title: Jambudvīpa

text: Jambudipa, one of the four Mahādīpas, or great continents, which are included in the Cakkavāla and are ruled by a Cakkavatti. They are grouped round Mount Sumeru. In Jambudīpa is Himavā with its eighty-four thousand peaks, its lakes, mountain ranges, etc.


title: Jambudvīpa

text: This continent derives its name from the Jambu-tree (also called Naga) which grows there, its trunk fifteen yojanas in girth, its outspreading branches fifty yojanas in length, its shade one hundred yojanas in extent and its height one hundred yojanas (Vin.i.30; SNA.ii.443; Vsm.i.205f; Sp.i.119, etc.) On account of this tree, Jambudīpa is also known as Jambusanda (SN.vs.552; SNA.i.121). The continent is ten thousand yojanas in extent; of these ten thousand, four thousand are covered by the ocean, three thousand by the Himālaya mountains, while three thousand are inhabited by men (SNA.ii.437; UdA.300).


title: Jambudvīpa

text: Jambudvīpa is the region where the humans live and is the only place where a being may become enlightened by being born as a human being. It is in Jambudvīpa that one may receive the gift of Dharma and come to understand the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path and ultimately realize the liberation from the cycle of life and death. Another reference is from the Buddhist text Mahavamsa, where the emperor Ashoka's son Mahinda introduces himself to the Sri Lankan king Devanampiyatissa as from Jambudvipa, referring to what is now the Indian subcontinent. This is Based In the Kṣitigarbha Sūtra in the Mahayana.


title: Jambudvīpa

text: According to Jain cosmology, Jambūdvīpa is at the centre of Madhyaloka, or the middle part of the universe, where the humans reside. "Jambūdvīpaprajñapti" or the treatise on the island of Roseapple tree contains a description of Jambūdvīpa and life biographies of and King Bharata. "Trilokasāra" (Essence of the three worlds), "Trilokaprajñapti" (Treatise on the three worlds), "Trilokadipikā" (Illumination of the three worlds) and (Summary of Jain geography) are the other texts that provide the details of Jambūdvīpa and Jain cosmology.


title: Jambudvīpa

text: Mount Meru is at the centre of the world surrounded by Jambūdvīpa, in form of a circle forming a diameter of 100,000 yojanas.


title: Jambudvīpa

text: Jambūdvīpa continent has 6 mountains, dividing the continent into 9 zones (Kshetra). The names of these zones are:


title: Jambudvīpa

text: Jambudweep Jain tirtha in Hastinapur, constructed under supervision of Gyanmati Mataji, is a depiction of "Jambudvipa" as per Jain cosmology.


title: Jambudvīpa

text: The term "Jambudvipa" is used by Ashoka perhaps to represent his realm in 3rd century BC, same terminology is then repeated in subsequent inscriptions for instance Mysorean inscription from the tenth century AD which also describes the region, presumably India, as "Jambudvipa".


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Acapulco Shore is a Mexican reality television series broadcast on MTV Latin America. It premiered on September 27, 2014, and is the Mexican adaptation of the American show "Jersey Shore". The show follows the lives of eight participants who live in Acapulco, Mexico. The first season reached 7.2 million people in the Latin American region and was renewed for a second season, with the premiere airing on MTV on May 19, 2015. The tenth season premiered on September 27, 2022.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Due to the success of the original American reality TV show Jersey Shore, MTV Latin America decided to produce its own version of the show together with Litopos Productions. "We trust that the Latin American version of the format will entertain and catch the audience in the same way as its previous versions around the world." Maria Iregui, MTVLA manager, said in a press release. Meanwhile, Eduardo Lebrija, vice president general of Viacom International Media Networks, said: "We are very proud to announce Acapulco as the production center for the first Mexican adaption to the Shore franchise, the energy of this place and its vibrant social life. Day and night make the perfect combination for the series "


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Jersey Shore, and it’s adaptions Geordie Shore in the UK, and Gandia Shore in Europe, Now the Mexican adaption is under the creative supervision of Iregui and Federico Cuervo. MTV Latin America announced a casting call in March 2014 and asking to attend "if you consider yourself attractive and are not be afraid of cameras."


title: Acapulco Shore

text: The production team had agreements with Acapulco "they simply said today I want to go to Baby (Baby'O), and then we went and we saw how it is. They have very adverse conditions because you have 100 people in a den and they are not going to be limited if there is a camera or not, "added the producer, adding that a den were going to about 40 people.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Acapulco Shore began filming in July 2014 in Acapulco, Mexico and was broadcast throughout Latin America in September of that year. Acapulco Shore brings discussions, love triangles and scandalous moments of young people selected in the city.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: On August 24, 2014, days before the official broadcast, the official cast of Acapulco Shore was revealed during the broadcast of the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards that took place at The Forum, in Inglewood, California, where they met Talia Loaiza, Luis Caballero, Fernando Lozada, Manelyk Gonzalez, Tadeo Fernandez, Luis Alejandro Mendez, Karime Pindter and Joyce Islas.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Acapulco Shore premiered on Saturday, September 27, 2014. The reality show brings together eight young strangers, with values centered on the obsession with the physical, the party and sex, which are recorded for 34 days without a script.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: In addition, MTV announced that it would be one of the few programs broadcast without censorship, stating everything that these guys do, will be seen on TV.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: On October 27, 2014, a second season of Acapulco Shore was announced to premiere in 2015, due to the major success and reception of Season 1.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: The cast remained the same as Season 1, with the exception of Joyce Islas who left the program voluntarily in Season 1, and was replaced by Brenda Zambrano. Filming for this season took place in Acapulco and Cancún.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: This was the last season to feature Brenda Zambrano and Talía Loaiza as main members, making their comeback in the fifth and sixth seasons.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: MTV Latin America announced the third season of Acapulco Shore in March 2016, and officially premiered on May 17, 2016. New female cast members would be included this season due to Talia Loaiza and Brenda Zambrano not coming back this season.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: The new female cast members are Danik Michell, Tania Gattas, and Nicole Olin. This was the last season that featured Fernando Lozada, until his return in season five.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: The season consisted of a total of 32 days of recording with the latest technology from 12 robotic cameras, four GoPro cameras and four hand-held cameras. Filming for this season took place in Acapulco, Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta and Playa del Carmen.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: The renewal of the program for the fourth season was announced through the official website of MTV Latin America on January 11, 2017. The season premiered on Tuesday, April 11, 2020.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: This season, Karime Pindter and Luis “Potro” Caballero selected new house members to bring along for Season 4. Pindter and Caballero recruited new house members after a nationwide search to find new faces for Acapulco Shore. The finalists were chosen in a special titled Acapulco Shore: New Generation. After deliberating, the new group of Shores selected were Víctor Ortíz, Alexya Larios, Antonio Tiburcio, Gabriela Rodríguez and Christian Herrera. Tadeo Fernández returned after leaving at the end of the previous season. Brenda Zambrano, Nicole Olin and Tania Gattas made a brief comeback this season.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Filming for this season took place in Riviera Maya, Mexico and Medellin, Colombia. This season marked the first time Acapulco Shore was filming outside of the country.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: MTV announced that Season 5 was set to premiere on April 17, 2018. This seasons cast members were officially announced by MTV LA and it was confirmed that Luis “Potro” Caballero, Karime Pindter, Manelyk González, Tadeo Fernandez, Brenda Zambrano, Eduardo Miranda and Fernando Lozada would be participating. New cast members this season include Leslie Gallardo, Maria Usi, and Erick Sandoval. Cintia Cossio and Elettra Lamborghini made brief appearances this season. On June 10, it was confirmed that original cast members Luis “Jawy” Méndez and Talía Loaiza, as well as Víctor Ortíz of Season 4, would make brief appearances this season as well.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Lozada and González left the season but were credited. Brenda Zambrano also announced her exit. The three returned for the sixth season.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: MTV announced the premiere of the sixth season for April 30, 2019. Luis “Jawy” Méndez and Talia Loaiza were both confirmed to return to the show. New cast members this season include Anahí Izali, Dania Méndez, Jibranne “Jey” Bazán, Xavier Meade and Rocío Sánchez. This was the last season to feature Brenda Zambrano and Fernando Lozada.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: On February 19, 2020, a new season was announced, which would be filmed in Mazatlán. The season premiered on June 2, 2020. and had a special theme based on the Mazatlán carnival. On March 4, 2020, MTV announced the official cast for Season 7. New house members this season include Fernanda Moreno, Ignacia Michelson, Isabel Castro, José Arana and Ramiro Giménez. Talía Loaiza returned as a member of the main cast. Brenda Zambrano was invited to return but declined citing she wanted to cut ties with the franchise. This was the last season that featured Dania Méndez, Rocío Sánchez and Xavier Meade, and the original members Manelyk Gonzalez, Luis Cabellero, Luis Méndez, Tadeo Fernández and Talía Loaiza.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: The eighth season was confirmed on January 18, 2021, through the show's official Instagram page. On March 10 it was announced that it would be filming would take place in Acapulco de Juárez, The season filmed from February 26 to March 20, 2021. The season officially premiered on April 27, 2021. This seasons cast members were made up of mostly an entire new cast, that consisted of Aarón “Capitán” Albores, Alba Zepeda, Beni Falcón, Charlotte Caniggia, Diana Chiquete, Diego Garciasela, Eduardo “Eddie” Schobert, Jacky Ramirez, Jaylin Castellanos and Matheus Crivella from the fourth and sixth season of "De Férias com o Ex". along with previous cast members. Xavier Meade and Danik Michell were set to comeback but for unknown reasons did not appear on the season.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: On July 8, 2021, during the broadcast of the eleventh episode of "Acapulco Shock", the start of production of a new season of the show was confirmed. This series was filmed throughout September 2021 in Cartagena and the island of San Andrés both in Colombia. In August 2021, Charlotte Caniggia confirmed her appearance for the ninth season of Acapulco Shore in an interview for “Podemos Hablar” in Argentina, but for unknown reasons did not appear on the season. It is still unknown whether or not Caniggia would appear as a cast member or a special guest. On September 4, 2021, cast member Ignacia Michelson, who was originally set to appear in this season, announced on social media that she had resigned while she was in quarantine. Days later, in an Instagram live, she announced that the main reasons for her decision were her mental health and health concerns involving her father.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: On December 14, 2021, MTVLA announced the Season 9 premiere date for January 18, 2022. Roció Sánchez and Beni Falcon made their return to the show. Carlos Pantoja, José Rodríguez, Nati Peláez García and Santiago Santana joined the main cast. Diego Garciasela, Jibranne Bazán, Kelly Reales, Kelly Medan, Maria Fletcher and Andrés Altafulla joined the house as special guests.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: On February 15, 2022, Paramount+ unveiled its new lineup of unscripted series and renewals for MTV Entertainment Studios, including renewing the show's next season. The show's tenth season premiere date for September 27, 2022. Filming took place in Puerto Vallarta in June 2022. This would mark the first time the show is filming in public places since Season 7 due to strict regulations involving the COVID-19 pandemic. On August 28, 2022, during the 2022 MTV Video Music Awards broadcast, the official cast was announced, announcing the return of original cast member Luis Méndez, and new housemates Alejandra Varela, Andres Cervantes, Abel Robles, Elizabeth Varela, Ricardo Ochoa, Roberto Mora and Sebastián Galvez. Jaylin Castellanos and Rocío Sánchez made a brief return to the series. Prior to the premiere, Karime Pindter announced that this will mark her final season.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Pleasure Without Guilt -–This special broadcast in 2017, presents all the participants of the first three seasons commenting on everything that happened within the program from 2014 to 2016.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: New Generation – This special aired from March 14 to April 4, 2017, in which Karime Pindter and Luis Caballero introduced 10 new members: Alexya Larios, Antonio Tiburcio, Christian Herrera, Gabriela Ruiz, Humbie Vallin, Luisa Cavazos, Marlen Martínez, Sofia Herrera and Víctor Ortíz, of which only five of them would be part of the fourth season, Alexya, Antonio, Christian, Gaby and Víctor were selected.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Acaplay –The first season of this special premiered on January 9, 2018, it presents all the members of the cast until the fourth season except Luis Méndez, Joyce Islas and Nicole Olin. The second season premiered on January 15, 2019. The third season premiered on December 10, 2019, featuring the cast of the sixth season with the exception of Anahí Izalí, Brenda Zambrano and Manelyk González. The fourth season was confirmed on January 30, 2021, and being called "Acaplay Xtremo", being hosted for the first time by Omar Pérez "Faisy", it premiered on February 23, 2021.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Estudio Shore – This program has been carried out from September 30, 2019, after the premiere of the sixth season, after the launch of each episode, the cast members are interviewed by the MTV Mexico video jockey Jimmy Sirvent. As of the third season released on April 27, 2021, hosted by Juanjo Herrera. The show was not renewed for another season with the airing of Season 10.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Their History – In this special the original members tell their experiences of having participated in the program, it was released on October 28, 2021. It is based on the special of the MTV UK program, Geordie Shore: Their Stories.


title: Acapulco Shore

text: Acapulco Shock – Launched on Thursday, April 29, 2021, Is an aftermath show featuring recaps of the season, along with exclusive drama, bringing back cast members, and special guests. It is hosted by Celia Lora, Gerardo Escarño and Omár Pérez "Faisy", and several members of the cast appear as guests. The shows second season featuring Season 9 guests, aired on January 22. As of January 2022, original cast member Fernando Lozada and Dania Mendez replaced Omar “Faisy” Perez and Celia Lora. Gerardo Escareño returned as a panelist.


title: Nyala

text: The lowland nyala or simply nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) is a spiral-horned antelope native to southern Africa. It is a species of the family Bovidae and genus "Tragelaphus", previously placed in genus "Nyala". It was first described in 1849 by George French Angas. The body length is , and it weighs . The coat is maroon or rufous brown in females and juveniles, but grows a dark brown or slate grey, often tinged with blue, in adult males. Females and young males have ten or more white stripes on their sides. Only males have horns, long and yellow-tipped. It exhibits the highest sexual dimorphism among the spiral-horned antelopes. It is not to be confused with the endangered mountain nyala living in the Bale region of Ethiopia).


title: Nyala

text: The nyala is mainly active in the early morning and the late afternoon. It generally browses during the day if temperatures are and during the night in the rainy season. As a herbivore, the nyala feeds upon foliage, fruits and grasses, and requires sufficient fresh water. A shy animal, it prefers water holes rather than open spaces. The nyala does not show signs of territoriality, and individuals' areas can overlap. They are very cautious creatures. They live in single-sex or mixed family groups of up to 10 individuals, but old males live alone. They inhabit thickets within dense and dry savanna woodlands. The main predators of the nyala are lion, leopard and African wild dog, while baboons and raptorial birds prey on juveniles. Mating peaks during spring and autumn. Males and females are sexually mature at 18 and 11–12 months of age respectively, though they are socially immature until five years old. After a gestational period of seven months, a single calf is born.


title: Nyala

text: The nyala's range includes Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Eswatini, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It has been introduced to Botswana and Namibia, and reintroduced to Eswatini, where it had been extinct since the 1950s. Its population is stable, and it has been listed as of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The principal threats to the species are poaching and habitat loss resulting from human settlement. The males are highly prized as game animals in Africa.


title: Nyala

text: The nyala was first described by George French Angas, an English naturalist, in 1849. The scientific name of nyala is "Tragelaphus angasii". The name "angasii" is attributed to Angas, who said that John Edward Gray had named this species after Angas' father, George Fife Angas of South Australia. According to Article 50.1.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, though, this is insufficient to state Gray as the author. The name "nyala" is the Tsonga name for this antelope, which is likely the source of the English, along with Zulu "inyala". Its first known use was in 1899. The word has a Bantu origin, similar to the Venda word "dzì-nyálà" (nyala buck).


title: Nyala

text: The nyala is the second taxon to branch off from the tragelaphine family tree just after the lesser kudu. As the nyala line has remained separate for a considerable time (over 5 million years), some authorities have placed it in its own monotypic genus "Nyala". "Nyala" was proposed in 1912 by American zoologist Edmund Heller, who also proposed "Ammelaphus" for the lesser kudu, but it was not widely recognized. It was re-erected as a valid genus in 2011 under the classification of Peter Grubb and Colin Groves, but has not been embraced by taxonomic authorities such as the Mammal Diversity Database.


title: Nyala

text: In 2005, Sandi Willows-Munro (of the University of KwaZulu-Natal) and colleagues carried out a mitochondrial DNA analysis of the nine "Tragelaphus" species. Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA data were compared. The results showed the tribe Tragelaphini to be monophyletic, with the lesser kudu ("T. imberbis") basal in the phylogeny, followed by the nyala. On the basis of mitochondrial data, studies have estimated that the lesser kudu separated from its sister clade around 13.7 million years ago. However, nuclear DNA data shows lesser kudu and nyala forming a clade, which collectively separated from the sister clade 13.8 million years ago.


title: Nyala

text: The nyala has 55 male chromosomes and 56 female chromosomes. The Y chromosome has been translocated onto the 14th chromosome, as in other tragelaphids, but no inversion of the Y chromosome occurs. Cranial studies have shown that the mountain nyala and nyala, though sharing a common name, are actually distant relatives.


title: Nyala

text: Fossil evidence suggests that the nyala has been a separate species since the end of the Miocene (5.8 million years ago). Genetic evidence suggests that the proto-nyala had some early hybridization with the proto-lesser kudu, but the two have remained separate long after this crossing.


title: Nyala

text: The nyala is a spiral-horned and middle-sized antelope, between a bushbuck and a kudu. It is considered the most sexually dimorphic antelope. The nyala is typically between in head-and-body length. The male stands up to , the female is up to tall. Males weigh , while females weigh . Life expectancy of the nyala is about 19 years.


title: Nyala

text: The coat is rusty or rufous brown in females and juveniles. It grows a dark brown or slate grey in adult males, often with a bluish tinge. Females and young males have ten or more white vertical stripes on their sides. Other markings are visible on the face, throat, flanks and thighs. Stripes are very reduced or absent in older males. Both males and females have a white chevron between their eyes, and a long bushy tail white underside. Both sexes have a dorsal crest of hair running right from the back of the head to the end of the tail. Males have another line of hair along the midline of their chest and belly.


title: Nyala

text: Only the males have horns. Horns are long and yellow-tipped. There are one or two twists. The spoor is similar to that of the bushbuck, but larger. It is long. The feces resemble round to spherical pellets. The nyala has hairy glands on its feet, which leave their scent wherever it walks.


title: Nyala

text: The condition of the nyala often varies between the sexes. According to a study, this can be attributed to the differences in their body sizes. It was noted that during nutritional stress, old adults died in more numbers, of which most were males. During an attempt of blood sampling in the nyala, it was found that Vitamin E levels varied during stress.


title: Nyala

text: A study of the helminths from 77 nyalas from four game reserves in Natal revealed the presence of ten nematode species and four nematode genera, a trematode species and paramphistomes (members of superfamily "Paramphistomoidea"), and two cestode genera. The research discovered new parasites that the nyala was host of - namely a "Cooperia rotundispiculum" race, "Gaigeria pachyscelis", a "Gongylonema" species, "Haemonchus vegliai", "Impalaia tuberculata", an "Oesophagostomum" species, a "Setaria" species, "Trichostrongylus deflexus", "Trichostrongylus falculatus", the larval stage of a "Taenia" species, a "Thysaniezia" species and "Schistosoma mattheei". "Ostertagia harrisi" and "C. rotundispiculum" were the most dominant nematodes in the antelope.


title: Nyala

text: Another study of 97 blood samples of South African nyalas revealed the presence of tick-borne hemoparasites (blood parasites). The methods used were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization. The dominant parasites were "Theileria" species, "T. buffeli", "T. bicornis", "Ehrlichia" species, "Anaplasma marginale" and "A. bovis". Ten tick species, two louse species and a louse fly species were recovered in a study of 73 nyalas at Umfolozi, Mkuzi and Ndumu Game Reserves in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal in 1983 and 1984 and an additional six individuals in 1994. It was found that nyalas were hosts to all stages of development in "Boophilus decoloratus", "Rhipicephalus appendiculatus" and "R. muehlensi" and the immature stages of "Amblyomma hebraeum" and "Rhipicephalus maculatus". Adult males served hosts to more number of ticks and lice than adult females did. Also, a trypanosome was isolated from a nyala, wild-caught in Mozambique, which was diagnosed and found as akin to "Trypanosoma vivax", based on biological, morphological and molecular data.


title: Nyala

text: The nyala can also suffer from myopathy. In between January 1973 and June 1981, 21 nyalas succumbed to the disease. The main symptoms were stiffness, inability to rise, and failure to suckle in newborns. Necrosis (that is, the premature death of cells in a living tissue) and mineralization were found in the skeletal muscle after a histological analysis. In the juveniles there was acute necrosis of the cardiac muscle. In adults, there was interstitial fibrosis of the cardiac muscle, along with arteriosclerosis.


title: Nyala

text: In a report published in 1994 entitled """Epidemiological observations on spongiform encephalopathies in captive wild animals in the British Isles""," it was noted that spongiform encephalopathy had been diagnosed in one nyala captive in a zoo. The nyala was formerly affected by the disease rinderpest, although the viral disease is considered eradicated now.


title: Nyala

text: The nyala is active mainly in the early morning and late afternoon. It browses during the day if temperatures are and during the night in rainy season. These antelopes rest in thick bushes during the hot hours of the day. The nyala is very shy and cautious in nature, and often remains hidden rather than coming out in the open. Most sightings of the nyala in the wild are at water holes. But in protected areas they become less shy and often come out in view of tourists.


title: Nyala

text: Nyala groups are according to sex or mixed. Herds usually browse and drink water together. Each group consists of two to ten individuals. A study in Zinave National Park at Mozambique showed that 67% of the observations were of groups of one to three nyalas, and the rest of the herds consisted of up to 30 nyalas. Herds often broke up and re-formed. Generally adult males remain alone. Females often remain near their mothers when they have their offspring, so the relationships in female herds may be closer than those of males.


title: Nyala

text: Alert and wary in nature, the nyala use a sharp, high, dog-like bark to warn others in a group of danger. This feature is mainly used by females. They also react to the alarm calls of impala, baboon and kudu. The impala has been found to react to the calls of the nyala as well. The main predators of nyala are lion, leopard, cheetah, spotted hyena, African wild dog and nile crocodile while baboons and raptorial birds are predators of juveniles.


title: Nyala

text: As a herbivore, the nyala's diet consists of foliage, fruits, flowers and twigs. During the rainy season they feed upon the fresh grass. They need a regular intake of water, and thus choose places with a water source nearby. However, they are adapted to live in areas with only a seasonal availability of water. A study in Zululand showed that the nyala fed mainly in the early morning and the late afternoon. They feed at night during the rainy season.


title: Nyala

text: A study in Mkhuze Game Reserve and Ndumu Game Reserve in Natal focused on the dietary habits of the impala and the nyala showed that the amount of dicotyledons in their diets varied seasonally. In the dry season, the nyala's dicotyledon diet content was 83.2% and the impala's 52%. In this season, the diet grew richer in fiber and dietary proteins were less. The reverse occurred in the rainy season. As the rainy season arrived, both species took to a diet of mainly monocotyledons, and the impala consumed more of them. The diet contained more proteins than fiber.


title: Nyala

text: Another study was done to find whether the sexual dimorphism in the nyala influenced its foraging habits. Vegetation surveys were conducted with the end of each feeding bout. It was found that females spent equal periods of time foraging in all the three habitats, but males preferred sand forest more. More differences were noted, as males ate woody species at a greater average height whereas females fed from the low herbaceous layer. It was concluded that the differences resulted from varying nutritional and energetic demands according to their diverse body sizes and differing reproductive strategies.


title: Nyala

text: The nyala breeds throughout the year, but mating peaks in spring and autumn. The reason for this is still unknown, but attributed to the photoperiod and the feeding habits of the animal. Females reach sexual maturity at 11 to 12 months of age and males at 18 months (though they are socially immature until five years old), though they begin to show active spermatogenesis at 14 months.


title: Nyala

text: Before ovulation, the Graafian follicles reach a length of at least . A female's estrous cycle is about 19 days long. Males will attempt to mate with the female for two days of the cycle, but she allows it for only six hours per cycle. When the male enters a females' herd during mating, he makes a display by raising his white dorsal crest, lowering his horns and moving stiffly. As in many other animals, the males fight over dominance during mating.


title: Nyala

text: The kidney fat indices (KFIs) of impalas and nyalas have been studied to understand the influence of social class and reproduction on them. To determine the KFI, the kidney is removed and weighed with the fat and once again excluding the fat. The resultant difference is the amount of fat on the kidney. The more the fat, the healthier the animal. In rut, male nyalas had lower KFIs, which did not vary much with the season. Pregnant females of both nyala and impala had higher KFIs than non-pregnant ones.


title: Nyala

text: There is a significant increase in corpus luteum in the last third of gestation. Gestation is of seven months. A single calf is born, weighing . Birth takes place generally away from the sight of predators, in places such as a thicket. The calf remains hidden for up to 18 days, and the mother nurses it at regular intervals. The calf remains with its mother until the birth of the next calf, during which males in rut drive it away from the mother.


title: Nyala

text: The nyala inhabits dense lowland woodlands and thickets, mainly in southern Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and eastern South Africa. It chooses places with good quality grasslands as well as provision of fresh water. It also inhabits lush green river country. The nyala's natural range stretches across southeast Africa from the Lower Shire Valley in Malawi through Mozambique and Zimbabwe to eastern South Africa and Eswatini.


title: Nyala

text: The geographic distribution of the nyala may be based on the genetic variation. According to a study of nyala in South Africa, Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe, there was a marked difference in the gene frequencies at three microsatellite loci. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed the presence of a unique haplotype in individuals from each location. Thus, the geographic variation in the nyala may be due to a distribution pattern based on habitat specificity.


title: Nyala

text: Today nyala are found in South African protected areas in the Ndumo Game Reserve, uMkuze Game Reserve and Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve, all in KwaZulu-Natal, as well as in Kruger National Park. As of 1999, 10–15% of nyala occurred on private land. Efforts are being made to retain the populations of nyala in Gorongosa National Park and Banhine National Park in Mozambique. Nyala also thrive in Lengwe National Park in Malawi.


title: Nyala

text: Nyala have never been observed showing territoriality. Territories of either sex overlap extensively. The home ranges of males are approximately equal to that of females, about in area.


title: Nyala

text: The major threats to the population of the nyala are poaching, habitat loss, agriculture and cattle grazing. Rinderpest outbreaks have also contributed in population loss. This species is currently of Least Concern, and the population is considered stable by both the IUCN and CITES. As of 1999, the total population of the nyala was around 32,000 individuals. More recent estimates show that South Africa has at least 30,000 nyalas, with 25,000 in KwaZulu-Natal. There are now more than 1,000 on protected areas and ranches in Eswatini. In Mozambique there are not more than 3,000, in Zimbabwe over 1,000, and numbers in Malawi have fallen from 3,000 to about 1,500. Namibia has the smallest population, at about 250.


title: Nyala

text: Today over 80% of the total population is protected in national parks and sanctuaries, mostly in South African protected areas. In South Africa there is a high demand for adult males as game trophies.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The Eurovision Song Contest 1998 was the 43rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest, held on 9 May 1998 at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and presented by Irish television and radio broadcaster Terry Wogan and Swedish-British television presenter and model Ulrika Jonsson, the contest was held in the United Kingdom following the country's victory at the with the song "Love Shine a Light" by Katrina and the Waves.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Twenty-five countries participated in the contest. Six participating countries in the 1997 edition were absent, with , , , and relegated due to achieving the lowest average points totals over the previous five contests and actively choosing not to participate. These countries were replaced by in its first contest appearance, and previously relegated and absent countries , , , and .


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The winner was with the song "Diva", composed by Tzvika Pick, written by Yoav Ginai and performed by Dana International. The , , the and rounded out the top five. Dana International was the contest's first openly transgender participant and became the contest's first openly LGBTQ+ winning artist; however, her participation for Israel was controversial among sections of Israeli society and resulted in opposition and death threats against her in the run-up to the contest.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: It was the first contest in which the results were determined predominantly through televoting, and would become the last contest in which all participants were required to perform in the language of their country and the last to feature an orchestra and live music accompaniment for the competing entries.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The 1998 contest took place in Birmingham, the United Kingdom, following the country's victory at the with the song "Love Shine a Light", performed by Katrina and the Waves. It was the eighth time that the United Kingdom had hosted the contestsetting a new contest recordwith the nation having previously hosted the contest in London in , , and , in Edinburgh in , in Brighton in and in Harrogate in . The selected venue was the National Indoor Arena, a sporting venue and indoor arena opened in 1991 which prior to the contest had previously hosted the 1993 IBF Badminton World Championships and 1995 World Netball Championships, as well as being the principal venue for the recording of UK television programme "Gladiators".


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Many cities across the United Kingdom expressed interest in hosting the contest, the first to be held in the country in sixteen years, with venues in Aberdeen, Belfast, Bournemouth, Brighton, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Harrogate, Inverness, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle and Sheffield being considered. Following visits by the production team to each city, Belfast, Birmingham, Cardiff, Glasgow, London and Manchester were shortlisted as potential host cities, and Birmingham's National Indoor Arena was subsequently announced as the host venue on 8 August 1997.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The Eurovision Song Contest 1998 was produced by the British public broadcaster British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Kevin Bishop served as executive producer, Guy Freeman served as producer, Geoff Posner served as director, Andrew Howe-Davies served as designer, and Martin Koch served as musical director, leading the 60-piece BBC Concert Orchestra and arranging and orchestrating the music for the opening and closing sequences and the interval act.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Construction within the National Indoor Arena began on 19 April 1998 to build out the stage and orchestral area for the contest, as well as creating space for the green room, the dressing rooms, the press centre and accreditation area, and small rooms for use by each country's individual commentators. Although the arena could hold up to 13,000 people, the assembled audience during the contest was limited to around 4,500, with tickets for the dress rehearsal and live show awarded by ballot. The contest organisers also engaged with fan groups, and tickets in the front rows of the arena were distributed among these groups for the first time.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The green room was situated behind the stage, and was designed to resemble a nightclub. The arena featured three large video screens to enable the audience to follow the voting, and video walls were also constructed for use on stage, in the press centre and the green room. A 400-seat auditorium for press conferences and 38 booths for journalists equipped with phone lines were installed within the press centre, and 40 commentary boxes were constructed in the arena to accommodate the teams from the various broadcasters, with 28 built for television and 12 for radio. Much of the press centre facilities constructed for the contest were subsequently retained and augmented for use during the 24th G8 summit held in Birmingham the following week.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Orchestral rehearsals and rehearsals of the main elements of the interval act took place on 2 and 3 May, with rehearsals for the competing countries beginning on 4 May. The first rehearsals for each country, lasting 40 minutes in total followed by a 20 minute press conference, took place on 4 and 5 May, with second rehearsals for each country taking place on 6 and 7 May and lasting 30 minutes. Three dress rehearsals were held on 8 and 9 May, with an audience in attendance during the evening dress rehearsal on 8 May, which was also recorded for use in case of problems during the live contest that resulted in the broadcast being suspended. Stand-in studios were also prepared in Studio 4 of BBC Television Centre, London and in the Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham in case of an emergency at the National Indoor Arena that resulted in evacuation.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Television presenter and model Ulrika Jonsson and television and radio presenter Terry Wogan were the presenters of the 1998 contest. Wogan had previously provided television and radio commentary on the BBC since 1971, and performed this role once again for the contest's broadcast on BBC One from a separate commentary booth erected behind the stage in addition to his role as the contest presenter.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The draw to the determine the running order, held on 13 November 1997 in the National Indoor Arena, was compered by Wogan and Katrina Leskanich, lead vocalist of the 1997 contest winners Katrina and the Waves.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The contest began with a video entitled "Birmingham, Old and New", which presented overlapping images of Birmingham in 1998 with archive footage of the city, including shots of Brindleyplace and boats on the city's canal network, to music from the BBC Concert Orchestra. A fanfare from the trumpeters of the Life Guards greeted the contest's presenters as they entered the stage. Also featured during the opening section of the broadcast was a summary video of the 1960 contest, the first to be held in the United Kingdom, with that year's presenter Katie Boylethe only individual to host four contestsin attendance as a special guest. Special appearances were also featured from Katrina Leskanich and Carrie Crowley, the co-presenter of the , who appeared via video link from Dublin.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The interval performance was entitled "Jupiter, The Bringer of Jollity", based on music from the movement of the same name from the orchestral suite "The Planets" by English composer Gustav Holst. A medley of vocal and instrumental pieces inspired by English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Indian and Zulu cultures, the segment included over 200 performers and featured music from the BBC Concert Orchestra and performances by soprano Lesley Garrett, violinist Vanessa-Mae, the Sutherland Pipe Band, Andrew Findon on tin whistle, Carys Hughes on harp, the bhangra dance group Nachda Sansaar, the Canoldir Male Voice Choir, the Grimethorpe Colliery Band, trumpeters from the Band of the Blues and Royals and an excerpt of Patti Boulaye's "Sun Dance".


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The trophy awarded to the writers of the winning song was designed by Anongkarat Unyawong, a student at the Birmingham School of Jewellery, who had won a competition conducted at the school for the occasion. The winning performers received a glass bowl designed by Susan Nickson bearing the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 logo. The winners were heralded by the trumpeters of the Life Guards as they entered the stage, and the awards were presented by Katrina Leskanich.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The rules of the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 were published in November 1997. The document set out the overall aim of the contest and provided detail on the organisation of the event, the qualification process, the criteria for the competing songs and performers, the voting system to be used to determine the results of the contest, as well as the rights and responsibilities conferred by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) onto the participating broadcasters.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Each participating broadcaster submitted one song to the contest, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the participating country. Short quotations from another language, no more than a single phrase repeated a maximum of three times, were permitted. Each entry was able to utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks. This was the second edition of the contest in which the entire song could be performed with a backing track, following the 1997 contest; previously any backing tracks which were used could only include the sound of instruments which featured on stage being mimed by the performers. A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all performers must have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Selected entries were not permitted to be released commercially before 1 January 1998; entries were only permitted to be released after being selected for the contest, and were then only allowed to be released in the country they represented until after the contest was held. Entries were required to be selected by each country's participating broadcaster by 15 March, and the final submission date for all selected entries to be received by the contest organisers was set for 23 March. This submission was required to include the score of the song for use by the orchestra, a sound recording of the entry and backing track for use during the contest, and the text of the song lyrics in its original language and translations in French and English for distribution to the participating broadcasters, their commentators and juries.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: For the first time a watermark was included on screen during each entry with the name of the country being performed, an innovation which has become a standard feature in each contest. This edition of the contest would conversely be the last in which countries would be obliged to perform in their own language and the last to feature an orchestra accompanying the competing entries; from the following year's contest participating countries were able to send entries in any language and the organising broadcaster was no longer obliged to provide an orchestra. In subsequent years the rules would be modified again to remove the option for entries to be accompanied by live music entirely.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The results of the 1998 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in : each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry. For the first time each participating country was required to use televoting to determine their points, with countries with weak telephone networks that prevented them from holding a large-scale televote being granted an exception. This followed a trial held in the 1997 contest where televoting was used to determine the points from five of the twenty-five competing countries. Viewers had a total of five minutes to register their vote by calling one of twenty-four different telephone numbers to represent the twenty-five competing entries except that which represented their own country, with voting lines opening following the performance of the last competing entry. Once phone lines were opened a video recap containing short clips of each competing entry with the accompanying phone number for voting was shown in order to aid viewers during the voting window. Systems were also put in place to prevent lobby groups from one country voting for their song by travelling to other countries.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The points from countries which were unable to use televoting were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, comprised additionally of an equal number of men and women, and below and above 30 years of age. In addition countries using televoting were required to appoint a back-up jury of eight members which would be called into action upon technical failure preventing the televote results from being used, with the same equal split of gender, age and occupation. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing; if a tie still remained, the youngest jury member would have the deciding vote.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Each entry was preceded by a video postcard which served as an introduction to the competing artists from each country, as well as providing an opportunity to showcase the running artistic theme of the event and creating a transition between entries to allow stage crew to make changes on stage. The postcards for the 1998 contest continued the theme of the opening segment, with each clip focussing on a particular themeeither an object, place or conceptand creating a juxtaposition between its older and newer versions. Each postcard was accompanied by extracts of Britpop or classical music, with a pattern featured in the final moments of the footage forming into the flag of the country which was about to perform. The various themes for each postcard, and the musical accompaniment which featured, are listed below by order of performance:


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Per the rules of the contest twenty-five countries were allowed to participate in the event. participated in the contest for the first time, having previously applied to enter the but failing to progress from that edition's qualification round; due to the then-ongoing Macedonia naming dispute with Greece, the nation participated under the provisional reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" or its shortened form "FYR Macedonia". , , , and made a return to the contest, replacing , , , and , which were relegated following the previous year's contest, and which decided against entering the event. Italy would not return to the contest again until 2011.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Due to the high number of countries wishing to enter the contest a relegation system was introduced in in order to reduce the number of countries which could compete in each year's contest. Any relegated countries would be able to return the following year, thus allowing all countries the opportunity to compete in at least one in every two editions. The relegation rules introduced for the 1997 contest were again utilised ahead of the 1998 contest, based on each country's average points total in previous contests. The twenty-five participants were made up of the previous year's winning country and host nation, the eighteen countries which had the highest average points total over the preceding five contests, and any eligible countries which did not compete in the 1997 contest. In cases where the average was identical between two or more countries the total number of points scored in the most recent contest determined the final order.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, , Iceland and Russia were therefore excluded from participating in the 1998 contest; however, after Italy declined to participate Germany was subsequently provided a reprieve and allowed to enter. The calculations used to determine the countries relegated for the 1998 contest are outlined in the table below.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: For those countries which opted to utilise the orchestra during their performance a separate musical director could be nominated to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director, Martin Koch, also conducting for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor. The conductors listed below led the orchestra during the performance for the indicated countries.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The entries from Greece, Switzerland, Israel, Germany, Malta, Slovenia and Belgium were performed entirely without orchestration; however, in the case of Germany and Slovenia conductors for those countries were present during the contest. Stefan Raab, the writer of the German entry under the pseudonym "Alf Igel", had no intention of conducting the orchestra but insisted on taking the customary conductor's bow before the entry, while the Slovenian entry had been due to be performed with the orchestra before a change of mind by the songwriters during the rehearsals led to the full backing track being used and their conductor Mojmir Sepe instead signalling to start the track. The French entry had been planned to be performed completely with the backing track, but during rehearsals a decision was reached to incorporate additional live string accompaniment from the orchestra directed by Martin Koch.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: During rehearsals conflict occurred between the contest organisers and the Greek delegation, with the Greeks unhappy with the way that their entry was being presented on screen. Aggressive behaviour by the Greek composer, Yiannis Valvis, during the dress rehearsals led to his accreditation being rescinded, and on the day of the contest the Greek broadcaster Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) withdrew from the contest, a decision which was ultimately reversed minutes later. Issues also arose during the rehearsals for the Turkish entry, when their conductor Ümit Eroğlu was found to be leading the orchestra at too slow a tempo, resulting in the performance running over the three minute limit and thus breaking the rules of the contest. Ultimately the final performance lasted two minutes and fifty-nine seconds, ensuring that Turkey could not be disqualified for exceeding the time limit during the final and would remain in the competition.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The contest featured four representatives who had previously performed as lead artists for the same country. Two artists returned as lead artists in the 1998 contest: Danijela had previously represented in as a member of the group Magazin; and José Cid, a member of Alma Lusa, had represented in . Additionally, Egon Egemann, who had previously represented in the , and Paul Harrington, winner of the for with Charlie McGettigan, returned as backing performers for their respective countries, with Egemann performing on stage as violinist for Gunvor and Harrington providing backing vocals for Dawn Martin.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The contest took place on 9 May 1998 at 20:00 (BST) and lasted 3 hours. The table below outlines the participating countries, the order in which they performed, the competing artists and songs, and the results of the voting.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Following the contest it was announced the results of the Spanish vote had been incorrectly tabulated, resulting in Germany, which should have been awarded twelve points, receiving no points at all; this subsequently had an impact on the remaining countries which were awarded points by Spain. The tables in this article present the corrected results as published by the EBU.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The winner was represented by the song "Diva", composed by Svika Pick, written by and performed by Dana International. This marked Israel's third contest win, following the country's back-to-back victories in and . Dana International, the contest's first openly transgender participant, also became the first openly LGBTQ+ and first openly transgender artist to win the event. The United Kingdom earned a record-extending fifteenth second place finish, Malta's third place finish equalled its previous best contest performance, and the Netherlands obtained its best placing since its most recent victory in by finishing in fourth place.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The selection of Dana International as the Israeli representative for the contest by the Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA) created uproar among members of the Orthodox Jewish community in Israel. Taking issue with the singer's transgender status, groups mounted street protests against her selection, and she also received death threats ahead of the contest. Her selection was also opposed by politicial figures, with deputy minister Shlomo Benizri demanding her removal, referring to the singer as "an abomination" and her selection as "sending a message of darkness". On arriving at the contest Dana International was accommodated in the Hyatt Regency Birmingham, the only hotel in Birmingham with bulletproof windows, and was accompanied in public by armed guards.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Following her victory Dana International also caused a delay in the production when, following the conclusion of the voting, she changed outfits into one specially designed for the contest by Jean Paul Gaultier but which was ultimately not used for the original performance. This led to scenes towards the end of the broadcast of hosts Terry Wogan and Ulrika Jonsson, and last year's winning vocalist Katrina Leskanich, looking perturbed and confused as to the delay and location of Dana International.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: "Diva" was subsequently nominated in 2005 to compete in "", a special broadcast to determine the contest's most popular entry of its first 50 years as part of the contest's anniversary celebrations. One of 14 entries chosen to competethe only song from the 1990s on the list"Diva" ultimately finished in thirteenth place.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Televoting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries, except Hungary, Romania and Turkey. The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order. The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country. As had been the case since the , the spokespersons were connected via satellite and appeared in vision during the broadcast. Spokespersons at the 1998 contest are listed below.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: During the voting procedure Ulrika Jonsson had an unplanned comical moment with the Dutch spokesperson Conny Vandenbos; after Vandenbos had expressed her sympathy with the performers in the contesthaving previously represented the Netherlands in she added that "it's long ago". This comment was not heard by the audience in the arena due to noise, but Jonsson's reply, "a long time ago, was it?" was, leading to a reaction from the crowd due to the perceived rudeness of the remark out of context.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: Each participating broadcaster was required to relay live and in full the contest via television. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants"; any passive countries wishing to participate in the following year's event were also required to provide a live broadcast of the contest or a deferred broadcast within 24 hours. Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their viewers.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The 1998 contest was transmitted to 33 European countries, as well as to Australia, Canada and South Korea. Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators, are shown in the tables below.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text: The Barbara Dex Award, created in 1997 by fansite House of Eurovision, was awarded to the performer deemed to have been the "worst dressed" among the participants. The winner in 1998 was Germany's representative Guildo Horn, as determined by the founders of the House of Eurovision site Edwin van Thillo and Rob Paardekam.


title: Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)

text: Saint John the Baptist is a High Renaissance oil painting on walnut wood by Leonardo da Vinci. Likely to have been completed between 1513 and 1516, it is believed to be his final painting. Its original size was .


title: Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)

text: The painting is in the collection of the Louvre. In November 2022, it was loaned to Louvre Abu Dhabi for two years as part of the museum's fifth anniversary.


title: Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)

text: The work depicts the figure of John the Baptist in isolation through the use of chiaroscuro, with the figure appearing to emerge from the shadowy background. The saint is dressed in furs, has long curly hair and is smiling in an enigmatic manner reminiscent of Leonardo's famous "Mona Lisa". He holds a reed cross in his left hand, while his right hand points up toward heaven, similar to the figure of Saint Anne in Leonardo's "Burlington House Cartoon". According to Frank Zöllner, Leonardo's use of sfumato "conveys the religious content of the picture", with the "gentle shadows [imbuing] the subject's skin tones with a very soft, delicate appearance, almost androgynous in its effect".


title: Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)

text: Kenneth Clark claimed that for Leonardo, Saint John represented "the eternal question mark, the enigma of creation", and noted the sense of "uneasiness" that the painting imbues. Barolsky adds that: "Describing Saint John emerging from the darkness in almost shockingly immediate relation to the beholder, Leonardo magnifies the very ambiguity between spirit and flesh. The grace of Leonardo's figure, which has a disturbingly erotic charge, nonetheless conveys a spiritual meaning to which Saint John refers when he speaks of the fullness of grace from God."


title: Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)

text: The dating of "Saint John the Baptist" is disputed. It was seen by Antonio de Beatis in Leonardo's workshop at Clos Lucé; his diary entry giving a terminus ante quem of 17 October 1517.


title: Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)

text: Traditionally, the painting has been considered the artist's last, and has been dated to 1513–1516; Leonardo's "sfumato" technique here being considered to have reached its apogee. Some experts, however, have compared the hand of Saint John to a similar work by a pupil in the Codex Atlanticus, dating the commencement of the picture to around 1509. The pose is also similar to that of a sculpture of the same subject completed after 1510 for the Florence Baptistery by Giovanni Francesco Rustici. Leonardo is thought to have given Rustici technical advice for his commission; it is possible that one artist could have influenced the other with the idea for the pose.


title: Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)

text: "Saint John the Baptist" was apparently part of the French king Francis I's collection at Fontainebleau in 1542. In 1625, King Charles I of England received the painting from Louis XIII of France in return for a Titian – the "Holy Family" – and Hans Holbein's "Portrait of Erasmus". In 1649, Charles's collection was sold, whereupon the painting entered into the hands of the banker Eberhard Jabach. After a spell in the possession of Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661 the work once again returned to the King of France – Louis XIV. Following the French Revolution, the painting entered the collection at the Louvre, where it remains to this day.


title: Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)

text: Prior to this work, Saint John had traditionally been portrayed as a gaunt ascetic. Leonardo's innovative depiction proved influential upon Raphael's workshop; several portraits of Saint John painted around 1517–1518 attributed to Raphael and Giulio Romano show a similarly youthful saint in isolation, with a strong contrast between the dark background and the illumination of the figure.


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: The national flag of Luxembourg (; ; ) consists of three horizontal stripes, red, white and light blue, and can be in 1:2 or 3:5 ratio. It was first used between 1845 and 1848 and officially adopted in 1993. It is informally called in the country, "«rout, wäiß, blo»" ("red, white, [light] blue").


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: Luxembourg had no flag until 1830, when patriots were urged to display the national colours. The flag was defined as a horizontal tricolour of red, white, and blue in 1848, but it was not officially adopted until 1993. The tricolour flag is almost identical to Flag of the Netherlands, except that it is longer and its light blue stripe and red stripe are a lighter shade. The red, white, and light blue colours were derived from the coat of arms of the House of Luxembourg.


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: The colours of the flag of Luxembourg were first adopted around 1830 during the Belgian Revolution. They were probably derived from the counts, dukes and later grand-dukes of Luxembourg's coat of arms which in turn was derived from the combination of the dukes of Limbourg's Lion and the supposed striped banner of the early counts of Luxembourg. The three-coloured horizontal design was fixed on 12 June 1845.


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: It took until 1993 before a law was passed regulating the flag of Luxembourg. The same law also prescribed ensign and roundel for aircraft and ships registered in Luxembourg.


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: One important clarification brought by this law was that the color blue was defined as being a very bright blue, in contrast to the flag of the Netherlands (exactly the same design, but the Dutch flag uses dark blue and a less oblong shape).


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: The red lion is the official ensign for ships registered in Luxembourg. It is used for river and sea shipping, as well as for aviation. This flag is based on the coat of arms of Luxembourg (a banner of arms) and is used as the ensign to avoid the possibility of Luxembourg's ensign being confused for that of the Netherlands. Ten white and blue stripes serve as the field for a red lion with a yellow tongue, claws and crown, and a doubled tail ("à la queue fourchée"). The proper ratio for this ensign is 5:7.


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: The roundel of Luxembourg is seen on the AWACS aircraft used by NATO and on the Airbus A400M operated by the Luxembourg Armed Forces.


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: The resemblance of the Luxembourgish flag with the Dutch flag has given rise to a national debate to change it.


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: On 5 October 2006, MP Michel Wolter introduced a legislative proposition to replace the current red-white-blue national flag with the red lion ensign. He argued that the current flag was commonly confused with that of the Netherlands and that the red lion on the other hand was more popular, more aesthetic and of greater historic value. Wolter also claimed he had personally discussed the matter with some three hundred people, most of whom expressed their support for his initiative. On the other hand, many national politicians (including leading members of Wolter's own CSV) and VIPs have expressed astonishment in the local media concerning both the timing and necessity for such a change. Wolter was supported in his initiative by the centre-right ADR.


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: On 24 October 2006, a local initiative called "Initiativ Roude Léiw" ("Red Lion Initiative") held a press conference explaining their intention to support Wolter's project on a non-partisan basis. Their first actions would include distribution of red lion bumper stickers, a petition and a poll. During sporting events like the Tour de France supporters for Luxembourg participants now overwhelmingly use the Ensign instead of the Flag.


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: In end of July 2015, a Luxembourger Marc Dax submitted a formal petition to the Chamber of Deputies to replace the current national flag with the "Roude Léiw". It received a little less than 500 signatures.


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: For historical reasons, the adjacent Belgian province of Luxembourg uses a flag that also features a lion superimposed on horizontal stripes. Elsewhere, similar designs can also be found, for instance in the Belgian city of Bruges and the German state of Hesse.


title: Flag of Luxembourg

text: On 6 July 2007, the Government stated that the "Roude Léiw" would be accepted as a Civil flag only within the territory of the Grand-Duchy along with the National flag keeping the same proportions, i.e. 1:2 or 3:5 as the National flag to avoid confusion with the Civil ensign.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Northern Sotho, or as an endonym, is a Sotho-Tswana language spoken in the northeastern provinces of South Africa. It is sometimes referred to as ' or ', its main dialect, through synecdoche.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: According to the South African National Census of 2011, it is the first language of over 4.6 million (9.1%) people, making it the 5th most spoken language in South Africa. The Sepedi language is spoken most commonly in Mpumalanga, Gauteng and the Limpopo provinces.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: The Northern Sotho written language was based largely on the Sepedi dialect. Missionaries studied this dialect the most closely and first developed the orthography in 1860 by Alexander Merensky, Grutzner and Gerlachshoop. This subsequently provided a common writing system for 20 or more varieties of the Sotho-Tswana languages spoken in the former Transvaal, and also helped lead to "Sepedi" being used as the umbrella term for the entire language family. However, there are objections to this synecdoche by other Northern Sotho dialect speakers, such as speakers of the Modjadji's Lobedu dialect.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Northern Sotho can be subdivided into Highveld-Sotho, which consists of comparatively recent immigrants mostly from the west and southwest parts of South Africa, and Lowveld-Sotho, which consists of a combination of immigrants from the north of South Africa and Sotho inhabitants of longer standing. Like other Sotho-Tswana people their languages are named after totemic animals and, sometimes, by alternating or combining these with the names of famous chiefs.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: The group consists of the Lobedu, Narene, Phalaborwa (Malatji), Mogoboya, Kone, Kgaga, Pulana, Pai, and Kutswe.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Before Moshoeshoe and his Basotho nation of Lesotho, Basotho people were there. Moshoshoe didn't found Basotho, but he founded a nation made up of Sesotho speaking people from different Sesotho speaking clans in which the British imperialist in Southern Africa erroneously called the Basotho nation cutting them off from the rest of other Basothos outside Lesotho in the Orange Free State and Transvaal in present-day South Africa, Botswana as if Moshoshoe and his people were unique from other Basotho people. Basotho people were there before Moshoshoe, the son of Mokhachane of another Basotho clan of the Bamokoteli clan, united the smaller and vulnerable clans of Basothos under his Bakwena clan leadership during the Shaka wars of difaqane after other Basothos have migrated to different directions from their cradle in Ntswanatsatsi. Moshoshoe and his Bakwena clan and the rest of the other Basotho clan originate from Ntswanatsatsi in present-day South Africa. Families moved away from each other in Ntswanatsatsi and started clans using a totem as a symbol of their clan (like a crocodile (Koena) which Moshoshoe' ancestors used) and different families moved to different directions within precolonial South Africa under different leadership. Under different leadership some settled in the Western side, present-day North West Province others spread around Ntswanatsatsi to the present-day Free State and Lesotho, others to present-day Botswana others to present-day Zambia, others moved to the present day Gauteng in South Africa and they became patriarchs of the founding fathers of Bakgatla, which also gave birth to Northern Sotho, which, in turn, gave birth to different Northern clans with their dialects like BaPedi, Batlokwa, Babirwa, etc and others ended up in inter-marrying with other tribes. They moved next to and mingled with like Swatis, Vendas, Tsongas and Ngunis, and, in some places, these Northern Basotho' Sotho was diluted by the influence of these tribe they found in the area, they moved into and lived alongside. This is what happened to a subgroup of Northern Basotho who end up becoming Mapulana with their Sesotho influenced by Swati. Also some of the Northern Basotho having a common denominator of "apa" (meaning talk) with Vendas, I mean Balovedu, BaGubu and Babirwa of Bobirwa in the Southern part of Botswana near the Zimbabwean border. All these Northern Sotho clans have their chief of leader, they never had a paramount king, so, it would be absurd to call them BaPedi because the BaPedi kings had never been their kings. They did their own things from Ramokgopha of Batlhokwa, Malatji of Phalaborwa, Malebogo of Bahanawa, Matlala, etc, and they were never part of the Pedi kingdom.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Although Northern Sotho shares the name "Sotho" with Southern Sotho, the two groups have less in common with each other than they have with Setswana.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Northern Sotho is also closely related to Setswana, sheKgalagari and siLozi. It is a standardised dialect, amalgamating several distinct varieties or dialects.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Most Khelobedu speakers only learn to speak Sepedi at school, as such Sepedi is only a second or third language and foreign to them like English and Afrikaans. Khelobedu is a written language. Khilovedu dictionary, THALUSAMANDWI YA KHILOVEDU was published in 2018 by Kgothatso Seshayi. The first KhiLovedu Novel, LEKHEKHESHA was published in 2018 by Eliya Monyela. The first KhiLovedu poetry book, ZWIRETO ZWA KHELOBEDU was published and launched in 2020 by KhiLovedu poet Makgwekgwe Waa-Mampeule. As of October 2021 a translation of the Christian Bible is being undertaken by VALODAGOMA SOCIETY (BaLobedu think tank) and PANSALB (Pan South African Languages Board).


title: Northern Sotho language

text: The monarch associated with this language community is Queen Modjadji (also known as the Rain Queen). Lobedu is spoken by a majority of people in the Greater Tzaneen, Greater Letaba, and BaPhalaborwa municipalities, and a minority in Greater Giyani municipality, as well as in the Limpopo Province and Tembisa township in Gauteng. Its speakers are known as the Balobedu.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Sepulana () exists in unwritten form and forms part of the standard Northern Sotho. Sepulana is spoken in Bushbuckridge area by the MaPulana people.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Sepedi is written in the Latin alphabet. The letter "š" is used to represent the sound [] ("sh" is used in the trigraph "tsh" to represent an aspirated "ts" sound). The circumflex accent can be added to the letters e and o to distinguish their different sounds, but it is mostly used in language reference books. Some word prefixes, especially in verbs, are written separately from the stem.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Within nasal consonant compounds, the first nasal consonant sound is recognized as syllabic. Words such as "nthuše" "help me", are pronounced as . /n/ can also be pronounced as following a velar consonant.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Urban varieties of Northern Sotho, such as Pretoria Sotho (actually a derivative of Tswana), have acquired clicks in an ongoing process of such sounds spreading from Nguni languages.


title: The West Wing (season 6)

text: The sixth season of the American political drama television series "The West Wing" aired in the United States on NBC from October 20, 2004, to April 6, 2005, and consisted of 22 episodes.


title: The West Wing (season 6)

text: The sixth season opens with the Israeli and Palestinian delegations arriving at Camp David for peace talks. Despite problems at the summit, a deal is thrashed out by President Bartlet, but not before he fires Leo as chief of staff. Leo suffers a heart attack in the aftermath, leading to a re-shuffle of the White House staff. CJ Cregg becomes chief of staff but she finds it difficult to adapt, a fact not helped by the President's worsening multiple sclerosis and consequent interference from the First Lady in an effort to conserve his energy. Away from the White House, Josh convinces Texas Congressman Matt Santos to run for president, and after a shaky start, he finds himself in a three-way race for the Democratic nomination with Vice President Russell and former Vice President Hoynes. While the Republican primaries provide a clear winner in California Senator Arnold Vinick, a moderate, the Democratic ticket is not finalized until the Democratic National Convention, at which Santos is chosen as presidential nominee, with Leo McGarry as his running mate. Meanwhile, someone at the White House has leaked national security information to reporter Greg Brock.


title: The West Wing (season 6)

text: The sixth season had star billing for twelve major roles, with nine of these filled by returning main cast members from the fifth season. The main cast members are credited alphabetically except for Jimmy Smits and Martin Sheen, who receive the "with" and "and" credits, respectively. Smits, Alda and Channing are only credited for the episodes in which they appear.


title: The West Wing (season 6)

text: Characters that returned in recurring roles were Gary Cole as Vice President Bob Russell, Tim Matheson as former Vice President John Hoynes and Mark Feuerstein as Senate Majority Counsel Clifford Calley. Roger Rees as British ambassador Lord John Marbury also returned for one episode. Kristin Chenoweth joined the recurring cast as Annabeth Schott, a former feature writer who becomes Deputy Press Secretary. Recurring guest-star Ed O'Neill played Governor Eric Baker with Mel Harris (as Senator Rafferty) and Christopher Lloyd (portraying Lawrence Lessig) also guest-starring in one episode each. Actors who left the cast include John Amos as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Percy Fitzwallace who was killed in the penultimate episode of the previous season, Jesse Bradford as intern Ryan Pierce and Michael Hyatt as legislative affairs advisor Angela Blake.


title: The West Wing (season 6)

text: The season was produced by John Wells Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television. The executive producers were the production company's namesake and founder John Wells, Christopher Misiano and Alex Graves – Llewellyn Wells (who left the show), Misiano and Graves had previously been co-executive producers in season five. Carol Flint, Peter Noah and John Sacret Young were supervising producers, and Eli Attie, Kristin Harms, Michael Hissrich and Andrew Stearn were producers. "The West Wing" was created by Aaron Sorkin. For the sixth season, regular staff writers were Wells, Flint, Noah, Young, Attie, Debora Cahn, Josh Singer, and former Democratic chief of staff on the Senate Committee on Finance, Lawrence O'Donnell. Cast member Bradley Whitford wrote his first episode of the series. The regular directors were Misiano and Graves, while cast member Richard Schiff directed his second episode of the series.


title: The West Wing (season 6)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 50% with an average score of 10 out of 10 based on 6 reviews.


title: The West Wing (season 6)

text: The season was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards in 2005 without any wins. The show was nominated for Outstanding Drama Series for the sixth year running. Alan Alda, as Senator Vinick, and Stockard Channing, as Abigail Bartlet were nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actor and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series respectively. Alex Graves was nominated for Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series and production sound mixer Patrick Hanson and re-recording mixers Dan Hiland and Gary D. Rogers were nominated in the Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series category, both for the episode "2162 Votes". "2162 Votes" also got Hanson, Hiland and Rogers a Cinema Audio Society Awards nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Television Series. The show received a nomination in the Dramatic Series category and Carol Flint received a Writers Guild of America Award nomination in the Episodic Drama category for "A Good Day". Allison Janney, as C. J. Cregg, was nominated at the Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series and the whole ensemble for the Outstanding Performance in a Drama Series award. John Wells won the Humanitas Prize in the 60-minute category for "NSF Thurmont". At the Producers Guild of America Awards ceremony in 2005, the show was nominated for the Norman Felton Producer of the Year Award – Episodic Drama. Seth Adkins, as Cody Zucker, was nominated for a Young Artist Award in the Best Performance in a Television Series (Comedy or Drama) – Guest Starring Young Actor category. Composer W. G. "Snuffy" Walden was awarded a BMI Television Award for his work on the show. The season won two Imagen Awards, a Latino awards ceremony, with the submitted work "La Palabra". Executive producers John Wells, Christopher Misiano, Alex Graves, Director Jason Ensler, writer Eli Attie, and the executive producers won Best Primetime Series and Jimmy Smits (as Matt Santos) won Best Actor in Television.


title: The West Wing (season 6)

text: The DVD release of season six was released by Warner Bros. first in the UK on September 26, 2005, and then in the US on May 9, 2006, after the season had completed broadcasting on television. As well as every episode from the season, the DVD release features bonus material including audio commentary on three episodes from directors and writers, and a documentary on Allison Janney's portrayal of C. J. Cregg.


title: The West Wing (season 6)

text: All episodes from the season are available to purchase and download through Warner Bros. Studio online store, to registered users of iTunes Stores in certain countries, and in the US through Amazon Video on Demand. In Canada, the sixth season was simulcast on CTV. In the United Kingdom the series was moved from E4 to Fridays at 9:00 p.m. on sister-station More4 with the season premiering in October 2005.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: Two tiger attacks occurred at the San Francisco Zoo, in 2006 and 2007, both involving a female Siberian tiger named Tatiana (June 27, 2003 – December 25, 2007). In the first incident, a zookeeper was bitten on the arm during a public feeding. In the second incident, one person was killed and two others were injured before police shot and killed Tatiana.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: Tatiana was born at the Denver Zoo on June 25, 2003, and was brought to the San Francisco Zoo on December 16, 2005, to provide the 14-year-old Siberian tiger, Tony, with a mate. Tatiana had no prior record of aggression towards humans.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: On December 22, 2006, as veteran zookeeper Lori Komejan was feeding Tatiana through the enclosure's grill, Tatiana clawed and pulled Komejan's right arm through the grill and bit it.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: The California Occupational Safety and Health Administration later determined that the zoo had inadequate safety precautions and staff training and fined it $18,000.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: Komejanwho underwent several surgeries and skin grafts and whose arm was severely scarred and permanently impaired sued the zoo, settling in 2008 on undisclosed terms.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: Shortly after closing time on December 25, 2007, Tatiana escaped from her open-air enclosure, killing 17-year-old Carlos Eduardo Sousa Jr. and injuring brothers Amritpal "Paul" Dhaliwal and Kulbir Dhaliwal (19 and 23 years old, respectively).


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: The brothers fled to the zoo cafe away, which was locked. An employee heard their screams and called 9-1-1 at 5:07 pm.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: The emergency response was delayed, first because cafe employees said in their call that they suspected that the screaming person was mentally ill and that there was no actual animal attack, and later because zoo security guards were enforcing a lockdown to prevent Tatiana from escaping the zoo grounds.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: Armed officials found Tatiana with Kulbir Dhaliwal, but held fire at first for fear of hitting Dhaliwal. They created a distraction which caused the tiger to turn towards the officers, who shot her through the forehead.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: The Dhaliwal brothers received deep bites and claw wounds on their heads, necks, arms, and hands. They left the hospital on December 29.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: Sousa was found dead near the tiger grotto with blunt-force injuries to his head and neck; many punctures and scratches to his head, neck and chest; skull and spinal fractures; and a cut to his jugular vein.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: The Association of Zoos and Aquariums said the attack was the first time a visitor had been killed by an escaped animal at a member zoo since the Association's founding in 1924.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: It was not immediately apparent how Tatiana had escaped, but police said that Tatiana may have "leaped" or "climbed" the walls of her enclosure. Police undertook an investigation to determine whether one of the victims climbed over a waist-high fence and then dangled a leg or other body part over the edge of a moat around the tiger enclosure.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: Two days after the attack, on December 27, 2007, the zoo reported that while the moat, at 33 feet wide, was sufficient by national standards, its claim that the grotto's moat wall was tall was incorrect; officials measured it at tall, substantially lower than their initial report, and substantially lower than the AZA-recommended for such enclosures. Tatiana's rear paws were embedded with concrete chips, suggesting that she had pushed against the moat wall during her escape.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: In the days immediately following the attack, the director of the zoo stated that Tatiana was probably provoked. He said, "Somebody created a situation that really agitated her and gave her some sort of a method to break out. There is no possible way the cat could have made it out of there in a single leap. I would surmise that there was help. A couple of feet dangling over the edge could possibly have done it." Sources told the "San Francisco Chronicle" that pine cones and sticks that might have been thrown at Tatiana had been found and which could not have landed in the vicinity naturally. Paul Dhaliwal later said that the three had yelled and waved at the tiger. According to early news sources, the Dhaliwal brothers had slingshots on them at the time of the attack. In later reports, the police denied that slingshots were found in the victims' car or at the zoo. Zoo visitor Jennifer Miller and her family allegedly saw the group of men, including an unidentified fourth person, taunting lions less than an hour before the tiger attack. She later identified Carlos Sousa as being part of the group but said Sousa did not join in the taunting. An attorney representing the Dhaliwal brothers stated that they had not taunted the tiger.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: In early January 2008, the lead investigator for the city said that the men may have harassed Tatiana, but no charges were filed against them for such behavior. Taunting a zoo animal is a misdemeanor in San Francisco.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: Toxicology reports disclosed in mid-January indicated a blood alcohol level of 0.16 for 19-year-old Amritpal Dhaliwal, twice the legal limit for operating a motor vehicle, and that alcohol was also present but under the legal limits for Kulbir Dhaliwal, 23, and for Carlos Sousa, 17. There was also evidence of cannabis use amongst all three. Reporters also noted that "[p]olice found a small amount of marijuana in Kulbir Dhaliwal's 2002 BMW, which the victims drove to the zoo, as well as a partially filled bottle of vodka, according to court documents."


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: The "San Francisco Chronicle" described the attitude of the Dhaliwals as "hostile" to the police following the attack, reporting that they initially refused to identify themselves or Carlos Sousa to the police, refused to give interviews to the police until two days after the attack, and would not speak publicly about the details of what happened to them.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: On February 16, 2008, the zoo re-opened the exterior tiger exhibit which was extensively renovated to meet the extension of the concrete moat wall up to the minimum height of 16 feet 4 inches from the bottom of the moat, installation of glass fencing on the top of the wall to extend the height to 19 feet, and installation of electrified "hotwire".


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: The zoo also installed portable loudspeakers that remind visitors to leave promptly at the 5 p.m. closing time and "Protect the Animals" signs that read:


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: Help make the zoo a safe environment. The magnificent animals in the zoo are wild and possess all their natural instincts. You are a guest in their home. Please remember they are sensitive and have feelings. PLEASE don't tap on glass, throw anything into exhibits, make excessive noise, tease or call out to them.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: On December 25, 2008, a life-size concrete-and-tile sculpture of Tatiana, by Jon Engdahl, was unveiled at the community garden on the Greenwich Steps at 274 Greenwich.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: Four police officersScott Biggs, Yukio Oshita, Kevin O'Leary and Daniel Krooswere honored for bravery during the incident.


title: San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks

text: Both Dhaliwal brothers subsequently got into trouble with the law. Paul Dhaliwal died in 2012 at age 24.


title: Ghidra

text: Ghidra (pronounced gee-druh; ) is a free and open source reverse engineering tool developed by the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States. The binaries were released at RSA Conference in March 2019; the sources were published one month later on GitHub. Ghidra is seen by many security researchers as a competitor to IDA Pro. The software is written in Java using the Swing framework for the GUI. The decompiler component is written in C++, and is therefore usable in a stand-alone form. Ghidra plugins can be developed in Java or in Python (provided via Jython).


title: Ghidra

text: Ghidra's existence was originally revealed to the public via WikiLeaks in March 2017, but the software itself remained unavailable until its declassification and official release two years later.


title: Ghidra

text: In June 2019, Coreboot began to use Ghidra for its reverse engineering efforts on firmware-specific problems following the open source release of the Ghidra software suite.


title: Ghidra

text: Ghidra can be used, officially, as a debugger since Ghidra 10.0. Ghidra's debugger supports debugging user-mode Windows programs via WinDbg, and Linux programs via GDB.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: Steven Adam Markowitz (born August 19, 1988), better known by his stage name Hoodie Allen, is an American rapper, singer and songwriter from Plainview, New York. After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania, he began working at Google before ultimately quitting to pursue a music career full-time. In 2012, he released his first official EP titled "All American" which debuted at No. 10 on the "Billboard" 200. In October 2014, Hoodie officially released his debut studio album, "People Keep Talking" which was successful with first week sales of over 30,000 along with a debut position of No. 8 on the "Billboard" 200. Hoodie followed up on his success in January 2016 and released his second studio album, "Happy Camper.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: Steven Markowitz was born on Long Island and raised in a Jewish household in Plainview along with his brother, Daniel. He started writing lyrics as a child, and would perform raps for his friends at house parties. Markowitz first attended the Long Island School for the Gifted in South Huntington, and later attended Plainview – Old Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: While attending the University of Pennsylvania, he pledged the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity. He also played as defensive back for Penn's sprint football team. After graduating in 2010 with a degree in marketing and finance, he worked at Google as an AdWords associate in their Standardized AdWords Reseller Training (START) program. He would leave at 7:00 AM for a bus ride to the Googleplex in Mountain View, work a full day at Google, return home at 6:00 PM, write songs, answer fan emails, and schedule concerts until 2:00 or 3:00 AM. Reflecting on this, Allen said, "I was moving so fast, and even while I was at Google there was so much going on that I felt like I was doing two full-time jobs." His dream and passion was music, so when he got opportunities to do live shows, he decided to leave Google.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: Hoodie Allen originally was the duo of Steve Markowitz and Obey City (Samuel Obey, a childhood friend) on vocals and production, respectively. The name came about because Steven's nickname growing up was "Hoodie," and he wanted a name that "would stick in peoples' minds and be a little bit funny and representative of who I am" so a play off of famed filmmaker Woody Allen was settled on. Steve and Obey's first two releases were the "Bagels & Beats EP" and "Making Waves" mixtape. These earned Hoodie a nomination for MTVU's Best Music on Campus Award in 2009. The single "UPENN Girls" also received notable attention. However, in 2010 Obey City ceased to produce in Hoodie for unknown reasons, and Steve continued making music with RJ Ferguson (aka RJF), giving himself the name Hoodie Allen. In June 2010, he released "You Are Not a Robot," which sampled "I Am Not a Robot" by Marina and the Diamonds and which hit No. 1 on Hype Machine, an aggregator that collects the most-blogged about music in the world. After seeing the response, he spent the summer working, and finished his mixtape "Pep Rally" by September. The album was largely produced by RJF, and sampled songs from Death Cab for Cutie, Flight Facilities, Marina and the Diamonds, Ellie Goulding, and Two Door Cinema Club. He picked the name "Pep Rally" because he said that it "captured the energy of the record" and something "new and exciting." He self-financed a video for the lead single "You Are Not A Robot," which helped the mixtape get downloaded over 200,000 times.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: In July 2011, Hoodie released his third mixtape, "Leap Year". It reached 250,000 SoundCloud plays in its first week of release. In support of the album, Hoodie headlined a 15-city tour across North America, including stops in San Francisco, New York City, and Montreal, with supporting act Fortune Family opening on several venues. Previously, he had toured with The Cataracs, Das Racist, Chiddy Bang, Mike Posner, and RJD2.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: On March 4, 2012, Hoodie announced via Twitter that he would be releasing his first EP, titled "All American". He decided on this title because he credited his rise to the American Dream, because he felt the songs showcased his best music to date, and because of a hometown restaurant with the same title. Hoodie spent five months developing the album, building tracks from scratch with his producer, RJF, rather than using sampled beats. Regarding the writing process, Hoodie stated that, "I would describe it as liberating... It was like, 'Okay, I hear this idea in my head, I hear these original ideas, [and] I'm putting them and piecing them together.'" On March 29, 2012, Hoodie released the first single from "All American" entitled "No Interruption," as well as its music video. The music video for his second single on "All American", titled "No Faith In Brooklyn (feat. Jhameel)," was released on April 9. "All American" was released on April 10, 2012, and debuted as the No. 1 album on iTunes and at No. 10 on the "Billboard" 200. Over the months of April and May, Hoodie made a 22-stop tour across the US in support of "All American", featuring rapper Wax, Jared Evan, and others varied from show to show. The I Work Better In The UK Tour was his first time performing overseas. The Excellent Adventure Tour, which featured G-Eazy, began on September 7, 2012.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: On February 11, 2013, "XXL" premiered the music video for "Cake Boy," the first single off of Hoodie's upcoming mixtape. The single was later released on iTunes for purchase. A week later, the music video for "Fame Is For Assholes" (abbreviated FIFA) premiered on YouTube which features rapper Chiddy Bang. Hoodie commented, "I wanted to write a track that mixed a classic doo-wop vibe with the more upbeat hip-hop style that my fans have come to love."


title: Hoodie Allen

text: Hoodie embarked on his Cruisin' USA Tour with Aer and Jared Evan which began on March 5, 2013. G-Eazy, instead of Aer, accompanied Hoodie on his Boston, Philly, and NYC shows. During the Cruisin' USA Tour, Hoodie directed the audience to chant that they wanted to see him on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon". Leading up to Roseland Ballroom, Hoodie started the hashtag "#GetHoodieAllenOnFallon" on Twitter to rally his fans. After trending worldwide, Fallon asked to speak with Hoodie.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: Hoodie performed his new single "Make It Home" on Fuse alongside Kina Grannis which was released on April 30. The studio version of the single was released onto iTunes on May 15, 2013, where it reached the top ten of the iTunes Hip-Hop/Rap charts.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: On July 30, 2013, Hoodie released the music video for "No Interruption (Acoustic)". His acoustic EP "Americoustic" was released on August 13, 2013, and reached No. 1 on the iTunes Hip-Hop/Rap album chart and No. 4 on the iTunes overall albums chart. The EP's guitar work was composed, recorded and produced by Our Last Night guitarist Matt Wentworth.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: The lead single off of Hoodie's debut studio album, "People Keep Talking", was released on May 7, 2014, titled "Show Me What You're Made Of." It premiered along with its music video, which parodied the film "Happy Gilmore", and featured fellow rapper D-WHY and Tommy Lee from Mötley Crüe. The single was made available for purchase on iTunes and debuted as the No. 2 song overall. Hoodie then made his television debut on "Good Day Philadelphia" playing an acoustic version of "Show Me What You're Made Of" after a short interview on May 15.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: To promote the album, Hoodie went on a world tour titled "People Keeping Talking World Tour", this included shows in the US, Europe, Canada, and Australia, featuring artists Chiddy Bang and MAX. The tour began on October 29, 2014, at the Royal Oak Music Theater in Royal Oak, Michigan, and ran into June 2015.


title: Hoodie Allen

text: After tweeting to bassist Pete Wentz about touring together, it was announced that Hoodie would be a special guest on the Boys of Zummer Tour with co-headliners Fall Out Boy and Wiz Khalifa.