title: Vetala

text: The "Baital Pachisi" or Vetala Tales is a collection of stories compiled no later than the 11th century. It features a frame story of a sorcerer who asked King Vikramaditya to capture a vetala who lived in a tree that stood in the middle of a cremation ground. The only way to do that was by keeping silent. Every time Vikramaditya caught the vetala, the vetala would enchant the king with a story that would end with a question. No matter how hard he tried, Vikramaditya would not be able to resist answering the question. This would enable the vetala to escape and return to his tree.


title: Vetala

text: "Vikram Vetal", a 1986 Indian fantasy film directed by Shantilal Soni was based on the "Baital Pachisi" about King Vikramaditya and the Vetala.


title: Vetala

text: "Vikram Aur Betaal" was a television programme based on the "Baital Pachisi" produced by Ramanand Sagar and directed by his son Prem Sagar that aired on DD National channel. It was remade as "Kahaniya Vikram aur Betaal Ki" in 2009 and aired on Colors TV. "Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha" (2018), an Indian mythological serial based on "Baital Pachisi" aired on &TV. Indian animator Rajiv Chilaka directed "Vikram Betal", a television film for Cartoon Network in 2004 which was produced by his Green Gold Animations. "Vicky & Vetaal" (2006–2007) and "Vicky Aur Vetaal" (2015–2016), which aired on Disney Channel India, also featured Vetala as the main character.


title: Vetala

text: Vetala were also a part of "The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel" and have appeared in television shows such as "Supernatural season 7 episode 11, Adventures in Babysitting", "Sleepy Hollow", "Jekyll & Hyde", and a web series titled "The Vetala" released in 2009, written and directed by Damon Vignale. The 2020 Indian zombie horror series "Betaal" also features a curse of Vetala.


title: Vetala

text: "The Vetala" (Linda Leith Publishing, 2018) is a novel by Canadian author Phillip Ernest. It tells the story of Nada, a professor of Sanskrit, who finds herself face to face with the imaginative vetala, the subject of her life-long study.


title: Mina Caputo

text: Mina Caputo (born Keith Caputo; December 4, 1973) is an American singer best known as the lead vocalist and a founding member of New York City alternative metal band Life of Agony. Caputo came out as transgender in 2011 and transitioned to female.


title: Mina Caputo

text: Mina Caputo was born on December 4, 1973, in Brooklyn, New York. Both her parents were of Italian-American descent. Both of her parents struggled with heroin addiction, and when she was an infant, her mother died of a heroin overdose and her father (who died in 2002 from similar causes) put Mina under the care of her grandparents, who lived in Mill Basin, New York. Caputo's upbringing was difficult, and her grandfather physically abused her and her grandmother. Despite the physical abuse, Caputo has since forgiven her grandfather; "My grandfather made up for how confused he made me as a kid. He only tried his best and forgiveness is present. I don't blame anyone." Between living with her grandparents, Caputo would also spend time with her cousin, Joseph Zampella (aka Joey Z.), who lived next door, where they would hang out together. Mina also took an interest in playing and studying classical piano.


title: Mina Caputo

text: From a young age, Caputo suffered from gender dysphoria but had to keep quiet about it. "My grandmother used to dress me to go to school, and I asked her, 'Why can't you dress me in girls' clothes?' She says, 'You're not a girl. Don't tell Grandpa you want to dress up as a girl and go to school. He'll fucking kill you. He'll kill me.'"


title: Mina Caputo

text: Caputo started Life of Agony in 1989 with guitarist Joey Z. and bassist Alan Robert. Drummer Sal Abruscato was recruited soon afterwards. After signing with Roadrunner Records, they debuted with the 1993 album, "River Runs Red." Shortly after the release of a third album "Soul Searching Sun", Caputo left the band in September 1997. Caputo was struggling with internalized gender dysphoria and was becoming disillusioned with the masculine image of herself she was faking at the time. "What good is my success if I can't even enjoy my fucking soul and my body?' I wanted to come out then, but failed miserably and didn't have the courage or the knowhow. I didn't know what to do." Caputo decided to distance herself from the band completely; "It took me to quit the band because I wasn't being true to myself. I had to get away from my band, the label, everyone I worked with."


title: Mina Caputo

text: Following her departure from Life of Agony, Caputo formed a short-lived band called Absolute Bloom, which broke up in July 1998.Caputo also guested on the track "Free Speech (Will Cost You)", which appears on the album "Memory Rendered Visible" by the band Both Worlds (featuring ex-Cro-Mags vocalist John Joseph), released on Roadrunner Records in April 1998.


title: Mina Caputo

text: Soon after these events, Caputo started work on a solo album, called "Died Laughing". The album was released by Roadrunner Records on October 21, 1999, with an acoustic version of the album, "Died Laughing Pure", being released on January 9, 2001. Despite receiving generally positive reviews, the album was not a success. Caputo has been heavily critical of Roadrunner's promotion of "Died Laughing", and in a 2005 interview to Blistering.com said that Roadrunner "destroyed" her album's success. Despite her criticism of the label, she later returned to contribute vocals for "Tired n' Lonely" on "Roadrunner United: The All Star Sessions" in celebration of the label's 25th anniversary.


title: Mina Caputo

text: After leaving Roadrunner, Caputo was recruited as the vocalist of the Brazilian industrial metal band Freax, which had reformed after being broken up for over ten years. They released a self-titled album in 2003.


title: Mina Caputo

text: The original lineup of Life of Agony reunited for two sold-out shows at New York's Irving Plaza on January 3 and 4, 2003. The reunion resulted in several more shows and appearances on European festivals, as well as the recording of "Broken Valley" (2005),


title: Mina Caputo

text: In 2003, Caputo formed a group consisting of New York musicians Mike Shaw (bass) and Dan Platt (guitars), along with Dutch musicians Jochem Van Rooijen (drums) and Jack Pisters (lead guitars) that toured and recorded what became the album "Live Monsters" (2004). On May 1, 2006, Caputo released her third solo album "Hearts Blood on Your Dawn" which was only sold at her live shows, via mail order through her website, and in the iTunes Store.


title: Mina Caputo

text: In 2007, Caputo recorded her fourth solo album, "A Fondness for Hometown Scars", which includes a guest appearance by Flea (of the Red Hot Chili Peppers) on trumpet, amongst others. Caputo participated as a guest singer on Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation's track "What Have You Done", the first single (and second track) from their 2007 album "The Heart of Everything."


title: Mina Caputo

text: In 2008, she toured in support of this release, with a band composed of Dutch musicians Ryan Oldcastle (guitars), Axel van Oort (bass), and Jochem van Rooijen (drums). The album was produced by Martyn LeNoble and was released in Europe in April 2008 by Dutch label, Suburban Records.


title: Mina Caputo

text: In 2011, Caputo formed a side project with Ryan Oldcastle and Michael Shaw called The Neptune Darlings, and released an album on September 15, 2011, called "Chestnuts & Fireflies". The style of this CD has been called "geek rock" by "The Advocate" magazine.


title: Mina Caputo

text: In 2014, Life of Agony re-formed with Caputo singing, releasing the album "A Place Where There's No More Pain" in 2017, and "The Sound of Scars" in 2019 with Veronica Bellino replacing longtime drummer Sal Abruscato.


title: Mina Caputo

text: In July 2011, Caputo came out as transgender. For a while, her legal name was Keith Mina Caputo. "When I was Keith, I certainly wouldn't allow myself to be as flowery or as vulnerable as I do now," said Caputo in a 2016 interview that appeared on the music website "No Echo". "I'm a fucking sissy, get over it [laughs]! I no longer have this masculinity or this manhood to protect. This is a transformation I've been dreaming of my entire life."


title: Fox Engine

text: The Fox Engine was a proprietary cross-platform, cross-generational game engine built by Kojima Productions (currently Konami Digital Entertainment) for use in Konami games. The engine's development began after the completion of 2008's "", with the goal of making the "best engine in the world." The first commercially released title to use the Fox Engine was "Pro Evolution Soccer 2014".


title: Fox Engine

text: The engine was designed to make it possible for Kojima Productions to develop multiplatform games with a significantly shortened development time and has been described as the first step for the developer to move away from development for a single platform. The engine is named after FOX, a fictional military unit from the "Metal Gear" series, wherein is also a reflection of Kojima Productions itself, which based its company logo on FOX's fox emblem.


title: Fox Engine

text: After seven years of use on the "Pro Evolution Soccer" series, Konami discontinued use of the Fox Engine in favor of Unreal Engine due to PES Productions focusing development efforts on the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X consoles.


title: Fox Engine

text: A demo of the engine was shown at Konami's conference at E3 2011. Taking place in a jungle environment, the demo showed off the engine's visual capabilities and featured a young man running around the area, as well as a horse and a dog. The tech-demo was not showcasing a game to be released; instead, it showed a test area for the development of the engine, based on assets created for "Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain". Kojima Productions planned to use the engine for all future titles, most prominently in "Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain", which was revealed by Hideo Kojima, the series creator at a special 25th anniversary of the series event in Tokyo.


title: Fox Engine

text: On August 17, 2011, Kojima released a series of images on Twitter. The images were of facial tests created in the Fox Engine. In addition, during a lecture at the University of Southern California held by Hideo Kojima, an image was shown to various students in a demonstration of the Fox Engine's capabilities with a scene depicting a forest environment. Later, on December 16, Kojima released more images over Twitter, including one image showcasing cloth transparency.


title: Fox Engine

text: On March 2, 2012, the Development Without Borders website uploaded a "classified" CD labeled "Fox Engine Lighting Sample" that contained two pictures of the Kojima Productions staff room, and asked which picture was real, and which was a simulation created using the Fox Engine. Clicking on the images would reveal which image was which, and explained more about how the engine simulated the staff room. The second slide also depicted some hoops and levitating balls of varying colors and materials on the table, as well as a picture of a horse in the staff room.


title: Fox Engine

text: At the "Zone of the Enders HD ReBOOT Preview" event on May 25, 2012, Kojima confirmed that work on the next installment in the "Zone of the Enders" series had begun under the codename "Enders Project". The game was to be developed using the Fox Engine, however, the project has since been put on indefinite hold due to the underwhelming sales of "Zone of the Enders: HD Collection".


title: Fox Engine

text: On June 8, 2012, in an interview with CVG, Kojima confirmed that the Fox Engine was running on "[PlayStation 3], [Xbox 360] and current PCs".


title: Fox Engine

text: On March 14, 2013, Joakim Mogren, the head of Moby Dick Studio, appeared on GameTrailers TV to show off some screenshots of their recently announced game, "The Phantom Pain", on an iPad. Some of the screenshots contained the Fox Engine logo on the bottom right corner, with Geoff Keighley pointing this out to Mogren and asking why they were present. Mogren appeared nervous after being asked, and the interview abruptly ended. Several gaming websites believed that the interview had been staged.


title: Fox Engine

text: On March 27, 2013, "The Phantom Pain" was revealed to be "Metal Gear Solid V", and Moby Dick Studio, as well as its head Joakim Mogren, were revealed to be fictional. Kojima explained that "The Phantom Pain" was presented as a project unrelated to the "Metal Gear" franchise in order to better observe the public response to the Fox Engine's capabilities.


title: 2021–22 Milwaukee Bucks season

text: The 2021–22 Milwaukee Bucks season was the 54th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Bucks entered the season as defending champions after winning the 2021 NBA Finals against the Phoenix Suns in the previous season in six games being the first team since the 2015–16 Cleveland Cavaliers to come back after trailing 2–0.


title: 2021–22 Milwaukee Bucks season

text: On August 20, 2021, the NBA announced that the regular season for the league would begin October 19, 2021 and would return to the normal 82-game schedule for the first time since the 2018–19 season. The Bucks beat the Chicago Bulls in the first round in five games, but lost to the eventual Conference champion Boston Celtics in seven games in the Conference Semifinals, in their third playoff matchup in five seasons.


title: Loss leader

text: A loss leader (also leader) is a pricing strategy where a product is sold at a price below its market cost to stimulate other sales of more profitable goods or services. With this sales promotion/marketing strategy, a "leader" is any popular article, i.e., sold at a low price to attract customers.


title: Loss leader

text: One use of a loss leader is to draw customers into a store where they are likely to buy other goods. The vendor expects that the typical customer will purchase other items at the same time as the loss leader and that the profit made on these items will be such that an overall profit is generated for the vendor.


title: Loss leader

text: "Loss lead" is an item offered for sale at a reduced price that is intended to "lead" to the subsequent sale of other services or items. The loss leader is offered at a price below its minimum profit margin—not necessarily below cost. The firm tries to maintain a current analysis of its accounts for both the loss lead and the associated items, so it can monitor how well the scheme is doing to avoid an overall net loss.


title: Loss leader

text: Marketing academics have shown that retailers should think of both the direct and indirect effect of substantial price promotions when evaluating their impact on profit. To make a very precise analysis one should also include effects over time. Deep price promotions may cause people to bulk-buy (stockpile), which may invalidate the long-term effect of the strategy. This is the association rule analysis.


title: Loss leader

text: When automobile dealerships use this practice, they offer at least one vehicle below cost and must disclose all of the features of the vehicle (including the VIN). If the loss-leader vehicle has been sold, the salesperson tries to sell a more upscale trim of that vehicle at a slightly discounted price, as a customer who has missed the loss-leading vehicle is unlikely to find a better deal elsewhere.


title: Loss leader

text: Loss leaders can be an important part of companies' marketing and sales strategies, especially during "dumping" campaigns.


title: Loss leader

text: Some examples of typical loss leaders include milk, eggs, rice, and other inexpensive items that grocers would not want to sell without the customer making other purchases. While some customers may have the discipline to only buy the loss leaders, the loss leader strategy works because a customer who goes into a grocery store to buy an inexpensive bread or milk item may decide to buy other grocery items.


title: Loss leader

text: The "Warner/Reprise Loss Leaders" were a series of promotional sampler compilation albums released by Warner Bros. Records throughout the 1970s. Each album (usually a 2-record set) contained a wide variety of tracks by artists under contract to Warner Bros. and its subsidiary labels (primarily Reprise Records); often these were singles, B-sides, non-hit album tracks, or otherwise obscure material, all designed to arouse interest in the artists' regular albums. Warner advertised the Loss Leaders albums by inserting special illustrated inner sleeves in all of its regular album releases, listing all of the currently available Loss Leaders and including an order form. Each loss leader double album was priced at US$2, significantly less than a comparable regular-release double album of the time.


title: Loss leader

text: The first Loss Leaders compilation was "The 1969 Warner/Reprise Songbook", featuring a wide range of artists from Miriam Makeba to The Mothers of Invention; the last of the original series was the punk and new wave-themed "Troublemakers" in 1980.


title: Loss leader

text: In 1979, American businessman Earl Muntz decided to sell blank tapes and VCRs as loss leaders to attract customers to his showroom, where he would then try to sell them highly profitable widescreen projection TV systems of his own design. His success continued through the early 1980s.


title: Loss leader

text: Chevrolet's Corvette was originally intended in the 1950s to be an "image builder" and loss leader for General Motors, the idea being that men would go to showrooms to look at this "automotive Playboy Bunny"—which they knew they could not afford—and end up purchasing a lower-cost model. However, it enjoyed significant sales successes in the 1960s and produced a substantial annual profit.


title: Loss leader

text: On its launch in 1959 the British Motor Corporation's Mini car was sold at a starting price (including taxes) of £496 for its most basic model, and it was estimated that BMC lost £30 per car sold at this price. However, the headline-grabbing price was significantly lower than that of the car's contemporary rival, the Ford Anglia—indeed the only cheaper four-wheeled, four-seater car on the British car market at the time was very basic and old-fashioned Ford Popular, which sold for only £2 less than the basic Mini. While BMC lost money on every basic Mini sold, such cars were unattractive to many buyers since they lacked features such as heaters, floor carpets and opening rear windows and BMC priced the better-equipped models (which cost from £537) to make a small profit, using the basic car as a loss-leader to allow the promotion of a starting price below the significant £500 mark and to make the Mini at least appear to undercut its main rival on price. The ploy did not work entirely as BMC intended—even in its most basic form, the Mini was far superior in many areas to its rivals while also being lower in price. BMC sold far more basic Minis than it had anticipated, meaning that it sold many Minis at a significant loss. Despite the car being a bestseller in Britain (and several other markets) it made little to no profit for many years.


title: Loss leader

text: Supermarkets sell food staples such as bananas or milk at less than the cost at which they were purchased in order to draw customers to their business. These items are typically strategically placed far from the entrances of the store to enhance this effect. In the case of milk, supermarket chains often refuse to pay market rates to avoid making a loss.


title: Loss leader

text: Many toy store chains and online retailers sell diapers or nappies as a loss leader in order to entice parents into the store in the hopes that the children will spot toys, bottles or other items that the family "needs".


title: Loss leader

text: Large hardware stores often sell larger tools, such as drills or electric saws at cost or below. They do this expecting customers to buy accessories such as blades, drill bits, stands, or cases, along with the new tool. These items tend to have a much higher profit margin, and are often impulse buys.


title: Loss leader

text: Some consumer electronics stores use smartphones and other mobile electronics as loss leaders. The company makes less profit on the smartphone or mobile device, but they make up for this by the sales of higher-profit accessories such as cases, headphones and power adapters.


title: Loss leader

text: Gaming consoles, such as the Xbox 360/PlayStation 3 or Xbox One/PlayStation 4, are often initially sold as loss leaders. This helps assert market share for the console, which enables the creation of a development ecosystem for games. The profit is then made on the sale of games and accessories over the system's lifetime.


title: Homo longi

text: Homo longi is an extinct species of archaic human identified from a nearly complete skull, nicknamed 'Dragon Man', from Harbin on the Northeast China Plain, dating to at minimum 146,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene. The skull was discovered in 1933 along the Songhua River while the was under construction for the Manchukuo National Railway. Due to a tumultuous wartime atmosphere, it was hidden and only brought to paleoanthropologists in 2018. The original describers postulated "H. longi" represents a member of the Denisovans, though this is unconfirmable without genetic testing. They also considered modern humans to be more closely related to "H. longi" than to the European Neanderthals, but DNA evidence suggests Denisovans are more closely related to Neanderthals than modern humans.


title: Homo longi

text: "H. longi" is broadly anatomically similar to other Middle Pleistocene Chinese specimens. Like other archaic humans, the skull is low and long, with massively developed brow ridges, wide eye sockets, and a large mouth. The skull is the longest ever found from any human species. Like modern humans, the face is rather flat, but the nose was rather large. The brain volume was 1,420 cc, within the range of modern humans and Neanderthals.


title: Homo longi

text: The Harbin individual inhabited a cold, steppeland environment alongside the woolly mammoth, giant deer, Przewalski's horse, elk, buffalo, and brown bear.


title: Homo longi

text: The specific name for "H. longi" is derived from the geographic name "Longjiang" (literally "Dragon River"), a term commonly used for the Chinese province Heilongjiang.


title: Homo longi

text: A local laborer found a nearly complete skull at the riverbank of Songhua River in 1933 when he was building the in Harbin (at the time part of Manchukuo) for the Japanese-aligned Manchukuo National Railway. Recognizing its importance, likely as a result of public interest in anthropology recently generated by the Peking Man in 1929, he hid it from the Manchukuo authorities in an abandoned well. After the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, ending the Japanese occupation of the region, he concealed his former employment from the Nationalist and later the Communist authorities. Consequently, he could not report the skull, lest he divulge his ties to the Japanese imperialists in explaining its origin.


title: Homo longi

text: Before his death, the third generation of his family learned of the skull, and reclaimed it in 2018. Later that year, Chinese paleoanthropologist Ji Qiang persuaded the family to donate it to the Hebei GEO University for study, where it has since been stored. Its catalogue number is HBSM2018-000018(A).


title: Homo longi

text: Owing to the skull's history, its exact provenance, and thus its stratigraphic context and age, has been difficult to determine. In 2021, Chinese geologist Shao Qingfeng and colleagues performed non-destructive x-ray fluorescence, rare-earth element, and strontium isotope analyses on the skull and various other mammalian fossils unearthed around Dongjiang Bridge, and determined that all the fossils from the vicinity were likely deposited at around the same time, lived in the same region, and originate below the surface of Dongjian, correlating to within the Upper Huangshan Formation (constrained to 309 to 138 thousand years ago).


title: Homo longi

text: Direct uranium–thorium dating of various points on the skull yielded a wide range of dates, from 296 to 62 thousand years ago, likely a result of uranium leaching. They statistically determined the most likely minimum age is 146,000 years old, but a more exact value is difficult to determine, given that the exact provenance is unidentifiable. Nonetheless, the skull is well-constrained to the late Middle Pleistocene, roughly contemporaneous with other Chinese specimens from Xiahe, Jinniushan, Dali, and Hualong Cave.


title: Homo longi

text: In two simultaneously published papers, Ji and colleagues declared the Harbin skull to represent a new species they dubbed "Homo longi". The Harbin skull is quite similar to the Dali skull, and when the Dali skull was discovered in 1978, it was given a new nomen "H. sapiens daliensis" by its discoverer Wu Xinzhi who soon thereafter abandoned the name. Consequently, should the Middle Pleistocene Asian humans represent a single unique species, the nomen "H. daliensis" would take priority. Though they recommended resurrecting "H. daliensis", they argued "H. longi" is sufficiently distinct, and allocated only the Dali and Hualong remains (often allocated to "H. heidelbergensis" by convention) to "H. daliensis"; thus, they claim at least two human species inhabited late Middle Pleistocene China. One of the authors, Chris Stringer, stated that he would have preferred assigning the Harbin skull to "H. daliensis".


title: Homo longi

text: Based on the conspicuously massive size of the molars, they suggested "H. longi" is most closely related to and possibly the same species as the Xiahe mandible from Tibet, which has been grouped with the enigmatic Denisovans, an archaic human lineage apparently dispersed across East Asia during the Middle and Late Pleistocene currently identifiable from only a genetic signature. The Xiahe mandible is also anatomically similar to specimens from Xujiayao and Penghu. Ji, Ni and colleagues further contend that Middle Pleistocene Asian specimens are more closely related to modern humans ("H. sapiens") than the European Neanderthals, though nuclear DNA and ancient protein analyses place the Xiahe mandible and Denisovans more closely to Neanderthals than to modern humans.


title: Homo longi

text: "H. longi" is characterized by a low and long skull, receding forehead, extremely wide upper face, a large nasal opening equating to an enlarged nose (possibly an adaptation to the cold air), large and square eye sockets, inflated and thick brow ridges (supraorbital torus), flat cheekbones (zygomatic bone), a wide palate and large tooth sockets (equating to a large mouth), and a broad base of the skull. The Harbin skull measures in maximum length x breadth, with a naso-occipital length of , making it the longest archaic human skull to date. For comparison, the dimensions of a modern human skull average for men and for women. The Harbin skull also has the longest brow ridge at .


title: Homo longi

text: "H. longi" had a massive brain at roughly 1,420 cc, above the range of all known human species except modern humans and Neanderthals. Nonetheless, post-orbital constriction (constriction of the braincase just behind the eyes, equating to the frontal lobe, absent in modern humans) is more developed in "H. longi" than in Neanderthals, although not so much as in more-ancient human species. Overall, the braincase retains an array of archaic features, though the occipital bone at the back of the skull has a weakly-defined sagittal keel that lacks a protuberance at the midpoint, unlike most other archaic humans. Unlike the Dali and Hualong Cave skulls, the keel does not run across the midline. Unlike modern humans or Neanderthals, the parietal bones on the top of the head do not significantly expand or protrude.


title: Homo longi

text: Despite the face being so wide, it was rather flat (reduced mid-facial prognathism), and resembles the anatomy found in modern humans, the far more ancient "H. antecessor", and other Middle Pleistocene Chinese specimens. Nonetheless, the tooth sockets for the incisors were angled outward (alveolar prognathism). The "H. longi" skull's mosaic morphology of archaic and derived traits converges with some of the earliest specimens assigned to "H. sapiens" from Africa, notably Rabat and Eliye Springs. Because the original describers judged the Harbin skull to be closely allied with the Xiahe mandible, they believed "H. longi" lacked a chin, like other archaic humans, but the specimen's lower jaw was not recovered. The only preserved tooth, the upper left second molar, is enormous, with a length x breadth (mesiodistal x labiolingual) of , comparable to the Denisovan molar recovered from Denisova Cave. The Harbin molar is oval-shaped, badly worn, and nearly flat. In contrast, the average dimensions of a sample of 40 modern human male molars were .


title: Homo longi

text: Ni and colleagues believed the Harbin skull represents a male, judging by the robustness and size of the skull, who was less than 50 years old, looking at the suture closures and the degree of tooth wearing. They speculated "H. longi" had perhaps medium-dark to medium-light skin, dark hair, and dark eye color based on reconstructed genetic sequences from Neanderthals, Denisovans, and early modern humans.


title: Homo longi

text: The left parietal features shallow indents around the bregma, possibly from a healed injury. The second left upper molar does not appear to have been in contact with the third molar, which means either that the third molar was small (creating a gap), or it was absent in this individual.


title: Homo longi

text: Due to the Pleistocene glaciation (the Ice Ages), the Earth continually swung from frigid glacial periods to warmer interglacials. The period from 300 to 130 thousand years ago spans the Penultimate Glacial Period, and the permafrost zone may have stretched south far past Harbin (although indicators of permafrost activity are lacking so far back in time). Similarly, the Northeast China Plain during the late Middle Pleistocene was home to the "Mammuthus"–"Coelodonta" Fauna, an assemblage of animals adapted for a cold steppe, most notably the woolly mammoth and the woolly rhinoceros. In addition to the woolly mammoth, the Dongjiang Bridge locality also features the giant deer "Sinomegaceros ordosianus", Przewalski's horse, elk, the buffalo "Bubalus wansjock", and the brown bear.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: The Legend of Boggy Creek is a 1972 American docudrama horror film about the "Fouke Monster", a Bigfoot-type creature that reportedly has been seen in and around Fouke, Arkansas since the 1940s. The film mixes staged interviews with some local residents who claim to have encountered the creature, along with reenactments of encounters. The film's director and producer, Charles B. Pierce, was an advertising salesman who convinced a local trucking company to invest in the film and hired locals (mainly high school students) to help complete it. The film was made on a $160,000 budget and was released theatrically on August 8, 1972.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: After Pierce's daughter Pamula Pierce Barcelou acquired the rights to "The Legend of Boggy Creek", a remastered version of the film premiered in 2019.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: The film claims to be a true story, detailing the existence of the "Fouke Monster", a seven-foot-tall Bigfoot-like creature that has reportedly been seen by residents of a small Arkansas community since the 1940s. It is described as being completely covered in reddish-brown hair, leaving three-toed tracks and having a foul odor.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: Several locals from the small town of Fouke, Arkansas recall their stories, often appearing as themselves, claiming that the creature has killed many large animals over the years. One farmer claims that the beast carried off two of his 100 lb. hogs with little effort, leaping a fence with the animals tucked under its arm. In one scene, a kitten is shown as having been "scared to death" by the creature. The narrator informs the audience that, while people have shot at the creature in the past, it has always managed to escape. In another sequence, hunters attempt to pursue the creature with dogs, but the dogs refuse to give chase. A police constable states that while driving home one night, the creature suddenly ran across the road in front of his car.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: In a later sequence, culled from the actual newspaper accounts inspiring the film, the creature is shown menacing a family in a remote country house. After being fired upon, the creature attacks, sending one family member to the hospital.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: The creature was never captured and is said to still stalk the swamps of southern Arkansas to this day.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: "The Legend of Boggy Creek" was filmed in Fouke, Arkansas, Shreveport, Louisiana and Texarkana, Texas.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: "The Legend of Boggy Creek" was released theatrically in 1972. Pierce's daughter Amanda Squitiero claims to have autobiographical notes made by her father indicating that the film ultimately made $25 million ($166 million in 2021 dollars), but this cannot be verified.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: According to "Variety", the film earned another $4.8 million in 1975 theatrical rentals in North America.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: "Return to Boggy Creek" and "", were released to theaters later in 1977 and 1985, respectively. Neither of the unauthorized sequels were as successful as the original film.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: "The Legend of Boggy Creek" has had unauthorized bootleg releases both on VHS, and DVD, several times. Between 2002 and 2011, Hen's Tooth Video, Education 2000 Inc., Sterling Entertainment, Unicorn Video, RHR Home Video, Cheezy Flicks Entertainment, and Film Trauma, all released unauthorized copies of "The Legend of Boggy Creek" on Region 1 DVD. The DVD versions have been notoriously low quality, most of them seemingly taken from VHS editions, and all of them were 'Pan and Scan' transfers, rather than the movie's proper widescreen Techniscope presentation. For years, "The Legend of Boggy Creek" was thought to be in the public domain, and all VHS/DVD releases were unofficial. However, Pamula Pierce Barcelou, daughter of director Charles B. Pierce, gained control of the movie in 2018, when Steve Ledwell, of Ledwell & Son, assigned her copyright of both "The Legend of Boggy Creek" and another Pierce film, "Bootleggers". Mr Ledwell's father, L.W., helped finance "The Legend of Boggy Creek", which found also success as a low-budget, drive-in creature feature.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: "The Legend of Boggy Creek" received its first official release on DVD and Blu-ray from the new 4K restoration of the original camera negative in January 2020, which restores the film's original widescreen, Techniscope film aspect ratio (2.35 : 1), brilliant color, and pioneering soundtrack.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: Ahead of the home release, the restored print received its theatrical premier at the historic Perot Theater, Texarkana, TX on June 14, 2019 with additional screenings at select theaters nationwide.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: "The Legend of Boggy Creek" was restored/remastered at the George Eastman Museum, Rochester, New York, & Audio Mechanics, Burbank, California, using many of the original elements.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: The film premiered at the historic Perot Theatre, Texarkana, Texas, on Friday, June 14, 2019. Additional showings began at midnight, June 15, and continued through Sunday, June 16 (Charles B. Pierce Day in Texarkana, Arkansas and Texarkana, Texas).


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: The next screening took place in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, on Friday, July 5 at the Colonial Theatre. Additional screenings followed at select theaters nationwide.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: "... Scene after scene of almost pristine wilderness is a visual feast ... its sheer honest ... rigid adherence to authenticity ... is highly persuasive that there is indeed, a “Fouke Monster.” It's scary and charming ..." "Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock"


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: "... visually stunning and exciting ... Pierce manages to create a sense of foreboding that brings audiences up sharply ..." "Goff, Daily Variety."


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: "... the film captures the eerie beauty of Arkansas’ primeval swamps and contains images of Southern American backwoods life unmatched in its rich rustic flavor since Robert Flaherty's Louisiana Story ... Pierce's photography accents the Arkansas swampland's incredible beauty and unsettling mystery ... an unusual blend of malevolence and melancholia ... eminently successful in giving the imagination a good healthy jolt and in ultimately celebrating the unfathomable mysteries of nature ..." "Glenn Lovell, Hollywood Reporter."


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: Writer and director Daniel Myrick cited "The Legend of Boggy Creek" as an influence on his 1999 film "The Blair Witch Project".


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: In 1977, "Return to Boggy Creek" was released. It was directed by Tom Moore. Charles B. Pierce was not involved with the film's production, and the film carries over none of the original's docudrama elements. It stars Dawn Wells and Dana Plato. Wells portrays the mother of three children who become lost in the swamp until the creature comes to their rescue.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: In 2010, another unauthorized sequel with no narrative connection to the original (or its 1985 sequel) was released as a straight-to-DVD movie, titled "Boggy Creek". It concerns a Bigfoot-like creature who attacks a group of teenagers that are vacationing in the fictional area of Boggy Creek, Texas. The film was written and directed by Brian T. Jaynes. It was originally produced in 2010 and released on September 13, 2011.


title: The Legend of Boggy Creek

text: In 1985 "" was released. Pierce returned to direct this film which was written as a direct sequel to the "original" film, thus the reason for styling the title as "II" instead of "III". It follows the adventures of a University of Arkansas professor (Pierce) and his students, one of which is Pierce's son, on their trip to Fouke, Arkansas, to find and study the creature. A few scenes in the beginning of the movie were shot at the university, including an Arkansas Razorbacks football game. The movie was featured in an episode of "Mystery Science Theater 3000". The "Big Creature" in the film was portrayed by James Faubus Griffith, a Hollywood stuntman, actor and bodyguard.


title: Rohan Mehra

text: Rohan Mehra (born 8 April 1990) is an Indian actor who works in Indian television, Bollywood films and web series. He is known for his roles in Indian TV shows like "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai" as Naksh Singhania, "Sasural Simar Ka" as Sameer Kapoor, he was also a contestant on the reality TV show "Bigg Boss 10".


title: Rohan Mehra

text: Mehra began his Modelling career in 2009 and has done more than 200 tv commercials and print ads. He began his acting career in Indian television industry through an episodic of Channel V India's crime drama "" in 2012.


title: Rohan Mehra

text: In 2013, he appeared as Varun Ashwin Khanna in Sony Entertainment Television popular TV show "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain". Mehra also made his Bollywood debut with the erotic thriller film "Sixteen" wherein he played Kartik.


title: Rohan Mehra

text: In 2014, he did two episodic roles in the TV series "Yeh Hai Aashiqui" and "Webbed 2" as Amar and Ravi. His second Bollywood film "Uvaa" was released in 2015 wherein he worked as Anil Sharma.


title: Rohan Mehra

text: In 2015, Mehra found his first major success portraying Naksh Singhania in Star Plus longest-running soap opera "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai" which won him the Gold Award for Best Debut Actor (Male). He quit the show in September 2016 to participate in "Bigg Boss".


title: Rohan Mehra

text: In October 2016, he entered as a celebrity contestant in the 10th season of the Indian popular reality game show "Bigg Boss". He got eliminated on Day 102 in January 2017 and was placed 5th.


title: Rohan Mehra

text: From June 2017 to March 2018, Mehra starred in Colors TV's long running daily soap "Sasural Simar Ka" as Sameer Kapoor opposite Krissann Barretto and Vaishali Takkar. His character was initially negative, before it slowly turned positive.


title: Rohan Mehra

text: In 2018, he signed his fourth episodic role in &TV's "Laal Ishq" as Rohan. The same year, he was playing in Lucknow Nawabs as a contestant in the third season of "Box Cricket League" and became the winner.


title: Rohan Mehra

text: A year later, Mehra was a contestant in "Kitchen Champion" with Kanchi Singh. In 2020, he debuted into web series with ALT Balaji teen drama "Class of 2020" that featured him as Ibrahim Noorani.


title: Rohan Mehra

text: In February 2021, his second web series "Crashh" began streaming online on ALTBalaji and ZEE5 that co-starred Zain Imam, Aditi Sharma, Kunj Anand and Anushka Sen.


title: Subedar

text: Subedar is a rank of junior commissioned officer in the Indian Army; a senior non-commissioned officer in the Pakistan Army, and formerly a Viceroy's commissioned officer in the British Indian Army.


title: Subedar

text: "Subedar" or "subadar" was the second-highest rank of Indian officer in the military forces of British India, ranking below "British Commissioned Officers" and above "Local Non-Commissioned Officers". Indian officers were promoted to this rank on the basis of both lengths of service and individual merit.


title: Subedar

text: Under British rule, a Risaldar was the cavalry equivalent of a Subedar. A Subedar / Risaldar was ranked senior to a Jemadar and junior to a Subedar Major / Risaldar Major in an infantry / cavalry regiment of the Indian Army. Both Subedars and Risaldars wore two stars as rank insignia.


title: Subedar

text: The rank was introduced in the East India Company's presidency armies (the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army) to make it easier for British officers to communicate with Indian troops. It was thus important for subedars to have some competence in English. In an order dated November 1755 the structure of an infantry company in the HEIC's newly raised infantry regiments provided for one subedar, four jemadars, 16 NCOs and 90 sepoys (private soldiers). This was to remain the approximate proportion until the number of British junior officers in a regiment increased later in the 18th century.


title: Subedar

text: Until 1866, the rank was the highest an Indian soldier could achieve in the army of British India. A subedar's authority was confined to other Indian troops, and he could not command British troops. Promoted from the ranks and usually advanced through seniority based on long service; the typical subedar of this period was a relatively elderly veteran with limited English, whose extensive regimental experience and practical knowledge was not matched by formal education or training.


title: Subedar

text: Before the Partition of India, subedars were known as Viceroy's commissioned officers (VCOs). After 1947, this term was changed to junior commissioned officers. It was not until the 1930s that significant numbers of Indian cadets began to be appointed as King's Commissioned Officers (KCOs) from either Sandhurst or the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun.


title: Subedar

text: Until 1858, subedars wore two epaulettes with small bullion fringes on each shoulder. After 1858, they wore two crossed golden swords, or, in the Gurkha regiments, two crossed golden kukris, on each side of the collar of the tunic or on the right breast of the kurta. After 1900, subedars wore two pips on each shoulder. A red-yellow-red ribbon was introduced under each pip after World War I. After World War II, this ribbon was moved to lie between the shoulder title and the rank insignia (two brass stars on both shoulders).


title: Subedar

text: During the period of British rule, subedars and other VCOs wore distinctive uniforms that combined features of both British and Indian military dress.


title: Subedar

text: After independence, which came in 1947 with the Partition of India, the former Indian Army was divided between India and Pakistan.


title: Subedar

text: In the Indian Army the rank has been promoted to second senior-most JCO with ribbon band on the shoulder strap two gold stars with a gold-red-gold stripe below. The Junior Commissioned Officers of the Indian Army is equivalent to Group-B Gazetted Officers in India.


title: Subedar

text: In the Pakistan Army, the rank has been retained as a senior JCO, but the distinguishing ribbon band on the shoulder strap is now red-green-red.


title: Ruger SR-556

text: The SR-556 is a semiautomatic AR-15 style rifle manufactured by U.S. firearms company Sturm, Ruger & Co. The rifle was introduced in 2009 in 223 Remington/5.56×45mm NATO and as a .308 Winchester AR-10 variant in 2013, the SR-762. It is one of several 21st-century AR-15 rifles to use gas piston operation (SR-556). In January 2016 Ruger discontinued all SR-556 rifles and introduced a new takedown variant with a lightweight KeyMod handguard.


title: Ruger SR-556

text: The rifle features a "two-stage" piston mechanism as opposed to the semi-direct impingement system of the AR-15. Gas flow is controlled by a four position regulator. Several key parts, such as the short stroke gas piston, gas regulator, and bolt/carrier group are chrome plated. The bolt carrier features an integral lug in place of the AR-15's gas key. The flash suppressor is similar to Ruger's AC-556 and Mini-14GB.


title: Ruger SR-556

text: The 5.56 rifle includes a number of other manufacturer's parts such as a Troy Industries railed handguard and Samson folding iron sights, a Hogue rubberized pistol grip, and three Magpul PMAG 30-round STANAG magazines. The 7.62 variant uses SR-25 pattern magazines. The SR-556SC comes with three 10-round magazines and does not have the flash hider or collapsible stock, making it compliant in several states with restrictive rifle laws. The barrel is , chrome lined, and features a six groove, right hand, 1: twist. In August 2010, Ruger announced that the rifle would be offered in the 6.8mm Remington SPC cartridge.


title: Ruger SR-556

text: Ruger's introduction of the SR-556 was met with some criticism for its high price tag of around US$2,000. Ruger products are usually known for affordability, but the SR-556 is essentially a regular AR-15 albeit with a different, more complicated operating system. It differs from the less expensive alternatives like the Smith & Wesson M&P Sport and Sport II model rifles, of which the original Sport model lacked a forward assist and dust cover. The SR-556 was also criticized for being heavier than other AR-15s. Ruger addressed these shortcomings by introducing a lighter and less expensive rifle, the SR-556E.


title: Knebworth House

text: Knebworth House is an English country house in the parish of Knebworth in Hertfordshire, England. It is a Grade II* listed building. Its gardens are also listed Grade II* on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. In its surrounding park is the medieval St. Mary's Church and the Lytton family mausoleum. It was the seat of the Earl of Lytton (also Viscount Knebworth), and now the house of the family of the Baron Cobbold of Knebworth.


title: Knebworth House

text: The grounds are home to the Knebworth Festival, a recurring open-air rock and pop concert held since 1974, and until 2014 was home to another hard rock festival, Sonisphere.


title: Knebworth House

text: The home of the Lytton family since 1490, when Thomas Bourchier sold the reversion of the manor to Sir Robert Lytton, Knebworth House was originally a red-brick Late Gothic manor house, built round a central court as an open square. In 1813-16 the house was reduced to its west wing, which was remodelled in a Tudor Gothic style by John Biagio Rebecca for Mrs Bulwer-Lytton, and then was transformed in 1843-45 by Henry Edward Kendall Jr. into the present Tudor Gothic structure.


title: Knebworth House

text: Knebworth's most famous resident was Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1803-1873), the Victorian author, dramatist and statesman, who embellished the gardens in a formal Italianate fashion. The 1st Baron's great-grandson Neville (1879-1951) married Judith Blunt, a well known horse breeder who inherited Crabbet Arabian Stud in 1917 and devoted her life to it. In 1913-1914 the house was leased for £3,000 per year by Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia and his morganatic wife Natalia Brasova.


title: Knebworth House

text: Much of the interior of Knebworth House was redesigned by Sir Edwin Lutyens, who married Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton (1874-1964) - he simplified the main parterre. Lady Emily was the daughter of the 1st Earl of Lytton, who served as Viceroy of India between 1876 and 1880. A herb garden, with an interlaced quincunx design, was drawn by Gertrude Jekyll in 1907, although not planted until 1982. The grounds are also open to the public.


title: Knebworth House

text: Henry Lytton-Cobbold lives at the house with his family. After a career in the film industry in Los Angeles, he lets production companies film on location in the house and gardens. The grounds include tourist attractions such as an adventure playground and dinosaur park and host various events including classic car rallies.


title: Knebworth House

text: Beginning in 1974, a recurring open-air rock and pop concert known as the Knebworth Festival has been held in the grounds. The festival first occurred in July 1974 when The Allman Brothers Band, The Doobie Brothers and other artists played to an audience of 60,000 people. Over the years the festival has featured the likes of Pink Floyd, The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Queen (their 1986 concert at the venue their last with Freddie Mercury), Paul McCartney, Genesis, Mike Oldfield, The Beach Boys, Deep Purple, Eric Clapton, Elton John, Dire Straits, Robbie Williams, Oasis and Liam Gallagher. The last festival to date was in June 2022.


title: Knebworth House

text: Local radio station BOB FM broadcasts from Knebworth's former pump house, which used to provide water to the main house.


title: Interim Government of Iran

text: The Interim Government of Iran () was the first government established in Iran after the Iranian Revolution. The regime was headed by Mehdi Bazargan, one of the members of the Freedom Movement of Iran, and formed on the order of Ruhollah Khomeini (known as the Ayatollah Khomeini) on 4 February 1979. From 4 to 11 February, Bazargan and Shapour Bakhtiar, the Shah's last Prime Minister, both claimed to be the legitimate prime minister; Bakhtiar fled on 11 February. Mehdi Bazargan was the prime minister of the interim government and introduced a seven-member cabinet on 14 February 1979. Ebrahim Yazdi was elected as the Foreign Minister.


title: Interim Government of Iran

text: The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran was adopted by referendum on 24 October 1979. Before it could come into force on 3 December 1979, however, the government resigned on 6 November soon after the taking over of the American embassy. The Council of the Islamic Revolution then served as the country's government until the formation of the first Islamic Consultative Assembly on 12 August 1980. Bazargan was elected to the first Islamic Consultative Assembly representing Tehran.


title: Interim Government of Iran

text: When Ayatollah Khomeini, the leader of the Iranian revolution, came back to Iran after his 15-year exile, he appointed Mehdi Bazargan as the head of the interim government. On 4 February 1979, Ruhollah Khomeini issued a decree appointing Bazargan as the prime minister of "The Provisional Islamic Revolutionary Government" (PRG).


title: Interim Government of Iran

text: Elaborating further on his decree, Khomeini made it clear that Iranians were commanded to obey Bazargan and that this was a religious duty.


title: Interim Government of Iran

text: As a man who, though the guardianship ["Velayat"] that I have from the holy lawgiver [the Prophet], I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler, and since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed. The nation must obey him. This is not an ordinary government. It is a government based on the "sharia". Opposing this government means opposing the "sharia" of Islam ... Revolt against God's government is a revolt against God. Revolt against God is blasphemy.


title: Interim Government of Iran

text: Khomeini's announcement came days before the army's official statement announcing the army's (Bakhtiar's last hope) neutrality in conflicts between Khomeini's and Bakhtiar's supporters. Bakhtiar fled on the same day, 11 February, the day that is officially named as "Islamic Revolution's Victory Day".


title: Interim Government of Iran

text: The PRG is often described as "subordinate" to the Revolutionary Council, and having had difficulties reigning in the numerous committees which were competing with its authority.


title: Interim Government of Iran

text: According to Mohammad Ataie, the cabinet was made up of two main factions, moderates and radicals. Most of cabinet members were nationalist veterans and sympathizers of the Freedom Movement of Iran and a few from the National Front.


title: Interim Government of Iran

text: Bazargan reshuffled his cabinet several times because of resignation of ministers that were unable to cope with parallel sources of power. In several cases a ministry was supervised by an acting minister or Bazargan himself.


title: Interim Government of Iran

text: The Prime Minister and all members of his cabinet resigned en masse on 6 November 1979 after American Embassy officials were taken hostage two days earlier on 4 November 1979. In his letter to Khomeini, Bazargan stated that ""...repeated interferences, inconveniences, objections and disputes have made my colleagues and me unable to continue [meeting] our duties ..."".


title: Interim Government of Iran

text: Power then passed into the hands of the Revolutionary Council. Bazargan had been a supporter of the original revolutionary draft constitution rather than theocracy by Islamic jurist, and his resignation was received by Khomeini without protest, saying "Mr. Bazargan ... was a little tired and preferred to stay on the sidelines for a while." Khomeini later described his appointment of Bazargan as a "mistake". Bazargan, on the other hand, described the government as a "knife without blade."


title: Weddings in India

text: Weddings in India vary according to the region, the religion, the community and the personal preferences of the bride and groom. They are festive occasions in India, and in most cases celebrated with extensive decorations, colour, dresses, music, dance, costumes and rituals that depend on the community, region and religion of the bride and the groom, as well as their preferences. India celebrates about 10 million weddings per year, of which about 80% are Hindu weddings.


title: Weddings in India

text: While there are many festival-related rituals in Hinduism, "vivaah" (wedding) is the most extensive personal ritual an adult Hindu undertakes in his or her life. Typical Hindu families spend significant effort and financial resources to prepare and celebrate weddings. The rituals and process of a Hindu wedding vary depending on region of India, local adaptations, resources of the family and preferences of the bride and the groom. Nevertheless, there are a few key rituals common in Hindu weddings – "Kanyadaan", "Panigrahana", and "Saptapadi"; these are respectively, gifting away of daughter by the father, voluntarily holding hand near the fire to signify impending union, and taking seven steps before fire with each step including a set of mutual vows. After the seventh step and vows of "Saptapadi", the couple is legally husband and wife. Jain and Buddhist weddings in India, share many themes, but are centered around their respective religious ideas and texts.


title: Weddings in India

text: Indian Sikhs get married through a ceremony called Anand Karaj, a ritual started by the third leader of Sikhism, Guru Amar Das. The couple walk around the holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib four times.


title: Weddings in India

text: Indian Muslims celebrate a traditional Islamic wedding, with rituals include "Nikah", payment of financial dower called "Mahr" by the groom to the bride, signing of marriage contract, and a reception.


title: Weddings in India

text: Indian Christian weddings followings traditional Christian marriage customs. Among Protestants in India, the betrothal rite celebrates the engagement of a couple, with prayers being offered for a couple and engagement rings being blessed by a pastor. A day before the wedding, the Haldi/Ubtan/Mayun ceremony (as it is known in northern India) or the Roce ceremony (as it is known in the Goa area of India) is held, in which "haldi or turmeric paste is applied on North Indian Christians and coconut paste is applied on South Indian Christians." After some time, Indian Christians are married in a church wedding, during which, the couple meet in the presence of a minister, often in a church or place of worship. Readings from the Bible take place. The bride and groom take their marriage vows. The bride and groom often exchange rings as a sign of their endless love.


title: Weddings in India

text: Interfaith marriages in India, especially between Hindus and Muslims, have been the subject of legal constraints in some states, vigilante harassment, and fears of violence.


title: Weddings in India

text: In the past, the age of marriage was young. The average age of marriage for women in India has increased to 21 years, according to the 2011 Census of India. In 2009, about 7% of women got married before the age of 18. Arranged marriages have long been the norm in Indian society. Even today, the majority of Indians have their marriages planned by their parents and other respected family members. Recent studies suggest that Indian culture is trending away from traditional arranged marriages. Fewer marriages are purely arranged without consent and that the majority of surveyed Indian marriages are arranged with consent. The percentage of self-arranged marriages (called love marriages in India) have also increased vastly, particularly in the urban areas of India such as Mumbai and Delhi.


title: Weddings in India

text: Weddings are a major business in India. According to a report by KPMG in 2017, the Indian wedding industry is estimated to be around $40–50 billion in size. It is the second largest wedding market after USA, which is at $70 billion. While the industry is very unorganised with small and medium scale businesses, there are also corporates who are trying to tap this industry. The prime factors for growth in the industry are the rise of middle class in India, an overall booming economy and use of social media. It is estimated that the cost of an Indian wedding ranges between ₹500,000 to ₹50 Million (from US$6,747.14 to US$674,743.50, respectively). An Indian is likely to spend one fifth of his total life time wealth on a wedding.


title: Weddings in India

text: Many Indian celebrities choose destination weddings, and Indians take inspiration from them. Both domestic and international destinations are popular for weddings in India. The destination wedding industry in India is estimated to cross ₹450 Billion in 2020.


title: Weddings in India

text: Pre-wedding shoots along with wedding photography are also having a big stake in Indian weddings. Average Wedding shoots can cost ranging from ₹15,000 to ₹100,000 per day.


title: Lists of endangered languages

text: Lists of endangered languages are mainly based on the definitions used by UNESCO. In order to be listed, a language must be classified as "endangered" in a cited academic source. Researchers have concluded that in less than one hundred years, almost half of the languages known today will be lost forever.


title: Lists of endangered languages

text: SIL Ethnologue (2005) lists 473 out of 6,909 living languages inventorized (6.8%) as "nearly extinct", indicating cases where "only a few elderly speakers are still living"; this figure dropped to 6.1% as of 2013.


title: Lists of endangered languages

text: When judging whether or not a language is endangered, the number of speakers is less important than their age distribution. There are languages in Indonesia reported with as many as two million native speakers alive now, but all of advancing age, with little or no transmission to the young. On the other hand, while there are only 30,000 Ladin speakers left, almost all children still learn it as their mother tongue; thus Ladin is not currently endangered. Similarly, the Hawaiian language has only about 1,000 speakers, but it has stabilized at this number, and there is now school instruction in the language, from preschool through the 12th grade; thus the language is classified as merely vulnerable.


title: Lists of endangered languages

text: While there are somewhere around six or seven thousand languages on Earth today, about half of them have fewer than about 3,000 speakers. Experts predict that even in a conservative scenario, about half of today's languages will become extinct within the next 50 to 100 years.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Katherine Mary Lyon (aged 10) and Sheila Mary Lyon (aged 12) were sisters who disappeared without a trace during a March 25, 1975 trip to a shopping mall in the Washington, D.C. suburb of Wheaton, Maryland. Known colloquially as The Lyon Sisters, their case resulted in one of the largest police investigations in Washington metropolitan area history.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: In 2013, a team of cold case investigators with the Montgomery County, Maryland, police made a break in the case. They focused on Lloyd Lee Welch, Jr., then serving a lengthy prison sentence in Delaware for child sexual abuse, the culmination of a long criminal record that had begun a few years after the girls' disappearance with a burglary arrest in their jurisdiction. In September 2017, Welch pleaded guilty to two counts of first-degree murder for the abduction and murder of the two sisters. It had long been "one of the most high-profile unsolved cases in the D.C. area." The girls' remains have never been found.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Police records show that during the original investigation, Welch came forward a week after the girls' disappearance and falsely told a security guard at the shopping center visited by the girls immediately before they disappeared that he had witnessed another man abduct them there. The description Welch provided of the other man matched a description that newspapers and other media already had provided the public. According to that description, a conservatively dressed man had demonstrated a new type of audiocassette player at the shopping mall as children and teens, including the Lyon sisters, gathered near him. A short time after Welch told this story to the mall security guard trying to cast suspicion on the other man, he was questioned at a police station, failed a lie detector test, admitted he had lied, was released and was not questioned again until more than 38 years later.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: During the reopening of the case, police discovered that a mug shot taken of Welch in 1977 bore a strong resemblance to a police sketch of a possible suspect who had been seen staring inappropriately at the Lyon sisters in the shopping mall. Detectives began interviewing Welch in prison; he made statements that further implicated him although he continued to protest his innocence. One of his relatives told them he had helped Welch burn two heavy, bloodied duffel bags in Bedford County, Virginia. In July 2015, Welch was indicted and charged with the girls' murders there; he pleaded guilty to murder two years later. His uncle is a person of interest as well.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: The two sisters were born to John and Mary Lyon in Kensington, Maryland. They had an older brother, Jay, who later became a policeman. Their father, John Lyon, was a well-known radio personality at WMAL, a local radio station then held by the owner of the ABC Television affiliate in Washington and the now-defunct "Washington Star"; he later worked as a victims' counselor. The sisters' disappearance continued to be featured in high-profile stories in the national media for months.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Located a half-mile away from their home was Wheaton Plaza shopping mall (now Westfield Wheaton). On March 25, 1975, Katherine and Sheila Lyon walked to the mall to see the Easter exhibits. It was their spring vacation and they planned to have lunch at the Orange Bowl, a pizza restaurant which was part of the mall. They left home between 11:00 AM and noon. Their mother had instructed them to return home by 4:00 PM; when they had not arrived by 7:00 PM, the police were called and an extensive search was conducted. Police felt comfortable enough with the accuracy of this timeline to release it to the public:


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Police were told by witnesses that the sisters were in the Wheaton Plaza mall at approximately 1 PM. A neighborhood boy, who knew the sisters, reported that he saw them together outside the Orange Bowl speaking with an unidentified man, about 6 feet tall, 50 to 60 years old, and wearing a brown suit. The man was carrying a briefcase with a tape recorder inside; there were also other children around who were speaking into a microphone he was holding. The witness' description of the man led authorities to view the unknown person as a prime suspect in the Lyon sisters' case and two composite sketches of the man were created.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Police investigating the case followed up on reports from several people who said they recognized the sketch of the unknown man with the briefcase. Press reports indicated that a man matching the sketch was seen a few weeks earlier at the Marlow Heights Shopping Center and Iverson Mall, both in neighboring Prince George's County, Maryland. These people reported that he had approached several young girls and asked them to read an answering machine message typed on an index card into his hand-held microphone. The police never publicly acknowledged a direct link between these reports and the Lyon sisters' disappearance.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: After the disappearance, a friend of the Lyon sisters, a girl who was in their age bracket, described to detectives how a long-haired man at the mall had stared at the girls so long and so intently that she confronted him. A sketch artist made a drawing based on her description: white, late teens or early 20s, acne on his face, scars on his left cheek, shabbily dressed. That sketch, though, appears not to have been widely disseminated. The description from the sisters' friend contrasted sharply with the only description of a possible suspect that was made public in 1975, that of the well-groomed, conservatively dressed person eventually labeled "tape recorder man." Aside from the major differences in facial features, hair and clothing, the long-haired man and "tape recorder man" were several decades apart in age.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: As weeks passed, numerous volunteer groups combed vacant lots and stream beds for the sisters. The search continued and media attention reached such a fever pitch that on May 23, 1975, Maryland Lt. Gov. Blair Lee ordered 122 National Guardsmen to participate in a search of a Montgomery County forest for the missing girls.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: On April 7, 1975, about two weeks after their disappearance, a witness in Manassas, Virginia, reported seeing two girls resembling Sheila and Katherine in the rear of a beige 1968 Ford station wagon. The witness stated that the girls were bound and gagged in the vehicle. The driver of the station wagon resembled the man in the publicly available sketch of the prime suspect. The witness further claimed that when the driver spotted the witness tailing him, he ran a red light and sped west on Route 234 towards Interstate 66 in Virginia. The station wagon had Maryland license plates with the possible combination "DMT-6**." The last two numbers are unknown due to the bending of the car's plate. The known combination was issued in Cumberland, Hagerstown, and Baltimore, Maryland at the time. This supposed sighting inspired a small army of mobile citizen band (CB) radio users to scour the area throughout the evening and into the night with a running commentary and chatter but without any tangible results. A search for matching plate numbers failed to produce any information. Although this witness's report was at first treated as credible, and a media firestorm erupted because of it, it was later deemed "questionable" by police.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: The disappearance generated calls from psychics, extortionists and attention seekers. Several phone calls from people claiming to have the girls and offering to exchange them for ransom money were made to the Lyon family in the immediate aftermath of the sisters' disappearance. One began with an anonymous male voice on April 4, 1975, and demanded that John Lyon leave a briefcase with $10,000 inside an Annapolis, Maryland, courthouse restroom. He left just $101 in the briefcase as directed by law enforcement officials, just enough to make the crime a felony, but the briefcase was never claimed. This same anonymous person called John Lyon later and said that there were too many police around the courthouse and he could not retrieve the ransom. John Lyon said he would have to hear the girls' voices before he would do anything else. He never contacted them again.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Lloyd Welch reported seeing the girls and a man to a mall guard one week after the disappearance. The police took down his elaborate statement. However, when given a lie detector test, he failed on most of his answers, and he and his report were disregarded.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Fred Howard Coffey was convicted in 1987 for the 1979 beating, strangulation murder, and molestation of a 10-year-old girl in North Carolina and () is serving a life sentence (after an earlier death sentence was overturned) in a North Carolina prison. Authorities learned that he interviewed for a job (and was subsequently employed) in Silver Spring, Maryland, six days after the Lyon sisters vanished. Silver Spring is a short distance from Wheaton Plaza. Investigators have been unable to determine if Coffey is connected to the case, and he was never charged in the disappearances.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Raymond Rudolph Mileski Sr. was another possible suspect named in press reports. Mileski resided in Suitland, Maryland, in 1975, not far from the malls in Prince George's County that had reported a man with a microphone approaching young girls. In a family disagreement, Mileski murdered his wife and teenage son and wounded another son inside their home in November 1977. He was convicted of the homicides and sentenced to 40 years in prison. Based on both prison informants' tips and Mileski's own claims to know something about the Lyon sisters case, which he offered to share more fully in exchange for more favorable prison conditions, authorities searched his former residence in April 1982, but no evidence was discovered. Mileski died in prison in 2004.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: As mentioned above, Lloyd Welch provided his own version of events a week after the disappearance. On the same day that newspapers printed a description of the conservatively dressed man carrying a briefcase with audiocassette recorder and holding a microphone, Lloyd Welch returned to Wheaton Plaza mall and told a security guard he had evidence for the case. He said he had seen a man with a tape recorder talking to two girls and later, forcing the girls into a car, according to court records. Montgomery County investigators were summoned to the mall and took Welch to a nearby police station to interview him. They gave him a polygraph test. When informed that he had failed it, he admitted he had provided false information about witnessing the abduction and was released by police, according to documents in the case. A one page report was typed up and placed on top of the transcript of the interview, with the word "lied" written on top. For more than 38 years thereafter, information about Welch's possible involvement in the case was accessible only via a search of police records.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Over the years, many detectives worked on the Lyon girls' cold case. However, many had retired by 2013. Sergeant Chris Homrock, after years of reviewing every detail of the case, ran across Lloyd Welch's statement. He had not read it previously. Critically, he also noticed that the mug shot of Welch roughly matched the police sketch created some 38 years ago.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: From the details in the file Homrock thought that at minimum Welch had witnessed the crime, because he had described the limp of Ray Mileski, and Homrock still had not ruled out Mileski. However, Homrock had also learned that Welch had since been convicted of child molestation. Detectives began working from this new angle, and after doing background work, planned an interview strategy. On October 16, 2013, they had their first interview with Welch. They had feared that Welch would not speak with them; however, on the first day of that interview, Welch spoke with them for many hours. Throughout this long interrogation process Welch inadvertently revealed the truths of the crime hidden in his elaborate frameworks of lies to Detective Dan Davis.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Welch's cousin, Henry Parker, told detectives in December 2014 that in 1975 he met Welch at a property on Taylor's Mountain Road, in Thaxton, Virginia. Parker said he helped remove two army-style duffel bags from Welch's vehicle. Each bag "weighed about 60 or 70 pounds and smelled like 'death,'" according to a search warrant affidavit, which was filed and sealed in January 2015. Moreover, Parker said the bags had been covered in red stains. Without knowing their contents, Parker threw the bags into a fire.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: In February 2014, Welch was openly named as a person of interest in the case. Police said Welch, who was 18 years old in 1975, and has since been convicted of rapes in three other states, had been "seen 'paying attention' to the sisters."


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: A new lead was discovered as of September 20, 2014. The police searched the woods of Thaxton, Virginia, and entered a house in Hyattsville, Maryland, seizing several items. The home was that of Welch's parents, and he had lived in the basement. Although the evidence was too degraded to trace any DNA, one room of the basement had significant evidence of blood; one of the detectives used the word "slaughtered" to describe the scene.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Over a year later, in July 2015, Welch, then serving a lengthy sentence in Delaware on a child-molestation conviction, was indicted on first-degree felony murder for his alleged involvement in the deaths of Katherine and Sheila Lyon. He was also charged with abduction with intent to defile. The location of any remains of the girls' bodies is still unknown. Had Welch been brought to trial without the girls' bodies entered into evidence, it would have been the longest time to have elapsed between a murder and a trial in a bodiless murder conviction.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: Ultimately, in September 2017, Welch pleaded guilty to two counts of first-degree murder for the abduction and killing of Katherine and Shelia Lyon in 1975. He received two 48-year sentences for the two counts of first degree felony murder he was facing. The sentences will be served concurrently.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: The murder was the subject of the 2020 documentary "Who Killed the Lyon Sisters?", written and produced by Inkblot Narratives. The documentary follows journalist Mark Bowden's investigation of the crime.


title: Murders of Katherine and Sheila Lyon

text: "Who Killed the Lyon Sisters?" was awarded Best Documentary in Television and Best Editing in Television by the 42nd Annual Telly Awards and two additional Silver Tellys: one for Cinematography in Television and one for True Crime.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: Sonic the Hedgehog is an ongoing American comic book series based on the Sega video game franchise, published by IDW Publishing. It is the third licensed comic book iteration based on Sega's "Sonic the Hedgehog" intellectual property, after Fleetway Publications' "Sonic the Comic" and Archie Comics' "Sonic the Hedgehog" series.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: On July 21, 2017, IDW Publishing announced a deal with Sega to produce a new series of "Sonic" comics following the cancellation of the previous "Sonic the Hedgehog" series by Archie Comics after a 24-year run. The new series began with a four-week long event where the first four issues were released each week in April 2018, followed by a monthly release of subsequent issues starting in May 2018. Archie "Sonic" writer Ian Flynn was later confirmed to return as the series' lead writer, alongside artist Tyson Hesse.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: During New York Comic Con 2017, Ian Flynn confirmed that characters old and new would be featured in the series, hinting that characters from the games and the original comics might possibly return. In January 2018, IDW revealed that Tracy Yardley, who originally worked on Archie's "Sonic the Hedgehog" comics, would be one of the pencillers for the IDW series.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: On April 14, 2020, it was announced that Evan Stanley, one of the series' artists, would be writing for the series.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: On June 28, 2020, two original characters from the series, Tangle the Lemur and Whisper the Wolf, were announced to appear in the "Sonic" mobile game "" as part of its events, with them doing so next month. Merchandise, including a plush toy, of the two have been released also. Tangle was also briefly mentioned in the 2022 "Sonic" game "Sonic Frontiers".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: The comic is set in a similar universe as the video games' after the events of "Sonic Forces" and follows the adventures of Sonic and his friends as they defeat Dr. Eggman and other enemies. New characters to the series include Tangle, an energetic ring-tailed lemur; Whisper, a reserved wolf who uses a Wisp-powered rifle; Jewel, a beetle museum curator and Tangle's childhood friend; Belle, a wooden, marionette-like robot; Rough and Tumble, a pair of troublemaking skunks; Mimic, a shapeshifting octopus and former comrade of Whisper who betrayed his team to Eggman; Dr. Starline, a platypus scientist who admires Eggman; Surge, a punkish, hotheaded tenrec; Kitsunami (a.k.a. "Kit"), a somber fennec fox pup; and Clutch, an opossum crime boss.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: After the end of the war, Eggman has mysteriously gone missing, and the remains of his Badnik army roam around and attack people. When the Badniks become more organized and powerful, Sonic decides to investigate. And with the help of the Chaotix, he discovers that Eggman has lost his memory and taken on the more friendly moniker of Mr. Tinker. Sonic decides to let him go, and discovers that Neo Metal Sonic is behind the attacks, plotting to take over the world in Eggman's place. While Sonic and his friends fight Neo Metal Sonic and his army on Angel Island, Dr. Starline kidnaps Mr. Tinker and tries to revert him back to Eggman, which ultimately happens when a defeated Metal Sonic returns after being repaired by Tails. Eggman makes Starline his assistant as he goes to work on a new plan.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: In the "Tangle and Whisper" mini-series, Tangle helps Whisper hunt down Mimic, who betrayed Whisper's old team, the Diamond Cutters. The two manage to capture him, and he is jailed.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: Eggman's next scheme involves the Metal Virus, which turns organic material into mindless robots dubbed "Zombots". The Metal Virus quickly mutates beyond his control, infecting Sonic and most of his friends. Starline, disillusioned due to Eggman showing no interest in regaining the virus' control, brings in the Zeti known as the Deadly Six in hopes that they can control the Zombots, but they betray him, wanting to claim the world for themselves. After banishing Starline, Eggman and Metal Sonic take refuge with Sonic and company on Angel Island, helping them defeat the Zeti and collect the Chaos Emeralds. The Zeti's leader, Zavok, invades Angel Island, but Sonic and Silver assume their Super forms, defeat him, and destroy the Metal Virus, curing the world. But in the process, Sonic suffers amnesia and ends up on Blaze's world, who restores his memory and helps him return home.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: In the "Bad Guys" miniseries, Starline, hoping to conquer the world and regain Eggman's respect, breaks Rough, Tumble, Mimic, and Zavok out of prison and recruits their help in raiding Eggman's Power Core factory and Eggnet Hub. Mimic and Zavok learn that Starline plans to dispose of them afterwards, exposing his deceit to Rough and Tumble. Starline escapes using his new Tricore, which can amplify multiple abilities, and the villains part ways as Eggman attacks. In the aftermath, Starline, while still respecting Eggman, resolves to prove his own superiority.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: While investigating an Eggman base, Sonic and Tails discover Belle, a wooden robot. Meanwhile, Amy, Rouge, and Cream try to win parts to rebuild E-123 Omega by having Cheese compete in Chao races. The group learn from Shadow that the champion, Clutch, has a surplus of Badnik parts and is abusive to his losing Chao. Starline kidnaps Tails and Rouge for research, but Sonic and Belle free the Chao and defeat Starline as an avalanche buries him. Later, a tower built by Eggman is discovered and Sonic, Tails and Amy leave to investigate with Tangle and Belle following, while the others foil Eggman's experiment, Belle discovers that she is a Badnik built by Eggman when he was Mr. Tinker. Shortly after, Zavok reunites the Deadly Six and attacks Sonic and co.'s home base, only to be deported to their homeworld, the Lost Hex, in defeat. Starline also kidnaps Belle, but she is rescued by the Chaotix.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: After a deliberate forest fire which was taken care of by Amy, Tangle, Jewel and Belle and some chaos in Central City, the Chaotix are hired to investigate the source which leads them to discover that Clutch has hired Rough and Tumble and is planning to rebuild his criminal empire with their help. But the Chaotix destroy his entire Badnik collection and force them to escape.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: In the "Imposter Syndrome" miniseries, Starline creates Surge and Kit, two cyborgs emulating Sonic and Tails (who were responsible for the forest fire and the chaos in Central City), with the bio-data he has collected. He puts them through intense training, and wipes their memories whenever they question their identities and purposes. After the havoc they wreak is foiled by Sonic's friends, and Surge survives a fatal strike during a takeover of one of Eggman's bases, she and Kit become suspicious of Starline's motives, which leads them to discover that Starline has been conditioning them and wiping their memories to create their personalities. When they are unable to find any trace of their past, they vow to destroy the heroes and villains.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: Starline, Surge, and Kit conquer Eggman's headquarters, Eggperial City. Sonic, Tails, and Belle arrive to investigate, and Eggman retaliates against Starline. Surge and Kit ambush Sonic and Tails, but are defeated. Eggman defeats Starline and leaves him to be crushed under rubble. With some help from Kit, the heroes escape Metal Sonic and Eggman's city. Surge escapes with the Dynamo Cage, which can harness power from other sources (including Wisps), and Sonic and Tails take in Kit, who falls into a depression after hearing of Starline and Surge's fates. Surge wreaks havoc on Central City, easily defeats Whisper and takes all of her Wisps while Sonic rushes in to stop her. Kit, feeling the need to assist Sonic, follows after him, but learns that Surge is alive and rescues her from Sonic and Tails. Surge and Kit lure Sonic, Tails, Eggman and Metal Sonic into a trap inside Starline's base and overwhelm both sides, forcing them into an alliance.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: Joshua Davison on "Bleeding Cool" gave the first issue a score of 6.5/10, praising the art and creativity of the story but criticizing Sonic's characterization: "Sonic is an insufferable character... He's smug, annoying, and radical in that 1990's sense."


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing)

text: Dustin Holland's review of the first issue of the "Imposter Syndrome" miniseries on "Comic Book Resources" praised the personalities of new villains Surge the Tenrec and Kit the Fennec, action-filled plot, and appropriately expressive art.


title: Jumbotron

text: A jumbotron, sometimes referred to as jumbovision, is a video display using large-screen television technology (video wall). The original technology was developed in the early 1980s by Mitsubishi Electric and Sony, which coined JumboTron as a brand name in 1985. Mitsubishi Electric sold their version of the technology as Diamond Vision. It is typically used in sports stadiums and concert venues to show close up shots of an event or even other sporting events occurring simultaneously, as well as outdoor public places (such as Times Square, for example).


title: Jumbotron

text: The jumbotron was invented in Japan during the early 1980s, but there is a dispute between two rival Japanese companies, Mitsubishi Electric and Sony, over its invention. In 1980, Mitsubishi introduced the first large-scale video board, the Diamond Vision, which was a large screen using cathode-ray tube technology similar to traditional tube televisions. They demonstrated the technology at the 1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles.


title: Jumbotron

text: Panasonic had the Astro Vision which was based on Fluorescent Discharge Tubes. These were the only three players in the large-screen industry.


title: Jumbotron

text: Ironically, it was Sony who introduced Daktronics to the pro and college sports world, as Sony would exclusively sell Daktronics scoreboards and controllers with their video board solutions. Eventually Daktronics replaced Sony in the space completely.


title: Jumbotron

text: In 1985, the term "JumboTron" was coined by Sony for its large-scale video board. The JumboTron was the brand name for the large-scale video boards originally manufactured by Sony, and is recognized as one of the largest non-projection video displays ever manufactured. Sony creative director Yasuo Kuroki, who previously helped create the Walkman, is credited with the development of the JumboTron. It was introduced at the Expo '85 held in May 1985 at Tsukuba, Ibaraki. It had a display resolution of 450,000 pixels, using a new proprietary Sony technology called the Trini-lite. It was a microprocessor-based light bulb developed by one of Kuroki's colleagues, chief Betamax engineer Yuji Watanabe. Trini-lite technology allowed screen clarity and computer control, laying the foundation for the first Sony Jumbotrons.


title: Jumbotron

text: In December 1986 the San Antonio Spurs unvailed the first center-mounted arena JumboTron scoreboard at the now-defunct HemisFair Arena.


title: Jumbotron

text: While the JumboTron and similar large-screen displays are physically large, they ranged from low to medium display resolutions. While the original Sony JumboTron in 1985 had a 450,000-pixel resolution, comparable to standard-definition televisions of that era, certain later models had lower resolutions. The JumboTron at the now-demolished Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida, measured 30 ft (9 m) diagonally, with a resolution of only 240x192 pixels, below VHS resolution. Screen size since then varies depending on the venue. The display introduced in 1985 was 40 meters wide by 25 meters tall. Newer, LED-based large screens have resolutions that are an order of magnitude greater than the early JumboTron resolution at a fraction of the cost. For example, the much publicized center-hung video board in the Dallas Cowboys' AT&T Stadium is 72 feet tall and 160 feet wide (22 m x 49 m), displaying HDTV at 1920 x 1080 resolution, 45 times more pixels.


title: Jumbotron

text: The largest JumboTron in use was located at SkyDome (now Rogers Centre) in Toronto, Ontario, and measured 10 m tall by 33.5 m wide (33 ft × 110 ft) at a cost of US$17 million. By comparison, a similar-sized LED system sold today would cost around $3 million. The Rogers Centre JumboTron was replaced in 2005 by a Daktronics ProStar as part of a stadium revitalization project.


title: Jumbotron

text: Sony JumboTron was the first video board ever in Times Square. It remained that way for almost ten years.


title: Jumbotron

text: Originally, JumboTrons solely displayed the scores of the games via numerical displays. This then evolved into instant replays being showcased for the benefit of fans within the stadiums or arena, and in modern day, social media is heavily integrated, with fans being urged to post on various social media platforms to then have their content appear on the JumboTron screen.


title: Jumbotron

text: Sony JumboTron's were the world's first mobile screens and concert screens. Big Mo was the first portable video screen and Genesis used the first portable video screens for concert tours in the mid-90's.


title: Jumbotron

text: Originally, the JumboTron was not an LED display (light-emitting diode display), since blue LEDs were unavailable at the time, and the only green LEDs available were of the traditional yellow-green variety, which were unsuitable for an RGB display. Each display consisted of multiple modules composed of 16 or more small flood-beam CRTs (cathode ray tubes), each of which included from 2 to 16 pixels composed of red, green, and blue phosphors. Sony displayed one of the earliest versions at the Expo '85 World's Fair in Tsukuba.


title: Jumbotron

text: Eventually, JumboTron systems adopted LED technology as blue and pure green LEDs were developed. LED-based systems have about ten times the lifespan of CRT-based systems, a key reason for the change.


title: Jumbotron

text: Although "JumboTron" is a registered trademark owned by the Sony Corporation, Sony stopped manufacturing the devices under that name in 2001 and the word "jumbotron" has since become a genericized trademark.


title: Categorical distribution

text: In probability theory and statistics, a categorical distribution (also called a generalized Bernoulli distribution, multinoulli distribution) is a discrete probability distribution that describes the possible results of a random variable that can take on one of "K" possible categories, with the probability of each category separately specified. There is no innate underlying ordering of these outcomes, but numerical labels are often attached for convenience in describing the distribution, (e.g. 1 to "K"). The "K"-dimensional categorical distribution is the most general distribution over a "K"-way event; any other discrete distribution over a size-"K" sample space is a special case. The parameters specifying the probabilities of each possible outcome are constrained only by the fact that each must be in the range 0 to 1, and all must sum to 1.


title: Categorical distribution

text: The categorical distribution is the generalization of the Bernoulli distribution for a categorical random variable, i.e. for a discrete variable with more than two possible outcomes, such as the roll of a die. On the other hand, the categorical distribution is a special case of the multinomial distribution, in that it gives the probabilities of potential outcomes of a single drawing rather than multiple drawings.


title: Categorical distribution

text: Occasionally, the categorical distribution is termed the "discrete distribution". However, this properly refers not to one particular family of distributions but to a general class of distributions.


title: Categorical distribution

text: In some fields, such as machine learning and natural language processing, the categorical and multinomial distributions are conflated, and it is common to speak of a "multinomial distribution" when a "categorical distribution" would be more precise. This imprecise usage stems from the fact that it is sometimes convenient to express the outcome of a categorical distribution as a "1-of-"K"" vector (a vector with one element containing a 1 and all other elements containing a 0) rather than as an integer in the range 1 to "K"; in this form, a categorical distribution is equivalent to a multinomial distribution for a single observation (see below).


title: Categorical distribution

text: However, conflating the categorical and multinomial distributions can lead to problems. For example, in a Dirichlet-multinomial distribution, which arises commonly in natural language processing models (although not usually with this name) as a result of collapsed Gibbs sampling where Dirichlet distributions are collapsed out of a hierarchical Bayesian model, it is very important to distinguish categorical from multinomial. The joint distribution of the same variables with the same Dirichlet-multinomial distribution has two different forms depending on whether it is characterized as a distribution whose domain is over individual categorical nodes or over multinomial-style counts of nodes in each particular category (similar to the distinction between a set of Bernoulli-distributed nodes and a single binomial-distributed node). Both forms have very similar-looking probability mass functions (PMFs), which both make reference to multinomial-style counts of nodes in a category. However, the multinomial-style PMF has an extra factor, a multinomial coefficient, that is a constant equal to 1 in the categorical-style PMF. Confusing the two can easily lead to incorrect results in settings where this extra factor is not constant with respect to the distributions of interest. The factor is frequently constant in the complete conditionals used in Gibbs sampling and the optimal distributions in variational methods.


title: Categorical distribution

text: A categorical distribution is a discrete probability distribution whose sample space is the set of "k" individually identified items. It is the generalization of the Bernoulli distribution for a categorical random variable.


title: Categorical distribution

text: In one formulation of the distribution, the sample space is taken to be a finite sequence of integers. The exact integers used as labels are unimportant; they might be {0, 1, ..., "k" − 1} or {1, 2, ..., "k"} or any other arbitrary set of values. In the following descriptions, we use {1, 2, ..., "k"} for convenience, although this disagrees with the convention for the Bernoulli distribution, which uses {0, 1}. In this case, the probability mass function "f" is:


title: Categorical distribution

text: Another formulation that appears more complex but facilitates mathematical manipulations is as follows, using the Iverson bracket:


title: Categorical distribution

text: where formula_6 evaluates to 1 if formula_7, 0 otherwise. There are various advantages of this formulation, e.g.:


title: Categorical distribution

text: Yet another formulation makes explicit the connection between the categorical and multinomial distributions by treating the categorical distribution as a special case of the multinomial distribution in which the parameter "n" of the multinomial distribution (the number of sampled items) is fixed at 1. In this formulation, the sample space can be considered to be the set of 1-of-"K" encoded random vectors x of dimension "k" having the property that exactly one element has the value 1 and the others have the value 0. The particular element having the value 1 indicates which category has been chosen. The probability mass function "f" in this formulation is:


title: Categorical distribution

text: In Bayesian statistics, the Dirichlet distribution is the conjugate prior distribution of the categorical distribution (and also the multinomial distribution). This means that in a model consisting of a data point having a categorical distribution with unknown parameter vector p, and (in standard Bayesian style) we choose to treat this parameter as a random variable and give it a prior distribution defined using a Dirichlet distribution, then the posterior distribution of the parameter, after incorporating the knowledge gained from the observed data, is also a Dirichlet. Intuitively, in such a case, starting from what is known about the parameter prior to observing the data point, knowledge can then be updated based on the data point, yielding a new distribution of the same form as the old one. As such, knowledge of a parameter can be successively updated by incorporating new observations one at a time, without running into mathematical difficulties.