title: Battle of Keresztes

text: On 23 June 1596, an Ottoman Army marched from Constantinopole. Commanded by Sultan Mehmed III, the army marched through Edirne, Filibe (now known as Plovdiv), Sofia, and Niš to arrive at Belgrade on 9 August. On 20 August, the army crossed the River Sava by bridge and entered the Austrian territory of Siren. A war council was called at Slankamen Castle, and it was decided that they would begin a siege on the Hungarian fort of Eger (Erlau). The fort controlled the communication routes between Habsburg Austria and Transylvania, all of whom were in revolt against Ottoman suzerainty.


title: Battle of Keresztes

text: However, news soon arrived that the Austrians had besieged and succeeded in taking over the Castle of Hatvan and had brutally killed all the Ottomans housed there, including the women and children. The Ottoman Army started a siege of the fort of Eger on 21 September 1596, and by 12 October the castle had capitulated. As retaliation for the Hatvan castle massacre, the defenders of the castle were all executed.


title: Battle of Keresztes

text: Not long after, Ottoman command received the report that a mixed army of Austrians and Transylvanians were advancing towards the Ottoman expeditionary force. A war council was conducted under Grand Vizier Damat Ibrahim Pasha. It was decided that the Ottoman army should march out of Erlau castle so as to meet the Austrians at a suitable battle terrain. The Sultan thought that the Ottoman army should disengage and return to Istanbul; it was with great difficulty that he was persuaded to engage the enemy forces. The Christian army had 10,000 Austrians, 4,000 Germans, 3,000 reiters, 13,000 Hungarian light cavalry and 10,000 Transylvanians, plus 15 other European countries for a total of 55,000 men.


title: Battle of Keresztes

text: The Ottoman army marched through several passageways of marshy terrain and reached Haçova (Turkish meaning: Plain of the Cross), exhausted after a long siege and a hard, long march. The two armies faced each other on the plains of Haçova (). The Austrian-Transylvanian army, under the joint command of Archduke Maximillian III of Austria and Prince Sigismund Bathory of Transylvania, was in position in fortified trenches. When the Ottoman army attacked the Austrian trenches, the Battle of Haçova commenced and continued for two days, from 25–26 October 1596. Early firearms (cannons, muskets) were used extensively in the battle. The Austrians, being entrenched around the old ruined church, succeeded in driving back the Ottoman assaults with a barrage of fire from muskets and 100 cannon.


title: Battle of Keresztes

text: By the second day of battle the Ottoman army appeared to have been defeated. According to the 17th Century Ottoman historian İbrahim Peçevi:


title: Battle of Keresztes

text: "The Christians broke through the Ottoman army, but the soldiers of the Islam had not yet felt the defeat. Then, they started to plunder and taking of booty at the command headquarters of the Ottomans. Under a few flags, a large group of Christian soldiers attacked the tent where the chests of gold money of the Ottoman Exchequer were kept. They killed and otherwise eliminated the Janissary and household cavalry soldiers guarding the State Treasury. The Christian soldiers got on the Treasury chests of gold coin and put up their flags of cross over them and started to dance around them."


title: Battle of Keresztes

text: Commander Sultan Mehmed III wanted to flee from the battlefield. However, first he asked for the opinion of his tutor, the high cleric Hoca Sadeddin Efendi, who told the Sultan that he should continue the battle till the end. Heeding this advice, Sultan Mehmed III ordered that the battle should continue.


title: Battle of Keresztes

text: On the second day of the battle, the fighting intensified. Troops from the Austrian army had reached the Sultan's tent, which was surrounded by the viziers and the teachers at the Palace Pages School for protection. While some troops were trying to enter the Sultan's tent, the other Austrian army's soldiers disengaged, in search of booty and plunder instead of continuing the engagement. The Ottoman horse groomers, cooks, tent makers, and camels minders retaliated against the plunderers with whatever arms they could find, including cooks' spoons, blocks of wood, hammers for tent making, adzes, and axes for cutting wood. The Austrians were surprised and retreated in confusion. The cries of "the Christian enemy is fleeing" were heard by the Ottoman troops still fighting what seemed like a losing battle on the frontline. The boost of morale allowed them to recover the battle. With a major action from the artillery, the Ottoman forces started another attack on the Austrians across the front and outflanked the Austrian-Transylvanian army, routing them.


title: Battle of Keresztes

text: Soon after victory, Mehmed III appointed Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha as the new Grand Vizier. He sent an imperial victory proclamation to Istanbul giving the news of the conquering of Eger (Erlau) Castle and the victory at the Battle of Haçova (Keresztes). This reached Istanbul in October and there were public celebrations and public meetings organized in the city. During these celebrations, four galleys full of state-procured sugar from Egypt arrived at Istanbul harbor, which added "sweetness" to the news of a military victory. Mehmed III was awarded the epithet of 'Conqueror of Egri'.


title: Battle of Keresztes

text: The Sultan's army marched for a month, returning to Istanbul victorious. With the army in place, a great victory procession and many accompanying spectacles were carried out. The poets of Istanbul wrote special works about the victory. In the streets and markets of the city, town-criers were sent to announce that the streets of the city would be decorated. The warehouses and stores were all decorated with 'valuable cloths'. This display of colour all across the city is described in a poem by the poet [Kemal]:


title: Battle of Keresztes

text: The Christians lost 12,000, 23,000 or 30,000 men, while the Ottomans suffered 20,000–30,000 casualties.


title: Noah Gragson

text: Noah Quinn Gragson (born July 15, 1998) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 42 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Petty GMS Motorsports. He previously drove full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series for JR Motorsports from 2019 to 2022, and full-time in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series for Kyle Busch Motorsports from 2017 to 2018.


title: Noah Gragson

text: Gragson started racing Bandoleros at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway Bullring at the age of 13, eventually moving to compete in late models. Gragson also competed in the INEX Legends car racing series, winning the 2014 Young Lion Road Course championship.


title: Noah Gragson

text: In 2015, Gragson joined Jefferson Pitts Racing in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series West in the No. 7 with sponsorship from AlertID, his ride being overseen by co-owner Jerry Pitts. In his series debut at Kern County Raceway Park, he finished third after qualifying eighth. At Tucson Speedway, Gragson battled with teammate Gracin Raz to score his first career victory. Later in the season at Meridian Speedway, Gragson recorded his first pole position and led 176 laps to win. In his first season of stock car racing, Gragson finished second in the final points standings behind Chris Eggleston with two wins, seven top fives, 11 top tens, becoming the ninth driver in series history to finish runner-up in points and win Rookie of the Year. After the season ended, he was named Rookie of the Year.


title: Noah Gragson

text: During the 2015 season, Gragson ran two races in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East, finishing eighth in his debut at Watkins Glen International.


title: Noah Gragson

text: In 2015, he joined Mason Mitchell Motorsports in the ARCA Racing Series, driving the No. 78 Ford Fusion at Kentucky Speedway. After qualifying eighth, he finished 14th, one lap behind race winner Ryan Reed.


title: Noah Gragson

text: In 2016 he made 2 starts; one with Mason Mitchell Motorsports driving the No. 78 Chevrolet SS at Pocono finishing 30th and one in the season finale with Venturini Motorsports driving the No. 15 Toyota Camry at Kansas finishing 5th.


title: Noah Gragson

text: In 2018 he made 2 starts for DGR-Crosley in the No. 54 Toyota Camry at Daytona finishing 7th and Pocono where he scored the pole, dominated much of the early going, and finished 10th.


title: Noah Gragson

text: In preparation for the 2017 season, he drove the No. 18 Toyota from KBM at the Phoenix International Raceway and Homestead-Miami Speedway events in an entry fielded by Wauters Motorsports who also fielded Super Late Model’s for Gragson. In his debut at Phoenix, Gragson qualified 14th and finished 16th. Gragson raced at Homestead as well, qualifying 10th and finishing 15th.


title: Noah Gragson

text: On October 7, 2016, he was hired by Kyle Busch Motorsports to compete in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series in 2017.


title: Noah Gragson

text: In 2017, he recorded his first career Truck win in the fall at Martinsville Speedway in the Texas Roadhouse 200 after passing Matt Crafton for the lead on the outside with 10 laps to go, he finished tenth in points.


title: Noah Gragson

text: A week after wrecking with 2 laps to go while battling with Johnny Sauter for the win at Dover, Gragson dominated at Kansas in the 37 Kind Days 250 leading 128 out of 167 laps to score his 2nd career win.


title: Noah Gragson

text: During qualifying at Pocono Raceway, Gragson fell ill and was not cleared to race. Erik Jones replaced him for the race, but he was granted a playoff waiver and will still contend for the championship.


title: Noah Gragson

text: Gragson made his NASCAR Xfinity Series debut in the No. 18 for Joe Gibbs Racing at Richmond Raceway in 2018 as part of a three-race schedule that included further starts at Talladega Superspeedway and Dover International Speedway.


title: Noah Gragson

text: On September 25, 2018, JR Motorsports announced that Gragson would drive the No. 1 Chevrolet full-time for the 2019 Xfinity Series, replacing Elliott Sadler who retired at the end of the 2018 season. However, on January 25, the team announced that Gragson would instead pilot the No. 9 and teammate Michael Annett would drive the No. 1. Gragson opened his rookie campaign with JR Motorsports by finishing 11th in the NASCAR Racing Experience 300 at Daytona International Speedway. He scored a ninth-place at Atlanta the next week for his first top-10 of the season and followed it up with his first top-five of the season the next week when he finished third at Las Vegas. Gragson would go on to produce several strong runs during the season including a season-best second-place at Michigan.


title: Noah Gragson

text: Gragson qualified for the Playoffs after the second Las Vegas race on the strength of seven top-fives and 17 top-10s in the regular season. Gragson scored his first DNF of his Xfinity Series career in the 2019 O'Reilly 300 at Texas Motor Speedway when contact on lap 150 with the No. 18 of Harrison Burton sent Gragson's car spinning through the frontstretch grass. Gragson was credited with a 30th-place finish.


title: Noah Gragson

text: On February 11, 2020, Gragson announced Bass Pro Shops, Black Rifle Coffee Company, and True Timber would sponsor him as a primary sponsor for three races starting at the season opener at Daytona International Speedway. He went on to win the season-opening NASCAR Racing Experience 300. Gragson was in position to win a late-season race at Texas Motor Speedway but was passed by Harrison Burton in the final set of corners.


title: Noah Gragson

text: On August 27, 2020, Gragson and JR Motorsports confirmed a third season together. At the end of the Atlanta race, he was involved in a fight with Daniel Hemric after a pit road mishap during the race. Neither driver was reprimanded by NASCAR. Hemric would later go on to win the Xfinity Series championship that year. On May 10, Gragson finished fourth at Darlington, but was disqualified when his car failed post-race inspection for unapproved suspension mounts. JR Motorsports filed and won the appeal, restoring Gragson's fourth-place finish and awarding him the 100,000 Dash 4 Cash bonus. He would later win at Darlington and Richmond to make the playoff before scoring a big win in Martinsville to make the Championship 4 for the first time in his career.


title: Noah Gragson

text: Gragson began the 2022 season with a third-place finish at Daytona. He also scored wins at Phoenix, Talladega and Pocono. At Road America, Gragson had an on-road scuffle with Sage Karam, resulting in him triggering a 13-car pileup on lap 25. He was fined 35,000 and docked 30 driver and owner points for the incident. At the September Darlington race, Gragson won a three-car battle with Sheldon Creed and Kyle Larson on the closing laps. He also won the next three races at Kansas, Bristol, and Texas, becoming the first driver since Sam Ard in 1983 to win four straight Xfinity Series races. Gragson won his eighth race at Homestead to make his second straight Xfinity Championship 4 appearance. He would end up finishing 2nd in the Championship to Ty Gibbs.


title: Noah Gragson

text: On January 14, 2021, Beard Motorsports announced Gragson would attempt to make his NASCAR Cup Series debut in the Daytona 500, driving the No. 62 Chevrolet. He was unable to set a qualifying time after failing inspection three times and started the Bluegreen Vacations Duel from the back; a wreck with Garrett Smithley and Brad Keselowski with four laps remaining ended his chances of making the 500.


title: Noah Gragson

text: Gragson returned to Beard for the 2022 Daytona 500, this time successfully qualifying for the race. Gragson also signed with Kaulig Racing to share the No. 16 Cup car with A. J. Allmendinger and former rival Daniel Hemric.


title: Noah Gragson

text: In his first start in the Daytona 500 he was involved in The Big One late in the race with 10 laps to go while running 7th after getting wrecked by Kevin Harvick. In his 2nd start at Atlanta he would have much of the same luck wrecking hard into the second turn wall on lap 24 while running 17th after his car broke loose in the middle of turns 1 and 2. At the 2022 Coke Zero Sugar 400, Gragson finished a Cup career-best finish of fifth.


title: Noah Gragson

text: Gragson drove the Hendrick Motorsports No. 48 at the Talladega, Charlotte Roval, Las Vegas, Homestead and the Martinsville races as a substitute for Alex Bowman, who sustained a concussion from a crash at Texas.


title: Noah Gragson

text: On August 10, 2022, Gragson was announced as the driver for the No. 42 for Petty GMS Motorsports for 2023, replacing Ty Dillon.


title: Noah Gragson

text: In 2017 he won the Winchester 400 and in his final ride with KBM, Gragson won the 2018 Snowball Derby after holding off Ty Majeski.


title: Noah Gragson

text: His 2018 racing slate also included starts on the NASCAR Pinty's Series circuit in an effort to make himself a better driver via more seat time. Gragson also started working with a sports psychologist in 2018.


title: Noah Gragson

text: In his time in NASCAR Gragson has been one of the most brash drivers on and off the track, on the circuit and is seen as one of the most abrasive drivers in the sport in the modern day,


title: Noah Gragson

text: In the 2015 NASCAR K&N Pro Series West season finale at Phoenix, Gragson would attempt to wreck Chris Eggleston for the championship however it would be unsuccessful and Gragson would still finish 2nd in the standings to Eggleston.


title: Noah Gragson

text: When Gragson won the 2018 Snowball Derby he attempted to kiss the Snowball Derby trophy girl Helena Ciappini, which immediately garnered attention and support towards Gragson with seemingly no consent being given, the next week however he would take her to the end-of-season NASCAR Awards Show as his date.


title: Noah Gragson

text: In the 2020 Boyd Gaming 300, Gragson would appear to intentionally spin fellow racer Myatt Snider with 38 laps to go, after the race he attempted to apologize and give him a fist bump but was denied. Later in the season in the 2020 Pocono Green 225, Snider would do what Gragson did however he would in turn cause more than 5 cars to wreck along with him, under caution, Gragson would run into him to voice his displeasure.


title: Noah Gragson

text: At the end of the 2020 Alsco 300, he was involved in a fight with Harrison Burton after Gragson pushed him into the wall in the closing laps. Neither driver was reprimanded by NASCAR.


title: Noah Gragson

text: In the 2021 Contender Boats 250 Gragson was leading with 3 laps to go in the race with a sizable 7 second lead over 2nd place Tyler Reddick when lapped car David Starr blew a right front tire right in front of Gragson leaving Gragson with nowhere to go and slamming into Starr at full speed. When Gragson got out of his car he was quoted as saying "what are you gonna do you’ve got dipshits in the way every single week" and would further double down on Twitter which fueled a lot of hatred towards Gragson as Starr was seen not at fault for the incident due to it being a blown tire, this would be furthered when the owner of Starr's No. 13 MBM Motorsports car, Carl Long would publicly call out Gragson later in the week.


title: Noah Gragson

text: At the end of the 2021 EchoPark 250, he was involved in a fight with Daniel Hemric after a pit road mishap during the race. Neither driver was reprimanded by NASCAR in this case either.


title: Noah Gragson

text: Under red flag in the 2021 Snowflake 100 Gragson would be involved an incident which took out Johanna Robbins in which her team owner came over and cussed out Gragson and threatened to fight him.


title: Noah Gragson

text: 25 laps into the 2022 Henry 180 at Road America, he doorslammed Sage Karam exiting Turn 2 onto the backstraightaway after a battle for P10 that happened in the first two turns. The initial skirmish incidentally led to 14 other cars being involved thanks to dust being kicked up, shielding the vision for others. Karam berated Gragson's actions in an interview after the race, saying that "..not a good role model, he is", and adding that he "...[doesn't] think Noah is going to change." Gragson was fined 35,000 dollars and was docked 30 driver points while his team JR Motorsports was docked the same amount in owner points for the incident.


title: Noah Gragson

text: Gragson attended Bishop Gorman High School in Las Vegas, Nevada for two years. Gragson enjoys downhill mountain biking, and is an avid video game player, saying in an interview that he would perhaps spend Dash 4 Cash winnings on the popular video game "Fortnite".


title: Noah Gragson

text: Gragson's great-grandfather was Oran K. Gragson, the longest-serving mayor in Las Vegas history, who helped curb corruption in the city and ended racial segregation in the casinos. Noah's father Scott is a real estate agent and a businessman. In May 2019, Scott, who has financially supported his son's racing career, was involved in a fatal crash in which his blood alcohol content was nearly twice the legal limit. He settled out of court with the victims and is currently serving an 8-to-20-year prison sentence.


title: David A. Arnold

text: David A. Arnold (March 15, 1968 – September 7, 2022) was an American stand-up comedian, sitcom writer, producer, and actor.


title: David A. Arnold

text: Arnold began performing in 1997. He performed at the Canadian Montreal Comedy Festival, on "Jamie Foxx Presents Laffapalooza " (Comedy Central) with Jamie Foxx and Cedric the Entertainer, "The Tom Joyner Show", "Baisden After Dark", "Comics Unleashed" with Byron Allen, "ComicView" (BET), "The Mo'Nique Show" (BET), "Entourage" (HBO) and "Def Comedy Jam".


title: David A. Arnold

text: Arnold served as writer and producer for the Netflix revival series "Fuller House". He wrote episodes of several comedy shows, including "Bigger" (BET+), "Meet the Browns" (TBS), "The Rickey Smiley Show" (TV One), "Raising Whitley" (OWN), "Tyler Perry's House of Payne" (TBS), and "The Tony Rock Project" (MyNetworkTV).


title: David A. Arnold

text: In 2021, Arnold created the Nickelodeon show "That Girl Lay Lay" and served as showrunner for the series. He appeared in several television series including "Meet the Browns", "A Series of Unfortunate People" and "The Tony Rock Project".


title: David A. Arnold

text: Arnold had two stand-up comedy specials on Netflix, "David A. Arnold: Fat Ballerina" and "It Ain't For The Weak" (July 2022).


title: David A. Arnold

text: Arnold was married to Julie L. Harkness; the couple had two daughters, Anna-Grace (2005) and Ashlyn (2007). He was of African-American ancestry.


title: David A. Arnold

text: An episode of "That Girl Lay Lay" titled "Dylan and Rebecca's Cleve-Land-Land Adventure" was dedicated to Arnold.


title: Rajatarangini

text: Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called "tarangas" ("waves").


title: Rajatarangini

text: The "Rajataringini" provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers.


title: Rajatarangini

text: Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. In the first "Taranga" (book) of "Rajatarangini", Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:


title: Rajatarangini

text: Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below).


title: Rajatarangini

text: The kings of Kashmir described in the "Rajatarangini" are given below. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Kalhana's work uses "Kali" and "Laukika" (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records.


title: Rajatarangini

text: Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years.


title: Rajatarangini

text: No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.


title: Rajatarangini

text: Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style.


title: Rajatarangini

text: Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of "Rajatarangini". For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors.


title: Rajatarangini

text: Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.


title: Rajatarangini

text: A Persian translation of "Rajatarangini" was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE.


title: Rajatarangini

text: Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled "The Hindu History of Kashmir" (published in "Asiatic Researches" Volume 15). Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's "Rajatarangini" include:


title: Rajatarangini

text: Several books containing legendary stories from "Rajatarangini" have been compiled by various authors. These include:


title: Rajatarangini

text: A television series based on "Rajatarangini" named "Meeras" was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar.


title: Sankofa

text: The sankofa bird appears frequently in traditional Akan art, and has also been adopted as an important symbol in an African-American and African Diaspora context to represent the need to reflect on the past to build a successful future. It is one of the most widely dispersed adinkra symbols, appearing in modern jewelry, tattoos, and clothing.


title: Sankofa

text: The Akan people of Ghana use an adinkra symbol to represent the same concept. One version of it is similar to the eastern symbol of a heart, and another is that of a bird with its head turned backwards to symbolically capture an egg depicted above its back. It symbolizes taking from the past what is good and bringing it into the present in order to make positive progress through the benevolent use of knowledge. Adinkra symbols are used by the Akan people to express proverbs and other philosophical ideas.


title: Sankofa

text: The sankofa bird also appears on carved wooden Akan stools, in Akan goldweights, on some ruler's state umbrella or parasol ("ntuatire") finials and on the staff finials of some court linguists. It functions to foster mutual respect and unity in tradition.


title: Sankofa

text: During a building excavation in Lower Manhattan in 1991, a cemetery for free and enslaved Africans was discovered. Over 400 remains were identified, but one coffin in particular stood out. Nailed into its wooden lid were iron tacks, 51 of which formed an enigmatic, heart-shaped design that some have interpreted as a sankofa symbol. The site is now a national monument, known as the African Burial Ground National Monument, administered by the National Park Service. A copy of the design found on the coffin lid is prominently carved onto a large black granite memorial at the center of the site.


title: Sankofa

text: The National Museum of African American History and Culture uses the heart-shaped symbol on its website. The "mouse over" for the image reads: "The Sankofa represents the importance of learning from the past."


title: Sankofa

text: Sankofa symbols show themselves all over cities like Washington, DC and New Orleans, particularly in fence designs.


title: Sankofa

text: Janet Jackson has a sankofa tattoo on her inner right wrist. The symbol is also featured in her 1997 album "The Velvet Rope", as well as on the supporting tour.


title: Sankofa

text: Sankofa is an event used by Saint Louis University to honor African-American student graduates and students who graduate with degrees in African American studies.


title: Sankofa

text: The symbol and name were used in the 1993 film "Sankofa" by Haile Gerima, as well as in the graphic title of the film" 500 Years Later" by Owen 'Alik Shahadah.


title: Sankofa

text: A UK stage production by Adzido Pan-African Dance Ensemble, scripted by Margaret Busby and premiered in 1999, was entitled "Sankofa".


title: Sankofa

text: The African-American string band Sankofa Strings, founded in 2005 by Sule Greg C. Wilson, Rhiannon Giddens, and Dom Flemons, was featured in the 2007 jug band documentary "Chasin' Gus' Ghost". The band self-released the CD "Colored Aristocracy" in 2006. A second iteration of the band Sankofa, with Wilson and Flemons, as well as Ndidi Onukwulu and Allison Russell, released the CD "The Uptown Strut" in 2012.


title: Sankofa

text: Cassandra Wilson recorded the song "Sankofa", which appeared on her 1993 album "Blue Light 'til Dawn".


title: Sankofa

text: A Sankofa bird appears several times in the BBC Television show "Taboo". It was carved into the floor of a slave ship by James Keziah Delaney and appears as a tattoo on his upper back and as a drawing within the fireplace of his mother’s old room.


title: David Duval

text: David Robert Duval (born November 9, 1971) is an American professional golfer and former World No. 1 Golfer who competed on the PGA Tour and currently plays on the PGA Tour Champions. Duval won 13 PGA Tour tournaments between 1997 and 2001; including one major title, The Open Championship in 2001.


title: David Duval

text: Duval received his PGA Tour card in 1995, earning it after becoming two-time ACC Player of the Year, 1993 National Player of the Year, and playing two years on the Nike Tour (where he won twice). Between 1997 and 2000, Duval finished all four seasons top-5 on the PGA Tour's money list, including being the leading money winner and scoring leader in 1998. In addition to his major title, he also won the 1997 Tour Championship and the 1999 Players Championship.


title: David Duval

text: Following Duval's victory at the 2001 Open Championship, he never won again on the PGA Tour and his performance declined dramatically due to injuries and various medical conditions. As a result, he lost his tour card in 2011. After his professional golf career slowed, he became a golf analyst and commentator, currently working for Golf Channel and ESPN.


title: David Duval

text: Duval was born in Jacksonville, Florida, the son of golf instructor and club professional Bob Duval and Diane Poole Duval, a member of the FSU Flying High Circus during college. His brother Brent was two years older, and sister Deirdre was five years younger. During his early years, his father was club professional at Timuquana Country Club, where he learned to play golf under his father's guidance.


title: David Duval

text: When David was nine, his brother Brent developed aplastic anemia. The family sought treatment at Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, where David underwent surgery to donate bone marrow. The transplant was not successful, and Brent died as a result of sepsis on May 17, 1981 at age 12. Bob Duval was unable to cope, and moved out of the family home for a year. Counseling enabled him to reunite with his wife and children in 1982, and David continued to receive golf instruction from his father. In 1993, just as Duval was starting his professional golf career, his father again moved out of the family home, this time permanently.


title: David Duval

text: He graduated from the Episcopal High School of Jacksonville in 1989, the same year he was the U.S. Junior Amateur champion. He continued his amateur career for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men's golf team, where he was a four-time first-team All-American, two-time ACC Player of the Year, and 1993 National Player of the Year. While in college, he led an official PGA Tour event, the BellSouth Classic (which he would win as a professional), after three rounds.


title: David Duval

text: After two years on the Nike Tour where he won twice, he earned his PGA Tour card in 1995. Success came quickly, as Duval posted seven second-place finishes on the PGA Tour from 1995 to 1997, qualifying for the 1996 Presidents Cup and posting a 4–0–0 record for the victorious American team. But a PGA Tour victory eluded him until he won the Michelob Championship at Kingsmill in October 1997, and winning his next two tournaments in the same month, including the 1997 Tour Championship.


title: David Duval

text: Duval led the PGA Tour money list in 1998, and also won the Vardon Trophy and Byron Nelson Award for lowest scoring average. He ended second on the 1997 and 1999 money lists, seventh in 2000 and eight in 2001. From 1997 to 2001, he won 13 PGA Tour tournaments, including the 1997 Tour Championship, the 1999 Players Championship, and the 2001 Open Championship, as well as the 2001 Dunlop Phoenix on the Japan Golf Tour and the 2000 World Cup (with Tiger Woods) internationally. He also tied for second in both the 1998 and 2001 Masters. Duval's winning speech at the 2001 Open was welcomed by British commentators as "delightfully modest and heartfelt".


title: David Duval

text: Other career highlights include achieving the number one spot in the Official World Golf Ranking in March 1999 and shooting a 59 in the final round of the 1999 Bob Hope Chrysler Classic on the Palmer Course at PGA West in La Quinta, California. Duval made an eagle on the final hole to win the tournament by one shot. Before 1999, only two other golfers in PGA Tour history, Al Geiberger and Chip Beck, had posted a 59 in competition and no one had ever done so in a final round. When he won the Players Championship he became the first player in history to win on the same day as his father, Bob Duval, who won a Champions Tour event that same day. He also played on the victorious 1999 Ryder Cup team, as well as the 2002 team.


title: David Duval

text: After his Open Championship win, Duval entered a downward spiral in form that saw him drop to 80th on the money list in 2002 and 211th in 2003, prompting an extended break from the game. Numerous reasons have been postulated for the decline, including back, wrist and shoulder problems, personal difficulties and a form of vertigo. Duval has not won a tournament on the PGA Tour since his Open Championship victory in 2001. His last worldwide win was the Dunlop Phoenix Tournament in November 2001 on his 30th birthday. His 30s proved to be much less lucrative on the golf course.


title: David Duval

text: Many commentators believed Duval's career to be over but he returned to golf at the U.S. Open in 2004, where he shot 25 over par and missed the cut. Duval struggled with his best results until 2009 being a T-13 at the Deutsche Bank Championship in 2004 and a T-16 at the U.S. Open in 2006. He made the cut in only one PGA Tour event in 2005 but did finish in the top ten at the Dunlop Phoenix tournament in Japan.


title: David Duval

text: Duval had a successful start to the 2006 season, making the cut in his first two tournaments, as well as a very respectable finish of T-16 at the U.S. Open at Winged Foot Golf Club, where his second round 68 was good enough for a tie as the best round of the tournament. Despite not reaching the same heights in the remaining two majors of the year, his performances continued a general upward trend, with none of the rounds of 80+ that had become so familiar in the previous years.


title: David Duval

text: After a steady start to 2007 during the West Coast Swing, Duval once again disappeared from the tour. His mother died on July 17, and he later revealed that his wife was going through a difficult pregnancy. This prompted the PGA Tour to amend its medical exemption policies – and Duval was granted twenty starts for the next season.


title: David Duval

text: After a lackluster first half of the following year, Duval reappeared on the leaderboard of the 2008 Open Championship, rekindling memories of his major victory. He shot 73-69-83-71 for the week and finished T-39.


title: David Duval

text: In 2009, Duval used his final career money exemption on the PGA Tour. He made his first cut at the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in February. However, he stormed back onto the golf scene with a T-2 finish at the U.S. Open at Bethpage Black. After going through sectional qualifying, Duval made the most of his first appearance in the U.S. Open since 2006. Going into the final round, Duval was four shots behind eventual winner Lucas Glover. Duval made a triple bogey at the par three 3rd hole, but rebounded with three straight birdies from 14 to 16. He stood on the tee of the 71st hole in a tie for the lead, but his par putt lipped out on the hole, and he finished tied for second, two shots behind Glover. It was his best finish on tour since the 2002 Memorial Tournament. After the Open, Duval jumped 740 spots in the Official World Golf Ranking from 882 to 142.


title: David Duval

text: Duval failed to earn his PGA Tour card for the 2010 season, so he had to play on sponsor's exemptions. He showed more signs of a comeback by shooting a final-round 69 to finish 2nd to defending champion Dustin Johnson at the 2010 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am. Duval had a good 2010 season and retained his tour card at the end of the year.


title: David Duval

text: The 2011 season was a struggle for Duval, when he made only nine cuts in 24 events and lost his Tour card after finishing outside 150th on the tour money list. He went to Q School in an attempt to regain his tour card, but finished T72 in the final round. For 2012, Duval had past champion status. After seven unsuccessful starts, Duval made his first cut of the season at the Valero Texas Open, and finished T60. It was announced on June 13 that he would be an analyst for ESPN for the first two rounds of the U.S. Open, having failed to qualify for the 2nd major of the season.


title: David Duval

text: In December 2013, Duval announced via his Twitter that the 2014 PGA Tour season would be the last season he would ask for sponsor exemptions to get into tournament fields. Many people took this as a possible retirement announcement, but Duval clarified to say that he wants to earn his way back on the Tour rather than depending on others. In April 2014, Duval finished tied for 25th (−8) at the Zurich Classic of New Orleans.


title: David Duval

text: In 2018, U.S. captain Jim Furyk named Duval as a non-playing vice-captain for the U.S. team participating in the 2018 Ryder Cup. The U.S. team lost to Europe by 17½ points to 10½.


title: David Duval

text: After turning 50 in 2021 and gaining eligibility, Duval began playing on the PGA Tour Champions circuit in 2022.


title: David Duval

text: In addition to playing in tournaments, Duval has become a TV golf commentator. From 2012 through 2014, he helped commentate The Open Championship and U.S. Open for ESPN. In 2015, Duval joined the Golf Channel as a studio analyst. Since 2020, Duval has served as the lead analyst for ESPN's coverage of the PGA Championship.


title: David Duval

text: He met Susan Persichitte in August 2003 at a Denver restaurant while in town for The International tournament. They were engaged in November and married in 2004. They have two children together: Brady, born in 2005; and Sienna, born in 2008. She has custody of her three older children from a prior marriage: Deano, Nick, and Shalene Karavites. Their home is in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado, a suburb south of Denver.


title: Jin Xing

text: Jin Xing (; born August 13, 1967) is a Chinese ballerina, modern dancer, choreographer, actress, founder and artistic director of the contemporary dance company Shanghai. She is a transgender celebrity.


title: Jin Xing

text: Jin was born in 1967 in Shenyang, China, to an ethnic Korean family (Chosŏnjok). Jin studied in a local Chosonjok-Chinese elementary school. Her mother was a translator, and her father was a military intelligence officer.


title: Jin Xing

text: She was noted for her intelligence, and had won abacus contests many times. She was very enthusiastic about dance performance. At age 9, she joined the People's Liberation Army to receive dance and military training from a troupe affiliated with the Shenyang Military Region. At age 12, she transferred to the People's Liberation Army Art Academy, graduating in 1984. After graduation, she returned to the Shenyang military dance troupe, eventually attained the rank of colonel. She later won the national dance contest with a Central Asian ethnic dance piece.


title: Jin Xing

text: She won a scholarship to dance in New York. In 1989, Jin went to New York to study modern dance for four years, studying under modern dance pioneers such as Limon, Cunningham, and Graham.


title: Jin Xing

text: Following her studies, Jin traveled and performed in Europe, and taught dance in Rome and Belgium, followed by a world tour, and returned to China in 1993. She underwent sex reassignment surgery in 1995. Her left leg was paralyzed for three months after the surgery. In 1999, she opened her dance troupe, Jin Xing Dance Theatre.


title: Jin Xing

text: Jin's dancing works are described by the "Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture" as "startlingly original and provocative." These include "The Imperial Concubine Has Been Drunk for Ages" ("Guifei zui jiu", an adaptation of the famous Peking opera title) and "Cross Border–Crossing the Line" ("Cong dong dao xi", a collaboration with British pianist Joanna MacGregor).


title: Jin Xing

text: Her film debut was in the Korean movie "Resurrection of the Little Match Girl" in 2002. In 2005, she appeared in the Thai movie "Tom-Yum-Goong" as the villain Madam Rose.


title: Jin Xing

text: In 2013, she began her television career as a judge on China's first season of "So You Think You Can Dance". Jin went viral when she scathingly commented on the show's host's attempt to turn a contestant's injury into a sob story. She stated, "Chinese TV always digs at people's scars, consumes their pain. This is the biggest weakness of Chinese TV and I hate it! I hope that on 'So You Think You Can Dance' we won't use people's pain, we won't use people's sympathy, we won't use people's suffering." Audiences appreciated her raw honesty, and nine months later she had her own nationally broadcast show.


title: Jin Xing

text: Jin hosted her own television chat show "The Jin Xing Show" on Dragon TV between 2015 and 2017. In 2016, she began hosting the dating show "Chinese Dating with the Parents", where parents decide on a prospective wife for their sons. The show received criticism for portraying a conservative view on marriage and the role of women in the family. According to Vivian Wang and Joy Dong of "The New York Times", Jin "bristles at being called a conservative. If she were a male chauvinist, she said, she would have continued living as a man." She has also advocated against gender discrimination in employment.


title: Jin Xing

text: In May 2021, she appeared in an advertising campaign for Dior to promote the empowerment and independence of women.


title: Jin Xing

text: In March 2022, Jin shared a post on Sina Weibo where she criticised President of Russia Vladimir Putin for launching military invasion into Ukraine. The post was taken down by Chinese censors.


title: Jin Xing

text: When Jin was six years old, she went outside during a storm, hoping that "lightning would strike and transform her into a girl". She underwent sex reassignment surgery in 1995 in Beijing.


title: Jin Xing

text: Jin has adopted 3 children. At the age of 33, Jin adopted a son and then two other children she raised by herself until her marriage in 2005. She married her German husband Heinz Gerd Oidtmann in 2005. She currently lives with her husband and children in Shanghai.


title: Hot dog variations

text: Different areas of the world have local variations on the hot dog, in the type of meat used, the condiments added, and its means of preparation.


title: Hot dog variations

text: The Sonoran hot dog is popular in Tucson, Phoenix, and elsewhere in southern Arizona, as well as in the neighboring Mexican state of Sonora. It is a hot dog wrapped in mesquite-smoked bacon, cooked on a grill or on a griddle or comal, then topped with pinto beans, onions, tomatoes, mayonnaise, mustard and jalapeño salsa or sauce, and served on a bolillo roll, often with a side of fresh-roasted chili pepper. It originated in Hermosillo, the capital of Sonora.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Los Angeles, Pink's Hot Dogs promotes its celebrity customers and its chili dogs, the latter of which come in a wide number of varieties. A local chain, Tommy's, also has chili dogs featuring a premium natural casing hot dog alongside its much better-known chili hamburgers, and another local chain The Hat, which specializes in pastrami, has them also.


title: Hot dog variations

text: Other notable Los Angeles chains that specialize in hot dogs include Hot Dog On A Stick, which serves a preparation similar to a corn dog, and Wienerschnitzel, a chain that bills itself as "The World's Largest Hot Dog Chain." The Farmer John Dodger Dog is sold at Dodger Stadium.


title: Hot dog variations

text: Street vendors in Los Angeles also serve the "Downtown Dog" or "LA Street Dog" a Mexican-style bacon-wrapped hot dog with grilled onions, jalapeños, and bell peppers, and mustard, ketchup, and mayonnaise as condiments. These are typically sold around closing time outside nightclubs and bars by street vendors, who grill the hot dogs on small push-carts. The legality of such operations may be questionable, leading locals to sometimes refer to these treats as "Danger Dogs".


title: Hot dog variations

text: Connecticut hot dog restaurants often serve sausages produced by local family operations such as Hummel Bros, Martin Rosol, or Grote & Weigel, with national brands being relatively less common. The hot dogs are typically served on New England rolls. There is otherwise no particular Connecticut style though deep frying and homemade condiments are common.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Columbus, Georgia, a local favorite is the "scrambled dog," the exemplar of which was first served at the Dinglewood Pharmacy by "The Lieutenant" Charles Stevens over 50 years ago. The scrambled dog is a chopped hot dog covered by chili, onions and pickles with an accompanying portion of oyster crackers.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Fitzgerald, Georgia, Johnnie's Drive In served the "scrambled dog" beginning in the early 1940s. Johnnie's scrambled dog is two sliced hot dogs over a hot dog bun with mustard and catsup and covered with oyster crackers, chili, cole slaw, and sliced dill pickles.


title: Hot dog variations

text: The Chicago-style hot dog is a steamed kosher-style all-beef, natural-casing hot dog on a steamed poppy seed bun, topped with yellow mustard, chopped white onions, a dill pickle spear, tomato slices, Chicago-style relish, hot sport peppers, and a dash of celery salt. Chicago-style hot dogs do not include ketchup.


title: Hot dog variations

text: This "dragged through the garden" style (more commonly called, "with the works"), is heavily promoted by Vienna Beef and Red Hot Chicago, the two most prominent Chicago hot dog manufacturers, but exceptions are common, with vendors adding cucumbers or lettuce, omitting poppy seeds or celery salt, or using plain relish or a skinless hot dog. Several popular hot dog stands serve a simpler version: a steamed natural-casing dog with only mustard, onions, plain relish and sport peppers, wrapped up with hand-cut fries, while the historic Superdawg drive-ins notably substitute a pickled tomato.


title: Hot dog variations

text: A Kansas City-style hot dog is a pork sausage in a sesame seed bun topped with brown mustard, sauerkraut and melted Swiss cheese.


title: Hot dog variations

text: The most popular variety of hot dog in Maine is made with natural casing. The casing is colored red, and one company refers to their red variety as red snappers and "red rockets".


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Boston, hot dogs are often served steamed as opposed to grilled. The Fenway Frank, served at Fenway Park, is a fixture for Red Sox fans, and there are several other local brands such as Pearl that are used. Hot dogs in the Boston area are associated with Boston baked beans, though this is not unique to the region. Ketchup, mustard, relish, picalilli, and chopped onions are the most common toppings.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In southeastern Michigan, restaurants serve what's known as a Coney dog, developed early in the 20th century by Greek immigrants. "Coney joints" are very specific as to the ingredients: a beef or beef and pork European-style Vienna sausage of German origin in a natural lamb or sheep casing, topped with a spiced sauce made with ground beef heart, one or two stripes of yellow mustard and diced or chopped white onions. There are three variations on the Coney dog: Jackson style, which started in 1914 with a ground beef sauce prior to switching to ground beef heart in the early 1940s, Detroit style, first served in 1917 and made with a more soupy beef heart-based sauce, and Flint style, with Flint Coney Island opening in 1924 serving a specially-developed Koegel's coney topped with thicker, meatier sauce based on a Macedonian goulash, made almost entirely of a finely ground beef heart blend from Abbott's Meat. With over 350 chain and independent purveyors of these dogs in the metro-Detroit area alone, an entire restaurant industry has developed from the hot dog and are called Coney Islands. A coney dog is not to be confused with a chili dog, a more generic ground beef-based chili-topped hot dog. See Coney Island hot dog.


title: Hot dog variations

text: New Jersey's Italian hot dog includes diced fried potatoes combined with brown mustard served on a spicy hot dog. The most common brands of spicy hot dogs used are Sabrett's or Best's, both of which are NJ companies. A traditional "Italian Hot Dog" is made by cutting a round "pizza bread" in half (for a double) or into quarters (for a single), cutting a pocket into it and spreading the inside with mustard. A deep-fried dog (or two if it is a double) is put in the pocket, topped with fried (or sautéed) onions and peppers, and then topped off with crisp-fried potato chunks. A variation of this, often found at express takeout restaurants (such as "chicken shacks," Chinese restaurants, pizzerias, etc., and can also be requested at some lunch trucks and luncheonettes across the state) substitutes French fries for the traditional potato round, and in some spots a Portuguese or sub roll replaces the traditional round bread used.


title: Hot dog variations

text: The "Texas wiener" or "Hot Texas wiener" was created in Paterson, New Jersey sometime before 1920. A traditional Texas wiener is blanched in cool oil, finished in hot oil, and topped with spicy mustard, chopped onions, and a chili sauce.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In New York City, the natural-casing all-beef hot dogs served at Katz's Delicatessen, Gray's Papaya, Papaya King, Papaya Dog and any Sabrett cart are all made by Sabrett's parent company, Marathon Enterprises, Inc. Nathan's hot dogs, which are all-beef and come in both natural-casing and skinless, were also made by Marathon until several years ago. Local kosher brands—which are not permitted natural casings—include Hebrew National, Empire National. The usual condiments are mustard and sauerkraut, with optional sweet onions in a tomato based sauce invented by Alan Geisler, usually made by Sabrett. Hot dogs are available on street corners as well as at delicatessens. New York street vendors generally store their unsold dogs in warm-water baths, giving rise to the semi-affectionate moniker "dirty water dog." Bagel dogs are also sold in Manhattan.


title: Hot dog variations

text: The white hot or "porker" is a variation on the hot dog found mostly in the Rochester area. It is composed of some combination of uncured and unsmoked pork, beef, and veal; it is believed that the lack of smoking or curing allows the meat to retain a naturally white color.


title: Hot dog variations

text: A Michigan hot dog, Michigan red hot, or simply "michigan", is a steamed all-beef hot dog on a steamed bun topped with a meaty sauce, generally referred to as "michigan sauce", and is a specialty in and around Plattsburgh, New York.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In the Capital District surrounding Albany, smaller-than-usual wieners are served with a spicy meat sauce; the Capital District style is quite similar to the New York System or Hot Wieners of Rhode Island. In the mid-twentieth century, hot dog purveyors reportedly would carry the dogs to the table lined up on their bare forearms, giving rise to the term "the Hairy Arm"; today, health codes prohibit this practice. Further north, in three locations in and around Glens Falls, New Way Lunch has served similar hot dogs with meat sauce, mustard, and raw onions for nearly 100 years.


title: Hot dog variations

text: Texas hots have a niche following in western New York. A 2017 article in the "Olean Times Herald" made note of the dish's disappearance from the city of Olean.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In North Carolina, hot dogs have a distinct red color and are prepared Carolina style which includes chili, cole slaw and onions; locally, mustard sometimes replaces slaw, or is added as a fourth item. Merritt's Burger House has been serving Carolina hot dogs since 1958.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Cincinnati, a hot dog topped with Cincinnati chili is called a "coney," and when grated cheddar cheese is added, a "cheese coney." The default coney also includes mustard and diced onion.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Toledo, Tony Packo's Cafe sells "world famous" "Hungarian Hot Dogs," which were the subject of multiple of MASH episodes.


title: Hot dog variations

text: There are several variety of local dog recipes in Pennsylvania. In Philadelphia, street vendors sell hot dogs that can be topped with one or more of several traditional Philadelphia toppings: ketchup, mustard (yellow and/or spicy brown), chopped onion (cooked/soft or raw), relish, and (without exception) sauerkraut. In the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania, there is regional Yocco's Hot Dogs, which maintains four locations in the region.


title: Hot dog variations

text: Various shops and butchers in Pennsylvania make traditional German natural casing franks. Altoona, Pennsylvania has two remaining Texas Hot Dog stands that claim a legacy going back to 1918. The Texas Tommy was invented in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and is prepared with bacon and cheese.


title: Hot dog variations

text: The Houston style hot dog consists of a beef dog on a toasted potato bun, which has been spread with cream cheese. The dog is split lengthwise and filled with curry ketchup. It is topped with special grilled caramelized onions, French-fried onions, honey mayo and sriracha sauce. Other condiments sometimes include spicy mustard and green sauce. The Houston style dog has spread into other cities and can be found in suburbs like Sugarland and as far away as College Station and Austin.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Seattle, hot dogs are served with cream cheese and grilled onions on a toasted bun. The sausages are split in half and grilled before being put in the bun. Stands offer a variety of condiments, such as Sriracha sauce and jalapeños.


title: Hot dog variations

text: A hot dog with a chili sauce made with finely ground meat, chopped fresh onions, coleslaw and yellow mustard."The Art of Bun, Chili + Slaw, West Virginia Style" , "The Local Palate". Retrieved July 16, 2016. "Even more telling is the nature of the chili on each. This is not your mama’s bowl chili with chunks of meat and arguable accouterments like beans, tomatoes, peppers and, Lord help us, sometimes spaghetti. Chili Bun Chili is a finely grained aggregate of ground beef, spices and something to make it all hold together in the bun."


title: Hot dog variations

text: The Whistle Dog is served by some A&W restaurants in Canada. A whistle dog is a hot dog that has been split and served with processed cheese, bacon, and relish.


title: Hot dog variations

text: A Montreal-style hot dog, as popularized by numerous shops such as the famous Montreal Pool Room, is either steamed or griddle fried (nicknamed steamies or toasties, respectively). It is generally served topped with coleslaw, onion, relish and mustard; ketchup, mayonnaise and occasionally paprika or chili powder may be added at a condiment counter by the customer. Due to the bilingual nature of Montreal street culture, these are usually ordered, and condiments named, in Franglais. Montreal hot dogs can be found throughout Eastern Canada and the United States.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In 1926, the Spanish entrepreneur in Brazil and founder of Cinelândia, , began selling (lit. "hot dog") at his cinemas. It inspired Lamartine Babo and Ary Barroso to create the song "Cachorro-Quente," a "marchinha de carnaval". In the period following World War II, as Brazil came under considerable US cultural influence, the came to cement its position in Brazil.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In the State of Piauí in the Northeast region of Brazil, the hot dog is made from a long and soft bread cut in half. Its flavorings vary in the cafeterias of the region, the most found are: sausage topped with spicy sauce, meat, corn green Lint and slices of melted cheese.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Chile, there is a popular variation called "completo" (Spanish for "complete", "full") which, besides bread and sausages, can be made up of mashed avocado, chopped tomatoes, mayonnaise, sauerkraut, salsa Americana, Chilean chili, green sauce and cheese. Its size can be twice that of an American hot dog.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Guatemala "shucos "are sold across the country, especially in the country's capital, Guatemala City. "Shucos" are usually served with guacamole, boiled cabbage, mayonnaise, mustard, and an assorted choice of meats. Chopped onions are added by a decent amount of "shuqueros "(hot dog vendors) across Guatemala City and Antigua. The most popular choices of meats are sausage, chorizo (red sausage), salami, longaniza (white sausage), and bacon. They are cooked in a charcoal grill and hot sauce is offered at customer's request.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Japan, hot dogs are used in bento boxes and are often sliced to resemble an octopus. More conventional hot dogs are also available, either on a stick (with or without a coating) or on a bun. Japanese Fusion Dogs, such as those sold at the Vancouver-based chain Japadog, are not actually from Japan but are a Pacific Northwest invention that pairs hot dogs with Japanese and Asian condiments like wasabi, kimchi and teriyaki.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In October 2016 the Malaysian Islamic Development Department ruled that hot dog vendors must rename their product or risk not getting halal certification, because in Islam dogs are considered unclean. The Malaysian Tourism and Culture Minister criticized the ruling and said, "Even in Malay it's called hot dog — it's been around for so many years. I'm a Muslim and I'm not offended."


title: Hot dog variations

text: In the Philippines, hot dogs are eaten as is, in a bun with an optional selection of condiments, or with rice and condiments. Hot dogs are also typically served during breakfast. They are also skewered and grilled over coals, and sold as street food. Skewered waffle hot dogs are also available in the country (a local variant having the hot dogs coated in hotcake batter and then deep-fried). Chopped hot dogs are an ingredient in Filipino spaghetti. They are also used in various other dishes (e.g. as a filling in an embutido, as sliced pieces of meat in tomato-based savories such as caldereta or menudo, etc.).


title: Hot dog variations

text: A popular South Korean form of the hot dog, sold at street stalls, fairs, and some fast-food restaurants, involves the placing of the sausage on a stick, followed by a batter of some kind, and sometimes including french fries in the batter. They more resemble a corn dog than a hot dog. Ketchup is a common condiment, and occasionally mustard. Hot dogs in a bun or wrapped in bread are also widely available, or on a stick without a bun.


title: Hot dog variations

text: Taiwanese style hot dogs are put on a bun or without a bun on a stick. In night markets, meat sausages are sometimes wrapped with an outer sticky rice sausage in a snack called small sausage in large sausage.


title: Hot dog variations

text: Hot dogs (; ; ) are very popular in Thailand and are also used in various ways in Thai cuisine. It can be sold inside a bun similar to a standard American hot dog but instead of tomato ketchup, they are also often eaten with a sweet tomato-chili sauce. Very popular are street vendors selling hot dogs which have been deep-fried or charcoal grilled. They are served with either a sweet, slightly spicy sauce ("nam chim wan") or a very spicy sauce ("nam chim phet"). Hot dogs can also be used as a filling for a croissant which are served with mayonnaise. Hot dogs are even used as a filling for raisin bread together with shredded dried pork. The Thai dish called "khao phat Amerikan" or American fried rice, rice fried with tomato ketchup and containing raisins, is always served with hot dogs and a fried egg. "Donut sai krok" is the Thai name for a sausage filled savoury donut in the shape of a log. Hot dog sausages also feature as an ingredient, together with onion, celery or coriander (cilantro) leaves, lime juice, fish sauce and chili peppers, for a Thai salad called "yam hot dok". Another dish that uses hot dogs is called "khanom Tokiao" (lit. 'Tokyo cake'). This is a Thai style crêpe which is wrapped around a filling of hot dog and sweet chili sauce. The chili sauce can also be served on the side.


title: Hot dog variations

text: Hot dogs in the Czech Republic are known as "párek v rohlíku", which can be literally translated as "sausage in roll", with the label "hot dog" also applied in marketing to both locals and tourists. Czech-style hot dogs are differentiated by the fact that rather than slicing the bun in half and placing the sausage into the resultant cleavage, the top of the bun is cut off, with a hole punched into the softer inside of the bun where condiments and then the sausage is placed, similar to the Ketwurst. Specially designed appliances (stroj na párek v rohlíku, literally appliance for sausage in bun) that consist of a hot-water cooker for the sausages and heated metal spikes to punch the holes and pre-warm the buns also exist to assist vendors with preparation of this dish.


title: Hot dog variations

text: The Danish-style hot dog has spread to the other Scandinavian countries as well as Germany. Steff Houlberg/Tulip corporation operates 4300 hot dog stands in Denmark alone, and has also opened a chain in Korea, Japan, and China.


title: Hot dog variations

text: Even though the type of sausage that led to the creation of the modern hot dog in the United States is undeniably German, German hot dog culture is mainly influenced by Scandinavian—mostly Danish—elements. This does not affect the type of sausage (unlike the Danish "rød pølse", German hot dogs usually have frankfurt- or wiener-style sausages) but the condiments—ketchup, mustard or Danish-style remoulade depending on individual preference as well as roasted onions and thinly sliced pickles—are usually marketed as a Danish influence. While sauerkraut is a common, distinctively German, topping in the US, it is not typical in Germany. Grilling the sausage, which is common in America, is largely unknown in Germany where it is steamed like its Scandinavian counterparts.


title: Hot dog variations

text: The "Iceland Monitor" writes that "locals, expatriates and holiday-makers alike must all be familiar with Iceland’s national dish—hot-dogs with all the trimmings (‘pylsa með öllu’ in Icelandic). The hot-dog sausage is served in bread and liberally accompanied with fried onion, raw onion, mustard, ketchup and remoulade (a cold sauce made with mayonnaise and various condiments and herbs). This delicious snack is traditionally washed down with copious amounts of Coca-Cola."


title: Hot dog variations

text: In August 2006, the British newspaper "The Guardian" selected Iceland's Bæjarins beztu as the best hot dog stand in Europe. Bæjarins beztu pylsur (English: "The best hot dog in town") often shortened to simply "Bæjarins beztu," is a popular hot dog stand in central Reykjavík. Hot dogs from this stand are derived from the Danish hot dog. They are often ordered with "the works," i.e., all condiments, or in Icelandic "eina með öllu". Icelandic hot dogs are made from Icelandic lamb, pork and beef and served with a mix of raw white and fried onion, ketchup, sweet brown mustard, and remoulade.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Norway, sausages are most often served in white buns, or in a traditional lompe. The sausages are grilled or warmed in hot water, and they are normally served with ketchup or mustard. Alternative condiments includes potato salad, shrimp salad, fried or raw onions. Many Norwegians will order "pølse med alt", a hot dog with all the condiments. Local specialties occur, such as reindeer dogs in the north and hot dogs served in a waffle in the south east.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Sweden hot dogs are served in a bread and topped with mustard and ketchup, additional toppings include roasted onion, shrimp salad, bostongurka or mashed potatoes, the latter goes by the name of "Halv Special" (half special). "Varmkorv med bröd" (hot dog with bread) is widely sold all over Sweden at most street corners from stands and in kiosks and fast food restaurants.


title: Hot dog variations

text: In Ukraine beside more classic hot dogs there is a variation called slow-dog. Different types of boiled sausages served in a partially sliced brioche or malt bread with various toppings, such as beetroot, salt and vinegar flavoured potato chips, chili peppers, paprika, lettuce, cucumber, buckwheat popcorn, hazelnut rusk, and sauces.


title: Hot dog variations

text: Genuine 'hot dogs' in the American style are very popular in US-themed restaurants, amusement parks and in particular, at cinemas, and one can even find specialist 'gourmet' hot dog and champagne establishments in cities such as London.


title: Under Cover

text: Under Cover is the ninth solo studio album by English heavy metal vocalist Ozzy Osbourne. The album consists entirely of cover songs, with an emphasis on rock music from the 1960s and 1970s. This is Osbourne's first and only album to feature cover songs from various artists, although in 1982, Osbourne released the live album "Speak of the Devil" featuring renditions of songs from his time with Black Sabbath. All but four songs were originally released in the box set "Prince of Darkness", released earlier the same year. The additional songs are "Rocky Mountain Way", "Sunshine of Your Love", "Woman" and "Go Now". Whilst he cites The Beatles as his favourite band, his favourite song of all time is Procol Harum's "A Whiter Shade of Pale". He had wished to cover this song but was advised against it since it had recently been covered by a "close musical associate" (then-former guitarist Zakk Wylde covered the song with his band Black Label Society on their 2004 album "Hangover Music Vol. VI").


title: Under Cover

text: "Under Cover" is the only Osbourne album to feature the work of Alice in Chains' guitarist Jerry Cantrell or bassist Chris Wyse.


title: Under Cover

text: The album is also available in DualDisc format. This version contains the bonus track "Changes" (originally by Black Sabbath), performed by Osbourne and his daughter Kelly Osbourne. The DVD side contains all the songs in enhanced stereo, a documentary entitled "Dinner with Ozzy and Friends", and a video for the song "In My Life".


title: Under Cover

text: "Mississippi Queen" was released as a promo single and peaked at number 10 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Corey R. Lewandowski (; born September 18, 1973) is an American political operative, lobbyist, political commentator and author who is politically associated primarily with Donald Trump. He was the first campaign manager of Trump's 2016 presidential campaign and fired by Trump during the Republican Primary. He later became a political commentator for One America News Network (OANN), Fox News and CNN.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Before convincing Trump he could lead his campaign, Lewandowski worked on several campaigns, for a Congressman, worked for the conservative advocacy group Americans for Prosperity and was a lobbyist. On April 30, 1999, Lewandowski tried to carry a bag of laundry into work with a handgun at the bottom of the bag. He was attempting to bring it into his place of work at the Longworth House Office Building on Capitol Hill.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: He also held the position of Seasonal Marine Patrol Officer Trainee for approximately 3.5 years and successfully graduated the New Hampshire part-time Police Officer Academy. Lewandowski himself has run unsuccessfully for office twice, once in Massachusetts and once in New Hampshire. On December 21, 2016, Lewandowski co-founded Avenue Strategies, a lobbying firm in an office near the White House. He left the firm in May 2017.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On August 1, 2019, Lewandowski announced that he was "very seriously" considering seeking the Republican nomination to oppose incumbent Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen in the 2020 United States Senate election in New Hampshire. In January 2020, he ultimately decided not to run, while stating that he "would have won" had he run.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On the day it was reported in September 2021 that he had made sexual advances toward a major Trump donor, a Trump spokesman said Lewandowski "will no longer be associated with Trump World."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Lewandowski was raised in Lowell, Massachusetts. One of his grandfathers was a printer. He is of Polish and French-Canadian descent. Lewandowski graduated in 1991 from Lowell Catholic High School, a private, not-for-profit, college-preparatory school in Lowell.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In 1995, he graduated from the University of Massachusetts Lowell with a B.A. in political science. He received a master's degree in political science from American University in Washington, DC, in 1997.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In 1994, while an undergraduate student, Lewandowski ran for a seat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a write-in candidate in the Republican primary. He received 143 votes, falling short of the 150 votes needed to win the party's nomination for the ballot. In the November general election, the seat was won by Thomas A. Golden Jr., a Democrat. Golden received 7,157 votes, while Lewandowski received 7 votes.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: After graduating from college, Lewandowski worked as an aide for Republican Massachusetts Congressman Peter G. Torkildsen from January 1996 to January 1997, while a graduate student at American University. Also while a student in 1997, Lewandowski interned for Massachusetts State Senator Steven C. Panagiotakos, a Democrat.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: From December 1997 to February 2001, Lewandowski worked as an administrative assistant for Ohio Republican Bob Ney, a U.S. Congressman. In 2007, before Ney was sentenced on federal corruption charges arising from the Abramoff lobbying scandal, Lewandowski wrote a letter to the presiding judge, saying that Ney was a mentor and "surrogate father" to him and asking for leniency in sentencing.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In 1999, while working for Ney, Lewandowski brought a loaded handgun in a laundry bag into the Longworth House Office Building. He was arrested and charged with a misdemeanor. Lewandowski said it was an accident, that he forgot the gun was in the bag when he put the laundry in it. The charges eventually were dismissed; Lewandowski then unsuccessfully fought for four years to get the gun back, filing lawsuits in multiple District of Columbia and federal courts.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: After leaving Ney's office, Lewandowski worked most of 2001 for the Republican National Committee as the Northeast legislative political director.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Lewandowski was the campaign manager for the 2002 re-election campaign of U.S. Senator Robert C. Smith of New Hampshire. Smith was challenged in the Republican primary by John E. Sununu.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Speaking about Sununu, Lewandowski said, "The people of New Hampshire want someone in the U.S. Senate with clear, concise views on terrorism. They'll judge a congressman based on the people he associates with, his voting record and his campaign contributions." Lewandowski told a reporter he would be interested to know whether anyone associated with Hamas had attended a fundraising event for Sununu. (Lewandowski cited contributions made by Washington lawyer George Salem to Sununu; Salem, who chaired Arab Americans for Bush-Cheney during the 2000 Bush/Cheney campaign, was the attorney for the Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, which had its assets frozen by the U.S. government in 2001 on suspicion of ties to Hamas.) Lewandowski's comments were interpreted as publicly suggesting that Sununu, who is of Lebanese descent, had divided loyalties in fighting terrorism.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Former New Hampshire Governor Steve Merrill said, "The politics of ethnic slurs and bigotry have no place in any campaign." Former New Hampshire Senator Warren Rudman said, "Bob Smith is a better human being than that, and he ought to tell his people to watch themselves." President George W. Bush's spokesperson said, "The White House called Senator Smith's office ... Remarks that paint Arab Americans with a broad brush aren't helpful. We need to reassure Arab Americans that this war is about al-Qaida, not Islam. Mr. Salem is a good friend of the president's and an honorable man."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Smith's press secretary said Lewandowski was "merely responding to media inquiries" about Salem's fund raising and that "Senator Smith has repeatedly said this campaign is about records—Congressman Sununu's record and Senator Smith's record. Someone's ethnic background has absolutely nothing to do with this election."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Sununu defeated Smith in the Republican primary, winning 53% of the vote to Smith's 45%. Smith was the first sitting U.S. senator in ten years to lose a primary campaign.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: From 2003 to 2004, Lewandowski was executive director of the New England Seafood Producers Association.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: From 2004 to 2012, Lewandowski worked for Schwartz MSL, a strategic communication and engagement firm where, according to his LinkedIn profile, he served as director of public affairs from September 2004 until July 2012. Lewandowski was registered as a lobbyist for Schwartz MSL on behalf of Passport Systems in 2011, lobbying on homeland security issues. Schwartz represented Passport Systems for six years, and the firm paid Schwartz more than $350,000 over that period. Between 2008 and 2011, Passport Systems secured more than $23.9 million in federal funds. Lewandowski represented two other clients: health care software company Logical Images and solar-power company Borrego Solar.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Lewandowski graduated from the New Hampshire police academy in 2006 and worked from 2006 to 2010 as a seasonal marine patrol officer trainee with the New Hampshire Division of Safety Services.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In 2008, Lewandowski began working for Americans for Prosperity, a Koch brothers-backed advocacy group. Lewandowski's period working for Americans for Prosperity overlapped with his tenure as a marine patrol officer trainee and registered federal lobbyist. Lewandowski was Americans for Prosperity's New Hampshire director, and East Coast regional director before becoming the national director of voter registration, a position he held until January 2015. Lewandowski's term at Americans for Prosperity was described by "Politico" as "tumultuous" and marked by "fiery confrontations" with other AFP employees.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: While working for Americans for Prosperity, Lewandowski criticized the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, a cap-and-trade system for state utilities, saying "it does nothing to reduce greenhouse gases because jobs and businesses just move to other states." At the same time, Lewandowski lobbied for Borrego Solar, helping to secure a $500,000 earmark in the 2010 Energy and Water Appropriations Act that benefited a solar electricity project in Lancaster, Massachusetts, that Borrego was involved in. "Newsweek" noted, "though he had succeeded as a pro-solar lobbyist looking for government assistance, at AFP he waged a campaign against government programs that supported green energy."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In 2012, while still working for Americans for Prosperity, Lewandowski unsuccessfully ran for town treasurer of Windham, New Hampshire. NPR reported that during the campaign, Lewandowski "upended the town's politics, using public records laws to probe local government and launching robocalls targeted at voters to stoke outrage over a visit to the town by President Obama." Robert Skinner defeated Lewandowski, receiving 1,941 votes to Lewandowski's 714.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Lewandowski first met Trump in April 2014 at a political event in New Hampshire. In January 2015, six months before Trump announced his campaign, Lewandowski was invited to Trump Tower, where he accepted an offer from Trump to become campaign manager. His salary was $20,000 per month.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: When Lewandowski was hired, Trump's political staff consisted of three people: his lawyer Michael D. Cohen, veteran operative Roger Stone, and aide Sam Nunberg. In April 2016, another veteran GOP operative, Paul Manafort, was hired; the following month Manafort was named “campaign chairman.” Nunberg was fired in early August 2015; he believes that it was Lewandowski and campaign press secretary Hope Hicks who asked Trump for his ouster. Stone left the campaign a week later.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Lewandowski's motto as Trump's campaign manager was "Let Trump be Trump"; those words appeared on his office white board. Trump said of Lewandowski, "He leaves me alone, but he knows when to make his presence felt."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Lewandowski was identified in the George Papadopoulos court documents as the "High-Ranking Campaign Official".


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: After a win in New Hampshire on February 9, 2016, Trump acknowledged Lewandowski's role in the win by praising his ground game.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On March 10, 2016, Michelle Fields, a reporter for Breitbart News, wrote that, after she asked Donald Trump a question when she approached him after a March 8, 2016, press conference in Jupiter, Florida, she was forcefully grabbed by Lewandowski. On March 29, Lewandowski was charged with one count of simple battery by the Jupiter Police Department and surrendered himself to the authorities, after releasing a statement maintaining his innocence.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Two weeks later, Palm Beach County State Attorney Dave Aronberg said that his office would not prosecute Lewandowski; they believed that "there was probable cause to make an arrest" and "the facts support the allegation that Mr. Lewandowski did grab Ms. Fields' arm against her will," but "the evidence cannot prove all legally required elements of the crime alleged and is insufficient to support a criminal prosecution."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On March 19, 2016, during a campaign event in Tucson, Arizona, Lewandowski drew criticism for his handling of a protester. Although a video showed Lewandowski grabbing the protester by the collar, the campaign and Lewandowski denied doing so.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In September 2021, Lewandowski attended a charity dinner at the Westgate Las Vegas hotel. Another attendee at the dinner, Trashelle Odom, the wife of major Trump donor John Odom, accused Lewandowski of making unwanted sexual advances to her during the dinner, including "repeatedly touching her, including on her leg and buttocks, and speaking to her in sexually graphic terms." Odom alleged that Lewandowski "stalked" her throughout the hotel that hosted the event; witnesses said that Lewandowski appeared intoxicated. In September 2022, Lewandowski was charged with misdemeanor battery in Clark County, Nevada court in connection with the incident. The same month, Lewandowski made a plea agreement in which he did not admit wrongdoing, but agreed to pay a $1,000 fine, serve 50 hours of community service, and take eight hours of "impulse control counseling"; if he fulfills the agreement and avoids legal trouble for a year, the charge against him will be dismissed.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On June 20, 2016, Trump's campaign announced that it was parting ways with Lewandowski; according to reports, Lewandowski was fired, although Donald Trump Jr., Trump's son, described the split as "amicable." The move occurred after Lewandowski clashed with Trump chief strategist and campaign chairman Paul Manafort in an internal "power struggle." After Lewandowski's departure, Manafort (who had been brought on the campaign in March 2016) became the "de facto" campaign manager.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: According to the Mueller Report, Lewandowski had a "close" relationship with President Donald Trump, whom Lewandowski was a "devotee" of.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On June 19, 2017, Lewandowski (a private citizen) joined President Trump in the Oval Office for a one-on-one meeting. Trump told Lewandowski that he would not have appointed Attorney General Jeff Sessions if he had known that Sessions would recuse himself from the investigation into Russia and the Trump campaign. Trump dictated to Lewandowski a statement that Sessions should make, which would have stated that Trump did nothing wrong, and limited the special counsel investigation into future election interference only. Lewandowski arranged for Sessions to visit him because he did not want to be publicly recorded visiting the Department of Justice. Sessions canceled the meeting due to a last minute conflict. After Lewandowski left Washington D.C., he asked White House official Rick Dearborn if he could pass a message to Sessions, without stating the contents of the message. Dearborn agreed. Lewandowski did so as he felt Dearborn was working in the government and had a better relationship with Sessions than he had.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On June 19, 2017, Lewandowski again met Trump one-on-one in the Oval Office. Trump inquired if Lewandowski passed the message to Sessions. Lewandowski replied that it would be done soon. Trump declared that if Sessions would not meet Lewandowski, Lewandowski should tell Sessions that Sessions was fired. Right after the meeting, Lewandowski gave Trump's message to Dearborn to pass to Sessions. Dearborn told Lewandowski he had 'handled the situation', but he actually deliberately did not deliver the message.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In April 2018, Lewandowski was interviewed as part of the special counsel investigation with regard to whether Trump had committed obstruction of justice, where he recounted the events above.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In February 2019, Lewandowski was interviewed by MSNBC, where he said: "I don't ever remember the president ever asking me to get involved with Jeff Sessions or the Department of Justice in any way, shape or form ever."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In September 2019, Lewandowski was called to testify in front of the House Judiciary Committee. Asked to explain his discrepancy in what he told Mueller and what he told the media above, Lewandowski stated: "I have no obligation to be honest with the media because they're just as dishonest as anyone else."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Acting Secretary of Defense Christopher Miller appointed Lewandowski to the Defense Business Board in December 2020. The Pentagon later prevented Lewandowski from being seated and then Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin fired Lewandoswski as part of a purge of the Pentagon's advisory boards to derail Trump's last-minute installation of political loyalists.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Days after Lewandowski left the Trump campaign, he was hired by the cable news network CNN as a political commentator. Lewandowski remains subject to a non-disclosure agreement that he signed with Trump, forbidding him "from making disparaging or revealing remarks about the candidate." Lewandowski received severance pay from the Trump campaign while working for CNN. In July 2016, after the group Media Matters for America noted that CNN had not disclosed this to viewers, CNN hosts began making on-air disclosures of the severance payments before Lewandowski's appearances.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In July 2016, Lewandowski defended Trump who had been criticized after tweeting a graphic that labeled Hillary Clinton the "most corrupt candidate" alongside a pile of cash and a six-pointed star evoking the Star of David. (The image originated on an Internet message board featuring antisemitic conspiracy theories). During an appearance on CNN's "State of the Union" with Brianna Keilar, Lewandowski denied allegations of antisemitism and said that criticism of the tweet was "political correctness run amok."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In an August 2016 appearance on CNN, Lewandowski espoused the "birther" conspiracy theory, suggesting that President Barack Obama was not a natural-born-citizen of the United States. Lewandowski's statement was criticized by the other panelists, Angela Rye and Bakari Sellers.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On November 11, 2016, Lewandowski resigned as a CNN commentator amid speculations that he would play a role in the Trump administration.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On October 2, 2019, Lewandowski appeared in an interview on Fox Business Network in which he appeared to repeatedly slur his words. The host, Lisa Kennedy Montgomery, asked Lewandowski, "Corey?...Did you have merlot with dinner?" before Lewandowski replied "No, should I have?". Kennedy quickly ended the interview and thanked Lewandowski, adding: "Maybe, a cup of coffee."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: After leaving CNN, Lewandowski worked as a political commentator for the cable news television channel One America News Network (OANN). While he mainly worked for OANN, he made sporadic appearances on Fox News. Lewandowski was fired from OANN on July 31, 2017, for appearing on news networks outside of OANN.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On December 21, 2016, Lewandowski and Barry Bennett, a "former Trump senior adviser", whom Lewandowski had known for ten years, co-founded as equal partners a political consulting firm called Avenue Strategies. They were joined by other Trump presidential campaign veterans. Bennett, Mike Rubino, Jason Osborne, and most of Lewandowski's associates at Avenue Strategies filed lobbying registrations.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Mainly because of Lewandowski, Avenue Strategies soon became one of "the highest-profile government-affairs outfits in Washington". Avenue Strategies' office "overlooks the White House", and Lewandowski has "relatively unimpeded access" to President Trump either by phone or in person at the White House. Access to President Trump can be "highly lucrative" — "relatively few established K Street powerhouses have ties to the new president".


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In February 2017, Avenue Strategies "quietly agreed" to lobby for Citgo Petroleum Corporation (Citgo). In April they signed a $25,000 a month contract as tensions mounted between the United States, Venezuela, and Russia. Citgo is headquartered in Houston, Texas, but is owned by the government of Venezuela. Citgo took out a loan from Russian state-owned oil giant Rosneft in December 2016 that it has been unable to pay. It is under threat of a takeover by Rosneft. By early May the legally required paperwork had not been filed revealing the contract to the U.S. Government through the Senate Office of Public Records.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: The governor of debt-ridden Puerto Rico hired Avenue Strategies to lobby Congress for funding. Avenue Strategies also "operates a fledgling super PAC to help Trump win re-election".


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: According to "The New York Times", the firm's corporate clients — Fortune 100 companies — hire them as insurance against "tweet risk". Bennett said, "If he’s gonna come after you, there’s nothing we can do to stop it. But if you want to figure out how to win in this environment, we can help you. [For example], [c]all Jared Kushner and tell him you’re gonna build a new factory," or invite Mr. Trump to "fly somewhere, cut a ribbon, and high-five 200 employees... [That] "drives optimism, and it drives his power. There are few things a president can do to build power faster than to lead a great economic comeback." Lewandowski added, "We’re your sherpa through turbulent times." While at the firm, Lewandowski won a $160,000 account with Community Choice Financial, a large payday lender.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Lewandowski did not formally register as a lobbyist as he did not consider himself to be a lobbyist. However, he was criticized by "competing lobbyists and ethics watchdogs" for "flouting the spirit of the lobbying rules, and abusing his access to the Trump White House". On May 3, 2017, Public Citizen, a "government-ethics group, asked the U.S. Department of Justice to investigate whether Lewandowski should have registered as a foreign or domestic lobbyist".


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In an article published on April 28, 2017 "POLITICO" revealed that they had obtained documents about Washington East West Political Strategies — an "affiliate of Avenue Strategies". It was one of "several international recruitment vehicles" through which business partners globally — including those in the Middle East, Canada, and Central America — could "earn commissions by enlisting international clients" for Avenue Strategies. East West solicited "business in Eastern Europe and elsewhere by offering access to Trump, Vice President Mike Pence and other top administration officials". The documents described "numerous proposed activities that would seem to trigger Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) registration". East West was created by Lewandowski, Bennett, Rauf Mammadov, "an Azerbaijani oil executive and an American political consultant who works extensively in Russia", Marshall Comins, who "worked extensively in the former Soviet Union and Sub-Saharan Africa consulting governments, high net-worth individuals and politicians", Jeff Monson, a "prominent figure in Russia’s Communist Party", and Mike Nicholas Sango, "Zimbabwe's ambassador to Russia." On May 3 Avenue Strategies dissolved East West with Bennett and Lewandowski both claiming that their collaborators, Mammadov and Comins, had issued the East West document, not them. Bennett explained that "Avenue Strategies owned the equity — and that is me and Corey — but he didn’t have any role...[I]t is a "violation of our understanding with them." Lewandowski said he had "no affiliation or involvement" and "never entered into any agreement with [East West]."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On May 12, 2017, eight days after leaving Avenue Strategies, Lewandowski incorporated Lewandowski Strategic Advisors in Delaware, which, as an advisory firm, does not register as a lobbyist or disclose its clients. He then sought to recruit David Bossie and George Gigicos.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In July 2017, Community Choice Financial, a payday lender, offered Lewandowski a $20,000-a-month retainer. On the July 30, 2017 episode of "Meet the Press", Lewandowski told President Trump to fire Richard Cordray, the Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau; Cordray had led efforts to enact new payday lending regulations. When Chuck Todd then asked Lewandowski if he was advocating for a client, Lewandowski replied "No, No. I have no clients whatsoever".


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Lewandoski was reported to be working as a lobbyist for Turnberry Solutions LLC, though he denied having any involvement with the firm.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In 2018, Lewandowski and Jill Kelley, a former U.S. diplomatic and national security advisor, had a meeting with the Polish government to set up a U.S. military base in Poland, called "Fort Trump," with Poland paying for all the costs, to improve their national security and gain better relations with the U.S. military and Trump administration.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In December 2017, the memoir "Let Trump Be Trump", co-authored by Lewandowski and David Bossie, was published by Center Street. The memoir chronicles Lewandowski's and Bossie's experiences working for Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On June 19, 2018, Lewandowski appeared on Fox News alongside Democratic strategist Zac Petkanas. When Petkanas mentioned a case of a 10-year-old immigrant girl with Down syndrome who had been forcibly taken away from her mother under the Trump administration family separation policy and allegedly put in a cage, Lewandowski responded "womp, womp" (an onomatopoeia for the "sad trombone" sound effect that often accompanies a comedic failure), which angered Petkanas and received widespread criticism from various sources. Former Fox News contributor Meghan McCain commented: "This is so horrible, even by Lewandowski standards." Appearing on Fox News on June 20, Lewandowski refused to apologize for the remark and instead reiterated his belief that undocumented aliens are criminals who should be held accountable.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On June 20, 2018, Lewandowski was dropped by Leading Authorities, Inc., a speakers bureau based in Washington D.C.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On June 27, 2018, Lewandowski revisited the topic of the 10-year-old immigrant on CNN, asserting, contrary to the available evidence, that the "10-year-old that was separated at the border was separated because her mother was a member—or a potential member—of a child-smuggling ring.” However, U.S. Customs and Border Protection said she was a "material witness", not being charged with illegal entry.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On August 1, 2019, Lewandowski announced in a statement to New Hampshire ABC-affiliate WMUR that he was "very seriously" considering seeking the Republican nomination to oppose incumbent Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen in the 2020 U.S. Senate election in New Hampshire. This announcement closely followed a report of ongoing attempts by the Republican National Committee to draft Lewandowski to seek the seat.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: At a Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign rally in Manchester, New Hampshire on August 15, Trump praised Lewandowski and encouraged him to enter the race. Lewandowski, in the audience, declined to make a statement about his candidacy.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On August 18, Lewandowski said in an interview on WNYM, a New York-based conservative talk radio station, that he was still considering a run and added that "if I get into this race, I’m going to win.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On December 31, 2019, Lewandowski announced he would not run for Senate in New Hampshire saying, "After much consideration I have decided to forgo a campaign for the US Senate," in a tweet. He also said in the tweet, "I am certain I would have won".


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Lewandowski met his future wife Alison Hardy when he was in ninth grade and she was in eighth grade. In 1998, Hardy married Brian Kinney, who was killed onboard United Airlines Flight 175 on September 11, 2001. Four years later, in 2005, Lewandowski married Hardy. Together they have four children.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: On November 28, 2017, a pro-Trump performer, Joy Villa, filed a police complaint against Lewandowski for allegedly slapping her buttocks at a holiday party at the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C. Villa alleged that after she told him that she could report him for sexual harassment, Lewandowski said, "I work in the private sector" and slapped her again. Lewandowski responded to the allegations by saying that "There is a due process and there is a process which they will go through to determine a person's innocence."


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: Lewandowski is a Catholic. He lives in Windham, New Hampshire, but primarily works in Manchester, New Hampshire when not in Washington, D.C.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In 2018, Lewandowski featured in Sacha Baron Cohen's prank comedy series "Who Is America?", discussing the presidency and views of Donald Trump with Baron Cohen's alter-ego, conspiracy theorist Billy Wayne Ruddick Jr.


title: Corey Lewandowski

text: In September 2021, Lewandowski was removed from his role as chairman of a super PAC called Make America Great Again Action after reports of sexual harassment accusations from a donor.


title: NVivo

text: NVivo is a qualitative data analysis (QDA) computer software package produced by QSR International. NVivo helps qualitative researchers to organize, analyze and find insights in unstructured or qualitative data like interviews, open-ended survey responses, journal articles, social media and web content, where deep levels of analysis on small or large volumes of data are required.


title: NVivo

text: NVivo is used predominantly by academic, government, health and commercial researchers across a diverse range of fields, including social sciences such as anthropology, psychology, communication, sociology, as well as fields such as forensics, tourism, criminology and marketing.


title: NVivo

text: The first QSR International software product was developed by Tom and Lyn Richards. Originally called NUD*IST, it contained tools for fine and detailed analysis of unstructured textual data. In 1999, the Richards developed the first version of NVivo and eventually N6 was replaced by NVivo 7.


title: NVivo

text: NVivo is intended to help users organize and analyze non-numerical or unstructured data. The software allows users to classify, sort and arrange information; examine relationships in the data; and combine analysis with linking, shaping, searching and modeling.


title: NVivo

text: The researcher or analyst can identify trends and cross-examine information in a multitude of ways using its search engine and query functions. They can make notes in the software using memos and build a body of evidence to support their case or project.