title: Spanish Maquis

text: The "enlaces" were much more exposed to the repressive actions of the government. However, they made up a source of combatants, since in the event of being discovered, their only chance to avoid being jailed was to flee to the mountains. Because of this, in the early 1950s when guerrilla activity was in its death throes, groups were still incorporating new men and women.


title: Spanish Maquis

text: The number of "enlaces" was much higher than that of actual combatants. During the years of guerrilla activity, 20,000 people were arrested for collaborating with the maquis.


title: LyondellBasell

text: LyondellBasell Industries N.V. is a multinational chemical company incorporated in the Netherlands with U.S. operations headquartered in Houston, Texas, and offices in London, UK. The company is the largest licensor of polyethylene and polypropylene technologies. It also produces ethylene, propylene, polyolefins, and oxyfuels.


title: LyondellBasell

text: LyondellBasell was formed in December 2007 by the acquisition of Lyondell Chemical Company by Basell Polyolefins for $12.7 billion. As of 2016, Lyondell was the third largest independent chemical manufacturer in the United States.


title: LyondellBasell

text: Since its establishment in 1985 from facilities belonging to the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO), the company grew through stock swaps with Occidental Chemicals and Millennium Chemicals in 1997 which formed Equistar Chemicals of which each entity were partners. Lyondell purchased the outstanding shares from each of its partners to gain total control of Equistar which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Lyondell. Lyondell bought ARCO Chemical in 1998 for $5.6 billion including ARCO's entire 82.2% ownership stake. In 2004, Lyondell purchased Millennium Chemicals in a stock-swap deal at $2.3 billion. In August 2006, Lyondell acquired Citgo's interest in the Lyondell-Citgo Refinery for $2.1 billion, and renamed the facility Houston Refining.


title: LyondellBasell

text: Chemical maker Basell Polyolefins purchased Lyondell in December 2007, creating the new company LyondellBasell Industries AF S.C.A., one of the largest chemical companies in the world at that time. It was owned by Access Industries, a privately held, U.S.-based industrial group. LyondellBasell is the third largest independent chemical manufacturer in the world and is headquartered in Houston and Rotterdam .


title: LyondellBasell

text: LyondellBasell's United States operations filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in January 2009 and emerged from bankruptcy in April 2010. Its former parent company, LyondellBasell Industries AF S.C.A. was replaced by LyondellBasell Industries N.V. It was listed on the New York Stock Exchange on October 14, 2010.


title: LyondellBasell

text: In 2012, 1 Houston Center, the building housing LyondellBasell's Houston headquarters since 1986, was renamed LyondellBasell Tower. In 2014, LyondellBasell announced that it was installing two large cracking furnaces at its Channelview plant, and the following year the company announced it would double production capacity at the Bayport Underwood plant. LyondellBasell acquired the compounding assets of Zylog Plastalloys, an India-based company, in November 2015. The acquisition made LyondellBasell the third largest PP compounds producer in India.


title: LyondellBasell

text: In June 2016, LyondellBasell announced a factory in Northern China. It was the third facility for LyondellBasell to open in China, following Guangzhou and Suzhou.


title: LyondellBasell

text: In September 2016, LyondellBasell announced that it would build a $700 million polyethylene plant at the La Porte manufacturing complex on the Houston Ship Channel that would produce 1.1 billion pounds of polyethylene annually. The company started construction on a La Porte plant in May 2017.


title: LyondellBasell

text: The company completed an expansion of its Corpus Christi ethylene plant in January 2017. The plant's capacity was increased by 50 percent to produce 2.5 billion pounds annually. That same year, Hurricane Harvey hit the United States and affected the company's Texas Gulf Coast operations. The Houston Ship Channel was temporarily closed, which prevented crude tankers from reaching refineries. The La Porte facility was damaged but came back online in late October.


title: LyondellBasell

text: In December 2017, LyondellBasell partnered with Suez, a French water and waste management company, in the first joint venture between a major plastics and chemicals company and a resource management company.


title: LyondellBasell

text: LyondellBasell and Odebrecht entered into exclusive talks for LYB to acquire control of Braskem in June 2018, but did not consummate the acquisition.


title: LyondellBasell

text: During July 2018, LyondellBasell announced a partnership with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany to advance chemical recycling of plastic materials and assist the global efforts towards the circular economy and plastic waste recycling needs. The focus of the venture is to develop a new catalyst and process technology to decompose post-consumer plastic waste, such as packaging, into monomers for reuse in polymerization processes.


title: LyondellBasell

text: In August 2018, LyondellBasell finalized their acquisition of A. Schulman Inc. in a $2.25 billion deal. That same month, it broke ground on the world's largest propylene oxide and tertiary butyl alcohol plant in Channelview, Texas. The plant is estimated to produce 1 billion pounds of propylene oxide and 2.2 billion pounds of tertiary butyl alcohol annually. LyondellBasell will export the majority of its products via the Houston Ship Channel.


title: LyondellBasell

text: LyondellBasell also announced in September that it and its joint partner, Covestro, kicked-off a large investment project in Maasvlakte-Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The Circular Steam Project incorporates an innovative technology into the existing production plant, to convert its water-based waste into energy and is an important contribution to the Dutch government's reduction targets.


title: LyondellBasell

text: LyondellBasell holds an annual Global Care Day, where company employees volunteer for community service projects in 20 countries.


title: LyondellBasell

text: LyondellBasell raised $2.7 million for United Way in 2015. In 2016, LyondellBasell raised $2.65 million across its 23 company sites for Victoria County United Way in Texas. At the time, it was the largest donation the organization had received. The following year, the company donated $54,424 to Victoria County United Way to support 18 partner agencies in the surrounding area. In April 2017, LyondellBasell's Corpus Christi complex raised over $78,000 for United Way of the Coastal Bend which would benefit the Greenwood Molina Childcare Center. The complex had raised over $1.2 million in donations for United Way of the Coastal Bend since 1997.


title: LyondellBasell

text: LyondellBasell donated $100,000 to the Houston Fire Department in 2017 and also donated to the Italian Red Cross and Stadtfeuerwehrverband Köln (Cologne Firefighters Association) in Germany.


title: LyondellBasell

text: In May 2017, LyondellBasell became a corporate partner of the Astros Community Leaders Program which supports community youth baseball and softball leagues.


title: LyondellBasell

text: In response to Hurricane Harvey in 2017, LyondellBasell donated food to disaster relief efforts in the Gulf Coast region.


title: LyondellBasell

text: The American Chemistry Council recognized LyondellBasell with its Responsible Care Company of the Year award in 2014. In 2015, the American Heart Association recognized LyondellBasell's Cincinnati Technology Center with the Fit-Friendly Worksite Platinum Award. The Fit-Friendly program emphasizes employee health and company culture surrounding physical health.


title: LyondellBasell

text: LyondellBasell was named #2 on the list of Top 25 Foreign-owned Chemical Producers by "Chemical & Engineering News" in both 2015 and 2016. In 2016, Houston Business Journal recognized LyondellBasell as the third largest Houston-based public company.


title: LyondellBasell

text: CEO, Bob Patel was named No. 1 in the ICIS Top 40 Power Players listing, published by ICIS Chemical Business magazine. The ICIS Top 40 Power Players is a global annual ranking of the leading senior executives making the greatest positive impact on their companies and the industry. It is based on selections from the global ICIS senior editorial staff.


title: LyondellBasell

text: In 2018, LyondellBasell was named to "Fortune Magazine's" list of the World's Most Admired Companies. Additionally, Bob Patel received the 2018 ICIS Kavaler Award in September. The winner of the ICIS Kavaler Award is selected by his/her peers - the senior executives of the ICIS Top 40 Power Players listing, a global ranking of the leaders making the greatest positive impact on their companies and the chemical industry published in ICIS Chemical Business magazine.


title: LyondellBasell

text: LyondellBasell's, among other petrochemical facilities at Berre-L'Étang, France, are regularly criticized in the French media and by local authorities for their large-scale flaring activities generating, among other nuisances, giant smoke plumes with lengths reaching dozens of miles. The concomitant atmospheric pollution includes organic chemical compounds such as carcinogenic benzene, butadiene and toluene. Not only the nearby cities of Vitrolles, Rognac and Marignane suffer from this pollution, but it is also held responsible for the deterioration of the air quality in the city center of Marseille, at an approximate distance of 20 km from LyondellBasell's facility.


title: LyondellBasell

text: Similar concerns were raised about flaring activities on other LyondellBasell sites, e.g. the Corpus Christi facility and the Lake Charles facility.


title: AB InBev brands

text: Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV (; abbreviated as AB InBev) is the largest beer company in the world. It had 200 brands prior to the merger with SABMiller on October 10, 2016. The combined ABInBev/SAB Miller entity has approximately 400 beer brands as of January 2017.


title: AB InBev brands

text: The original InBev global brands are Budweiser, Corona and Stella Artois. Its international brands are Beck's, Hoegaarden and Leffe. The rest are categorized as local brands. Many other brands were gained as a result of the merger with SABMiller.


title: AB InBev brands

text: The estimated annual sales for the company in 2017 will be US$55 billion; prior to the merger, ABInBev had realized US$43.6 billion in revenue in 2015. The company is expected to have an estimated global market share of 28 percent, according to Euromonitor International.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: The Fiesta Bowl is an American college football bowl game played annually in the Phoenix metropolitan area. From its beginning in 1971 until 2006, the game was hosted at the Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona. Since 2007, the game has been played at the State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. Since 2022, it has been sponsored by Vrbo and officially known as the Vrbo Fiesta Bowl. Previous sponsors include PlayStation (December 2016–2022), BattleFrog (January 2016), Vizio (December 2014), Tostitos (1996–January 2014), IBM (1993–1995) and Sunkist (1986–1990).


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: Since 1992, the Fiesta Bowl has been part of some organization of bowls designed to determine an undisputed national champion. In 1992, it was named as one of the Bowl Coalition games, but the bowl was never used to determine the champion. In 1995, the organizers of the Fiesta Bowl joined with the Sugar Bowl and the Orange Bowl to form the Bowl Alliance, with each bowl guaranteed to host a championship game as the coaches’ poll was contractually obligated to choose the winner of the Bowl Alliance championship game as its national champion. The Fiesta Bowl hosted the first of these games in January 1996.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: After the 1997 season, the three Bowl Alliance bowls joined with the Rose Bowl to form the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), with the Fiesta Bowl guaranteed to host the national championship game every four years. As with the Bowl Alliance, the Fiesta Bowl was given first chance at hosting the BCS' championship in 1999; they also hosted the game in 2003. When the BCS reconstituted itself following the 2005 season, it began staging a separate national championship game, which rotated between BCS bowl sites.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: Beginning with the 2014 season, Fiesta Bowl became a member of College Football Playoff, hosting a semifinal game every three years; all the teams playing in this bowl will be selected by the CFP Selection Committee in those years. In years that it serves as a semifinal, the winner of the Fiesta Bowl faces the winner of the Peach Bowl in the College Football Playoff National Championship Game the following week. Unlike in the previous years, the National Championship Game is not awarded to the bowl organizations in the CFP; instead, the selection process is similar to the one used to determine a host for the Super Bowl.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: The Fiesta Bowl has donated over $12 million to charity. In 2020, it donated $1 million in emergency relief during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: The Fiesta Bowl was born from the Western Athletic Conference's frustrated attempts to obtain bowl invitations for its champions. In 1968 and 1969 respectively, champions Wyoming and Arizona State failed to secure any bowl selection. The next year, undefeated Arizona State was bypassed by the major bowls and had to settle for an appearance in the less prestigious Peach Bowl. The Fiesta Bowl therefore initially provided an automatic berth for the WAC champion.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: In its first decade of existence, the Fiesta Bowl was played in the last week of December (including the afternoon of Christmas Day from 1976 to 1979). The 1971 inaugural game featured another top-ten Arizona State squad against top-twenty opponent Florida State. The 1974 game featured WAC champ BYU and their new coach, future Hall of Fame member LaVell Edwards in their first ever bowl game vs. Oklahoma State. BYU was in control until BYU's first All-American quarterback Gary Sheide went down with a leg injury and eventually lost 16–6. By 1975, the game was able to attract Big Eight co-champion Nebraska to play undefeated Arizona State in a matchup of top-five teams. In 1977, the game was again able to attract a top-five opponent in Penn State, despite WAC champion #16 BYU refusing to play in the bowl due to its being held on Sunday.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: In 1978, Arizona and Arizona State both joined the Pac-10 Conference and the Fiesta Bowl's tie-in with the WAC ended as its champ went to the newly inaugurated Holiday Bowl. From then until the advent of the Bowl Coalition in 1992, Fiesta Bowl matchups typically featured runners-up of major conferences and/or major independents.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: The game continued to attract high quality matchups; beginning with the 1981 season, it shifted to New Year's Day alongside the major bowl games—the Cotton, Orange, Sugar, and Rose. At the time, NBC had the broadcast rights to the Fiesta, Rose, and Orange; the Fiesta was played first and had a late morning kickoff (11:30 a.m. MST). It was the first bowl game to acquire a corporate title sponsor, via an agreement with Sunkist Growers in September 1985, making the game the "Sunkist Fiesta Bowl" starting with the January 1986 edition. The Tangerine Bowl had previously reached agreement in March 1983 with the Florida Citrus Commission, a state government agency, to rename itself as the Florida Citrus Bowl.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: A major breakthrough occurred after the 1986 season when the top two teams in the country, Miami and Penn State, agreed to play for the "de facto" national championship in the Fiesta Bowl. At the time, the traditional four "major" bowl games granted automatic bids to their conference champions. Both Miami and Penn State were independents at that time, and were thus free to choose a bowl. As such, the Fiesta Bowl and the Florida Citrus Bowl, each free from the obligation of conference tie-ins, vied to host the Miami–Penn State matchup in order to ensure that they would meet on the field. The Fiesta Bowl won the bidding and the game was set to be played on Friday, January 2, 1987—the night after the "big four" bowls of New Year's Day. Penn State won and the game drew the largest television audience in the history of college football at the time. Two years later, #1 Notre Dame played undefeated #3 West Virginia for the national championship at the 1989 Fiesta Bowl on January 1.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: The 1987 and 1989 games were two of four straight matchups of teams ranked in the AP Top 10 going into the bowl season to close out the 1980s. This significantly increased the Fiesta Bowl's prestige, to the point that it was now considered a major bowl by many fans and pundits. The 1988 game returned to New Year's Day, and the 1989 game kicked off three hours later (2:30 p.m. MST on NBC) and opposite the Rose Bowl, which had switched networks to ABC.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: Before the 1991 game, several major universities declined invitations due to the State of Arizona's decision at that time not to adopt the Martin Luther King Holiday. However, in 1992, the Fiesta Bowl was invited to participate in the Bowl Coalition, a predecessor to the Bowl Championship Series. This assured the game would feature major conference champions or prestigious runners-up and cemented its status as a major bowl. Had the two top-ranked teams in the Bowl Coalition not come from the SEC, Big Eight or SWC, the Fiesta Bowl would have hosted the Bowl Coalition's "national championship game," though this never happened during the three years of the Bowl Coalition's run.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: When the Bowl Coalition was reconfigured as the Bowl Alliance for the 1995 season, the Fiesta was included as one of the three top games. In that season, it hosted the Bowl Alliance National Championship game featuring undefeated #1 Nebraska playing undefeated #2 Florida for the national championship. Nebraska won the game 62–24, the largest win margin in the history of the national championship game, and the most points ever scored in a national championship game. Finally, with the addition of the Big Ten and Pac-10 conferences to the new Bowl Championship Series, the Fiesta Bowl became a permanent fixture in the four-year BCS National Championship Game rotation. In 1998, the Fiesta Bowl featured the first BCS National Championship Game, which Tennessee won over Florida State, 23–16.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: Starting with the 1999 season, the Big 12 Conference champion received an automatic bid to the Fiesta Bowl in years when it was not slated as the BCS title game, an arrangement that continued to the end of the BCS era.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: In 2002, the Fiesta Bowl had the right to take the Pac-10 Conference Champion, should that team not reach the Rose Bowl, which served as the national championship game that season. Oregon failed to qualify for the championship game, and thus played Colorado in the Fiesta Bowl. A similar arrangement was made for the 2006 Fiesta Bowl. However, instead of gaining the Pac-10 Conference champion in addition to their usual tie-in with the Big 12, the Fiesta Bowl would have had a choice of the two teams. This turned out to be a moot point as both the Big 12 champion Texas and Pac-10 champion Southern California qualified for the National Championship Game (USC's participation has since been vacated).


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: The BCS National Championship game returned to the Fiesta Bowl in 2003 with the Big Ten champions Ohio State Buckeyes beating the Big East champions Miami Hurricanes in the first overtime national championship game. The game went into double overtime with the Buckeyes coming out on top 31–24 to claim the 2002 national championship.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: The Fiesta Bowl was the first BCS bowl to have had a team from outside the automatic qualifying (AQ) BCS conferences (the Big 12, Big Ten, Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), Southeastern Conference (SEC), Pac-10, Big East, and Notre Dame). The 2005 game saw undefeated Utah from the Mountain West Conference become the first BCS non-AQ school ever to play in a BCS game, easily defeating Big East champion Pittsburgh 35–7.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: In 2007, the Fiesta Bowl game was played for the first time at the new then-named University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, across the Phoenix metropolitan area from Sun Devil Stadium. The undefeated Boise State Broncos won by defeating the Oklahoma Sooners 43–42 in overtime. It has been called one of the greatest college football games ever played, due to the combination of an underdog team, trick plays, comebacks by each team, and a thrilling overtime finish.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: The 2010 Fiesta Bowl featured #6 Boise State defeating #4 TCU, 17–10. It was the first time a BCS bowl matched-up two non-automatic qualifying teams (i.e. two teams from conferences without automatic BCS bids) and the first time that two teams who went undefeated faced each other in a BCS game outside of the national championship. In the 2012 Fiesta Bowl, Oklahoma State defeated Stanford 41–38. Notable players included Brandon Weeden and Justin Blackmon for Oklahoma State, and Andrew Luck for Stanford.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: The December 2016 and December 2019 editions served as a semifinal for the College Football Playoff. The Fiesta Bowl will host a semifinal, alongside the Peach Bowl, again in 2022 and 2025.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: In 1996, a group of students from Brigham Young University, led by BYU professor Dennis Martin, burned bags of Tostitos tortilla chips in a bonfire and called for a boycott of all Tostitos products. This came after #5 ranked BYU was not invited to play in the 1996 Fiesta Bowl in favor of #7 ranked Penn State. This event is one of those referred to by proponents of college football implementing a playoff series rather than the controversial Bowl Alliance.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: Penn State went on to win the game over #20 Texas 38–15, while BYU defeated #14 Kansas State in the Cotton Bowl Classic 19–15.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: For the 2010 Fiesta Bowl, the selections of TCU and Boise State caused a great deal of controversy. For the first and only time in the BCS era, two BCS non-AQ teams were chosen to play in BCS bowls in the same bowl season: however, they ended up facing each other in this bowl. Because the two non-AQ teams were placed in the same bowl game, the bowl was derisively referred to as the "Separate But Equal Bowl", the "Quarantine Bowl", the "Fiasco Bowl", the "BCS Kids' Table", etc. Some had called for a boycott because of this arrangement. There was wide speculation that the BCS bowl selection committees maneuvered TCU and Boise State into the same bowl so as to deny them the chances to "embarrass" two AQ conference representatives in separate bowls, as Boise State had done in the 2007 Fiesta Bowl and Utah had done in the 2005 Fiesta Bowl and 2009 Sugar Bowl (prior to the game, non-AQ teams were 3–1 versus AQ teams in BCS bowls). In response, Fiesta Bowl CEO John Junker called those allegations "the biggest load of crap that I've ever heard in my life" and said that "We're in the business of doing things that are on behalf of our bowl game and we don't do the bidding of someone else to our detriment." Beyond the unappealing nature of a "David vs. David" contest which resulted from this pairing in a major bowl, the appeal was further diminished due to the fact that it was a rematch of the Poinsettia Bowl from the previous bowl season.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: In 2009, in the weeks prior to the 2010 Fiesta Bowl, past and present Fiesta Bowl employees alleged that they were encouraged to help maintain its position as one of the four BCS bowls by making campaign contributions to politicians friendly to the Fiesta Bowl, with those contributions subsequently reimbursed to the employees. If true, this would be a violation of both state and federal campaign finance laws. Furthermore, as a non-profit organization, the Fiesta Bowl is prohibited from making political contributions of any kind. The Fiesta Bowl commissioned an "independent review" which found "no credible evidence that the bowl's management engaged in any type of illegal or unethical conduct."


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: The following year, in a November 2010 article, "Sports Illustrated" reported that Fiesta Bowl officials, including bowl CEO John Junker, spent $4 million since 2000 to curry favor from BCS bigwigs and elected officials, including a 2008 "Fiesta Frolic", a golf-centered gathering of athletic directors and head coaches. The journal also reported that Junker's annual salary was close to $600,000 and that the bowl, in 2007 turned an $11.6 million profit. While these alleged activities are not illegal, they did result in considerable damage to the reputation of the Fiesta Bowl.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: On March 29, 2011, the Fiesta Bowl Board of Directors released a 276-page "scathing internal report", commissioned by them to re-examine the accusations of illegal political activities. The commission determined that $46,539 of illegal campaign contributions were made and the board immediately fired Fiesta Bowl CEO John Junker, who had already been suspended pending the results of this investigation. The scandal threatened the Fiesta Bowl's status as a BCS game, as the BCS said it might replace the bowl in its lineup if officials could not convince them it should remain. The BCS ultimately chose not to expel the Fiesta Bowl, instead fining the organization $1 million.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: In June 2011 University of Arizona president Robert Shelton was hired to replace Junker. On February 22, 2012, former CEO John Junker pleaded guilty to a federal felony charge in the campaign financing matter, and two members of his former staff pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges. Junker was to be sentenced soon after, facing up to 2.5 years in prison as the result of his plea, but his sentencing was repeatedly postponed in return for cooperation in other cases. On March 13, 2014, Junker was sentenced to eight months in prison, with the sentence starting on June 13, 2014; he was released on February 11, 2015. On March 20, 2014, Junker was sentenced to three years of probation on state charges.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: One of the Fiesta Bowl events, the annual Fiesta Bowl Parade, takes place in downtown Phoenix. It features marching bands from high schools as well as the two universities participating in the Fiesta Bowl, and the two universities participating in the Cactus Bowl, along with floats, equestrian units, and a seven-member queen and court. The parade began in 1973. Grand Marshals include celebrities from sports and entertainment.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: In 2018, the sponsor was changed from Bank of Arizona to Desert Financial. Appearances in the 2018 parade included Cindy McCain and the marching band from Salem High School in Salem, New Hampshire, which was the group that had traveled the farthest for the parade.


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: Lost (11): Alabama, Baylor, BYU, Connecticut, Florida, Missouri, Stanford, TCU, USC, Washington, Wyoming


title: Fiesta Bowl

text: As of the 2010–11 season, the game along with the rest of the BCS and its successor, the College Football Playoff, exclusively airs on ESPN. From 2007 through 2010, Fox telecast the game along with the other BCS games – the Sugar Bowl, Orange Bowl, and BCS National Championship Game from 2006 though 2009, while only the Rose Bowl and the 2010 BCS National Championship Game aired on ABC in that period. From 1999 to 2006, the game aired on ABC as part of the first BCS package, and from 1996 to 1998 the game aired on CBS as part of its bowl coverage. Prior to that, NBC aired the game for several years. This game, along with the Orange Bowl, is one of only two bowl games ever to air on all the "Big 4" broadcast television networks in the United States.


title: Blumberg sign

text: Blumberg's sign (also referred to as rebound tenderness or the Shyotkin–Blumberg sign) is a clinical sign in which there is pain upon removal of pressure rather than application of pressure to the abdomen. (The latter is referred to simply as "abdominal tenderness".) It is indicative of peritonitis. It was named after German surgeon Jacob Moritz Blumberg.


title: Blumberg sign

text: The abdominal wall is compressed slowly and then rapidly released. A positive sign is indicated by presence of pain upon removal of pressure on the abdominal wall.


title: Blumberg sign

text: The sign indicates aggravation of the parietal peritoneum by stretching or moving. Positive Blumberg sign is indicative of peritonitis, which can occur in diseases like appendicitis, and may occur in ulcerative colitis with rebound tenderness in the right lower quadrant.


title: Blumberg sign

text: However, in recent years the value of rebound tenderness has been questioned, since it may not add any diagnostic value beyond the observation that the patient has severe tenderness. Use of the sign has been supported by others.


title: The Seventh Day (2021 film)

text: The Seventh Day is a 2021 American horror film written and directed by Justin P. Lange. It stars Guy Pearce, Vadhir Derbez, Stephen Lang and Keith David.


title: The Seventh Day (2021 film)

text: Father Peter, a prestigious exorcist, teams up with Father Daniel, a young and inexperienced priest, on his first day of work. They try to stop the demonic possession of a young boy named Charlie.


title: The Seventh Day (2021 film)

text: While performing the exorcism on Charlie and seeing his arms slowly burn, Father Daniel realizes that Father Peter is actually possessed, and in a struggle, Father Daniel kills Father Peter.


title: The Seventh Day (2021 film)

text: Later on, the archbishop and Father Daniel realize every priest who has worked under Father Peter has been possessed by a demon, creating a network of demonic priests that is quite sizable.


title: The Seventh Day (2021 film)

text: On November 6, 2019, it was announced that Guy Pearce signed on to play the lead role in the film. On January 14, 2020, Vadhir Derbez joined the cast. On January 27, 2020, Stephen Lang, Keith David, Robin Bartlett, Brady Jenness and Chris Galust joined the cast of the film.


title: The Seventh Day (2021 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 14%, based on reviews from 14 critics, with an average score of 4.10/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Karl Johnson (actor)

text: Karl Johnson (born 1 March 1948) is a Welsh actor, who has worked on stage, film and television. His notable roles to date include the title role in Derek Jarman's 1993 film "Wittgenstein", and those of Cato the Younger in the television drama series "Rome" and of Twister Turrill in the BBC costume drama "Lark Rise to Candleford".


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: The aircraft cruiser (also known as aviation cruiser or cruiser-carrier) is a warship that combines the features of the aircraft carrier and a surface warship such as a cruiser or battleship.


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: The first aircraft cruiser was originally a 1930s experimental concept of creating an all-around warship. The early aircraft cruisers were usually armed with relatively heavy artillery, mines and a number of aircraft fitted with floats (making the ship a kind of seaplane tender/fighter catapult ship). The early aircraft cruiser turned out to be an unsuccessful design. The rapid development of naval aircraft in the 1930s quickly rendered the vessels obsolete, and they were rebuilt e.g. as anti-aircraft cruisers.


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: A United States design for a flight deck cruiser from 1930, was described as "a light cruiser forwards [and] one half of a aft". Although not built, similar ships were created during and after World War II as reconstructions and later from the keel up.


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: The Japanese built a pair of aircraft cruisers in 1937, the Tone-class cruisers. These ships had their main armament of 4x twin 8" gun turrets placed forward of the superstructure, and an aircraft handling deck was built aft of the funnel. The ships could carry a maximum of 8 float planes, launched by catapult, though the normal complement was 6. During World War II, in part to offset the loss of carriers at the Battle of Midway, Japan rebuilt its s as hybrid carriers, placing the flight deck and hangar aft to replace the rear turrets, while retaining their main guns forward and amidships. The cruiser "Mogami" also had its rear gun turrets (which had been damaged at Midway) replaced by aircraft handling facilities. The German Kriegsmarine also studied several "Flugdeckkreuzer" (flight deck cruiser) designs in 1942 which included 20.3 cm (8 inch) or 28 cm (11 inch) gun turrets forward of the flight deck.


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: A more modern derivative of the aircraft cruiser is the helicopter cruiser which could typically operate at least 4 or more helicopters including medium and heavy lift varieties. This is in contrast to surface warships such as cruisers, destroyers, and frigates which have basic aviation facilities, including a hangar and landing pad, that are sufficient only for 1–2 light/medium helicopters.


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: Post-war the United Kingdom reconstructed the "Tiger"-class cruisers, and into helicopter cruisers, retaining their guns forward but having their aft guns removed for the installation of a hangar and helicopter platform for the operation of four Sea King helicopters.


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: The Italian s and , French and Soviet helicopter cruisers were built from the keel up as guided missile cruisers forward and helicopter carriers aft.


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: In 1980, there was a proposed “Interdiction Assault Ship” (IAS) conversion for the "Iowa"-class battleships that would have removed the aft main gun turret. This would free up space for a V-shaped ramped flight deck (the base of the V would have been on the ship's stern, while each leg of the V would extend forward, so that planes taking off would fly past the ship's exhaust stacks and conning tower), while a new hangar would be added with 2 elevators, which would support up to 12 Boeing AV-8B Harrier II jump-jets. These aviation facilities could also support helicopters, SEAL teams and up to 500 Marines for an air assault. In the empty space between the V flight deck would be up to 320 missile silos accommodating a mixture of Tomahawk land attack missiles, ASROC anti-submarine rockets and Standard surface-to-air missiles. The existing 5-inch gun turrets would be replaced with 155-millimeter howitzers for naval gunfire support. These modifications would have required significant time and funding to achieve so it was never carried out, furthermore the Department of Defense and the Navy wanted the "Iowa" battleships reactivated as quickly as possible.


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: In the Russian Navy, "aviation cruiser" is a designation for the and ships. They are a cross between a cruiser and an aircraft carrier. Aviation cruisers have close-in weapon systems, both gun and missile, for self-defense against missiles or rockets. Unlike aircraft carriers who rely solely upon their aircraft and helicopter complement for offensive power, aviation cruisers are also equipped with cruiser weaponry to engage the full gamut of surface, submarines and aircraft adversaries.


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: The "Kiev" class of aviation cruisers is capable of carrying VTOL aircraft and helicopters. The ships have only a single angled flight deck for aviation. The forward deck is used to carry cruiser weapons, including P-500 Bazalt cruise missiles that are the main armament of the .


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: The "Kuznetsov" class is classified as heavy aviation cruisers, reflecting their greater weight as well as the larger number of aircraft they can operate. In addition to helicopters, they are also capable of operating conventional fixed-wing aircraft like the Sukhoi Su-33 and the Mikoyan MiG-29K. The ships have an angled flight deck as well as an axial flight deck for takeoff. Since there is no catapult, a bow ski jump is used to assist takeoff. "Kuznetsov" also carries the P-700 Granit cruise missiles that form the main armament of the .


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: All Soviet aircraft carriers were built at the Nikolayev Shipyard in the Ukrainian SSR. Their classification as aircraft cruisers is very important for the purposes of international law, as it allows them to transit the Turkish Straits on their way into the Mediterranean Sea. Under the Montreux Convention, aircraft carriers heavier than 15,000 tons may not pass through the Straits. However, there is no tonnage limit on capital ships operated by Black Sea Powers. Turkey has always allowed Soviet and Russian aviation cruisers to transit the Straits, and no other signatory to the Montreux Convention has challenged the ships' classification.


title: Aircraft cruiser

text: Some aircraft-carrying ships have been officially designated as cruisers, despite being for all intents and purposes light aircraft carriers. The Royal Navy's s were originally termed "through-deck cruisers" for political reasons (the CVA-01 project had recently been cancelled). In addition, they were expected to serve in some cruiser-like roles - taking on those roles from the RN's conversions - and were constructed in a similar fashion to cruisers. Later in their life they were however known as aircraft carriers.


title: Michael R. Jackson

text: Michael R. Jackson (born 1981) is an American playwright, composer, and lyricist, best known for his musical "A Strange Loop", which won the 2020 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the 2022 Tony Award for Best Musical. He is originally from Detroit, Michigan.


title: Michael R. Jackson

text: Jackson wrote the book and lyrics for "Only Children" with composer Rachel Peters, which was presented at NYU's Frederick Loewe Theatre.


title: Michael R. Jackson

text: He also wrote lyrics and co-wrote the book, with Anna K. Jacobs, for the musical adaptation of the 2007 indie film "Teeth". He sang "Lonesome of the Road" on a tribute album for Elizabeth Swados.


title: Michael R. Jackson

text: In 2019, his song cycle, "The Kids on the Lawn", was published in "The New York Times Magazine's "culture issue. The issue, organized around the theme "America 2024", imagines what America will be like five years into the future.


title: Michael R. Jackson

text: Jackson's musical, "A Strange Loop", received its world premiere at Playwrights Horizons in New York City in 2019. After a 6-week run at the Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company in Washington D.C in 2021, "A Strange Loop" opened on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatre in April 2022.


title: Michael R. Jackson

text: His next musical, White Girl in Danger is set to begin previews at the Tony Kiser Theater on March 15th, 2023.


title: Michael R. Jackson

text: In 2017, Jackson received a Jonathan Larson Grant from the American Theatre Wing and was one of 11 winners of the 2017 Lincoln Center Emerging Artist Award. He was also a Sundance Theatre Institute Composer Fellow and a 2016–2017 Dramatist Guild Fellow.


title: Michael R. Jackson

text: Jackson was named one of the "Black Male Writers for our Time" by "The New York Times" in 2018. In 2019, he received a Whiting Award for drama and a Helen Merrill Award for Playwriting. In 2020, Jackson was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for "A Strange Loop", becoming the first black musical theatre writer to win the award. He was also the winner of the Lambda Literary Award for Drama and a Fred Ebb Award for aspiring musical theatre songwriters. Additionally, Jackson received two Drama Desk Awards, two Obie Awards, two Outer Critics Circle Award Honors, and an Antonyo Award for Best Book for "A Strange Loop".


title: Michael R. Jackson

text: In June 2020, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the first LGBTQ Pride parade, "Queerty" named him among the fifty heroes "leading the nation toward equality, acceptance, and dignity for all people".


title: Michael R. Jackson

text: At the 75th Tony Awards, Jackson's musical "A Strange Loop" was nominated for 11 awards, winning Best Musical and Best Book of a Musical.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud (; born 15 February 1975) is a member of House of Saud and the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the United States. She took office as ambassador on 23 February 2019—becoming the first female envoy in the country's history. She has advocated for female empowerment and has worked to expand opportunities for Saudi women within the Kingdom.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema bint Bandar was born in Riyadh in 1975. Her parents are Bandar bin Sultan and Haifa bint Faisal. Reema is the great-granddaughter of Ibn Saud, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, on her maternal and paternal sides. Her maternal grandparents are King Faisal, the son of Ibn Saud, and Queen Iffat who was born to a Turkish mother and a Saudi father. Her paternal grandfather is former Crown Prince Sultan.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: She is one of eight children. Two of her siblings also work in government: Khalid bin Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud is the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the United Kingdom and Faisal bin Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud is the chairman of the Saudi Arabian Federation for Electronic and Intellectual Sports (SAFEIS).


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema spent many years in the United States where her father, Bandar, was the ambassador from 1983–2005. She graduated from George Washington University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in museum studies. While Reema was earning her degree in museum studies, she interned at L'Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris and at the Sackler Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. She also collaborated from a distance with a curator at the Field Museum in Chicago, while her mother's "Haifa Faisal Collection" of art was displayed there.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: After graduation, she returned to Riyadh. She joined THNK School of Creative Leadership in 2014 as a participant of Class 5 2015.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema returned to Saudi Arabia in 2005. She co-founded Yibreen, a women's day gym and spa. She later assumed the role of CEO at Al Hama LLC, a luxury retail corporation. She served for several years as the CEO of Alfa International, a leading luxury retail corporation that, among other pursuits, operates the Harvey Nichols store in Riyadh.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: As the CEO of Harvey Nichols in Riyadh, Reema led the inclusion of women into the retail sector, working closely with the Ministry of Labor to craft a smooth labor market entry. She set the example of workforce integration by creating the Kingdom's first workplace nursery, enabling more women to work.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema is the founder and creative director of Baraboux, a luxury handbag brand that she launched in 2013.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: In 2013, Reema also founded Alf Khair, a social enterprise aimed at elevating the professional capital of Saudi women. One of its keystone initiatives, 10KSA, introduced the concept of holistic health awareness for a healthier Saudi community. The year-long campaign culminated into the World's Largest Human Awareness Ribbon, entering into the Guinness World Records.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema is a member of The World Bank's advisory council for the Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiative.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: In 2021, she founded "Catmosphere Foundation" to support Panthera Corporation's work to preserve big cats. On 6 November 2021, the first awareness campaign "Catwalk" took place, a walkathon in several countries.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: As president of the Mass Participation Federation, Reema is the first woman to lead a multi-sports federation in the Kingdom, driving communities towards a more active lifestyle.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: In 2016 Reema served as the Saudi General Sports Authority's (GSA) Deputy of Planning and Development, where she has led diversity and inclusion, the development of the Kingdom's sports economy, and strategic partnerships. In the very same year, she was appointed as vice president of women's affairs at the General Sports Authority (GSA). In 2017, she held the position of the president of the Saudi Federation for Community Sports.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Among the first achievements under Reema's mandate, is the inclusion of physical education for girls in schools.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: In 2017 Reema was awarded Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Creative Sport Award in its ninth edition for her role played in the empowerment of women in the region through her spirit of entrepreneurship and philanthropy.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema is a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Women in Sports Commission and a member of the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee. She is also a permanent representative to the (UNESCO). Princess Reema has also been nominated to become a full member of the International Olympic Committee.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: In October 2019, Reema sent Rosh Hashanah greetings to Jews in the United States wishing them a happy and sweet Jewish new year. This is the first time, according to NBC news, the Saudi embassy in Washington sent such a greeting to American Jews.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema has gained attention on the international stage as a leader in business innovation, specifically as a champion for women in the workplace. She was recognized as the Most Creative Person of the year in 2014 by "Fast Company" for "Inviting Women into the Workforce," and was featured on the "Forbes" lists of the 200 Most Powerful Arab Women and Most Powerful Arab Women in Saudi Arabia lists for 2014. She was also recognized by "Foreign Policy Magazine" as a Leading Global Thinker of 2014 in their "Moguls" category for her work helping women to "integrate their personal and professional lives" by creating hospitable opportunities for women to participate in the economy. Sheikha Reema was listed in the 'Top 100 most powerful Arabs' from 2018 to 2021 by "Gulf Business".


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema has noted publicly that engaging women as active participants in the working economy is "evolution, not revolution," and empowering a woman with financial responsibility will encourage her to "explore more of the world for herself and become less dependent." She has also stated that Saudi Arabia "cannot have half of [the] population not working."


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: At Harvey Nichols Riyadh, Reema was responsible for hiring more women and introducing services such as childcare available to employees with young children, providing an opportunity for mothers to continue working and also provide for their children during the workday. She also began a program at Harvey Nichols that provides transportation stipends to women because the Kingdom's restrictions did not allow women to drive at that time, until September 2017 when the Saudi government decided to allow women to drive. These efforts, coupled with economic policies lowering the barriers for women to enter the workforce, have led to the store employing dozens of women today (as opposed to 2011, when only men worked there).


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema Alf Khair, a corporate social responsibility initiative, whose work included an active and vocal community of creative talent in Saudi Arabia and promoted their work internationally. Alf Khair also developed a retail academy, which provided training for Saudi women joining the workforce. Her work in this realm also included her role as an Advisory Board Member of the Saudi National Creative Initiative.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema is a founding member of the Zahra Breast Cancer Awareness Association, based in Riyadh. The mission of the organization is to "increase and spread awareness among women across the country for early detection, prevention, and treatment of the disease, and cooperate with women diagnosed with breast cancer on a step-by-step basis for treatment and ultimate recovery."


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema's work with Zahra also includes organizing the world's largest human pink ribbon in 2010. This effort was recognized as the winner of the Holmes Report Golden Sabre Award for the Best Publicity Stunt Category and the Platinum Sabre Award for Best PR Programme.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: In May 2012, in conjunction with the Zahra Breast Cancer Association, Reema led a group of Saudi women to the Base Camp of Mount Everest, in a bid to raise breast cancer awareness. The cancer awareness campaign has been entitled ‘A Woman’s Journey: Destination Mount Everest.’ The 11 climbers began their trek to Base Camp located 5,364 meters above sea level on 7 May, completing their trek in 12 days.


title: Reema bint Bandar Al Saud

text: Reema married Faisal bin Turki bin Nasser and had two children (a son, Turki; and a daughter, Sarah). They divorced in 2012.


title: Byker Grove

text: Byker Grove is a British teen drama and coming of age television series which aired between 1989 and 2006 as part of CBBC on BBC One. Set and filmed in Byker, Newcastle upon Tyne, it was created by writer Adele Rose and executive producer Andrea Wonfor. The show was broadcast at 5:10 pm after "Newsround" (later moved to 5 pm). It was aimed at an older teenager and young adult audience, tackling serious and sometimes controversial storylines. The show is notable for depicting the first gay kiss on children’s television, as well as its breach of the fourth wall in the final series.


title: Byker Grove

text: The show ran between 1989 and 2006, and was set in a youth club in the Byker district of Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. In 1987, Wonfor approached soap writer Adele Rose. Together they created a single pilot episode featuring children aged 8–11 at an out-of-school club (transmitted on BBC in 1988). In autumn 1988, Wonfor gained the backing of Anna Home, then Head of the Children's Department at BBC Television. Home gave the go ahead for a run of a series of six 25-minute episodes to be broadcast by the BBC. The age of the main characters was raised to 12–16 after support from first producer-director, Matthew Robinson. The first series centred on young teenagers crossing the bridge from childhood to adulthood.


title: Byker Grove

text: "Byker Grove" was not filmed in the Byker area of Newcastle. The actual youth club set was in Benwell, which is in the west area of the city, Byker being in the east. Byker Metro station (the suburban rail network in Newcastle and the Tyne and Wear area) and other landmarks in the real Byker (such as the Byker Wall and surrounding estate) were used for filming backdrops.


title: Byker Grove

text: The youth club building seen on-screen is The Mitre, which used to be a nightclub and a pub (which was mentioned in a few storylines from episodes in the late 1990s). After the success of the first series (6 episodes, 1989), The Mitre was bought by the BBC's London property department, which then granted Zenith Television a permanent licence to film the series there.


title: Byker Grove

text: Scenes representing Denwell Burn Youth Club for Series 15 were filmed at Raby Street Youth Club, in the buildings next to Byker Primary School. This is the real youth club for the children of Byker.


title: Byker Grove

text: The final series started on 7 October 2006 on the CBBC Channel. Richard Deverell, head of CBBC, was interviewed on "Newsround" about the decision to axe "Byker Grove".


title: Byker Grove

text: "Byker Grove" launched the careers of Anthony McPartlin ("P.J.") and Declan Donnelly ("Duncan"), who are otherwise known as Ant & Dec, as well as the actress Jill Halfpenny, Donna Air, former CBBC presenter Andrew Hayden-Smith and "Emmerdale" actors Dale Meeks, Charlie Hardwick, Chelsea Halfpenny, Laura Norton and Victoria Hawkins. Also appearing in the series was the now glamour model Francoise Boufhal ("Ellie Baines") and Charlie Hunnam, who later starred in the American TV series "Sons of Anarchy" and co-starred in "Pacific Rim" (2013).


title: Byker Grove

text: The cast and crew from the first 10 years of the show held their first reunion on 19 May 2012 in the Quayside area of Newcastle upon Tyne and on a river boat cruise. The party guests included Ant and Dec, Donna Air, Charlie Hardwick and Andrew Hayden-Smith.


title: Byker Grove

text: The founder producer/director (1989–95) was Matthew Robinson. After being promoted to become executive producer of "Byker Grove" for two years (1995–97), he became executive producer of "EastEnders", then Head of Drama for BBC Wales, and now runs Khmer Mekong Films in Cambodia. "Byker Grove" was also home to writers such as Catherine Johnson (who went on to pen "Mamma Mia!", the ABBA musical) and Matthew Graham ("This Life", "Doctor Who" and co-creator of BBC One's "Life on Mars"). The first writer was Adele Rose–in Series 1 she wrote episodes 1–4 and 6; her daughter, Carrie Rose, wrote episode 5. The most prolific writer was Brian B. Thompson, who wrote 50 episodes over 12 series. "Byker Grove" gave Academy Award-winning director Tom Hooper his first break into TV drama when he directed four episodes in 1997.


title: Byker Grove

text: "Byker Grove" was not intended for young children, but aimed at a young adult and teenage audience, as it tackled controversial subjects such as drug addiction, child abuse, homelessness, teen pregnancy, homophobia, and abortion. Although some of the action took place outside the youth club, the series was unusual among dramas in that the characters were rarely shown in school. One of the major settings was the foster home run by the kindly but strict Lou Gallagher, the longest-running character.


title: Byker Grove

text: In November 1994, "Byker Grove" featured the first gay kiss on UK children's television. It broached the subject of "coming out" when Noddy Fishwick kissed his close friend Gary Hendrix at the back of a cinema. This scene caused outrage in the British tabloids and calls for producer Matthew Robinson to be sacked. However, the BBC strongly backed the storyline, which received countrywide support from gay teenagers, many teachers, and parents. The 2004 series saw the character of Bradley agonising over his sexuality and eventually coming out as gay to his girlfriend Sadie, after a romantic holiday together had failed to live up to their expectations.


title: Byker Grove

text: The series frequently depicted life as unjust, with bad things happening to good people, such as Flora's death from a brain tumour, Greg's fall from the roof of the Grove which left him paralysed from the waist down, Jemma Dobson being electrocuted by a faulty electricity mains socket and youth leader Geoff Keegan's death in an accidental gas explosion after 11 years on the show.


title: Byker Grove

text: "Byker Grove" frequently confronted viewers with repercussions for the characters' actions, often permanent. These ranged from the comical to the tragic; characters who stole and joy-rode cars often died in them, starting with Gill, and ultimately Craig running over Ben Carter. P.J. was blinded during an illicit and unsupervised paintballing session, in which he ignored warnings and removed his face guard, in a scene filmed on location at Aydon Castle near Corbridge.


title: Byker Grove

text: The central storyline of the first three series was the character of London teenager Julie Warner (Lucy Walsh) struggling to fit in and adjust to life in working class Newcastle and her relationship with the rebellious Martin "Gill" Gillespie. In the show's final episode the characters discover that they do not exist and are the creation of unseen characters known as "The Writers" who plan to conclude the show by demolishing the Grove. However numerous present and former Grove members buy enough time for the characters to re-write the ending so that the club will remain open forever, but ultimately fail to stop it being demolished.


title: Byker Grove

text: Until Series 10 (1998) the rival youth club was known as Denton Burn. In Series 13 (2001) rival youth club members were known as the Denwell Burners as they were from a youth club in Denwell Burn. This is a fictitious area of Newcastle upon Tyne, the name coming from a mixture of Benwell and Denton Burn.


title: Byker Grove

text: There have been several youth leaders working at the Grove over the years. The following is a list of all the ones shown on-screen.


title: Byker Grove

text: This is a list of characters who appeared in the show as members of the Grove from 1989 to 2006. (When surname is not listed, it is either unknown, or was never mentioned in the show)


title: Byker Grove

text: + In the books that accompanied the series, Duncan's surname was listed as MacDonald until 1992, despite it being stated in the show in his 1st appearance (Series 1, Episode 3) that it is Sperring.


title: Byker Grove

text: Although most of the action took place in the Grove, several characters' home lives and families were also shown. Some families remained in the show for many years. The house next door to the Grove was home to the Dobson family (1990–93) followed by the Turnbulls (1993–97) and then the Watsons (1998–2000). Other long-running families included the O'Hagans, the Carters and the various children at Lou Gallagher's foster home.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda entered the Japanese film industry in 1934, working as the third assistant director on Sotoji Kimura's "The Elderly Commoner's Life Study". After 15 years of working on numerous films as an assistant director, he made his directorial debut with the short documentary film "Ise-Shima" (1949). Honda's first feature film, "The Blue Pearl" (1952), was a critical success in Japan at the time and would lead him to direct three subsequent drama films.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: In 1954, Honda directed and co-wrote "Godzilla", which became a box office success in Japan, and was nominated for two Japanese Movie Association awards. Because of the film's commercial success in Japan, it spawned a multimedia franchise, recognized by "Guinness World Records" as the longest-running film franchise in history, and established the "kaiju" and "tokusatsu" genres; helping Honda gain international recognition and leading him to direct numerous "tokusatsu" films that are still studied and watched today.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: After directing his eighth and final "Godzilla" film in 1975, Honda retired from filmmaking. Honda's former colleague and friend, Akira Kurosawa, would, however, persuade him to come out of retirement in the late 1970s and act as his right-hand man for his last five films.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda was born in Asahi, Yamagata Prefecture (now part of the city of Tsuruoka), the fifth and youngest child of Hokan and Miyo Honda. His father Hokan was the abbot of Honda Ryuden-in temple. Honda stated that his forename was a combination derived from three words: "'I' stands for <mark>"inoshishi"</mark>, the boar, the astrological symbol of my birth year. "Shi" stands for the number four, the fourth son. And "ro" indicates a boy’s name. Literally, it means the fourth son, born in the year of the boar." He had three brothers: Takamoto, Ryokichi, Ryuzo, and one sister: Tomi, who died during her childhood. Honda's father and grandfather were both Buddhist monks at Churen-ji, a temple in Mount Yudono, where the Hondas lived in a dwelling on the temple's property. The Hondas grew rice, potatoes, daikon radishes, and carrots, and also made and sold miso and soy sauce. The family also received income from a silk moth farm managed by one of Honda's brothers. Honda's father earned income during the summers by selling devotions in Iwate Prefecture, Akita Prefecture, and Hokkaido and would return home before the winter.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: While Honda's brothers were given religious tutoring at sixteen, Honda was learning about science. Takamoto, who became a military doctor, encouraged Honda to study and sent him scientific magazines to help, which started Honda's love for reading and scientific curiosity. In 1921, when Honda was ten, Hokan became the abbot at Io-ji temple in Tokyo, and the family moved into the Takaido neighborhood in Suginami. Though he was an honors student back home, Honda's grades declined in Tokyo and in middle school; he struggled with subjects involving equations such as chemistry, biology, and algebra.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: After his father transferred to another temple, Honda enrolled in the Tachibana Elementary school in Kawasaki and later in Kogyokusha Junior High where Honda studied kendo, archery, and athletic swimming but quit after tearing his Achilles tendon.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda became interested in films when he and his class-mates were assembled to watch one of the Universal Bluebird photoplays. Honda would often sneak into movie theatres without his parents' permission. For silent films in Japan at that time, on-screen texts were replaced with benshi, narrators who stood beside the screen and provided live commentary, which Honda found more fascinating than the films themselves. Honda's brother, Takamoto, had hoped for Honda to become a dentist and join his clinic in Tokyo but instead, Honda applied at Nihon University for their art department's film major program and was accepted in 1931. The film department was a pilot program, which resulted in disorganized poor conditions for the class and cancellations from the teacher every so often. While this forced other students to quit, Honda instead used the cancelled periods to watch films at theaters, where he took personal notes.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda and four of his class-mates rented a room in Shinbashi, a few kilometers from their university, where they would gather after school to discuss films. Honda had hoped for the group to collaborate on a screenplay but they mainly just socialized and drank. Honda attended a salon of film critics and students but hardly participated, preferring rather to listen. While in school, Honda met Iwao Mori, an executive in charge of production for Photographic Chemical Laboratories (P.C.L.) In August 1933, Mori offered entry-level jobs at P.C.L. to a few students, including Honda. Honda eventually completed his studies while working at the studio and became an assistant director, which required him to be a scripter in the editing department. Honda eventually became a third assistant director on Sotoji Kimura's "The Elderly Commoner's Life Study" (1934). However, Honda then received a draft notice from the military.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: At twenty-three years old, Honda was drafted into the Imperial Japanese Army in the fall of 1934. Despite receiving a passing grade on his physical examination, he was not required to report for immediate duty. While waiting for his call-up, Honda continued working at P.C.L. Honda was then called to duty in January 1935 and was enlisted into the First Division, First Infantry Regiment in Tokyo. At the time, Honda began his training at the entry-level rank of Ippeisotsu, the equivalent of Petty Officer First Class.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: In 1936, Honda's former commanding officer, Yasuhide Kurihara, launched a coup against the civilian government, what would be called the February 26 Incident. Though Honda had no involvement with the coup, everyone associated with Kurihara were considered dangerous and the brass wanted them gone and as a result, Honda and his regiment were sent to Manchukuo in 1936, under questionable pretense. Honda would have completed his 18 remaining months of service had it not been for the coup and would be recalled to service again and again for the remainder of the war.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda met Kimi Yamazaki in 1937 and proposed marriage to her in 1939. Honda's parents and Kimi's mother were supportive, but Kimi's father was opposed to the sudden engagement. Though Kimi's father never approved of her marriage, he nonetheless sent her ¥1,000 upon learning of her pregnancy. Rather than having a traditional wedding ceremony, the two simply signed papers at city hall, paid their respects at Meiji Shrine, and went home. Kimi would pass away on November 3, 2018, aged 101. This was also "Godzilla"'s 64th anniversary.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda was recalled to service in mid-December 1939, a week before his daughter, Takako, was due to be born. Having already risen in rank, Honda was able to visit his wife and daughter in the hospital but had to leave afterwards immediately to China. Between 1940 and 1941, Honda was assigned to manage a "comfort station", a euphemism for brothels established in occupied areas. Honda would later write an essay titled "Reflections of an Officer in Charge of Comfort Women" published in "Movie Art Magazine" in April 1966, detailing his experiences and other comfort women's experiences working in comfort stations.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda would then return home in December 1942, only to find that P.C.L. (now rebranded as Toho by that point) were forced to produce propaganda films to support the war effort. The government took control of the Japanese film industry in 1939, modeling the passage of motion picture laws after Nazi policies where scripts and films were reviewed so they supported the war effort and filmmakers noncompliant were punished or worse. Honda's son, Ryuji, was born on 31 January 1944, however, Honda received another draft notice in March 1944. He was assigned to head for the Philippines but his unit missed the boat and were sent back to China instead. To Honda's fortune, the conflict in China was less intense than it was in the Pacific and South-East Asia. Honda became a sergeant and was in charge of trading and communicating with civilians. Honda never ordered the Chinese as a soldier and was respectful to them as much as possible.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda was eventually captured by the Chinese National Revolutionary Army and relocated to an area between Beijing and Shanghai for a year before the war ended. During his imprisonment, Honda stated to have been treated well and was even befriended by the locals and temple monks, who offered him to stay permanently but Honda respectfully refused in favor of finding his wife and children. As a parting gift, the locals gave Honda rubbings of Chinese proverbs, imprinted from stone carvings of temples. Honda would later write these verses in the back of his screenplays.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: During his final tour, Honda escaped death near Hankou when a mortar shell landed before him but did not detonate. When the battle ended, Honda later returned to retrieve the shell and took it back home to Japan where he placed it on top of his desk in his private study until his death. Honda then returned home in March 1946; however, throughout most of his life, even as an old man, Honda would have nightmares about the war twice or thrice a year. During his entire military service, Honda served three tours, with a total of six years serving at the front.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda returned to work at Toho as an assistant director. In 1946, he worked on two films: Motoyoshi Oda's "Eleven Girl Students" and Kunio Watanabe's "Declaration of Love". In 1947, he worked on three films, "24 Hours in an Underground Market" (jointly directed by Tadashi Imai, Hideo Sekigawa, and Kiyoshi Kusuda) and "The New Age of Fools" Parts One and Two, directed by Kajirō Yamamoto. Due to issues with trade unions and employees at Toho, many left to form Shintoho. Kunio Watanabe tried to convince Honda to join Shintoho, with the promise of Honda becoming a director quicker, however, Honda chose to remain neutral and stayed at Toho. Despite struggling at Toho, Honda worked on a handful of films produced by Film Arts Associates Productions.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Between September and October 1948, Honda was on location in Noto Peninsula working on Kajirō Yamamoto's "Child of the Wind", the first release from Film Arts. From January to March 1949, Honda worked with Yamamoto again on "Flirtation in Spring".


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Prior to being promoted to a feature film director, Honda had to direct documentaries for Toho's Educational Films Division. Toho sometimes used documentary projects as tests for assistant directors due to become directors. Honda's directorial debut was the documentary "Ise-Shima", a twenty-minute highlight reel of Ise-Shima's cultural attractions. It was commissioned by local officials to boost tourism to the national park. The film covers a brief history of the Ise Grand Shrine, the local people, the economy, and pearl farms. The film is also notable for being the first Japanese film to utilize underwater photography successfully. Honda originally wanted to use a small submarine-like craft but the idea was scrapped due to budget and safety concerns. Instead, professional divers assisted with the production. Honda had commissioned a camera technician colleague who designed and built an air-tight, waterproof, metal-and-glass housing for a compact 35-millimeter camera. The documentary was completed in July 1949 and became a triumph for Toho. The documentary was then sold to multiple European territories. It disappeared for a long time until it resurfaced on Japanese cable television in 2003.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Between July and September 1949, shortly after finishing "Ise-Shima", Honda reunited with his friend Akira Kurosawa on "Stray Dog" and began working as a chief assistant director on the film. Honda mainly directed second unit photography, all of the footage pleased Kurosawa and has stated to "owe a great deal" to Honda for capturing the film's post-war atmosphere. In 1950, Honda worked on two films by Kajirō Yamamoto: "Escape from Prison" and "Elegy", the last film produced by Film Art Associations. Honda had also worked as an assistant director on Senkichi Taniguchi's "Escape at Dawn".


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Between working on films as an assistant director, Honda began pre-production on "Newspaper Kid", which would have been his feature directorial debut. However, the project was canceled. Instead, he began working on another documentary titled "Story of a Co-op" (also known as "Flowers Blooming in the Sand" and "Co-op Way of Life") "Story of a Co-op" was a documentary about the rise of consumer cooperatives in post-war Japan. It was also written by Honda, with the production overseen by Jin Usami and with the support of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Some records indicated that some animation was used to explain the functions of co-ops but these reports have been unconfirmed. The film was completed on 6 October 1950 and has since been lost. However, Honda recalled that the film was successful enough to convince Toho to assign Honda his first feature film.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Between filming the documentaries, Toho had offered Honda the chance to develop and direct a war film titled "Kamikaze Special Attack Troop". Toho then chose not to proceed with the project after finding Honda's script, which openly criticized leaders of World War II, to be too grim and realistic. Honda recalled that the studio felt it was "too soon after the war" to produce such a film. Had the project proceeded, it would have been Honda's first directorial feature. The script has since been lost.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: At the age of 40, Honda completed his first feature film "The Blue Pearl". Released on 3 August 1951, it was one of the first Japanese feature films to utilize underwater photography and the first studio film to be shot in the Ise-Shima region.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda initially chose not to direct war films, but changed his mind after Toho offered to have him direct "Eagle of the Pacific", a film about Isoroku Yamamoto, a figure with whom Honda shared the same feelings regarding the war. It was the first film where Honda collaborated with Eiji Tsuburaya. "Eagle of the Pacific" was a box-office hit and reportedly was Toho's first postwar film to earn over (approximately ). Subsequently, Honda would direct another war film, entitled "Farewell Rabaul", which was released on February 10, 1954.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: A month after the release of "Farewell Rabaul", Honda met assistant director Kōji Kajita to commence production on a film titled "Sanshiro the Priest". Possibly connected to Kurosawa's 1943 film "Sanshiro Sugata"; Hideo Oguni, one of Kurosawa's frequent collaborators, wrote the script for the film. Authors Steve Ryfle and Ed Godziszewski stated that the project never came to fruition because Oguni and Honda "couldn't see eye to eye about the screenplay". According to Kajita, the film would have been about a priest and a judo expert.Following the cancellation of a highly anticipated drama film titled "In the Shadow of Glory", producer Tomoyuki Tanaka quickly converted the idea of a giant monster film. He was influenced by reports of a nuclear test in the Pacific that caused a Japanese fishing boat to be exposed to nuclear fallout, with disastrous results and had heard of a recently released American monster film "The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms". Honda accepted the offer to direct the film after planned "In the Shadow of Glory" director Taniguchi declined the assignment.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda and screenwriter Takeo Murata confined themselves in a three-week secluded residence at an inn in Tokyo's Shibuya ward to write the screenplay for this film, entitled "Godzilla". The film was Honda's first "kaiju" film, the genre for which he would become most famous. The simple story, about a giant monster that rises near Odo Island and attacks Tokyo causing catastrophic destruction, is a metaphor for a nuclear holocaust.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Principal photography for "Godzilla" began on August 2, 1954, and wrapped in late September, taking 51 days. It became a box office success in Japan and was nominated for two Japanese Movie Association awards: winning an award for best special effects but losing to Kurosawa's "Seven Samurai" for best picture. Because of the film's success in Japan, it spawned a multimedia franchise, being recognized by "Guinness World Records" as the longest-running film franchise in history.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: A heavily re-edited version of "Godzilla", entitled "Godzilla, King of the Monsters!", would be released in the United States two years later.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda's next film was "Lovetide", based on Hidemi Kon's story "Blow, River Wind" and adapted by screenwriter Dai Nishijima. Toho promoted the film by calling it a "gorgeous love melodrama with Toho's best cast, meant for all the woman fans". The film's stars Mariko Okada and Chieko Nakakita (Tomoyuki Tanaka's wife) also played in Mikio Naruse's film "Floating Clouds", featuring a similar plot and released around a week after "Lovetide". Tanaka had stated that if he had not made Honda predominantly direct science-fiction films, he would have become "a director like Mikio Naruse."


title: Ishirō Honda

text: During the start of production on Motoyoshi Oda's "Godzilla Raids Again", Honda began filming "Half Human" in the Japanese Alps. Upon his return to Tokyo, Tsuburaya was working on "Godzilla Raids Again". Thus, production on "Half Human" was halted and Honda moved on to shooting a drama film titled "Mother and Son." Principal photography for "Half Human" recommenced in June, and the film was released on August 14, 1955, around a month after filming concluded. "Half Human" has been infrequently seen following its release. Ryfle and Godziszewski noted this is possibly due to Toho fearing the mountain tribe, described by Nobuo Nakamura's character as "mysterious "buraku"", is depicted in the film as "an uncivilized, primitive colony of subhuman freaks", could enrage "burakumin"'s rights groups such as the Buraku Liberation League. Some sources suggest it was aired on television in the 1960s or early 1970s and was screened at a film retrospective in Kyoto in 2001. Toho has never released the complete film in any home video format.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: In 1956, Honda directed four films. The first, "Young Tree", concerns a young girl who moves to Tokyo and endures the rivalries between other high school girls of varying economic and cultural backgrounds. The second, entitled "Night School", was his solo film ever directed outside of Toho and was among the first films about night schooling. The third, titled "People of Tokyo, Goodbye", follows young lovers who try to listen to their hearts despite their parents' interjections. The fourth, "Rodan", was Honda's first-ever film shot in color and depicted a winged monster named Rodan wreaking havoc in Japan after its awakening by nuclear bomb testing.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Although Japanese cinema is known for its samurai films, Honda did not show any interest in directing a "jidaigeki" film since his stage was contemporary Japan. Nonetheless, in May 1956, Kurosawa reported that he would produce three "jidaigeki" films beginning that September, with Honda directing "Throne of Blood", Hideo Suzuki directing "The Hidden Fortress", and Hiromichi Horikawa directing "Revenge" (became "Yojimbo"). Kurosawa would eventually direct all three of these films; now regarded as some of his best films.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: The year 1957 marked a turning point in Honda's directing career, as he directed five films, with his first, "Be Happy, These Two Lovers", filmed by Hajime Koizumi, who would work on 21 of his films thereon. Ryfle and Godziszewski called his camera work "the perfect complement to Honda's conservative, risk-averse style of composition".


title: Ishirō Honda

text: His next film, "A Teapicker's Song of Goodbye", was the second in Honda's trilogy of films starring "enka" singer Chiyoko Shimakura (the first film was "People of Tokyo, Goodbye"). The third film in the trilogy, entitled "A Farewell to the Woman Called My Sister", was released the month after "A Teapicker's Song of Goodbye".


title: Ishirō Honda

text: "A Rainbow Plays in My Heart", a black-and-white two-part film based on Seiichi Yashiro and Ryunosuke Yamada's radio drama of the same name, was released on July 9, 1957 (a week after "A Teapicker's Song of Goodbye"). The film is notable for being the third and final film featuring "Godzilla" stars Momoko Kochi and Akira Takarada in leading roles.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda's only "tokusatsu" film of 1957, "The Mysterians", was released just over a year after Japan joined the United Nations and features affairs reflecting the Japan's return to global politics. The story concerned a young scientist (Kenji Sahara) who becomes involved in a globally threatening alien invasion. The film was shot on an enormous budget of and was his debut movie to be filmed in Toho Scope.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: "Song for a Bride", released in February 1958, is regarded as one of the director's best films of the 1950s. It is a comedy-drama film that explores the clash between traditional and modern ethics among Japanese youth. Following its release, Honda would direct two science fiction films in the same year for the first time.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: His second film of 1958, "The H-Man", premiered on June 24, 1958 to mixed reviews. It is a distinctive Honda picture about a liquid creature who terrorizes Tokyo's gangland. Some scenes in the film were shot on the same sets used in Kurosawa's 1948 film "Drunken Angel". In May 1959, Columbia Pictures released a shortened version of this film in the United States. Upon its release, U.S. critics erroneously believed it was a rip-off Irvin Yeaworth's "The Blob", despite "The H-Man" being released prior to "The Blob" in Japan.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: The successful distributions of Honda's "Godzilla" and "Rodan" in the United States, lead Toho to seek further Hollywood connections. In 1957, the company agreed to co-produce a made-for-television film with AB-PT Pictures (who would go bankrupt during production). This project would eventually become a black-and-white theatrical feature film directed by Honda, entitled "Varan the Unbelievable", released in 1958. Considered his "weakest effort", it is a simple story about scientists who unintentionally awake a giant monster dubbed Varan while seeking scarce species of butterfly in Tōhoku region.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: "", his twenty-third feature film, centers on an uneducated bus conductor, Tamako, who falls in love with Nabeyama, her bus driver after she fails to have a relationship with a man from Kōfu's wealthiest family. Featuring Ryō Ikebe in his fourth major role in a Honda movie, and with a possibly "Hideko the Bus Conductor"-inspired screenplay by , the film premiered in January 1959 to generally positive reviews from critics.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda quickly moved on to his next project, "". It is a biographical film based on the life of professional baseball pitcher Kazuhisa Inao, featuring Inao portraying himself as an adult. Additionally, it features "Godzilla" actors Takashi Shimura as his father and Ren Yamamoto and Sachio Sakai as his older brothers. The film was released in March 1959 and was later screened in honor of Inao following his death in 2007.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: In 1962, Honda returned to directing "Godzilla" films, with "King Kong vs. Godzilla", which was followed by "Mothra vs. Godzilla" and "Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster" in 1964. His other "tokusatsu" films during the 1960s include: "Mothra", "Matango" and "The War of the Gargantuas", "All Monsters Attack".


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda began directing episodes of TV shows in 1967, since it had become more popular than the film industry in Japan. During the 1970s, he would direct episodes of "Return of Ultraman", "Mirrorman", and "Zone Fighter". Honda would retire after directing "Terror of Mechagodzilla" in 1975.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: After retiring following the completion of "Terror of Mechagodzilla", Honda was persuaded by Akira Kurosawa to return to filmmaking, and collaborate on "Kagemusha". Honda would subsequently work on Kurosawa's last five films. His positions in these films included: directorial advisor, production coordinator, and creative consultant; he also made uncredited writing contributions to "Madadayo".


title: Ishirō Honda

text: In late 1992, Akira Kurosawa hosted a party for the cast and crew of "Madadayo" following the completion of principal photography. Honda appeared to be suffering from cold symptoms at the party and contacted his son Ryuji in New York. Ryuji believed Honda was drunk and thought it strange that he called him. Then, in mid-February 1993, Kurosawa, Honda, and Masahiko Kumada, the unit manager, attended a screening of "The Stranger", Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray's last film, at an art-house cinema. After watching the film, Kurosawa invited Honda to his house for dinner and drinks, but Honda felt sick and went home. Honda was declared healthy following a checkup in December 1992, and no major illnesses were suspected. Although his cough kept getting worse, his family doctor diagnosed him with a common cold. Initially, Honda stayed in bed for a week, but after he lost his appetite, he underwent X-rays and blood tests. Honda was immediately told to seek hospital treatment following the results. Knowing something was wrong with his health, Honda had already packed his bags. Within ten minutes of leaving home, he was taken to Kono Medical Clinic, a 19-bed facility in Soshigaya. Because the major hospitals were full, he was placed in a tiny room.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: A room in a bigger hospital was about to be assigned to Honda, so his friends could visit him. In the following days, Honda contracted pleurisy, a condition that causes difficulty breathing, and on February 27, just after returning home from visiting hours, Kimi and Takako received an urgent call: his vital signs had suddenly deteriorated. Throughout the night, Kimi and Takado stayed by Honda's side to watch as he fought for his life; however, at 11:30 pm on February 28, 1993, he died from respiratory failure at Kono Medical Center. A memorial service was held at Joshoji Kaikan, an assembly hall in Setagaya, for Honda's friends, family, and colleagues on March 6. Honda's funeral reunited Akira Kurosawa and Toshiro Mifune, an actor who had starred in both Honda's and Kurosawa's early films. "The Nikkei" reported that Mifune was among the mourners at the funeral: "[Kurosawa and Mifune] made eye contact and hugged in tears at the funeral for their mutual friend."


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Honda's cremated remains were buried at Tama Cemetery, the largest municipal cemetery in Japan where notables like Isoroku Yamamoto and Yukio Mishima rest. His family later moved the grave to Fuji Cemetery, known for its abundant cherry blossoms.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Despite primary directed "tokusatsu" films, with a cinematographic and effect techniques, Honda has also directed documentaries, melodramas, romance, musical, and biographical films. Unlike Akira Kurosawa, who often used recurring themes and photographic devices (even sometimes going over time and budget on productions), Honda was a filmmaker who almost always finished his projects requested by Toho on time and budget; "Godzilla" (1954) was one such project. "Godzilla" assistant director Kōji Kajita stated that during their 17 films that they made together Honda "had his own style, this way of thinking", adding: "he never got mad, didn’t rush, but he still expressed his thoughts and made it clear when something was different from what he wanted, and he corrected things quietly." Thus, his skill earned him the nickname "Honda the Amylase".


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Authors, cast, and crew members have called Honda's style of direction "well-established". Special effects director Teruyoshi Nakano stated that the events happening during his "running crowd" sequences, such as "Firefighters being dispatched in an emergency situation, police officer directing traffic, and people carrying "furoshiki" while running away", are "unrealistic" but it was important for Honda to "bring out the everydayness by showing such things". According to actor Yoshio Tsuchiya, Kurosawa said that if he were to direct a scene in one of Honda's films featuring police officers directing civilians, he would "make even the police officers flee first." Hiroshi Koizumi said that, during the filming of "Mothra", Honda was focusing to appear in a scene where a civilian helped the baby on the bridge. Regarding this, Honda said that the policeman featured in the scene who does not run away is based on his war experience as an officer.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: Many filmmakers have been influenced by Honda's work. According to Steve Ryfle, his influence inside the film industry is "undeniable", as he was "one of the creators of the modern disaster film, he helped set the template for countless blockbusters to follow, and a wide array of filmmakers". In 2007, Quentin Tarantino called Honda his "favorite science-fiction director". Tarantino is also one of several filmmakers and actors who have cited Honda's "The War of the Gargantuas" as an influence, alongside Brad Pitt, Guillermo del Toro, and Tim Burton. John Carpenter cited "Godzilla" as an influence on his career and considered Honda "one of my personal cinematic gods". Martin Scorsese has also cited Honda as an influence on his work.


title: Ishirō Honda

text: The episode, "Tagumo Attacks!!!" in the television series "Legends of Tomorrow" is based around Honda. The central plotline of the episode involves a kraken-esque creature named Tagumo, that Honda has written, which becomes a reality due to a magic book that belongs to Brigid, the Celtic goddess of art. It is described as a "land octopus" that will destroy Tokyo, unless the protagonists can stop it. At the end of the episode, the character, Mick Rory tells Ishirō to "Forget about the octopus. Lizards. Lizards are king." In this fictional universe, this will lead Ishirō to creating the character Godzilla, as he states in the episode "The King... of the Monsters. I like that". Honda, alongside Ray Harryhausen, was given dedications in the 2013 film "Pacific Rim".


title: Amrutha Iyengar

text: Amrutha Iyengar is an Indian actress who works mainly in Kannada film industry. She is known for her lead roles in "Love Mocktail" and "Popcorn Monkey Tiger" in 2020.


title: Amrutha Iyengar

text: Amrutha made her acting debut through the 2017 movie "Simha Hakida Hejje" directed by Vikram Kumar. She did another movie "Anushka" and received mixed response. She starred in "Love Mocktail" and "Popcorn Monkey Tiger", both of which were successful.


title: Sod's law

text: Sod's law, a British culture axiom, states that "if something "can" go wrong, it will". The law sometimes has a corollary: that the misfortune will happen at "the worst possible time" (Finagle's law). The term is commonly used in the United Kingdom, though in North America, the phrase "Murphy's law" is more popular.


title: Sod's law

text: The phrase seems to derive, at least in part, from the colloquialism an "unlucky sod"; a term for someone who has had some bad (unlucky) experience, and is usually used as a sympathetic reference to the person.


title: Sod's law

text: A slightly different form of Sod's law states that "the degree of failure is in direct proportion to the effort expended and to the need for success."


title: Sod's law

text: According to David J. Hand, emeritus professor of mathematics and senior research investigator at Imperial College London, Sod's law is a more extreme version of Murphy's law. While Murphy's law says that anything that can go wrong, will go wrong (eventually), Sod's law requires that it "always" go wrong with the worst possible outcome. Hand suggests that belief in Sod's law is a combination of the law of truly large numbers and the psychological effect of the law of selection. The former says we should expect things to go wrong now and then, and the latter says the exceptional events where something went wrong stand out in memory, but the great number of mundane events where nothing exceptional happened fall into obscurity.


title: Sod's law

text: David Hand gives the example of traffic lights turning red when a driver is in a hurry, or email software crashing at the exact moment the user attempts to send an important message. Applied to individuals, he describes it as "Sod's law" that the composer Beethoven lost his hearing, and that drummer Rick Allen lost an arm in a car crash. Hand sees the law as an example of selection bias and the law of truly large numbers.


title: Sod's law

text: Richard Dawkins gives a simple example of a coin toss resulting in tails, the more strongly that one wishes the result to be heads. He uses this example to show that the idea of Sod's law is "nonsense", as the coin is unaware of the person's wish and has no desire to thwart it.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: An anime television series was directed by Kazuo Sakai at Sunrise; the first season aired between July and September 2016 while the second season aired between October and December 2017. Both seasons are licensed in North America, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand by Funimation, Anime Limited and Madman Entertainment, respectively. An anime film titled "Love Live! Sunshine!! The School Idol Movie: Over the Rainbow" was released on January 4, 2019 in Japanese theaters.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: An anime spin-off television series titled "Genjitsu no Yohane: Sunshine in the Mirror" is set to premiere in 2023.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: "Love Live! Sunshine!!" is set in Uchiura, Numazu, Shizuoka where one of its schools, the seaside Uranohoshi Girls' Academy, is planned to be shut down and merged with another school in Numazu. Chika Takami, a girl who lacks desires, is inspired by μ's (pronounced "muse") to gather friends and form her own school idol group called . To prevent their school from shutting down, Aqours enters the Love Live school idol contest which has become more competitive since μ's won.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: Where appropriate, plot descriptions mentioned below refer to the anime television series. Other parts of the franchise, such as the manga and novel series, feature some variations in the storyline.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: An idol unit from Hakodate, Hokkaido, which serves as Aqours' rival. Despite being rivals, they are on friendly terms with Aqours.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: A manga titled "Love Live! Sunshine!!", written by Sakurako Kimino and illustrated by Masaru Oda, began serialization in the May 2016 issue of "Dengeki G's Magazine". The first "tankōbon" volume was released on September 27, 2016; three volumes have been released as of March 27, 2018. The manga is published in English in Malaysia by Kadokawa Gempak Starz.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: A 160-page fanbook of Aqours, titled "Love Live! Sunshine!! First Fan Book", was released on June 30, 2016. The book was published by ASCII Media Works and contains an introduction of Aqours' members, original manga written by Sakurako Kimino, and a newly drawn cover by Yuhei Murota.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: A 13-episode anime television series produced by Sunrise, directed by Kazuo Sakai, and written by Jukki Hanada aired between July 2 and September 24, 2016 and was simulcast by Crunchyroll. The series is licensed in North America by Funimation, in the United Kingdom by Anime Limited, and in Australia by Madman Entertainment. An English dub by Funimation began streaming from July 30, 2016. The opening and ending themes are and respectively, both performed by Aqours. Every week while the anime was airing, Bandai Visual released merchandise called "memorial items" inspired by an item in each episode only available for a limited time. A second season aired between October 7 and December 30, 2017. The opening and ending themes respectively are and , both performed by Aqours. "Aozora Jumping Heart" is used as the opening theme for the final episode. The second season was 2018's best-selling animated series on DVD and Blu-ray in Japan, with 330,102 sales. An anime film titled "Love Live! Sunshine!! The School Idol Movie: Over the Rainbow" was released on January 4, 2019 in Japan. An English dub of the film was released on February 25, 2020. The main staff and cast return to reprise their roles for the film.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: An anime fantasy spin-off television series titled "Yohane of the Parhelion: Sunshine in the Mirror" (Genjitsu no Yohane) was announced on June 26, 2022. Originally a set of fantasy illustrations appearing in "Love Live! Days" and featuring Yoshiko as the main character as name suggests, an anime adaptation was previously announced as an April Fool's 2022 joke before it became official in June. The series is produced by Bandai Namco Filmworks and directed by Asami Nakatani and written by Toshiya Ono, with Yumiko Yamamoto designing the characters, and Tatsuya Katō returning to compose the music. It is set to premiere in 2023.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: In January 2016, "Love Live! Sunshine!!" live streamed a special announcement regarding Aqours joining the "Love Live! School Idol Festival" rhythm game app starting in July 2016. In the game, the Aqours idols get their own stories, new songs, and cards. KLab also added R rarity cards for each Aqours members, even though they were only voiced after July. In June 2016, Chika and Riko were featured in the in-game regular events for the first time. A spin-off game which includes Aqours, "Love Live! School Idol Festival All Stars", released in September 2019.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: In 2017, Hanamaru Kunikida succeeded Rin Hoshizora as the face of "Puyo Puyo". Along with μ's, Aqours appears in a game based on the "nesoberi" stuffed dolls sold resembling the characters called "Puchiguru Love Live!". It was released on April 24, 2018 for Android and iOS, and was shut down on May 31, 2019.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: Between August 9–21, 2018, all of the members of Aqours appeared in the mobile RPG "Granblue Fantasy" as a collaboration event titled . The characters are divided into three teams based on their school year. Second-year students (Chika, Riko, You) are obtainable through the event story, while first-years (Hanamaru, Yoshiko, Ruby) and third-year students (Dia, Kanan, Mari) are obtainable by trading material obtainable in-game.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: The nine idols of Aqours are grouped into three subunits: CYaRon! (You, Ruby and Chika), Azalea (stylized in all-caps; Dia, Kanan and Hanamaru), and Guilty Kiss (Yoshiko, Riko and Mari). Five of Aqours' singles include an anime music video, while another features a live action music video starring the nine voice actresses of the characters.


title: Love Live! Sunshine!!

text: Nick Creamer from Anime News Network reviewed the first season in 2018. He was critical of the overall plot reusing story elements from the original series but said it was utilized very well in making its "genuinely imperfect" main cast relatable and having a more "emotionally resonant" adventure than its predecessor. Creamer wrote that director Kazuo Sakai did an admirable job maintaining the series' visual comedy previously helmed by Takahiko Kyōgoku, giving each character a distinct and expressive trait from one another and improved the CG dance models and scenes to be more eye-pleasing and presentable than before, concluding that: "Simultaneously too similar and extremely different, suffering many of the same failings but rising to its own dramatic heights, "Sunshine" is ultimately a rewarding show and a fine followup for the "Love Live!" franchise."