title: NVivo

text: NVivo accommodates a wide range of research methods, including network and organizational analysis, action or evidence-based research, discourse analysis, grounded theory, conversation analysis, ethnography, literature reviews, phenomenology, mixed methods research and the Framework methodology. NVivo supports data formats such as audio files, videos, digital photos, Word, PDF, spreadsheets, rich text, plain text and web and social media data. Users can interchange data with applications like Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, IBM SPSS Statistics, EndNote, Microsoft OneNote, SurveyMonkey and Evernote.


title: NVivo

text: Users can purchase add-on modules: NVivo Transcription for automated transcriptions, where users can transcribe directly in NVivo (Release 1.0); and NVivo Collaboration Cloud, that uses the cloud to enable small team project sharing and collaboration.


title: NVivo

text: NVivo - Windows is available in English, Chinese (Simplified), French, German and Japanese, Spanish and Portuguese. NVivo - Mac is available in English, French, German, Japanese and Spanish.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Eduard Bernstein (; 6 January 1850 – 18 December 1932) was a German social democratic Marxist theorist and politician. A member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), Bernstein had held close association to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, but he began to identify what he believed to be errors in Marxist thinking and began to criticize views held by Marxism when he investigated and challenged the Marxist materialist theory of history. He rejected significant parts of Marxist theory that were based upon Hegelian metaphysics and rejected the Hegelian perspective of an immanent economic necessity to socialism.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Bernstein was born in Schöneberg (now part of Berlin) to Jewish parents who were active in the Reform Temple on the Johannistrasse whose services were performed on Sunday. His father was a locomotive driver. From 1866 to 1878, he was employed in banks as a banker's clerk after leaving school.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Bernstein's political career began in 1872, when he joined a socialist party with Marxist tendencies, known formally as the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany. The party was a proponent of the Eisenacher style of German socialism, named after the German town where it was founded. Bernstein soon became known as an activist. His party contested two elections against a rival socialist party, the Lassalleans (Ferdinand Lassalle's General German Workers' Association), but in both elections neither party was able to win a significant majority of the left-wing vote. Consequently, Bernstein, together with August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht, prepared the "Einigungsparteitag" ("Unification Party Congress") with the Lassalleans in Gotha in 1875. Karl Marx's famous "Critique of the Gotha Program" criticised what he saw as a Lassallean victory over the Eisenachers, whom he favoured. Bernstein later noted that it was Liebknecht, considered by many to be the strongest Marxist advocate within the Eisenacher faction, who proposed the inclusion of many of the ideas that so thoroughly irritated Marx.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: In the 1877 elections, the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) gained 493,000 votes. However, two assassination attempts on Kaiser Wilhelm I the next year provided Chancellor Otto von Bismarck a pretext to introduce a law banning all socialist organisations, assemblies and publications. There had been no Social Democratic involvement in either assassination attempt, but the popular reaction against "enemies of the Reich" induced a compliant Reichstag to approve Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Bismarck's strict anti-socialist legislation was passed on 12 October 1878. For nearly all practical purposes the SPD was outlawed, and it was actively suppressed throughout Germany. However, it was still possible for Social Democrats to campaign as individuals for election to the Reichstag, which they did in spite of severe persecution. The party actually increased its electoral success, gaining 550,000 votes in 1884 and 763,000 in 1887.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: The vehemence of Bernstein's opposition to the government of Bismarck made it desirable for him to leave Germany. Shortly before the Anti-Socialist Laws came into effect, Bernstein went into exile in Zurich, accepting a position as the private secretary of Karl Höchberg, a wealthy supporter of social democracy. A warrant subsequently issued for his arrest ruled out any possibility for him to return to Germany, and he was to remain in exile for more than 20 years. In 1888, Bismarck convinced the Swiss government to expel a number of important members of German social democracy and so Bernstein relocated to London, where he associated with Friedrich Engels and Karl Kautsky. It was soon after his arrival in Switzerland that he began to think of himself as a Marxist. In 1880, he accompanied Bebel to London to clear up a misunderstanding concerning his involvement with an article published by Höchberg that was denounced by Marx and Engels as being "chock-full of bourgeois and petty bourgeois ideas". The visit was a success, and Engels in particular was impressed by Bernstein's zeal and ideas.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Back in Zurich, Bernstein became increasingly active in working for "Der Sozialdemokrat" ("Social Democrat") and later succeeded Georg von Vollmar as the paper's editor, which he was for 10 years. It was during those years between 1880 and 1890 that Bernstein established his reputation as a major party theoretician and a Marxist of impeccable orthodoxy. He was helped in that by the close personal and professional relationship he established with Engels. The relationship owed much to the fact that he shared Engels's strategic vision and accepted most of the particular policies that Engels believed the ideas to entail. In 1887, the German government persuaded the Swiss authorities to ban "Der Sozialdemokrat". Bernstein moved to London, where he resumed publication from premises in Kentish Town. His relationship with Engels soon developed into friendship. He also communicated with various English socialist organizations, notably the Fabian Society and Henry Mayers Hyndman's Social Democratic Federation. In later years, his opponents routinely claimed that his "revisionism" was caused by seeing the world "through English spectacles". However, Bernstein denied the charges.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: In 1895, Engels was deeply distressed when he discovered that his introduction to a new edition of "The Class Struggles in France", written by Marx in 1850, had been edited by Bernstein and Kautsky in a manner that left the impression that he had become a proponent of a peaceful road to socialism. On 1 April 1895, four months before his death, Engels wrote to Kautsky: I was amazed to see today in the "Vorwärts" an excerpt from my 'Introduction' that had been "printed without my knowledge" and tricked out in such a way as to present me as a peace-loving proponent of legality "quand même" (at all costs). Which is all the more reason why I should like it to appear in its entirety in the "Neue Zeit" in order that this disgraceful impression may be erased. I shall leave Liebknecht in no doubt as to what I think about it and the same applies to those who, irrespective of who they may be, gave him this opportunity of perverting my views and, what's more, without so much as a word to me about it.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: In 1891, Bernstein was one of the authors of the Erfurt Program and from 1896 to 1898, he published a series of articles entitled "Probleme des Sozialismus" ("Problems of Socialism") that resulted in the revisionism debate in the SPD. He also published the book "Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie" ("The Prerequisites for Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy") in 1899. The book was in great contrast to the positions of Bebel, Kautsky and Liebknecht. Rosa Luxemburg's 1900 essay "Reform or Revolution?" was also a polemic against Bernstein's position. In 1900, Berstein published "Zur Geschichte und Theorie des Sozialismus" ("The History and Theory of Socialism").


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: In 1901, Bernstein returned to Germany after the end of the ban that had kept him from entering the country. He became an editor of the newspaper "Vorwärts" that year and a member of the Reichstag from 1902 to 1918. He voted against the armament tabling in 1913, together with the SPD fraction's left wing. Although he voted for war credits in August 1914, he opposed World War I from July 1915 and, in 1917, was among the founders of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), which united antiwar socialists, including reformists like Bernstein, centrists like Kautsky and revolutionary socialists like Karl Liebknecht. He was a member of the USPD until 1919, when he rejoined the SPD. From 1920 to 1928, Bernstein was again a member of the Reichstag. He retired from political life in 1928.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Bernstein died on 18 December 1932 in Berlin. A commemorative plaque is placed in his memory at Bozener Straße 18, Berlin-Schöneberg, where he lived from 1918 until his death. His grave in the Eisackstrasse Cemetery became a "grave of honour" () in Berlin.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: "Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus" (1899) was Bernstein's most significant work. Bernstein was principally concerned with refuting Karl Marx's predictions about the imminent and inevitable demise of capitalism and Marx's consequent laissez-faire policy which opposed ameliorative social interventions before the demise. Bernstein indicated simple facts, which he considered to be evidence that Marx's predictions were not being borne out while he noted that while the centralisation of capitalist industry was significant, it was not becoming wholescale and that the ownership of capital was becoming more and not less diffuse. Bernstein's analysis of agriculture, according to which Bernstein believed that land ownership was becoming less concentrated, was largely based on the work of Eduard David and was in its marshalling of facts impressive enough that even his Orthodox Marxist opponent Karl Kautsky acknowledged its value.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: As to Marx's belief in the disappearance of the middleman, Bernstein declared that the entrepreneur class was being steadily recruited from the proletariat class and so all compromise measures, such as the state regulation of the hours of labour and provisions for old-age pensions should be encouraged. For that reason, Bernstein urged the labouring classes to take an active interest in politics. Bernstein also indicated what he considered to be some of the flaws in Marx's labour theory of value.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Looking especially at the rapid growth in Germany, Bernstein argued that middle-sized firms would flourish, the size and power of the middle class would grow and that capitalism would successfully adjust and not collapse. He warned that a violent proletarian revolution, as in France in 1848, produced only reactionary successes, which undermined workers' interests. Therefore, he rejected revolution and instead insisted the best strategy to be patiently building up a durable social movement working for continuous nonviolent incremental change.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: In his work, "The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein and Social Democracy", Manfred Steger touches on Bernstein's desire for socialism through peaceful means and incremental legislation. Some say that is Marxism in its mature form after the revisionists claimed many of Marx's theories to be wrong and came up with theories of their own, including socialism coming through democratic means.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Bernstein was vilified by the orthodox Marxists led by Karl Kautsky as well as the more radical current led by Rosa Luxemburg for his revisionism. Nonetheless, Bernstein remained very much a socialist, albeit an unorthodox one as he believed that socialism would be achieved by the advancement of capitalism to social democracy and so on, not by capitalism's destruction (as rights were gradually won by workers, their cause for grievance would be diminished and consequently, so too would the motivation for revolution). During the intra-party debates about his ideas, Bernstein explained that for him the final goal of socialism was nothing; progress toward that goal was everything.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Luxemburg argued that socialism has its end in social revolution and revisionism "amounts in practice to the advice [...] that we abandon the social revolution—the goal of Social Democracy—and turn social reform from a means of the class struggle into its final aim". She says revisionism has lost sight of scientific socialism and reverted to idealism and therefore lost its predictive force. Since reformists underestimate the anarchy of capitalism and say it has adaptability and viability, by which they mean that the contradictions of capitalism would not of historical necessity drive it to its doom, Luxemburg said they would abandon the objective necessity for socialism and give up all hope for a socialist future. The movement would collapse unless revisionism is repudiated. Trade unionists, who could see the successes of capitalism and the improvement of working conditions and who wanted to improve working conditions through parliament, generally followed Bernstein while those who were more orthodox generally followed Luxemburg.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Foreign policy was Bernstein's main intellectual interest between 1902 and 1914, with many articles in the "Sozialistische Monatshefte" ("Socialist Monthly"). He advocated policy positions for Germany that were aggressively nationalist, imperialist and expansionist.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Bernstein considered protectionism (high tariffs on imports) as helping only a selective few, being "fortschrittsfeindlich" (anti-progressive) for its negative effects on the masses. He argued Germany's protectionism was based only on political expediency, isolating Germany from the world (especially from Britain), creating an autarky that would result only in conflict between Germany and the rest of the world. Bernstein wanted to end Germany's protectionism and argued that tariffs did not increase grain production, did not counter British competition, did not increase farm profits and did not promote improvements in farming. Instead, it inflated rents, interest rates and prices, hurting everyone involved. In contrast, he argued that free trade led to peace, democracy, prosperity and the highest material and moral well-being of all humanity.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Bernstein rejected reactionary bourgeois nationalism and called instead for a cosmopolitan-libertarian nationalism. He recognized the historical role of the national factor and said that the proletariat must support their country against external dangers. He called on workers to assimilate themselves within nation-states, which entailed support for colonial policies and imperial projects. Bernstein was sympathetic to the idea of imperial expansions as a positive and civilizing mission, which resulted in a bitter series of polemics with the anti-imperialist Ernest Belfort Bax. Bernstein supported colonialism as he believed it uplifted backward peoples and it worked well for both Britain and Germany. Bernstein supported such policies in an intensely racialised manner, arguing in 1896 that "races who are hostile to or incapable of civilisation cannot claim our sympathy when they revolt against civilisation" and that the "savages [must] be subjugated and made to conform to the rules of higher civilisation". However, he was disturbed by the Kaiser's reckless policies. He wanted strong friendship especially with Britain and France and protection against the Russian threat to Germany. He envisioned a sort of league of nations.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Bernstein's views on Jewish matters evolved. He never identified as a Zionist, but after initially favouring a wholly assimilationist solution to "the Jewish Question", his attitude toward Zionism became considerably more sympathetic after World War I.


title: Eduard Bernstein

text: Bernstein is also noted for being "one of the first socialists to deal sympathetically with the issue of homosexuality".


title: Friends in Low Places

text: "Friends in Low Places" is a song recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released on August 6, 1990 as the lead single from his album "No Fences". The song spent four weeks at number one on the Hot Country Songs, and won both the Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association awards for 1990 Single of the Year.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: "Friends in Low Places" was written in 1989 by songwriters Earl Bud Lee and Dewayne Blackwell and first released by


title: Friends in Low Places

text: David Wayne Chamberlain in 1989. The two songwriters had given the song to Brooks to record as a demo soon before the release of his self-titled first album, when he was a relatively unknown singer. Enamored with the song, Brooks recorded his version the next year. Mark Chesnutt recorded the song for his second album "Too Cold at Home".


title: Friends in Low Places

text: According to Earl Bud Lee, one of the song's co-writers, the idea of the song was born when he and some songwriting friends gathered for lunch one day at Tavern on the Row, a popular Nashville eatery. When the check came, Lee realized he had forgotten his money. He was asked how he was going to pay for the meal, and he replied, "Don't worry. I have friends in low places. I know the cook." Lee and his songwriting partner, Dewayne Blackwell, immediately recognized that the line "friends in low places" had potential, but they did not act upon it immediately.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: Some months later, Lee and Blackwell were at a party, celebrating a recent No. 1 hit by another songwriter. They began to talk about the dormant "friends in low places" idea, and "at that very moment, it all started to come together in a song," Lee said. Because nothing else was available, they wrote the song on paper napkins. When the songwriters polished "Friends in Low Places", they contacted Garth Brooks to see if he would record a demo for them.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: Guitarist James Garver would add the name of the bar in the song, "The Oasis", after an establishment in his hometown of Concordia, Kansas.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: "Friends in Low Places" is in a moderate tempo and the key of A major. The song begins with arpeggios on the chords A, B7, B7, and E9, a pattern which is repeated throughout the verses. The intro was not originally part of the song, but was improvised by session guitarist Mark Casstevens. The chorus uses A-B-E twice before ending on an A chord. An electric guitar solo with pedal steel guitar flourishes is played between the first chorus and second verse.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: Lee and Blackwell had met Brooks when he was a shoe salesman in a Nashville store, looking for his big break. The two struck up a conversation with the struggling musician, and upon learning his background, they gave him some work making demos of their songs. They were impressed with his voice and talent, but there was not much else they could do for him. When Blackwell contacted Brooks to make the "Friends in Low Places" demo, Brooks explained to Blackwell that he was newly signed to Capitol Records, and that his first single and first album were already scheduled.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: The demo of "Friends in Low Places" was recorded at Windwalker Studios, in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. Musicians on the demo were John Beland (of The Flying Burrito Brothers) on acoustic and electric guitars, along with session aces Steve Turner on drums, and bassist Larry Paxton. Frank Green was the recording engineer. The actual master recording of "Friends in Low Places" borrowed quite a lot from the original demo, copying Beland's now famous acoustic guitar intro.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: After recording the demo (the last he would ever make), Brooks thanked Lee and Blackwell for all of their help. He then expressed his liking for the song, wishing aloud that he had heard it several weeks earlier, when he was recording his new album.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: Brooks provided the following background information on the song in the CD booklet liner notes from "The Hits":


title: Friends in Low Places

text: """Friends in Low Places" was the last demo session I ever did as a singer. The demo was for Bud Lee and Dewayne Blackwell. I sang the session out in Hendersonville, and for the next two weeks the chorus to this song kept running through my head. I knew it would be a year and a half before the release of "No Fences" because "Garth Brooks" was just getting ready to be released. I asked Bud Lee and Dewayne if I could hold on to it and, without a blink of an eye, they both said yes. Putting that kind of faith into an unknown artist is unheard of. Thanks Dewayne and Bud for believing in me.""


title: Friends in Low Places

text: While Brooks claimed in the liner notes that "Friends in Low Places" was held for him, David Chamberlin recorded it first in 1989. Mark Chesnutt also recorded it in 1990. His version appears on his 1990 debut album "Too Cold at Home" (released only a month after "No Fences"), and was the B-side to his late-1991 single "Broken Promise Land".


title: Friends in Low Places

text: In 2000, songwriter Dewayne Blackwell recorded and released the song on the compilation "In the Beginning: A Songwriter's Tribute to Garth Brooks"


title: Friends in Low Places

text: In 2021, singer-songwriter Drew Pizzulo recorded his cover of the song that topped the Cover charts and peaked at #11 in Country on soundclick.com.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: After the success of Brooks's eponymous debut album, he contacted the writers of "Friends in Low Places" to ask if the song was still available, and they said it was. In keeping with the raucous theme, a large contingent of backing vocalists accompanied Brooks as the chorus was repeated until a fadeout. Among the members of the group were Brooks's then-wife, Sandy, and both songwriters, Blackwell and Lee. At one point near the end of the song, one of the musicians opens a beer can, which is picked up by a microphone. When the album was being mastered, the sound of the beer can was originally mistaken for an audio glitch. Later on, one of the crowd members shouts "Push, Marie!" in reference to Garver, who was in the hospital while his wife was giving birth.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: Recognizing the song's potential, producer Allen Reynolds, in consultation with Capitol Nashville president Jimmy Bowen, decided that Brooks's rendition was going to be the first single from his new album, "No Fences". In July 1990, Brooks's mother, Colleen Carroll, inadvertently leaked the unreleased song to an Oklahoma radio station, setting off a frenzy and forcing the single and album to be rush-released.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: A live album recording was made in Wichita, Kansas, on the final night of five shows, on November 16, 1997. Ticket demand was so high the Sunday night show was added and a 'Low Places' live version with the third verse was recorded and went on the double disc live album.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: "Friends in Low Places" first entered the Hot Country Songs on August 18, 1990. It took only eight weeks to reach No. 1, where it remained there for four weeks until it was knocked off by "You Lie" performed by Reba McEntire. It was also one of the biggest hits of the year.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: By then, the song was already causing a stir. Brooks told a reporter from "USA Today" in October 1990, when the song was still at its chart peak, that he had received letters from high school students saying that they wanted to use "Friends in Low Places" as their "class song," only to have it opposed by their principals because the song is about escaping into drinking. Brooks agreed with the principals, saying, "We've had a lot of fun with that song, but it's nothing to base your values on."


title: Friends in Low Places

text: In April 1991, Brooks's recording won the 1990 Academy of Country Music award for Single of the Year, and on October 2, 1991, it won the same honor from the Country Music Association.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: It made the top 40 on the UK Singles Chart in 1995 as a double-sided reissue hit with "The Dance". The song also appeared on Brooks's 1994 compilation "The Hits". In 2003, the song was listed No. 6 on CMT "100 Greatest Songs of Country Music" broadcast. and the No. 1 spot on the network's "40 Greatest Drinking Songs: Morning After".


title: Friends in Low Places

text: Starting in 2008, "Friends in Low Places" became the traditional sing-along song during the sixth inning at Kansas City Royals home games at Kauffman Stadium. Garth Brooks has recorded dozens of different introductions to be played on the Jumbotron display before the start of the song. The tradition ended in 2014 when Don't Stop Belivin' by Journey was chosen as the new sixth inning song, even though the lyrics mention a "city boy raised in south Detroit", home to the Royals' American League Central division rival Detroit Tigers, and Journey hails from San Francisco, whose Giants defeated the Royals in the 2014 World Series.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: In a 2009 essay on Brooks, Chuck Klosterman reflected on the song's success. Brooks, he argued, had filled a void in popular culture left by Bruce Springsteen during the 1990s:


title: Friends in Low Places

text: The original version of "Friends in Low Places" has two verses. In 1991, Brooks added a "third verse" to the song in live performances. His spiel leading to the new verse claimed that he thought the song's original verse did not reflect how he would really act in that situation. It is basically a rewrite of the second verse, with only the last few lines changed, culminating in "Just wait 'til I finish this glass / Then sweet little lady, I'll head back to the bar / And you can kiss my ass".


title: Friends in Low Places

text: In September 2015, it was announced a new version of "Friends in Low Places" would be released on Brooks's 25th anniversary "No Fences" album. The song would feature George Strait, Jason Aldean, Florida Georgia Line, and Keith Urban singing along with Brooks. The 25th anniversary edition of the album was scrapped over royalty disputes, but the song appeared on Brooks' 2016 "The Ultimate Collection" box set.


title: Friends in Low Places

text: "Friends in Low Places" entered the charts on August 18, 1990. It reached number one on October 6 and remained there for four consecutive weeks until it was knocked off by "You Lie" by Reba McEntire.


title: Scots Wikipedia

text: The Scots Wikipedia () is the Scots-language edition of the free online encyclopedia, Wikipedia. It was established on 23 June 2005, and it first reached 1,000 articles in February 2006, and 5,000 articles in November 2010. As of 2022, it has about articles. The Scots Wikipedia is one of eight Wikipedias written in an Anglic language or English-based pidgin/creole, the others being the English Wikipedia, the Simple English Wikipedia, the Old English Wikipedia, the Pitkern-Norfuk Wikipedia, the Tok Pisin Wikipedia, the Jamaican Patois Wikipedia, and the Sranan Tongo Wikipedia.


title: Scots Wikipedia

text: In August 2020, the wiki received scrutiny from the media for the poor quality of its Scots writing and the discovery that at least 20,000 articles had been written by an editor who did not speak the language. This attention led to a review of the wiki's content by Scots speakers as well as editors from the wider Wikipedia community. Most of the editor's articles have been deleted, which is evident in the decrease in the total number of articles from about 55,000 in 2018 to about 40,000 in 2021.


title: Scots Wikipedia

text: By February 2008, the site contained 2,200 articles and had outpaced Māori Wikipedia and Kashmiri Wikipedia. Reported reception, however, was mixed; "Scotland on Sunday" literary editor described it as "convoluted at best, and an absolute parody at worst", while Ted Brocklebank, culture spokesman for the Scottish Tories, described it as a "cheap attempt at creating a language". However, Chris Robinson, director of the "Dictionary of the Scots Language", wrote: "The fact it is doing well gives a lie to all those people who decry Scots and try to do it down." In 2014, Jane C. Hu of "Slate" described the site as reading "like a transcription of a person [speaking English] with a Scottish accent" and said one Wikipedia editor had proposed that the project be closed, in the mistaken belief that it was a practical joke.


title: Scots Wikipedia

text: In August 2020, the site attracted attention after a Reddit post noted that the project contained an unusually high number of articles written in poor quality Scots by a single prolific contributor, who was an American teenager. These articles were written with mostly English instead of Scots vocabulary and grammar and apparently using an online English–Scots dictionary to crudely translate parts of English Wikipedia articles. Over 23,000 articles, approximately a third of the entire Scots Wikipedia at that time, were created by this contributor. These articles have been described as "English written in a Scottish accent" with gibberish and nonsensical words and spellings not present in any Scots dialect.


title: Scots Wikipedia

text: In response to the controversy, the Scots Wikipedia started a review of its articles for language inaccuracies, and deleted many of the affected articles.


title: Scots Wikipedia

text: Robert McColl Millar, professor in linguistics and Scottish language at the University of Aberdeen, has said that the affected articles displayed "a very limited knowledge both of Modern Scots and its earlier manifestations". Michael Dempster, director of the Scots Language Centre, contacted the Wikimedia Foundation over the possibility of building upon the Scots Wikipedia's existing infrastructure, describing the renewed interest in the site as having "potential to be a great online focus" for the Scots language.


title: Eben Alexander (author)

text: Eben Alexander III (born December 11, 1953) is an American neurosurgeon and author. His book "" (2012) describes his near-death experience that happened in 2008 under medically-induced coma when treated for meningitis. He asserts that the coma resulted in brain death, that consciousness is not only a product of the brain and that this permits access to an afterlife. Alexander has also authored follow-up books.


title: Eben Alexander (author)

text: Alexander was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He was adopted by Eben Alexander Jr and his wife Elizabeth West Alexander and raised in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, with three siblings. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (A.B., 1975), and the Duke University School of Medicine (M.D., 1980).


title: Eben Alexander (author)

text: Alexander has taught and had appointments at Duke University Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, University of Massachusetts Medical School, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute et al.


title: Eben Alexander (author)

text: While practicing medicine in Lynchburg at the Lynchburg General Hospital, Alexander was reprimanded by the Virginia Board of Medicine for performing surgery at an incorrect surgical site, two times over the course of a month. In one instance, Alexander altered his operative report because he believed the surgery had diminished the patient's symptoms. He was sued by the patient for damages totaling $3 million in August 2008, but the case was dismissed by the plaintiff in 2009. As a result of the mishaps, Alexander lost his privileges at the hospital and was forced to pay a $3,500 fine to the Virginia Board of Medicine and complete ethics and professionalism training to maintain an unrestricted medical license in the state.


title: Eben Alexander (author)

text: Following the release of his 2012 book "Proof of Heaven", "Esquire" magazine reported that Alexander had been terminated or suspended from multiple hospital positions, and had been the subject of several malpractice lawsuits and that he settled five malpractice suits in Virginia within a period of ten years.


title: Eben Alexander (author)

text: Alexander authored "Proof of Heaven: A Neurosurgeon's Journey into the Afterlife" in 2012. The book expounds on his near-death experience while suffering from a bacterial meningitis and under a medically induced coma. Alexander describes how the experience changed his perceptions of life and the afterlife. The book was a commercial success but also was the subject of scientific criticism in relation to misconceptions about neurology, such as conflating medically induced coma with brain death. A 2013 article in Esquire magazine refuted many of the claims made in the book. The doctor who treated Alexander stated that certain details can not be true, such as claims Alexander made about speaking clearly at times he would have been intubated.


title: Eben Alexander (author)

text: Alexander presented related lectures around the world in churches, hospitals, medical schools, and academic symposia, besides appearing on TV shows including "Super Soul Sunday" with Oprah Winfrey. Alexander has also expanded on his NDE in the Congress of Neurological Surgeons and the peer-reviewed "Journal of the Missouri State Medical Association".


title: Eben Alexander (author)

text: Alexander's second book, "The Map of Heaven: How Science, Religion, and Ordinary People Are Proving the Afterlife", was published in October 2014, where he again asserted the existence of an afterlife and that consciousness is independent of the brain. Alexander framed his observations with quotations from spiritual teachers and paired them with the recent work of scientists with the aim of bridging religion and science. He cross-referenced spiritual experiences from readers and different religions to build his case on what heaven looked like. "The Map of Heaven" was number 12 on the "New York Times" bestseller list during the week ending November 2, 2014.


title: Eben Alexander (author)

text: Alexander's third book, "Living in a Mindful Universe: A Neurosurgeon's Journey into the Heart of Consciousness", was coauthored with Karen Newell, cofounder of Sacred Acoustics and published in 2017.


title: Eben Alexander (author)

text: In 2000, Alexander located his birth parents but learned his birth mother did not want to meet him. His birth mother eventually changed her mind and Alexander met his birth parents and siblings in 2007.


title: Kim Nam-joo (actress)

text: Kim Nam-joo (born May 10, 1971) is a South Korean actress. Kim rose to stardom in the 1990s in television series such as "Model", "The Boss" and "Her House". After 2001, Kim went into semi-retirement, only appearing in commercials, particularly after she married actor Kim Seung-woo in 2005 and they started a family. Then in 2009, she made her comeback with "Queen of Housewives", written by Park Ji-eun. "Housewives" was a rating hit, and Kim went on to collaborate with Park on "Queen of Reversals" (2010) and top-rated series "My Husband Got a Family", which established Kim's continuing star status. In 2018, Kim received critical acclaim for her role in the series "Misty".


title: Kim Nam-joo (actress)

text: Kim was born in Seoul, South Korea. When she was two years old, her father's business failed, which resulted in the family moving to Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi Province, where Kim spent her childhood and adolescence. After graduating from high school, she enrolled as a Dance major at Suwon Women's College. When she was a sophomore, Kim joined the Miss Korea pageant, and the experience led her to quit school to pursue modeling in September 1992.


title: Kim Nam-joo (actress)

text: Kim won fourth place in a talent search by broadcaster SBS in 1994, and quickly became a popular television star in her twenties. Her characters in the hit TV series "City Men and Women" (1996), "Model" (1997), "The Boss" (1999) and "Her House" (2001), made her the epitome of a sophisticated, urban career woman in 1990s Korea. But after "Her House", Kim went into semi-retirement, only appearing in lucrative commercials, mostly for cosmetics and luxury goods. She married actor Kim Seung-woo in 2005, and for several years she lived as a full-time housewife and mother.


title: Kim Nam-joo (actress)

text: In 2007, she stretched some acting muscle opposite Sol Kyung-gu in "Voice of a Murderer", about the tormenting and ultimately unsuccessful attempts of two parents to bring their kidnapped son back home. Based on the true story of a nine-year-old child found dead in 1991, the film faithfully follows the harrowing 44-day quest to find the missing boy.


title: Kim Nam-joo (actress)

text: Kim made a successful television comeback in "Queen of Housewives" (also known as "My Wife is a Superwoman") in 2009. A comedy drama that depicts the life of housewives who devote their entire lives to their husbands' success, it became one of the most-watched shows during its run, topping Korea's TV ratings charts for three consecutive weeks. It also created new trends among married women in terms of confidence, fashion and makeup. Kim's character Chun Ji-ae was once the most popular girl in high school, and she's determined to help her smart but clueless husband climb the corporate ladder once she realizes that he is an underperformer at work. Chun meets her match, however, when she discovers that his boss is the husband of her high school frenemy. Her portrayal of a modern Korean housewife won Kim numerous accolades.


title: Kim Nam-joo (actress)

text: Kim reunited with "Queen of Housewives" writer Park Ji-eun in another workplace romantic dramedy, the 2010s "Queen of Reversals". This time Kim played a strong and decisive character, a careerwoman, trying to balance work and married life. Her character Hwang Tae-hee experiences the many ups, downs, and reversals of work, family, and romance as she falls in and out of love and marriage. Ratings-wise "Queen of Reversals" was less successful than its predecessor, though Kim was awarded the highest award (Daesang or "Grand Prize") at MBC's year-end drama awards ceremony.


title: Kim Nam-joo (actress)

text: She also released her book that year, called "Kim Nam-joo's House". The collection of essays and photographs is a candid discussion of her family life and home.


title: Kim Nam-joo (actress)

text: Kim then led the 2012 weekend family drama "My Husband Got a Family" (also known as "You Who Rolled in Unexpectedly" and "Unexpected You"), which took a comedic and serious approach to the trials and tribulations of a TV director dealing with her in-laws when her husband reunites with his biological parents. Kim and Park's third collaboration was a big hit with audiences, it was number one on the 2012 yearly TV ratings chart with average ratings of 33.1 percent and a ratings peak of 52.3 percent, and Kim won another Daesang at the KBS Drama Awards.


title: Kim Nam-joo (actress)

text: Kim returned to television after a six-year hiatus, starring in the romance thriller, "Misty". The drama was both a ratings and critical success and Kim earned praise for her portrayal of a controversial character.


title: Kim Nam-joo (actress)

text: The popularity of TV dramas that portray the lives of working women in their 30s and 40s represents a larger trend in Korean culture, mainly a reflection of women marrying at a later age and working more in their 20s. Kim is now considered one of the few established Korean actresses in their 30s, 40s and even 50s who have held on to the spotlight, reversing an ageist trend that dictated casting for decades.


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: So Happy It Hurts is the fifteenth studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams, released on 11 March 2022 through BMG.


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: The album is the singer's first to be released on the BMG Rights Management label after his previous album "Shine a Light" was released by Polydor Records and its parent label Universal Music Group. Adams confirmed that the album would be called "So Happy It Hurts", describing the album as a "return to life" after the COVID-19 pandemic. Describing the album, he also said: “The pandemic and lockdown really brought home the truth that spontaneity can be taken away," he said in a press release. "Suddenly all touring stopped, no one could jump in the car and go. The title song "So Happy It Hurts" is about freedom, autonomy, spontaneity and the thrill of the open road. The album of the same name touches on many of the ephemeral things in life that are really the secret to happiness and, most importantly, human connection."


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: Adams played the majority of the instruments while recording the album. He detailed the process in an interview with the Rock Cellar Magazine: "The only thing that’s different on this record compared to previous albums is I couldn’t perform it with my band. I had to find another way. And so what I was doing was recording all the instruments myself, one by one, and trying to create the feeling of a band — and in the meantime, perhaps this is one of the reasons the record is quite joyous. I had such a good time doing it. It was really fun to try and live my lifelong dream of being a drummer and then structuring each piece of the record one-by-one until it sounded like a song or it sounded like an album."


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: Several of the songs pre-date the COVID-19 pandemic, Adams told Dutch newspaper Metro. He admitted the song "These Are The Moments That Make Up My Life" was originally intended for the 2008 film Marley & Me, starring Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston. "We never completed it in time. However, when putting ideas together for this album I found a rough demo I'd made of the song and so I went at it again. This could be my favorite song on the album compositionally, at least today it is."


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: The song "I've Been Looking For You" dates back to the writing sessions for , Adams explains: "Writing that musical was a masterclass in songwriting, it was also a masterclass in not losing your mind, as there was so much re-writing and rejection during the process of the production. But that doesn’t mean that the rejected songs haven’t found a home. I love 'I’ve Been Looking For You,' 'Please Stay,' and 'I Could Get Used To This,' and of course it’s too bad they aren’t in the musical, but that’s the way the Broadway ball bounces."


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: In the same interview Adams comments on reconnecting with songwriter and producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange: "We had been bouncing ideas back and forth for a couple of songs, just prior to my working on the record. It just happened naturally, so we kept writing songs. I liked a song he had started called 'Kick Ass' and so we worked that up. Then I asked him to help me with an idea I had called 'On The Road' and we got that done. It was just one song after the other, it was a bit of magic if I think about it. " Their last collaboration was on the 2008 album 11.


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: "So Happy It Hurts" was released as the lead single on 11 October 2021, prior to the album's release. A music video was released along with the single, directed by Adams at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver.


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: "On The Road" was released on 29 November 2021. The single was released at the same time as the presentation of the Pirelli Calendar 2022, conceived by Adams and is titled On the Road and portrays talents from the world of music that the artist has brought together on a journey across nationalities. A music video was released along with the single, directed by Adams.


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: "Kick Ass" was released on 9 December 2021, the song written by Adams and Robert Lange and features an introduction by John Cleese. The song premiered during 6 nights of concerts in mid-November 2021 at Encore Theater in Las Vegas. The video of the song was published on Adams' official Youtube channel.


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: "Never Gonna Rain" was released on 25 January 2022, is a melodic rock song. Adams said, "The ultimate optimist is someone who keeps on expecting the best, even in the face of the worst. Living in the moment, instead of in fear. Turning the negatives into positives. Taking the rain and turning it into a gift." A music video was released along with the single, directed by Adams and filmed at Wynn Las Vegas in November 2021.


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: "Always Have, Always Will" was released on 11 March 2022, the day the album came out. Adams described the meaning of the track on Twitter a few days later: "A declaration of devotion, pure and simple. It’s for someone that has been with you and is still with you despite your ups and downs; someone that can see through your layers of complexity and sees you for you. Someone you appreciate, respect, and trust." A music video was released along with the single, directed by Adams and filmed at Wynn Las Vegas in November 2021.


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: "So Happy It Hurts" received critical acclaim. Cryptic Rock who awarded it 5/5, claiming it "is a must have for anyone who considers them a fan of Rock-n-Roll".


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: Emma Harrison of Clash stating that the album "Bryan's 15th album is universally positive and is chock full of uplifting songs that will make even stern smiles smile."


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: Neil Jeffries of Louder wrote: "For four decades, Bryan Adams has been the master of boy-next-door, chorus-led radio-friendly rock. He has occasionally deviated from that path, but just when you think that might mean he’s acting his age (now 62) he’ll snap back into the groove – as he’s done here."


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: Michael Gallucci of Ultimate Classic Rock wrote: "There are plenty of big guitar riffs and standard rock fare on So Happy It Hurts, which at times sounds like a throwback to Adams' '80s heyday, along with a few modern touches to place things in the 21st century. It's not an uneasy mix – Adams and co-producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange hone the dozen songs to their sharpest edges..."


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: Sam Richards of Riff Magazine wrote: "Listen to the catchy title song of Bryan Adams’ new album, So Happy It Hurts, and it’s almost like the late ‘80s never left us, and the oppression of COVID-19 never existed. That’s much of the point of this and the 11 other new songs here. Of course, the muscular electric rhythm guitars and generally sunny lyrics take us back to a happier time..."


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: Steve Baltin of Forbes wrote in the introduction of an interview with Adams: "On this new album, Adams goes back a bit to the feel of his Reckless days sonically. As we also discussed, Adams had a lot of energy in making So Happy It Hurts and it explodes on songs like "Kick Ass," "On The Road," "I Ain't Worth S**t Without You" and more."


title: So Happy It Hurts

text: In an article for The Telegraph UK, Sarfraz Manzoor spoke to Bryan Adams and commented on the album: When one recalls the last few years, it is hard to feel optimistic. Unless your name is Bryan Adams. The Canadian rock star... has somehow made an album during a global pandemic which is filled with feel-good rock songs guaranteed to raise spirits and fists in the air. With his excellent new record So Happy it Hurts, one wonders how anyone could live through the last two years and be this cheerful. "It was just what was coming out of me", Adams says via Zoom from Madrid. "I had this optimism, despite what was happening around us, I had this general feeling of it's going to be alright."


title: Poe (singer)

text: Poe (born Anne Decatur Danielewski; March 23, 1968) is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. Poe's musical style is a blend of rock, jazz, electronica, folk, and hip hop elements combined with intimate lyrical compositions. Many of Poe's songs have been featured in films and on television. Poe first hit the modern rock charts in 1995.


title: Poe (singer)

text: Some of her early charting singles included "Angry Johnny", "Trigger Happy Jack", "Hello", and "Hey Pretty." Videos for these singles had heavy rotation on MTV. Poe spent six years with Atlantic Records and is currently on her own label, "Repoezessed Music Records."


title: Poe (singer)

text: Noteworthy was Poe's early involvement with her online community of fans. Her web site, and the fan sites that supported her early in her career, predated modern social networking platforms and were among the first of their kind. Atlantic Records' Senior Vice President of New Media, Nikki Sleight, referred to Poe's online power and one-on-one communication with thousands attending her concerts as "unheard of and pretty phenomenal" in Sleight's 1997 interview with "Web Magazine."


title: Poe (singer)

text: In September 2014, Poe received the title of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador due to her invitation by Yoko Ono to participate in a UNICEF campaign and her donated performance. The campaign launched a world version of John Lennon's classic song "Imagine" featuring dozens of musical artists from around the world. Poe joined others singing in the music video that included a video clip of John Lennon that spearheads a global campaign by UNICEF to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.


title: Poe (singer)

text: Born in New York City and daughter of Polish film director Tad Z. Danielewski and his wife Priscilla Decatur Machold, Poe and her brother, novelist Mark Z. Danielewski, lived in six different countries before she turned eight. Her father's film directing took the family to Africa, India, Spain, Switzerland, England, and the United States. When Poe was 12, her father moved his family to Provo, Utah where Poe attended junior high school and some of high school. When Poe's parents divorced, Poe, then 16, left home and moved to New York City where she lived in a squat on the lower east side of Manhattan while attempting to connect with her estranged mother. Poe continued submitting schoolwork to her high school in Utah and eventually graduated. She pursued her undergraduate studies at Princeton University, where she organized her first band.


title: Poe (singer)

text: Poe began experimenting with musical samplers and sequencers as a teenager. Noteworthy are her early collaborations with J Dilla of Slum Village. Poe's musical influences ranged "from Black Flag to Bob Dylan -- from Billie Holiday to Tribe Called Quest" according to music writer Stephen Grecco.


title: Poe (singer)

text: Poe was signed to Modern/Atlantic Records in 1994 on the strength of the demos she made with J Dilla and RJ Rice in RJ's living room in Detroit.


title: Poe (singer)

text: On January 28, 1996, "The New York Times" named Poe, along with Alanis Morissette, among the defining voices of the current "movement in music" which featured "angry" female artists who were "...articulate, sexually explicit, both lover and fighter...(women who) reject self-pity and refuse to define themselves purely in terms of their connection to men." In September 1996, "Glamour" published a picture of Poe, with a snarl on her face and wearing a tee-shirt on which she'd written the words, "Happy-Well-Adjusted Female." In the accompanying interview, Poe says "I don't think 'Angry' really sums it up at all!" In the November 14, 1996, issue of "Rolling Stone", Poe's album, "Hello," attained a position on the Reader's Top Ten Chart. and in August 1997, "Esquire" named Poe, along with Gwen Stefani, Lil' Kim, and Sarah McLachlan among the top 5 "Women Who Rock Our World".


title: Poe (singer)

text: Poe began her first major tour in January 1996, as the opening act for Lenny Kravitz. She and her touring band (Daris Adkins on Guitar, Dan Marfisi "Jones" on Drums, Toby Skard on bass/ and Cameron Stone on cello) then continued touring extensively as headliners and at festivals until 1999, when she stopped to begin pre-production on her second album for Atlantic. Pollstar Magazine reported in 1998 that Poe had performed for approximately 600 shows in a two-year time period.


title: Poe (singer)

text: Poe's first album, "Hello", was released in 1995. Musically, the album was described as a sample-rich amalgam of hip-hop, rock, and jazz. Lyrically, the album was filled with literary allusions, film nods, comic book references, and psychological irony. The CD was critically acclaimed. "Hits Magazine" called "Hello" an "over-the-top PoMo masterpiece."


title: Poe (singer)

text: Not long after the album's release, Poe's single, "Trigger Happy Jack (Drive By a Go-Go)" broke into the top 20 of the "Billboard" Alternative and Modern Rock chart. "Trigger Happy Jack" was produced by Dave Jerden (Jane's Addiction, Alice in Chains) and Jeffrey Connor and featured Matt Sorum (of Guns N' Roses) on drums and Dean Pleasants (of Suicidal Tendencies) on guitar.


title: Poe (singer)

text: Poe met Jeffrey Connor towards the completion of the record as a session bassist she hired for additional overdubs on "Hello". Connor had given Poe a track he started writing after working with her. Poe heard the demo and passed it to Jerden who immediately gave the track the green light and had Connor come in to produce. Connor brought in Sorum and Pleasants for what was to become "Trigger Happy Jack". It featured the lyric "You can't talk to a psycho like a normal human being". The song's video went into high rotation on MTV and introduced Poe to the mainstream. Also in 1997, Atlantic released a maxi CD and 12-inch vinyl single of "Trigger Happy Jack" which included "The Drive By Remix" and "The Psycho Demolition Mix" by Steve Lyon, an instrumental version of the song, and a "Poe Only" Mix. Another single, "Angry Johnny", broke into the top 10 of "Billboard"'s Modern Rock chart, and also enjoyed heavy rotation on radio. The song's video received high rotation on MTV. The song featured the line," "I wanna blow you...(pause) away."" A promotional maxi-single of the song was released to radio but was never available commercially. This single included a "Band Mix" produced by Poe and Matt Sorum that received heavy rotation on radio.


title: Poe (singer)

text: In August 1997, Atlantic released a maxi-single of the song "Hello" that included six remixes of the song ("Hello: E-Smoove Funk Mix" by E-Smoove/ "Hello: Modern Mix" by Edge Factor/ "Hello: Nevins Electronica Mix" by Jason Nevins/ "Hello: The Generator Mix by E-Smoove/ "Hello: The Edge Factor Mix" by, Edge Factor, and "Hello: Trial Dub Mix" by Edge Factor.)


title: Poe (singer)

text: On September 13, 1997, "Hello" hit number one on the "Billboard" Hot Dance chart. The video for this song also enjoyed heavy rotation on MTV.


title: Poe (singer)

text: Poe's second album, "Haunted," was released in October 2000. The album, produced by Poe and Olle Romo was inspired by Poe's discovery of a box of audio tapes that contained recordings of her late father's voice. Listening to those tapes for the first time proved so difficult for Poe that she was hesitant to use them in her music. She was quoted in the "Los Angeles Times", "I took these tapes home, and I couldn't listen to them. It was too hard, so I kept finding ways to avoid it. They were sitting on my coffee table next to a boombox for quite some time." Poe was quoted in the "New York Daily News" about when she finally listened to the tapes, "It was clear how the next few years of my life would be spent."


title: Poe (singer)

text: "Haunted" was embraced by the press. The "Los Angeles Times" wrote that "The wait for Poe's follow up to her debut album has paid off with rich, sophisticated, songs of depth and emotional intensity." They instructed audiences to "Think of "Haunted" as the equivalent of Pink Floyd's "The Wall"." They added that "Poe's version is more succinct, darker in parts, but just as accessible." The "New York Daily News" wrote, "Samples of Poe's late father's voice and heartfelt musings weave in and out of the songs on "Haunted", providing a narrative structure inside which Poe attempts to put her father's ghost to rest." AllMusic wrote that "(Poe's) original compositions have the makings for a new music revolution alongside the likes of Radiohead's "Kid A"". "Elle" magazine credited Poe with "...defining the future of pop". "Maxim" magazine called "Haunted", "The best mindf**k you'll get all year." The publication "Indiana Statesman" described "Haunted" as "one of the most influential and innovative albums of this decade," further claiming that "...this digitally produced album far outshines any studio album produced thus far."


title: Poe (singer)

text: The first single from "Haunted", "Hey Pretty", hit the top 20 on the Billboard Modern Rock chart at a time when female musicians and singers in the format rarely got airtime. At the end of 2000, the only two women in the Billboard top 100 year-end Modern Rock Chart were Gwen Stefani and Poe. MTV put the "Hey Pretty" video into heavy rotation, and in July 2001, Poe was invited to be the opening act for Depeche Mode's Exciter Tour.


title: Poe (singer)

text: Haunted was also referenced in the 2002 film "Panic Room". In a conversation between Jodie Foster's character, Meg Altman, and the agent selling the home containing the Panic Room, Sarah Altman (Meg's daughter, played by Kristen Stewart) asks "Ever read any Poe?", to which the response given is "No, but I loved her last album!"


title: Poe (singer)

text: Also in 2000, Atlantic released a promotional CD single of the song, "Haunted", which included a remix by Grammy-winning producer/musician Chris Vrenna (Nine Inch Nails, Marilyn Manson).


title: Poe (singer)

text: Poe's brother, Mark Z. Danielewski, is a best-selling novelist, and as young children Mark and Poe formed a creative relationship wherein Poe would read and edit the pages her brother wrote. In 1997, Poe sent a manuscript of her brother's first novel "House of Leaves" to Warren Frazier, who was a college friend of hers and who had become an agent at John Hawkins Literary Agency in New York. Warren agreed to represent Mark and eventually secured a publishing deal for Mark at Pantheon Books. In 2000, Pantheon published "House of Leaves", releasing it to coincide with the release of Poe's second album "Haunted". Poe invited Mark to do a spoken word passage in her "Drive By 2001" remix of the song "Hey Pretty" and also invited him to perform this passage in both her video and live show opening for Depeche Mode. Of his sister's support, Mark recounts how he once in a moment of rage tore the handwritten manuscript of a story called "Redwood" into tiny pieces and threw it into a dumpster. Poe rescued the pieces from the dumpster and taped the entire manuscript back together. It took her two weeks.


title: Poe (singer)

text: In November 2000, Poe performed a tour of Borders Bookstores with her brother. Their set included Mark reading passages from "House of Leaves" and Poe singing songs that share themes with the book. "House of Leaves" made the New York Times Best Seller list in April 2000.


title: Poe (singer)

text: With "Haunted" climbing the charts, Atlantic Records announced that it had renewed Poe's contract for three more albums. It renewed its agreement with the boutique label, Modern/FEI Records (Fishkin Entertainment, Inc.) through which Poe was signed to Atlantic. Atlantic also committed to releasing and distributing "Haunted" internationally and serviced the album globally. Shortly thereafter, it printed promo copies of "Wild", the second single from "Haunted", which included a remix by Static Revenger. Copies of that single were never sent to radio.


title: Poe (singer)

text: A merger of Time Warner, the parent company of Atlantic, and AOL was approved by the FCC in January 2001. AOL Time Warner was under close scrutiny to show positive results almost immediately after the merger. With a softening of the economy after the FCC approval, it began close review of all relationships with third-party production houses, such as Modern Records


title: Poe (singer)

text: In November 2001, six weeks after renewing Poe's contract, "Billboard Magazine" announced that Atlantic was severing ties with Modern/FEI records.


title: Poe (singer)

text: The result was that Poe was dropped from Atlantic's roster of artists. Poe's manager and Modern/FEI label head Paul Fishkin stated that "Poe was stunned to be let go as Atlantic had just picked up its option on her next three albums and had already printed promo CDs of her next single 'Wild' and sent them to radio." Val Azzoli, then President of Atlantic, said to "Billboard Magazine" of dropping Poe, "Poe must be feeling pretty bruised right about now," adding that Atlantic had simply made a business decision. The article points out that it was a strange decision in light of the fact that, "according to SoundScan, "Haunted" had sold 250,000 copies and the album's first single, 'Hey Pretty', had only come out two months prior." Spinner reflected ten years later on the business decision and its impact stating, "With a gold record under her belt, a acclaimed second album, a new hit single, strong sales, and an arena tour opening for Depeche Mode, Poe was well-established as an important influence. And then, poof—she disappeared."


title: Poe (singer)

text: In 2002, a story in the August issue of "LA Weekly" shed some light on the action of Atlantic to drop their rapidly rising artist with commitments and creative work underway. Poe had been signed to Atlantic in 1995 through Stevie Nicks' vanity label Modern Records . Amid the complex merger of Time Warner with AOL in 2000, it came to light that, in spite of the fact that Atlantic was responsible for providing all funding, marketing, publicity, radio promotion, tour support and distribution for the Poe project, Modern/FEI (not Atlantic) in its 1982 distribution deal with Atlantic, was awarded ownership of the masters of all Poe recordings. What this meant for Atlantic was that, by renewing Poe's contract, Atlantic had committed sizable resources to a project in which it would have a financial participation, but not an equity stake in Poe's past, present or future catalogue.


title: Poe (singer)

text: In November 2000, Atlantic/AOL Time Warner first chose to drop Modern/FEI, and as a result were contractually obligated to pay Modern/FEI an undisclosed amount of money, and effectively release themselves from any further fiduciary responsibilities to Modern/ FEI and/or Poe. This resulted in a pay-off for Modern/FEI and prematurely ended all printing, distribution, marketing, and promotion of Poe's second album "Haunted". In exchange for these monies, Modern/FEI's agreed to give Atlantic a two-year grace period during which Modern/FEI agreed not to do anything commercially with any of Poe's master recordings, enabling Atlantic to sell off their stock of already produced copies of "Haunted". As a result, "Haunted" received no further promotional support and the album faded from the market place.


title: Poe (singer)

text: In 2004, Modern/ FEI sold the Poe Masters for "Hello" and "Haunted" to Sheridan Square Music who merged in 2005 with V2 Records, which cataloged the Poe masters under a sub-label called IndieBlu. IndieBlu and Sheridan Square Music were acquired by Entertainment One in 2009.


title: Poe (singer)

text: In 2001, as "Haunted" was climbing the charts, Poe turned to a friend of her fiancé's father, Robert M. Edsel for legal advice. He advised her to retain the services of his firm's legal counsel, David Helfant on a professional basis. Edsel and Helfant told Poe that she could expect a settlement from FEI or Atlantic within a few months, and advised her to sever her relationship with her management firm and her accounting firm in order to avoid sharing a portion of her settlement. Poe understood that Edsel took over her business management, who over a year lent Poe $200,000 for living costs, professional expenses and repayment of debts, with a signed promissory note which indicated that if there was a default her current and future works would be eligible to be used for repayment. A settlement with Atlantic was never obtained, Poe's new management through Edsel and colleagues did not secure paying work, and the loan was defaulted upon. Consequently, Poe sued on the grounds that she had been represented by an unlicensed agency and therefore the agreement was void. Edsel kept Poe tied up in court, unable to release new music or perform professionally for a few years. What music Poe did release during that time was generally done under the pseudonym "Jane." Ultimately, the case was found in Poe's favour, voiding the contract but obliging her to repay the portion of the loan that was not used to pay for Edsel and colleagues’ services.


title: Poe (singer)

text: Poe was able to perform for charitable events during this period, and she collaborated on film soundtracks and continued to compose and write. Also, her songs were licensed for use in films and commercials.


title: Poe (singer)

text: On September 12, 2012, Poe posted a one-minute song and video on a new mobile platform called PTCH; however, no announcement was made about an official release date. The video features a split narrative told across different frames on a single screen. The song, which repeats the line "And some say that it loops forever this road that I lose you on every time", is currently titled "September 30, 1955".


title: Poe (singer)

text: Fashion designer Tom Ford showcased his 2015 Autumn/Winter women's wear collection to the beat of Poe's "Hey Pretty".


title: Poe (singer)

text: Poe is a supporter of the David Lynch Foundation, a charity which teaches Transcendental Meditation to children in underprivileged school districts. Poe has played at numerous fundraisers for the foundation, including a show with Donovan at the El Rey Theatre. She performed again for the foundation, along with Ellen DeGeneres and Russell Brand, at their Gala Fundraiser at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art on December 3, 2011.


title: Poe (singer)

text: To benefit UNICEF, Poe joined with a group of other notable music artists and celebrities recording their versions of John Lennon's song "Imagine" in 2014. This was at the invitation of Yoko Ono who gave permission for the use of Lennon's song for a musical collage, which became the launch of UNICEF's global campaign to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Poe received the title of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for her participation. She was joined by 56 performers in the "Imagine" video including will.i.am, Katy Perry, Nicole Scherzinger, David Guetta, Hugh Jackman, Yoko Ono, Angélique Kidjo, Craig David, Danny O'Donoghue, Mari Malek, Australian singer Cody Simpson and actors David Arquette, Eric Christian Olsen, Seth Green, Dianna Agron, Courteney Cox and Idris Elba, among others. Each artist's version forms part of a new remix by David Guetta that released on New Year's Eve 2014 with an app to enable individuals to record and add themselves to the video. Poe is at the time mark 2:46 on "Imagine" (UNICEF: World Version) published online by Universal Music India. The music video spotlights the 28 million children globally who have been driven from their homes due to conflict. World leaders received a preview of the video in September 2014 at the United Nations Summit on Migrants and Refugees in the UN General Hall. The World Version officially launched by UNICEF on September 23, 2016, with people from more than 140 countries.


title: Poe (singer)

text: In October 1998, Poe appeared with actor Bruce Willis in the PlayStation video game "Apocalypse". Poe plays Bruce Willis's ex-girlfriend, Mary Magdelene, who had been turned into the evil Plague—one of the Horsemen of Apocalypse. Clips of Poe performing on stage also play on screens in the game's environment. Poe also contributed an early version of the song "Control" to the soundtrack of "Apocalypse".


title: Poe (singer)

text: In May 2010, Poe's song "Haunted" appeared as the end credit of Episode 2 in the Remedy Entertainment game, "Alan Wake".


title: Poe (singer)

text: In 2002, Poe co-wrote and performed, "Center of the Sun" and "Make a Wish" for Conjure One's self-titled release on Nettwerk Records. "Center of the Sun" was featured in the film "X-Men 2". A Special Edition 12-inch vinyl record and a CD single of the song were released in 2003, with remixes by Pete Lorimer – 29 Palms Remix, Junkie XL Remix, and Solarstone's Chilled-Out Remix.


title: Poe (singer)

text: In 2005, Poe co-wrote and performed "Endless Dream", "Extraordinary Way" and "One Word" for Conjure One's second album entitled "Extraordinary Ways". On the original packaging, Poe was credited with the pseudonym, "Jane," due to her legal limitations during that period. Also in 2005, a CD single and 12-inch vinyl records were released of "Extraordinary Way," which included remixes by Antillas and Low End Specialists.


title: Ryan Dillon

text: Ryan Dillon (born May 25, 1988) is an American puppeteer who has worked as an ensemble muppeteer for the Jim Henson Company since 2005. He also played Cooper and Paul Ball for the interactive series Sesame Street TV for Xbox Kinect, and appeared on all four seasons of the new CBeebies and co-productions of "Sesame Street", "The Furchester Hotel", and "The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo" as Elmo. In March 2017, Dillon was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in Children's Programming.


title: Ryan Dillon

text: Dillon was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As a young puppeteer, Dillon came to the attention of "Sesame Street" producers when he went to an audition as a high school student. He took time off from school during his senior year to participate in the shooting for Season 37 in 2005. Since 2014, he has taken over performing Elmo in new productions and appearances, replacing Kevin Clash after his resignation from "Sesame Street" in November 2012. Ryan has also taught classes in television puppetry at Penn State, and various schools and centres in the United States. He also replaced the late Richard Hunt as Don Music in "Sesame Street"'s 50th Anniversary tribute. In addition to playing Elmo, Dillon has appeared on Kraft MilkBite commercials, "Healthy Teeth, Healthy Me," "Little Children, Big Challenges," "Little Discoverers: Big Fun With Science, Math and More," "Julie's Greenroom", "The Muppets Take the Bowl", "The Muppets Take the O2", the Nickelodeon webseries "Ask Sylvia" as the title character, and "John Tartaglia's ImaginOcean" (2010).


title: Aisha Buhari

text: Aisha Halilu Buhari (born 17 February 1971) is the First Lady of Nigeria and wife of the current President Muhammadu Buhari, who assumed office on 29 May 2015 after defeating the then-incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan. Aisha Buhari is a cosmetologist and beauty therapist.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: Aisha Halilu was born on 17 February 1971, in Adamawa State, north eastern Nigeria. Her grandfather Alhaji Muhammadu Ribadu was Nigeria's first minister of defence. Aisha's father was a civil engineer, and her mother is a descendant of the Ankali family, renowned farmers. Aisha Buhari went to primary and secondary school in Adamawa State. On 2 December 1989, Aisha married Muhammadu Buhari, who had five children from a previous marriage to Safinatu Yusuf. Aisha and Muhammadu Buhari have five children together and one grandchild.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: Aisha Buhari holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in public administration from Ambrose Alli University (AAU), and a master's degree in international affairs and strategic studies from the Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna. Aisha Buhari obtained a diploma in beauty therapy from the Carlton Institute of Beauty Therapy, Windsor, United Kingdom. Aisha Buhari holds a post-graduate diploma in cosmetology and beauty from Academy Esthetique Beauty Institute of France. Aisha Buhari is a member of the United Kingdom Vocational Training and Charitable Trust and the International Health and Beauty Council.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: For years, Mrs. Aisha Buhari has run a successful business as the founder/managing director of Hanzy Spa and principal of Hanzy Beauty Institute, a beauty salon in Kaduna and Abuja. Aisha Buhari is a resource person to the National Basic Technical Education (NBTE), on beauty therapy and cosmetology and has participated in the curriculum development of small medium enterprises for NBTE. Aisha Buhari closed her beauty salon following the emergence of her husband as president of Nigeria.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: Aisha published a book titled "Essentials of Beauty Therapy: A Complete Guide for Beauty Specialists", which has been recommended as a text for the NBTE curriculum.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: In July 2014, Aisha advised Goodluck Ebele Jonathan to resign from office as president of Nigeria, following a suicide bombing and an alleged assassination attempt on her husband.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: Aisha Buhari is a vocal advocate of women's rights and children's rights, and this was a focal point during her campaign for her husband's election in 2015. Aisha has, on several occasions, emphasized the need for young girls to get primary and secondary school education before getting married, saying that she believes no girl should get married before the age of 17. She has also criticized child marriage and homosexuality.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: In May 2015, on the sidelines of the Global Women Conference held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, she stressed the need for Nigerian laws that will protect the women from forced early marriages, sex trafficking and other issues Nigerian girls and women contend with. Aisha raised concerns on child sexual abuse in Nigeria, sex trafficking and the need for legislation against early marriage.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: On 12 June 2015, Aisha Buhari met with some mothers of the abducted Chibok Girls on 14 April 2016, and donated proceeds from her book to parents of the Chibok girls, the Buni Yadi boys murdered in 2014, and children suffering from malnutrition.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: In October 2016, Aisha Buhari said that she would not back her husband in the next election unless he got a grip on his government. He responded that she belonged in his kitchen, saying "I don't know which party my wife belongs to, but she belongs to my kitchen and my living room and the other room."


title: Aisha Buhari

text: In April 2021, she attended the book of "Aisha Buhari – Being Different", written by Hajo Sani, the Senior Special Adviser to the President on Women Affairs and Administration. The book has memories of the first lady from her childhood on. The launch was attended by vice president Yemi Osinbajo and other dignitaries.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: Future Assured is an initiative founded by Aisha Buhari to continue her advocacy work for the health and well-being of women and children through community mobilization and health promotion. Aisha was prompted by the need to improve the current poor health outcomes of women, children and other vulnerable groups of the Nigerian population. She affirmed her commitment to this work at a stakeholders meeting held at the presidential villa and a public launch of Future Assured programs at the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly in New York on 29 September 2015.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: Aisha Buhari works with internally displaced people resulting from the Boko Haram insurgency. She set up a committee for the distribution of relief materials after a visit to an IDP camp in Borno State.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: The Aisha Buhari Cup is an invitational football tournament organized by the Nigerian football federation for the women's national team.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: Aisha Buhari surprised Nigerians when she made it known that her role as the wife of the president of Nigeria will be limited to whatever is constitutionally recognized, and she promised not to overstep. At the presentation of awards to wives of governors, on Thursday, 13 June 2019, Aisha Buhari adopted the title of first lady five years after President Buhari said he would scrap the office.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: In October 2019, Fatima Daura, the daughter of the newspaper editor Mamman Daura, accused Aisha of verbally abusing her and attacking her family. Fatima recorded a video of Aisha ranting inside the presidential villa in Abuja and submitted the video to the press. Fatima Daura said she recorded the video because no one would have believed her if she made those claims without evidence. Aisha Buhari confirmed she was the one in the video and alleged that Fatima Daura had mocked her while recording her. Aisha later apologized in a statement through her spokesman. She explained that she was angry because Mamman Daura and his family denied her access to some parts of the presidential villa after President Buhari ordered Mamman Daura and his family out of the villa.


title: Aisha Buhari

text: In the early months of 2022, Nigerian university student Aminu Adamu Mohammed posted on the social media platform Twitter, mentioning Aisha in a tweet in what can be interpreted as a defamatory manner. There were mixed reports from media outlets reporting that Aminu had commented under a photo that Aisha was simply fat in appearance. But roughly translated into English from a court transcription of the Hausa phrase Aminu tweeted, "Mama is feeding fat on poor people’s money.", implying that Aisha has been embezzling government funds. Aminu was formally charged and arrested 5 months later in mid-November 2022. The charges included cybercrime, cybersquatting, computer-related forgery, conspiracy, and criminal breach of trust. This has led to many activist groups, Amnesty International, the National Association of Nigerian students, and citizens calling out the Nigerian government to release Aminu due to the violation of human rights regarding free speech and the reported torture Aminu endured during his time in captivity. After national and international backlash regarding the incident, on the 2nd of December 2022 all charges were dropped after the withdrawal of the initial complaint from Aisha.


title: Precariat

text: In sociology and economics, the precariat () is a neologism for a social class formed by people suffering from precarity, which means existing without predictability or security, affecting material or psychological welfare. The term is a portmanteau merging "precarious" with "proletariat".


title: Precariat

text: Unlike the proletariat class of industrial workers in the 20th century who lacked their own means of production and hence sold their labor to live, members of the precariat are only partially involved in labor and must undertake extensive unremunerated activities that are essential if they are to retain access to jobs and to decent earnings.


title: Precariat

text: Classic examples of such unpaid activities include continually having to search for work (including preparing for and attending job interviews), as well as being expected to be perpetually responsive to calls for "gig" work (yet without being paid an actual wage for being "on call").


title: Precariat

text: The hallmark of the precariat class is the condition of lack of job security, including intermittent employment or underemployment and the resultant precarious existence. The emergence of this class has been ascribed to the entrenchment of neoliberal capitalism.


title: Precariat

text: Some theorists suggest that the young precariat class in Europe has become a serious issue in the early part of the 21st century. This has been linked with major mass political developments including the Brexit referendum in the UK, and the presidency of Donald Trump in the US. The global COVID-19 pandemic has particularly exacerbated food insecurity in the United States. A survey conducted by the European Council on Foreign Relations discovered that only one third of Germans and one quarter of Italians and French had enough money remaining at the end of the month for discretionary spending.


title: Precariat

text: The British economist Guy Standing has analysed the precariat as a new emerging social class in work done for the think tank Policy Network and the World Economic Forum. In his 2014 book entitled "A Precariat Charter" he argued that all citizens have a right to socially inherited wealth. The latest in the series is titled "The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class" where he proposed basic income as a solution for addressing the problem.


title: Precariat

text: The analysis of the results of the Great British Class Survey of 2013, a collaboration between the BBC and researchers from several UK universities, contended there is a new model of class structure consisting of seven classes, ranging from the Elite at the top to the Precariat at the bottom. The Precariat class was envisaged as "the most deprived British class of all with low levels of economic, cultural and social capital." This was contrasted with "the Technical Middle Class" in Great Britain in that instead of having disposable income but no interests, people of the new Precariat Class have all sorts of potential activities they like to engage in but cannot do any of them because they have no money, insecure lives, and are usually trapped in old industrial parts of the country.


title: Precariat

text: The precariat class has been emerging in societies such as Japan, where it includes over two million so-called "freeters" who are unemployed and out of school. In the West, a similar group of people are called NEETs.


title: Photochemistry

text: Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible light (400–750 nm) or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm).


title: Photochemistry

text: In nature, photochemistry is of immense importance as it is the basis of photosynthesis, vision, and the formation of vitamin D with sunlight. Photochemical reactions proceed differently than temperature-driven reactions. Photochemical paths access high energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes. Photochemistry can also be destructive, as illustrated by the photodegradation of plastics.


title: Photochemistry

text: Photoexcitation is the first step in a photochemical process where the reactant is elevated to a state of higher energy, an excited state.


title: Photochemistry

text: The first law of photochemistry, known as the Grotthuss–Draper law (for chemists Theodor Grotthuss and John W. Draper), states that light must be absorbed by a chemical substance in order for a photochemical reaction to take place. According to the second law of photochemistry, known as the Stark-Einstein law (for physicists Johannes Stark and Albert Einstein), for each photon of light absorbed by a chemical system, no more than one molecule is activated for a photochemical reaction, as defined by the quantum yield.


title: Photochemistry

text: When a molecule or atom in the ground state (S) absorbs light, one electron is excited to a higher orbital level. This electron maintains its spin according to the spin selection rule; other transitions would violate the law of conservation of angular momentum.


title: Photochemistry

text: The excitation to a higher singlet state can be from HOMO to LUMO or to a higher orbital, so that singlet excitation states S, S, S… at different energies are possible.


title: Photochemistry

text: Kasha's rule stipulates that higher singlet states would quickly relax by radiationless decay or internal conversion (IC) to S. Thus, S is usually, but not always, the only relevant singlet excited state. This excited state S can further relax to S by IC, but also by an allowed radiative transition from S to S that emits a photon; this process is called fluorescence.


title: Photochemistry

text: Alternatively, it is possible for the excited state S to undergo spin inversion and to generate a triplet excited state T having two unpaired electrons with the same spin. This violation of the spin selection rule is possible by intersystem crossing (ISC) of the vibrational and electronic levels of S and T. According to Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity, this T state would be somewhat more stable than S.


title: Photochemistry

text: This triplet state can relax to the ground state S by radiationless IC or by a radiation pathway called phosphorescence. This process implies a change of electronic spin, which is forbidden by spin selection rules, making phosphorescence (from T to S) much slower than fluorescence (from S to S). Thus, triplet states generally have longer lifetimes than singlet states.


title: Photochemistry

text: These transitions are usually summarized in a state energy diagram or Jablonski diagram, the paradigm of molecular photochemistry.


title: Photochemistry

text: These excited species, either S or T, have a half empty low-energy orbital, and are consequently more oxidizing than the ground state. But at the same time, they have an electron in a high energy orbital, and are thus more reducing. In general, excited species are prone to participate in electron transfer processes.


title: Photochemistry

text: Photochemical reactions require a light source that emits wavelengths corresponding to an electronic transition in the reactant. In the early experiments (and in everyday life), sunlight was the light source, although it is polychromatic. Mercury-vapor lamps are more common in the laboratory. Low pressure mercury vapor lamps mainly emit at 254 nm. For polychromatic sources, wavelength ranges can be selected using filters. Alternatively, laser beams are usually monochromatic (although two or more wavelengths can be obtained using nonlinear optics) and LEDs have a relatively narrowband that can be efficiently used, as well as Rayonet lamps, to get approximately monochromatic beams.


title: Photochemistry

text: The emitted light must of course reach the targeted functional group without being blocked by the reactor, medium, or other functional groups present. For many applications, quartz is used for the reactors as well as to contain the lamp. Pyrex absorbs at wavelengths shorter than 275 nm. The solvent is an important experimental parameter. Solvents are potential reactants and for this reason, chlorinated solvents are avoided because the C-Cl bond can lead to chlorination of the substrate. Strongly absorbing solvents prevent photons from reaching the substrate. Hydrocarbon solvents absorb only at short wavelengths and are thus preferred for photochemical experiments requiring high energy photons. Solvents containing unsaturation absorb at longer wavelengths and can usefully filter out short wavelengths. For example, cyclohexane and acetone "cut off" (absorb strongly) at wavelengths shorter than 215 and 330 nm, respectively.


title: Photochemistry

text: Continuous flow photochemistry offers multiple advantages over batch photochemistry. Photochemical reactions are driven by the number of photons that are able to activate molecules causing the desired reaction. The large surface area to volume ratio of a microreactor maximizes the illumination, and at the same time allows for efficient cooling, which decreases the thermal side products.


title: Photochemistry

text: In the case of photochemical reactions, light provides the activation energy. Simplistically, light is one mechanism for providing the activation energy required for many reactions. If laser light is employed, it is possible to selectively excite a molecule so as to produce a desired electronic and vibrational state. Equally, the emission from a particular state may be selectively monitored, providing a measure of the population of that state. If the chemical system is at low pressure, this enables scientists to observe the energy distribution of the products of a chemical reaction before the differences in energy have been smeared out and averaged by repeated collisions.


title: Photochemistry

text: The absorption of a photon of light by a reactant molecule may also permit a reaction to occur not just by bringing the molecule to the necessary activation energy, but also by changing the symmetry of the molecule's electronic configuration, enabling an otherwise inaccessible reaction path, as described by the Woodward–Hoffmann selection rules. A 2+2 cycloaddition reaction is one example of a pericyclic reaction that can be analyzed using these rules or by the related frontier molecular orbital theory.


title: Photochemistry

text: Some photochemical reactions are several orders of magnitude faster than thermal reactions; reactions as fast as 10 seconds and associated processes as fast as 10 seconds are often observed.


title: Photochemistry

text: The photon can be absorbed directly by the reactant or by a photosensitizer, which absorbs the photon and transfers the energy to the reactant. The opposite process is called quenching when a photoexcited state is deactivated by a chemical reagent.


title: Photochemistry

text: Most photochemical transformations occur through a series of simple steps known as primary photochemical processes. One common example of these processes is the excited state proton transfer.


title: Photochemistry

text: Examples of photochemical organic reactions are electrocyclic reactions, radical reactions, photoisomerization and Norrish reactions.


title: Photochemistry

text: Alkenes undergo many important reactions that proceed via a photon-induced π to π* transition. The first electronic excited state of an alkene lack the π-bond, so that rotation about the C-C bond is rapid and the molecule engages in reactions not observed thermally. These reactions include cis-trans isomerization, cycloaddition to other (ground state) alkene to give cyclobutane derivatives. The cis-trans isomerization of a (poly)alkene is involved in retinal, a component of the machinery of vision. The dimerization of alkenes is relevant to the photodamage of DNA, where thymine dimers are observed upon illuminating DNA to UV radiation. Such dimers interfere with transcription. The beneficial effects of sunlight are associated with the photochemically induced retro-cyclization (decyclization) reaction of ergosterol to give vitamin D.


title: Photochemistry

text: In the DeMayo reaction, an alkene reacts with a 1,3-diketone reacts via its enol to yield a 1,5-diketone. Still another common photochemical reaction is Howard Zimmerman's di-π-methane rearrangement.


title: Photochemistry

text: In an industrial application, about 100,000 tonnes of benzyl chloride are prepared annually by the gas-phase photochemical reaction of toluene with chlorine. The light is absorbed by chlorine molecule, the low energy of this transition being indicated by the yellowish color of the gas. The photon induces homolysis of the Cl-Cl bond, and the resulting chlorine radical converts toluene to the benzyl radical:


title: Photochemistry

text: Coordination complexes and organometallic compounds are also photoreactive. These reactions can entail cis-trans isomerization. More commonly photoreactions result in dissociation of ligands, since the photon excites an electron on the metal to an orbital that is antibonding with respect to the ligands. Thus, metal carbonyls that resist thermal substitution undergo decarbonylation upon irradiation with UV light. UV-irradiation of a THF solution of molybdenum hexacarbonyl gives the THF complex, which is synthetically useful:


title: Photochemistry

text: Select photoreactive coordination complexes can undergo oxidation-reduction processes via single electron transfer. This electron transfer can occur within the inner or outer coordination sphere of the metal.


title: Photochemistry

text: Although bleaching has long been practiced, the first photochemical reaction was described by Trommsdorff in 1834. He observed that crystals of the compound α-santonin when exposed to sunlight turned yellow and burst. In a 2007 study the reaction was described as a succession of three steps taking place within a single crystal.


title: Photochemistry

text: The first step is a rearrangement reaction to a cyclopentadienone intermediate 2, the second one a dimerization in a Diels-Alder reaction (3) and the third one an intramolecular [2+2]cycloaddition (4). The bursting effect is attributed to a large change in crystal volume on dimerization.


title: B1A4

text: B1A4 () is a South Korean boy band formed by WM Entertainment. The group debuted on April 23, 2011 with the single "O.K" from the EP "Let's Fly", after being introduced to the public through a webtoon. They have released nine studio albums (four Korean and five Japanese) and seven EPs, as well as four compilation albums. The group has had considerable commercial and critical success in both the Korean and Japanese markets. They have also toured in the United States.


title: B1A4

text: Baro, the rapper of the group, was scouted by a company representative who came across his photo posted on his friend's homepage on the social network Cyworld. At his audition, Baro sang Sumi Jo's "Once I Leave" and Sung Si-kyung's "The Road to Me", as well as rapping and beatboxing. The group's leader Jinyoung was similarly discovered from a photo posted on Cyworld. He received training in composition, singing, and acting. Gongchan was also discovered on Cyworld as a result of his winning an "Ulzzang Challenge" when he was in middle school. Main vocalist Sandeul was approached by a company agent after performing a song by Kim Yeon-woo in a talent show. Prior to their debut, the group underwent a training period of two years.


title: B1A4

text: On April 11, the members of B1A4 were introduced through a webtoon. Initially, it was believed that B1A4 would be a mixed gender group due to the presence of a female character named Anna in the webtoon. The same day, WM Entertainment revealed a photo of the first member of the group, leader Jinyoung. The remaining members Baro, Gongchan, Sandeul, and CNU were revealed on a daily basis between April 12–15. A music video teaser for B1A4's promotional single "O.K" was uploaded on April 19. The full music video, as well as their debut EP "Let's Fly", was released on April 21. The group made their debut performance on the April 23 episode of MBC's "Show! Music Core". They had their subsequent debut stages on Mnet's "M! Countdown", KBS' "Music Bank", and SBS' "The Music Trend" on April 28, April 29, and May 1, respectively. B1A4 began promoting "Only Learned the Bad Things" on June 18, 2011. The group, alongside Block B, starred on SBS MTV's reality show "Match Up". It began to air on June 22. The music video for the second promotional single "Only Learned the Bad Things" was aired on the first episode.


title: B1A4

text: B1A4's second EP, "It B1A4", and its lead single "Beautiful Target" were released on September 15, 2011. The group promoted the album on "Music Bank", "Show! Music Core", "The Music Trend", and "M! Countdown". B1A4 began promoting "My Love" on November 18.


title: B1A4

text: In October 2011, it was announced that B1A4 would debut in Japan under the record label Pony Canyon in January 2012. Prior to their debut there, the group held their B1A4 – Japan Showcase Live 2011 at the Sinagawa Stellar Ball in Tokyo on December 9, 2011; the tickets for the event sold-out within one minute, an unprecedented feat for newly debuted groups. B1A4 performed nine songs at the event, which was attended by 1,000 people. At the end of the year, B1A4 won the Rookie of the Year Award at Tower Records' K-Pop Lovers! Awards 2011.


title: B1A4

text: Before entering the Japanese music industry, B1A4 released a compilation album on January 25, 2012, which consists of all the tracks previously included on "Let's Fly "and "It B1A4" in Japan"."


title: B1A4

text: On March 5, B1A4 released the digital single "This Time Is Over" ahead of the release of their first studio album. B1A4 released "Ignition" and the promotional single "Baby I'm Sorry" on March 14, and they began promoting the song on "M! Countdown" the following the day, followed by performances on "Music Bank", "Show! Music Core", and "The Music Trend". A repackaged edition of the album entitled "Ignition: Special Edition", as well as the promotional single "Baby Good Night", was released on May 23.


title: B1A4

text: B1A4 released their first Japanese-language single "Beautiful Target" on June 27, 2012. The song debuted at number four on the Oricon weekly singles chart, selling 32,665 in its first week. On July 25, B1A4 took part in season six of the reality show "Hello Baby", where the group learns to care for children. On August 29, B1A4 released their second Japanese-language single "Oyasumi Good Night", which also debuted at number four on the Oricon weekly singles chart, selling 35,779 in its first week. They released their debut Japanese-language studio album "1" on October 24, 2012; it debuted at number five on the Oricon weekly albums chart, selling 20,547 in its first week.


title: B1A4

text: Their third EP, "In the Wind", was released on November 12, 2012; they began performing the promotional single "Tried to Walk" on "M! Countdown" on November 15, as well as on "Music Bank", "Show! Music Core", and "The Music Trend" the following days.


title: B1A4

text: Tickets for B1A4's first solo concert, BABA B1A4, went on sale on October 18, 2012. The concert was co-produced by WM Entertainment and CJ E&M's global concert brand, M-Live. Before ticket sales began, 75,000 people were on the server waiting to buy the tickets resulting in 8,000 tickets to be sold out in 5 minutes once ticket sales opened. From December 8–9, 2012, B1A4 held their first solo concert BABA B1A4 at the SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium.