eastern Division with the creation of the Central Division;


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: "Changes from 2001": The Eastern Division changed back its name to Eastern Conference following the contraction of the Miami Fusion and the Tampa Bay Mutiny, resulting in the disbanding of the Central Division; Chicago Fire and Columbus Crew moved in from the Central Division


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: "Changes from 2005": The New York MetroStars were bought by Red Bull and changed their name to "New York Red Bulls".


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: "Changes from 2010": The Kansas City Wizards changed their name to "Sporting Kansas City"; Houston Dynamo moved in from the Western Conference.


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: "Changes from 2014": New York City FC and Orlando City SC were added as expansion franchises; Sporting Kansas City and Houston Dynamo moved out to the Western Conference; Columbus Crew adds "SC" to the official team name.


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: "Changes from 2019": Inter Miami CF was added as an expansion franchise; Nashville SC was added since the MLS is Back Tournament up to the end of the 2020 season; Chicago Fire SC was renamed Chicago Fire FC.


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: Montreal Impact was renamed Club de Foot Montréal. Columbus Crew SC was briefly renamed to Columbus SC and then to Columbus Crew.


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: "Changes from 2021": Charlotte FC was added as a then-unnamed expansion franchise in 2019, with its first season initially set for 2021 but delayed by a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nashville SC moved back to the Western Conference.


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: "Changes from 2022": Nashville SC was moved back to the Eastern Conference as expansion side St. Louis City SC was added to the Western Conference.


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: Note: The Conference Finals were a best-of-three series through 2001 (including the MLS semifinals in 2000 and 2001, when a conference playoff format was not used). Matches tied after regulation were decided by a shoot-out. In 2002, a similar format was used except that draws were allowed and the team earning the most points advanced. From 2003 through 2011, the Finals were a single match. Matches tied after regulation moved to extra time (Golden goal extra time was implemented for 2003 only), then a shoot-out if necessary. Beginning in 2012, the finals were a two-match aggregate series. The away goals rule for series that finished even on aggregate was first implemented in 2014. Extra time and shoot-outs are used if necessary, although away goals did not apply in extra time. In 2019, the playoffs returned to a single match format (including the Conference Finals), hosted by the higher ranked team through the regular season.


title: Eastern Conference (MLS)

text: † – Miami Fusion were declared winners of the Eastern Division in 2001 after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks forced the cancellation of the rest of the regular season. The MLS Cup Playoffs began on September 20.


title: Biscayne Bay

text: Biscayne Bay () is a lagoon with characteristics of an estuary located on the Atlantic coast of South Florida. The northern end of the lagoon is surrounded by the densely developed heart of the Miami metropolitan area while the southern end is largely undeveloped with a large portion of the lagoon included in Biscayne National Park.


title: Biscayne Bay

text: The part of the lagoon that is traditionally called "Biscayne Bay" is approximately long and up to wide, with a surface area of . Various definitions may include Dumfoundling Bay, Card Sound, and Barnes Sound in a larger "Biscayne Bay", which is long with a surface area of about .


title: Biscayne Bay

text: Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda related in the 16th century that a sailor from the Bay of Biscay called the "Viscayno" or "Biscayno" had lived on the lower east coast of Florida for a while after being shipwrecked, and a 17th-century map shows a "Cayo de Biscainhos", the probable origin of the name for Key Biscayne. The lagoon was known as "Key Biscayne Bay" in the 19th century, finally shrinking to "Biscayne Bay" late in the 19th century.


title: Biscayne Bay

text: The lagoon has been known by several names. Juan Ponce de León called it "Chequescha" in 1513, and Pedro Menéndez de Avilés called it "Tequesta" in 1565. Those names are variant spellings of "Tequesta", the name of the people who lived around the lagoon at the time. The British, during their occupation of Florida, called the lagoon "Cape River", "Dartmouth Sound", and "Sandwich gulph".


title: Biscayne Bay

text: Biscayne Bay is a semi- or subtropical lagoon extending most of the length of Miami-Dade County, from North Miami Beach to the upper Florida Keys. Biscayne Bay, in the strictest sense, extends from a point between North Miami Beach and Sunny Isles Beach south to the Arsenicker Keys and the Cutter Bank just to the east of those islands. Many discussions about the lagoon include Dumfoundling Bay, a small lagoon just north of North Miami Beach, as part of Biscayne Bay, and include Card Sound and Barnes Sound, in southern Miami-Dade County adjacent to Key Largo, as either part of a system of connected lagoons including Biscayne Bay, or as part of Biscayne Bay itself. The lagoon is bordered on its west by the mainland of Florida, and is separated from the Atlantic Ocean to the east by a string of barrier islands in the northern part of the lagoon, a large shoal in the central section, and the northernmost of the Florida Keys in the south. The lagoon is about long from Dumfoundling Bay (25° 58′ North latitude) (north of North Miami Beach) to Card Sound, and another to Jewfish Creek (25° 24′ North latitude), if Card Sound and Barnes Sound are included in the lagoon. The lagoon is across at its widest point. The lagoon, from Dumfoundling Bay to the Arsenicker Keys, has a surface area of about . The larger lagoon, including Card Sound and Barnes Sound, has a surface area of about . It has an average depth of and, except where channels have been dredged, a maximum depth of .


title: Biscayne Bay

text: The eastern rim of the lagoon is based on an ancient coral reef which existed along the southeastern edge of the Florida Platform about 100,000 years ago. The ensuing Wisconsin glaciation lowered sea levels, leaving the reef above water. The dead reef became fossilized, forming the Key Largo Limestone (commonly called "coral rock"). Key Largo Limestone underlies the Eastern edge of the barrier islands and the shoals (Safety Valve) along the northern and middle part of the lagoon. It makes a brief appearance at Soldier Key, in the middle of the Safety Valve, and rises above sea level to the south to form the upper Florida Keys.


title: Biscayne Bay

text: The western side of the bay has characteristics of an estuary, with 16 waterways, the largest of which is the Miami River, flowing into it. All of the waterways have saltwater intrusion control structures, which restrict the flow of saltwater inland, and regulate the flow of fresh water into the lagoon. Some fresh water enters the lagoon as groundwater flow from the Biscayne Aquifer. All of the bedrock under the lagoon west of the ancient reef, and the adjacent mainland, consists of Miami Limestone, an oolitic limestone that formed in a lagoon behind the ancient reef that became the Key Largo limestone, and is the same age as the Key Largo limestone. The limestone bottom of the lagoon is overlain by of sand, carbonate mud, and coral rubble sediments.


title: Biscayne Bay

text: For purposes of discussion and analysis, Biscayne Bay is often divided into three sections: North Bay, Central Bay, and South Bay.


title: Biscayne Bay

text: The North Bay of Biscayne Bay principally lies between Miami Beach on a barrier island and Miami on the mainland, from Dumfoundling Bay on the north to the Rickenbacker Causeway to the south. Other municipalities on the western shore of the lagoon include Aventura (on Dumfoundling Bay), North Miami Beach, North Miami, and Miami Shores. Municipalities bordering the lagoon on the barrier islands north of Miami Beach include Sunny Isles Beach, Bal Harbour, Bay Harbor Islands, Surfside, and Indian Creek Village. North Bay Village is located on two artificial islands in the middle of the lagoon. North Bay is the part of the lagoon that has been most modified by human works, including channels and other dredged areas, and spoil banks and artificial islands created with material dredged from channels. More than 40% of the area of North Bay had either been dredged or filled to form artificial islands, and more than half of the remaining lagoon bottom is barren. Coastal wetlands have been almost eliminated in North Bay. Turbidity is high in North Bay due to erosion from spoil islands and banks, and the lack of vegetation on the lagoon bottom. The spoil islands host large quantities of invasive plant species.


title: Biscayne Bay

text: North Bay is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by barrier islands. Freshwater sources flowing into North Bay include Oleta River, Arch Creek, Biscayne Canal, Little River and Miami River. Tidal flow between North Bay and the ocean is through Baker's Haulover Inlet, Government Cut, and Norris Cut.