title: The Japanese House

text: The property had been previously owned by Kate Winslet, with furnishings reminiscent of traditional Japanese tea houses, which inspired Bain's musical moniker. During her week-long stay in the cottage, Bain posed as a boy, calling herself Danny. Her experiences there directly inspired the use of an anonymous label for her music as opposed to the use of her own name.


title: The Japanese House

text: During her early career, Bain avoided photo shoots and publicity which, combined with her androgynous vocals, led many outlets to label her as an anonymous artist. After the release of her debut EP "Pools to Bathe In", fans speculated about her gender and identity, with some even claiming that The Japanese House was Matty Healy of the 1975.


title: The Japanese House

text: Despite the shroud of anonymity which surrounded The Japanese House, Bain never hid her personal identity online. In a 2019 interview she noted that her official social media accounts even used her full name, Amber Bain. She eventually became more public, appearing in interviews and photo shoots, stating that the reason for this was that she had become more comfortable with being in the spotlight and "didn't want the mystery to become bigger than the music".


title: The Japanese House

text: Amber Bain is known for her androgynous style and wavy blond hair which has been compared to that of American musician Kurt Cobain. Megan Buerger of Pitchfork described Bain at the beginning of her career as "a soft-spoken, queer 19-year-old girl with Kurt Cobain hair and boyish style".


title: The Japanese House

text: Bain has been compared to pop acts with strong melodic styles such as the xx, the Beatles, and the Beach Boys. She has been compared to the 1975 with whom she has toured, particularly band members Matty Healy and George Daniel who helped produce many of her tracks. Bain has cited musicians like Brian Wilson, Blondie, Bon Iver, and Franki Valli & the Four Seasons as influences on her work. In a 2019 interview with "W Magazine", she described herself as "a modern day, more depressing ABBA".


title: The Japanese House

text: "Pools to Bathe In" was a synth-pop album, and her subsequent releases have prominently incorporated synth-pop. Her experimental musical style also contains dream pop, electropop, synth-pop, indie pop, and alt pop. Andy Meek of Billboard described Bain's discography as a combination of experimental electronica and "catchy pop hooks backed by drums and chugging guitars".


title: The Japanese House

text: Her later releases were increasingly influenced by art pop and rock music. "Saw You in a Dream" was a yacht rock album, while "Good at Falling" was influenced by rock and art pop. She is known for her atmospheric tracks and moody lyrical themes. Max Migowksi, writing for Indie Mag, summarized Bain's musical style as "[an] androgynous voice embedded in ethereal, post-indie pop synths with hints at gentle acoustic guitar".


title: The Japanese House

text: Many of Bain's releases explore themes such as love, loss, solitude, and personal growth. Her later releases have been favorably compared to her first two EPs, with critics noting the more mature lyrics and refined composition of "Swim Against the Tide" and "Good at Falling". Bain's debut album "Good at Falling" was praised by its critics for its dark, heartfelt lyrics and light, pop melodies.


title: The Japanese House

text: Bain's singing voice has been compared to both contralto and tenor, and has been especially noted for its androgyny. Critics have favorably compared her vocals to Victoria Legrand and Imogen Heap, though Bain rejects comparisons to Heap. A distinctive feature of Bain's discography is her use of layered harmonies, often three tracks or more, which simulates the effect of a vocoder. Her use of overlapping harmonies to create "a kind of thick, organic Auto-tune [sic]" has been praised for lending depth to her tracks. Alice French of Varsity called Bain's vocals one of the highlights of her performance.


title: The Japanese House

text: At the time of a 2015 article, Bain resided in East London, and has a pet German Shepherd named Calvin. She has been open about her struggle with alcohol abuse, and stated that she became sober after the release of "Good at Falling". The song "Maybe You're the Reason" from "Good at Falling" deals with her past struggles with an eating disorder, and this subject is also depicted in the music video for "Lilo". Bain was in a four-year relationship with singer-songwriter Marika Hackman until 2018. Hackman later appeared in the music video for "Lilo". At the time of a 2019 interview with "W Magazine", Bain stated that she was in a three-way polyamorous relationship.


title: The Japanese House

text: Bain has stated that, although she previously felt that being gay explained her gender expression, due to changing perceptions of sexuality, "maybe [she] would identify as nonbinary now, because [she doesn't] feel fully female."


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola University Maryland is a private Jesuit university in Baltimore, Maryland. Established as Loyola College in Maryland by John Early and eight other members of the Society of Jesus in 1852, it is the ninth-oldest Jesuit college in the United States and the first college in the United States to bear the name of St. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola's main campus is in Baltimore and features Collegiate Gothic architecture and a pedestrian bridge across Charles Street. The university is academically divided into three schools: the Loyola College of Arts and Sciences, the Loyola School of Education, and the Sellinger School of Business and Management. It operates a Clinical Center at Belvedere Square in Baltimore and has graduate centers in Timonium and Columbia, Maryland.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: The student body comprises approximately 4,000 undergraduate and 1,900 graduate students, representing 39 states and 44 countries, and 84% of undergraduates reside on campus. The average class size is 20, with a student-to-faculty ratio of 12:1. Approximately 73% of the student body receives some form of financial aid. Campus groups include the Association of Latin American & Spanish students (ALAS) and the Greyhound college newspaper. There is also the student-run, online-only publication, "The Rival". This publication features opinion, commentary, and satire in its three sections: campus, culture, and current.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Notable alumni include Tom Clancy, author of "The Hunt for Red October", and Mark Bowden, author of "Black Hawk Down". Loyola's sports teams are nicknamed the Greyhounds and are best known for the perennially ranked men's and women's lacrosse teams. The men's lacrosse team's biggest rival is nearby Johns Hopkins University. The annual lacrosse games played between these two institutions is known as the "Battle of Charles Street". The school colors are green and grey.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola College in Maryland was founded in 1852 by John Early and eight other members of the Society of Jesus ("Jesuits"), and was the first college in the United States to bear the name of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Loyola College in Maryland is the ninth-oldest among the nation's 27 Jesuit colleges and universities.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: The college's first campus was in two large townhouses on Holliday Street between East Lexington Street (then called Orange Alley) and East Fayette Street, in downtown Baltimore. After only three years, in 1855, Loyola relocated to a newly built structure on North Calvert Street, between East Monument Street and East Madison Street, adjacent to and just south of newly established St. Ignatius Church in the city's historic Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood, and moved to its present "Evergreen" campus in north Baltimore on North Charles Street during 1922. Evening classes commenced in 1942.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: During the early 1930s, the high school section moved to nearby Towson, north of Baltimore. In 1949, the college established a graduate division in education, adding a graduate degree program in business management in 1968, a graduate program in speech pathology in 1971, and finance in 1973. Today, the college's list of graduate programs has grown to include psychology, modern studies, pastoral counseling, computer science, and software engineering.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola became coeducational in 1971, following its joining with Mount Saint Agnes College, a neighboring women's college experiencing financial difficulties and closed following the joining. That same year, the college's Board of Trustees elected its first lay chairperson.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Working from these foundations, Loyola has transformed itself from a small commuter college into a residential college with an undergraduate population of more than 4,000 students. In 1981, Loyola established a separate business school: The Rev. Joseph A. Sellinger, Jr., School of Business and Management. The school would expand geographically with two graduate centers in Timonium and Columbia, Maryland.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: The Executive Committee of the college's Board of Trustees announced on August 20, 2008 its decision to change the institution's name to Loyola University Maryland. Its request was approved on March 25, 2009 by the Maryland Higher Education Commission, with the change officially taking effect five months later on August 19. The Reverend Brian F. Linnane, SJ, the university's president, stated that the "college" designation no longer fit the school and that its comprehensive array of academic fields, some with graduate programs, was better reflected in its new name. Some alumni were disappointed because they felt the change made the institution less distinct from Loyola University Chicago, Loyola University New Orleans and Loyola Marymount University.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: The Society of Jesus founded Loyola University Maryland in the tradition of Ignatius of Loyola. The Society of Jesus, and therefore Loyola University Maryland, operate according to the mandate Ad maiorem Dei gloriam (AMDG), directing their ends toward that which brings forth the "greater glory of God." This cornerstone of the Jesuit philosophy functions to remind students that their education is meant to be applied toward the betterment of humanity and God's worship, in particular. Loyola's focus on cura personalis or the whole person's education functions to attain that end. A broad base of knowledge, supported by a strong liberal arts core, prepares Jesuit students to undertake the goal of AMDG.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: In keeping with this overarching principle, Loyola undergraduates must complete the core curriculum, including courses in English, philosophy, theology, ethics, history, fine arts, foreign language, mathematics, natural science, and social sciences. Though Loyola encourages plurality, its religious heritage is preserved and cultured by encouraging all of its students and faculty to cultivate and live by the core values of the Society of Jesus.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: In 1950, following the admittance of Charles Henry Dorsey Jr., Loyola was awarded the Sidney Hollander Award for its contribution to the establishment of civil and political rights for African Americans in Maryland.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola's endowment's primary financial objective is to provide funds for the current and future support of the university's operations and programs. The endowment consists of approximately 300 individual funds established for various purposes, including both donor-restricted endowment funds and funds designated by the Board of Trustees to function as endowments. As of May 31, 2018, the total assets of the endowment were $228.2 million.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Comprehensive capital campaigns have strengthened Loyola's endowment. The recent "Bright Minds, Bold Hearts" campaign exceeded $100 million. The campaign, which concluded in May 2018, added over $54 million to the University's endowment, created 115 new scholarships, increased the funding of 55 existing scholarships, enhanced athletic facilities, and strengthened Loyola's academic experience, including programs in peace and justice studies, global studies, and Messina, an interdisciplinary living-learning experience for first-year students The campaign also supported the mission and ministry of the University through investment in the local community and Loyola's York Road Initiative.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: The foundation of a Loyola education is a broad core program covering basic knowledge and concepts in the humanities, math, and science, and the social sciences. The purpose is to balance general education and specialized study in the major. Undergraduate degrees are awarded in three schools, Loyola College, the School of Education, and the Joseph A. Sellinger, S.J. School of Business and Management. The university operates on a semester system.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Coinciding with the university's transition to its new name, the College of Arts and Sciences became Loyola College on August 19, 2009. It offers degrees in biology, chemistry, classics, communication, comparative cultures, and literary studies, computer science, economics, education, engineering science, English, fine arts, French, German, global studies, history, an honors program, interdisciplinary studies (including American, Asian, Catholic, film, gender, Latin American/Latino and medieval studies), law, mathematical science, military career, modern languages and literature, nursing, philosophy, physics, political science, pre-health curriculum/programs (including medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and optometry/podiatry), psychology, sociology, Spanish, speech-language pathology/audiology, theology, forensic studies and writing.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: The Sellinger School of Business and Management offers degrees in accounting, business economics, finance, general business, international business, management, management information systems, marketing, and the Sellinger scholars program. In 1984 the business school was formally named the Joseph A. Sellinger, S.J. School of Business and Management in honor of the late Reverend Joseph A. Sellinger, earning accreditation in all programs by AACSB (The International Association for Management Education) in 1988. Loyola is the only private institution in the state of Maryland with a nationally accredited business school. In 1990, the accounting department earned specialized national accreditation from AACSB.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Since 1946 the department of education has been one of the stronger academic pillars at Loyola. With the 2009 name designation change, President Linnane announced The School of Education's opening, which was to be led by Peter C. Murrell, Jr. as the first dean. The School was officially opened on October 14, 2009. The School now offers undergraduate majors in Elementary Education and minors in Secondary Education and Special Education. Its graduate department offers Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT), Master of Education (M.Ed.), the Certificate of Advanced Study in School Management (C.S.M.), and the Certificate of Advanced Study in Education (CASE).


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: More than 10,000 students apply for admission as freshmen for approximately 1,000 spaces. The class of 2013 was the last applicant class that was required to submit SAT scores. The admission office has now begun a four-year pilot program that does not require standardized test scores, deeming them optional.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola's Evergreen campus spans along Charles Street in northern Baltimore. Besides, Loyola has two satellite campuses in Timonium and Columbia for graduate classes. The college also owns in the mountains of western Maryland, used for the Rising Phoenix Retreat Center. The Loyola Clinical Centers have located just a short drive from the college's main campus, in Belvedere Square. The Clinical Centers offer individuals in the community a broad range of services addressing educational, language, and psychological issues.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: At the western side of the Quad on the Evergreen campus lies the Alumni Memorial Chapel of Our Lady. Formally dedicated on September 15, 1952, the chapel features Gothic architectural influences with large stained-glass windows and a long, narrow nave situated along the east-west axis. A statue of Our Lady of Evergreen, Queen of Peace, is situated above the front façade.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: On the eastern side of the Quad, and in the center of campus, is the Tudor-style Humanities Center, originally built by the Garrett family in 1895 as a wedding gift for one of their children. Unfortunately, the child died during a trip to England, and the residence became a rehabilitation center for men blinded during the war. In 1921, Loyola's Jesuits purchased the Garretts' Evergreen property and gradually moved the college from its location on Calvert Street. The mansion was originally used for classes but then became the Jesuit residence. In 1955, it suffered severe fire damage and was converted to offices following the restoration. Today, the Humanities Center houses 16 departments, including Admissions, Alumni Relations, Financial Aid, and the Philosophy, Theology, and History departments.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: In the northern side of the Quad lies the Sellinger School of Business and Management, which opened in January 2000. The facility features a more contemporary style, with Spanish influences, including a soaring, five-story glass façade, open atrium, a four-story glass tower, and three seminar rooms.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: On the southern side of the Quad lies Beatty Hall and Jenkins Hall. These buildings used to house classrooms, and Gothic and Edwardian architectural styles heavily influence various departments.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: On the southwest side of the Quad is the Donnelly Science Center. The Donnelly Science Center was originally designed by J. Prentiss Browne, a prominent Baltimore architect, and built-in 1978. The academic building received an expansion in 2011 that included new laboratories.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: The dormitories housing students are located west of the main campus and are connected by Loyola's pedestrian bridge (or USF&G Pedestrian Bridge), spanning Charles Street. In most cases, Loyola's dormitories purchased apartment buildings, including Newman Towers, Campion Tower, and Seton Court. Further up North Charles Street is the Fitness and Aquatic Center, which opened in fall 2000, featuring a fitness center with treadmills, bikes, ellipticals, stair climbers, free weights, selectorized weight circuit, and stretching area. The Mangione Aquatic Center features an eight-lane, swim course; a shallow lane, and diving well as an on-deck sauna and hot tub. The indoor rock climbing wall and bouldering area is designed for all levels.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: The FAC also has a two-court gymnasium used for club sports, intramural sports, and informal recreation. The Multi-Activity Court features a sports court surface ideal for indoor soccer, volleyball, and inline sports. The FAC also features an elevated walking/jogging track, two group exercise studios, an Outdoor Adventure Center, classroom and conference room, an equipment room, locker rooms, four racquetball, and two squash courts, and an outdoor grass field.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola shares with the Notre Dame of Maryland University (formerly College of Notre Dame of Maryland) the Loyola Notre Dame Library, located between the two schools, and features a interior; interactive study and instructional spaces; an exhibition area and curatorial space for special collections; expanded stack areas for humanities print collection; a café fully wired for voice, data, and video; five high-tech seminar rooms; digital studio for collaborative student and faculty projects; a media center with 96-seat auditorium; and a 24-seat, fully wired bibliographic classroom.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: The University employs a full-time sustainability coordinator who serves and advises the sustainability committee to advance environmental sustainability on campus. Two roof-top solar panels were installed during the summer of 2008, and a green residence hall features recycled metal beams, a green roof, and geothermal heating and cooling. The student Environmental Action Club works to promote environmental stewardship and sustainability on campus. Loyola also partners with a hybrid-only taxi service to provide additional transportation resources. The University also began offering a Sustainability Management Major in 2020, the first in the state of Maryland. The major is accompanied by the student-run Loyola Sustainability Management Club.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola's undergraduate body is composed of 3,580 students as of 2008. The racial diversity of the undergraduate student body was 85.0% white, 2.7% Asian, 5.1% black, and 3.4% Hispanic. Ninety-eight percent of freshmen and 81% of all undergraduate students live in college housing.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola has more than 150 clubs and organizations, catering to a range of interests. The college operates a television station, WLOY TV, and a radio station, WLOY on 1620 kHz AM. The Greyhound is Loyola's student-run newspaper. Loyola is also hosting an annual Relay for a Life event, raising $150,000 in 2007. ALANA (African, Latino, Asian and Native American) Student Services provides an array of activities to foster the academic, cultural, personal, spiritual, and leadership development of ALANA students, as well as create and maintain an environment of respect and awareness.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola's ROTC is an elective course taken along with a student's required college courses. Students take one class and one lab each week, plus physical fitness training three times per week. Courses cover everything from the structure of the Army to military operations and tactics. Upon completion of the program, cadets are commissioned as officers in the U.S. Army. They must complete a service period in either the Active Duty, Army Reserve, or Army National Guard. Since its inception in 1952, the ROTC program has commissioned more than 1,100 cadets. Loyola's Army ROTC program has a partnership with Towson University, Notre Dame of Maryland University, and Goucher College.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Sixty-five percent of Loyola's undergraduate students studied abroad during their junior year. Students can choose from 21 different programs, exchanges, and affiliations in 16 countries.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Students at Loyola are very involved with advocacy and fundraising at a small and large level. The largest annually held event is called Relay For Life, which is a nationwide fundraising program for cancer research. As a university, Loyola has donated the most money in both 2006 and 2007.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: More than half of the student population has participated in some community service activity during their time at Loyola. The Center for Community Service and Justice advances this Jesuit university's objective of educating for the faith by offering a program of events and service experiences that supplement the classroom experience, engaging students by developing service opportunities a wide variety of areas. The center offers nearly 40 ongoing community service programs, more than 15 one-time service opportunities throughout the year, and several immersion programs. Students also can become involved through service learning, which pairs community service with academic coursework. In 2015 Loyola was rated by "US News" as among the top 25 colleges and universities for service learning.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: The Center for Community Service and Justice is involved in several activities. Some examples include the Beans and Bread Center, which hosts 300 Baltimore's poor for a meal each day. Loyola provides food and helps for this once a month. The Our Daily Bread Employment Center offers a meal, literacy training, general education, finding a job, and substance abuse recovery assistance. Volunteers from Loyola help with the meal program on scheduled Saturdays. The Immigration Awareness & Advocacy Events include scheduled discussions and advocacy on issues such as the rights of migrant farmworkers, sex trafficking, and the situation of undocumented workers. The York Road Community Days involves students in improving the inner-city landscape, while building community with local churches and schools. Youth Education Awareness consists of service and advocacy opportunities, speakers, and panel discussions on the root causes of systemic problems affecting the schools and youth in Baltimore.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: During Spring Break, some activities that occur include Spring Break Outreach, Encounter El Salvador, a program in which students live with a rural family in El Salvador for a week, and Experience: Baltimore, which occurs in late August and involves introducing students to the various neighborhoods and the socioeconomic issues facing Baltimore, through various activities including service and conversations with the people.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola fields 17 varsity teams and 22 club teams. The varsity teams participate in the NCAA's Division I. All became members of the Patriot League on July 1, 2013. Previously all but two competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC) from 1989 to 2013. The exceptions were the lacrosse teams – the men in the ECAC Lacrosse League and the women in the Big East Conference. The transition to a new conference was announced on August 29, 2012. Loyola has a student success rate for graduation of over 97% of its student athletes.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: The school's mascot is a Greyhound, and field sports are played at the Ridley Athletic Complex, located a few minutes from the Evergreen Campus on Cold Spring Lane. Loyola's men's and women's lacrosse teams are particularly noteworthy as both have appeared in numerous NCAA tournaments and are highly ranked most years. The men's lacrosse team won the NCAA Division I National Championship in 2012. The men's soccer team has also enjoyed a great deal of success over time, winning the NCAA Division II National Championship in 1976, appearing various times in the NCAA Division I Tournament, and garnering several national rankings since its ascension into Division I in 1982. They also won against American to take the Patriot League tournament title home for the first time in 2021, and faced North Carolina in the NCAA tournament.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Philip Scholz, a Paralympian, is an alumnus of the varsity men's swimming team. Scholz is blind and holds various records for Paralympic swimming. Joe Wise, a paralympian, is a former student (2011-2015) and a member of the Loyola University Men's Swim Team. Wise is a resident of Austin, Texas. Wise swam in the 2008 Beijing Paralympics and the 2012 London Paralympic Games. He holds several records for swimming in the United States. Katie Hoff, an Olympic medal winner, coached swimming at Loyola and attended classes at the school before leaving Baltimore to live in Fullerton, California. Brennan Morris, a member of the US National Team, is also a record-setting member of the swim team.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola Maryland's basketball team, under the leadership of Tavaras Hardy and the on-court presence of Santi Aldama, led them to the Patriot League Championship game after finishing 9th in the regular season. Santi Aldama scored 33 points in the Patriot League semifinals against Army, in a game where Loyola scored 67 points total. They also beat top-ranked Navy led by Ed Dechellis in their first game, who was at the time undefeated in the Patriot League that season. It was the most remarkable stretch of Loyola basketball since entering the Patriot League.


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola's Men's and Women's Rugby Teams have achieved national rankings operating under a unique model where both men's and women's teams share resources including Sean Lugano Memorial Field, an air dome facility suitable for all-weather play. https://www.urugby.com/urugby-news/loyola-university-maryland-announces-addition-womens-7s-rugby-program


title: Loyola University Maryland

text: Loyola has approximately 70,000 living alumni worldwide. Notable Loyola alumni include: Mark Bowden, 1999 National Book Award finalist for "Black Hawk Down"; Tom Clancy, best-selling author of the Jack Ryan series of novels; Michael D. Griffin, former Administrator (highest-ranked official) of NASA; Harry Markopolos, financial investigator who sounded alarm about the Bernie Madoff Ponzi scheme; Jim McKay, former 12-time Emmy-Award-winning host of ABC's Wide World of Sports; Jerry Parr, former Special Agent in Charge Head of the White House Detail for the US Secret Service; [Santi Aldama], member of the Memphis Grizzlies, and Herbert O'Conor, 51st Governor of Maryland.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: Vladimir Davidovich Ashkenazy (, "Vladimir Davidovich Ashkenazi"; born 6 July 1937) is an internationally recognized solo pianist, chamber music performer, and conductor. He is originally from Russia and has held Icelandic citizenship since 1972. He has lived in Switzerland since 1978. Ashkenazy has collaborated with well-known orchestras and soloists. In addition, he has recorded a large repertoire of classical and romantic works. His recordings have earned him five Grammy awards and Iceland's Order of the Falcon.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: Vladimir Ashkenazy was born in Gorky, Soviet Union (now Nizhny Novgorod, Russia), to pianist and composer David Ashkenazi and to actress Yevstolia Grigorievna (born Plotnova). His father was Jewish and his mother came from a Russian Orthodox family. Ashkenazy was christened in a Russian Orthodox church. He began playing piano at the age of six and was accepted to the Central Music School at age eight, studying with Anaida Sumbatyan.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: Ashkenazy attended the Moscow Conservatory where he studied with Lev Oborin and Boris Zemliansky. He won second prize in the V International Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw in 1955 and the first prize in the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition in Brussels in 1956. He shared the first prize in the 1962 International Tchaikovsky Competition with British pianist John Ogdon. As a student, like many in that period, he was harassed by the KGB to become an "informer". He did not really cooperate, despite pressures from the authorities.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: In 1961, he married the Iceland-born Þórunn Jóhannsdóttir, who studied piano at the Moscow Conservatory. To marry Ashkenazy, Þórunn was forced to give up her Icelandic citizenship and declare that she wanted to live in the USSR. Her name is usually transliterated as "Thorunn"; her nickname was Dódý, so she is called Dódý Ashkenazy.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: After numerous bureaucratic procedures, the Soviet authorities agreed to allow the Ashkenazys to visit the West for musical performances and for visits to his parents-in-law with their first grandson. In his memoirs, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev recollected that Ashkenazy had married an Englishwoman and on a visit to London refused to return to the Soviet Union. Khrushchev mentioned that Ashkenazy then sought advice from the Soviet Embassy in London, who in turn referred the matter to Moscow. Khrushchev said he was of the opinion that to require Ashkenazy to return to the USSR would have made him an "Anti-Soviet". He further said that this was a good example of an artist being able to come and go in and out of the USSR freely, which Ashkenazy said was a gross "distortion of the truth". In 1963, Ashkenazy decided to leave the USSR permanently, establishing residence in London, where his wife's parents lived.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: The couple moved to Iceland in 1968 where, in 1972, Ashkenazy became an Icelandic citizen. In 1970 he helped to found the Reykjavík Arts Festival, of which he remains Honorary President. In 1978 the couple and their (then) four children (Vladimir Stefan, Nadia Liza, Dimitri Thor, and Sonia Edda) moved to Lucerne, Switzerland. Their fifth child, Alexandra Inga, was born in 1979. Beginning in 1989, Ashkenazy resided in Meggen, Switzerland, on Lake Lucerne. His eldest son Vladimir, who uses his nickname 'Vovka' as a stage name, is a pianist, as well as a teacher at the Imola International Piano Academy. His second son, Dimitri, is a clarinetist.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: "The Guardian" wrote that Ashkenazy conducted pieces by Prokofiev and Glière as if he was "born to do it" during a concert series that explored the musical response to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, including composer Alexander Mosolov's "Iron Foundry" (1927) and the suite from "The Red Poppy", a ballet with music by Glière.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: Ashkenazy has recorded a wide range of piano repertoire, both solo works and concerti. His recordings include:


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: In public piano performances, Ashkenazy was known for rejecting a tie and button shirt in favor of a white turtleneck and for running (not walking) onstage and offstage. He has also performed and recorded chamber music. Moreover, Ashkenazy has had an acclaimed collaborative career, including an acclaimed recording of Beethoven's complete violin sonatas with Itzhak Perlman, as well as the cello sonatas with Lynn Harrell, and the piano trios with Harrell and Perlman.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: Midway through his international pianistic career, Ashkenazy branched into conducting. In Europe, Ashkenazy was principal conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from 1987 to 1994, and of the Czech Philharmonic from 1998 to 2003. Ashkenazy is also conductor laureate of the Philharmonia Orchestra, conductor laureate of the Iceland Symphony Orchestra, and music director of the European Union Youth Orchestra. In July 2013 he became director of the "Accademia Pianistica Internazionale di Imola", succeeding its founder and director Franco Scala. His recordings as a conductor include complete cycles of the symphonies of Sibelius and of Rachmaninoff, as well as orchestral works of Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Scriabin, Richard Strauss, Stravinsky, Beethoven, and Tchaikovsky.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: Outside of Europe, Ashkenazy served as music director of the NHK Symphony Orchestra from 2004 to 2007. He was chief conductor of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra from 2009 to 2013.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: Ashkenazy has recorded for Decca since 1963; in 2013, Decca celebrated his 50th anniversary with the label with the box set 'Vladimir Ashkenazy: 50 Years on Decca', including 50 of Ashkenazy's recordings as both pianist and conductor. As part of Ashkenazy's 80th birthday celebrations, Decca is releasing the 'Complete Piano Concerto Recordings' and 'Ashkenazy on Vinyl' in July 2017. In other media, Ashkenazy has also appeared in several films on music by Christopher Nupen. He has also made his own orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's piano suite "Pictures at an Exhibition" (1982). There has been a CD produced of his works named 'The Art of Ashkenazy', and a biography of Ashkenazy, 'Beyond Frontiers', has been published.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: On 17 January 2020 the artist management agency Harrison Parrott announced Ashkenazy's retirement from public performance.


title: Vladimir Ashkenazy

text: The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.


title: Pigface

text: Pigface is an American industrial rock supergroup formed in 1990 by Martin Atkins and William Rieflin.


title: Pigface

text: Pigface was formed from Ministry's "The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste" tour, which produced the "In Case You Didn't Feel Like Showing Up" live album and video. For the tour, Al Jourgensen brought Atkins, Nivek Ogre and Chris Connelly. Also on the tour was Rieflin, regular Ministry drummer at the time. While Atkins enjoyed the dynamic of playing with a second drummer, he felt that the lineup was capable of doing much more than being, what he has frequently called, "a Ministry cover band." Once the tour was over, Atkins and Rieflin decided to continue working together and recruited several of their tourmates. Pigface was born with the intention of keeping a revolving-door style collaboration with many experimentally-minded musicians, many of whom, especially early on, had recorded for the influential industrial music record label Wax Trax!.


title: Pigface

text: Trent Reznor was also an early partner, before Nine Inch Nails became a household name. "Suck," co-written and sung by Reznor, was something of an underground hit, and Reznor later re-recorded the song for the "Broken" EP.


title: Pigface

text: Rieflin left Pigface after the first tour, leaving Atkins as the sole founder of the group. With hundreds of musical collaborators to record and perform with Pigface, it has ensured that each album, tour, and song is unique. However, this practice has led to some negative criticism due to a perceived lack of continuity.


title: Pigface

text: In 2009, Full Effect Records, a Detroit-based label, announced the signing of Pigface. The Pigface album, "6", a collection of songs already recorded over the span of the previous five years, was released soon after the announcement was made. Unlike with the previous releases, there was no tour to support the album.


title: Pigface

text: After a seven-year hiatus, Pigface returned for two Chicago performances in November 2016. The first was a rehearsal show held at Reggie's on November 24. On November 25, the band performed at House of Blues: Chicago. Both shows saw the band performing with several first-time members as well as the return of members like Lesley Rankine, En Esch, Mary Byker, Curse Mackey, Dirk Flannigan and Fallon Bowman.


title: Pigface

text: Several offshoot bands of Pigface, all smaller sized all-star groups featuring Martin Atkins as a common member, have released albums during the time Pigface was active. These bands include Murder, Inc., The Damage Manual, Ritalin, Martin Atkins And The Chicago Industrial League, Spasm, and The Love Interest.


title: Pigface

text: In March 2019, Atkins announced that Pigface would tour again for the first time in fourteen years with thirteen dates scheduled for the East coast and Midwest in November 2019. On February 12, 2020, a larger, national tour was announced to be taking place throughout May, June and July of that year. However, on April 2, 2020, Atkins made the announcement that, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the tour had been canceled.


title: Pigface

text: The following is a partial list of musicians who have contributed to Pigface at some point in the band's history, whether it be appearing live as a band member, performing on an album, or contributing a remix of a Pigface song, along with some of the bands and acts they have been associated with before, during, or after their involvement with Pigface.


title: PCU (film)

text: PCU is a 1994 American comedy film written by Adam Leff and Zak Penn and directed by Hart Bochner about college life at the fictional Port Chester University, and represents "an exaggerated view of contemporary college life". The film is based on the experiences of Leff and Penn at Eclectic Society at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut.


title: PCU (film)

text: Preppy pre-freshman ("pre-frosh") Tom Lawrence visits Port Chester University (PCU), a college where fraternities have been outlawed and political correctness is rampant. During his visit, accident-prone Tom makes enemies with nearly every group of students, and thus spends much of his visit evading the growing mob after him.


title: PCU (film)

text: During his visit, Tom finds himself in the middle of a war between "The Pit" and "Balls and Shaft", two rival groups. Among the members of the latter is Rand McPherson, who, with the other Balls and Shaft members, want the outlawed Greek system to return.


title: PCU (film)

text: Meanwhile, "The Pit" runs the former "Balls and Shaft" frat house in a highly disorganized manner. Currently inhabited by seniors Gutter and Mullaney, mid-year freshman co-ed Katy, and led by multi-year senior James "Droz" Andrews, The Pit is a party-centric house that rebels against politically correct protests; their counter-protests and parties are a frequent source of complaint forms.


title: PCU (film)

text: Other factions on campus include a commune-style house of pot users called Jerrytown that Gutter often frequents, a radical feminist group known as the Womynists, an Afrocentric group suspecting the Pit of conspiring against them, and the college president, Ms. Garcia-Thompson, who is obsessed with enforcing "sensitivity awareness" and multiculturalism to an extreme. She proposes that Bisexual Asian Studies should have its own building, as well as a plan to change the campus mascot to a whooping crane instead of an offensive Native American character during their bicentennial anniversary.


title: PCU (film)

text: Garcia-Thompson conspires behind closed doors with Balls and Shaft to get the established residents of The Pit kicked off campus and give Rand control of the house. She provokes The Pit residents with a damage bill from their past semester. Left unpaid, the campus would seize their house, leaving them homeless and unable to continue attending PCU without getting jobs.


title: PCU (film)

text: The Pit responds by throwing a party to raise the funds needed. The Womynists take offense to The Pit's flyers advertising the party and hold a protest outside as the house residents conspire to steal alcohol and convince students to attend. The party at first appears to be a failure. However, a series of unlikely events results in George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic performing at the party. Students begin streaming in (initially to seize Tom for his prior mistakes) and the party successfully raises the funds to keep the house.


title: PCU (film)

text: Garcia-Thompson (after being locked in a room by Droz with the song "Afternoon Delight" playing on repeat), decides to act on the many complaints against The Pit. She shuts down the party and expels the residents of The Pit in spite of their fundraising efforts. Tom then informs Droz about an overheard conversation with the Board of Trustees: the President's politically correct changes are negatively affecting both their past legacy and media publicity.


title: PCU (film)

text: At the bicentennial ceremony the following morning, Droz and former Pit residents succeed in liberating the Whooping Crane and provoking the other students into an impromptu protest against protesting (chanting "We're not gonna protest!"). The demonstration establishes that even with The Pit shut down, the President cannot control the student population, resulting in the Board of Trustees summarily firing her. Meanwhile, Rand complains about all the other student groups, unaware that Droz has surreptitiously used the podium microphone to broadcast his rant to the entire campus.


title: PCU (film)

text: Later, Tom heads home, having decided to commit to PCU as The Pit has moved back into their house. As he sits on the bus, he sees Rand, who is now in Tom's position at the beginning of the film: being chased by the students across campus.


title: PCU (film)

text: Principal photography took place almost entirely in and around Toronto with the University of Toronto serving as Port Chester University. Some limited second unit shots were shot on the Wesleyan campus.


title: PCU (film)

text: Jeremy Piven complains in the DVD audio commentary that actors were not allowed by the director to improvise at all. He was able to include some limited improvisation by appealing to the writers directly. Production schedules were challenged when Piven, who is active in anti-malaria charities, contracted malaria on a trip to Guatemala which affected him while filming.


title: PCU (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 44% based on reviews from 16 critics. On Metacritic the film has a score of 42% based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: PCU (film)

text: Roger Ebert said the film "begins with a terrific premise, but immediately loses faith in it." It has also been ranked among the ten best college movies by "The Huffington Post".


title: PCU (film)

text: With a budget of $8 million, it grossed $2,129,483 on opening weekend contributing to a final domestic total of $4,330,020.


title: PCU (film)

text: The soundtrack, released on May 10, 1994 by Fox / Arista, features songs from the feature film. Steve Vai wrote the score for the movie, which he would later release on his compilation album The Elusive Light and Sound, Vol. 1. The album is notable for the Mudhoney's cover of Pump It Up.


title: Yuya Osako

text: On 6 January 2014, Osako joined German side TSV 1860 Munich for the second half of the 2014–2015 season. He scored on his debut, the opener in a 1–1 draw against Fortuna Düsseldorf. He finished the season with 6 goals in 15 appearances.


title: Yuya Osako

text: In June 2014, Osako transferred to 1. FC Köln signing a three-year contract. It was reported Kashima Antlers received a transfer fee of €1.5 million while 1860 Munich earned €500,000. In October 2016, he agreed a contract extension until summer 2020 with Köln. On 28 April 2018, he played as Köln lost 3–2 to SC Freiburg which confirmed their relegation from the Bundesliga.


title: Yuya Osako

text: On 16 May 2018, it was announced that Osako would join Werder Bremen for the 2018–19 season. He scored on his debut on 19 August 2018, netting the first goal with a header in a 6–1 win against Wormatia Worms in the first round of the DFB-Pokal.


title: Yuya Osako

text: In May 2018, he was named in the Japan national team's preliminary squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. In the opening match against Colombia, he scored the second goal for Japan by a header, thus helping Japan become the first Asian team to beat a South American team in the World Cup history. He also appeared for Japan in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup hosted by the United Arab Emirates. He scored four goals to help them reach the final, where they eventually lost to Qatar, 3–1.


title: Polo Ralph Lauren vs U.S. Polo Association

text: Polo Ralph Lauren vs United States Polo Association became an ongoing legal battle after the first lawsuit in 1984. Ralph Lauren, the core designer and owner of the sportswear and fragrance line Polo Ralph Lauren of the Ralph Lauren Corporation, filed his first lawsuit against U.S. Polo Association, the governing body of the game of polo in the U.S., in 1984 on claims of trademark infringement. A series of lawsuits has since then been filed. USPA filed countersuits but the court had always ruled in favor of Ralph Lauren until a 2014 dismissal of Lauren's lawsuit. The two merchandise companies are currently disputing the use of the double horsemen logo used on a sunglass line launched by USPA.


text: The 1985 infringement claim was based on USPA's use of the word Polo on their retail clothing and fragrances as well as a logo similar to that of Polo Ralph Lauren. Polo Ralph Lauren, which was founded in 1967, began using a solid image of a horseman playing polo as their logo after the release of their men’s fragrance in 1978. A few years later, USPA released a men's fragrance in a similar dark blue package with a solid image of two horsemen playing polo as their logo. The judge ruled that USPA would be allowed to use the logo as so long as they make changes to clearly distinguish it from Polo Ralph Lauren so it does not confuse consumers. The Lauren company was granted the right to use trademarks that USPA argued were generic to the sport of polo.


text: In 1999 Ralph Lauren filed another lawsuit against USPA over their magazine which was titled Polo. The judge ruled in favor of Ralph Lauren and USPA was instructed to change the title of their magazine.


text: In the 2006 case a Manhattan federal jury decided that USPA would avoid further infringement if they included their company name next to the logo. Options such as U.S. Polo Assn. and their founding date, 1890, were also deemed acceptable by the judge and Lauren. This ruling was upheld in 2008 by the 2nd Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals.


text: In November 2010 USPA filed a lawsuit against PRL (Polo Ralph Lauren) claiming that he was trying to monopolize a generic depiction of the sport of Polo. Judge Robert W. Sweet stated that licensing practices can be put into action so both parties do not run into further conflict but ruled against USPA noting that their double horsemen trademark used with the word "polo" is a matter of its own that can be classified as infringement.


text: Later in March 2011, Judge Sweet ruled in favor of PRL and the court issued a permanent injunction against USPA and rejected their request for a declaratory judgement that they could continue using the trademark.


text: Polo Ralph Lauren filed a lawsuit against USPA and their textile firm, Arvind Limited, which manufactures and markets the USPA line in India.


text: USPA began selling sunglasses with the double horsemen logo between 2009 and 2012 and sold about 1 million pairs. In the 2014 case the judge ruled that USPA could be held in contempt for violating the terms of the previous injunction. USPA argued that the previous injunction did not prevent use of the mark across all markets, only clothing and fragrances. Both parties are awaiting further proceedings.


text: In June 2015 Arvind Limited settled the dispute from the lawsuit filed in 2013 by compensating Ralph Lauren Corporation 3.2 million dollars.


title: 2018 MotoGP World Championship

text: The 2018 FIM MotoGP World Championship was the premier class of the 70th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season. Marc Márquez entered the season as the reigning champion, with Repsol Honda being the reigning team champions and Honda the reigning constructors' champions.


title: 2018 MotoGP World Championship

text: Originally scheduled for 19 races, the season was reduced by one Grand Prix due to the cancellation of the 26 August Silverstone event due to unsafe track conditions involving standing water after a rider vote.


title: 2018 MotoGP World Championship

text: Marc Márquez clinched the championship trophy on 21 October 2018 after sixteen rounds, winning three consecutive races during spring, another three consecutive races during autumn and nine overall. Andrea Dovizioso finished in second and Valentino Rossi ended up in third, the former with four wins, while Rossi did not record a race win. Jorge Lorenzo with three wins and a win apiece for Cal Crutchlow and Maverick Viñales were the other race winners. Yamaha suffered their worst winless streak in their history with no wins for 25 races, which lasted from the 2017 German Grand Prix until Viñales won the Australian Grand Prix. KTM got their first podium finish at the Valencian Grand Prix with Pol Espargaro, finishing in third.


title: 2018 MotoGP World Championship

text: The teams' standings were based on results obtained by regular and substitute riders; wild-card entries were ineligible.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye is a small town and civil parish in the Rother district, in East Sussex, England, two miles from the sea at the confluence of three rivers: the Rother, the Tillingham and the Brede. In medieval times, as an important member of the Cinque Ports confederation, it was at the head of an embayment of the English Channel, and almost entirely surrounded by the sea.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: At the 2011 census, Rye had a population of 4,773. Its historical association with the sea has included providing ships for the service of the Crown in time of war, and being involved in smuggling. The notorious Hawkhurst Gang used its ancient inns The Mermaid Inn and The Olde Bell Inn, which are said to be connected to each other by a secret passageway.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Those historic roots and its charm make it a tourist destination, with hotels, guest houses, B&Bs, tea rooms, and restaurants. Rye has a small fishing fleet, and Rye Harbour has facilities for yachts and other vessels.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: The name of Rye is believed to come from the West Saxon "ieg" meaning island. Medieval maps show that Rye was originally located on a huge embayment of the English Channel called the Rye Camber, which provided a safe anchorage and harbour. Probably as early as Roman times, Rye was important as a place of shipment and storage of iron from the Wealden iron industry.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye, as part of the Saxon Manor of Rameslie, was given to the Benedictine Abbey of Fécamp in Normandy by King Æthelred; it was to remain in Norman hands until 1247. The town of Rye is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as possessing 189 households, marking it as a significant settlement at the time. The cellars of the Mermaid Inn date from 1156.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: As one of the two "Antient Townes" (Winchelsea being the other), Rye was to become a "limb" of the Cinque Ports Confederation by 1189, and subsequently a full member. The protection of the town as one of the Cinque Ports was very important, due to the commerce that trading brought. One of the oldest buildings in Rye is Ypres Tower, which was built in 1249 as "Baddings Tower", to defend the town from the French, and was later named after its owner, John de Ypres. It is now part of the Rye Museum.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye received its charter from King Edward I in 1289, and acquired privileges and tax exemptions in return for ship-service for the crown. The "Landgate" (the only surviving one of four original fortified entrances to Rye) dates from 1329 in the early years of the reign of King Edward III. It is suitable only for light vehicles. In 2015, some 25 tonnes of pigeon excrement that had built up had to be removed from Landgate Arch for fear of damaging the ancient structure.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: The River Rother originally took an easterly course to flow into the sea near what is now New Romney. However, the violent storms in the 13th century (particularly in 1250 and 1287) cut the town off from the sea, destroyed Old Winchelsea, and changed the course of the Rother. Then the sea and the river combined in about 1375 to destroy the eastern part of the town and ships began use the current area (the Strand) to unload their cargoes. Two years later, the town was sacked and burnt by the French, and it was ordered that the town walls be completed, as a defence against foreign raiders.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye was considered one of the finest of the Cinque Ports, though constant work had to be done to stop the gradual silting up of the river and the harbour. Also, a conflict arose between the maritime interests and the landowners, who gradually "inned" or reclaimed land from the sea on Romney and Walland Marsh, and thus reduced the tidal flows that were supposed to keep the harbour free of silt. Acts of Parliament had to be passed to enable the Rother to be kept navigable at all.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: With the coming of bigger ships and larger deepwater ports, Rye's economy began to decline, and fishing and particularly smuggling (including owling, the smuggling of wool) became more important. Imposition of taxes on goods had encouraged smuggling since 1301, but by the end of the 17th century, it became widespread throughout Kent and Sussex, with wool being the largest commodity. When luxury goods were also added, smuggling became a criminal pursuit, and groups – such as the Hawkhurst Gang who met in The Mermaid Inn in Rye – turned to murder and were subsequently hanged.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Since 1803, lifeboats have been stationed at Rye although the lifeboat station is now at Rye Harbour about downriver from the town. The worst disaster in RNLI history concerning a single vessel, and in the 20th century, occurred in 1928, when the lifeboat "Mary Stanford" sank with all hands; 17 men were drowned. The incident is recorded by a tablet at Winchelsea church, by the imposing memorial at Rye Harbour Church and by the folk song "The "Mary Stanford" of Rye". A new "Mary Stanford" was commissioned by the RNLI two years later, and stationed at Ballycotton on the coast of Ireland. Since 2010, the RNLI has operated an Atlantic 85-class inshore lifeboat at Rye Harbour.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: During the 1803–1805 Napoleonic invasion threat, Rye, Dover, and Chatham were regarded as the three most likely invasion ports, and Rye became the western command centre for the Royal Military Canal. The canal was planned from Pett Level to Hythe, but was not completed until long after the threat had passed.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: From 1838 to 1889, Rye had its own borough police force. It was a small force, often with just two officers. Rye police frequently had difficulties on Bonfire night (5 November) and special constables were recruited to help deal with the problems bonfire gangs caused. After amalgamation with the county force in 1889 a new police station was provided in Church Square. In 1892 the strength of the town police, now amalgamated, was one sergeant and three constables.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: In May 1940, during the darkest days of World War II, the Rye fishing fleet was invited to participate in Operation Dynamo, the seaborne rescue of the stranded British Expeditionary Force at Dunkirk, but refused to do so.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye, being part of the Cinque Ports Confederation and a bastion against invasion on the Channel Coast, has always had close links with the crown. King Edward III and the Black Prince defeated the Spanish in Rye Bay in 1350 in the battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer, but Queen Elizabeth I gave the town the right to use the title "Rye Royal" following a visit in 1573. King Charles I described Rye as "The cheapest sea-towne for the provision of fish for our house". George I whilst returning from visiting his continental possessions in 1726 was grounded on Camber Sands and spent the next four days in Rye, being accommodated at Lamb House.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Historically, Rye was an independent borough granted rights of governance under its charter of 1289, with its own appointed Mayor of Rye and chosen jurats (magistrates). These independent powers were terminated by the Local Government Act of 1972 and, although officially considered to be a rural parish, Rye's governing body – because of its history – is that of a Town Council. That Council has one electoral ward, electing 16 members, one of whom then is elected mayor of Rye. In Rye Town Hall, the list of the mayors of Rye is unbroken going back to the 13th century. Two gruesome relics of Rye's violent past include the gibbet cage which was famously used to display the hanged body of the murderer John Breads in 1742, and the pillory last used in 1813 in the case of a local publican who assisted the escape of the French General Armand Philippon.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Apart from the Town Council, the majority of local government functions are exercised by Rother District Council, with its headquarters in Bexhill-on-Sea, and East Sussex County Council, based in Lewes. The Rother District Council ward of Rye and Winchelsea returns two councillors. The East Sussex County Council division of Rye and Eastern Rother returns one councillor.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Since 1983, Rye has been part of the parliamentary constituency of Hastings and Rye, prior to which it had its own seat. The current Member of Parliament, since 2019, is Sally-Ann Hart of the Conservative Party.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye stands at the point where the sandstone high land of the Weald reaches the coast. The medieval coastline (see map above), with its large bay, enabled ships to come up to the port. The original course of the River Rother then reached the sea at Romney to the northeast. Storms in the English Channel in the 13th century, coupled with reclamation of the bay, brought huge quantities of gravel through longshore drift along the coast, blocking the port entrance. The course of the river has also changed over the centuries so that Rye now stands on the river at the point of its confluence with the River Tillingham and the River Brede, whereas the river flows southward into Rye Bay. River Rother and the environs of Rye Harbour are managed and maintained by the Environment Agency. The Rivers Brede and Rother also form part of the Royal Military Canal between Winchelsea and Iden Lock. The town is part of the remotest and least populated area of southeastern England, on the edge of Romney Marsh and within 3 km of the coast.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: A part of the town, but only a minority of the housing stock, lies on the original rocky heights (the Citadel) and contains the historic buildings including St Mary's parish church, the Ypres Tower (part of the Town Wall), Lamb House and many of the houses on Mermaid Street, Watchbell Street, and Church Square. The main road skirts the town to the south after crossing the river; Winchelsea Road leads to New Winchelsea Road, formerly Royal Military Road, which runs parallel to the River Brede before leaving the town boundary. The houses along New Winchelsea Road date from the 1930s, built on the excavations from the Royal Military Canal. The gardens run down to the river, with fishing and boating rights. Most of Rye's inhabitants live outside the Citadel area.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye, over the centuries, has successively been an "entrepôt" port, a naval base, a fishing port, an agricultural centre, and a market town. The old part of the town within the former town walls has shops, art galleries and restaurants. Additionally, Rye is known for its oast houses. Many have been converted into private residences, however a few, like the Playden Oasts Inn, remain open to the public.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: The great attractiveness of the town has kept it on the tourist trail, especially its "perfect cobbled lanes, like Mermaid Street, which must be one of Britain's most photographed". A 2020 report praised the medieval streets "often wonky houses and it is easy to get lost in the town's history". Camber Sands beach, "with its moody sand dunes and long sandy beach", is nearby. The town and its surrounding areas were branded "1066 country" because of the historic aspects. Few statistics are published for Rye as a town, but an estimated one million visits were made in 2016.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Since the Second World War, the town has become a centre for ceramics. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected many East Sussex businesses in 2020–2021. East Sussex Council estimated in September 2020 that "more than £45 million" was expected to be "injected into the county’s economy to aid recovery from the impact of Covid-19".


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Apart from its tourist base, Rye continues to operate as a port. At Rye Harbour, the Rastrums Wharf (which was renovated in the 1980s) has the capacity to take large ships up to on a high tide.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Considerable investment has been made in facilities for both the fishing fleet berthed at Rye and the commercial wharves at Rye Harbour. Rye fishing boats are code-lettered RX (from "R"ye, Susse"x"; this registration is also used by the Hastings fishing fleet) and land fish daily. Some of the catch is sold at the quayside, though most is sold through the great regional market in Boulogne.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye also is an important yachting base, offering the only safe haven for many miles in either direction along this section of Channel coast. Yachts may currently moor either at Rye Harbour or at the Strand Quay at the edge of the town. Numerous plans have been proposed for a modern yacht marina to be built at Rye, but each has foundered on economic or planning grounds.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: At the latter end of the 18th century, Rye was connected to the turnpike trust system of roads. One of these, the Flimwell Turnpike, took passengers towards London; the second ran from Hastings eastwards through the town. These two roads are now the A268 and the A259. The Monk Bretton Bridge over the Rother was built in 1893 and provided a link with Rye and New Romney via Brenzett. In the 1980s and 1990s, proposals to bypass the A259 route around Rye were met with local opposition and never received any priority in the building programme.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: In addition to the half-hourly 100/101 Dover-Hastings Stagecoach long-distance bus service, buses connect Rye with other towns and villages, including Tenterden, Hastings, and Tunbridge Wells.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye railway station is on the Marshlink line between Hastings and Ashford. This now provides an hourly service from Eastbourne to Ashford International connecting with Eurostar services to Paris Gare du Nord and the high-speed Class 395 service to London St Pancras. Gatwick Airport may be reached by rail via Eastbourne or Lewes.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Before World War II, a summer steamship service ran from Rye to Boulogne. Rye was also the terminus for the prewar Rye & Camber Tramway, built to serve golf courses and Camber Sands; it was closed to the public at the outbreak of World War II, never reopened, and scrapped in 1947.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Several long-distance footpaths can be joined by walkers in the town. The Saxon Shore Way which starts at Gravesend, Kent, and traces the coast as it was in Roman times, passes through Rye "en route" to Hastings; the 1066 Country Walk leads from Rye to Pevensey; the High Weald Landscape Trail goes to Horsham; and the Royal Military Canal Path follows that waterway to Hythe.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye College (formerly called Thomas Peacocke Community College, and before that Thomas Peacocke School) is a secondary school in Rye. The two primary schools, Tilling Green Infant School and Freda Gardham Community School, were replaced by a new school, Rye Primary, adjacent to the secondary institution, in September 2008. The original Rye Primary School was situated just off Ferry Road near the railway crossing.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Past and present places of worship in Rye include St Mary's, the Anglican parish church with Norman origins; St Anthony of Padua Roman Catholic church, rebuilt in 1929; a 1909 Baptist chapel in Cinque Ports Street, replacing the Rye Particular Baptist Chapel of 1754 (which itself stood on the site of an older Quaker meeting house); former Congregational and Independent churches; and a Methodist chapel.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye is a local commercial centre for the Romney Marsh and Walland Marsh areas, as well as being a tourist spot. Rye Farmers' Market takes place on Strand Quay every Thursday morning. Rye has a well-established reputation as a centre for shops trading antiques, collectors' books, and records, and has many art galleries selling works by local artists and potters with changing exhibitions throughout the year.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye's general weekly market takes place on the marketplace car park by the station every Thursday. Until the foot-and-mouth disease crisis in 2001 (which closed all livestock markets in England), livestock sales were held frequently at Rye.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye Castle Museum is located on two sites, on East Street and at the Ypres Castle. One of the tourist websites includes a picture tour of the town Rye Art Gallery was established as a Trust in the early 1960s. Located at 107 High Street and incorporating the former Ypres Studio in Ockmans Lane, home of artists Mary Stormont (1871–1962) and her husband Howard Gull Stormont (1859–1935), it provides a focus for contemporary visual art, which it exhibits alongside heritage artworks from its permanent collection.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye also stands at the centre of a network of nature reserves, some of national importance. The Rye Harbour SSSI lies to the south and includes the Rye Harbour Nature Reserve.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: The neighbouring Pett Levels and Pools, and the Pannel Valley nature reserve are accessible via Winchelsea and Winchelsea Beach a few miles to the west, whilst Scotney Lake lies just off the Lydd road and the RSPB reserve at Dungeness lies a few miles further to the east with the Bird Observatory located in the old lighthouse.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: The recent redevelopment of the Rye wharf for the RX fishing fleet has provided modern amenities for the landing and storage of fish. Most is sold wholesale through the regional market in Boulogne, though there is a trend for Rye to develop as a gastronomic centre in the style of Newquay or Padstow, featuring the use of fresh local produce from the sea. The annual "Rye Bay Scallops Festival" which takes place each year in February was first proposed by the then Chair of the Chamber of Commerce, Kate Roy, as a means of promoting the "Rye Bay Catch".


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Every year in September, Rye hosts its annual two-week Arts Festival which attracts a world-class series of performers in music, comedy, and literature.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: On the second Saturday after 5 November, the "Bonfire Boys" stage their annual torch-lit parade through the streets of the town, supported by visiting Bonfire Societies from all over the Sussex Bonfire Societies Confederation. This is followed by a "gurt 'normous bonfire" where the chosen "effigy" of the year is ceremoniously blown up, and a spectacular firework display. This event typically attracts over 10,000 visitors to the town, and results in the town's roads, and the main roads to London, Hastings, and Ashford, being clogged up and closed to traffic from the early evening onwards.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye has a community radio station which launched on FM on 7 March 2022 and is called Cinque Ports Radio. This station broadcasts across Rye, Romney Marsh and Hythe on 100.2FM and replaced Shoreline FM 100.2 which broadcast since January 2020. Shoreline FM now being an online only service for Rye, Romney Marsh and Hythe called Shoreline Easy.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye has a non-League football club, Rye Town FC, who play their home matches at The Salts. The club, which was formed in 2016, plays in the East Sussex Football League, and replaced the now defunct Rye United FC (formerly Rye & Iden United) of the Sussex County Football League, which folded in 2014.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye has a rugby union club, Rye RFC, who compete in the Sussex Intermediate League. The club was formed in 1991 and field both adult and youth teams. The rugby club and its playing fields are located on New Road.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Several mentions of the town have been made by famous travel writers between the 16th and 18th centuries, although not all were good. Sir Robert Naunton (1563–1635) mentions it in his book "Travels in England", published sometime between 1628 and 1632; he calls Rye a "small English seaport"; shortly after his arrival he takes post-horses for London, travelling via Flimwell.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Daniel Defoe (1660–1731) described the state of the harbour and its approaches, saying, "Rye would flourish again, if her harbour, which was once able to receive the royal navy, cou'd be restor'd", but thought it very doubtful that large ships would be able to use the port again.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: William Cobbett (1763–1835) simply mentions it in passing, saying that this area (that including the Romney Marsh) would be most likely to be where the French invaders might land. According to Norman Wright's book "The Famous Five: Everything you ever wanted to know", it was Rye and the Romney Marsh that inspired Enid Blyton to write "Five go to Smuggler's Top" (1945).


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: In 1969, Malcolm Saville published an entry in his Lone Pine series of children's adventure novels titled "Rye Royal" set largely in Rye, although he had previously based several others of the series wholly or partially in the town, starting with "The Gay Dolphin Adventure" published in 1945. The titular Gay Dolphin is a fictional hotel owned by the mother of one of the Lone Pine Club, but is located in the book seemingly in Watchbell Street, where the real Hope Anchor hotel stands, although its description in the books is more akin to the town's Mermaid hotel. Over the course of the books, several of the town's landmarks are mentioned and described accurately, as is some of its history.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Rye has produced and attracted many fiction writers, some of whom lived at Lamb House, one of the town's historic residences and now owned by the National Trust, including


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: Henry James (1843–1916), the American novelist, who was resident between 1898 and 1916, and E.F. Benson (1867–1940), the English novelist. Others who lived in the area include Joseph Conrad; Ford Madox Ford; Stephen Crane; H.G. Wells; Rumer Godden (1907–98), the Anglo-Indian novelist; and the naturalist W.H. Hudson. Both the house and the town feature prominently in Benson's "Mapp and Lucia" novels, as "Mallards House" and "Tilling", respectively.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: In the mid-1980s, Rye was used as a filming location by LWT for its adaptation of the "Mapp and Lucia" novels. A BBC adaptation of "Mapp and Lucia" was filmed in Rye in the summer of 2014.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: The post-Monty Python film "Yellowbeard" also had several scenes filmed on the cobbled street. John Christopher (who wrote as Samuel Youd) wrote many of his novels, including the "Death of Grass", whilst a resident of Rye, as did the popular children's author John Ryan, creator of the Captain Pugwash books. Sink Port is a thinly disguised fictional version of the town and a pun on 'cinque port'.


title: Rye, East Sussex

text: The feature film "Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N." (1951), starring Gregory Peck, was filmed on Mermaid Street. Mermaid Street serves as Hornblower's wife and mother's house in Portsmouth.


title: Dutch Defence

text: Black's 1...f5 stakes a claim to the e4-square and envisions an attack in the middlegame on White's ; however, it also weakens Black's kingside to an extent (especially the e8–h5 diagonal). Like its 1.e4 counterpart, the Sicilian Defence, the Dutch is an aggressive and unbalancing opening, resulting in the lowest percentage of draws among the most common replies to 1.d4. Historically, White has tried many methods to exploit the kingside weaknesses, such as the Staunton Gambit (2.e4) and Korchnoi Attack (2.h3 and 3.g4).


title: Dutch Defence

text: The Dutch has never been a main line against 1.d4 and is rarely seen today in high-level competition, although a number of top players, including Alexander Alekhine, Bent Larsen, Paul Morphy, Miguel Najdorf, and Hikaru Nakamura have used it with success. Its most notable use may have been in 1951, when both world champion Mikhail Botvinnik and his challenger, David Bronstein, played it in their 1951 World Championship match.


title: Dutch Defence

text: Elias Stein (1748–1812), an Alsatian who settled in The Hague, recommended the defence as the best reply to 1.d4 in his 1789 book "Nouvel essai sur le Jeu des échecs, avec des réflexions militaires relatives à ce jeu".


title: Dutch Defence

text: Siegbert Tarrasch rejected the opening as unsound in his 1931 work "The Game of Chess", arguing that White should reply with the Staunton Gambit, with White being better after 2.e4 fxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 c6 5.f3 exf3.


title: Dutch Defence

text: White most often fianchettoes their king's bishop with g3 and Bg2. Black also sometimes fianchettoes their king's bishop with ...g6 and ...Bg7 (the Leningrad Dutch), but may instead develop their bishop to e7, d6 (after ...d5), or b4 (the latter is most often seen if White plays c4 before castling). Play often runs 2.g3 Nf6 3.Bg2 e6 4.Nf3 (4.Nh3 is also possible, intending Nf4–d3 to control the e5-square Black plays the Stonewall Variation) 4...Be7 5.0-0 0-0 6.c4 and now Black chooses between 6...d5 (the characteristic move of the Stonewall), 6...d6, the Ilyin-Zhenevsky Variation (less popular today), or Alekhine's move 6...Ne4!? retaining the option of moving the d-pawn either one or two squares.


title: Dutch Defence

text: The opening's attacking potential is shown in the Polish Immortal, in which Miguel Najdorf, using the Stonewall Variation, sacrificed all of his to win by checkmate.


title: Dutch Defence

text: The Stonewall Dutch enjoyed a resurgence of interest in the 1980s and 1990s, when leading grandmasters Artur Yusupov, Sergey Dolmatov, Nigel Short and Simen Agdestein helped develop the system where Black plays an earlier ...d5 and places his dark-squared bishop on d6. Termed the Modern Stonewall, this setup has remained more popular than the traditional early ...Be7.


title: Dutch Defence

text: Simon Williams is one of the leading practitioners of the classical Dutch and wrote more than one book on the opening.


title: Dutch Defence

text: The traditional move order involves White playing 2.c4. More commonly, White will start with 2.g3. Some common variations are: c4 is played after g3 and Bg2; c4 is played after Nf3; and c4 is played after 0-0.


title: Dutch Defence

text: Black sometimes starts with the move-order 1...e6 to avoid these lines, although Black must then be ready to play the French Defence if White continues 2.e4, rendering the Dutch no longer an option. The Staunton gambit remains a good choice of opening for white in blitz tournaments where black has little time to ponder the most accurate defense.


title: Warburg family

text: The Warburg family is a prominent German and American banking family of German Jewish and originally Venetian Jewish descent, noted for their varied accomplishments in biochemistry, botany, political activism, economics, investment banking, law, physics, classical music, art history, pharmacology, physiology, finance, private equity and philanthropy.


title: Warburg family

text: They are thought to have originated as the Venetian Jewish del Banco family, Anselmo and Abraham Ha Levi Kahana de Palenzuela from Spain, one of the wealthiest Sephardic German families in the early 16th century. Due to restrictions limiting Jewish involvement in banking, they moved to Bologna, and thence to Warburg, in Germany, in the 16th century, after which they later took their name. The first known ancestor was Simon von Kassel (1500 - 1566).


title: Warburg family

text: The family later established itself in Altona, near Hamburg in the 17th century, after the Thirty Years' War, and it was in Hamburg that M. M. Warburg & Co. was established in 1798, among the oldest still existing investment banks in the world. Other banks created by members of the family include M.M.Warburg & Co.; Warburg Pincus; and S. G. Warburg & Co., renamed UBS Warburg in 1995, following its acquisition by UBS.


title: Warburg family

text: The family is traditionally divided into two prominent lines, the Alsterufer Warburgs and the Mittelweg Warburgs. The Alsterufer Warburgs descended from Siegmund Warburg (1835–1889) and the Mittelweg Warburgs descended from his brother Moritz M. Warburg (1838–1910). They took their nicknames from the brothers' respective addresses in Hamburg's Rotherbaum neighborhood. The brothers were grandsons of Moses Marcus Warburg.


title: Warburg family

text: Siegmund George Warburg was of the Alsterufer lines; the five brothers Abraham (Aby) M., Max M., Paul M., Felix M. and Fritz Moritz Warburg were of the Mittelweg line.


title: Warburg family

text: The brothers Moses Marcus Warburg (1763–1830) and Gerson Warburg (1765–1826) founded the M. M. Warburg & Co. banking company in 1798. Moses Warburg's great-great grandson, Siegmund George Warburg, founded the investment bank S. G. Warburg & Co in London in 1946. Siegmund's second cousin, Eric Warburg, founded Warburg Pincus in New York in 1938. Eric Warburg's son Max Warburg Jr. (not to be confused with Eric's father Max Warburg) is currently one of the three partners of M.M.Warburg & Co., Warburg. Max Warburg's elder brother Aby Warburg used family resources to establish the "Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg" in Hamburg, since 1934 "The Warburg Institute" in London. Paul Warburg is most famous as an architect of the US Federal Reserve System, established in 1913. Paul was a member of the first Federal Reserve Board, and its Vice Chairman until his resignation in August 1918.


title: Warburg family

text: Felix and Paul Warburg emigrated to the United States. There they became the two mainstays of the German-American branch, out of the five German born Warburg brothers. The brothers worked out of New York City where nearly all the male members formed a close bond with the Kuhn, Loeb & Co. investment banking firm. An American based, but internationally sound firm which at one time toyed with creating a branch abroad that was presumed would operate most efficiently with the aid of the families international connections. While in NYC, Felix Warburg married Frieda Schiff, only daughter of Jacob H. Schiff, a banker who grew up in Frankfurt and had ties to the German Warburgs. Schiff financed most of the American rail system through his investment bank of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. and interacted with newly American Warburgs, as brothers Felix and Paul each eventually made senior partner for, and each married into some of the prominent families with the investment banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., at the time, run by Schiff. Beginning with the marriage of Jacob Schiff in 1875 to Therese Loeb, a daughter of co-founder Solomon Loeb, becoming a full partner in the business firm shortly after. In 1895, Paul Warburg married Nina Loeb, daughter of Solomon Loeb of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.,having met her at the wedding of brother Felix Warburg who had married Jacob Schiff's daughter, Frieda. But, originally it was founding partner Abraham Kuhn who concentrated the family wealth and cemented business relations with newly immigrated distant cousin, Solomon Loeb, by his marriage to Kuhn's sister. Shortly thereafter the two became full partners in their newly established New York banking investment firm of, Kuhn, Loeb & Co.


title: Warburg family

text: In more recent times Schiff's great-great grandson Drew, previously was married to Al Gore's daughter, Karenna, who has risen in place at the Union Theological Seminary. UTS shares a partnership with the Jewish Theological Seminary, each located in NYC in Manhattan, where the JTS has historically been associated as well, with the Jewish Museum. Having ties to America and Germany like many other prominent Jewish financial families, the Warburgs abroad maintained close ties to their Jewish roots. The Felix M. Warburg House in New York City is now the Jewish Museum, and Kfar Warburg in Israel is named for him. Otto Warburg, a cousin of the German-based Warburgs was a wealthy botanist who was elected head of the World Zionist Organization in 1911. Felix's brother, Paul Warburg was one of the original founders of the board of the U.S. Federal Reserve System, a collection of 12 regional Reserve Banks headed by a Board of Governors which regulates and oversees private commercial banks. As one of the most prominent bankers of his time, his brother Max Warburg attended the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 at Versailles, as part of the German delegation.


title: Warburg family

text: During the Weimar Republic, Max Warburg served on the board "('Generalrat')" of the Reichsbank from 1924 to 1933, under two successive chairmen, Hjalmar Schacht, (until 1930), and Hans Luther (1930-1933); until 1934, he was also on the Board of the Bankenverband. Max Warburg emigrated in 1938. In the 1920s and 1930s, until the end of the Weimar Republic in 1933, Max Warburg also served on several Supervisory Boards ("Aufsichtsrat") in industry, notably HAPAG, Blohm &Voss, Beiersdorf, and, until his resignation in 1932, as a member of the Supervisory Board ("Aufsichtsrat") of the German conglomerate/ chemical firm known as I.G. Farben (Interessen Gemeinschaft Farben). His brother Paul Warburg, who died in January 1932a year before Hitler was elected Chancelloralso served on numerous Supervisory Boards ("Aufsichtsrat") including allegedly that of an I.G. Farben wholly owned US subsidiary.


title: Warburg family

text: Most members of the German Warburg family had fled to the United States or Great Britain by the end of 1938. However, Max Warburg's brother, Fritz Warburg, who was preparing his exile in Sweden, was arrested by the Gestapo in Hamburg in early November 1938 and spent some months in prison before he could leave for Stockholm in May 1939. His daughter Eva came to organize the emigration for 500 German Jewish children from Germany and Austria to Sweden in 1938 and 1939. Also, three cousins, mother, Gerta and daughters Betty and Helene Julie (Burchard) Warburg, stayed in Altona. Gerta and Betty were murdered in the Sobibor extermination camp in 1940 and Helena Julie in Auschwitz in 1942. A life size portrait of Helene Julie by the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch today hangs in the Kunsthaus in Zurich (The Lady in White). Eric Warburg, son of Max Warburg, returned to Germany as an officer (colonel) in the American Air Force and was influential in restoring German-Jewish relations and rebuilding Germany's economic ties after the Second World War through his international business associations. Eric's son, also called Max, is currently a partner in M.M. Warburg & Co. in Hamburg.


title: Warburg family

text: The Warburg family is thought to have originated from Venice, at which point they bore the surname "del-Banco". The historical documents describe Anselmo del Banco as Jewish and as having been one of the wealthiest residents of Venice in the early 16th century. In 1513, del Banco was granted a charter by the Venetian government permitting the lending of money with interest. Del Banco left with his family after new restrictions were placed upon the Jewish community coinciding with the establishment of the Venetian Ghetto. The family settled in Bologna, and from there to the German town of Warburg, and adopted that town's name as their own surname, after having moved to Hamburg after the Thirty Years' War.


title: Cultural practice

text: Cultural practice is the manifestation of a culture or sub-culture, especially in regard to the traditional and customary practices of a particular ethnic or other cultural groups.


title: Cultural practice

text: The term is gaining in importance due to the increased controversy over "rights of cultural practice", which are protected in many jurisdictions for indigenous peoples and sometimes ethnic minorities. It is also a major component of the field of cultural studies, and is a primary focus of international works such as the United Nations declaration of the rights of indigenous Peoples.


title: Cultural practice

text: Cultural practice is also a subject of discussion in questions of cultural survival. If an ethnic group retains its formal ethnic identity but loses its core cultural practices or the knowledge, resources, or ability to continue them, questions arise as to whether the culture is able to actually survive at all. International bodies such as the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues continually work on these issues, which are increasingly at the forefront of globalization questions.


title: Cultural practice

text: The real question of what qualifies as a legitimate cultural practice is the subject of much legal and ethnic community debate. The question arises in controversial subject areas such as genital mutilation, indigenous hunting and gathering practices, and the question of licensing of traditional medical practitioners.


title: Cultural practice

text: Many traditional cultures acknowledge members outside of their ethnicity as cultural practitioners, but only under special circumstances. Generally, the knowledge or title must be passed in a traditional way, such as family knowledge shared through adoption, or through a master of that practice choosing a particular student who shows qualities desired for that practice, and teaching that student in a hands-on manner, in which they are able to absorb the core values and belief systems of the culture. The degree to which these non-ethnic practitioners are able to exercise "customary and traditional" rights, and the degree to which their practice is acknowledged as valid, is often a subject of considerable debate among indigenous and other ethnic communities, and sometimes with the legal systems under which these communities function. The difference between bona fide non-native cultural practitioners and cultural piracy, or cultural appropriation, is a major issue within the study of globalization and modernization.


title: Cultural practice

text: The evolution of traditional cultures is a subject of much discussion in legal, scholarly, and community forums. It is generally accepted that all cultures are to some degree in a continual state of sociocultural evolution. However, major questions surround the legitimacy of newly evolved cultural expressions, especially when these are influenced by modernization or by the influence of other cultures. Also, there is significant debate surrounding the source of evolution: for example, an indigenous community may accept the use of store-bought materials in the creation of traditional arts, but may reject requirements to apply for a permit for certain gathering purposes; the central difference being that one is an "internal" cultural evolution, while the other is "externally" driven by the society or legal body that surrounds the culture.


title: Flag of Uzbekistan

text: The flag of Uzbekistan () consists of three horizontal azure, white and green bands separated by two thin red fimbriations, with a white crescent moon and twelve white stars at the canton. Adopted in 1991 to replace the flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR), it has been the flag of the Republic of Uzbekistan since the country gained independence in that same year. The design of the present flag was partly inspired by the former one.


title: Flag of Uzbekistan

text: The azure colour on the flag is a symbol of blue sky and clear water. Azure is also the colour of the Turkic peoples. White is the traditional Uzbek symbol of peace and good luck. Green is a symbol of nature, new life, and good harvest. The red fimbriation represent the power of life.


title: Flag of Uzbekistan

text: The image of the crescent moon is connected with Uzbek historical image (a symbol of the Uzbek traditional religion, Islam) as well as being a symbol of the birth of a new nation. The stars represent spirituality and divinity, as well as an allusion to Uzbek historical tradition and calendar, the 12 stars on the flag are arranged in such a way that visually they form the inscription Allah in Arabic script. The stars are also a symbol of the pursuit of perfection and happiness of Uzbek people in their homeland.


title: Flag of Uzbekistan

text: On 27 December 2010, President Islam Karimov signed an amendment to the law that strengthened the protection of the country's symbols, including its flag and emblem. It banned the utilization of the flag of Uzbekistan for promotional and commercial purposes, including its usage in advertisements and documents. It also forbade any organizations that are not affiliated with the Uzbek government from adopting logos that resemble the national symbols.


title: Flag of Uzbekistan

text: Under Soviet rule, the Union Republic – situated in what is now modern-day Uzbekistan – utilised a flag derived from the flag of the Soviet Union and representing Communism, that was approved in 1952. The flag is similar to the Soviet design but with the blue stripe in 1/5 width and the two 1/100 white edges in between.


title: Flag of Uzbekistan

text: Uzbekistan declared itself independent on 1 September 1991, approximately three months before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. A search for a national flag began soon after, with a contest being held to determine the new design. More than 200 submissions were made, and a commission was formed in order to evaluate these suggestions coming from a variety of stakeholders. The winning design was adopted on 18 November 1991, after being selected at an extraordinary session of the Uzbek Supreme Soviet. In doing so, Uzbekistan became the first of the newly independent republics in Central Asia to choose a new flag. Pertaining to its tricolour combination of horizontal stripes of blue, white and green colour, it is similar to the flags of Lesotho, an enclaved country within the border of South Africa, and Puntland, a Somali federal state at the tip of the Horn.


title: Noeasy

text: Noeasy (stylized in all caps) is the second studio album by South Korean boy band Stray Kids. It was released on August 23, 2021, through JYP Entertainment, nine months after its predecessor, Japanese extended play "All In" (2020) and eleven months after the Korean reissue "In Life" (2020). A word-play of "noisy" and "no easy", the album conveys the idea of making a loud impact on the world with their music, showing that the group strives to be the noisiest despite the hardships that come with this.


title: Noeasy

text: For the album, 3Racha (Bang Chan, Changbin, and Han), an in-house production team from members of Stray Kids, worked with Korean and foreign songwriters and producers, including Versachoi, HotSauce, Hong Ji-sang, Krysta Youngs, and the group's other members. The album has fourteen tracks and engages various music genres of hip hop, EDM, pop, R&B, and rock, including the lead single "Thunderous", and previous releases: "Wolfgang" from the competition show "", and "" from their Mixtape Project.


title: Noeasy

text: Upon its release, "Noeasy" received favorable reviews for its creativity, storytelling, theme substance, and energy. The album peaked atop the Gaon Album Chart and among the top-20 in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, and Switzerland. The album sold over 1.3 million copies in 2021 and was certified a million-seller by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA), acknowledging it as the first million-selling album for the group and their label. "Noeasy" won Best Album (Bonsang) at the 36th Golden Disc Awards.


title: Noeasy

text: Stray Kids uploaded the video "Step Out 2021" through their social media on January 1, 2021, including the group's accomplishments in 2020 and plans for 2021, including a second studio album. From April to June, the group participated in the Mnet's competitive reality television show "", joining Ateez, The Boyz, BtoB, iKon, and SF9, emerging as the winner. During the program, they released the song "Wolfgang" on May 28, from the EP "", as part of the final performance competition. This was followed by the Mixtape Project single "", surprise-released on June 26 with the announcement that Hyunjin would resume his activity schedule in July, following a hiatus from group activities since late February due to bullying accusations.


title: Noeasy

text: On June 29, the South Korean news outlet "SpoTV News" reported that the group would release an album in late August and hold "Kingdom Week", a television program benefit for the winner. Later, JYP Entertainment confirmed that the group was preparing a new album but had not decided on its format. Hyunjin also would participate to promote the new album. A month later, the group announced that their second studio album, "Noeasy", via the album trailer "Thunderous", was scheduled for release on August 23, 2021, marking their first Korean physical release in 11 months since " In Life" was reissued in September 2020.


title: Noeasy

text: Before the album announcement, in early July, Stray Kids released "SKZ Camp Song: Howl in Harmony", a camp-type online program in five episodes documenting the band's process in creating their songs and making music videos for them. They were separated into three teams: Quokka Bbang Daengi (Han, Seungmin, I.N; formerly Margarine Bbang) to write the song "Gone Away", Yeoreum Wangja (Lee Know, Changbin, Felix) for "Surfin'", and Bekka Wang (Bang Chan, Hyunjin) for "Red Lights". Additionally, the B-side "Sorry, I Love You" was teased a bit by the members on their V Live's live streaming content "Chan's Room" in early April, and "The View" was teased only as a title on the music video of "Mixtape: Oh" in late June.


title: Noeasy

text: The album's title, "Noeasy", is a word play of "noisy", describing the misconception of the group's music as "noise music", and "no easy", about obstacles and downs and lows of life. Both interpretations express that despite the group's hardships, they aim to be the noisiest. Bang Chan, the group leader told several South Korean news outlets, "it ["Noeasy"] means that we want to leave a loud impact on the world with our music." Seungmin also said, "the meaning (of "Noeasy") is something like, 'life is not easy because of the naggers who tell us to do this and that, but we are Stray Kids, and we are not backing down.' …"