title: The Troubles in Derry

text: In mid-1972 much of the Bogside was still off limits to the security forces, with barricades preventing their entry and the IRA controlling the area. The no-go areas had been in place since the introduction of internment in August 1971. The British and Northern Irish governments were unwilling to tolerate this, and at 4am on 31 July 1972 a massive British Army mobilisation began, called Operation Motorman. This involved almost 22,000 soldiers, 27 infantry and two armoured battalions aided by 5,300 UDR men. The number of troops was approximately four percent of the entire strength of the British Army. There were also several Centurion AVREs used, the only time that heavy armoured vehicles were deployed during the Troubles. During the operation two 15-year-old boys were shot and killed. One was a member of the IRA and bled to death while in the custody of British soldiers; the other was an uninvolved civilian. Neither branch of the IRA attempted to resist the operation as they were outnumbered and outgunned. After this there were no more no-go areas in Northern Irish cities although British patrols remained cautious when in the Bogside.


title: The Troubles in Derry

text: After 1972, violence in Derry continued regularly much like major cities in Northern Ireland after Operation Motorman. Throughout the rest of the 1970s and 1980s, street riots happened often and hate for the British Army continued. The city was organized more by the two IRAs but after Motorman Catholic areas were commonly patrolled by the army. This resulted in more street riots and Republican and sectarian attacks. The main loyalist paramilitary that made the biggest presence in Derry was the Ulster Defense Association. Since its formation in 1971 to 1992, it remained legal and was able to expand quickly and legally across Northern Ireland with ease, unlike the illegal Ulster Volunteer Force. The Provisional IRA continued its campaign of violence in the city, and the Irish National Liberation Army, a group formed of disaffected members of the Official IRA formed in 1974 a few months after the officials called off their armed campaign, made a big presence in Derry. In fact, all the INLA hunger strikers who died on the 1981 Irish hunger strike were from Derry or County Londonderry. In the late 1980s and the early 90s, the Irish National Liberation Army and the Irish People's Liberation Organisation began a bloody feud in the city along with other areas in Ireland. This ended the IPLO presence and severely weakened the INLA presence in the city. Throughout the 1990s, tensions cooled and violence traveled mainly to Belfast, Armagh and East Tyrone even though street riots and sectarian violence was still common. Irish journalist Ed Maloney claims in "The Secret History of the IRA" that republican leaders there negotiated a "de facto" ceasefire in the city as early as 1991. Whether this is true or not, the city did see less bloodshed by this time than Belfast or other localities.


title: 2020–21 Inter Milan season

text: The 2020–21 season was the 113th season in the existence of Inter Milan and the club's 105th consecutive season in the top flight of Italian football. In addition to the domestic league, Inter Milan participated in this season's editions of the Coppa Italia and the UEFA Champions League. The season covered the period from 22 August 2020 to 30 June 2021.


title: 2020–21 Inter Milan season

text: Inter were confirmed as league champions on 2 May 2021 with four rounds still to play, after closest challengers Atalanta failed to win their match against Sassuolo. It ended Juventus's nine-year grasp on the Serie A title and was the club's first league championship since 2009–10. In the Coppa Italia, Inter were eliminated by eventual winners Juventus by a 2–1 aggregate score in the semi-final stage. While in the Champions League, Inter were eliminated in the group stage, finishing last in their group, following a poor campaign in which they only managed a single win. It was the third successive occasion in which Inter failed to qualify out of the Champions League group stage.


title: 2020–21 Inter Milan season

text: On 26 May 2021, Inter confirmed that head coach Antonio Conte had left the club by mutual consent. The departure came amid rumors that the club would have to significantly cut salary costs and sell key players due to mounting debt from both the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and ambitious spending in the previous seasons.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: Emma Fillipoff (born January 6, 1986) is a Canadian woman who has been missing since November 28, 2012, last seen in front of the Empress Hotel in Victoria, British Columbia, at the age of 26.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: Emma Fillipoff was last seen in the immediate vicinity of the Empress Hotel in Victoria between 7:15 pm and 8:00 pm on November 28, 2012. She was observed being interviewed by Victoria police. Her red 1993 Mazda MPV was found in the Chateau Victoria parking lot with almost all her belongings in it, including her passport, library card, digital camera, clothes, a pillow, assorted ornaments, laptop, and recently borrowed library books. It is believed she used the van as storage. She spoke with Chateau Victoria staff at 7:00 am on the morning of her disappearance.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: In June 2018, a man reported that in the early morning following Fillipoff's disappearance, he had picked up a young woman in distress matching her description in nearby Esquimalt.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: Fillipoff arrived in Victoria in the fall of 2011 from Perth, Ontario. She had brief employment at the Red Fish Blue Fish seafood restaurant in Victoria's Inner Harbour. Since the work was seasonal, Fillipoff left the job on October 31, 2012. She assured co-workers she would be back in the spring.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: In what police believe was preparation to move back to Ontario, Fillipoff hired a tow-truck on November 21. She rented the truck in order to move her Mazda from Sooke to the Chateau Victoria parking garage. Unbeknownst to her family, Fillipoff had stayed at the Sandy Merriman House women's shelter on and off since February. On November 23, Fillipoff was captured on security footage at the Victoria YMCA, entering, then leaving, then entering multiple times as if possibly avoiding someone on the outside.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: In the days preceding her disappearance, Fillipoff had phoned her mother in Ontario, asking if she could come home. Each time her tone would quickly change and Fillipoff would then ask her mother not to come. On the final call, her mother became aware that Fillipoff had been staying at the Sandy Merriman House, and even though Fillipoff had asked her not to come, she made plans to fly out immediately. Fillipoff's last words to her mother were, "I don't know how I can face you." Her mother arrived at Sandy Merriman House at about 11:00 pm on the 28th, three hours after Fillipoff had been last seen by police at the Empress Hotel.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: Early on the day of November 28, Fillipoff had been captured on a 7-Eleven store video on Government Street purchasing a pre-paid cell phone. The video showed her hesitating in departing the store, seemingly checking the street outside. She returned to the 7-Eleven to buy a pre-paid credit card for $200. Reportedly, she left the Sandy Merriman House at about 6:00 p.m. that day. Soon after, she hailed a taxi and asked to be taken to the Victoria International Airport; however, she soon exited the taxi for lack of adequate fare, even though she had the $200 prepaid card.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: Minutes later, Fillipoff was seen walking barefoot in front of the Empress Hotel. An acquaintance of hers, Dennis Quay, called 9-1-1 to say a woman was in severe distress outside the hotel. Victoria police arrived, took Fillipoff's name, and spent 45 minutes speaking with her. Deciding that she was not a threat to herself or anyone else, they released her. Until a report surfaced in June 2018, no one reported seeing her since 8:00 pm that night. Later that evening, police met Fillipoff's mother at Sandy Merriman House; by midnight Fillipoff was classified as a missing person.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: Initially the police stated that Fillipoff had last been seen "with friends several blocks away on Burdett Avenue between Blanshard and Quadra streets." Investigators explored more than 200 leads, turning up minimal information. Most evidence indicates she was planning to return home to Ottawa, but there was no proof that she ever left Victoria. The cell phone she bought had never been activated.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: Fillipoff's credit card was allegedly found on the side of the road near the Juan de Fuca Community Centre, north of where she disappeared. It was found by a stranger, whose use of the card to purchase cigarettes was tracked by police.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: Fillipoff wrote copious poems about her time in Victoria. None of it indicated that she was being stalked. Even though some of it indicated she was depressed, experts who appeared on "The Fifth Estate" said the writing did not have the hallmarks of suicidal ideation. According to Fillipoff's mother, however, the Sandy Merriman staff claimed that Emma Fillipoff "required both physical and medical intervention."


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: In March 2016, Fillipoff's mother and brother were charged with money laundering, as well as drug and weapons offenses, after an OPP investigation. Shelley Fillipoff insisted the charges had nothing to do with the disappearance of Emma Fillipoff, saying "the one has nothing to do with the other."


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: In November 2016, all charges were dropped against Shelley Fillipoff, clearing her of any involvement.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: In the summer of 2018, a witness named William came forward with new information about encountering a woman the morning after Fillipoff's disappearance. The woman matched her general description and demeanor. The report resulted in the organization of a search of the View Royal area of Victoria in December 2018. The search turned up no additional clues, but another search was planned for 2019. Victoria media drew information from Kimberly Bordage's podcast, "The Search for Emma Fillipoff".


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: Before this, the leads had been tenuous. The "Campbell River Courier-Islander" newspaper reported in May 2014 that Gastown, Vancouver, business owners Joel and Lori Sellen witnessed a man in their store throwing out a $25,000 missing persons reward poster for Fillipoff. The pair reported that the man said, "It's one of those missing persons posters, except she's not missing, she's my girlfriend and she ran away 'cause she hates her parents." The owners immediately called the police. Although security video captured an image of the man, he has yet to be identified.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: On November 29th, 2021, the ninth anniversary of her disappearance, police released additional images of Emma as well as pictures of art that she created hoping it would create new leads. However, no new leads were created.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: In 2013, Fillipoff's disappearance was the subject of an episode of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television program, "The Fifth Estate" titled 'Finding Emma'.


title: Disappearance of Emma Fillipoff

text: In 2020, Emma Fillipoff's disappearance was the subject of a long form series by the Canadian audio documentary series "The Night Time Podcast" titled 'Emma Fillipoff is Missing'. This series features interviews with her mother Shelley, many of her closest friends, and the one time suspect Julien. This series was the featured podcast on Apple Podcasts for the week of January 12, 2020 and appeared in the top ten of Canada's podcast charts for several days.


title: Farewell Sermon

text: The Farewell Sermon (, "Khuṭbatu l-Widāʿ" ) also known as Muhammad's Final Sermon or the Last Sermon, is a religious speech, delivered by the Islamic prophet Muhammad on Friday the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, 10 AH (6 March 632) in the Uranah valley of Mount Arafat, during the Islamic pilgrimage of Hajj.


title: Farewell Sermon

text: Muhammad al-Bukhari refers to the sermon and quotes part of it in his "Sahih al-Bukhari". Part of it is also present in "Sahih Muslim" and "Sunan Abu Dawood". Verse , "Today I have perfected for you your religion ...", is believed to have been recited during the address as the capstone verse of the Quran.


title: Farewell Sermon

text: Various versions of the sermon have been published, including several English translations. The sermon consists of a series of general exhortations for Muslims to follow the teachings that Muhammad had set forth in the Quran and "sunnah".


title: Farewell Sermon

text: In a lengthy hadith included in the "Sahih Muslim", "Sunan Abi Dawood", and "Sunan Ibn Majah", Jabir ibn Abd Allah narrated details of Muhammad's pilgrimage and reported the following words of his sermon:


title: Farewell Sermon

text: An account of the sermon was collected by the early historian Ibn Ishaq, as quoted in Ibn Hisham's "Sirah an-Nabawiyah" and at-Tabari's "Tarikh", with minor differences. The narration is translated by I. K. Poonawala in "The History of al-Tabari, vol. IX: The Last Years of the Prophet" (1990), as follows:


title: Farewell Sermon

text: The sermon is also translated by Alfred Guillaume in "The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh" (1955), which is based on the work of Ibn Hisham. Poonawala does not differ much with Guillaume in regards to meaning, but notable differences are his translation of "bi’l-ma‘rūf" as "with custom" and "‘awān" as "domestic animals," whereas Guillaume translates the passage as, "If they refrain from these things they have the right to their food and clothing with kindness. Lay injunctions on women kindly, for they are prisoners with you having no control of their persons." Rizwi Faizer in her translation of al-Waqidi's "Life of Muhammad" rendered the same passage as, "Treat women well for they are bound to you and are dependent on you."


title: Farewell Sermon

text: Al-Jahiz in the "Kitāb al-Bayān wa-al-Tabyīn" presents the following text of the Farewell Sermon, also mentioned in Musnad of Imam Ahmad (hadith no.19774) as translated and annotated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller:


title: Ram Sampath

text: Ram Sampath (born 25 July 1977) is an Indian composer, music producer and musician, who started his career composing advertising jingles for Mumbai-based advertising industry, subsequently he started composing for pop albums like "Tanha Dil" (2000) by Shaan, before composing for films like "Khakee", "Delhi Belly" (2011), "Talaash" (2012), "Raees" etc.


title: Ram Sampath

text: He has composed music for advertising jingles for brands like Airtel, Docomo, Thums Up, Pepsi and the Times of India.


title: Ram Sampath

text: Born to a Tamilian father and Kannadiga mother, Sampath grew up in Chembur, Bombay where he did his schooling from OLPS High School. Both his parents were musically inclined, while his grandfather TV Ramanujam, was one of the founder of Shanmukhananda Hall, a cultural centre in Sion, Mumbai, established in 1952. Thus his ancestral house, was frequented by leading musicians and singers of Carnatic music. Later on, he too learnt Carnatic music for eight years. After his schooling he studied commerce at Podar College, Mumbai, where he played keyboard in a rock band.


title: Ram Sampath

text: Over the years, he has composed advertising jingles for brands like Airtel, Docomo, Thums Up, Pepsi and the Times of India, for which he composed the theme song for the "I Lead India" campaign in 2013.


title: Ram Sampath

text: In 2008, he collaborated with the Australian rock band INXS to record Indian version of their songs, "God's Top Ten", "Devil's Party", and "Afterglow". Also in 2008, the Bombay High Court ruled that two songs from the film, "Krazzy 4", including the title track "Krazzy4" and "Break-free" plagiarised the "hook-phrase" from an advertisement previously composed by Sampath for Sony Ericsson. The court ordered a stay on film's release with the two songs. Subsequently, the case was settled out-of-court after producers paid Sampath , and film was released along with the songs. However the judgment was seen by "landmark decision" by legal commentators, as it set a new precedent in the Indian film industry, often plagued with plagiarism. In 2012, he composed the highly popular title track "Tera Rang Aisa" of the debut talkshow "Satyamev Jayate" hosted by Aamir Khan, it had lyrics by Prasoon Joshi.


title: Ram Sampath

text: Sampath got his first break as a film score composer with "Let's Talk" (2002) directed by Ram Madhvani. Thereafter, he composed for several films like "Khakee" (2004) and "Family" (2006) by "Rajkumar Santoshi", besides "Jumbo" (2008), "Aagey Se Right" (2009) and "Luv Ka The End" (2011). However, he first received popular acclaim with "Delhi Belly" (2011) produced by Aamir Khan. Most notably hit track "Bhaag DK Bose Aandhi Aayi" with -rock beat, became an internet sensation ahead of the release of the film. Later he received a Filmfare Award nomination for the film. His next film, "Talaash" (2012) was a joint production between Farhan Akhtar's Excel Entertainment and Aamir Khan Productions also starring Aamir Khan as the lead. The music received positive reviews, including "Indiaglitz", which noted, "Once again Ram Sampath has an unmatched compilation of tracks here. Along with Javed Akhtar's fantastic lyrics they have created a masterpiece here." Thereafter, Akhtar signed him again for his next production, "Fukrey", directed by Mrigdeep Singh Lamba. Fukrey was a sleeper hit and opened to good music reviews, especially for the song "Ambarsariya", an adaptation of a traditional Punjabi folk song, performed by Sona Mohapatra, his wife and regular collaborator.


title: Ram Sampath

text: In 2009, he appeared as a judge of singing reality series, "MTV Rock On" (Season 1) on MTV India, along with singer Kailash Kher and MTV VJ Nikhil Chinapa.


title: Ram Sampath

text: Ram Sampath is married to Sona Mohapatra, a singer, who is his frequent collaborator and business partner in their music production house OmGrown Music. The couple resides in Mumbai. The couple met in 2002, while she was still working as a brand manager with Marico. They were introduced by director Ram Madhvani, with whom Sampath was working for "Let's Talk" (2002); they married in 2005.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: Robert James Shiller (born March 29, 1946) is an American economist, academic, and author. As of 2019, he serves as a Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University and is a fellow at the Yale School of Management's International Center for Finance. Shiller has been a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) since 1980, was vice president of the American Economic Association in 2005, its president-elect for 2016, and president of the Eastern Economic Association for 2006–2007. He is also the co‑founder and chief economist of the investment management firm MacroMarkets LLC.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: Shiller was ranked by the "IDEAS" RePEc publications monitor in 2008 as among the 100 most influential economists of the world; and was still on the list in 2019. Eugene Fama, Lars Peter Hansen and Shiller jointly received the 2013 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, "for their empirical analysis of asset prices".


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: Shiller was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Ruth R. (née Radsville) and Benjamin Peter Shiller, an engineer-cum-entrepreneur. He is of Lithuanian descent. He is married to Virginia Marie (Faulstich), a psychologist, and has two children. He was raised as a Methodist.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: Shiller attended Kalamazoo College for two years before transferring to the University of Michigan where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a B.A. degree in 1967. He received the S.M. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1968, and his Ph.D. from MIT in 1972 with thesis entitled "Rational expectations and the structure of interest rates" under the supervision of Franco Modigliani.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: Shiller has taught at Yale since 1982 and previously held faculty positions at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Minnesota, also giving frequent lectures at the London School of Economics. He has written on economic topics that range from behavioral finance to real estate to risk management, and has been co-organizer of NBER workshops on behavioral finance with Richard Thaler since 1991. His book "Macro Markets" won TIAA-CREF's first annual Paul A. Samuelson Award. He currently publishes a syndicated column and has been a regular contributor to Project Syndicate since 2003.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: In 1981 Shiller published an article in which he challenged the efficient-market hypothesis, which was the dominant view in the economics profession at the time. Shiller argued that in a rational stock market, investors would base stock prices on the expected receipt of future dividends, discounted to a present value. He examined the performance of the U.S. stock market since the 1920s, and considered the kinds of expectations of future dividends and discount rates that could justify the wide range of variation experienced in the stock market. Shiller concluded that the volatility of the stock market was greater than could plausibly be explained by any rational view of the future. This article was later named as one of the "top 20" articles in the 100-year history of the American Economic Association.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: The behavioral finance school gained new credibility following the October 1987 stock market crash. Shiller's work included survey research that asked investors and stock traders what motivated them to make trades; the results further bolstered his hypothesis that these decisions are often driven by emotion instead of rational calculation. Much of this survey data has been gathered continuously since 1989.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: In 1991 he formed Case Shiller Weiss with economists Karl Case and Allan Weiss who served as the CEO from inception to the sale to Fiserv. The company produced a repeat-sales index using home sales prices data from across the nation, studying home pricing trends. The index was developed by Shiller and Case when Case was studying unsustainable house pricing booms in Boston and Shiller was studying the behavioral aspects of economic bubbles. The repeat-sales index developed by Case and Shiller was later acquired and further developed by Fiserv and Standard & Poor, creating the Case-Shiller index.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: His book "Irrational Exuberance" (2000) – a New York Times bestseller – warned that the stock market had become a bubble in March 2000 (the very height of the market top) which could lead to a sharp decline.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: On CNBC's "How to Profit from the Real Estate Boom" in 2005, he noted that housing price rises could not outstrip inflation in the long term because, except for land restricted sites, house prices would tend toward building costs plus normal economic profit. Co‑panelist David Lereah disagreed. In February, Lereah had put out his book "Are You Missing the Real Estate Boom?" signaling the market top for housing prices. While Shiller repeated his precise timing again for another market bubble, because the general level of nationwide residential real estate prices do not reveal themselves until after a lag of about one year, people did not believe Shiller had called another top until late 2006 and early 2007.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: That same year, he co-authored a Brookings Institution paper called "Is There a Bubble in the Housing Market?". Shiller subsequently refined his position in the 2nd edition of "Irrational Exuberance" (2005), acknowledging that "further rises in the [stock and housing] markets could lead, eventually, to even more significant declines... A long-run consequence could be a decline in consumer and business confidence, and another, possibly worldwide, recession. This extreme outcome ... is not inevitable, but it is a much more serious risk than is widely acknowledged." Writing in "The Wall Street Journal" in August 2006, Shiller again warned that "there is significant risk of a very bad period, with slow sales, slim commissions, falling prices, rising default and foreclosures, serious trouble in financial markets, and a possible recession sooner than most of us expected." In September 2007, almost exactly one year before the collapse of Lehman Brothers, Shiller wrote an article in which he predicted an imminent collapse in the U.S. housing market, and subsequent financial panic.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: Robert Shiller was awarded the Deutsche Bank Prize in Financial Economics in 2009 for his pioneering research in the field of financial economics, relating to the dynamics of asset prices, such as fixed income, equities, and real estate, and their metrics. His work has been influential in the development of the theory as well as its implications for practice and policy making. His contributions on risk sharing, financial market volatility, bubbles and crises, have received widespread attention among academics, practitioners, and policymakers alike. In 2010, he was named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: In 2010 Shiller supported the idea that to fix the financial and banking systems, in order to avoid future financial crisis, banks need to issue a new kind of debt, known as contingent capital, that automatically converts into equity if the regulators determine that there is a systemic national financial crisis, and if the bank is simultaneously in violation of capital-adequacy.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: In 2011 he attained the Bloomberg 50 most influential people in global finance ranking list. In 2012, Thomson Reuters named him a contender for that year's Nobel Prize in Economics, citing his "pioneering contributions to financial market volatility and the dynamics of asset prices".


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: On October 14, 2013, it was announced that Shiller had become a recipient of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Economics alongside Eugene Fama and Lars Peter Hansen.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: His lecture at the prize ceremony explained why markets are not efficient. He presented an argument on why Eugene Fama's Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) was fallacious. EMH postulates that the present value of an asset reflects the efficient incorporation of information into prices. According to Shiller, the results of the movement of the market are extremely erratic, unlike Fama's assertion where the movement would be smoother if it would reflect the intrinsic value of the assets. The results of the graphs provided by Shiller showed a clear aberration from that of the Efficient Market Hypothesis. For example, the dividend growth had been 2% per year on stocks. However, it contradicted the EMH since the growth did not reflect the expected dividends. It is further explained by Shiller's Linearized Present Value model, which is a result of collaboration with his colleague and former student John Campbell, that only one-half to one-third of the fluctuations in the stock market are explained by the expected dividends model. Also, in the lecture, Shiller pointed out that variables such as interest rates and building costs did not explain the movement of the housing market.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: On the other hand, Shiller believes that more information regarding the asset market is crucial for its efficiency. Additionally, he alluded to John Maynard Keynes’s explanation of stock markets to point out the irrationality of people while making decisions. Keynes compared the stock market to a beauty contest where people instead of betting on who they find attractive, bet on the contestant who the majority of people find attractive. Therefore, he believes that people do not use complicated mathematical calculations and a sophisticated economic model while participating in the asset market. He argued that a huge set of data is required for the market to operate efficiently. Since there were very minuscule data available on the asset markets for his research, let alone for the common people, he developed the Case-Shiller index that provides information about the trends in home prices. Thus, he added that the use of modern technology can benefit economists to accrue data of broader asset classes that will make the market more information-based and the prices more efficient.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: In interviews in June 2015, Shiller warned of the potential of a stock market crash. In August 2015, after a flash crash in individual stocks, he continued to see bubbly conditions in stocks, bonds and housing.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: In 2017, Shiller was quoted as calling Bitcoin the biggest financial bubble at the time. The perceived failure of the Cincinnati Time Store has been used as an analogy to suggest that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are a "speculative bubble" waiting to burst, according to economist Robert J. Shiller.


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: In 2019, Shiller published "Narrative Economics". The book received favourable reviews and was selected among the "Best books of 2019" list published by the "Financial Times".


title: Robert J. Shiller

text: Shiller has written op-eds since at least 2007 for such publications as "The New York Times", where he has appeared in print on at least two dozen occasions.


title: Sebastián Driussi

text: Sebastián Driussi (; born 9 February 1996) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Major League Soccer club Austin FC.


title: Sebastián Driussi

text: On 2 December 2013, Driussi made his debut for River Plate as a starter in an Argentine Primera División match against Argentinos Juniors, playing 73 minutes in a 1–0 victory. His first league goal for the club came over a year later, as he scored in a 2–2 draw against Unión de Santa on 8 March 2015.


title: Sebastián Driussi

text: On 8 July 2017, Driussi joined Russian side Zenit Saint Petersburg on a four-year deal. The transfer fee was €15 million. He scored his first goal for Zenit on 22 July 2017 in a brace against FC Rubin Kazan. His second goal came in the same game at stoppage time from a cross by teammate Domenico Criscito which helped them win their second fixture of the season under Roberto Mancini. On 4 May 2019, he scored a late equalizer in an away game against FC Akhmat Grozny that secured the 2018–19 Russian Premier League championship for Zenit.


title: Sebastián Driussi

text: On 26 July 2021, Driussi bought out the remaining year of his contract with Zenit St.Petersburg, and left the club.


title: Sebastián Driussi

text: On 29 July 2021, Driussi signed with Major League Soccer club Austin FC as a designated player. He made his debut on 7 August 2021 against FC Dallas, coming on as a 62nd minute substitute in the 2–0 defeat. On 21 August 2021, Driussi scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 home victory against the Portland Timbers. On 16 April 2022, Driussi became the first Austin FC player to score 10 goals for the club in a comeback road win at D.C. United.


title: Sebastián Driussi

text: On 12 July 2022, Driussi was named as an MLS All-Star. One of 26 players named as an All-Star. “It’s a great honor to be Austin FC’s first MLS All-Star selection,” said Driussi. “I’d like to thank my teammates and coaches. Without them, none of my individual success or our success as a team would be possible. I’m excited to represent Austin in Minnesota next month.”


title: Douglas Wick

text: Douglas Wick is an American film producer whose work includes producing "Gladiator", "Stuart Little", and "Memoirs of a Geisha".


title: Douglas Wick

text: Wick is the son of actress Mary Jane (Woods) and United States Information Agency director Charles Z. Wick. Following his cum laude graduation from Yale University, where he was a member of Wolf's Head Society, Douglas Wick began work for filmmaker Alan J. Pakula as his "coffee boy". In 1979, Wick would get his first film credit when he served as associate producer on Pakula's film "Starting Over". Wick's first solo producing job came on the 1988 film "Working Girl". His next film, "Wolf", would reunite Wick with Mike Nichols, who directed "Working Girl", before he went on to produce the 1996 film "The Craft". The year of 1999 saw Wick produce both the critical-hit "Girl, Interrupted" and the box-office hit "Stuart Little". The following year brought with it Wick's biggest success to date, "Gladiator". This film would net Wick an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, and a BAFTA award all for "Best Picture". Also in 2000 Wick produced the Sci Fi hit "Hollow Man". In the next few years Wick would produce "Spy Game", "Peter Pan" (the first live action version of the J.M. Barrie classic tale), a successful "Stuart Little" sequel "Stuart Little 2", and "Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!". In 2005, Wick produced two more critical hits, "Jarhead" and "Memoirs of a Geisha" as well as two lesser successes "Bewitched" and another "Stuart Little" sequel "". Wick produced the moderate success of "RV" and a "Hollow Man" sequel "Hollow Man 2" in 2006.


title: Douglas Wick

text: Wick and Red Wagon's most recent production was "The Divergent Series", based on Veronica Roth's New York Times bestselling books. "Divergent" starred a cast of newcomers including Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Miles Teller and Ansel Elgort, as well as Oscar winner Kate Winslet. It was followed by the sequels and , which also stars Naomi Watts and Jeff Daniels. Previously, Fisher and Wick produced "The Great Gatsby", directed by Baz Luhrmann and starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Tobey Maguire, and Carey Mulligan.


title: Douglas Wick

text: Wick has been married to Lucy Fisher since 1986, and together they have three daughters. Wick is also best friends with bluegrass musician Dave Rawlings and frequently visits him at his home in Nashville.


title: Douglas Wick

text: Douglas Wick is the founder of Red Wagon Entertainment and Red Wagon Productions. In 2000, he expanded the company to bring in Lucy Fisher, his partner and wife. Red Wagon Productions has been the production company on fifteen of the films Wick has produced, including: "Girl, Interrupted"; "Spy Game"; and "Memoirs of a Geisha".


title: Domus

text: In Ancient Rome, the domus (plural "domūs", genitive "domūs" or "domī") was the type of town house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy freedmen during the Republican and Imperial eras. It was found in almost all the throughout the Roman territories. The modern English word "domestic" comes from Latin "domesticus", which is derived from the word "domus". The word in modern Slavic languages means "home" and is a cognate of the Latin word, going back to Proto-Indo-European. Along with a "domus" in the city, many of the richest families of ancient Rome also owned a separate country house known as a villa. Many chose to live primarily, or even exclusively, in their villas; these homes were generally much grander in scale and on larger acres of land due to more space outside the walled and fortified city.


title: Domus

text: The elite classes of Roman society constructed their residences with elaborate marble decorations, inlaid marble paneling, door jambs and columns as well as expensive paintings and frescoes. Many poor and lower-middle-class Romans lived in crowded, dirty and mostly rundown rental apartments, known as "insulae". These multi-level apartment blocks were built as high and tightly together as possible and held far less status and convenience than the private homes of the prosperous.


title: Domus

text: The homes of the early Etruscans (predecessors of the Romans) were simple, even for the wealthy or ruling classes. They were small familiar huts constructed on the axial plan of a central hall with an open skylight. It is believed that the Temple of Vesta was, in form, copied from these early dwellings because the worship of Vesta began in individual homes. The huts were probably made of mud and wood with thatched roofs and a centre opening for the hearth's smoke to escape. This could have been the beginnings of the atrium, which was common in later homes. As Rome became more and more prosperous from trade and conquest, the homes of the wealthy increased in both size and luxury, emulating both the Etruscan atrium house and Hellenistic peristyle house.


title: Domus

text: The domus included multiple rooms, indoor courtyards, gardens and beautifully painted walls that were elaborately laid out. The "vestibulum" (entrance hall) led into a large central hall: the "atrium", which was the focal point of the domus and contained a statue of or an altar to the household gods. Leading off the atrium were "cubicula" (bedrooms), a dining room "triclinium" where guests could eat dinner whilst reclining on couches, a "tablinum" (living room or study), and the "culina" (Roman kitchen). On the outside, and without any internal connection to the atrium, were "tabernae" (shops facing the street).


title: Domus

text: In cities throughout the Roman Empire, wealthy homeowners lived in buildings with few exterior windows. Glass windows were not readily available: glass production was in its infancy. Thus a wealthy Roman citizen lived in a large house separated into two parts, and linked together through the "tablinum" or study or by a small passageway.


title: Domus

text: To protect the family from intruders the entrance would not face the street, this left more room inside.


title: Domus

text: Surrounding the atrium were arranged the master's family’s main rooms: the small cubicula or bedrooms, the tablinum, which served as a living room or study, and the triclinium, or dining-room. Roman homes were like Greek homes. Only two objects were present in the atrium of Caecilius in Pompeii: the "lararium" (a small shrine to the Lares, the household gods) and a small bronze box that stored precious family items. In the master bedroom was a small wooden bed and couch which usually consisted of some slight padding. As the domus developed, the tablinum took on a role similar to that of the study. In each of the other bedrooms there was usually just a bed. The triclinium had three couches surrounding a table. The triclinium often was similar in size to the master bedroom. The study was used as a passageway. If the master of the house was a banker or merchant, the study often was larger because of the greater need for materials. Roman houses lay on an axis, so that a visitor was provided with a view through the fauces, atrium, and tablinum to the peristyle.


title: Domus

text: The vestibulum was the main entrance hall of the Roman domus. It is usually seen only in grander structures; however, many urban homes had shops or rental space directly off the streets with the front door between. The vestibulum would run the length of these front Tabernae shops. This created security by keeping the main portion of the domus off the street. In homes that did not have spaces for let in front, either rooms or a closed area would still be separated by a separate vestibulum.


title: Domus

text: The atrium was the most important part of the house, where guests and dependents ("clientes") were greeted. The atrium was open in the centre, surrounded at least in part by high-ceilinged porticoes that often contained only sparse furnishings to give the effect of a large space. In the centre was a square roof opening called the "compluvium" in which rainwater could come, draining inwards from the slanted tiled roof. Directly below the compluvium was the "impluvium".


title: Domus

text: An impluvium was basically a drain pool, a shallow rectangular sunken portion of the Atrium to gather rainwater, which drained into an underground cistern. The impluvium was often lined with marble, and around which usually was a floor of small mosaic.


title: Domus

text: These were similar in design and function of the vestibulum but were found deeper into the domus. Separated by the length of another room, entry to a different portion of the residence was accessed by these passageways which would now be called halls, hallways or corridors.


title: Domus

text: Between the atrium and the peristyle was the tablinum, an office of sorts for the "dominus", who would receive his clients for the morning "salutatio". The dominus was able to command the house visually from this vantage point as the head of the social authority of the paterfamilias.


title: Domus

text: The Oecus was the principal hall or salon in a Roman house, which was used occasionally as a triclinium for banquets.


title: Domus

text: "Alae" The open rooms (or alcoves) on each side of the atrium. Ancestral death masks, or "imagines", may have been displayed here. The wedding couch or bed, the "lectus genialis", was placed in the atrium, on the side opposite the door or in one of the alae.


title: Domus

text: Cubiculum Bedroom. The floor mosaics of the cubiculum often marked out a rectangle where the bed should be placed.


title: Domus

text: Culina The kitchen in a Roman house. The culina was dark, and the smoke from the cooking fires filled the room as the best ventilation available in Roman times was a hole in the ceiling (the domestic chimney would not be invented until the 12th century CE). This is where slaves prepared food for their masters and guests in Roman times.


title: Domus

text: The back part of the house was centred on the peristyle much as the front centred on the atrium. The "peristylium" was a small garden often surrounded by a columned passage, the model of the medieval cloister. Surrounding the peristyle were the bathrooms, kitchen and summer triclinium. The kitchen was usually a very small room with a small masonry counter wood-burning stove. The wealthy had a slave who worked as a cook and spent nearly all his or her time in the kitchen. During a hot summer day the family ate their meals in the summer triclinium to stave off the heat. Most of the light came from the compluvium and the open peristylium.


title: Domus

text: There were no clearly defined separate spaces for slaves or for women. Slaves were ubiquitous in a Roman household and slept outside their masters' doors at night; women used the atrium and other spaces to work once the men had left for the forum. There was also no clear distinction between rooms meant solely for private use and public rooms, as any private room could be opened to guests at a moment's notice.


title: Domus

text: Much of what is known about the Roman domus comes from excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum. While there are excavations of homes in the city of Rome, none of them retained the original integrity of the structures. The homes of Rome are mostly bare foundations, converted churches or other community buildings. The most famous Roman domus is the House of Augustus. Little of the original architecture survives; only a single multi-level section of the vast complex remains. Even in its original state, the House of Augustus would not have been a good representation of a typical domus, as the home belonged to one of Rome's most powerful, wealthy and influential citizens. In contrast, the homes of Pompeii were preserved intact, exactly as they were when they were occupied by Roman people 2000 years ago.


title: Domus

text: The rooms of the Pompeian domus were often painted in one of four Pompeian Styles: the first style imitated ashlar masonry, the second style represented public architecture, the third style focused on mythological creatures, and the fourth style combined the architecture and mythological creatures of the second and third styles.


title: Domus

text: The home's importance as a universally recognized haven was written about by Cicero after an early morning assassination attempt. He speaks of a "commune perfugium", a universal haven or the agreed normal refuge of an individual:


title: Domus

text: The concept of legal abode such as "domicilium" or today's usage "domicile" is a documented and legal standard, common in Western society for thousands of years. An early reference to "domicilium" is found in the Lex Plautia Papiria, a Roman plebiscite enacted in 89 BC. Under this law, Italian communities that had previously been denied could now gain citizenship.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: "J-Stars Victory VS" lets up to four players battle it out against one another using a gameplay and graphical style similar to those of "Dragon Ball: Zenkai Battle Royale". Fighters can move and fight in all directions on one of twelve 3D battle fields, each based on a location from a different "Jump" series. Players should learn the lay of the land and formulate a battle plan with a character suited to it.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: A defeated character comes back after a set amount of time passes. To win the battle, all three sections of the WIN gauge at the top of the screen have to be filled; the gauge fills one section each time an opponent is defeated. Fighters can use regular attacks, power attacks, area-based attacks, and finishing moves. Regular attacks are the main part of the battle, and all combos begin with them. Power attacks leave the user open, but they have a big impact if they connect and their power can be increased by charging them up. Area-based attacks allow to hit opponents over a wide area. By using different techniques, the player can lead his team to victory; learning each character's different power, range, and effects is the first step towards being unbeatable.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: Playable game modes include "J-Adventure", a multi-player story mode divided between four campaigns in which players explore a world map, battle various opponents, and collect in-game cards to power up their characters; "Victory Road", a multi-player battle mode in which players must complete certain predetermined objectives during battles; and a free-battle mode which supports up to two players in local offline play and up to four players via online multiplayer. An additional single-player Arcade Mode is exclusive to "J-Stars Victory VS+".


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: The game's story mode, "J-Adventure", takes place in Jump World, an amalgamation of the different characters' universes. As the story begins, each of the characters is preparing for the Jump Battle Tournament, a fighting competition organized by the God of Jump World, who promises to grant the wishes of the team that wins. The narrative is split between four different arcs, each focusing on a different team exploring Jump World, gathering more teammates to compete, and working to achieve their own personal goals. The Dynamic Arc focuses on Monkey D Luffy, Portgas D Ace and Seiya; the Hope Arc on Naruto Uzumaki, Yusuke Urameshi, and Gon Freecss; the Investigation Arc on Toriko, Zebra, and Goku; and the Pursuit Arc on Ichigo Kurosaki, Tatsumi Oga, and Hiei.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: To progress, each team defeats tournament examiners to acquire upgrades for their ships so they can reach the arena; they also acquire additional allies in the wake of a mysterious enemy that can possess them. When one of the teams wins the tournament, the God of Jump World reveals the true purpose of the competition: to gather warriors to combat the Dark Phantoms, an evil force capable of impersonating strong fighters. Using the keys of Effort, Bravery and Friendship, the heroes travel to the Dark Phantoms' world and seal them away.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: With the Dark Phantoms defeated, all the heroes are offered a wish. They collectively wish to have another tournament so they can fight again and get stronger. Granting it, the God of Jump World rewards the heroes with a feast.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: The game features 52 characters from 32 different "Jump" series. 39 of these characters are playable, while 13 of them can be summoned by players to provide support.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: In addition to these characters, "Gin Tama"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Shinpachi Shimura can be heard providing commentary to some of Gintoki's battle actions and pre-fight dialogue. Other characters from each series make non-playable cameo appearances in the game's story mode.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: The game was first announced in December 2012 under the title of Project Versus J, in "Weekly Shōnen Jump"s second issue of 2013. It was made to commemorate the 45th anniversary of "Jump", and has been presented as the "ultimate "Jump" game". "J-Stars Victory VS" features characters and settings from various "Jump" manga, both past and present, ranging from older properties such as "Dragon Ball", "YuYu Hakusho", and "Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo", current long-running series such as "Naruto", "Bleach", "One Piece", and "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure", to newer series such as "Medaka Box", "Assassination Classroom", and "Beelzebub".


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: The first three characters that were unveiled and used to promote the game were Son Goku, Monkey D. Luffy, and Toriko. Also in December, it was announced that fans could vote for some of the characters that they want to be included in "J-Stars Victory VS". Several other characters were announced over the following months via the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" and "V Jump" magazines, as well as characters' transformations which would be available as special moves. The game's adventure mode also features other non-player characters from the various series.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: Producer Koji Nakajima stated that getting the rights to the multiple franchises owned Shueisha was not hard, but rather determining which actions the characters make in the game was the most difficult part. Since some of the characters do not fight in their series, their actions and motions had to be approved by each licensee after many negotiations. He also stated that he originally hoped to include a much larger roster of characters.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: A limited edition "Anison" version of the game includes the theme songs from the player characters' television series, such as "Cha-La Head-Cha-La" and "We Are!", as music that can be played in-game during battles. The game's own theme song is "Fighting Stars", performed by Hironobu Kageyama, Hiroshi Kitadani, and Akira Kushida.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: In December 2014, Bandai Namco announced that the game would be released in North America and Europe under the name "J-Stars Victory VS+". Released in summer 2015, "VS+" retains the original Japanese voice-over track and adds an additional single-player Arcade Mode not present in the original release. "VS+" also marks the game's first appearance on the PlayStation 4, in addition to the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita as with its predecessor. The new release features an identical character roster to the original, while also incorporating game balance adjustments based on feedback from Japanese players. A "J-Stars Victory VS+ Compendium" art book and set of PlayStation themes were offered as a pre-order bonus.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: The game was given a review score of 32/40 by "Famitsu". Following its first week of release, the PS3 version of the game sold 118,240 units in Japan while the Vita version sold 97,821 units. Japanese sales tracker Media Create reported that the PS3 version of the game sold through 86.55% of its shipment, while the Vita version sold through 89.25% of its shipment. For a multiplatform release, the Vita version did well, Media Create says.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: Richard Eisenbeis of "Kotaku" praised the game's roster for taking from many different series and how each character has a unique fighting style. However, he said that despite this each character plays the same, with strong, weak and knockdown attacks, and titled his review ""J-Stars Victory VS" Gets Real Old Real Fast". He also noted the lack of a meaningful plot in the story mode.


title: J-Stars Victory VS

text: The western PlayStation 4 release has a score of 61 on Metacritic while the PlayStation Vita version has a 74; both indicating mixed or average reviews. "IGN" awarded it a score of 5.0 out of 10, saying "Despite a great cast of characters, "J-Stars Victory Vs.+" fails to leverage their charm on or off the battlefield".


title: Enugu State

text: Enugu State () is a state in the South-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria, bordered to the north by the states of Benue and Kogi, Ebonyi State to the east and southeast, Abia State to the south, and Anambra State to the west. The state takes its name from its capital and largest city, Enugu.


title: Enugu State

text: Of the 36 states, Enugu is the 29th largest in area and 22nd most populous with an estimated population of over 4.4 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is divided between the Niger Delta swamp forests in the far south and the drier Guinean forest–savanna mosaic with some savanna in the rest of the state. Other important geographical features are the Udi-Nsukka Plateau and Ekulu River, which flows through the city of Enugu.


title: Enugu State

text: Modern-day Enugu State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, primarily the Igbo people with minorities of Idoma and Igala peoples in Etteh Uno. In the pre-colonial period, what is now Enugu State was a part of the medieval Kingdom of Nri and the Arochukwu-based Aro Confederacy before the latter was defeated in the early 1900s by British troops in the Anglo-Aro War. After the war, the British incorporated the area into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, which was later merged into British Nigeria in 1914; after the merger, Enugu became a symbol of anti-colonial resistance after the 1949 massacre of striking coal miners in the Iva Valley.


title: Enugu State

text: After independence in 1960, the area of what is now Enugu was a part of the post-independence Eastern Region until May 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the East Central State. Less than two months afterwards, the former Eastern Region attempted to secede in the three-year long Nigerian Civil War with what is now Enugu State as a part of the secessionist state of Biafra. The city of Enugu was named the Biafran capital until October 1967 when it was captured by federal forces; the rest of the state was hard fought over but much of it fell by June 1968. At the war's end and the reunification of Nigeria, the East Central State was reformed until 1976 when Anambra State (including what is now Enugu) was formed by the Murtala Muhammed regime. Fifteen years afterwards, Anambra State was divided with the eastern part being broken off to form the new Enugu State; in 1996, part of Enugu State's east was removed to form a part of the new Ebonyi State.


title: Enugu State

text: Economically, Enugu State is based around trading and services along with agriculture, mainly of yams, rice, cocoyam, oil palm, and cassava. A key minor industry was mining, especially of coal in the Udi Hills around the city of Enugu. Enugu State has the tenth highest Human Development Index in the country and is considered the heart of Igboland, the cultural region of ethnically Igbo areas.


title: Enugu State

text: Enugu State is one of the states in the eastern part of Nigeria located at the foot of the Udi Plateau. The state shares borders with Abia State and Imo State to the south, Ebonyi State to the east, Benue State to the northeast, Kogi State to the northwest and Anambra State to the west.


title: Enugu State

text: Enugu, the capital city of Enugu State, is on the railroad from Port Harcourt, 150 miles (240 km) south-southwest, and at the intersection of roads from Aba, Onitsha, and Abakaliki. It is approximately 4 driving hours away from Port Harcourt, where coal shipments exited Nigeria. Enugu is also located within an hour's drive from Onitsha, one of the biggest commercial cities in Africa and two hours' drive from Aba, another very large commercial city, both of which are trading centres in Nigeria. The average temperature in this city is cooler to mild ~17°C (60°F) in its cooler months and gets warmer to hot in its warmer months ~28°C (upper 80°F).


title: Enugu State

text: Enugu has good soil-land and climatic conditions all year round, sitting at about above sea level, and the soil is well drained during its rainy seasons. The mean temperature in Enugu State in the hottest month of February is about , while the lowest temperatures occur in the month of November, reaching . The lowest rainfall of about is normal in February, while the highest is about in July.


title: Enugu State

text: The name of the state was derived from its capital city, Enugu. The word "Enugu" (from "Enu Ugwu") means "the top of the hill". The first European settlers arrived in the area in 1909, led by a British mining engineer named Albert Kitson. In his quest for silver, he discovered coal in the Udi Ridge which is why the state is regarded as coal city state. The Colonial Governor of Nigeria Frederick Lugard took a keen interest in the discovery, and by 1914 the first shipment of coal was made to Britain. As mining activities increased in the area, a permanent cosmopolitan settlement emerged, supported by a railway system. Enugu acquired township status in 1917 and became strategic to British interests. Foreign businesses began to move into Enugu, the most notable of which were John Holt, Kingsway Stores, the British Bank of West Africa and the United Africa Company.


title: Enugu State

text: From Enugu, the British administration was able to spread its influence over the Southern Province of Nigeria. The colonial past of Enugu is today evidenced by the Georgian building types and meandering narrow roads within the residential area originally reserved for the whites, an area which is today called the Government Reserved Area (GRA).


title: Enugu State

text: From being the capital of the Southern Provinces, Enugu became the capital of the Eastern Region (now divided into nine States), the capital of the now defunct Federal Republic of Biafra, thereafter, the capital of East Central State, Anambra State, (old) Enugu State, and now the capital of the present Enugu State through a process of state creation and diffusion of administrative authority.


title: Enugu State

text: The State Government and the Local Government are the two levels of government in Enugu State and in all other states of Nigeria. Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi is the current executive governor of Enugu State. He was elected by the people in April 2015 and was sworn in on 29 May 2015 and his vice is Cecilia Ezeilo. Sullivan Chime is the immediate past governor succeeding Chimaroke Nnamani. He was elected by the people of Enugu State in April 2007 and was sworn into office on 29 May 2007. The governor is above a group of commissioners who he has placed as heads of ministries that oversee various portfolios such as Health and Housing; both the governor and the commissioners form the Executive Council of Enugu State. Government House, Enugu is where the government of the state is based.


title: Enugu State

text: Economically, the state is predominantly rural and agrarian, with a substantial proportion of its working population engaged in farming, although trading (18.8%) and services (12.9%) are also important. In the urban areas trading is the dominant occupation, followed by services. A small proportion of the population is also engaged in manufacturing activities, with the most pronounced among them located in Enugu, Oji, Ohebedim and Nsukka. The state boasts of a number of markets especially at each of the divisional headquarters, prominent of which is the Ogbete Main market in the State capital, Enugu. There is also one of the largest grains market East of the Niger, the Orie Orba Market which plays host to most farmers from the North Central States of Benue, Kogi, Nassarawa and Plateau who use the market to dispose their produce for consumers in South-East and South-Southern Nigeria . Every four days, grains and other farm produce are found in large quantities and at highly competitive prices.


title: Enugu State

text: Electricity supply is relatively stable in Enugu and its environs. The Oji River Power Station (which used to supply electricity to all of Eastern Nigeria) is located in Enugu State. With the deregulation of electricity generation in Nigeria and the privatisation of the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), it is hoped the State Government would assist private investors to negotiate the take over and reactivation of the Oji Power Station. This is more so with the proximity of the Enugu coal mines to the power station, a driving distance of about 20 minutes. There are also traces of crude oil in Ugwuoba, in the same Oji-River Local Government area of the state. The state will also negotiate with investors interested in investing in the coal mining in Enugu. The coal industry used to be one of the biggest employer of labour in the state and the state is looking to attract investors in the industry.


title: Enugu State

text: Every community in Enugu State has at least one Primary/Elementary school and one Secondary school, funded and run by State Government. There are also large numbers of private nursery, primary and secondary schools in Enugu State.


title: Enugu State

text: Nigeria's first indigenous university, (University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN)), is located in Enugu State. The state also hosts the Enugu State University of Science & Technology (ESUT), Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Federal Cooperative College, Oji River (FCCO); Enugu State College of Education Technical, Enugu; Caritas University, Amorji-Nike, Renaissance University, Ugbawka; Command Day Secondary School Enugu, Federal Government College Enugu, Federal School of Dental Technology & Therapy, College of Immaculate Conception, Enugu, Queen's School Enugu a Prominent high school for girls in the Eastern region; St. Theresa's College, Nsukka; Special Science Boys' Secondary School Agbani, Nkanu West L.G.A; [St. Patrick's Secondary School], Emene, Bigard Memorial Seminary, Enugu; Awgu County College, Nenwe; Community Secondary School, Ugbo-Okpala, Ugbo; Corpus Christi College, Achi, Royal Crown Academy, Nsukka, Enugu State, Enugu]; Our Saviour Institute of Science and Technology, Enugu; and the Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu, Seat of Wisdom Secondary School Trans Ekulu Enugu, Osisatech boys secondary school. There are also a host of private computer schools and training centres concentrated in Enugu and Nsukka. There are also notable private Tertiary Institutions in Enugu such as Caritas University, a Catholic university founded by a Catholic Priest: Father Edeh, and Renaissance University.


title: Enugu State

text: The University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) is located in Enugu State, as is the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital and College of Medicine, which is located in the capital city, Enugu. In addition to numerous private hospitals and clinics in the state, there are seven District Hospitals at Enugu –Urban, Udi, Agbani, Awgu, Ikem, Enugu-Ezike, and Nsukka – and at least one health centre or cottage hospital in every one of the 17 Local Government Areas and 39 Development Centres in the state. The University of Nigeria Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) is also located in Enugu.


title: Enugu State

text: Among the notable Medical Institutions in Enugu are Niger Foundation Hospital and Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (Popularly known as Park Lane)


title: Enugu State

text: The dominant religion in Enugu State is Christianity, Although few practiced Islam and traditional worship.


title: Enugu State

text: The churches in Enugu State include Catholic, Anglican and other Pentecostal churches both Orthodox and unorthodox. The Catholic Cathedral is Holy Ghost Cathedral located close to Ogbete Main Market. The Anglican Cathedral is Cathedral Church of Good Shepherd located at 11 Achi St, Independence Layout.


title: Enugu State

text: Enugu State also has numerous Pentecostal churches like Assemblies of God Church, Redeemed Christian Church of God, House on the Rock, Dominion City, Dunamis, WInners, Christ Embassy, etc.


title: Enugu State

text: Enugu State had a population of 3,267,837 people at the census held in 2006 (estimated at over 3.8 million in 2012). It is home of the Igbo of southeastern and few Idoma/Igala people in Ette (Igbo-Eze North) of Enugu State, Nigeria.


title: Enugu State

text: A significant portion of the people of Enugu adhere to Christianity with small groups adhering to African traditional religion known as Omenani, or are irreligious or atheist. There are little number of Hausa people and Yoruba people, who came for business.


title: Catkin

text: A catkin or ament is a slim, cylindrical flower cluster (a spike), with inconspicuous or no petals, usually wind-pollinated (anemophilous) but sometimes insect-pollinated (as in "Salix"). They contain many, usually unisexual flowers, arranged closely along a central stem that is often drooping. They are found in many plant families, including Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Moraceae, and Salicaceae.


title: Catkin

text: Catkin-bearing plants include many trees or shrubs such as birch, willow, aspen, hickory, sweet chestnut, and sweetfern ("Comptonia").


title: Catkin

text: In many of these plants, only the male flowers form catkins, and the female flowers are single (hazel, oak), a cone (alder), or other types (mulberry). In other plants (such as poplar), both male and female flowers are borne in catkins.


title: Catkin

text: In Britain, they can be seen in January or February, when many trees are bare for winter. They can even occur in December.


title: Catkin

text: For some time, catkins were believed to be a key synapomorphy among the proposed Hamamelididae, also known as Amentiferae (i.e., literally plants "bearing aments"). Based on molecular phylogeny work, it is now believed that Hamamelididae is a polyphyletic group. This suggests that the catkin flower arrangement has arisen at least twice independently by convergent evolution, in Fagales and in Salicaceae. Such a convergent evolution raises questions about what the ancestral inflorescence characters might be and how catkins did evolve in these two lineages.


title: Catkin

text: The word "catkin" is a loanword from the Middle Dutch "katteken", meaning "kitten" (compare also German "Kätzchen"). This name is due either to the resemblance of the lengthy sorts of catkins to a kitten's tail, or to the fine fur found on some catkins. "Ament" is from the Latin "amentum", meaning "thong" or "strap".


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: Gloria Rose "Barbara" Turner (July 14, 1936 – April 5, 2016) was an American screenwriter and actress. One of her daughters is the actress Jennifer Jason Leigh.


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: Turner was born in Brooklyn, New York to Pearl Pauline (née Zises) and Alexander Turner. Her father was an Austrian Jewish immigrant, and her mother was born in New York, to Austrian Jewish parents.


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: Turner attended the University of Texas at Austin, where she studied acting. After a year of college, Turner moved back to New York, studying at Erwin Piscator's Dramatic Workshop and then with acting coach Paul Mann, where she met fellow actor Vic Morrow.


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: Turner moved to Los Angeles after Morrow was cast in the 1955 film "Blackboard Jungle." During the 1950s and 1960s, Turner acted in many film and television productions, some of which included "Playhouse 90", "Mike Hammer", "Ben Casey" and "The Breaking Point." Turner said that she began writing to fund her work as an actor. She and Morrow wrote a TV movie called "Willie Loved Everybody"; they adapted it into a musical that they tried pitching with Elmer Bernstein, but were not successful in selling the concept. The two separated and divorced in 1964.


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: During the early 1960s, Turner met and became friends with director Robert Altman, first meeting while working on an episode of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" and then on his 1964 "Kraft Suspense Theatre" episode "Once Upon a Savage Night", which was expanded and broadcast as the TV movie "Nightmare in Chicago". During filming, Turner met her second husband, producer and director Reza Badiyi, who encouraged her to write an adaptation of a Mira Michal short story from "The New Yorker" called "At Lake Laguna", which she brought to Altman to possibly make, but that fell apart right before production was scheduled to begin. Altman thought of Turner when he read John Haase's book "Me and the Arch Kook Petulia". Turner wrote the original adaptation, which became the film "Petulia".


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: Turner, Vic Morrow and Reza Badiyi were close friends and collaborators with the director Robert Altman, who later directed Leigh in "Short Cuts" (1993) and "Kansas City" (1996). Morrow directed his and Turner's 1965 screen adaptation of the Jean Genet play "Deathwatch".


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: In 1973, she wrote the screenplay for the TV movie "The Affair", starring Natalie Wood and Robert Wagner. Her teleplay for the TV movie "Freedom" (1981) was based on her daughter Carrie's experiences in the 1970s as a teen runaway, played by family friend Mare Winningham.


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: In 1983, Turner co-wrote an adaption of the Stephen King novel "Cujo" under the name Lauren Currier. Turner wrote an unproduced screenplay about two friends of Dorothy Parker named Gerald and Sara Murphy. This work led to her daughter, Leigh, being cast in the 1994 film "Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle."


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: In 1995, she teamed up with daughter Jennifer Jason Leigh to write and produce the screenplay for "Georgia", a film depicting the troubled relationship between two singing sisters played by Leigh and Mare Winningham, who both won praise for their performances. The idea reportedly came from Leigh, who was on location shooting the 1991 film "Rush", and pitched the idea of two sisters who have varying degrees of skill as singer-songwriters. Turner created the script from that idea. It was financed by the French film production company Ciby 2000, and Turner's daughter, Morrow, served as a technical consultant. Turner spent three years doing research, using the Seattle music scene as a source for the material.


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: In 2000, Turner's screenplay adaption of the book "" by Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith for the Jackson Pollock biopic "Pollock", also written by Susan Emswiller, became a successful film. She then collaborated with actress Neve Campbell on a screenplay titled "The Company" (2003) about the inner workings of the Joffrey Ballet, which was directed by Robert Altman. In an interview with Jan Lisa Huttner, Turner states that "the company is the star of this movie" rather than just Campbell. It is an ensemble piece.


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: In June 2010, it was announced that Turner and Jerry Stahl had written a screenplay for an HBO film about Ernest Hemingway and his relationship with Martha Gellhorn. The film "Hemingway & Gellhorn" aired in 2012.


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: At the time of her death, Turner had written the script to the not-yet-released Candice Bergen-produced film titled "Knock Wood: Charlie McCarthy Project," a movie based on Bergen's 1983 memoir of the same name. The story, produced by James Francis Trezza and Pam Widener (who Turner worked with on "Pollack"), unfolds from the perspective of Charlie McCarthy, Edgar Bergen's famous and hugely popular wooden puppet.


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: Other long-time adaptations that were not produced but had been active in Hollywood were scripts based on Jane Smiley’s book "Barn Blind", Michael Frayn's "Headlong", and Jill Paton Walsh's "Knowledge of Angels". Additional screenplays based on original work included "Beautiful View," "Once Again for Zelda", and "Under Heaven".


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: Turner was married twice. From 1957 to 1964, Turner was married to actor and frequent collaborator Vic Morrow, with whom she had two daughters, Carrie Ann Morrow (19582016) and actress Jennifer Jason Leigh. Turner and Morrow separated when Leigh was two years old.


title: Barbara Turner (screenwriter)

text: From 1968 to 1985, Turner was married to Iranian-American television director Reza Badiyi, with whom she had a daughter, the actress Mina Badie, also known as Mina Badiyi Chassler.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Matthew Murray (born May 25, 1994) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). Murray was selected by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the third round (83rd overall) of the 2012 NHL Entry Draft. In 2016, Murray won his first Stanley Cup championship as the starting goaltender for the Penguins during the playoffs after having replaced then-starter Marc-André Fleury. Murray would split the net with Fleury during the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs, winning the Stanley Cup again in 2017. Murray became the first goaltender to win back-to-back Stanley Cups as a rookie.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Murray was born and raised in Thunder Bay, Ontario and played his minor hockey with the Thunder Bay Minor Hockey Association. He spent his younger years playing AA before moving up to the Thunder Bay Kings AAA program.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: In his minor midget season (2009–10), Murray led his Kings to a 3–2–0 record at the OHL Cup. That season with the Kings, Murray appeared in 40 games with a 2.28 GAA and six shutouts. He was subsequently selected in the second round (35th overall) of the 2010 OHL Priority Selection by the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Murray played major junior hockey in the Ontario Hockey League with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds. On September 4, 2013, Murray was signed to a three-year entry-level contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: During his first full professional season with the Penguins AHL affiliate, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins in 2014–15, on March 8, 2015, Murray set an AHL record for the longest shutout streak by not allowing any goals for 304 minutes and 11 seconds. The previous record of 268:17 was held by Barry Brust.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: On March 22, Murray recorded his tenth shutout of the season, breaking a record for rookie AHL goaltenders set by Gordie Bell in 1942–43. He would finish the regular season with 12 shutouts. Murray capped his standout rookie season by sweeping the AHL awards, he was selected to the AHL First All-Star Team and Rookie Team, while winning the Baz Bastien Memorial Award as the League's best goaltender and the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award as best rookie.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: In the 2015–16 season, Murray was recalled from the AHL for the first time to the Pittsburgh Penguins on December 15, 2015 and made his NHL debut on December 19, 2015 in a 2–1 loss against the Carolina Hurricanes. Murray was recalled again by the Pittsburgh Penguins on February 21, 2016 and started nine games to finish the season.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: On April 19, 2016 the 21-year old Murray made his NHL playoff debut in game three of the first round becoming the youngest goaltender in franchise history to start a post-season game. He allowed just one goal as the Penguins defeated the New York Rangers 3–1. Just two days later, Murray recorded his first NHL playoff shutout in a 5–0 win over the Rangers.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Murray remained the starting goaltender throughout the 2016 playoffs. After being replaced by veteran Marc-André Fleury, who returned from injury in game five of the third round, he started in all remainder games of the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs. Murray led the Penguins past the San Jose Sharks in the finals to the franchise's fourth Stanley Cup. He posted an impressive .923 save percentage and 2.08 GAA throughout the playoffs and became only the sixth starting rookie goaltender in the Stanley Cup Finals since 1976.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Murray was then re-signed by the Penguins to a three-year contract with an annual average salary of $3.75 million.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: To start the 2016–17 season, Murray was injured due to a broken hand sustained during international play. Following his return, he supplanted the veteran Fleury as the Penguins starter, and retained his elite form from his first year. During the season, he recorded 32 wins, a .923 save percentage, 2.41 GAA, and four shutouts. He finished within the top ten of the NHL amongst qualifying goaltenders in wins, save percentage, and shutouts, while finishing 11th in GAA. This elite play allowed Murray to finish fourth in Calder Trophy voting for Rookie of the Year, and earned Murray a spot on the 2016–17 All-Rookie Team and the 2017 NHL All-Playoff Team.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: During warm-ups of game one of the Penguins' first-round matchup versus the Columbus Blue Jackets in the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs, Murray was injured and Fleury took starting position. He saw his first action of the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs in game three of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Ottawa Senators after Fleury was pulled. He recorded a shutout two games later, stopping all 25 shots he faced in a 7–0 win. A thrilling game seven overtime win helped Murray and the Penguins reach the Stanley Cup Finals for the second year in a row. Despite two solid starts in the first two games against the Nashville Predators, Murray's game faltered in games three and four. As a result, there were speculations on who would start in the fifth game. Murray was announced as the starter and stopped all 24 shots the Nashville Predators shot at him in a 6–0 win. Murray made 27 saves in game six, shutting out the Predators 2–0 and winning the Stanley Cup for the second consecutive season.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: During the 2017–18 NHL season Murray sustained his second concussion during practice. On February 26, 2018, during practice, Murray was struck in the head with a puck shot by teammate and defenseman Olli Maatta and was forced to leave the session early. Murray had previously sustained a concussion in the 2015–16 season causing him to miss the first two games of the playoffs. Matt Murray returned from his February 2018 concussion, as the Penguins' starting goaltender, on March 20, 2018, against the New York Islanders. Murray allowed four goals in the Penguins' 4–1 loss during that game.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Murray recorded the longest playoff shutout streak in Penguins franchise history at 225:49. It started during game four of the 2017 Stanley Cup Finals and ended in game two of the Penguins' 2018 first round series against the Philadelphia Flyers, when Shayne Gostisbehere scored late in the first period. On April 18, 2018, Murray became the fastest goaltender to record 25 playoff wins in the NHL. On April 23, 2018, Murray was nominated for the King Clancy Memorial Trophy as a player who best exemplifies leadership qualities and gives back to in his community. Despite Murrays efforts, Pittsburgh ended up losing to the Washington Capitals in six games in the second round of the playoffs.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Murray was the starting goaltender for the Penguins to begin the 2018–19 season. After starting two games, Murray was diagnosed with a concussion following practice on October 8 and was ruled out indefinitely. He returned to the line-up on October 13 as a backup to Casey DeSmith only to be placed on injured reserve again in November due to a lower body injury.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Murray and the Penguins were swept by the New York Islanders in the first round of the 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs; Murray recorded a 3.01 goals against average for the series.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: On October 12, 2019, Murray recorded his 100th NHL win, a 7–4 victory over the Minnesota Wild; he accomplished the feat in only 166 games, tying Pete Peeters for seventh fastest since the 1967 expansion.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: On October 7, 2020, as an impending restricted free agent, Murray was traded by the Penguins to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for Jonathan Gruden and a second-round pick in 2020. On October 9, Murray signed a four-year, $25 million contract extension with the Senators.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: During his second year under contract, Murray opened the season by going winless in his opening six appearances. On November 28, 2021, Murray was placed on waivers and later demoted to regain his game with AHL affiliate, the Belleville Senators, the following day after going unclaimed. After two games in Belleville, managing a 1–1–0 record and a .918 save percentage, Murray was recalled to Ottawa to resume duties as starter. His season came to an end on March 4, 2022, after a collision with Senators defenceman Nikita Zaitsev left him with a concussion. In his absence, Anton Forsberg began to establish himself as the team's preferred starting goaltender. The Senators opted to extend Forsberg after the end of the season, fueling speculation that they would look to trade Murray elsewhere. General manager Pierre Dorion first attempted a deal with the Buffalo Sabres, having arranged to send Murray and the seventh overall pick in the 2022 NHL Entry Draft to the Sabres in exchange for the sixteenth overall pick. However, the Sabres had been included on Murray's no-trade list as part of his contract, and he declined to waive it; Ottawa ultimately moved the pick tied to Murray to Chicago in a package deal for Alex DeBrincat.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Shortly after the vetoed trade to the Sabres, rumors began to publicly appear heavily connecting Murray to interest from the rival Toronto Maple Leafs. Ultimately the Senators announced on July 11 that they had traded Murray to the Maple Leafs, along with a third-round pick in 2023 and a seventh-round pick in 2024, in exchange for future considerations. The Senators also retained 25% of Murray's salary for the remainder of the contract. Leafs general manager Kyle Dubas and coach Sheldon Keefe had both known Murray during his time in the OHL with the Greyhounds, and with Leafs starting goaltender Jack Campbell expected to depart in free agency, they settled on Murray as a replacement.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Murray played the Maple Leafs' season opening game, a 4–3 loss to the Montreal Canadiens on October 12, 2022, but on October 15 he departed the team's morning skate with groin pain. It was subsequently announced that he had suffered an adductor injury and would miss at least four weeks of the regular season. He picked up his first Maple Leafs win on November 15, 2022, a 5–2 win against his former team, the Pittsburgh Penguins.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Murray represented Team North America at the 2016 World Cup of Hockey, as starting goaltender. On September 19, he broke his hand playing against Russia but went undiagnosed for several days before getting an MRI and confirmed with a broken ligament.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: On April 29, 2019, Murray was named as the first choice goaltender to backstop Canada at the 2019 IIHF World Championship held in Slovakia. Recording five wins in seven games, Murray helped Canada progress through to the playoff rounds before losing the final to Finland to finish with the Silver Medal on May 26, 2019.


title: Matt Murray (ice hockey)

text: Murray's father, who died in January 2018, was from Scotland and his mother is from the Netherlands. He married his high school sweetheart Christina Sirignano on June 20, 2019.


title: Muscle tone

text: In physiology, medicine, and anatomy, muscle tone (residual muscle tension or tonus) is the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, or the muscle's resistance to passive stretch during resting state. It helps to maintain posture and declines during REM sleep.


title: Muscle tone

text: If a sudden pull or stretch occurs, the body responds by automatically increasing the muscle's tension, a reflex which helps guard against danger as well as helping maintain balance. Such near-continuous innervation can be thought of as a "default" or "steady state" condition for muscles. Both the extensor and flexor muscles are involved in the maintenance of a constant tone while at rest. In skeletal muscles, this helps maintain a normal posture.


title: Muscle tone

text: Resting muscle tone varies along a bell-shaped curve. Low tone is perceived as "lax, flabby, floppy, mushy, dead weight" and high tone is perceived as "tight, light, strong". Muscles with high tone are not necessarily strong and muscles with low tone are not necessarily weak. In general, low tone does increase flexibility and decrease strength and high tone does decrease flexibility and increase strength, but with many exceptions. A person with low tone will most likely not be able to engage in "explosive" movement such as needed in a sprinter or high jumper. These athletes usually have high tone that is within normal limits. A person with high tone will usually not be flexible in activities such as dance and yoga. Joint laxity contributes greatly to flexibility, especially with flexibility in one or a few areas, instead of overall flexibility.


title: Muscle tone

text: For example, a person can be high tone with normal to poor flexibility in most areas, but be able to put the palms of the hands on the floor with straight knees due to hypermobile sacroiliac joints. It is important to assess several areas before deciding if a person has high, low or normal muscle tone. A fairly reliable assessment item is how the person feels when picked up. For example, small children with low tone can feel heavy while larger, high tone children feel light, which corresponds with the description of "dead weight".


title: Muscle tone

text: Although cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are not directly connected to the skeleton, they also have tonus in the sense that although their contractions are not matched with those of antagonist muscles, the non-contractile state is characterized by (sometimes random) enervation.


title: Muscle tone

text: Physical disorders can result in abnormally low (hypotonia) or high (hypertonia) muscle tone. Another form of hypertonia is paratonia, which is associated with dementia. Hypotonia is seen in lower motor neuron disease like poliomyelitis. Hypotonia can present clinically as muscle flaccidity, where the limbs appear floppy, stretch reflex responses are decreased, and the limb's resistance to passive movement is also decreased. Hypertonia is seen in upper motor neuron diseases like lesions in pyramidal tract and extrapyramidal tract. Hypertonia can present clinically as either spasticity or rigidity. While spasticity is velocity-dependent resistance to passive stretch (e.g., passively moving an elbow quickly will elicit increased muscle tone, but passively moving elbow slowly may not elicit increased muscle tone), rigidity is velocity-independent resistance to passive stretch (i.e. there is uniform increased tone whether the elbow is passively moved quickly or slowly).


title: Muscle tone

text: Spasticity can be in the form of the clasp-knife response, in which there is increased resistance only at the beginning or at the end of the movement. Rigidity can be of the leadpipe type, in which there is resistance throughout to passive movement, or it may be of cogwheel type, in which the resistance to passive movement is in a jerky manner.


title: Muscle tone

text: In ophthalmology, tonus may be a central consideration in eye surgery, as in the manipulation of extraocular muscles to repair strabismus. Tonicity aberrations are associated with many diseases of the eye (e.g. Adie syndrome).


title: Muscle tone

text: Normally, people are unaware of their muscle tone in their daily activities. The body maintains the balance between the tone of flexor and extensor muscle groups. Sometimes, in normal, healthy people, that tone is lost either in flexors or extensor muscle groups in isolation, temporarily and intermittently resulting in "muscle cramps". Treating these extensor or flexor group of muscles in isolation to relax can be difficult. Generally, muscle relaxants or quinine can help with cramps and is warranted when they become troublesome. But these medication cause their relaxing effect in both groups by moderating their tone. The cause of disproportionate intermittent contractions of either flexors or extensors or the cause of cramps is unknown. The stimulus for these "cramps" may originate in the cerebral cortex, the spinal cord, or the muscle itself. This could indicate developing pathology or other problems in the future.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: The kyat (, or ; ; ISO 4217 code MMK) is the currency of Myanmar (Burma). The typical notation for the kyat is "K" (singular) and "Ks." (plural), placed before the numerals followed by "/-"


title: Myanmar kyat

text: The term "kyat" derives from the ancient Burmese unit "kyattha" (), equal to 16.3 (16.329324593) grams of silver.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: From 2001 to 2012, the official exchange rate varied between Ks. 5/ and Ks. 6/ per US dollar (Ks. 8/ to Ks. 7/- per euro). However, the street rate (black market rate), which more accurately took into account the standing of the national economy, has varied from Ks.750/- to Ks.1,335/- per USD (Ks.985/- to Ks.1,475/- per EUR). The black market exchange rates (USD to MMK) decrease during the peak of the tourist season in Burma (December to January).


title: Myanmar kyat

text: On 2 April 2012, the Central Bank of Myanmar announced that the value of the kyat against the US dollar would float, setting an initial rate of Ks.818/- per US dollar.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: On 20 March 2013, the Finance Ministry announced that it would abolish Foreign Exchange Certificates (FEC), which were mandatory for tourists to buy at least US$200 worth of until 2003, a measure used to discourage visitors from exchanging on the black market.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: More than a year after a coup d'état caused the overthrow of a democratically-elected government, capital flight from Myanmar and inflation accelerated, causing the value of the kyat to plummet to 3500 kyats per USD in the informal market .


title: Myanmar kyat

text: The kyat was a denomination of both silver and gold coinages in Burma until 1889. It was divided into 16 "pe", each of 4 "pya", with the "mu" and "mat" worth 2 and 4 pe, respectively. Nominally, 16 silver kyats equal 1 gold kyat. The silver kyat was equivalent to the Indian rupee, which replaced the kyat after Burma was conquered by the British.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: When the Japanese occupied Burma in 1942, they introduced a currency based on the rupee. This was later replaced by banknotes in all kyat denominations. This kyat was subdivided into 100 "cents". The currency became worthless at the end of the war when the Burmese rupee was reintroduced in 1945.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: The present kyat was introduced on 1 July 1952. It replaced the rupee at par. Decimalisation also took place, with the kyat subdivided into 100 "pya".


title: Myanmar kyat

text: In Konebone dynasty, Mindon, the second last king of Burma, established the Royal Mint in Mandalay (Central Burma). The dies were made in Paris. Silver coins were minted in denominations of 1 pe, 1 mu (2 pe), 1 mat (4 pe), 5 mu (8 pe) and 1 kyat, with gold 1 pe and 1 mu. The obverses bore the Royal Peacock Seal, from which the coins got their name. The reverse contained the denomination and mint date (in the Burmese era, which starts from AD 638). In the 1860s and 1870s, lead coins were issued for and pya, with copper, brass, tin and iron pe (1 pya) and copper 2 pya. Further gold coins were issued in 1866 for 1 pe, mu and 1 kyat, with 5 mu issued in 1878.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: In 1952, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 pyas and K 1/-. The new coins bore the same obverse figure of the Chinthe from the Second kyat coins and the same reverse design, with the value of the coin in Myanmar writing and numerals surrounded by Myanmar flower designs.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: In 1966, all coins were redesigned to feature Aung San on the obverse and were all changed in composition to aluminium. Furthermore, the coins were slightly reduced in size. However, they retained the same shapes and overall appearance of the previous series of coins. These were circulated until being discontinued in 1983.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: In 1983, a new series of coins was issued in bronze or brass 5, 10, 25, 50 pyas and cupro-nickel 1 kyat. Although the 25 pyas were initially round, it was later redesigned as hexagonal due to size and appearance confusions with the 10 and 50 pyas. These would be the last official series of coins to be issued under the name of "Burma."


title: Myanmar kyat

text: 1 pya coins were last minted in 1966, with the 5 and 25 pyas last minted in 1987 and the 10 and 50 pyas in 1991.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: In 1999, a new series of coins was issued in denominations of bronze K 1/-, brass Ks. 5/- and Ks. 10/-, and cupro-nickel Ks. 50/- and Ks. 100/- under the name "Central Bank of Myanmar." These are also the first coins of Burma to depict Latin letters. These coins were intended for vendors and services as an alternative to large amounts of worn out, low denomination banknotes. High inflation has since pushed these coins out of circulation.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: In late 2008, the Myanmar government announced that new Ks. 50/- and Ks. 100/- coins would be issued. According to newspaper articles, the new Ks. 50/- coin would be made of copper, with the usual Burmese lion on the obverse and the Lotus Fountain from Naypyidaw on the reverse. The Ks.100/- coin would be of cupro-nickel and depict the Burmese lion on the obverse and the value on the reverse.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: The Burma State Bank issued notes for K 1/-, Ks. 5/-, Ks. 10/- and Ks. 100/- in 1944, followed by a further issue of Ks. 100/- notes in 1945.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: In 1952, the Union Bank of Burma formed a Currency Board which took over control of the issuing of currency and a more important change to the currency was the introduction of the decimal system in which 1 kyat was decimalised into 100 pyas. On 12 February 1958, the Union Bank of Burma introduced the first kyat notes, in denominations of K 1/-, Ks. 5/-, Ks. 10/- and Ks. 100/-. These were very similar in design to the last series of rupee notes, issued earlier. Later on, 21 August 1958, Ks. 20/- and Ks. 50/- notes were introduced. The Ks. 50/- and Ks. 100/- notes were demonetised on 15 May 1964. This was the first of several demonetisations, ostensibly carried out with the aim of fighting black marketeering.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: The Peoples Bank of Burma took over note production in 1965 with an issue of K 1/-, Ks. 5/-, Ks. 10/- and Ks. 20/- notes.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: In 1972, the Union of Burma Bank took over note issuance, with notes introduced between 1972 and 1979 for K 1/-, Ks. 5/-, Ks. 10/-, Ks. 25/-, Ks. 50/- and Ks. 100/-. The notes were printed by the Security Printing Works in Wazi, Upper Burma (established c. 1972) under the technical direction of the German printing firm Giesecke & Devrient.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: On 3 November 1985, the Ks. 50/-, and Ks. 100/- notes were demonetized without warning, though the public was allowed to exchange limited amounts of the old notes for new ones. All other denominations then in circulation remained legal tender. On 10 November 1985, K 75/- notes were introduced, the odd denomination possibly chosen because of dictator general Ne Win's predilection for numerology; the Ks.75/- note was supposedly introduced to commemorate his 75th birthday. It was followed by the introduction of Ks. 15/- and Ks. 35/- notes on 1 August 1986.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: Only two years later, on 5 September 1987, the government demonetised the Ks. 25/-, Ks. 35/-, and Ks. 75/- notes without warning or compensation, rendering some 75% of the country's currency worthless and eliminating the savings of millions of Burmese. On 22 September 1987, banknotes for Ks. 45/- and Ks. 90/- were introduced, both of which incorporated Ne Win's favourite number, nine. The resulting economic disturbances led to serious riots and eventually a coup d'état in 1988 by General Saw Maung.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: Banknotes of K -/, K 1/- and Ks. 5/- are rare. Most daily transactions are rounded up to the nearest Ks.10/-.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: Following the change of the country's name to Myanmar on 20 June 1989, new notes began to be issued, but returning to more useful or practical denominations. This time, the old notes were not demonetised, but simply allowed to fall into disuse through inflation as well as wear and tear. On 1 March 1990, K 1/- notes were issued, followed by Ks.200/- notes on 27 March 1990. On 27 March 1994, notes for K -/ (50 pyas), Ks. 20/-, Ks. 50/-, Ks. 100/-, and Ks. 500/- were issued, followed on 1 May 1995, by new Ks. 5/- and Ks. 10/- notes. Ks. 1,000/- notes were introduced in November 1998.


title: Myanmar kyat

text: In 2003, rumours of another pending demonetisation swept through the country, resulting in the junta issuing official denials, but this time, the demonetization did not materialise. In 2004, the sizes of the Ks. 200/-, Ks. 500/-, and Ks. 1,000/- notes were reduced in size (to make all Burmese banknotes uniform in size) but larger notes were allowed to remain in circulation. K -/, K 1/-, Ks. 5/-, Ks. 10/- and Ks. 20/- banknotes are now rarely seen, because of their low value. Followed on 4 January 2020, by new Ks. 1,000/- notes.