title: Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk

text: Maud's uncle, King George V, in letters patent dated 20 November 1917, restructured the styles and titles of the royal family by restricting the titles of Prince or Princess and the style of Royal Highness to the children of the sovereign, the children of the sovereign's sons, and the eldest living son of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. The Letters Patent also stated that "the titles of Royal Highness, Highness or Serene Highness, and the titular dignity of Prince and Princess shall cease except those titles already granted and remaining unrevoked". This had no direct effect on Maud and her sister, whose rank and style derived from the specific promotions granted to them by their grandfather, Edward VII, and George V took no further action to retract the royal warrant conferring the princely title and attribute upon them. Maud therefore continued to use her princely title until her 1923 marriage. Upon her marriage to Charles, Lord Carnegie, however, she chose to be known as "Lady Maud Carnegie" (or, from 1941, "the Countess of Southesk"), dropping her princely title.


title: Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk

text: She rode in the carriage procession with members of the royal family at the funeral of George V in 1936; on this occasion she was styled in the London Gazette as "Lady Maud Carnegie". She also attended the coronation of her first cousin, King George VI in May 1937, taking part in the procession of members of the royal family, and was officially styled as Lady Maud Carnegie.


title: Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk

text: On 13 November 1923, Maud married Charles, Lord Carnegie (23 September 1893 – 16 February 1992) at the Royal Military Chapel, Wellington Barracks, London. Lord Carnegie was the eldest son of Charles Noel Carnegie, 10th Earl of Southesk and inherited the title of Earl of Southesk on his father's death on 10 November 1941.


title: Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk

text: Maud and her husband operated a model farm from Elsick House, in Kincardineshire, Scotland. They had one child, James (23 September 1929 - 22 June 2015).


title: Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk

text: Maud was a devoted supporter of the Girl Guides movement. She was a County Commissioner in Angus and Aberdeenshire and a member of the Executive Committee in Scotland. She was a recipient of the Silver Fish Award, Girl Guiding's highest adult honour, in 1937.


title: Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk

text: Princess Maud consistently appeared at the Court of St. James's among the royal family, although she did not undertake official or public duties. During George VI's absence in Africa in 1943, Maud served as a Counsellor of State. At the time of her death in 1945, she was thirteenth in line to the British throne and heir presumptive to the dukedom of Fife, since her sister's only son Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, had died in 1943. Maud's only son James, Lord Carnegie, succeeded his aunt as 3rd Duke of Fife in 1959. He succeeded to his father's titles in 1992.


title: Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk

text: Princess Maud died in a London nursing home on 14 December 1945 after a bout of acute bronchitis. Her will was sealed in Llandudno in 1946. Her estate was valued at £44,008 (or £1.2 million in 2022 when adjusted for inflation).


title: Marília Mendonça

text: Marília Dias Mendonça (; 22 July 1995 – 5 November 2021) was a Brazilian singer, songwriter and instrumentalist. She is posthumously recognized in Brazil as the 'queen of sofrência', a subgenre of sertanejo music, and has been recognized for her contribution to female empowerment by revolutionizing the universe of sertanejo music.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: In 2015, she released her self-titled debut EP. She rose to prominence after releasing her first eponymous live album in 2016, which was certified triple platinum in Brazil for selling 240,000 copies. "Infiel", a song included in the album, became one of the most played songs in Brazil and received a triple diamond disc certificate, giving Mendonça national visibility. Her second live album "Realidade", was released in 2017 and received a Latin Grammy nomination in the Best Sertaneja Music Album. In 2019, she released the live album "Todos os Cantos," which featured shows recorded by the singer in all the state capitals. The album was certified triple platinum by Pro-Música Brasil with 240,000 copies sold and received a Latin Grammy for Best Sertaneja Music Album.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: On 5 November 2021, Mendonça died at the age of 26 in an airplane crash in Piedade de Caratinga, Minas Gerais, where she was to perform a concert.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: Born in Cristianópolis and raised in Goiânia, Mendonça had her first contact with music through church and began composing when she was 12, having started to write songs for various singers such as "Minha Herança" (João Neto & Frederico), "Muito Gelo, Pouco Whisky" (Wesley Safadão), "Até Você Voltar""," "Cuida Bem Dela""," "Flor e o Beija-Flor" (Henrique & Juliano), "Ser Humano ou um Anjo" (Matheus & Kauan), "Calma" (Jorge & Mateus) and "É Com Ela Que Eu Estou" (Cristiano Araújo).


title: Marília Mendonça

text: Mendonça started her career as a singer in January 2014, with her first eponymous EP. In June 2015, the song "Impasse" was released, Mendonça's first single which featured the participation of duo Henrique & Juliano. In March 2016, Mendonça released her first live album called "Marília Mendonça: Ao Vivo" which featured singles such as "Sentimento Louco" and "Infiel" with the participation of Henrique & Juliano. Infiel became the fifth most played song on Brazilian radio that year, and Mendonça began to gain national recognition. In October, a live acoustic EP entitled Agora É Que São Elas was released with previous successful tracks and had its only single with the song "Eu Sei de Cor".


title: Marília Mendonça

text: In January 2017, Mendonça released another eponymous EP with four new tracks. In March, her second album was released entitled "Realidade", which had singles such as "Amante Não Tem Lar" and "De Quem É A Culpa" and counted again with participation of the duo Henrique & Juliano. In November, she released the single "Transplante" in partnership with duo Bruno & Marrone. In July, Mendonça won the post of the most heard Brazilian artist on YouTube, ranking 13th in the world ranking.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: In April 2018, she released the album entitled "Agora É Que São Elas 2", in collaboration with the duo Maiara & Maraisa. The album features the songs "Ausência" and "Estranho", in addition to "A Culpa é Dele".


title: Marília Mendonça

text: In February 2019, the first part of Mendonça's third live album, entitled "Todos os Cantos", was released; singles in this album included the songs "Ciumeira", "Bem Pior Que Eu", "Todo Mundo Vai Sofrer" and "Supera". In March, Spotify announced that Mendonça was number one in the TOP 10 of the most heard women in Brazil of the streaming service. In May, the second part of the album Todos os Cantos was released. The third and final part of the live album was released in August. In 2019, Todos os Cantos won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Sertaneja Music Album.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: In January 2020, Mendonça released the single "Graveto". In February, she released another single "Tentativas". In May, her third single of the year "Vira Homem" was released. In September, she released the album titled "Patroas", in partnership with the duo Maiara & Maraisa . The album features unreleased compositions by the singers and re-recordings of their greatest hits. Their songs included "Quero Você do Jeito Que Quiser", "10 de Setembro" and "Coração Bandido". In 2021, it was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award for Best Sertaneja Music Album. On 22 August 2021, singer Luísa Sonza released a remix of the song "Best Sozinha" featuring Mendonça.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: In October 2021, Mendonça released a studio album titled "Patroas 35%", another collaboration between Mendonça and the duo Maiara & Maraisa. The album features the songs "Todo Mundo Menos Você", "Esqueça-Me Se For Capaz" and "Motel Afrodite".


title: Marília Mendonça

text: After Mendonça's death, songs that she had recorded with other artists were released, such as "Amigos con Derechos" with Mexican singer Dulce María, "50 por Cento" with singer Naiara Azevedo, "Amava Nada" with singer Lucas Lucco, "Calculista" with duo Dom Vittor & Gustavo and "Mal Feito" with duo Hugo & Guilherme.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: In March 2015, Mendonça dated businessman Yugnir Ângelo, with whom she became engaged in December 2016. She ended the relationship in August 2017, stating she was too young for such a commitment. After maintaining casual relationships, in May 2019 she revealed she had been in a serious relationship for five months with fellow singer and songwriter Murilo Huff. The couple got engaged and moved in together. In June the same year, she confirmed that she was pregnant, giving birth to her son Léo, born eight weeks premature, on 16 December 2019, in Goiânia.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: During the break of her Side B live show, on the 8 August 2020, Mendonça mentioned a gay nightclub in Goiânia called Diesel, where one of her band's musicians had kissed "the most beautiful woman in his life", according to her. In addition, other members of the band chuckled and made unspoken comments, implying that the boy would have hooked up with a transsexual woman. The singer's comments had a negative impact on social networks and raised the hashtag #MaríliaTransfóbica on Twitter. On 10 August, Mendonça spoke on Twitter and admitted the mistake, where she apologized for the jokes and acknowledged that her mistake was unjustifiable.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: On 5 November 2021, Mendonça embarked on an air taxi with four other people on board towards Caratinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil, where she was expected to perform in a local concert. The plane crashed, killing Mendonça, her uncle (who was also her manager), her producer and two crew members. All five deaths were officially confirmed shortly after on a live coverage by TV Globo. Her death attracted great attention of national and international media, and several artists mourned the tragedy and paid their respects on social media, such as Anitta, Luísa Sonza, Dulce María, Gal Costa, Roberta Miranda, Gilberto Gil, Ivete Sangalo, Pabllo Vittar, among others and from Manuel Abud, CEO of the Latin Recording Academy.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: After her death, Mendonça became the most listened-to artist in global streamings with 28.6 million streams; 74 of her songs appeared in Spotify's TOP200 in Brazil.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: With the exception of the pilot and co-pilot, the victims' bodies left the funeral home in Caratinga, at dawn on 6 November. At morning, the bodies of Mendonça and Silveira arrived in Goiânia. An open casket service for them took place at Goiânia Arena in Goiânia later that day. Their private funeral was held at 9:00 am, restricted to family members; it later opened to the public at 1:00 pm, and fans were allowed to pay their respects. It is estimated that more than 100,000 people passed through the arena. Funeral procession began at 5:30 pm, with the bodies being buried at Cemitério Parque Memorial in Goiânia.


title: Marília Mendonça

text: Mendonça is recognized as the leader of the musical subgenre "feminejo" — sertanejo music that emphasizes women — and her contribution to female empowerment. The singer revolutionized the sertanejo scene between the 2010s and 2020s. She was often called "the queen of suffering", for her soulful, angst-filled ballads.


title: Savage River (TV series)

text: Savage River is a six-part Australian crime drama, produced by Aquarius Films, which premiered on ABC TV and iview on 4 September 2022. Set in country Victoria, the series is led by director Jocelyn Moorhouse and cinematographer Don McAlpine, and stars Katherine Langford, Virginia Gay, Jacqueline McKenzie.


title: Savage River (TV series)

text: Miki Anderson who returns to her hometown in rural Victoria after eight years in prison, intending to get on with her life. However a murder is committed in the town, and the townspeople suspect Miki, and she sets out to prove her innocence.


title: Savage River (TV series)

text: The six-part series was directed by Jocelyn Moorhouse and is co-created by writers Belinda Bradley, Franz Docherty and lead writer Giula Sandler.


title: Savage River (TV series)

text: It was filmed in Melbourne, Warburton in the Yarra Valley, and in Bright and Myrtleford in the High Country of Victoria. Cinematography was by Don McAlpine.


title: Savage River (TV series)

text: It was produced by Angie Fielder and Polly Staniford of Aquarius Films for ABC Television. Funding was provided by Screen Australia with support from VicScreen through production investment and the Regional Location Assistance Fund.


title: Savage River (TV series)

text: Travis Johnson, writing on "Flicks", found the series too long to sustain interest. Emma Maguire found it a gripping example of the "Australian Gothic" genre: "When Miki gets a job at the abattoir we see a brutal reality: Savage River is a town built on blood and slaughter, a truth that references the colonial violence at the foundation of modern Australia".


title: Hans Matheson

text: Hans Matheson (born 7 August 1975) is a Scottish actor and musician. In a wide-ranging film and television career he has taken lead roles in diverse films such as "Doctor Zhivago", "Sherlock Holmes", "The Tudors", "Tess of the d'Urbervilles", "Clash of the Titans" and "". In addition to acting, Matheson sings and plays guitar, violin and harmonica, and released an album of his songs in 2019.


title: Hans Matheson

text: Matheson was born in Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, Scotland. His parents were Sheena, a therapist, and Iain (Ado), a folk musician and painter. His late younger brother, William Matheson, was also an actor. The family soon moved to Kent, where he has since been based, though with regular visits back to the north of Scotland. He disliked school and prompted by his mother enrolled and studied at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, London.


title: Hans Matheson

text: His first screen appearance was as a youth being interviewed by the police in an episode of "The Bill" in 1995; he was then cast in other UK TV dramas before he made his feature film debut as Johnny Silver in Jez Butterworth's directorial debut, "Mojo". He had created the same role in the stage premiere at the Royal Court Theatre in July 1995. He followed the film "Mojo" with "Stella Does Tricks", playing a young male prostitute hooked on drugs who befriends Stella, a 15 year old prostitute.


title: Hans Matheson

text: Matheson then played Marius in Bille August's film version of "Les Misérables", appearing alongside Liam Neeson, Geoffrey Rush and Claire Danes, where he "was determined to play him as a heartfelt revolutionary, demanding power for the people". When he went to New York it was the first time he had left the UK in what he described shortly after as "an unbelievable turn of events". The same year, Matheson played guitar for the role of Luke Shand, a youthful rocker helping to invigorate an old band in the film "Still Crazy".


title: Hans Matheson

text: He continued with a leading role in the British hit "Tube Tales", which led to his first commercialized film, "Bodywork", starring as a market trader framed for murder, with Kate Winslet, Charlotte Coleman, and Clive Russell. In 2000 he starred in "Canone Inverso" set in the 1930s, as Jeno Varga, a young man who falls in love with a pianist; he learnt the violin for this role. Following "Canone Inverso", he played Mordred in the American TV film "The Mists of Avalon". In his next film he played Tomas in the Norwegian-Danish feature "I Am Dina", released in 2002, and based upon "Dinas Bok".


title: Hans Matheson

text: Matheson, still relatively unknown, landed the central role of Yuri Zhivago in Giacomo Campiotti's 2002 adaptation of Boris Pasternak's novel, "Doctor Zhivago" after a long search by its producers. The actor visited Pasternak's niece in Oxford, and on reading some of the Russian poetry (in translation by his sister) was "inspired beyond belief"; and saw it as a "great opportunity to play a wonderful character with such a huge range of emotions". Despite inevitable comparisons with the 1965 Lean film, his portrayal - "intense, playful, assured and able to convey a very effective sense of trouble brewing" was praised, and another critic commended the "outstanding performances", noting how "Matheson's sunken eyes capture the toll Zhivago's travails exact upon him, both spiritually and physically".


title: Hans Matheson

text: Matheson played a private in the trenches in the 2002 horror war film "Deathwatch", then in early 2004 he starred as an alcoholic in rehab in the television docu-film "Comfortably Numb", which he later described as "his proudest role". While some critics objected to the mix of drama and documentary, and of professional and amateur actors, one described Matheson's performance as "as affecting as it was understated", adding "I haven't seen anyone command the small screen so effectively in a long time. In 2006, Matheson co-starred as a lighthouse-keeper who has a romance with murder mystery author Demi Moore in the film "Half Light". He then portrayed the Earl of Essex in a BBC production about Queen Elizabeth I of England called "The Virgin Queen", broadcast in the US in 2005 and the UK in 2006. For this role, he sought to emulate the swagger of Marc Bolan, listening a lot to Bolan and Kurt Cobain (for his aggression) in the dressing room; he added "I really, really loved playing this character ...with Essex I felt I had to constantly come outside of my safety zone, which was very liberating for me". Another period drama followed when he appeared as Archbishop Thomas Cranmer in the second season of the Showtime series "The Tudors" in 2008.


title: Hans Matheson

text: The same year Matheson played Alec Stoke-d'Urberville, "calculating and spoilt, but also friendly and charming" in the four-part BBC adaptation of "Tess of the d'Urbervilles". His was not the one-note villain, rather a damaged and misguided individual; "I tried to find something in his story. I don't think that he ever intended to hurt Tess and I think he believed he loved her, but in reality it was more of an obsession", Matheson commented later. The Thomas Hardy Society review found his Alec "intelligently portrayed... an amoral, nouveau-riche, deracinated figure", while another critic added that the "relationship between Tess and Alec is extremely well portrayed".


title: Hans Matheson

text: The following year he was the Home Secretary Lord Coward, alongside Robert Downey Jr. and Jude Law, in Guy Ritchie's film "Sherlock Holmes" (2009). Matheson then played Argive archer Ixas in the 2010 "Clash of the Titans" remake.


title: Hans Matheson

text: Described in Sight and Sound as "neatly but not lavishly mounted" with Matheson "at ease as the Doubting Thomas minister", he starred in "The Christmas Candle" as Reverend David Richmond. He considered the film more as a "romantic comedy", and not a message of Christian faith, and was drawn to the idea of an authority figure, vicar, who humbly realises that there is much more for him to learn.


title: Hans Matheson

text: He had a supporting role as Aeschylus in "", which required him to get fit in about ten weeks through hard-core training. In 2015 he was cast in the lead role of John Blackwood (Johnny Jackson) a "flawed" but "lovable rogue", who is seeking redemption from actions committed in his past in the ITV series "Jericho", which aired in January 2016 in the UK; but the drama was not continued after its first series.


title: Hans Matheson

text: In an interview with the actor in 2015, Olivia Sharpe noted that he had often played the dark hero, and that getting "into the psyche of a character and show their many facets is the mark of a great actor, which Hans undoubtedly is, although he modestly admits that there have been many roles he would sooner forget". Matheson admitted that he had occasionally taken jobs that weren't his first choice in order to make ends meet. Time constraints when filming were a problem, "you miss process; process is where results and creative things happen and you discover. The whole point of the job for me is discovering new things; that is what is exciting. If you are forced into a situation where you just have to come up with something, you will probably give something… not safe, but just something that you can rely on because there is just not the opportunity to explore together and try things". He acknowledged that he was occasionally nervous when performing, wishing that he could be in control of himself, adding that in acting one has to "let go" and that "you can't guarantee what happens". He also found that the best actors have difficulties with a poor script: "My dad once asked me: 'What is the most difficult thing about being an actor?' and I told him that it's all about trying to make bad writing work. It's quite humbling to realise that you're only as good as the story you're telling".


title: Hans Matheson

text: On two of his most important roles, Zhivago and Essex, he commented in 2014 "When I played Zhivago, I thought I'm never going to play a character that's going to give me so much to play with. I just loved it so much, the whole process from beginning to end, reading the book, everything. But then this has been the same. I can't think of two more extreme characters than Zhivago and Essex so it's going to be difficult to follow those".


title: Hans Matheson

text: An early interviewer noted that Matheson was ambivalent about becoming famous, and in 2002 he again expressed his concern at becoming "a media face, someone who's well known by people he doesn't know". Seeing acting more as a vocation than a career, he stated that "You've got to realise that it's not everything, making films", and that what he does in his life should have some meaning to him, not just a way to pay the rent; "...my music is really more essential to me for my soul". In 2013 he professed that despite the time pressures of filming his was "a fun job. I don't know how, but sometimes it seems that they squeeze every last moment, and it is a shame, as it would be a lot more fun".


title: Hans Matheson

text: Having appeared on his father Ado's albums 'Out on the Islands' in 2003 (vocals, violin, percussion), and 'The Healing Waves - Songs of Loss Longing Love and Liberation' (vocals, percussion, drums, viola) in 2019, he released his own first album in 2019 entitled 'Sail the Sea' with ten songs composed by him (vocals, guitar).


title: Hans Matheson

text: He also sings on the 1998 soundtrack album of "Still Crazy" (1998), and one song on the soundtrack of "Mojo".


title: Finnish grammar

text: The Finnish language is spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns elsewhere. Unlike the languages spoken in neighbouring countries, such as Swedish and Norwegian, which are North Germanic languages, or Russian, which is a Slavic language, Finnish is a Uralic language of the Finnic languages group. Typologically, Finnish is agglutinative. As in some other Uralic languages, Finnish has vowel harmony, and like other Finnic languages, it has consonant gradation.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The pronouns are inflected in the Finnish language much in the same way that their referent nouns are.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The personal pronouns are used to refer to human beings only. The personal pronouns in Finnish in the nominative case are listed in the following table:


title: Finnish grammar

text: Because Finnish verbs are inflected for person and number, in the Finnish standard language subject pronouns are not required, and the first and second-person pronouns are usually omitted except when used for emphasis. In the third person, however, the pronoun is required: '(s)he goes', 'they go'. In spoken Finnish, all pronouns are generally used.


title: Finnish grammar

text: In colloquial Finnish, the inanimate pronouns and are very commonly used in place of the singular and plural animate third-person pronouns, respectively. Use of and is mostly restricted to writing and formal or markedly polite speech as this clear distinction has never occurred naturally in the language. (Also the distinction isn't even about animacy as and are only used when referring to humans, never to animals.) and are usually replaced with colloquial forms. The most common variants are and , though in some dialects and , and or and are used. On the other hand, , and lack reduced colloquial forms, so that variants such as , , and of some eastern varieties) are dialectal. Some common verbs, such as "to be" and "to come", exhibit similarly reduced colloquial forms:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The second-person plural can be used as a polite form when addressing one person, as in some Indo-European languages. However, this usage is diminishing in Finnish society.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The demonstratives are used of non-human animate entities and inanimate objects. However, and are often used to refer to humans in colloquial Finnish. (This usage is quite correct in a demonstrative sense, i.e. when qualified by the relative pronoun , and in fact it is hypercorrect to replace a demonstrative or with or just because the antecedent is human.) Furthermore, the demonstratives are used to refer to group nouns and the number of the pronoun must correlate with the number of its referent.


title: Finnish grammar

text: is now archaic, but its inflected forms are used instead of those of : instead of ("whom"): "Whom do you love?"


title: Finnish grammar

text: A large group that entails all of the pronouns that do not fall into any of the categories above. Notice that there are no negative pronouns, such as "nobody"; rather, the positive pronoun is negated with the negative verb . No double negatives are possible.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Each pronoun declines. However, the endings and are clitics, and case endings are placed before them, e.g. "any", "from any". There are irregular nominatives. As indicated, is an irregular nominative; the regular root is with , e.g. "(not) anyone", "from (not) anyone".


title: Finnish grammar

text: English lacks a direct equivalent to the pronoun ; it would be "that-th", or "which-th" for questions. For examples, "The reward depends on "as-which-th" one comes to the finish", or explicitly "The reward depends on in which position one comes to the finish". It would be difficult to translate the question , but, although far from proper English, the question "How manyeth" may give an English-speaking person an idea of the meaning.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The Finnish language does not distinguish gender in nouns or even in personal pronouns: is 'he', 'she', 'they' (singular) or 'it' depending on the referent. There are no articles, neither definite nor indefinite.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Finnish has fifteen noun cases: four grammatical cases, six locative cases, two essive cases (three in some Eastern dialects) and three marginal cases.


title: Finnish grammar

text: As in other Uralic languages, locative cases in Finnish can be classified according to three criteria: the spatial position (interior or surface), the motion status (stationary or moving), and within the latter, the direction of the movement (approaching or departing). The classification captures a morphophonological pattern that distinguishes interior and surface spatial position; long consonants ( in / and in / ) express stationary motion, whereas a expresses "movement from". The table below shows these relationships schematically:


title: Finnish grammar

text: Finnish nominal plurals are often marked by (though is a suppletive variant in the nominative and accusative, as is common in Uralic languages). Singular and plural number cross-cut the distinctions in grammatical case, and several number/case combinations have somewhat idiosyncratic uses. Several of these deserve special mention.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The nominative plural is used for definite count nouns that are subjects, while the plural object of a telic verb bears the accusative plural. The syncretic suffix that covers both uses is . This suffix can only appear in word-final position; i.e. it is omitted when a possessive suffix is present.


title: Finnish grammar

text: When a noun is modified by a numeral greater than one, and the numeral is in the nominative singular, the noun bears the partitive singular. Otherwise, the noun and the numeral agree with each other in number and case.


title: Finnish grammar

text: This uses the stem of the partitive plural inflected with the same set of endings as for singular nouns. The suffix is , and it suppresses long vowels; it may only appear before another suffix.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The personal pronouns are inflected in the same way as nouns, and can be found in most of the same cases as nouns. For example:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The stem of a word is the part to which inflectional endings are affixed. For most noun and adjective types, the nominative case is identical to the basic stem (the nominative is unmarked).


title: Finnish grammar

text: A word with a vowel stem is one that ends in a vowel in the nominative, and retains a final vowel in all forms. The stem vowel can however change in certain inflected forms:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The change of original (pre-Proto-Finnic) final "*e" to means that the stem vowel of a word ending in cannot be determined from the nominative alone; one of the inflected forms must be consulted. However, most old inherited words ending in decline as "e"-stems (or consonants stems, see below), while modern loans, where frequently is added for phonotactic reasons (as in the case of ), always decline as "i"-stems.


title: Finnish grammar

text: A word with a consonant stem is one where case suffixes can in some cases be affixed directly after the last consonant for at least some forms. Words with consonant stems come in three broad classes.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The first class of consonant-stem words largely resemble "e"-stems, but allow elision of the stem vowel in the partitive singular, and for certain words, plural genitive. In the later case, this involves a special allomorph , employing the plural marker rather than /.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The final consonant in words of this class must be one of "h, l, m, n, r, s, t". Other remarks for "e"-stem words still apply.


title: Finnish grammar

text: For some words of this type, modern Finnish displays a tendency of development from consonant-stems to e-stems. For example, the partitive singular of the word "bird cherry" may be (consonant stem) or (vowel stem).


title: Finnish grammar

text: Another class of consonant-stem words end in a consonant even in the nominative; if a stem vowel is required for phonotactic reasons, "e" again appears. Modern Finnish only allows dental and alveolar consonants ("l, n, r, s, t") to occur as word-final, but originally, words ending in "h, k, m" were possible as well.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Vocalization or lenition is found in addition to any possible consonant gradation, e.g. (nominative) ~ (genitive), or ~ . The illatives are marked thus: , .


title: Finnish grammar

text: This is a very large class of words which includes common nouns (for example 'woman'), many proper names, and many common adjectives. Adding to a noun is a very productive mechanism for creating adjectives ( 'dirt, filth' → 'dirty'; 'joy' → 'merry, happy'; 'plastic' → 'made of plastic'/'plastic-like' ). It can also function as a diminutive ending.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The form behaves as if it ended in , with the exception of the nominative, where it is . Thus, the stem for these words removes the and adds after which the inflectional ending is added:


title: Finnish grammar

text: A special class of Finnish nouns in -nen are surnames. Some of these are very old and often their original meaning is not readily apparent to a modern speaker. Many were later coined on the -nen pattern and these often have the suffix added to a word meaning a natural feature. Some representative examples are:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The suffix also occurs in place-names. Many place-names ending with assume a plural form when inflected. For instance, the illative of is instead of singular .


title: Finnish grammar

text: Older *"-h" and *"-k"-stems have changed rather drastically. The consonant does not survive in any form of the paradigm, and these nouns make the appearance of ending in an unchanging . However, the former existence of a consonant in still seen in that the dictionary form represents weak gradation, and each word has two stems, a weak grade stem in which the former final consonant has assimilated (used for the partitive singular), and strong grade vowel stem to which most case suffixes are applied. The vowel stem has an additional : 'family' → : , , etc.; which represents the historical loss of a medial consonant which is sometimes found in dialects as an (e.g. 'rust' → ).


title: Finnish grammar

text: By analogy, in standard Finnish all words ending in 'e' behave as former stems. In some dialects, the stems have however shifted to instead, e.g. standard , in Pohjanmaa ← . The illative case also changes form with a consonant stem, where the ending is assibilated to , as is the genitive.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The weak grade stem, which is found in the 'dictionary' form results from another historic change in which a final consonant has been lost. This is important to word inflection, because the partitive ending is suffixed directly onto this stem, where the consonant has been assimilated to a instead of being lost. Other case endings are suffixed to the strong grade/vowel stem.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Adjectives in Finnish are inflected in exactly the same way as nouns, and an adjective must agree in number and case with the noun it is modifying.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Notice that the adjectives undergo the same sorts of stem changes when they are inflected as nouns do.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Since the comparative adjective is still an adjective, it must be inflected to agree with the noun it modifies. To make the inflecting stem of the comparative, the ending loses its final "i". If the syllable context calls for a weak consonant, the becomes . Then is added before the actual case ending (or in plural). This should become clear with a few examples:


title: Finnish grammar

text: Note that because the superlative marker vowel is , the same kind of changes can occur with vowel stems as happen in verb imperfects, and noun inflecting plurals:


title: Finnish grammar

text: Since the superlative adjective is still an adjective, it must be inflected to agree with the noun it modifies. The becomes either or (plural or ) depending on whether the syllable context calls for a weak or strong consonant. Here are the examples:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The form "good" is not found in standard Finnish, but can be found in the Southern Ostrobothnian dialect.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Postpositions are more common in Finnish than prepositions. Both postpositions and prepositions can be combined with either a noun or a possessive suffix to form a postpositional phrase.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Postpositions indicate place, time, cause, consequence or relation. In postpositional phrases the noun is usually in genitive:


title: Finnish grammar

text: There are few important prepositions in Finnish. In prepositional phrases the noun is always in the partitive:


title: Finnish grammar

text: Using postpositions as prepositions is not strictly incorrect and occurs in poetry, as in, for example, the song "" "under a maple tree", instead the usual .


title: Finnish grammar

text: Finnish verbs are usually divided into seven groups depending on the stem type. All seven types have the same set of endings, but the stems undergo (slightly) different changes when inflected.


title: Finnish grammar

text: There are very few irregular verbs in Finnish. In fact, only = 'to be' has two irregular forms "is" and "are ()"; other forms follow from the stem ; e.g. ← "you are", ← "let it be". A handful of verbs, including "to see", "to do/make", and "to run" have rare consonant mutation patterns which are not derivable from the infinitive. In spoken Finnish, some frequently used verbs () have irregular stems (, instead of ("go, come, be, put"), respectively).


title: Finnish grammar

text: Finnish does not have a separate verb for possession (compare English "to have"). Possession is indicated in other ways, mainly by genitives and existential clauses. For animate possessors, the adessive case is used with , for example = 'the dog has a tail' – literally 'on the dog is a tail', or in English grammar, "There is a tail on the dog". This is similar to Irish and Welsh forms such as "There is a hunger on me".


title: Finnish grammar

text: As stated above, Finnish has no grammatical future tense. To indicate futurity, a Finnish speaker may use forms that are, by some, deprecated as ungrammatical. One is the use of the verb , 'to come', as it were as an auxiliary: 'This is going to be a problem', cf Swedish . Another, less common and now archaic, is to use the verb , 'to be', with the present passive participle of the main verb: 'For he shall be great in the sight of the Lord' (Luke 1:15).


title: Finnish grammar

text: Finnish has two possible verb voices: active and passive. The active voice corresponds with the active voice of English, but the Finnish passive voice has some important differences from the English passive voice.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The Finnish passive is unipersonal, that is, it only appears in one form regardless of who is understood to be performing the action. In that respect, it could be described as a "fourth person", since there is no way of connecting the action performed with a particular agent (except for some nonstandard forms; see below).


title: Finnish grammar

text: Consider an example: "the house will be painted". The time when the house is being painted could be added: "the house will be painted in November". The colour and method could be added: "the house will be painted red with a brush". But nothing can be said about the person doing the painting; there is no simple way to say "the house will be painted by Jim". There is a calque, evidently from Swedish, "by the action of", that can be used to introduce the agent: , approximately "The house will be painted by the action of Jim". This type of expression is considered prescriptively incorrect, but it may be found wherever direct translations from Swedish, English, etc. are made, especially in legal texts, and has traditionally been a typical feature of Finnish "officialese". An alternative form, passive + ablative, also a calque from Swedish, was once common but is now archaic.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Hence the form is the only one which is needed. Notice also that the object is in the nominative case. Verbs which govern the partitive case continue to do so in the passive, and where the object of the action is a personal pronoun, that goes into its special accusative form: "I was forgotten". Whether the object of a passive verb should be termed the subject of the clause has been debated, but traditionally Finnish grammars have considered a passive clause to have no subject.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Use of the passive voice is not as common in Finnish as in Germanic languages; sentences in the active voice are preferred, if possible. Confusion may result, as the agent is lost and becomes ambiguous. For instance, a bad translation of the English "the PIN code is asked for when..." into raises the question "who asks?", whereas ("the device asks for the PIN code when...") is unambiguous. Nevertheless, this usage of the passive is common in Finnish, particularly in literary and official contexts. Occasionally this leads to extreme cases such as "it is wanted that the municipal board resigns", implying that there could be popular uprising near, when this suggestion is actually made by a single person.


title: Finnish grammar

text: It can also be said that in the Finnish passive the agent is always human and never mentioned. A sentence such as 'the tree was blown down' would translate poorly into Finnish if the passive were used, since it would suggest the image of a group of people trying to blow the tree down.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Colloquially, the first-person plural indicative and imperative are replaced by the passive, e.g. ("we'll go to our place") and ("let us go to our place") are replaced by (see spoken Finnish).


title: Finnish grammar

text: Because of its vagueness about who is performing the action, the passive can also translate the English "one does (something)", "(something) is generally done", as in "they say that..."


title: Finnish grammar

text: In modern colloquial Finnish, the passive form of the verb is used instead of the active first-person plural in the indicative and the imperative, to the almost complete exclusion of the standard verb forms. For example, in the indicative, the standard form is 'we are going', but the colloquial form is . Without the personal pronoun , the passive alone replaces the first-person plural imperative, as in 'Let's go!'. In colloquial speech, the pronoun cannot be omitted without confusion, unlike when using the standard forms (indicative) and (imperative).


title: Finnish grammar

text: The so-called "zero person" is a construct in which a verb appears in the third-person singular with no subject, and the identity of the subject must be understood from the context. Typically the implied subject is either the speaker or their interlocutor, or the statement is intended in a general sense. The zero person has some similarity to the English use of the formal subject .


title: Finnish grammar

text: The indicative is the form of the verb used for making statements or asking simple questions. In the verb morphology sections, the mood referred to will be the indicative unless otherwise stated.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The conditional mood expresses the idea that the action or state expressed by the verb may or may not actually happen. As in English, the Finnish conditional is used in conditional sentences (for example "I would tell you if I knew") and in polite requests (for example "I would like some coffee").


title: Finnish grammar

text: In the former case, and unlike in English, the conditional must be used in both halves of the Finnish sentence:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The characteristic morphology of the Finnish conditional is 'isi' inserted between the verb stem and the personal ending. This can result in a closed syllable becoming open and so trigger consonant gradation:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The conditional can be used for added politeness when offering, requesting, or pleading: 'Would you like some coffee?'; 'May I have that red one?'; 'I do wish you would tell me'.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The imperative mood is used to express commands. In Finnish, there is only one tense form (the present-future). The possible variants of Finnish imperatives are:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The singular imperative is simply the verb's present tense without any personal ending (that is, remove the from the first-person-singular form):


title: Finnish grammar

text: To make this negative, (which is the active imperative singular 2nd person of the negative verb) is placed before the positive form:


title: Finnish grammar

text: To make this negative, (which is the active imperative present plural 2nd person of the negative verb) is placed before the positive form and the suffix or is added to the verb stem:


title: Finnish grammar

text: Note that 2nd-person-plural imperatives can also be used as polite imperatives when referring to one person.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The Finnish language has no simple equivalent to the English "please". The Finnish equivalent is to use either or = 'be good', but it is generally omitted. Politeness is normally conveyed by tone of voice, facial expression, and use of conditional verbs and partitive nouns. For example, means "could you", in the polite plural, and is used much like English "Could you..." sentences: "could you help me, please?"


title: Finnish grammar

text: Also, familiar (and not necessarily so polite) expressions can be added to imperatives, e.g. , , . These are hard to translate exactly, but extensively used by Finnish speakers themselves. implies expectation, that is, it has been settled already and requires no discussion; has the which indicates insistence, and means approximated "indeed".


title: Finnish grammar

text: The 3rd-person imperatives behave as if they were jussive; besides being used for commands, they can also be used to express permission. In colloquial language, they are most often used to express disregard to what one might or might not do, and the singular and plural forms are often confused.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The 1st-person imperative sounds archaic, and a form resembling the passive indicative is often used instead: = 'let's go!'


title: Finnish grammar

text: The optative mood is an archaic or poetic variant of the imperative mood that expresses hopes or wishes. It is not used in normal language.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The potential mood is used to express that the action or state expressed by the verb is possible but not certain. It is relatively rare in modern Finnish, especially in speech. Most commonly it is used in news reports and in official written proposals in meetings. It has only the present tense and perfect. The potential has no specific counterpart in English, but can be translated by adding "possibly" (or occasionally "probably") to the verb.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The characteristic morphology of the Finnish potential is , inserted between the verb stem and the personal ending. Before this affix, continuants assimilate progressively ( → ) and stops regressively ( → ). The verb 'to be' in the potential has the special suppletive form , e.g. the potential of 'has been fetched' is 'may have been fetched'.


title: Finnish grammar

text: In some dialects ('may come') is an indicative form verb ( 'comes') but grammatically it is a potential verb.


title: Finnish grammar

text: No longer used in modern Finnish, the eventive mood is used in the "Kalevala". It is a combination of the potential and the conditional. It is also used in some dialects of Estonian.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The first infinitive short form of a verb is the citation form found in dictionaries. It is not unmarked; its overt marking is always the suffix or , though sometimes there are modifications (which may be regarded as stem or ending modifications depending on personal preference).


title: Finnish grammar

text: When the stem is itself a single syllable or is of two or more syllables ending in or , the suffix is or , respectively. (This represents the historically older form of the suffix, from which the has been lost in most environments.)


title: Finnish grammar

text: If the stem ends in one the consonants , , , then the final consonant is doubled before adding the infinitive or . In the case of a stem ending in the consonant , the infinitive ending gains the consonant , becoming or . (These consonant stems take a linking vowel when forming the present tense, or when forming the imperfect, e.g. 'to wash': 'I wash' : 'I washed'). Stems ending in , followed by a link vowel in the present or imperfect, drop the from the stem before adding the infinitive marker or .


title: Finnish grammar

text: Some verbs have so called "alternating stems" or multiple stems with weak-strong consonant gradation between them. It depends on the verb if the infinitive is in the strong or weak form. These have long vowel stems in the present/future tense, which already ends with or . These verbs drop the which is present in the present tense stem and replace it with in the first infinitive stem followed by the standard or first infinitive marker. The dropping to weakens a preceding , or so that a weak grade is seen in the first infinitive form. This often creates difficulties for the non-Finn when trying to determine the infinitive (in order to access the translation in a dictionary) when encountering an inflected form. Inflected forms are generally strong except when the stem ending contains a double consonant and there is only a single vowel separating this from the last stem , or .


title: Finnish grammar

text: Some verbs lose elements of their stems when forming the first infinitive. Some verbs stem have contracted endings in the first infinitive. Stems ending / in the present/imperfect drop the and replace it with , and where applicable, trigger the weak grade in the infinitive stem. The contracted infinitive ending / have / verbs take the infinitive stem /. These contracted verbs may also be subject to consonant weakening when forming the infinitive


title: Finnish grammar

text: The first infinitive long form is the translative plus a possessive suffix (rare in spoken language).


title: Finnish grammar

text: The second infinitive is used to express aspects of actions relating to the time when an action takes place or the manner in which an action happens. In equivalent English phrases these time aspects can often be expressed using "when", "while" or "whilst" and the manner aspects using the word "by" or else the gerund, which is formed by adding "-ing" to English verb to express manner.


title: Finnish grammar

text: It is recognizable by the letter in place of the usual or as the infinitive marker. It is only ever used with one of two case makers; the inessive indicating time or the instructive indicating manner. Finnish phrases using the second infinitive can often be rendered in English using the gerund.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The second infinitive is formed by replacing the final of the first infinitive with then adding the appropriate inflectional ending. If the vowel before the is already an , this becomes (see example from 'to read').


title: Finnish grammar

text: The inessive form is mostly seen in written forms of language because spoken forms usually express the same idea in longer form using two clauses linked by the word ("when"). The instructive is even rarer and mostly exists nowadays in set phrases (for example = 'in other words').


title: Finnish grammar

text: If the person performing the action of the verb is the same as the person in the equivalent relative clause, then the verb uses the appropriate personal possessive suffix on the verb for the person. If the person in the main clause is different from that in the relative clause then this is indicated by with the person in the genitive and the verb is unmarked for person.


title: Finnish grammar

text: This corresponds to the English gerund ("verb + -ing" form), and behaves as a noun in Finnish in that it can be inflected, but only in a limited number of cases. It is used to refer to a particular act or occasion of the verb's action.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The third infinitive is formed by taking the verb stem with its consonant in the strong form, then adding followed by the case inflection.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The third infinitive instructive is usually replaced with the first infinitive short form in modern Finnish.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Note that the form without a case ending is called the 'agent participle' (see #Participles below). The agent participle can also be inflected in all cases, producing forms which look similar to the third infinitive.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The fourth infinitive has the stem ending and indicates obligation, but it is quite rare in Finnish today. This is because there are other words like and that can convey this meaning.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Though not an infinitive, a much more common verbal stem ending is the noun construct which gives the name of the activity described by the verb. This is rather similar to the English verbal noun '-ing' form, and therefore as a noun, this form can inflect just like any other noun.


title: Finnish grammar

text: For full details of how verbs are conjugated in Finnish, please refer to the Finnish verb conjugation article.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Finnish verbs have past and present participles, both with passive and active forms, and an 'agent' participle. Participles can be used in different ways than ordinary adjectives and they can have an object.


title: Finnish grammar

text: This is formed in the same way as the passive perfect or passive past-perfect forms, by taking the passive past form, removing the ending and replacing it with (depending on vowel harmony)


title: Finnish grammar

text: Basically this is formed by removing the infinitive ending and adding (depending on vowel harmony) and in some cases , , . For example:


title: Finnish grammar

text: However, depending on the verb's stem type, assimilation can occur with the consonant of the stem ending.


title: Finnish grammar

text: In type II verbs, and , , or in the stem ending is assimilated to the consonant in the participle ending (as also happens in formation of the first infinitive, although stem endings take an extra in the first infinitive)


title: Finnish grammar

text: The assimilation causes the final consonant cluster to be strengthened which in turn can weaken a strong cluster if one exists in the stem. See above.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The present passive participle can be constructed from the past passive form of the verb. The ending of the past passive is replaced with , which can be inflected in the same way as the present active participle. For example:


title: Finnish grammar

text: It is possible to translate this participle in several related ways e.g. 'which must be/is to be said', 'which can be said', 'which will be said' or 'which is said'.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Here are some sentences and phrases further illustrating the formation and use of the present passive participle:


title: Finnish grammar

text: This participle can also be used in other ways. If used with the appropriate third-person singular form of the verb and with the subject in the genitive it can express necessity or obligation.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Inflected in the inessive plural, it can be used in conjunction with the verb 'to be' to indicate that something can or cannot be done.


title: Finnish grammar

text: This participle is formed simply by finding the 3rd person plural form of the verb and removing -t, and acts as an adjective describing what the object or subject of the sentence is doing, for example:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The agent participle is formed in a similar way as the third infinitive (see above), adding -ma or -mä to the verb stem. It allows the property of being a target of an action to be formatted as an adjective-like attribute. Like adjectives, it can be inflected in all cases. For example, "a man-made formation". The party performing the action is indicated by the use of genitive, or by a possessive suffix. This is reflected in English, too: – "of man<nowiki>'</nowiki>s making", or "book of my writing". For example:


title: Finnish grammar

text: It is not required for the action to be in the past, although the examples above are. Rather, the construction simply specifies the subject, the object and the action, with no reference to time. For an example in the future, consider: "tomorrow, as the instrument you will be using is...". Here, "that which is used" describes, i.e. is an attribute to "instrument". (Notice the case agreement between and .) The suffix "your" specifies the person "owning" the action, i.e. who does it, thus is "that which was used by you()", and is "as that which was used by you".


title: Finnish grammar

text: It is also possible to give the actor with a pronoun, e.g. "that which was used by you". In standard language, the pronoun "your" is not necessary, but the possessive suffix is. In inexact spoken usage, this goes vice versa; the possessive suffix is optional, and used typically only for the second-person singular, e.g. .


title: Finnish grammar

text: Verbs are negated by using a negative verb in front of the stem from the present tense (in its 'weak' consonant form). This verb form used with the negative verb is called a connegative.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Note that the inflection is on the negative verb, not on the main verb, and that the endings are regular apart from the 3rd-person forms.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The negative is formed from the third-person singular "negative verb" and the present passive with the final removed:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The negative is formed from the appropriate part of the negative verb followed by the nominative form (either singular or plural depending on the number of the verb's subject) of the active past participle. So for the pattern is:


title: Finnish grammar

text: Note one exception: when the 'te' 2nd-person plural form is used in an honorific way to address one person, the singular form of the participle is used: = 'you ( polite) did not speak'.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The negative is formed from the third-person singular negative verb – 'ei' – and the nominative singular form of the passive present participle (compare this with the negative of the imperfect indicative):


title: Finnish grammar

text: Note that in the spoken language, this form is used for the first-person plural. In this case, the personal pronoun is obligatory:


title: Finnish grammar

text: A very common way of forming adverbs is by adding the ending to the inflecting form of the corresponding adjective:


title: Finnish grammar

text: Adverbs modify verbs, not nouns, therefore they do not inflect. adverbs are not used to modify adjectives (such as to express degree) like adverbs might be in English; the genitive of adjectives is used for this purpose.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Because of the , the stem vowel can change, similarly to superlative adjectives, or to avoid runs of three vowels:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The ordinary counting numbers (cardinals) from 0 to 10 are given in the table below. Cardinal numbers may be inflected and some of the inflected forms are irregular in form.


title: Finnish grammar

text: To form teens, is added to the base number. is the partitive form of , meaning here "second group of ten". Hyphens are written here to separate morphemes. In Finnish text, hyphens are not written.


title: Finnish grammar

text: In older Finnish, until about the early 20th Century, the same pattern was used up to one hundred: 'thirty-three'.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Since Finnish is an inflected language, word order within sentences can be much freer than, for example, English. In English the strong subject–verb–object order typically indicates the function of a noun as either subject or object although some English structures allow this to be reversed. In Finnish sentences, however, the role of the noun is determined not by word order or sentence structure as in English but by case markings which indicate subject and object.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The most usual neutral order, however, is subject–verb–object. But usually what the speaker or writer is talking about is at the head of the sentence.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Here ('dog') is in the nominative form but ('man') is marked as object by the case marked form . This sentence is a bald statement of fact. Changing the word order changes the emphasis slightly but not the fundamental meaning of the sentence.


title: Finnish grammar

text: Besides the word-order implications of turning a sentence into a question, there are some other circumstances where word-order is important:


title: Finnish grammar

text: These are sentences which introduce a new subject – they often begin with 'there is' or 'there are' in English.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The location of the thing whose existence is being stated comes first, followed by its stative verb, followed by the thing itself. Note how this is unlike the normal English equivalent, though English can also use the same order:


title: Finnish grammar

text: There are two main ways of forming a question – either using a specific question word, or by adding a suffix to one of the words in a sentence. A question word is placed first in the sentence, and a word with the interrogative suffix is also moved to this position:


title: Finnish grammar

text: The response to a question will of course depend on the situation, but grammatically the response to a question typically follows the grammatical structure in the question. Thus a question structured in the inessive case (e.g. 'in which town do you live?') will have an answer that is also in the inessive (e.g. 'in Espoo') unless special rules dictate otherwise. Questions which in English would be answered with 'yes' or 'no' replies are usually responded to by repeating the verb in either the affirmative or negative.


title: Finnish grammar

text: The words and are often shown in dictionaries as being equivalent to 'yes' and 'no', but the situation is a little more complicated than that. The typical response to a question which in English is answered 'yes' or 'no' is, as we see above, more usually answered by repeating the verb in either an affirmative or negative form in the appropriate person. The word 'kyllä' is rather a strong affirmation in response to a question and is similar to the word 'niin' which is an affirmation of a response to a statement of fact or belief. (However, in conversations, may even simply mean that the sentence was heard, not expressing any sort of concurrence. The same problem occurs with the colloquial "yeah".)


title: Finnish grammar

text: The word is the negative verb form and has to be inflected for person and the verb itself is usually present, though not always.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The Rolls-Royce Corniche is a two-door, front-engine, rear wheel drive luxury car produced by Rolls-Royce Motors as a hardtop coupé (from 1971 to 1980) and as a convertible (from 1971 to 1995).


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The Corniche was a development of the Mulliner Park Ward two-door versions of the Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow. These were designated as the 2-door Saloon and Drophead Coupé, introduced in 1965 and 1966 respectively. Production remained in London at Mulliner Park Ward; the new name was applied in March 1971.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: A Bentley version of the Corniche was also produced. It became known as the Bentley Continental from 1984 to 1995.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The Corniche draws its name from the experimental 1939 Corniche prototype. The name originally comes from the French word "corniche", a coastal road, especially along the face of a cliff, most notably the "Grande Corniche" along the French Riviera above the principality of Monaco.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The first car with the Corniche nameplate was a 1939 prototype based on the Bentley Mark V, featuring coachwork designed in collaboration with several third parties, most prominent of which acclaimed French designer Georges Paulin, built by Parisian firm Carrosserie Vanvooren.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: It undertook 15,000 miles (24,000 km) of endurance testing in Continental Europe before being blown up by a bomb at a dock in Dieppe while awaiting shipment back to England. No production model was ever manufactured because of the onset of World War II, but the company registered the name for the future. Theunique car was fully re-created by Bentley's Mulliner division to join the company's heritage fleet; construction of the recreation was completed in 2019.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The Corniche, available as coupé or convertible, used the standard Rolls-Royce V8 engine with an aluminium-silicon alloy block and aluminium cylinder heads with cast iron wet cylinder liners. The bore was 4.1 in (104.1 mm) and the stroke was 3.9 in (99.1 mm) for a total of 6.75 L (6,750 cc/411 cuin). Twin SU carburettors were initially fitted, but were replaced with a single Solex 4A1 four-barrel carburetor introduced in 1977. De-smogged export models retained the twin SUs until 1980, when Bosch fuel injection was added.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: A three-speed automatic transmission (a Turbo Hydramatic 400 sourced from General Motors) was standard. A four-wheel independent suspension with coil springs was augmented with a hydraulic self-levelling system (using the same system as did Citroën, but without pneumatic springs, and with the hydraulic components built under licence by Rolls-Royce), at first on all four, but later on the rear wheels only. Four wheel disc brakes were specified, with ventilated discs added for 1972.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The Corniche was different from other Silver Shadows in that it had exclusive half wheel covers with stainless steel trim (for brake cooling), a 3-spoke steering wheel with a wood rim, and Rolls Rocye's first standard tachometer.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The Corniche received a mild restyling in the spring of 1977. Difference included rack-and-pinion steering, alloy and rubber bumpers, aluminium radiator, oil cooler and a bi-level air conditioning system was added. Later changes included a modified rear independent suspension in March 1979. In March 1981, after the Silver Spirit had gone on sale, the Coupé version of the Corniche and its Bentley sister were discontinued. For 1985 there were also cosmetic and interior changes.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: Corniche models received Bosch KE/K-Jetronic fuel injection in 1977. This engine, called the L410I, produced approximately at just above 4,000 rpm for a top speed of .


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The Bentley version was updated in July 1984 with a new name, the Continental, revised and color-coded bumpers, rear view mirrors, a new dash and improvements to the seats.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: Production totaled 1090 Rolls-Royce Corniche Saloons, 3239 Rolls-Royce Corniche Convertibles, 69 Bentley Corniche Saloons and 77 Bentley Corniche Convertibles.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The Corniche was popular with high income celebrities, with the possible exception of Jeremy Clarkson, who mocked James May's Corniche as "just a Ford Zephyr with a chrome nose" during a Top Gear competition between his Mercedes 600 Grosser and May's Corniche.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The Corniche II name was applied for the United States market from 1986 and for other markets from 1988. Anti-lock brakes were added for 1988, but air bags would not be available until the Corniche III. Also new for 1988 were some detail changes to the interior. Later in 1988 there was also a new reverse warning lens type and pattern around the rear license plate, as well as newly designed seats and redesigned instrumentation.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The Corniche III was introduced at the 1989 Frankfurt Motor Show with new alloy wheels, color-coded bumpers, a more advanced suspension system, air bags and MK-Motronic fuel injections. Minor interior changes included a revised dashboard, console and seats.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The car was reworked for 1992 as the Corniche IV, presented at the January North American International Auto Show in Detroit. By this time production had moved to Crewe, in preparation for the 1994 closure of Mulliner Park Ward. Mechanically, the IV featured the four-speed GM4L80 automatic transmission rather than the previous three-speed GM400 unit. Adaptive suspension was also introduced. Visually there is nearly no difference between the Corniche III and IV except for a glass rear window replacing the previous plastic unit. The top mechanism was improved, no longer requiring manual latching. CFC-free air conditioning was specified, as were driver and passenger airbags. In October 1992 a 21st anniversary Corniche was presented. Twenty-five cars were built, all finished in Ming Blue with a cream hood with a silver plaque on the dash.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The last 25 Corniche models to be built, completed in the summer of 1995, were unique turbocharged versions and were called the Corniche S. The photo was taken in the showroom of Vantage Motorworks, Inc., in Miami, Florida.


title: Rolls-Royce Corniche

text: The fifth series to bear the Corniche name made its debut in January 2000. At the time of its release, it was the most expensive vehicle offered by Rolls-Royce, with a base price of US$359,900. Its production was ended in August 2002, after Bentley had become a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG and took over the Crewe manufacturing site while the rights to the Rolls-Royce name and trademarks were licensed by Rolls-Royce Aero Engines to BMW, building their cars in a new factory built by BMW on the Goodwood Estate near Chichester, West Sussex.


title: C. S. Lee

text: Charles Seung-hee Lee (; born December 30, 1971), known professionally as C. S. Lee, is an American actor and comedian. He is perhaps best known for playing sex-obsessed forensics analyst Vince Masuka on the Showtime drama series "Dexter".


title: C. S. Lee

text: Lee was born in Cheongju, South Korea. Film became his passion in his junior year of high school while playing football at Hudson's Bay High School in Vancouver, Washington. He attended Cornish College of the Arts on an acting scholarship and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. He graduated from the Yale School of Drama with a Master of Fine Arts degree. Lee then spent eight years in New York City acting with various theater companies, regional theater, as well as television and film.


title: C. S. Lee

text: Lee was made a series regular cast member on the Showtime drama series "Dexter", playing the role of Vince Masuka, a forensic scientist known for his raunchy sense of humor.


title: C. S. Lee

text: Lee plays Dr. Ba on the HBO drama series "The Sopranos". He plays a doctor in the 2009 film "The Unborn". Lee has also appeared as Harry Tang, Chuck's officious co-worker, in the NBC comedy-spy series "Chuck" and as a deputy in an episode of "Monk", "Mr. Monk Is on the Run (Part One)". He can also be seen as the office worker holding the boombox in the award-winning Nextel commercial, "Nextel Dance Party". In the CBS series "The Unit", Lee plays a small part as a South Korean submariner in episode 13 of the second season.


title: C. S. Lee

text: He also provides the voice of Jin Jae-Hoon and Illuminati Pyramidion in the video game "The Secret World".


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: To generate a member of the sequence from the previous member, read off the digits of the previous member, counting the number of digits in groups of the same digit. For example:


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: If started with any digit "d" from 0 to 9 then "d" will remain indefinitely as the last digit of the sequence. For any "d" other than 1, the sequence starts as follows:


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: Ilan Vardi has called this sequence, starting with "d" = 3, the Conway sequence . (for "d" = 2, see )


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: The sequence grows indefinitely. In fact, any variant defined by starting with a different integer seed number will (eventually) also grow indefinitely, except for the degenerate sequence: 22, 22, 22, 22, ...


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: No digits other than 1, 2, and 3 appear in the sequence, unless the seed number contains such a digit or a run of more than three of the same digit.


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: Conway's cosmological theorem asserts that every sequence eventually splits ("decays") into a sequence of "atomic elements", which are finite subsequences that never again interact with their neighbors. There are 92 elements containing the digits 1, 2, and 3 only, which John Conway named after the 92 naturally-occurring chemical elements up to uranium, calling the sequence audioactive. There are also two "transuranic" elements (Np and Pu) for each digit other than 1, 2, and 3. Below is a table of all such elements:


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: The terms eventually grow in length by about 30% per generation. In particular, if "L" denotes the number of digits of the "n"-th member of the sequence, then the limit of the ratio formula_1 exists and is given by


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: where λ = 1.303577269034... is an algebraic number of degree 71. This fact was proven by Conway, and the constant λ is known as Conway's constant. The same result also holds for every variant of the sequence starting with any seed other than 22.


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: but in the reprinted version in the book edited by Cover and Gopinath the term formula_4 was incorrectly printed with a minus sign in front.


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: The look-and-say sequence is also popularly known as the Morris Number Sequence, after cryptographer Robert Morris, and the puzzle "What is the next number in the sequence 1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221?" is sometimes referred to as the Cuckoo's Egg, from a description of Morris in Clifford Stoll's book "The Cuckoo's Egg".


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: There are many possible variations on the rule used to generate the look-and-say sequence. For example, to form the "pea pattern" one reads the previous term and counts all instances of each digit, listed in order of their first appearance, not just those occurring in a consecutive block. So beginning with the seed 1, the pea pattern proceeds 1, 11 ("one 1"), 21 ("two 1s"), 1211 ("one 2 and one 1"), 3112 ("three 1s and one 2"), 132112 ("one 3, two 1s and one 2"), 311322 ("three 1s, one 3 and two 2s"), etc. This version of the pea pattern eventually forms a cycle with the two "atomic" terms 23322114 and 32232114.


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: Other versions of the pea pattern are also possible; for example, instead of reading the digits as they first appear, one could read them in ascending order instead. In this case, the term following 21 would be 1112 ("one 1, one 2") and the term following 3112 would be 211213 ("two 1s, one 2 and one 3").


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: These sequences differ in several notable ways from the look-and-say sequence. Notably, unlike the Conway sequences, a given term of the pea pattern does not uniquely define the preceding term. Moreover, for any seed the pea pattern produces terms of bounded length: This bound will not typically exceed (22 digits for decimal: ) and may only exceed (30 digits for decimal radix) in length for long, degenerate, initial seeds (sequence of "100 ones", etc.). For these extreme cases, individual elements of decimal sequences immediately settle into a permutation of the form where here the letters are placeholders for digit counts from the preceding sequence element.


title: Look-and-say sequence

text: Since the sequence is infinite, and the length of each element is bounded, it "must" eventually repeat, due to the pigeonhole principle. As a consequence, pea pattern sequences are always eventually periodic.


title: Central European University

text: Central European University (CEU) is a private research university accredited in Austria, Hungary, and the United States, with campuses in Vienna and Budapest. The university is known for its strength in the social sciences and humanities, low student-faculty ratio, and international student body. A central tenet of the university's mission is the promotion of open societies, as a result of its close association with the Open Society Foundations. CEU is one of eight members comprising the CIVICA Alliance, a group of European higher education institutions in the social sciences, humanities, business management and public policy, such as Sciences Po (France), The London School of Economics and Political Science (UK), Bocconi University (Italy) and the Stockholm School of Economics (Sweden).


title: Central European University

text: CEU was founded in 1991 by hedge fund manager, political activist, and billionaire philanthropist George Soros, who provided it with an $880 million endowment, making the university one of the wealthiest in Europe, especially on a per-student basis. The university was founded in Central Europe because of a perceived need for an independent and international university for the region, in light of the fall of the Socialist Bloc and concomitant democratisation.


title: Central European University

text: The university is composed of 13 academic departments and 17 research centers, in addition to the School of Public Policy and the Doctoral School of Political Science, Public Policy and International Relations. CEU's alumni include notable politicians, academics, and activists, such as former President of Georgia, Giorgi Margvelashvili and Lívia Járóka, the first Romani woman ever elected to the European Parliament. CEU was the highest-ranked university in Hungary before it was forced to leave the country.


title: Central European University

text: On 3 December 2018, CEU announced it would cease operations in Budapest and relocate to Vienna after the Hungarian government's refusal to sign an agreement allowing the university to continue operations in Hungary.


title: Central European University

text: This withdrawal is the result of a long legal battle between the university and Viktor Orbán's government, and is set in the wider context of contemporary Hungarian politics. This situation has sparked discourse regarding academic freedom in Hungary, and spurred widespread protests in favour of CEU. On 6 October 2020, the European Court of Justice ruled that the "lex CEU" legislation, drawn up by the Hungarian government, was incompatible with European Union law.


title: Central European University

text: CEU evolved from a series of lectures held at the IUC in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, (now Croatia). In the Spring of 1989, as historical change was gathering momentum in the region the need for a new, independent, international university was being considered. The minutes of the gathering held in April 1989 records a discussion among scholars such as Rudolf Andorka, , Márton Tardos, István Teplán, Tibor Vámos and Miklós Vásárhelyi from Budapest, William Newton-Smith and Kathleen Wilkes from Oxford, Jan Havranek, Michal Illner and Jiří Kořalka from Prague, Krzysztof Michalski and Włodzimierz Siwiński from Warsaw. In 1989–1990, a serious attempt was undertaken to establish Central European University in the Slovak capital of Bratislava. But it fell through, due to nationalist politicians' opposition.


title: Central European University

text: The university was founded in 1991 in response to the fall of the Socialist Bloc. The founding vision was to create a university dedicated to examining the contemporary challenges of "open societies" and democratization. The initial aim was to create a Western-modeled yet distinctly Central European institution that would foster inter-regional cooperation and educate a new corps of regional leaders to help usher in democratic transitions across the region. CEU was set up in Budapest, Prague, and Warsaw. It was originally located mostly in Prague, but because of "political and financial conflict between its founder and [the] Czech government," represented by then premier minister Vaclav Klaus, it was moved to Budapest.


title: Central European University

text: In its second decade, CEU broadened its focus from regional to global, with a special emphasis on democracy promotion and human rights around the world. It has since developed a distinct academic approach, combining regional studies with an international perspective, emphasizing comparative and interdisciplinary research in order to generate new scholarship and policy initiatives, and to promote good governance and the rule of law. CEU has extended its outreach and financial aid programs to certain areas of the developing world.


title: Central European University

text: CEU began the region's first master's degree programs in gender studies and environmental sciences. The CEU Center for Media, Data and Society is the leading center of research on media, communication, and information policy in the region.


title: Central European University

text: On 14 October 2007 George Soros stepped down as chairman of CEU Board. Leon Botstein (president of Bard College, New York), who had previously served as the vice-chair of the board, was elected as new chairman for a two-year term. George Soros is a Life-CEU trustee and serves as honorary chairman of the board.


title: Central European University

text: On 1 August 2009 Rector Yehuda Elkana was succeeded by human rights leader and legal scholar John Shattuck. On 5 May 2016, it was announced that Michael Ignatieff would succeed Shattuck, becoming the fifth president and rector of the university. Ignatieff's inauguration took place at the university's new auditorium on 21 October 2017.


title: Central European University

text: In June 2021, Ignatieff announced that he would be stepping down as president and rector of the university, and that Shalini Randeria would succeed him as the sixth rector and president. Randeria is the first woman to serve in this role at the university.


title: Central European University

text: On 28 March 2017, Hungarian Minister of Human Resources Zoltán Balog, also responsible for education, submitted a bill to Parliament to amend Act CCIV of 2011 on National Higher Education. The bill aims to introduce new regulations for foreign-operating universities, several of which affect CEU. Notably, such universities could only operate if the Hungarian government has an agreement with the university's other country of operation (concerning CEU, the agreement is between the State of New York and the city of Budapest). In addition, universities operating outside of the European Union should have a campus in their other country of operation, where comparable degree programs would be offered (in 2017 it was not the case for CEU). Furthermore, both existing and new non-EU academic staff would be required to apply for working permits. This requirement is seen by critics as placing CEU at a particular disadvantage, given that it relies largely on non-EU faculty. Finally, the law would also prohibit the American and Hungarian entities from sharing the same name.


title: Central European University

text: CEU issued a statement expressing its opposition to the bill, noting that "these amendments [to Act CCIV of 2011 on National Higher Education] would make it impossible for the University to continue its operations as an institution of higher education in Budapest, CEU's home for 25 years", and that "CEU is in full conformity with Hungarian law."


title: Central European University

text: The same day, the pro-government news website Origo.hu published an article asserting that CEU, to which it referred as "Soros University" (George Soros being its founder and main benefactor, and also known as an opponent of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and his Fidesz party), operated unlawfully in Hungary, citing regulatory infractions. The article also referred to a report prepared by Hungary's Educational Authority, which revealed that 28 universities, including CEU, were being investigated for operating unlawfully in Hungary. CEU issued a statement in response to the article, claiming the allegations of cheating and regulatory infractions constituted defamations and libel, and threatened to sue the website if the article was not corrected.


title: Central European University

text: On 29 March 2017, Michael Ignatieff, the President and Rector of CEU and Pro-Rector for Hungarian Affairs Zsolt Enyedi and Pro-Rector for Social Sciences and Humanities Éva Fodor held a press conference. Ignatieff said, among other things, that "the legislation tabled by the Hungarian government relating to higher education is targeted and discriminatory, attacks the CEU, and is an unacceptable assault on our academic freedom", and "the academic freedom of Hungarian higher education in general". Later, Ignatieff and Enyedi met Secretary of State for Education László Palkovics. CEU issued a statement thereafter, calling "for the government to withdraw this legislation and enter into negotiations to find a solution."


title: Central European University

text: On 31 March 2017, Viktor Orbán stated in an interview to public radio that the future of "Soros University" (referring to George Soros, founder and main benefactor of CEU) depended on US-Hungarian talks. He said that CEU was "cheating" by awarding both Hungarian and American degrees, despite not operating abroad. This was a breach of Hungarian regulations, which gave an unfair advantage to CEU over the other 21 foreign universities in Hungary. In response to those claims, CEU issued a statement rejecting the suggestion that it was cheating and in breach of Hungarian regulations. Indeed, according to CEU, no laws in effect required universities such as CEU to also operate in their countries of origin. However, Szilard Nemeth, vice chairman of Fidesz was more blunt, stating that civil society groups with funding from Soros should be "swept out" of Hungary.


title: Central European University

text: According to Marc Santora of "The New York Times", "Mr. Orban has long viewed the school as a bastion of liberalism, presenting a threat to his vision of creating an 'illiberal democracy,' and his desire to shut it down was only deepened by its association with Mr. Soros, a philanthropist who was born in Hungary. [He] has spent years demonizing Mr. Soros, a Jew who survived the Nazi occupation of Hungary, accusing him of seeking to destroy European civilization by promoting illegal immigration, and often tapping into anti-Semitic tropes."


title: Central European University

text: Zack Beauchamp of Vox wrote that "The university was a casualty of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s turn toward authoritarianism, his development of a quietly repressive system that I’ve termed 'soft fascism'. CEU, a university dedicated to liberal principles and founded by Hungarian-American billionaire George Soros, posed a threat to Orbán's ideological project. So he put in place a set of characteristically sneaky regulations aimed at forcing out CEU without needing to formally ban them, eventually crushing the university's ability to operate."


title: Central European University

text: Griff Witte of "The Washington Post" commented that "[CEU] has become the prime target of Orban's campaign to dismantle Europe's multicultural, tolerant liberalism and cement a culture that is unapologetically Christian, conservative and nationalist."


title: Central European University

text: Author Tibor Fischer expressed his support for the legislation passed on the initiative of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's government, which affects CEU as well as all other Hungarian universities. Fischer defended Orban against "charges of antisemitism", indicating that the government "introduced Holocaust education into schools, passed a Holocaust denial law and...financed "Son of Saul", a film about Auschwitz that [went on to win] an Oscar." He specified that he opposes the practice whereby the CEU, being registered in New York City, can issue a diploma accredited in the United States but without actually operating a campus in America within the provisions of the law as every other Hungarian campus, a situation that he named as CEU students "getting a double bubble."


title: Central European University

text: On the same day, the United States government (Trump administration) released a statement expressing concern about the proposed legislation, which would "negatively affect or even lead to the closure of Central European University (CEU) in Budapest", and urging the Hungarian government not to take "any legislative action that would compromise CEU's operations or independence."


title: Central European University

text: Hungary's ombudsman for educational rights Lajos Aary-Tamas called the amendment to the Higher Education Law "discriminatory against CEU", and said that during his 17 years in office he had never received any complaint about CEU's legal status. Hungarian EU Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth Tibor Navracsics, and former President of Hungary László Sólyom also expressed support.


title: Central European University

text: Academics and academic institutions from Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Romania, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries have expressed support for CEU. CEU itself has started a campaign of support, with the slogans #aCEUvalvagyok Central European University in Hungarian and #IstandwithCEU Central European University in English. The campaign uses social media to call on supporters to express their solidarity to CEU and write to Hungarian representatives.


title: Central European University

text: 2017 Protests in Hungary were held on April 2 in the form of a walk from Budapest's Corvinus University to Parliament, passing by Eötvös Loránd University and CEU. The demonstration brought together thousands of protesters according to Reuters, with protest speeches held by both CEU and foreign academics and activists, and was broadcast live on Facebook by Hír TV.


title: Central European University

text: In the wake of the new Hungarian legislation, the Czech minister of Finance Andrej Babiš proposed the CEU be moved to Prague, Czech Republic, offering particular buildings in the centre of the city that the university might use.


title: Central European University

text: On 3 April 2017, CEU submitted a legal memorandum to the Hungarian Parliament, raising substantial issues about the legality and constitutionality of the proposed amendment to Act CCIV of 2011 on national higher education, and pledged to continue to contest this law using all available legal means in Hungary and in the EU.


title: Central European University

text: On the same day, the Hungarian parliament decided to debate and vote on the draft bill the following day, after a request by Deputy Prime Minister Zsolt Semjén, also head of the Christian Democrats, the junior party in the government coalition. Semjén said his request was justified by "government interests to pass the law early."


title: Central European University

text: On 3 December 2018 the university announced it would relocate the majority of its operations to Vienna in September 2019, after the Hungarian government's refusal to sign an agreement allowing it to continue teaching its US-accredited programs in Hungary. Less than one fifth of CEU's programs, that are locally accredited, would remain in Budapest. "The university retains accreditation as a Hungarian university and has sought to continue teaching and research activity in Budapest as long as possible, with current students completing their studies in Budapest.


title: Central European University

text: After failing to promote a deal between the US and Hungary that would keep the CEU in Budapest, US Ambassador to Hungary, David Cornstein, an appointee of the Trump Administration, said on 30 November that the whole issue "had to do with [Orban and Soros]. It had nothing to do with academic freedom or civil liberties".


title: Central European University

text: As of 2019, 1217 students were enrolled in the university, of which 962 were international students, making the student body the fourth most international in the world. CEU offers doctoral programmes in thirteen different subjects and master's programmes in thirty-seven different subjects, in addition to three interdisciplinary bachelor's programmes. All programmes at CEU have a heavy research focus, and all courses are delivered in small, seminar-style classes, emphasising the low student-faculty ratio.


title: Central European University

text: Until the 2019–2020 academic year, CEU was an exclusively a postgraduate university and therefore not eligible for general world university rankings. However, two new bachelor's degree programs were introduced in the 2020–2021 academic year and this should soon be reflected in new ranking tables.


title: Central European University

text: Regardless of this limitation due to the intentionally small size and specialised nature of the university, CEU has consistently performed well in subject rankings produced by various publishers.


title: Central European University

text: The Economics department of the university was recently ranked eighth in Europe by the European Research Council (ERC), based on research excellence.


title: Central European University

text: CEU's Department of Legal Studies was ranked first in Central Europe by the Czech newspaper, "Lidové noviny". The survey included Austrian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, and Slovak universities.


title: Central European University

text: CEU is organized as an American-style institution, governed by a board of trustees, with a charter from the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York, for and on behalf of the New York State Education Department. In the United States, CEU is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. In Hungary, CEU is officially recognized as a privately maintained and operated university. The university was accredited by the Hungarian Accreditation Committee in 2004.


title: Central European University

text: In Austria, CEU is recognized as a private higher education institution, pursuant to section 7 of the Decree on Accreditation of Private Universities (PU-AkkVO). Central European University Private University (CEU PU) is accredited by the Agency for Quality Assurance and Accreditation Austria.


title: Central European University

text: The CEU Library has a large English-language print collection of more than 150,000 documents and over 50,000 e-journals and 200,000 e-books,


title: Central European University

text: The Blinken Open Society Archives at CEU (OSA) is a Cold War research facility, holding over 7,500 linear meters of material, 11,000 hours of audiovisual recordings and 12 terabytes of data related to communist-era political, social, economic and cultural life. OSA's collection includes an extensive archive of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty transcripts and reports, along with a large collection of underground samizdat literature and materials from Central and Eastern Europe under communism. The archive also houses a growing collection of documents and audiovisual materials on international human rights and war crimes.


title: Central European University

text: CEU Press is the largest English-language publisher in Central and Eastern Europe. Since its founding in 1993, it has played an important role in publishing books on the economic, social, and political transformation of the region, including titles by Hungarians or on Hungarian themes. Four of its top-10 best-selling books worldwide are related to Hungary.


title: Central European University

text: Since Its inception, 16,795 students from 147 countries have graduated from CEU, the majority of whom went on to be employed in business, education, research, or government.


title: Central European University

text: Among the university's alumni in law and government are the former President of Georgia, Giorgi Margvelashvili as well as Members of the European Parliament Lívia Járóka and Monica Macovei, former Georgian Minister of Defense Tinatin Khidasheli, chairman of the Slovakian Party of the Hungarian Coalition József Berényi, imprisoned Azerbaijani politician Ilgar Mammadov, and former Croatian Minister of Justice Orsat Miljenic. The international spokesman of the Hungarian government, Zoltán Kovács, is also an alumnus of CEU.


title: Central European University

text: Central European University has also produced academics in the social sciences, environmental sciences, and humanities. Jaroslav Miller, professor of history and rector at Palacký University is an alumnus, as are political scientist Tomasz Kamusella, historian of religions Andrei Oișteanu, and vice-president of the Polish Academy of the Sciences Paweł Rowiński.


title: Central European University

text: The university also has alumni in the fields of art and activism, including Azerbaijani dissident Rashadat Akhundov and filmmaker Dylan Mohan Gray.


title: Adder stone

text: An adder stone is a type of stone, usually glassy, with a naturally occurring hole through it. Such stones, which usually consist of flint, have been discovered by archaeologists in both Britain and Egypt. Commonly, they are found in Northern Germany at the coasts of the North and Baltic Seas.


title: Adder stone

text: In Britain they are also called hag stones, witch stones, serpent's eggs, snake's eggs, or Glain Neidr in Wales, milpreve in Cornwall, adderstanes in the south of Scotland and Gloine nan Druidh ("Druids' glass" in Scottish Gaelic) in the north. In Germany they are called Hühnergötter ("chicken gods"). In Egypt they are called aggry or aggri.


title: Adder stone

text: Various traditions exist as to the origins of adder stones. One holds that the stones are the hardened saliva of large numbers of serpents massing together, the perforations being caused by their tongues. There are other claims that an adder stone comes from the head of a serpent or is made by the sting of an adder. The more modern and perhaps easier to attain artifact would be any rock with a hole bored through the middle by water. Human intervention (i.e., direction of water or placement of the stone) is not allowed.


title: Adder stone

text: According to Ancient Roman natural philosopher Pliny’s "Natural History", book XIX, adder stone was held in high esteem amongst the Druids. Pliny described rituals the druids allegedly conducted to acquire the stone, and the magical properties they ascribed to it. He wrote:


title: Adder stone

text: The "Glain Neidr" or "Maen Magi" of Welsh folklore is also closely connected to Druidism. The "Glain Neidr" of Wales are believed to be created by a congress of snakes, normally occurring in spring, but most auspicious on May Eve.