title: Wood gas

text: The composition of the gas is strongly dependent on the gasification process, the gasification medium (air, oxygen or steam), and the fuel moisture. Steam-gasification processes typically yield high hydrogen contents, downdraft fixed bed gasifiers yield high nitrogen concentrations and low tar loads, while updraft fixed bed gasifiers yield high tar loads.


title: Wood gas

text: During the production of charcoal for blackpowder, the volatile wood gas is vented. Extremely-high-surface-area carbon results, suitable for use as a fuel in black powder.


title: Yvette Vickers

text: Yvette Vickers (born Yvette Iola Vedder; August 26, 1928 – ) was an American actress, pin-up model and singer.


title: Yvette Vickers

text: Vickers was born in Kansas City, Missouri, the daughter of jazz musician Charles Vedder. During her youth, she traveled with her parents to their various performances. She attended the University of California, Los Angeles, and studied journalism. While at UCLA, she took a class in acting and discovered that she enjoyed it, so she changed her major to drama. She began making television commercials. She later moved to New York City to model for White Rain shampoo advertisements, but she eventually returned to California to pursue an acting career.


title: Yvette Vickers

text: Her first movie appearance is listed under the name Yvette Vedder in "Sunset Boulevard" (1950), although she was not listed in the production credits. She made her first movie appearance under the Vickers name in "Short Cut to Hell" (1957), which was directed by James Cagney. In the same year, she starred in American International Pictures' "Reform School Girl". Her image was used for the movie's theatrical poster, and it depicted her and Gloria Castillo fighting each other. The poster has subsequently become a collector's item.


title: Yvette Vickers

text: In 1958, she appeared as Honey Parker in "Attack of the 50 Foot Woman", in which she plays the role of the town floozy who has an affair with Harry Archer (William Hudson), who is married to Nancy Archer (Allison Hayes). The following year she played the role of Liz Walker in "Attack of the Giant Leeches". During the same period, she made a number of appearances on TV shows, including an episode of "" titled "The Aerialist", aired on April 28, 1959, and an episode of "Bat Masterson" titled "Double Trouble in Trinidad," aired January 7, 1959 as "Jessie Simmons."


title: Yvette Vickers

text: She appeared as "Playboy"'s Playmate of the Month in the July 1959 issue. Her centerfold was photographed by Russ Meyer. She also appeared in several other men's magazines. Her film roles began to decrease around this time. She did play some small parts in films from 1962 onward, including a small role in "Hud" (1963). Her last role was in "Evil Spirits", a 1991 horror film.


title: Yvette Vickers

text: Vickers was also a singer. In the 1990s, she released a jazz tribute to her parents on CD titled "A Tribute to Charlie and Maria". In 2005, she visited Canada for the first time to appear at the Toronto Classic Movie Festival. She appeared with interviewer Tom Weaver on the audio commentary track of the 2007 DVD release of "Attack of the 50 Foot Woman". She had been writing her autobiography before her death.


title: Yvette Vickers

text: In 1953, Vickers married Don Prell, and they were divorced by 1957. Her second marriage was to Leonard Burns in 1959, divorcing in 1961. Her third and final marriage was to Tom Howland from 1967 to 1969. Vickers had no children. She had a long-term relationship with actor Jim Hutton. She also had a recurring relationship with actor Cary Grant in the late 1950s and early 1960s.


title: Yvette Vickers

text: Vickers was last seen alive in 2010. She had withdrawn from her extended family and friends, and her mummified body was discovered by actress and neighbor Susan Savage on April 27, 2011, in her home at 10021 Westwanda Drive, Beverly Hills. The month of her death is unknown, but forensic scientists concluded that she may have been dead for as long as a year before her body was discovered. There were no signs of foul play. Her autopsy was completed by the Los Angeles County Medical Examiner, who ruled her cause of death to be heart failure resulting from coronary artery disease. Her remains were cremated.


title: Yvette Vickers

text: "Playboy" mogul Hugh Hefner issued statements expressing his sorrow and outrage at her lonely death. Her half-brother Perry Palmer retained possession of her ashes.


title: A. Kodandarami Reddy

text: A. Kodandarami Reddy (born 1 July 1950) is an Indian film director best known for his works in Telugu cinema.


title: A. Kodandarami Reddy

text: His association with Chiranjeevi created blockbusters in multiple genres such as "Nyayam Kavali" (1981), "Khaidi" (1983), "Abhilasha" (1983), "Goonda" (1984), "Challenge" (1984), "Donga" (1985), "Rakshasudu" (1986), "Pasivadi Pranam", "Donga Mogudu" (1987), "Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu" (1989), "Kondaveeti Donga" (1990), and "Muta Mestri" (1993). In 2013 he received the B. N. Reddy National Film Award for Life Time Achievement.


title: A. Kodandarami Reddy

text: Reddy was born near Nellore, in a small beach town Mypadu, into an agricultural family. Reddy is married to Bharathi. Their elder son, Sunil Reddy, is a business man-turned-actor, in Tamil cinema. He made his film debut, in "Seethakaathi" (2018), in which he played a negative role. He directed the 2007 film, "Godava", under his home production, to launch his second son, Vaibhav Reddy.


title: A. Kodandarami Reddy

text: Reddy made around 94 movies and almost 90% of them were successful. He was also one of the foremost directors, who introduced Ilaiyaraaja to give music for big budget films, in Telugu cinema. His films: "Abhilasha", "Challenge", "Kirathakudu", "Rakshasudu", and "Kondaveeti Donga" were big musical hits of the Chiranjeevi-Reddy-Ilaiyaraaja-Yandamuri Veerendranath combination. He was primarily responsible for Chiranjeevi's "Supreme Hero" and "Mega Star" monikers, which started with "Khaidi", that released just a few months after "Abhilasha", in 1983. Afterwards, he went on to make several blockbusters with Chiranjeevi. The pair earned great reputation with action and thriller films in Telugu cinema.


title: Aoyama, Tokyo

text: During the Edo period, Aoyama was home to various temples, shrines, and samurai residences. The name Aoyama is derived from a samurai named Aoyama Tadanari who served the Tokugawa Shogunate and held his mansion in the area. Today, along with Shibuya and Harajuku, it is one of the most popular entertainment and shopping areas "Omotesandō", for young people in Tokyo. It is well known for its fashion houses, restaurants, and shopping. Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium is in the North part of Aoyama.


title: Aoyama, Tokyo

text: Minato City Board of Education operates public elementary and junior high schools. Kita Aoyama and Minami Aoyama are zoned to different schools.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: Established in November 1722 by the order of Tsar Peter the Great as part of the Imperial Russian Navy, the Caspian Flotilla is the oldest brown-water navy flotilla in the Russian Navy. In 1918, the fleet was inherited by the Russian SFSR then the Soviet Union in 1922, where it formed part of the Soviet Navy and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1945. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Caspian Flotilla and most of its vessels were inherited by the Russian Federation.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: The Caspian Flotilla's headquarters are located in Astrakhan, but were historically in Baku (now in Azerbaijan) from 1867 until 1991, with additional facilities in Makhachkala (HQ being moved there) and Kaspiysk. The current commander is Rear Admiral Aleksandr Peshkov.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: The Caspian Flotilla (CF) was created in November 1722 in Astrakhan by the order of Peter the Great. Led by the admiral Fyodor Apraksin, it participated in Peter's Persian campaign of 1722–1723 and the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813), assisting the Russian army in capturing Derbent and Baku during the Persian Expedition of 1796. As a result of the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813, the CF remained the only military flotilla in the Caspian Sea. Baku became its main base in 1867.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: As the situation on the Caspian Sea stabilized in due course, the number of ships in the CF began to decrease. By the beginning of the 20th century, it had two gunboats and a few armed steamers. The sailors of the CF were actively engaged in the revolutionary movement in Baku in 1903–1905 and establishment of the Soviet authority in 1917 in that region.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: In order to provide assistance to the Red Army, they formed the Military Fleet of the Astrakhan Region ("Военный флот Астраханского края", or Voyenniy flot Astrakhanskogo kraya) in April – June 1918, reinforced with torpedo boats and submarines from the Baltic Sea in the fall of 1918. On October 13, the Soviets renamed it to the Astrakhan-Caspian Military Flotilla ("Астрахано-Каспийская военная флотилия", or Astrakhano-Kaspiyskaya voennaya flotiliya). The ships of the flotilla were captured by the counterrevolutionary Centrocaspian Dictatorship in August 1918 and later regained by the Soviets after the overthrow of the Musavat government.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: In July 1919, the Astrakhan-Caspian Military Flotilla was combined with the Volga Military Flotilla (Волжская военная флотилия, or Volzhskaya voyennaya flotiliya) and renamed to the Volga-Caspian Military Flotilla (Волжско-Каспийская военная флотилия). On May 1, 1920, the Soviets established the Caspian Fleet, which comprised three auxiliary cruisers, ten torpedo boats, four submarines and other ships.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: Together with the Caspian Fleet, there was the Red Fleet of the Soviet Azerbaijan, stationed in Baku, as well. Both fleets completed the conquest of the Caspian Sea from the White Army. In July 1920, Caspian and Azerbaijani fleets were combined into the Naval Forces of the Caspian Sea ("Морские Силы Каспийского моря", or Morskiye Sily Kaspiyskogo morya) and would later be renamed to the Caspian Flotilla on June 27, 1931.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, the Caspian Flotilla secured vital sea shipping of army units, military equipment and different cargo, especially during the Battle of Stalingrad and the battle for the Caucasus. (During the war, some of the Lend Lease were shipped to the USSR via the Persian Corridor and the Caspian Sea).


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: Following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, the fleet shrank, and the Kazakh contingent was removed to serve as a basis for Kazakhstan's naval service. For several years, Russia continued to lead a joint Turkmen-Russian force based at Astrakhan.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: Among the Flotilla's units, from 2000, has been a new Naval Infantry brigade, the 77th, based at Kaspiysk. The headquarters and two battalions of the brigade were scheduled to be established by August 1, 2000. It was reported in June 2000 that the new brigade, which had inherited the lineage of the disbanded 77th Guards Motor Rifle Division, formerly with the Northern Fleet, was to have its troops housed in Kaspiysk and Astrakhan and have as many as 195 combat vehicles and one Gepard class frigate sent to it from Chukotka and the Northern Fleet, respectively.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: The brigade was to have helicopters added to it, according to the June 2000 report. The Brigade's full name was the 77th Detached Guards Moscow-Chernigov Order of Lenin, the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Marine Brigade. It was disbanded in 2009.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: The brigade comprised a headquarters at Kaspiysk; the 414th Detached Naval Infantry Battalion (Kaspiysk); the 725th Detached Naval Infantry Battalion (Kaspiysk); the 727th Detached Naval Infantry Battalion (Astrakhan); the 1200th Detached Reconnaissance Battalion (Kaspiysk); the 1408th Independent Howitzer Artillery Battalion; the 1409th Independent Howitzer Artillery Battalion; the 975th Detached Naval Infantry Battalion (Kaspiysk); the 1387th Detached Air Defence Missile and Artillery Battalion; and the 530th Detached Electronic Countermeasures Company.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: Also, the flotilla has received 3 new "Buyan"-class stealth type river gunboats built by the St. Petersburg Almaz shipyard.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: On 13 and 23 November 2009, there were two separate sets of explosions at the 31st Arsenal of the Caspian Sea Flotilla, an ammunition depot, in Ulyanovsk. Ten servicemen died. The depot was to be closed.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: The first Russian warship equipped with the Caliber missile system entered service with Caspian Flotilla in 2012. On 7 October 2015, Russia's Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu announced that four Russian Navy warships in the Caspian Sea had fired a total of 26 Kalibr-class cruise missiles at the positions of the terrorist group ISIL in Syria.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: Up to 2020, further enhancements in the capabilities of the Caspian Flotilla were announced. In 2019, it was announced that an aviation component would be added to its capabilities involving the deployment of Be-200 aircraft and Mi-14PB helicopters with the Flotilla. Further air support is drawn from 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army (HQ: Rostov-on-Don) in the Southern Military District. In 2020, the deployment of the Bal coastal defence missile system with the Flotilla was also announced.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: As of 2016, 85 percent of Caspian Flotilla consists of modern ships and vessels. In 2014–2015, Flotilla received 3 Buyan-M missile corvettes, one modernized frigate and auxiliary vessels. On 20 September 2016, Rear Admiral Igor Osipov was replaced by Rear Admiral Sergey Pinchuk.


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: In Dagestan, a regiment of the marine infantry was formed on 1 December 2018 as part of the Caspian Flotilla (CFL) of the Southern Military District (YuVO).


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: To date, the new formation is fully staffed with modern weapons and military equipment, including BTR-82A armored personnel carriers, 120-mm self-propelled mortars 2S9 Nona, 122-mm howitzers D-30, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) "Eleron" and "Orlan".


title: Caspian Flotilla

text: On 20 March 2022 the Russian Defense Ministry claimed that ships of the CFL had fired Kalibr-class cruise missiles at a Ukrainian fuel and lubricant depot in Kostiantynivka, Mykolaiv Oblast, supported by air-launched Kh-47M2 Kinzhal hypersonic missiles.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: Sanford Stadium is the on-campus playing venue for football at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, United States (also known as UGA). The 92,746-seat stadium is the tenth-largest stadium in the NCAA. Architecturally, the stadium is known for its numerous expansions over the years that have been carefully planned to fit with the existing look of the stadium. The view of Georgia's campus and rolling hills from the open west end zone has led many to refer to Sanford Stadium as college football's "most beautiful on-campus stadium", while the surrounding pageantry has made it noteworthy as one of college football's "best, loudest, and most intimidating atmospheres". Games played there are said to be played "between the hedges" due to the field being surrounded by privet hedges, which have been a part of the design of the stadium since it opened in 1929. The current hedges were planted in 1996 after the originals were taken out to accommodate the soccer tournaments for the 1996 Summer Olympics.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: The stadium is the 9th largest stadium in the United States and the 17th-largest such stadium in the world. Unlike most stadiums that have artificial playing surfaces, Sanford Stadium from the outset had, and continues to have, a natural grass surface, planted with Tifton 419 Bermuda Grass.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: The stadium is named for Dr. Steadman Vincent Sanford, an early major force behind UGA athletics. Sanford arrived at the University of Georgia as an English instructor in 1903. He later became the faculty representative to the athletics committee and would eventually become of the University and Chancellor of the entire University System of Georgia. In 1911, he moved the university's football venue from its first location, Herty Field, to a location at the center of campus which was named Sanford Field in his honor.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: In those early years of football, Georgia played a series of controversial games against in-state rival Georgia Tech. Sanford Field was too small to accommodate the large crowds, forcing Georgia to travel to Tech's Grant Field in Atlanta every year. Sanford wanted Georgia to have a venue that would equal Tech's, and the "final straw" came in 1927 when UGA's undefeated (9–0) team traveled to Tech and lost 12–0. It was alleged that Tech watered the field all night to slow UGA's running backs. Afterwards, Sanford vowed to "build a stadium bigger than Tech", and play the game at Athens every other year.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: To fund his vision, Sanford had an idea that members of the athletic association would sign notes guaranteeing a bank loan to fund the stadium construction. Those guarantors would be granted lifetime seats. The response was overwhelming, and in 1928 a loan of $150,000 supported by fans and alumni allowed construction to begin on a stadium whose total cost was $360,000.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: Near the existing Sanford Field was a low area between the historic North Campus and the Science Campus (to the south) with a small creek (Tanyard Creek) running through it, creating a clearly preferable choice for the location of the new stadium. This natural valley containing Tanyard Creek would result in reduced costs, as stands could be built on the rising sides of the hill, while the creek could be enclosed in a concrete culvert, on top of which the field would be constructed. The architect for the stadium was TC Atwood of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where North Carolina's Kenan Memorial Stadium had just been completed with a similar design. The 30,000-seat stadium was built in large part with convict labor, as were many public works projects of that era.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: While the location was, then as now, preferable for construction, the result is an uphill walk in any direction leaving the stadium.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: The stadium was completed on time, and UGA convinced perennial powerhouse Yale, which has historically maintained close ties with UGA, to be their first opponent in the new stadium. (This also was Yale's first ever football game played in the South.) On October 12, 1929, a capacity crowd of over 30,000 paid $3 per ticket to watch the Bulldogs, under coach Harry Mehre, beat Yale 15–0 in Sanford Stadium's dedication game. The crowd was at the time the largest to witness a college football game in the South, and governors from all nine southern states also were in attendance. Yale donated its half of the game receipts to UGA to help pay off the construction loans, which would subsequently be completely repaid in just five years. Dr. Sanford also was at this game, and attended many Georgia games at the stadium named in his honor until his death on September 15, 1945.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: Sanford Stadium's hedges have encircled the field since the stadium's first game against Yale in 1929. The idea to put hedges around the field came from the Business Manager of the UGA Athletic Department, Charlie Martin. Martin claimed to have received inspiration for the idea during a visit to the Rose Bowl, where he saw the hedge of roses in that stadium. Roses were not a suitable choice for the climate in Athens, so privet hedges were used instead. Six other SEC stadiums have copied UGA and now have hedges, making this feature no longer unique to UGA, but Georgia has the only one that completely surrounds the playing field.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: There is a disagreement as to the exact type of hedge planted at Sanford Stadium. The UGA Media Guide claims that the hedge is an "English privet hedge". A county extension agent in Athens, however, claims online that the hedge is composed of "Chinese" privet, "Ligustrum sinense".


title: Sanford Stadium

text: In addition to being a cosmetic touch, the hedges have proven to be an effective (though perhaps unintended) measure of crowd control. While not apparent in photos, the hedges are growing around a chain link fence which stops people who try to push through to the field. Even though a major traffic path to exit the stadium from both stands runs directly alongside the hedges, fans have only stormed the field and torn down the goalposts once in the entire history of Sanford Stadium. This occurred after the Georgia vs. Tennessee game on Oct. 7, 2000.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: In May 2019, university officials announced that the playing surface of Sanford Stadium would be named in honor of former long time Bulldog head coach and athletic director Vince Dooley. Official dedication of Dooley Field took place in a pregame ceremony on the Bulldogs' 2019 home opener on September 7.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: On September 21, 2019, Sanford Stadium would set an attendance record of 93,246 in the Bulldogs victory against #7 Notre Dame. Aluminum bleachers were added to raise the capacity of the stadium by 500 due to the agreement between both UGA and the University of Notre Dame to allocate 8,000 visitor tickets for each game in the home and away series.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: The original stadium consisted of the lower half of the current facility's grandstand seats. In 1940, field-level lights were added, and Georgia played its first night game against Kentucky to a 7–7 tie. The stadium's first major expansion took place in 1949, with the addition of 6,000 seats on the south side, bringing total capacity to 36,000.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: During the 1960s, many universities in the South were significantly expanding their stadiums, and Georgia was no different. Soon after the arrival of head coach Vince Dooley in 1964, UGA began updating Sanford Stadium, removing the field-level lighting (which obstructed views from the stands) and adding 7,621 bleacher seats in the end zones, which brought total capacity to 43,621. Architects Heery and Heery of Atlanta were then hired to plan a major expansion. This expansion planning was very tricky, since by that time the stadium was encroached by academic buildings. The plans went forward, however, and the grandstand seats were double-decked in 1967 without the need to demolish or alter any of the surrounding buildings. In addition to the new upper decks, this first major addition included a new pressbox and club seating. In total, 19,640 seats were added to the stadium (bringing total capacity to 59,000), at a cost of $3 million. The new addition was christened with a victory over Mississippi State in 1967.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: In 1981, the east endzone was enclosed at a cost of $11.5 million, turning the stadium into a "horseshoe" and eliminating the free view enjoyed by the "Track People". This addition added 19,000 seats, bringing total stadium capacity to 82,122. The first game in the newly expanded stadium was on September 5, 1981, against Tennessee, with Georgia delivering a 44–0 drubbing.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: Lights were re-installed in the stadium in 1981. This time, the lights were not located at field level, but built above the upper level, thus not obscuring views of the field. The first game under the "new lights" was a 13–7 victory against Clemson on September 6, 1982.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: In 1991, a portion of the west endzone was enclosed, creating a "partial bowl" around the lower level of Sanford Stadium. The west stands could not be completely enclosed due to the proximity of Gillis Bridge (usually called "Sanford Bridge"), a major campus transportation artery, to the stadium. This expansion cost $3.7 million and added 4,205 new seats, bringing total capacity to 85,434.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: 30 luxury suites were added above the south stands in 1994, and were expanded to 50 suites in 2000. These expansions cost a total of $18 million, and raised total capacity to 86,520.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: In 2003, another upper deck was added to the north side of the stadium. It added 5,500 new seats at a cost of $25 million, bringing total stadium capacity to 92,058. Most of these "upper-upper deck" seats are reserved for the fans of the visiting team.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: In 2005, installation of a new video display above the west end zone was completed. Ribbon boards were also added along the sides of the stadium. These additions, constructed and maintained by Daktronics, established Sanford Stadium as one of the most visually media intensive venues in the SEC.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: The stadium reached its capacity of 92,746 in 2004, when 27 SkySuites were added to the north side of the stadium at a cost of $8 million.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: The video board installed from 2005 underwent a $1.4 million overhaul before the 2011 season. The screen size expanded from 25×46 feet to the full scoreboard size of the 52×76 feet. The new video board has full high definition (HD) capability.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: On February 14, 2017, the UGA Athletic Board approved a $63 million expansion to renovate the west side of the stadium. The approved design relocated the locker room from the east side to the west side and added a new plaza and recruiting pavilion. Construction began following the 2017 season and was officially opened with a ribbon-cutting ceremony on August 31, 2018, a day before Georgia's first home game of the 2018 season. In 2019, the lights in the Sanford Stadium were updated into LED lights, which cost around $950,000. The first game that demonstrated them was the Notre Dame game on September 21, 2019.


title: Sanford Stadium

text: The stadium played host to the Olympic medal competition of men's and women's Olympic football (soccer) at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Because the required dimensions of a soccer field are wider than those of an American football field, the hedges surrounding the field had to be removed. This proved to be a controversial measure, as it had not been general public knowledge that the hedges would have to be removed to accommodate the Olympic football competition. In preparation for this necessity, cuttings were taken from the original hedges, three years prior to the Olympics, and cultivated at a secret, off-campus site. It was later discovered that this 'secret site' were in fact two sites - one away at R.A. Dudley Nurseries in Thomson, Georgia and another away at Hackney Nursery in Quincy, Florida; both run by alumni. During the Olympics, Nigeria and the United States won the men's and women's football gold medals, respectively, at the hedge-less stadium. Once the Olympics were over, the newly grown hedges were transplanted from the two nurseries to the stadium. Sanford Stadium told the United States Soccer Federation it would not be interested in holding a possible World Cup match if the US gets the nod.


title: Ismaël Gharbi

text: Ismaël Gharbi (born 10 April 2004) is a spanish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain. Born in France, he represents Spain at youth international level.


title: Ismaël Gharbi

text: Gharbi began his career at Paris FC in 2010, and joined the Paris Saint-Germain Academy in 2016. In 2020, he was part of the PSG team that participated at the Alkass International Cup in Qatar, finishing in third place. He scored 5 goals across the tournament; a brace against Kashiwa Reysol in the group stage, a goal against Zenit Saint Petersburg in the quarter-finals, one against Inter Milan in the semi-finals, and another against the Mohammed VI Academy in the third place match.


title: Ismaël Gharbi

text: In April 2021, Gharbi was included in the Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) squad for the UEFA Champions League quarter-final first leg against Bayern Munich, an eventual 3–2 victory for "Les Parisiens" at the Allianz Arena. On 14 July 2021, he scored a goal in his first appearance for PSG's senior team, a 4–0 friendly victory over Le Mans at the Camp des Loges. On 1 August 2021, Gharbi made his professional debut, coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 Trophée des Champions loss to Lille. His Coupe de France debut came on 19 December in a 3–0 win over Feignies Aulnoye. On 8 May 2022, Gharbi made his first-ever Ligue 1 appearance, coming on as a substitute in a 2–2 draw with Troyes at the Parc des Princes. He signed his first professional contract with Paris Saint-Germain on 17 June, a three-year deal until 30 June 2025.


title: Ismaël Gharbi

text: Gharbi was born in France to a Tunisian father and Spanish mother, and is therefore eligible to represent France, Spain, and Tunisia. He has been called up by the France under-17s in the past. The Tunisian Football Federation has previously made efforts to convince Gharbi to represent Tunisia. In 2021, he was called up to play for the France under-18s for the Tournoi International de Limoges. In February 2022, Gharbi was called up to the Spain under-18s. In June, he represented Spain at the 2022 Mediterranean Games in Oran, Algeria.


title: Ismaël Gharbi

text: Gharbi is a versatile player; although primarily an attacking midfielder, he can also play as a wide and central midfielder. Hervé Guégan, who coached Gharbi at the Alkass International Cup in 2020, has stated that he is a player "technically at ease" and that he "always makes passes with good timing." Gharbi is good at free kicks and possesses good ball control. While being able to score himself, he has an ability to make others score. In February 2022, former PSG player Mathieu Bodmer commented that "in the penalty area, time stops for [Gharbi]" and that he has "cold blood", being able to complete movements at the right moments.


title: Phenotypic trait

text: A phenotypic trait, simply trait, or character state is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two. For example, having eye color is a "character" of an organism, while blue, brown and hazel versions of eye colour are "traits". The term "trait" is generally used in genetics, often to describe phenotypic expression of different combinations of alleles in different individual organisms within a single population, such as the famous purple vs. white flower coloration in Gregor Mendel's pea plants. By contrast, in systematics, the term is "character state" is employed to describe features that represent fixed diagnostic differences among taxa, such as the absence of tails in great apes, relative to other primate groups.


title: Phenotypic trait

text: A phenotypic trait is an obvious, observable, and measurable characteristic of an organism; it is the expression of genes in an observable way. An example of a phenotypic trait is a specific hair color or eye colour. Underlying genes, which make up the genotype, determine the hair color, but the hair color observed is the phenotype. The phenotype is dependent on the genetic make-up of the organism, and also influenced by the environmental conditions to which the organism is subjected across its ontogenetic development, including various epigenetic processes. Regardless of the degree of influence of genotype versus environment, the phenotype encompasses all of the characteristics of an organism, including traits at multiple levels of biological organization, ranging from behavior and evolutionary history of life traits (e.g., litter size), through morphology (e.g., body height and composition), physiology (e.g., blood pressure), cellular characteristics (e.g., membrane lipid composition, mitochondrial densities), components of biochemical pathways, and even messenger RNA.


title: Phenotypic trait

text: Different phenotypic traits are caused by different forms of genes, or alleles, which arise by mutation in a single individual and are passed on to successive generations.


title: Phenotypic trait

text: The biochemistry of the intermediate proteins determines how they interact in the cell. Therefore, biochemistry predicts how different combinations of alleles will produce varying traits.


title: Phenotypic trait

text: Extended expression patterns seen in diploid organisms include facets of incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles. Incomplete dominance is the condition in which neither allele dominates the other in one heterozygote. Instead the phenotype is intermediate in heterozygotes. Thus you can tell that each allele is present in the heterozygote. Codominance refers to the allelic relationship that occurs when two alleles are both expressed in the heterozygote, and both phenotypes are seen simultaneously. Multiple alleles refers to the situation when there are more than 2 common alleles of a particular gene. Blood groups in humans is a classic example. The ABO blood group proteins are important in


title: Phenotypic trait

text: Schizotypy is an example of a psychological phenotypic trait found in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Studies have shown that gender and age influences the expression of schizotypal traits. For instance, certain schizotypal traits may develop further during adolescence, whereas others stay the same during this period.


title: Jordi Vilasuso

text: Jordi Alejandro Vilasuso (; born June 15, 1981 in Miami, Florida) is a Cuban-American actor best known for originating the role of Tony Santos on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light" from August 2000 until August 2003. He has also portrayed the roles of Griffin Castillo on "All My Children" from 2010 to 2011 and 2013, Dario Hernandez on "Days of Our Lives" from 2016 to 2017 and Rey Rosales on "The Young and the Restless" from 2018 to 2022.


title: Jordi Vilasuso

text: Vilasuso was raised by his parents, Dr. Frank Vilasuso and Ana Vilasuso, in Coral Gables, Florida. He also has an older brother, Javier, and a younger sister, Marianne. Vilasuso attended Ransom Everglades High School and later Glendale Community College in California.


title: Jordi Vilasuso

text: Vilasuso began playing Tony Santos on "Guiding Light" in August 2000. In 2003, he won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal. Vilasuso was also nominated in the same category in 2002.


title: Jordi Vilasuso

text: Vilasuso has appeared in the movies "The Last Home Run", "The Lost City", "Heights" and "La Linea". He also appeared in other television programs such as "8 Simple Rules", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Numb3rs" and "". In November 2010 he was signed on to play the contract role of Griffin Castillo on the soap opera "All My Children". Vilasuso joined the cast of "Days of Our Lives" as Dario Hernandez in 2015. In July 2017, Vilasuso announced his departure from "Days of Our Lives".


title: Jordi Vilasuso

text: In July 2018, it was announced that Vilasuso would appear as Rey Rosales on the daytime soap opera "The Young and The Restless". In March 2022, Vilasuso announced his departure from "The Young and the Restless".


title: Jordi Vilasuso

text: In 2010, Vilasuso began dating actress Kaitlin Riley. Vilasuso and Riley were married on August 25, 2012 in Islamorada, Florida. They have two daughters: Riley Grace, born on November 26, 2012, and Everly Maeve born on July 15, 2016.


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: Frosty the Snowman is a 1969 American animated Christmas television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. It is the first television special featuring the character Frosty the Snowman. The special first aired on December 7, 1969 on the CBS television network in the United States, airing immediately after the fourth showing of "A Charlie Brown Christmas"; both scored high ratings. The special has aired annually for the network's Christmas and holiday season every year since.


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: The special was based on the Walter E. Rollins and Steve Nelson song of the same name. It featured the voices of comedians Jimmy Durante (in his final film role) as the film's narrator, Billy De Wolfe as Professor Hinkle, and Jackie Vernon as Frosty.


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: The special's story follows a group of school children, led by a girl named Karen, who build a snowman called Frosty and place a magician's hat on his head, which makes him come to life. But after noticing the high hot temperature and fearing that he would melt, Frosty, along with Karen and a rabbit named Hocus Pocus, must go to the North Pole to be safe from melting.


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: Arthur Rankin Jr. and Jules Bass wanted to give the show and its characters the look of a Christmas card, so Paul Coker Jr., a greeting card and "Mad" magazine artist, was hired to do the character and background drawings. The animation was produced by Mushi Production in Tokyo, Japan, with Yusaku "Steve" Nakagawa and then-Mushi staffer Osamu Dezaki (who is uncredited) among the animation staff. Durante was one of the first people to record the song when it was released in 1950 (though at the time the song had slightly different lyrics); he re-recorded the song for the special.


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: Rankin/Bass veteran writer Romeo Muller adapted and expanded the story for television, as he had done with the "Animagic" stop motion production of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer".


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: In a schoolhouse on Christmas Eve, inept magician Professor Hinkle unsuccessfully performs his tricks during a Christmas party. Upon being dismissed, the children go outside to play in the snow and build a snowman they name "Frosty." Professor Hinkle chases his rabbit Hocus Pocus, who has absconded with his hat. The hat is blown off by the wind and caught by Karen, a student who puts it on Frosty's head and brings him to life. Professor Hinkle reclaims the hat when it gets blown off and declines that he saw Frosty come to life. Later, Hocus switches the hat with a Christmas wreath and brings it back to the children. They use the hat to animate Frosty again, and the snowman is immediately amazed by his newfound life.


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: When the temperature rises, Frosty fears he will melt unless he can get to the North Pole. The children suggest putting him on a train to get there and they parade through town on the way to the train station, shocking several townspeople. Because they have no money for tickets, Hocus, Frosty and Karen secretly board a northbound freight train's refrigerator car while Professor Hinkle follows them to reclaim the hat.


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: As the train continues northward, Frosty sees that Karen cannot withstand the freezing boxcar. When the train stops to let a passenger train pass, the group disembarks in search of somewhere to warm Karen, with Hinkle following in pursuit. By nightfall, Frosty and Hocus struggle to bring an unconscious Karen through the forest. Hocus asks the forest animals to build a campfire for Karen, which they succeed in doing. Fearing that the fire will not be enough, Frosty decides to look for Santa Claus, whom they assume can save Karen and bring him to the North Pole. While Hocus searches for Santa, Professor Hinkle arrives, and Karen and Frosty flee and stumble upon a greenhouse that the latter enters to warm up Karen, only for Hinkle to arrive and lock them both inside.


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: By the time Santa arrives and lets Hocus lead him to the greenhouse, Frosty has already melted. Santa explains to a heartbroken Karen that Frosty is made of Christmas snow and will return every winter. He then opens the door and the winter wind revives Frosty. As they are about to put the hat on his head, Hinkle intervenes. Santa threatens to never bring him another Christmas present if he reclaims the hat. After Hinkle runs home to write his apologies, hoping to get a new hat for Christmas, Santa brings Frosty back to life, drops Karen off at her house, and takes Frosty to the North Pole, promising that he will return every year with the magical Christmas snow.


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: As the credits roll, Frosty leads a parade with the children, Hocus, the narrator (Jimmy Durante), and the rest of the town, including Professor Hinkle who is now sporting his new hat. As the parade ends, Frosty boards Santa's sleigh, and they fly off to the North Pole, with Frosty altering the song’s last line, saying, “I’ll be back on Christmas Day!”


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: Released by Rhino on October 1, 2002, the entire audio portion of "Frosty the Snowman" is available on CD along with the entire audio portion of "Santa Claus is Comin' to Town", the Rankin/Bass special produced in 1970. This edition contains the full dialogue and song audio of both specials.


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: Family Home Entertainment released "Frosty the Snowman" on VHS as part of the Christmas Classics Series in 1989 and 1993, with multiple re-prints throughout the 1990s. It was paired with "The Little Drummer Boy" on LaserDisc in 1992. Upon its 1989 and 1993 releases, the special was also bundled in box sets with the other Rankin/Bass Christmas specials including "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" and "Santa Claus is Comin' to Town", the 1973 Chuck Jones holiday special, "A Very Merry Cricket" and the sequel "Frosty Returns" which aired on CBS in 1992. In 1998, Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment released the special on VHS, and also paired it with these other Rankin/Bass Christmas specials including "Cricket on the Hearth" in the separate Holiday Classics Collection box sets.


title: Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

text: The special was also released on DVD by Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment in 2001 and Classic Media in 2002 and 2004, and by Genius Entertainment in 2007. Vivendi Entertainment re-released it on DVD and for the first time on Blu-ray on October 12, 2010, and on the DVD/Blu-ray combo pack on November 6, 2012. Most DVD releases also include "Frosty Returns". On September 8, 2015, Classic Media re-released both the special and "Santa Claus is Comin' to Town" in their 45th Anniversary Collector's Edition on Blu-ray and DVD in addition to the 50th Anniversary release of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" in 2014. Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released a Deluxe Edition of the special, along with other specials on Blu-ray and DVD, on October 16, 2018.


title: Thai calendar

text: In Thailand, two main calendar systems are used alongside each other: the Thai solar calendar, based on the Gregorian calendar and used for official and most day-to-day purposes, and the Thai lunar calendar (a version of the Buddhist calendar, technically a lunisolar calendar), used for traditional events and Buddhist religious practices.


title: Thai calendar

text: The use of the solar calendar was introduced in 1889 by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), replacing the lunar calendar in official contexts. The beginning of the year was originally marked as April 1st, however this was changed to January 1st in 1941. The days and months now correspond exactly to the Gregorian calendar. The years follow the Buddhist Era, introduced in 1913 to replace the Rattanakosin Era, which in turn replaced the Chula Sakarat in 1889. The reckoning of the Buddhist Era in Thailand is 543 years ahead of the Common Era (Anno Domini), so the year  CE corresponds to B.E. .


title: Thai calendar

text: The lunar calendar contains 12 or 13 months in a year, with 15 waxing moon and 14 or 15 waning moon days in a month, amounting to years of 354, 355 or 384 days. The years are usually noted by the animal of the Chinese zodiac, although there are several dates used to count the New Year.


title: Thai calendar

text: As with the rest of the world, the seven-day week is used alongside both calendars. The solar calendar now governs most aspects of life in Thailand, and while official state documents invariably follow the Buddhist Era, the Common Era is also used by the private sector. The lunar calendar determines the dates of Buddhist holidays, traditional festivals and astrological practices, and the lunar date is still recorded on birth certificates and printed in most daily newspapers.


title: Thai calendar

text: Mundane astrology figures prominently in Thai culture, so modern Thai birth certificates include lunar calendar dates, and the appropriate Chinese calendar zodiacal animal year-name for both Thai Hora (, ho-ra-sat) and Chinese astrology. Thai birth certificates record the date, month and time of birth, followed by the day of the week, lunar date, and the applicable zodiac animal name. Thai traditionally reckon age by the 12-year animal-cycle names, with the twelfth and sixtieth anniversaries being of special significance; but the official calendar determines age at law.


title: Thai calendar

text: For instance, 12 August 2004 was observed without regard to the lunar date as Queen Sirikit's birthday, a public holiday also observed as Thai Mother's Day. Her zodiacal animal is the Monkey and her traditionally significant sixtieth anniversary year was 1992. Born on a Friday, her auspicious birthday colour is blue. Thai auspicious colours of the day are given in the table of weekdays, followed below it by a link to the Buddha images for each day of the week.


title: Thai calendar

text: A week (, "sapda" or सप्ताह, , "sapdaha" from Sanskrit "seven") is a 7-day period beginning on Sunday and ending Saturday.


title: Thai calendar

text: Days of the week are named after the first seven of the nine Indian astrological Navagraha; i.e., the sun, moon, and five classical planets.


title: Thai calendar

text: Note: Colours are those considered auspicious for the given days of the week, that of Wednesday day being green and of Wednesday night, light green. Of Buddha images representing episodes () from his life, there is one that represents a week and others for each day of the week: Monday has three options that are similar and Wednesday, entirely different ones for day and night.


title: Thai calendar

text: Saturdays and Sundays ( "sao athit") are observed as legal non-workdays (, "wan yut ratchakan") and are generally shown on calendars in red, as are public holidays. Since 1996 and subject to declaration by the Cabinet of Thailand, public holidays that fall on weekends are followed by Substitution days (, "wan chot choei") generally shown in a lighter shade of red, as shown above for Monday, 2 August 2004. Buddhist feasts that are public holidays are calculated according to the Thai lunar calendar, so their dates change every year with respect to the solar calendar. Lunar New Year and other feasts observed by Thai Chinese vary with respect to both, as these are calculated according to the Chinese calendar.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: South Korea is located in East Asia, on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula located out from the far east of the Asian landmass. The only country with a land border to South Korea is North Korea, lying to the north with of the border running along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. South Korea is mostly surrounded by water and has of coast line along three seas; to the west is the Yellow Sea (called "Sohae" ; in South Korea, literally means west sea), to the south is the East China Sea, and to the east is the Sea of Japan (called "Donghae" ; in South Korea, literally means east sea). Geographically, South Korea's landmass is approximately . of South Korea are occupied by water. The approximate coordinates are 37° North, 128° East.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the northeast part of the Asian continental landmass. The Japanese islands of Honshū and Kyūshū are located some 200  km (124  mi) to the southeast across the Korea Strait; the Shandong Peninsula of China lies 190 kilometers to the west. The west coast of the peninsula is bordered by the Korea Bay to the north and the Yellow Sea and Korea Strait to the south; the east coast is bordered by the Sea of Japan. The 8,640-kilometer coastline is highly indented. Some 3,579 islands lie adjacent to the peninsula. Most of them are found along the south and west coasts.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: After World War II and before June 25,1950, the line between the two Korean states was the thirty-eighth parallel of latitude. After the Korean War, the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) formed the boundary between the two. The DMZ is a heavily guarded, 4,000-meter-wide strip of land that runs along the demarcation line established by the Korean Armistice Agreement from the east to the west coasts for a distance of 241 kilometers (238 kilometers of that line from the land boundary with North Korea).


title: Geography of South Korea

text: The total land area of the peninsula, including the islands, is 223,170 square kilometers. Some 44.8 percent (100 210 square kilometers) of this total, excluding the area within the DMZ, constitutes the territory of the Republic of Korea. The combined territories of North Korea and South Korea are about the same size as the United Kingdom. South Korea alone is about the size of Portugal or Hungary, or the U.S. state of Indiana.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: The largest island, Jeju-do, lies off the southwest corner of the peninsula and has a land area of 1,825 square kilometers. Other important islands include Ulleung and Liancourt Rocks in the Sea of Japan and Ganghwa Island at the mouth of the Han River. Although the eastern coastline of South Korea is generally unindented, the southern and western coasts are jagged and irregular. The difference is caused by the fact that the eastern coast is gradually rising, while the southern and western coasts are subsiding.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: Early European visitors to Korea remarked that the land resembled "a sea in a heavy gale" because of the large number of successive mountain ranges that crisscross the peninsula. The highest mountains are in North Korea. The highest mountain peak in South Korea is Hallasan (), which is the cone of a volcanic formation constituting Jeju Island. There are two major mountain ranges within South Korea: the Taebaek Mountains, and the Sobaek Mountains.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: Unlike Japan or the northern provinces of China, the Korean Peninsula is geologically stable. There are no active volcanoes (aside from Baekdu Mountain on the border between North Korea and China, most recently active in 1903), and there have been no strong earthquakes. Historical records, however, describe volcanic activity on Mount Halla during the Goryeo Dynasty (no having kissits lowlands are the product of mountain erosion. Approximately 30 percent of the area of South Korea consists of lowlands, with the rest consisting of uplands and mountains. The great majority of the lowland area lies along the coasts, particularly the west coast, and along the major rivers. The most important lowlands are the Han River plain around Seoul, the Pyeongtaek coastal plain southwest of Seoul, the Geum River basin, the Nakdong River basin, and the Yeongsan River and the Honam plains in the southwest. A narrow littoral plain extends along the east coast. A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 1,833 km of tidal flats in South Korea, making it the 17th ranking country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: The Nakdong is South Korea's longest river (). The Han River, which flows through Seoul, is long, and the Geum River is long. Other major rivers include the Imjin, which flows through both North Korea and South Korea and forms an estuary with the Han River; the Bukhan, a tributary of the Han that also flows out of North Korea; and the Somjin. The major rivers flow north to south or east to west and empty into the Yellow Sea or the Korea Strait. They tend to be broad and shallow and to have wide seasonal variations in water flow.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: In the early part of the 20th century and especially the period during and after World War II and the Korean War, much of the existing Korean forests were cut down, which led to problems with flooding and soil erosion. Combination of reforestation efforts (e.g. Arbor day was celebrated as a national holiday starting in 1949) and policies designed to reduce the use of firewood as a source of energy (e.g. restriction of inflow of firewood into Seoul and other major cities starting in 1958) helped to spark a recovery in the 1950s. Comprehensive reforestation programs starting in the 1970s and continuing into the late 1990s aided in an acceleration of forest volume increase, and the forest cover reached a peak of 65% of national land area in 1980 as opposed to a low of 35% in 1955.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: News that North Korea was constructing a huge multipurpose dam at the base of Geumgangsan () north of the DMZ caused considerable consternation in South Korea during the mid-1980s. South Korean authorities feared that once completed, a sudden release of the dam's waters into the Pukhan River during north–south hostilities could flood Seoul and paralyze the capital region. During 1987 the Geumgangsan Dam was a major issue that Seoul sought to raise in talks with Pyongyang. Though Seoul completed a "Peace Dam" on the Pukhan River to counteract the potential threat of Pyongyang's dam project before the 1988 Olympics, the North Korean project still was in its initial stages of construction in 1990.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: Part of the East Asian Monsoon region, South Korea has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. The movement of air masses from the Asian continent exerts a greater influence on South Korea's weather than does air movement from the Pacific Ocean. Winters are usually long, cold, and dry, whereas summers are short, hot, and humid. Spring and autumn are pleasant but short in duration. Seoul's mean temperature in January is ; in July the mean temperature is about . Because of its southern and seagirt location, Jeju Island has warmer and milder weather than other parts of South Korea. Mean temperatures on Jeju range from in January to in July.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: The country generally has sufficient rainfall to sustain its agriculture. Rarely does less than of rainfall in any given year; for the most part, rainfall is over . Amounts of precipitation, however, can vary from year to year. Serious droughts occur about once every eight years, especially in the rice-producing southwestern part of the country. About two-thirds of the annual precipitation occurs between June and September.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: South Korea is less vulnerable to typhoons than Japan, Taiwan, the east coast of China, or the Philippines. From one to three typhoons can be expected per year. Typhoons usually pass over South Korea in late summer, especially in August, and bring torrential rains. Flooding occasionally causes considerable damage, as do landslides, given the country's generally mountainous terrain.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: In September 1984, record floods caused the deaths of 190 people and left 200,000 homeless. This disaster prompted the North Korean government to make an unprecedented offer of humanitarian aid in the form of rice, medicine, clothes, and building materials. South Korea accepted these items and distributed them to flood victims.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: There are occasional big typhoons that bring high winds and floods. There is also low-level seismic activity, which is common in the southwest.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: Hallasan (elev. ) is considered historically active although it has not erupted in many centuries. Earthquake activity is minimal; however, since 2016, there have been two earthquakes over 5.4 magnitude.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: Habitat loss and degradation, especially of wetlands, through coastal reclamation (e.g. Saemangeum, Shiwa, Song Do, Namyang Bay, Asan Bay, in the south-west, Gwangyang Bay and the Nakdong Estuary) have caused huge declines in fisheries and of biodiversity. Most riverine wetland in Korea is now threatened by the proposed Grand Korean Waterway project. There are also some problems air pollution in large cities; as well as water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents. Drift netting is another issue.


title: Geography of South Korea

text: South Korea is a party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution (MARPOL 73/78), Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling


title: Workshop

text: Beginning with the Industrial Revolution era, a workshop may be a room, rooms or building which provides both the area and tools (or machinery) that may be required for the manufacture or repair of manufactured goods. Workshops were the only places of production until the advent of industrialization and the development of larger factories. In the 20th and 21st century, many Western homes contained a workshop in either the garage, basement, or an external shed. Home workshops typically contain a workbench, hand tools, power tools, and other hardware. Along with the practical application of repairing goods, workshops are often used to tinker and make prototypes.


title: Workshop

text: Some workshops focus exclusively on automotive repair or restoration although there are a variety of workshops in existence today. Woodworking, metalworking, electronics, and other types of electronic prototyping workshops are among the most common.


title: Workshop

text: In some repair industries, such as locomotives and aircraft, the repair operations have specialized workshops called back shops or railway workshops. Most repairs are carried out in small workshops, except where an industrial service is needed.)


title: Sorel Carradine

text: Sorel Johannah Carradine (born June 18, 1985) is an American actress. Her parents are Keith Carradine and Sandra Will.


title: Sorel Carradine

text: Carradine received her B.F.A. from USC School of Dramatic Arts, and began her career in 2005 with an appearance on the TV show "Complete Savages". She has since appeared in series like "Marvel's Runaways", "Saving Grace" and "Southland", and films such as "The Good Doctor" and "Nesting".


title: Trapeze

text: A trapeze is a short horizontal bar hung by ropes or metal straps from a ceiling support. It is an aerial apparatus commonly found in circus performances. Trapeze acts may be static, spinning (rigged from a single point), swinging or flying, and may be performed solo, double, triple or as a group act.


title: Trapeze

text: The name of the apparatus reflects the trapezoid shape made by the horizontal bar, ropes and ceiling support.


title: Trapeze

text: The art of trapeze performance is reported to have been developed by Jules Léotard, a young French acrobat and aerialist, in Toulouse in the mid-1800s. He is said to have used his father's swimming pool to practice. However, the name "trapeze" can be found in books dating as far back as twenty years earlier, before Léotard was born. One such example is George Roland’s “An Introductory Course of Modern Gymnastic Exercises”, published in 1832. Roland proposes the idea that the trapeze might owe its origin to Colonel Amoros, but ultimately deems the question of origin "unimportant to the present subject".


title: Trapeze

text: The name was applied in French () from the resemblance of the apparatus to a trapezium or irregular four-sided figure.


title: Trapeze

text: In the UK, many outdoor education centres offer an activity known as 'leap of faith'. This activity invites participants to climb to the top of a narrow pole and jump, arms outstretched, to grab a trapeze bar. Similar to the flying trapeze, gravity creates the swing. In this type of activity, participants are attached via rope and harness and an added challenge to get your legs over the trapeze can be included.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Tech University (Louisiana Tech, La. Tech, or simply Tech) is a public research university in Ruston, Louisiana. It is part of the University of Louisiana System and classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Tech opened as the Industrial Institute and College of Louisiana in 1894 during the Second Industrial Revolution. The original mission of the college was for the education of students in the arts and sciences for the purpose of developing an industrial economy in post-Reconstruction Louisiana. Four years later in 1898, the state constitution changed the school's name to Louisiana Industrial Institute. In 1921, the college changed its name to Louisiana Polytechnic Institute to reflect its development as a larger institute of technology. Louisiana Polytechnic Institute became desegregated in the 1960s. It officially changed its name to Louisiana Tech University in 1970 as it satisfied criteria of a research university.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Tech enrolled 12,463 students in five academic colleges during the Fall 2018 academic quarter including 1,282 students in the graduate school. In addition to the main campus in Ruston, Louisiana Tech holds classes at the Louisiana Tech University Shreveport Center, Academic Success Center in Bossier City, Barksdale Air Force Base Instructional Site, and on the CenturyLink campus in Monroe.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Tech fields 16 varsity NCAA Division I sports teams (7 men's, 9 women's teams) and is a member of Conference USA of the Football Bowl Subdivision. The university is known for its Bulldogs football team and Lady Techsters women's basketball program which won three national championship titles (1981, 1982, 1988) and made 13 Final Four appearances in the program's history.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Ruston College, a forerunner to Louisiana Tech, was established in the middle 1880s by W. C. Friley, a Southern Baptist pastor. This institution lasted for seven years and had annual enrollments of about 250 students. Friley subsequently from 1892 to 1894 served as the first president of Hardin–Simmons University in Abilene, Texas, and from 1909 to 1910, as the second president of Louisiana College in Pineville.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: On May 14, 1894, the Lincoln Parish Police Jury held a special session to outline plans to secure a regional industrial school. The police jury (a body similar to a county court or county commission in other states) called upon State Representative George M. Lomax to introduce the proposed legislation during the upcoming session. Representative Lomax, Jackson Parish Representative J. T. M. Hancock, and journalist, lawyer, and future judge John B. Holstead fought for the passage of the bill. On July 6, 1894, the proposed bill was approved as Act No. 68 of the General Assembly of Louisiana. The act established "The Industrial Institute and College of Louisiana", an industrial institute created for the education of white children in the arts and sciences.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In 1894, Colonel Arthur T. Prescott was elected as the first president of the college. He moved to Ruston and began overseeing the construction of a two-story main building. The brick building housed eight large classrooms, an auditorium, a chemical laboratory, and two offices. A frame building was also built nearby and was used for the instruction of mechanics. The main building was located on a plot of that was donated to the school by Francis P. Stubbs. On September 23, 1895, the school started its first session with six faculty members and 202 students.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In May 1897, Harry Howard became the first graduate. Colonel Prescott awarded him with a Bachelor of Industry degree, but there was no formal commencement. The first formal commencement was held in the Ruston Opera House the following May with ten graduates receiving their diplomas.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Article 256 of the 1898 state constitution changed the school's name to Louisiana Industrial Institute. Two years later, the course of study was reorganized into two years of preparatory work and three years of college level courses. Students who were high school graduates were admitted to the seventh quarter (college level) of study without examination. As years went by, courses changed and admissions requirements tightened. From 1917 to 1925, several curricula were organized according to the junior college standards and were offered leading to the Bachelor of Industry degree. In 1919, the Board of Trustees enlarged the curricula and started granting a standard baccalaureate degree. The first of these was granted on June 15, 1921, a Bachelor of Science in Engineering.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The Constitution adopted June 18, 1921, changed the name of the school in Article XII, Section 9, from Louisiana Industrial Institute to Louisiana Polytechnic Institute, or "Louisiana Tech" for short.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The Main Building, also known as Old Main, burned to the ground in December 1936, but the columns that marked the entrance remain in place behind Prescott Memorial Library. By June 1936, construction on a new administration building had begun. On completion in January 1937, it was named Leche Hall in honor of then Governor Richard W. Leche of New Orleans. The building was renamed after the death of former university president, J. E. Keeny, and remains the remodeled Keeny Hall.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Polytechnic Institute experienced an infrastructure growth spurt in 1939 and 1940. Seven buildings were designed by architect Edward F. Neild and completed at a cost of $2,054,270. These were Aswell Hall (girls' dormitory), Robinson Hall (men's dormitory for juniors and seniors), Tolliver Hall (880-seat dining hall), Bogard Hall (the Engineering Building), the S.J. Wages Power Plant, Reese Agricultural Hall (located on the South Campus Tech Farm), and the Howard Auditorium & Fine Arts Building.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: During World War II, Louisiana Polytechnic Institute was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: After World War II, old army barracks were used to construct the student union and bookstore. It was known as the "Tonk" because it resembled a honky tonk. The building was replaced 15 years later but its nickname remained.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In 1962, Foster Jay Taylor became the 12th President of the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute, having succeeded Ralph L. Ropp. During his twenty-five years at president, Dr. Taylor oversaw the transformation of the former Louisiana Polytechnic Institute into Louisiana Tech University. The university's enrollment grew from about 3,000 students in 1962 to roughly 12,000 students in 1987. The first African-American students at Louisiana Tech, James Earl Potts (a transfer student from the nearby HBCU Grambling State University) and Bertha Bradford-Robinson, were admitted in the spring of 1965.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Most of the modern buildings on the Main Campus were either built or renovated during Taylor's tenure as university president. The main athletic facilities were constructed during the Taylor Era including Joe Aillet Stadium, the Thomas Assembly Center, J.C. Love Field, and the Lady Techster Softball Complex. In addition to the athletic facilities, the 16-story Wyly Tower, Student Bookstore, Nethken Hall (Electrical Engineering building), the University President's House, and the current College of Business Building were built on the Main Campus. In order to house the increasing student body of Louisiana Tech, Dr. Taylor led the construction of Graham, Harper, Kidd, Caruthers, and Neilson residence halls.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Taylor's time as Louisiana Tech president also marked the beginning of Lady Techster athletics. In 1974, Taylor established the Lady Techsters women's basketball program with a $5,000 appropriation. He hired Sonja Hogg, a 28-year-old PE instructor at Ruston High School, as the Lady Techsters' first head coach. Under Coach Hogg and her successor Leon Barmore, the Lady Techsters won three National Championships during the 1980s. In 1980, Dr. Taylor founded the Lady Techster Softball team with Barry Canterbury serving as the team's first head coach. The team made seven straight teams to the NCAA softball tournament and three trips to the Women's College World Series during the 1980s.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In 1992, Louisiana Tech became a "selective admissions" university. This university has increased their admissions criteria four times since 2000 by raising the minimum overall grade point average, composite ACT score, and class ranking.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Tech has earned recognition from the Louisiana Board of Regents for its graduation rate and retention rate. According to a report of the Louisiana Board of Regents published in December 2011, Louisiana Tech has the second-highest graduation rate among the fourteen public universities in the state of Louisiana. The 53.3% 6-year graduation rate is the highest in the University of Louisiana System. Louisiana Tech has a 78.64% retention rate among incoming freshmen who stay with the same school after the first year, the top rate in the University of Louisiana System. The average time-to-degree ratio for Tech's graduates is 4.7 years, the fastest in the UL System.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Tech became the first in the world to confer a Bachelor of Science degree in nanosystems engineering when Josh Brown earned his degree in May 2007. Continuing its mission as an engineering pioneer, Louisiana Tech also launched the nation's first cyber engineering BS degree in 2012.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The campus of Louisiana Tech University is located in Ruston, Louisiana. The major roads that border or intersect the Tech campus are Tech Drive, California Avenue, Alabama Avenue, and Railroad Avenue. Interstate 20 and U.S. Highways 80 and 167 are located within one mile (1.6 km) of the Main Campus. In addition, a set of railroad tracks operated by Kansas City Southern Railway bisects the campus near Railroad Avenue.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The portion of the Main Campus located west of Tech Drive and north of the railroad include all of the university's major athletic facilities except for J.C. Love Field. The land east of Tech Drive and north of the railroad include the Lambright Intramural Center, J.C. Love Field, and the University Park Apartments. Most of the older residence halls are located near California Avenue and along Tech Drive south of the railroad tracks. The older part of the Main Campus is located south of Railroad Avenue. The Enterprise Campus is located on a plot of land east of Homer Street and bordering the oldest part of the Main Campus.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In addition to the Main Campus, Louisiana Tech also has of land located on the South Campus, of farm land west of the Main Campus, of forest land in Winn, Natchitoches, and Union Parishes, of land in Shreveport, a golf course in Lincoln Parish, of land for an arboretum west of the Main Campus, and a Flight Operations Center at Ruston Regional Airport.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The Main Campus at Louisiana Tech University originated in 1894 as a plot of land with only two buildings, The Old Main Building and a frame building nearby used by the Department of Mechanics (the forerunner of the College of Engineering and Science). Today, the Main Campus is housed on of land with 86 buildings including 22 apartment buildings for the University Park Apartments on the north part of the campus. Many of the buildings, especially the older buildings, on the Main Campus are built in the Colonial Revival style. Bogard Hall, Howard Auditorium, Keeny Hall, University Hall (formerly the original Prescott Library), Reese Hall, Robinson Hall, and Tolliver Hall are all included on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The oldest existing building on Louisiana Tech's campus is the Ropp Center. The Italian-style, wood-frame house was constructed in 1911 and is named after Ralph L. Ropp, Louisiana Tech's President from 1949 to 1962. The Ropp Center served as the home of seven Louisiana Tech Presidents until a new president's house was built in 1972 on the west side of Tech's campus. The Ropp Center was used by the College of Home Economics for thirteen years until the Office of Special Programs moved into the building in 1985. In 2002, a $1 million renovation was completed to transform the Ropp Center into a faculty and staff club that is used for special events and housing for on-campus guests.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The Quadrangle (the Quad) is the focal point of the oldest part of the Main Campus. The Quad is considered to be one of the most peaceful and beautiful locations at Louisiana Tech. Large oak trees and park benches all around the Quad provide students and visitors a quiet place to study and relax. At the center of the Quad is The Lady of the Mist sculpture and fountain, a landmark for students and alumni alike. The buildings surrounding the Quad are Keeny Hall, Howard Auditorium, the Student Center, the Bookstore, the Wyly Tower of Learning, the current Prescott Memorial Library, and the original Prescott Library now known as University Hall.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Another popular location on the Main Campus is Centennial Plaza. In 1994, Centennial Plaza was constructed to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Louisiana Tech's founding. The plaza was funded by a student self-assessed fee and designed specifically for the use and enjoyment of the student body. Centennial Plaza is used for special events throughout the year, such as Christmas in the Plaza, movie events, and student organizational fairs. Centennial Plaza is one of the main gathering points of the students due to the plaza's close proximity to the on-campus restaurants, coffee shops, dining halls, university post office, and offices for Student Life, SGA, and Union Board. At the center of the plaza is the Clock Tower which has the sound and digital capabilities to play the Alma Mater, Fight Song, and any other songs and calls as needed. The Alumni Brick Walkway runs through Centennial Plaza and around the Clock Tower. A large Louisiana Tech seal marks the middle of Centennial Plaza just west of the Clock Tower. Centennial Plaza is enclosed by Tolliver Hall, the Student Center, Howard Auditorium, and Harper Residence Hall.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Tech has two main dining halls on Wisteria Drive on the west end of Centennial Plaza. The first dining hall is the Student Center which is home to the cafeteria, a smaller dining hall for eating and socializing, the La Tech Cafe, several small restaurants including Chick-fil-A, and the Tonk. The Student Center is also home to the CEnIT Innovation Lab, several large study areas, and a conference room. One of the three bronze bulldog statues is located on the first floor of the Student Center near the entrance of the Tonk. Students pet the bulldog statue for good luck as they walk by the statue.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The second student center on the Tech campus is Tolliver Hall. Tolliver Hall, named after Tech's first full-time dietitian Irene Tolliver, is located at the west end of Centennial Plaza near the Wisteria Student Center. This two-story building was built in the 1920s as one of three dining halls at Louisiana Tech. The eating area in the second floor remained open until it was shut down in the 1980s. In 2003, nearly $3 million was spent to renovate Tolliver Hall into a modern cyber student center. The second floor now houses a cyber cafe which includes computer stations, a McAlister's Deli restaurant, several smaller restaurants, a large dining area with big-screen televisions, and smaller tables surrounding the floor for dining and studying. The offices of the Louisiana Tech Student Government Association, Union Board, the International Student Office, and multicultural affairs are also housed on the second floor. The first floor is used as the post office for Tech's students, faculty, and administration officials.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In the past decade, Louisiana Tech built new buildings and renovated some of the Main Campus' older buildings. The university erected Davison Hall (home of the university's Professional Aviation program), the Micromanufacturing Building, and the Biomedical Engineering Building on the south end of the Main Campus along Hergot Avenue. Tech tore down the old Hale Hall and constructed a brand-new Hale Hall in the style and design of the predecessor in 2004. On the eastern edge of the campus, the university renovated the building now known as University Hall, redesigned the bookstore interior, and made needed repairs to Keeny Hall and Howard Auditorium. All of the major athletics facilities on the north part of the Main Campus have received major upgrades and renovations in the past five years.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Construction started in early 2011 on a new College of Business building. The facility serves as the centerpiece of the entrepreneurship and business programs of the College of Business. The building features new classrooms, two auditoriums, computer labs, research centers, meeting rooms, and career and student support centers.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The campus also hosts the Idea Place, a science museum; A.E. Phillips Lab School, a K-8 school which is recognized as a "Five Star School" by the Louisiana Department of Education; and the Joe D. Waggonner Center for Bipartisan Politics and Public Policy.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: South Campus is located southwest of the main campus in Ruston and covers nearly . It is home to the School of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Center for Rural Development, Equine Center, John D. Griffin Horticultural Garden, and Tech Farm. The Tech Farm Salesroom markets dairy, meat, and plant products produced and processed by Tech Farm to the public. Students enrolled in agriculture or forestry programs attend classes in Reese Hall, the agricultural laboratory, and in Lomax Hall, the forestry and plant science complex which is home to the Louisiana Tech Greenhouses, Horticultural Conservatory, and the Spatial Data Laboratory.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In Fall Quarter 2009, the university broke ground on the new Enterprise Campus which will expand the campus by upon completion. The Enterprise Campus will be a green building project and will be a research facility available to technology companies and businesses. The Enterprise campus will also try to bridge the Engineering and Business colleges with the addition of the Entrepreneurship and Innovation Center (EIC).


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In 2010, Louisiana Tech finished the renovations of the old Visual Arts Building by transforming that building into the new Entrepreneurship and Innovation (E&I) Center. The E&I Center will serve as the central hub for the Center for Entrepreneurship and Information Technology's (CEnIT) programs and is located between the College of Business building and Bogard Hall (COES).


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Tech broke ground on Tech Pointe, the first building on the Enterprise Campus, in 2010. Tech Pointe will house the Cyberspace Research Laboratory as well as high-tech companies and start-up technology companies. The facility will include access to the Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI), fiber-optic and Internet networks, advanced computing capabilities, and other information technology supports needed to meet the demands of 24/7 high-tech companies and specialized cyber security research. Tech Pointe is scheduled for completion sometime in 2011.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The university recently unveiled plans to build a new College of Engineering and Science (COES) building. The three-story, building will provide new active learning class labs; engineering shops; and meeting rooms for classes in math, science, and engineering. The new COES building will provide new learning space for the university's first-year and second-year engineering and science students for the first time since the completion of Bogard Hall in 1940. Upon completion of the new College of Engineering and Science building, Louisiana Tech plans to renovate and improve Bogard Hall.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Since September 1965, Louisiana Tech has offered on-base degree programs through its satellite campus at Barksdale Air Force Base in Bossier City, Louisiana. The university works in conjunction with the Department of the Air Force to provide postsecondary education programs that are designed to meet the needs of Air Force personnel. While the primary focus of the Barksdale campus is to educate Air Force personnel, civilians are permitted to take part in the classes offered at the Barksdale campus if space is available. All courses offered at Tech Barksdale are taught on-base or online. The administrative offices for the Louisiana Tech Barksdale Air Force Program are located in the Base Education Center.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: As of the Fall 2018 quarter, Louisiana Tech had an enrollment of 12,463 students pursuing degrees in five academic colleges. The student body has members from every Louisiana parish, 43 U.S. states, and 64 foreign countries. Louisiana residents account for 85.0% of the student population, while out-of-state students and international students account for 11.1% and 4.0% of the student body, respectively. The student body at Louisiana Tech is 69.4% white, 13.3% black, 3.8% international students, and 13.5% other or "unknown" ethnicity. The student body consists of 50.2% women and 49.8% men.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The Fall 2016 incoming freshmen class at Louisiana Tech consisted of 2,018 students. This incoming freshmen class had an average 24.7 ACT score, with 31% scoring between 27–36 and 45% scoring between 22–26. Of the 2015 freshmen class, 83.0% are Louisiana residents, 16.3% are out-of-state students, and 0.7% are international students. Louisiana Tech's 2015 freshman class includes ten National Merit Scholars and one National Achievement Scholar.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: As of Fall 2015, the College of Engineering and Science had the largest enrollment of any college at Louisiana Tech with 22.9% of the student body. The College of Education, College of Liberal Arts, the College of Applied and Natural Sciences, and the College of Business had 18.4%, 14.0%, 13.1%, and 9.5%, respectively. About 22.2% of the student body were enrolled in Basic and Career Studies.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In the 2022–2023 "U.S. News & World Report" ranking of public universities, Louisiana Tech is ranked 163rd, and Louisiana Tech is ranked in Tier One of national universities at 317th. "Forbes" 2022 edition of "America's Top Colleges" ranked Louisiana Tech as the 204th best public college in the nation, the 230th best research university in the nation, the 437th best college overall, and the 93rd best college in the South. According to "Washington Monthly" "2022 National University Rankings", which consider research, community service, social mobility, and net price of attendance, Louisiana Tech ranked 411th nationally. The "Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings 2022" ranked Louisiana Tech >600 in the United States. "Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2020" which measure an institution’s performance across teaching, research, knowledge transfer, and international outlook ranked Louisiana Tech 801–1000th in the world. "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" named Louisiana Tech one of twenty universities in the world that are rising stars and could challenge the elites to become globally renowned by the year 2030.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: "Money" magazine named Louisiana Tech the best college in Louisiana in their 2016 "The Best College in Every State" publication. In addition, Louisiana Tech ranked 235th in "Money's Best Colleges", which ranked schools based on value by assessing educational quality, affordability, and alumni success. "Forbes" 2019 edition of "America's Best Value Colleges" ranked Louisiana Tech as the 159th best overall value for all American colleges and universities. In the 2018 "Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best College Values" rankings, Louisiana Tech ranked No. 1 for all Louisiana public colleges, 65th of all public colleges in the nation, and 189th of all public and private colleges in the United States. In the 2016 "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges" rankings, Louisiana Tech ranked No. 1 among public national universities and 6th among all national universities for graduating students with the least amount of debt. Louisiana Tech ranked 6th in "Business Insider"'s 2015 "Most Underrated Colleges In America" rankings. According to the "2015–2016 PayScale College Salary Report" salary potential for all alumni, Louisiana Tech ranks first among all public and private institutions in Louisiana, 60th nationally among public schools, 84th nationally among research universities, and 184th nationally among all universities and colleges.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Several of Louisiana Tech's graduate programs were named to the 2021 "U.S. News & World Report" list of Best Graduate Schools including the College of Business, Doctor of Audiology, Biomedical Engineering, College of Education, Master of Arts in Speech–Language Pathology, and College of Engineering. In the 2020 "U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges" rankings, Louisiana Tech's undergraduate engineering program ranked 134th in the nation, and Tech's undergraduate business program ranked 224th. The online Professional MBA was named to the 2020 U.S. News list of Best Online Programs. In the 2019 "U.S. News & World Report Best Grad Schools" rankings, Louisiana Tech ranked 145th in engineering, 141st in speech–language pathology, and 185th in education.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The university confers associate, bachelor's and master's degrees through its five academic colleges. Additionally, Louisiana Tech offers doctoral degrees in audiology, business administration, counseling psychology (accredited by the American Psychological Association), industrial/organizational psychology, computational analysis and modeling, engineering, and biomedical engineering, with a joint MD–PhD program with the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The College of Applied and Natural Sciences is made up of the School of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Health Informatics and Information Management, School of Human Ecology, and Division of Nursing.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Tech University’s College of Business houses the Department of Economics & Finance, Department of Marketing & Analysis, Department of Management & Sustainable Supply Chain Management, School of Accountancy, and Department of Computer Information Systems. The college offers eight undergraduate degree programs in addition to the Master of Business Administration, Master of Accountancy, and Doctor of Business Administration.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The MBA is offered in several delivery modes including Traditional, Professional (online), Hybrid (with a focus on Information Assurance), and Executive. The Executive MBA is housed in Louisiana Tech’s Bossier City Academic Success Center and is specifically designed for students who already have management experience. Structured to provide minimal disruption to work schedules, students pursuing the Executive MBA meet for classes every other weekend (Friday evenings and all-day on Saturday). The College of Business also offers several certificate programs.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The college has been accredited by AACSB International since 1955, when the School of Business Administration was one of 78 schools of business in the United States to become members of the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business. The MBA program was initially accredited in 1978, and the School of Accountancy was among the initial 20 schools receiving separate Accounting accreditation and the first in Louisiana.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The college houses the Center for Information Assurance, the Center for Entrepreneurship and Information Technology (CEnIT), the Academy of Marketing Science, and the Center for Economic Research, as well as The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems journal. It is also designated by the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as a Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Research and Education.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The College of Education traces its mission back to the origins of Louisiana Tech in 1894, where the preparation of teachers was one of the early missions of the institution. In 1970, the School of Education was elevated to the level of College.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Today, the College of Education consists of three separate departments: The Department of Curriculum, Instruction, and Leadership, The Department of Kinesiology, and The Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. Together, the three academic departments award thirty-five different academic degrees ranging from the baccalaureate to the doctoral levels.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Notable subdivisions of the College of Education include A.E. Phillips Laboratory School, the Science and Technology Education Center, the NASA Educator Resource Center, The IDEA Place, and the Professional Development and Research Institute on Blindness.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The College of Engineering and Science (COES) is the engineering school at Louisiana Tech University. The COES offers thirteen undergraduate degrees including seven engineering degrees, two engineering technology degrees, and four science degrees. The college also offers seven Master of Science degrees and four Doctorate degrees.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The college started as the Department of Mechanics in 1894 with a two-year program in Mechanic Arts. Since its founding, the college expanded its degree program to include chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, and mechanical engineering. The COES began offering one of the first biomedical engineering curriculum programs in the United States in 1972 and the first nanosystems engineering BS degree in 2005. Louisiana Tech launched the nation's first cyber engineering BS degree in 2012.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Bogard Hall is the second home of the College of Engineering and Science. Louisiana Tech constructed the building in 1940 and named it after Frank Bogard, the former Dean of Engineering at Louisiana Tech. The college also utilizes Nethken Hall, the Biomedical Engineering Building, the Institute for Micromanufacturing, and parts of Carson-Taylor Hall for the college's activities. In early 2011, Louisiana Tech announced plans to construct a new Integrated Engineering and Science Building adjacent to Bogard Hall. The building will provide new classrooms, shops, and meeting rooms for engineering, science, and math students at Louisiana Tech.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In 2019, the Integrated Engineering and Science Building (IESB) was completed, and the College of Engineering and Science Undergraduate Studies moved to the new building. Bogard Hall continues to host the College of Engineering and Science Graduate Studies. In the Winter Quarter of 2019-2020, students were able to begin using the new classrooms and study spaces.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The College of Liberal Arts consists of nine academic departments: Architecture, Art, History, Journalism, Literature and Language, Performing Arts, Professional Aviation, Social Science, and Speech. The college offers 26 degree programs, including 19 bachelors, 6 masters, and the doctorate degree in audiology


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The College of Liberal Arts hosts the Louisiana Tech University Honors Program. Tech's Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) Detachment 305 is also part of the College of Liberal Arts.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The School of Design at Louisiana Tech University has two gallery spaces available to artists working in all media including: painting, drawing, video, printmaking, installation, sculpture, photography, ceramics, fiber, and digital works. Several calls for entry are open year round. The mission of the galleries at The School of Design at Louisiana Tech University is to contribute to student and community learning through exposure to the work and philosophy of nationally recognized contemporary artists working in the visual arts. The SOD Galleries accept unsolicited submissions on a rolling basis, which are reviewed quarterly by the Gallery Committee.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In 2001, Louisiana Tech proposed the creation of the Center for Entrepreneurship and Information Technology (CEnIT), a collaboration between the College of Engineering & Science (COES) and the College of Business (COB). The CEnIT focuses the resources of the two colleges and their related centers in promoting entrepreneurial research, technology transfer, and education. The CEnIT was approved in 2002 by the University of Louisiana System Board of Supervisors and the Louisiana Board of Regents. , the CEnIT is housed in the CEnIT Innovation Lab on the main floor of the Student Center next to The Quad. The center will move to the newly renovated University Hall building located next to the College of Business sometime in 2011.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The Top Dawg Competition was created in 2002 by the Association of Business, Engineering, and Science Entrepreneurs (ABESE), now known as Bulldog Entrepreneurs. The annual competition is hosted by Bulldog Entrepreneurs and in conjunction with the CEnIT, COES, College of Business, and the Technology Business Development Center (TBDC). The competition started as the Top Dawg Business Plan Competition in 2002 and expanded six years later to include the Idea Pitch Competition. Participants in the Top Dawg Competition create teams to develop innovative ideas into real businesses and showcase intellectual properties developed by Louisiana Tech researchers and students. The teams must foster an idea, create a business plan, and compete for cash prizes and resources needed to further develop the team's concept. The total amount of money awarded during each competition to the competing teams has grown since 2002 to $14,500 for the 2011 Competition. In addition to prize money from the COES and College of Business, additional prize money is awarded by Jones Walker, Louisiana Tech's Innovation Enterprise Fund, and the Ruston-Lincoln Parish Chamber of Commerce.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Tech established the Global_Campus on September 16, 2008. The campus offers a variety of degree programs, certificate programs, and general education courses. Global_Campus focuses on providing more flexibility and choices to Tech's traditional students and complete online education services to non-traditional students, such as military, international, and dual enrollment students.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: , Global_Campus offers over 275 distance learning courses while more courses are in development. Louisiana Tech has six master's degree programs, two bachelor's degree programs, and one associate degree program available via distance learning. In addition to the nine degree programs, Global_Campus offers eight professional development programs.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: In the Fall of 2011, Louisiana Tech and CenturyLink created a partnership called "CenturyLink@LaTech" to meet the workforce development and training needs of CenturyLink. It is designed for CenturyLink employees with general responsibilities and interests in telecommunications engineering, information technology or information systems.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: Louisiana Tech has over 163 officially recognized student organizations. Students can opt to participate in Student Government, Union Board, "The Tech Talk", TechTV, Lagniappe, Greek, religious, honor, service, spirit, intramurals, club sports, pre-professional, and special interest organizations.


title: Louisiana Tech University

text: The Louisiana Tech University Union Board organizes entertainment activities for Louisiana Tech students throughout the entire school year. About 80 students participate in Union Board each academic school year. The Union Board receives an annual budget of about $210,000 in Student Assessment Fees and uses the money to organize and produce the annual Fall Fling, Talent Show, Spring Fling, Tech the Halls, the Miss Tech Pageant, RusVegas casino night, and other special events.