title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Tarzan's adversaries from the previous novel, Nikolas Rokoff and Alexis Paulvitch, escape prison and kidnap the Greystoke heir. But the trap is elaborate and insidious, leading both Tarzan and Jane to be kidnapped as well. Rokoff exiles Tarzan on a jungle island, informing him that Jack will be left with a cannibal tribe to be raised as one of their own, while Jane's fate was to be left to his imagination.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Using his jungle skill and primal intelligence, Tarzan wins the help of Sheeta, the vicious panther, a tribe of great apes led by the moderately intelligent Akut, and a native warrior, Mugambi. With their aid, Tarzan reaches the mainland and begins a lengthy pursuit to find Jane (who is actively engineering her own extrication) and Jack.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: By the end of the story Rokoff is dead, while Paulvitch, his cohort, is presumed dead but manages to escape into the jungle. The Tarzan family returned to London along with Mugambi, who is offered a place at Tarzan's Waziri estate.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: The story begins 10 years after the conclusion of the previous novel. During the past decade, Alexis Paulvitch, who had escaped Tarzan at the end of the last novel, has lived a hideous life of abuse and disease among tribal people in Africa. Now he is discovered by a European ship and taken aboard. In the months that followed, Paulvitch encounters the ape, Akut, (whom Tarzan had befriended in that previous story) at one of the ship's stops. Because of Akut's interactions with Tarzan, he was unafraid of white men, and Paulvitch, unaware of the previous relationship, saw an opportunity to make some money. He took Akut to London and began displaying him publicly.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: After the trauma of the kidnappings ten years earlier, Jane had refused to return to Africa or to allow their son Jack to know anything about his father's past for fear that he might somehow try to relive it. Perhaps she instinctively knew that Jack was somehow very connected to Tarzan's old life, for Jack did have an avid interest in wildlife and he was extremely athletic. When the Claytons heard about the displayed ape, John (Tarzan) decided to take Jack to see him. He was surprised to find the ape was his old friend, Akut, and began conversing with him. Jack was amazed to see that his father could do so. John then told Jack of his life as Tarzan.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Jack started sneaking away to see Akut and began learning the language of the apes. Jack began to form a plan to take Akut back to the jungle. Paulvitch saw an opportunity for revenge, and agreed to help Jack. They escape to an African port where Paulvitch attacks Jack. Jack (probably now 12), like his father, was man-sized as a teen. Paulvitch is killed, and Jack, terrified, escapes into the jungle with Akut, thinking he will have to run for the rest of his life.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Like Tarzan before him, Jack learns survival in the jungle and encounters the Mangani apes, who he can speak with because of his dialogue with Akut. The nearest they can manage of his name "Jack" in the ape tongue is "Korak". This means "killer" which seems appropriate since Jack has proven himself to be such.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: By around the age of thirteen, Jack finds a girl of about age eleven named Meriem, the daughter of a French general. She was kidnapped by Arabs as a child, and Jack rescues her. He begins teaching her to survive the jungle and they begin a sibling type relationship and live adventurously in the jungle for several years.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: In the interim, Tarzan and Jane have begun living at their Wahiri estate in Africa again, not having any idea what became of their son. After about six years Tarzan and Jane encounter Korak (now about 18) and Meriem (now 16) and reunite with them and are returned to London and married. Arguably, the book is as much about Meriem as it is about Tarzan's son.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: At the end of the previous novel (#4) Tarzan (John Clayton) and Jane's son, Jack a.k.a. Korak, has come into adulthood. John (Tarzan) and Jane Clayton have left London and returned to their Waziri ranch, some distance from Tarzan's original stomping grounds in Africa (where Jack will find them in novel #4).


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: John Clayton finds that his fortunes have been embezzled, so he decides to return to the lost city of Opar, where he procured a large supply of gold from their forgotten vaults and reinforced his family fortune (in novel #2).


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: During this return trip Tarzan is injured in an earthquake and loses all memories of his adult, civilized life and about Jane. La, the high priestess of the Flaming god of Opar, takes advantage of his amnesia. She had fallen in lust with the ape man during their first encounter. But while La hopes his amnesia opens the door for her lustful advances, her priests are not going to allow Tarzan to escape their sacrificial knives this time. In the meanwhile, Jane is in trouble and wonders what is keeping her husband from coming to her rescue.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: A collection of twelve loosely connected short stories of Tarzan's late teenage years, within a year or two before Tarzan first encounters white people including Jane Porter.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: In the year 1914, while John Clayton, Lord Greystoke (Tarzan) is away from his plantation home in British East Africa, it is destroyed by invading German troops from Tanganyika. On his return he discovers among many burned bodies one that appears to be the corpse of his wife, Jane. Another fatality is the Waziri warrior Wasimbu, left crucified by the Germans. (Wasimbu's father Muviro, first mentioned in this story, goes on to play a prominent role in later Tarzan novels.)


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Maddened, the ape-man seeks revenge not only on the perpetrators of the tragedy but upon all Germans, and sets out for the battle front of the war in West Africa. On the way he has a run-in with a lion (or "Numa", as it is called by the apes among whom Tarzan was raised), which he traps in a gulch by blocking the entrance. Upon reaching the front he infiltrates the German headquarters and seizes Major Schneider, the officer he believes led the raid on his estate. Returning to the gulch, he throws Schneider to the lion. Tarzan goes on to help the British forces in various ways, including setting the lion loose in the enemy trenches. Tarzan later kills von Goss, another German officer involved in the attack on the Greystoke estate.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: He then becomes embroiled in the affairs of Bertha Kircher, a woman he has seen in both the German and British camps, and believes to be a German spy, particularly after he learns she possesses his mother's locket, which he had given as a gift to Jane. His efforts to retrieve it lead him to a rendezvous between Kircher and Captain Fritz Schneider, brother of the Major Schneider Tarzan previously threw to the lion, and the actual commander of the force that burned his estate. Killing Schneider, Tarzan believes his vengeance complete. Abandoning his vendetta against the Germans he departs for the jungle, swearing off all company with mankind.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Seeking a band of "Mangani", the species of apes among whom he had been raised, Tarzan crosses a desert, undergoing great privations. Indeed, the desert is almost his undoing. He only survives by feigning death to lure a vulture ("Ska" in the ape language) into his reach. He then catches and devours the vulture, which gives him the strength to go on. The scene is a powerful one, a highlight both of the novel and of the Tarzan series as a whole.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: On the other side of the desert Tarzan locates an ape band. While with them he once again encounters Bertha Kircher, who has just escaped from Sergeant Usanga, leader of a troop of native deserters from the German army, by whom she had been taken captive. Despite his suspicion of Bertha, Tarzan's natural chivalry leads him to grant her shelter and protection among the apes. Later he himself falls captive to the tribe of cannibals the deserters have sheltered among, along with Harold Percy Smith-Oldwick, a British aviator who has been forced down in the jungle. Learning of Tarzan's plight, Bertha heroically leads the apes against the natives and frees them both.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Smith-Oldwick becomes infatuated with Bertha, and they search for his downed plane. They find it, but are captured again by Usanga, who attempts to fly off in it with Bertha. Tarzan arrives in time to pull Usanga from the plane. Smith-Oldwick and Bertha Kircher then try to pilot it back across the desert to civilization, but fail to make it. Seeing the plane go down, Tarzan once more sets out to rescue them. On the way he encounters another "Numa", this one an unusual black lion caught in a pit trap, and frees it.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: He, the two lovers and the lion are soon reunited, but attacked by warriors from the lost city of Xuja, hidden in a secret desert valley. Tarzan is left for dead and Bertha and Smith-Oldwick taken prisoner. The Xujans are masters of the local lions and worshippers of parrots and monkeys. They are also completely insane as a consequence of long inbreeding. Recovering, Tarzan once more comes to the rescue of his companions, aided by the lion he had saved earlier. But the Xujans pursue them and they turn at bay to make one last stand. The day is saved by a search party from Smith-Oldwick's unit, who turn the tide.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Afterward, Tarzan and Smith-Oldwick find out that Bertha is a double agent who has actually been working for the British. Tarzan also learns from the diary of the deceased Fritz Schneider that Jane might still be alive.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Two months have passed since the conclusion of the previous novel (#7) in which Tarzan spent many months wandering about Africa wreaking vengeance upon those whom he believed brutally murdered Jane. At the end of that novel Tarzan learns that her death was a ruse, that she had not been killed at all.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: In attempting to track Jane, Tarzan has come to a hidden valley called Pal-ul-don filled with dinosaurs, notably the savage Triceratops-like Gryfs, which, unlike their prehistoric counterparts, are carnivorous and stand 20 feet tall at the shoulder. The lost valley is also home to two different adversarial races of tailed human-looking creatures: the hairless and white skinned, city-dwelling Ho-don and the hairy and black-skinned, hill-dwelling Waz-don. Tarzan befriends a Ho-don warrior, and the Waz-don chief, actuating some uncustomary relations. In this new world Tarzan becomes a captive but so impresses his captors with his accomplishments and skills that they name him "Tarzan-Jad-Guru" ('Tarzan the Terrible').


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Having been brought there by her German captor, it turns out Jane is also being held captive in Pal-ul-don. She becomes a center-piece in a religious power struggle that consumes much of the novel until she escapes, after which her German captor becomes dependent on her due to his own lack of jungle survival skills.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: With the aid of his native allies, Tarzan continues to pursue his beloved, going through an extended series of fights and escapes to do so. In the end success seems beyond even his ability to achieve, until in the final chapter he and Jane are saved by their son Korak, who has been searching for Tarzan just as Tarzan has been searching for Jane.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: The story picks up with the Clayton family, Tarzan, Jane and their son Korak, returning from their adventures in the previous novel (#8). Along the way they find an orphaned lion cub, which Tarzan takes home and trains.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Flora Hawkes, a previous housemaid of the Claytons, had overheard of Tarzan's discovery of the treasure chamber in the lost city of Opar ("The Return of Tarzan", "Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar") and had managed to copy his map to it. She concocted a plan to lead an expedition to collect the gold. As a contingency to discourage any local denizens from questioning them, she sought out and found a Tarzan look-alike to accompany them.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Two years passed since the Clayton family picked up their lion cub, and the Greystoke estate had become financially depleted due his support of the Allies war efforts, and he concluded it was time to return to Opar for another withdrawal.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Tarzan encountered Hawkes' party, where he was drugged and ended up in the hands of the Oparians. Queen La, who had come into disfavor with the high priest, felt she had nothing to lose by escaping with Tarzan through the only unguarded route—a path to the legendary valley of diamonds, from which no one had ever returned. There, Tarzan found a race of humans who were little better than animals in intelligence, being enslaved by a race of intelligent gorillas. With the help of his golden lion, Tarzan used the natives to restore La to power. Before leaving he accepted a bag of diamonds for a reward.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Meanwhile, the fake Tarzan convinced Tarzan's Waziri party to take the gold from Hawkes' party while most of them were out hunting. He then buried the gold so he could retain it later. The real Tarzan eventually confronted the fake, who managed to pilfer Tarzan's bag of diamonds. The fake was then chased by Tarzan's golden lion, but escaped into a river. He was later captured and permanently imprisoned by a local tribe. Tarzan lost the diamonds, but was able to attain the gold and return with it.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Tarzan, the king of the jungle, enters an isolated country called Minuni, inhabited by a people four times smaller than himself. The Minunians live in magnificent city-states which frequently wage war against each other. Tarzan befriends the king, Adendrohahkis, and the prince, Komodoflorensal, of one such city-state, called Trohanadalmakus, and joins them in war against the onslaught of the army of Veltopismakus, their warlike neighbours. Tarzan is captured on the battle-ground and taken prisoner by the Veltopismakusians. The Veltopismakusian scientist Zoanthrohago conducts an experiment reducing Tarzan to the size of a Minunian, and the ape-man is imprisoned and enslaved among other Trohanadalmakusian prisoners of war. He meets, though, Komodoflorensal in the dungeons of Veltopismakus, and together they are able to make a daring escape.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Tarzan finds an outpost of European knights and crusaders from a "forbidden valley" hidden in the mountains.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Tarzan and a young German find a lost remnant of the Roman empire hidden in the mountains of Africa. This novel is notable for the introduction of Nkima, who serves as Tarzan's monkey companion in it and a number of later Tarzan stories. It also reintroduces Muviro, first seen in "Tarzan and the Golden Lion", as sub-chief of Tarzan's Waziri warriors.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: In response to a radio plea from Abner Perry, a scientist who with his friend David Innes has discovered the interior world of Pellucidar at the Earth's core, Jason Gridley launches an expedition to rescue Innes from the Korsars (corsairs), the scourge of the internal seas. He enlists Tarzan, and a fabulous airship is constructed to penetrate Pellucidar via the natural polar opening connecting the outer and inner worlds. The airship is crewed primarily by Germans, with Tarzan's Waziri warriors under their chief Muviro also along for the expedition.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: In Pellucidar Tarzan and Gridley are each separated from the main force of the expedition and must struggle for survival against the prehistoric creatures and peoples of the inner world. Gridley wins the love of the native cave-woman Jana, the Red Flower of Zoram. Eventually everyone is reunited, and the party succeeds in rescuing Innes.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: As Tarzan and the others prepare to return home, Gridley decides to stay to search for Frederich Wilhelm Eric von Mendeldorf und von Horst, one last member of the expedition who remains lost (The missing Von Horst's adventures are told in a sequel, "Back to the Stone Age", which event does not involve either Gridley or Tarzan).


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Tarzan, his monkey friend Nkima, and Chief Muviro and his faithful Waziri warriors prevent Russian communists from looting the lost city of Opar.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Backed by Chief Muviro and his faithful Waziri warriors, Tarzan faces Soviet agents seeking revenge and a lost tribe descended from early Christians practicing a bizarre and debased religious cult.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: After encountering and befriending Valthor, a warrior of the lost city of Athne (whom he rescues from a group of bandits known as "shiftas"), the City of Ivory and capital of the land of Thenar, Tarzan is captured by the insane yet beautiful queen Nemone of its hereditary enemy, Cathne, the City of Gold, capital of the land of Onthar. This novel is perhaps best known for two scenes; in the first, Tarzan is forced to fight Cathne's strongest man in its arena. While an ordinary man might have been in trouble, Tarzan easily overpowers his antagonist. The second scene, in which Tarzan is forced to fight a lion, starts with the ape man being forced to run away from a hunting lion, Belthar, which will hunt him down and kill him. Tarzan at first believes he can outrun the beast (lions tire after the first 100 yards at top speed). This lion, however, is of a breed specifically selected for endurance, and ultimately Tarzan must turn to face him, though aware that without a knife he can do little but delay the inevitable. Fortunately his own lion ally, Jad-bal-ja, whom he had raised from a cub, arrives and intervenes, killing Belthar and saving Tarzan. Nemone, who believes her life is linked to that of her pet, kills herself when it dies.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Unusually for lost cities in the Tarzan series, which are typically visited but once, Cathne and Athne reappear in a later Tarzan adventure, "Tarzan the Magnificent". (The only other lost city Tarzan visits more than once is Opar.)


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Tarzan discovers a mad scientist with a city of talking gorillas. To create additional havoc, a Hollywood film crew sets out to shoot a Tarzan movie in Africa and brings along an actor who is an exact double of the apeman himself, but is his opposite in courage and determination.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: An amnesiac Tarzan and his monkey companion Nkima are taken by an African warrior to be his guardian spirits, and as such come into conflict with the murderous secret society of the Leopard Men.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Tarzan's wife Jane, in her first appearance in the series since "Tarzan and the Ant Men", becomes involved in a search for a bloodthirsty lost tribe reputed to possess an immortality drug. Also drawn in are Tarzan and his monkey companion, little Nkima, and Chief Muviro and his faithful Waziri warriors, who are searching for Muviro's lost daughter Buira. Nkima's vital contribution to the adventure is recognized when he is made a recipient of the treatment along with the human protagonists at the end of the novel.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Tarzan cared little for the fate of adventurer Brian Gregory, drawn to the legendary city of Ashair by the rumor of the Father of Diamonds, the world's hugest gem. But to the ape-man the tie of friendship was unbreakable, and Paul d'Arnot's pleas moved him to agree to guide the expedition Gregory's father and sister organized for his rescue. The enigmatic Atan Thome was also obsessed with the Father of Diamonds, and planted agents in the Gregory safari to spy out its route and sabotage its efforts. Both parties reached their goal, remote Ashair... as prisoners of its priests, doomed to die in loathsome rites.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Tarzan encounters a lost race with uncanny mental powers, after which he revisits the lost cities of Cathne and Athne, previously encountered in the earlier novel "Tarzan and the City of Gold". As usual, he is backed up by Chief Muviro and his faithful Waziri warriors.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: While serving in the R.A.F. under his civilian name of John Clayton during World War II, Tarzan is shot down over the island of Sumatra in the Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies. He uses his jungle survival skills to save his comrades in arms, and fight the Japanese while seeking escape from enemy territory.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Originally written as a series of four novellas, they were first published as novels in 1925 and 1926.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: "The Eternal Lover" recounts a sister and brother visiting the Greystoke estate in Africa before the first World War. While there, the sister falls unconscious, and remembers her adventures from a past life thousands of years ago. Tarzan makes occasional appearances as their present-day host.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: The first half of "The Mad King" is set before the African visit, and focuses on the brother, finding out that they are related to the royalty of a small kingdom between Austria and Serbia. The second half is set after the African visit as the brother returns to the European kingdom on the eve of World War I. Tarzan does not appear in these two stories, although the sister from "Eternal Lover" does.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Originally written as a pair of novellas specifically for younger readers, the two stories: "The Tarzan Twins" and "Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins, with Jad-bal-ja ('the Golden Lion') were published together in 1963. While the fact that they were written for children usually excludes them from lists of the main Tarzan novels, the family in the stories does make an appearance in "Tarzan and the Lost Empire" (1929).


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Eighty-three typed pages for an unfinished Tarzan novel were found in Burroughs' safe after his death. In the mid-1990s the Burroughs estate and Dark Horse Comics chose Joe R. Lansdale to revise and complete the novel which was released as a co-authored work in 1995.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: A licensed novelization serialized in 15 parts by newspapers in 1921. This work by Maude Robinson Toombs is based on the scripts for the 15-part film-serial of the same name, and was first released as a collected edition in 2006.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: A licensed novelization serialized in 15 parts by newspapers in 1928. This work by Arthur B. Reeve is based on the scripts for the 15-part film-serial of the same name, and was first released as a collected edition in 2005.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Novelization authorized by the Burroughs estate, based on the screenplay of the 1957 film. Published by Whitman Books.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Authorized by the Burroughs estate as the 25th official novel, this work by Fritz Leiber is based on the screenplay for the film of the same name. The book includes footnotes connecting the story to events from Burroughs' twenty-four prior novels.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: A Whitman Big Little Book written by George S. Elrick, authorized by the Burroughs estate. Tarzan, Jane, Korak and the Waziri battle poachers led by a man who calls himself the Red Hyena.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: The first three novels of "Bunduki" series wby . T. Edson, a ere published with permission from both Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. and Philip José Farmer for the biographical connections between Edson's Bunduki & Dawn, Burroughs' Tarzan characters, and Farmer's Wold Newton family.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Sometime after 1976, ERB Inc. withdrew Edson's permission to use the Tarzan name in future volumes and as a result, the fourth novel and the short stories do not mention Tarzan or Jane by name.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: The pilot episode of the 1996–1997 television series "Tarzan: The Epic Adventures" was adapted into an authorized 1996 novel by R. A. Salvatore. The book is nominally set during the middle of "The Return of Tarzan" as it chronicles a time after Tarzan returned to Africa from Paris, but before he married Jane.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Following "The Lost Adventure", the Burroughs estate authorized Philip Jose Farmer to write an official Tarzan novel, released in 1999 as "The Dark Heart of Time". Best known for his Riverworld series, Philip Jose Farmer has also written a number of Tarzan-based pastiche works. He also authored "" (1972/2006), and two authorized Opar novels set thousands of years in the past: "Hadon of Ancient Opar" (1974) and "Flight to Opar" (1976).


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Set in October 1918—during Tarzan's search for Jane—the novel takes place between "Tarzan the Untamed" and "Tarzan the Terrible". The novel's antagonist is James D. Stonecraft, an American oil magnate who believes that Tarzan knows the secret of immortality. Stonecraft hires hunters to track and capture Tarzan for the secret, leading to a conflicts at the "City Built by God" and the "Crystal Tree of Time". Through all of the adventure Tarzan is focused on escaping his pursuers so that he may return to his search for his wife.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Author Andy Briggs has rebooted the series as young adult fiction, in the vein of Young Bond, with the first novel—"Tarzan: The Greystoke Legacy"—published in June 2011. The reboot is set in modern Africa and features Tarzan at around 18 and Jane as the teenage daughter of doctor turned illegal logger. The series includes:


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: "" (2015): Author Will Murray's authorized sequel to "Tarzan the Terrible". Released as "The Wild Adventures of Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan" [volume 1].


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: "Tarzan on the Precipice" (2016): Michael A. Sanford's authorized novel covers events between "Tarzan of the Apes" and "The Return of Tarzan". Tarzan, after concealing his true identity of Lord Greystoke from Jane Porter, journeys from Wisconsin north to Canada and uncovers an ancient civilization of Vikings. Released as "The Wild Adventures of Edgar Rice Burroughs" 2.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: "King Kong vs. Tarzan" (2016): Will Murray's authorized novel details the encounter between the giant ape (shipwrecked in Africa while being transported from Skull Island to New York) and the apeman. Released as "The Wild Adventures of King Kong" [book 1].


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: "Tarzan Trilogy" (2016): Thomas Zachek's's authorized collection of Tarzan novellas relates three African adventures of the Ape Man in the run-up to World War II. Released as "The Wild Adventures of Edgar Rice Burroughs Series" 3.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: "" (2017): Ralph N. Laughlin and Ann E. Johnson's authorized novel featuring four generations of Tarzan's family under threat in the 1980s. Released as "The Wild Adventures of Edgar Rice Burroughs Series" 4.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: "Tarzan and the Revolution" (2018): Thomas Zachek's authorized novel featuring the role of Tarzan, the Waziri, and the lost city of Opar in events involving an emerging central African nation threatened by dictatorship. Released as "The Wild Adventures of Edgar Rice Burroughs Series" 8.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: "" (2020): Will Murray's authorized novel in which Tarzan is transported to Mars and seeks out John Carter to in order to get home. Released as "The Wild Adventures of Edgar Rice Burroughs Series" 9.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: "Tarzan and the Dark Heart of Time" (2018): Reissue of Philip Jose Farmer's authorized novel "The Dark Heart of Time: A Tarzan Novel" (1999). Re-released as Edgar Rice Burroughs Universe 1.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: "Tarzan and the Valley of Gold" (2019). Reissue of Fritz Leiber's authorized novel from 1966. Re-released under the Edgar Rice Burroughs Universe banner.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: "" (2020). In Win Scott Eckert's authorized novel, Tarzan returns to the Earth’s core on a mission to stop Nazis from obtaining a powerful super weapon. Released under the Edgar Rice Burrough Universe banner.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: While "Tarzan of the Apes" met with some critical success, subsequent books in the series received a cooler reception and have been criticized for being derivative and formulaic. The characters are often said to be two-dimensional, the dialogue wooden, and the storytelling devices (such as excessive reliance on coincidence) strain credulity. While Burroughs is not a polished novelist, he is a vivid storyteller, and many of his novels are still in print. In 1963, author Gore Vidal wrote a piece on the Tarzan series that, while pointing out several of the deficiencies that the Tarzan books have as works of literature, praises Edgar Rice Burroughs for creating a compelling "daydream figure."


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Despite critical panning, the Tarzan stories have been amazingly popular. Fans love his melodramatic situations and the elaborate details he works into his fictional world, such as his construction of a partial language for his great apes.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Since the beginning of the 1970s, Tarzan books and movies have often been criticized as being blatantly racist. The early books often give a negative and stereotypical portrayal of native Africans, both Arab and black. In "The Return of Tarzan", Arabs are "surly looking" and say things like "dog of a Christian," while blacks are "lithe, ebon warriors, gesticulating and jabbering." He used every ploy for the purpose of painting his antagonists in simple unflattering colors. While he commonly uses racial stereotypes of black people, his later books also contain black characters that are good-hearted, generous, and intelligent. At the end of "Tarzan And The Jewels Of Opar" (1918), the fifth book in the twenty-four book series, Burroughs writes, "Lord and Lady Greystoke with Basuli and Mugambi rode together at the head of the column, laughing and talking together in that easy familiarity which common interests and mutual respect breed between honest and intelligent men of any races." Burroughs explains somewhat Tarzan’s attitudes toward people in general in "Tarzan And The City Of Gold" (1933), where he writes, "Ordinarily, Tarzan was no more concerned by the fate of a white man than by that of a black man or any other created thing to which he was not bound by ties of friendship; the life of a man meant less to Tarzan of the Apes than the life of an ape."


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Other ethnic groups and social classes are likewise rendered as stereotypes; this was the custom in popular fiction of the time. A Swede has "a long yellow moustache, an unwholesome complexion, and filthy nails" and Russians cheat at cards. The aristocracy (excepting the House of Greystoke) and royalty are invariably effete.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: In later books, there is an attempt to portray Africans in a more realistic light. For example, in "Tarzan's Quest", while the hero is still Tarzan, and the black Africans relatively primitive, they are portrayed as individuals, with good and bad traits, and the main villains have white skins. Burroughs never does get over his distaste for European royalty, though.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Burroughs' opinions, made known mainly through the narrative voice in the stories, reflect attitudes widely held in his time, which in a 21st-century context would be considered racist and sexist. The author is not especially mean-spirited in his attitudes. His heroes do not engage in violence against women or in racially motivated violence. Still, a superior-inferior relationship between races is plain and occasionally explicit. According to James Loewen's "Sundown Towns", this may be a vestige of Burroughs having been from Oak Park, Illinois, a former Sundown town (a town that forbids non-whites from living within it) – or it may very well be the fact these were common attitudes at the turn of the century.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: Some defenders of the Tarzan series argue that some of the words Burroughs uses to describe Africans, such as "savage," were generally understood to have a different and less offensive meaning in the early 20th century than they do today.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: After Burroughs' death a number of writers produced new Tarzan stories without the permission of his estate. In some instances, the estate managed to prevent publication of such unauthorized pastiches. The most notable exception in the United States was a series of five novels by the pseudonymous "Barton Werper" that appeared 1964–65 by Gold Star Books. As a result of legal action by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc., they were taken off the market.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: In the 1950s, under the pseudonym John Bloodstone, writer Stuart J. Byrne wrote the novel "Tarzan on Mars", with Tarzan going to Barsoom, the planet Mars from John Carter's stories, however, he did not obtain a license to publish the novel, however, unauthorized editions have been published since then.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: In Israel in the 1950s and early 1960s there was a thriving industry of locally produced Tarzan adventures published weekly in 24-page brochures by several competing publishing houses, none of which bothered to get any authorization from the Burroughs estate. The stories featured Tarzan in contemporary Africa, a popular theme being his fighting against the Mau Mau in 1950s Kenya and single-handedly crushing their revolt several times over. He also fought a great variety of monsters, vampires and invaders from outer space infesting the African jungles, and discovered several more lost cities and cultures in addition to the ones depicted in the Burroughs canon. Some brochures had him meet with Israelis and take Israel's side against her Arab enemies, especially Nasser's Egypt. None of the brochures ever bore a writer's name, and the various publishers—"Elephant Publishing" (), "Rhino Publishing" () and several similar names—provided no more of an address than POB numbers in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. These Tarzan brochures were extremely popular among Israeli youths of the time, successfully competing with the numerous Hebrew translations of the original Tarzan novels. The Tarzan brochures faded out by the middle 1960s.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: The popularity of Tarzan in Israel had some effect on the spoken Hebrew language. As it happens, "tarzan" () is a long-established Hebrew word, translatable as "dandy, fop, coxcomb" (according to R. Alcalay's "Complete Hebrew-English Dictionary" of 1990). However, a word could not survive with that meaning while being identical with the name of a popular fictional character usually depicted as wearing a loincloth and jumping from tree to tree in the jungle. Since the 1950s the word in its original meaning has completely disappeared from the spoken language, and is virtually unknown to Hebrew speakers at present—though still duly appearing in dictionaries.


title: Tarzan (book series)

text: In the 1950s new Tarzan stories were also published in Syria and Lebanon. Tarzan in these versions was a staunch supporter of the Arab cause and helped his Arab friends foil various fiendish Israeli plots.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: Olympic Airlines (, "Olympiakés Aerogrammés" – OA), formerly named Olympic Airways for at least four decades, was the flag carrier airline of Greece. The airline's head office was located in Athens. The airline operated services to 37 domestic destinations and to 32 destinations world-wide. The airline's main base was at Athens International Airport, "Eleftherios Venizelos", with hubs at Thessaloniki International Airport, "Macedonia", Heraklion International Airport, "Nikos Kazantzakis" and Rhodes International Airport, "Diagoras". Olympic Airlines also owned a base at London Heathrow Airport. By December 2007, the airline employed about 8,500 staff.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: Olympic Airlines was also accredited by IATA with the IOSA (IATA Operational Safety Audit) for their safety practices.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: On 6 March 2009, the Greek State announced it had reached an agreement to sell the flight operations, ground handling operations and technical base of the group to Marfin Investment Group, the largest Greek investment fund, thus ending 35 years of state ownership.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: On 29 September 2009 Olympic Airlines ceased all operations and most flights. Olympic Air, the new airline formed from privatisation, commenced flights. Olympic Airlines continued to operate some public service flights to Greek islands as well as some flights to destinations outside the European Union (Cairo, Alexandria, Tel Aviv, Beirut, Belgrade) until the Greek State conducted a public tender and redistributed the routes.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: On 31 December 2009 Olympic Airlines ceased all operations, as flights to Greek islands have already been allocated and are being flown by other carriers and flights to destinations outside the European Union have been allocated to other carriers who started operating them from 1 January 2010. Until the final closure, Olympic Airlines used the temporary code OP for their flights (instead of OA, which is used by their successor, Olympic Air). All Olympic Airlines flights (using the OP code) since 29 September 2009 and until the final deadline of 31 December 2009, were operated by Olympic Air on a wet lease basis. The 31 December 2009 deadline as the final possible date that Olympic Airlines should cease operations, was agreed between the Greek Government and the European Commission as part of the deal to close Olympic Airlines and sell the name and assets to Olympic Air. It was initially expected that operations would end much earlier, but due to the change of government in October 2009 the public tenders for the reallocation of subsidised flights to the Greek islands and for international flight rights outside the European Union were postponed. The company stayed alive until the final deadline of 31 December 2009.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: Icarus, the first predecessor airline to Olympic, was established in 1930. After just a few months Icarus went bankrupt due to financial problems and limited Greek interest in air transport. Ε.Ε.Ε.Σ. (Ελληνική Εταιρεία Εναέριων Συγκοινωνιών, Greek Company for Air Transport) took its place. At the same time, in 1935, a second airline was created, the privately owned T.A.E. (Τεχνικαί Αεροπορικαί Εκμεταλλεύσεις, Technical and Aeronautical Exploitations). Soon after World War II, in 1947, three airlines were based in Greece: T.A.E., ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ. (Ελληνικαί Αεροπορικαί Συγκοινωνίαι, Greek Air Transport) and Α.Μ.Ε. (Αεροπορικαί Μεταφοραί Ελλάδος, Hellenic Air Transport).


title: Olympic Airlines

text: In 1951 the poor financial state of the three airlines led to a decision by the Greek state to merge them into a single operator, TAE Greek National Airlines (TAE). The new airline operated a fleet of twin-engine Douglas DC-3 airliners on domestic Greek routes until the last example was disposed of in May 1970. A four-engine Douglas DC-4 was acquired in 1950 and this was operated on a route to London. The new airline faced financial problems so the government closed it down in 1955.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: There were no buyers for the airline so the Greek State bought the company back. In July 1956 the Greek State reached an agreement with Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis for Onassis to purchase the airline. The company flew under the T.A.E. name until the end of the year and for the first few months of 1957. On 6 April 1957 the company was renamed Olympic Airways (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπορία/Olympiaki Aeroporia).


title: Olympic Airlines

text: The new company developed rapidly. To allay the distrust of air transport by Greeks, Onassis developed the "aviation days of '57" scheme, providing short, free flights in a DC-3 to demonstrate the reliability of air travel. Onassis always wanted to be in the cutting edge of the technology, so in 1959 he signed a deal to buy four de Havilland Comet 4B that in 1960 was Olympic's first jet aircraft, that entered service. Olympic and British European Airways created the first codeshare flights; later the companies expanded their cooperation. When Greek crews had to spend a night in London, British crews would fly the Olympic Comets to BEA destinations, and the same with Greek crews and BEA Comets. On all BEA and OA Comets, there would be a "BEA-OLYMPIC" sign. In 1962 Olympic set a record flying a DH Comet 4B from London to Athens in just two hours and 51 minutes.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: In 1965 Olympic ordered Boeing 707-320 jets; they received the first, bearing the name "City of Athens", in 1966. Olympic's first Boeing 707 service was also the inauguration of a non-stop route connecting Athens and New York City (JFK). In 1968 Olympic began serving Africa, with a twice-weekly round-trip linking Athens with Nairobi and Johannesburg. The same year OA received the first of a fleet of Boeing 727-200 jet aircraft. A new Athens-Montreal-Chicago service commenced in 1969. Also in 1969, the airline phased out their Comet 4Bs.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: Under Onassis' leadership the airline gained a reputation for lavish style. The cabin crews were attired in Pierre Cardin-designed uniforms and passengers ate with golden cutlery and listened to the stylings of a pianist in the first class cabin.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: In 1971 OA purchased new NAMC YS-11 twin-turboprop aircraft to replace the ageing non-pressurized Douglas DC-3 and the Douglas DC-6 pressurised piston-engined airliners still in use on the company's Greek domestic network. In that year they created a subsidiary airline, Olympic Aviation/Ολυμπιακή Αεροπλοΐα, to serve the Greek islands more economically and efficiently. To further this strategy, several examples of the small twin-engined turbo-propeller Short Skyvan utility airliner were obtained for operation on routes serving smaller Greek airports. In 1972 Olympic turned to the important Greece-Australia market, beginning Boeing 707-320 operations between Athens and Melbourne twice a week via Bangkok and Singapore.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: Olympic then acquired seven Boeing 720-051B aircraft, a medium-range derivative of the Boeing 707, from Northwest Airlines. The airline also entered the wide-body era by purchasing two new Boeing 747-200s. OA even showed interest in the BAC-Aérospatiale Concorde supersonic airliner and, on 5 January 1973, a Concorde landed at Athens' Hellenikon Airport to give a demonstration.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: On 23 January 1973, Aristotle Onassis' son, Alexander, died in a plane crash; the event came as a shock to the Greek people and a new phase began for Olympic Airways. A few months later, Onassis sold all of the OA shares to the Greek state and he died shortly afterward (in 1975). In 1976, under state management, OA purchased eleven Boeing 737-200 jet aircraft and created Olympic Catering, which served both OA and foreign airlines. In 1977, in a cost-cutting effort, OA shut down their Australia route, followed by the Canadian one in 1978, when OA also placed orders for four Airbus A300s, plus four options.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: In 1984, three more B747-200 aircraft were purchased from Singapore Airlines, and the Canada and Australia routes were reopened. A new Olympic Airways Cargo division was created by converting the Boeing 707-320 "City of Lindos", but the plans were soon abandoned. In 1986, there were strikes at OA, and financial losses mounted.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: The company faced serious financial trouble from the 1980s on, mostly because of management problems. Greek politicians and their families traveled for free or token amounts on the airline. Successive Greek governments also made Olympic carry the press at a 97 percent discount. Olympic AirTours (Ολυμπιακή Τουριστική) was created as a subsidiary of OA, which issued tickets not only for OA, but for other airlines as well. Very soon, Olympic AirTours was renamed Macedonian Airlines and reestablished as a charter flight company.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: In 1990 a route to Tokyo via Bangkok was launched but Olympic was soon forced to shut it down, despite very high load factors (95%). Olympic purchased seven Boeing 737-400 aircraft in 1991, as well as the advanced version of the A300, the A300-600R. Due to the rising losses and debts, the government decided to formulate a restructuring program in which all debts were erased. This programme, as well as all the plans that followed, failed. A few years later, in an attempt to make OA profitable, management was given to a subsidiary of British Airways, Speedwing. The result was even larger debts and rising losses. In 1999, Olympic purchased four Airbus A340-313X aircraft, to replace the ageing B747-200.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: By December 2003, the Olympic Airways Group of Companies owned Olympic Airways (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπορία), Olympic Aviation (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπλοϊα), Macedonian Airlines (Mακεδονικές Αερογραμμές), Galileo Hellas (Γαλιλλαίος Ελλάς), Olympic Fuel Company (Ολυμπιακή Εταιρεία Καυσίμων), and Olympic Into-Plane Company. Olympic Catering had been sold a few months earlier. A company formed in the 80s called Olympic AirTours (Ολυμπιακή Τουριστική) had already been transformed into Macedonian Airlines.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: Very soon the losses became excessive, so in 2003 the government restructured the Olympic Airways Group of Companies. The subsidiary, Macedonian Airlines S.A., was renamed Olympic Airlines S.A. and took over the flight operations of Olympic Airways, erasing at the same time all of the airline's debts. The remaining group companies, except for Olympic Aviation (Olympic Airways, Olympic Into-Plane Company, Olympic Fuel Company, Olympic Airways Handling and the Olympic Airways Technical Base), merged and formed a new company, called Olympic Airways – Services S.A.. In December 2004, the Greek government decided to privatize Olympic Airlines, but the sale process ended in failure as none of the buyers were eager to repay the Greek state almost 700 million euro in state aid, which was later declared illegal by the European Commission in December 2005.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: In 2005, the Greek Government looked for potential buyers to privatise OA. In April of that year, a short list of potential buyers was submitted that included Aegean Airlines, German LCC DBA and a Greek-American consortium called Olympic Investors. Shortly afterwards Aegean Airlines pulled out, followed by DBA. In September 2005, the Greek government signed a non-binding agreement with Olympic Investors to buy the airline. In an interview, Olympic Investors stated that they were backed by York Capital with 6.5 billion dollars and assured that OA's workers would not lose their jobs. They stated that OA should continue to operate as an integrated company and that they were not interested in buying just parts of OA. By the end of the year, the offer fell through because the huge fine imposed on the airline by the European Commission had not been dealt with.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: According to Greek media, the government planned to relaunch the company in late 2006. The code name for the project was Pantheon Airways. In June 2006, Greek media reported that Sabre Aviation Consulting Services was contracted by the Greek government to find investors and develop a business plan for an airline to replace Olympic Airlines, aiming to begin operations in autumn 2006. Under this plan the government would be a minority shareholder of the new carrier, which would be run as a private airline. The planned re-launch date passed without anything happening, and the plan was temporarily frozen.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: In 2006 O.A. was thrown a life line, when the courts ordered Greece to repay them almost 564 million euro owed to the airline. The money was owed to O.A. from legally subsidised routes to Greek islands and costs of the relocation to the new airport. The money would be used to pay back part of the State aid declared illegal by the European Commission in December 2005. Olympic Airlines redesigned their website to introduce their e-ticket service, launched on 31 July 2007, in response to the surge of online booking and online check-ins. The e-ticket service introduction by Electronic Data Systems meant Olympic abolished their old "Hermes" booking system, which had served the company for more than two decades. As of November 2007, the e-ticket service is available on all European and International routes, and on 19 of the airline's 37 domestic routes.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: On 12 September 2007, the Luxembourg-based EU court ruled that Olympic should repay an amount of money less than what the EU Commission had ordered. This amount included unpaid taxes on fuel and spare parts, as well as unpaid fees to Athens International Airport. The new amount owed by Olympic was €130 million, as compared with the original €160 million. On that same day Olympic Investors, the Greek-American consortium that was interested in buying Olympic in 2005, stated renewed interest in buying the airline.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: In November 2007, Irish airline Ryanair filed a suit with the European Commission, saying that they had not looked into their claims that Olympic had not paid back their debt. On 1 December 2007 transport minister Kostas Hatzidakis announced that the entire Olympic Airways Group debts amounted to two billion euro, and that the airline in its present form and size would cease existing in 2008. This was deemed to be the only way for the European Commission to write off the company's debts to the Greek public sector. He stated that Athens was under more pressure to recover the money Olympic owed, because of the Ryanair lawsuit.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: Despite all predictions, traffic for Olympic in 2007 increased to a total of 5,977,104 passengers (3,115,521 in domestic and 2,681,583 in international flights) compared to approximately 5,500,000 passengers in 2006. It is estimated that OA earned approximately 780 million euro in 2007, 500 of which came from international flights. However, in 2008 due to lack of aircraft Olympic Airlines cancelled or merged a significant number of flights, about 6,000 according to their union (as of 26 August 2008). Olympic Airlines officials have declared that this is not the major problem since "after all the income reduction is only 4–5 million euros compared to the initial budget plan".


title: Olympic Airlines

text: On 6 March 2009, Development Minister Kostis Hatzidakis announced the sale of the flight operations and the technical base companies to Marfin Investment Group (MIG). As a result, after 35 years of state control and ten years of failed sales attempts, Olympic will once again become a private corporation. The new owners will secure approximately 5000 of the 8500 jobs of the Group.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: On 28 September 2009, Olympic Airlines ceased to fly to most of their 69 destinations, maintaining flights to Tel Aviv, Beirut, Cairo and all public service obligation routes within Greece, until the Ministry for Transport and Communications redistributed the routes in late November, when Olympic Airlines entered liquidation. Existing passengers were accommodated on other airlines. Employees of the old company that were in destinations no longer served may have been affected.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: The last Olympic Airlines flight was flight 424 from Toronto via Montreal, landing at 11:10 on 29 September 2009 at the Athens International Airport. Olympic Air took over the rest of the operations on 29 September 2009 and their first flight was on 1 October 2009 at 06:20 leaving the Athens International Airport and heading to Thessaloniki Makedonia Airport.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: Before their demise in 2009, Olympic Airlines flew to 37 domestic and 32 international destinations throughout 23 countries.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: The first logo of the airline was a white eagle, bearing a resemblance to a propeller, featuring five rings and the name "Olympic". Just two years after the first flight, Onassis asked his associates to design a new logo and the coloured rings were created. Onassis wanted to copy the five coloured rings of the Olympic emblem, but the International Olympic Committee claimed the rights to the emblem, so a new, six ring logo was introduced. The first five rings stand for the five continents, while the sixth stands for Greece. Colours used were yellow, red, blue and white.


title: Olympic Airlines

text: The new logo for Olympic air was selected from among three proposals by an online vote which was open until 5 July 2009 on oalogo.gr. All proposals were expected to keep the six circles and to modernise the existing logo. The logo that was finally selected is a bevel version of the existing logo and font, with the exception that green has replaced the light blue on some circles. Green along with blue is one of MIG's corporate colours (as seen on Marfin Egnatia bank's logo for example) and was thus also used per the request of MIG on the new uniforms too.


title: Neevevaro

text: Neevevaro () is a 2018 Telugu language romantic action thriller film directed by Hari Nath and produced by Kona Venkat and M.V.V. Satyanarayana. The film stars Aadhi, Taapsee Pannu and Ritika Singh. This film is a remake of 2017 Tamil film, "Adhe Kangal", directed by Rohin Venkatesan.


title: Neevevaro

text: Kalyan (Aadhi Pinisetty), a blind chef, owns a restaurant in Hyderabad and is very successful. He has a loving family and is well-respected by his workers. His childhood friend and neighbor Anu (Ritika Singh) is in love with him. His routine includes spending time in his restaurant playing the guitar after it closes and taking a walk back to his house. One night while he is about to close up and leave, Vennela (Taapsee Pannu) shows up in the restaurant requesting to help feed a homeless person. Kalyan is impressed with her in their first meeting. Vennela visits his restaurant regularly for the same reason, and Kalyan gradually falls in love with her. He proposes to her one day, but to his shock, Vennela cries upon hearing his proposal, saying that she loves him too, but she came here to bid farewell. Vennela says she borrowed two million rupees from a gang a few years ago for her father's heart surgery, and now she cannot repay it. The gang has threatened her family several times, and warned her they would abduct her if she cannot repay her debt the next day. Kalyan, who is in love with Vennela, agrees to repay her debt.


title: Neevevaro

text: On his way home the very night, Kalyan encounters a car accident which makes him unconscious for three weeks, but also coincidentally, returns his sight. Waking up, Kalyan is shocked to learn that three weeks have passed, which means Vennela could be in danger. He starts to look for her through clues she left while with him, but ends up finding nothing. Meanwhile, Kalyan and Anu's parents want the two to marry each other. To please his mother, Kalyan agrees to marry Anu, though he loves Vennela. The night before Kalyan and Anu's wedding, Vennela's father(D.S.Deekshithulu) visits Kalyan's restaurant to ask for help, saying that the gang abducted Vennela as threatened because Kalyan did not repay her debt. The gang now threatens to kill her if he cannot repay the debt the next day. Kalyan agrees again to repay the money, to save Vennela.


title: Neevevaro

text: The next day, Kalyan escapes from his wedding to save Vennela. He and Vennela's father arrive at the appointed place, where they see the gang pointing a gun at blindfolded Vennela. Immediately after Kalyan hands over the money to them, the police arrive on the scene. The gang is angered and thinks Kalyan brings not only the money, but the also police, so they shoot Vennela's father, hit Kalyan until he is unconscious, and take away Vennela. Before leaving, they threatened Kalyan they will kill Vennela if he tells anything to police. Kalyan wakes up later at the same place to find nobody beside him, not even Vennela's father's dead body or the police, making him very confused. Upon returning to his wedding, an upset Anu says that she should have already learned that Kalyan did not agree to marry her out of his own choice, but only as an obligation to please his mother. She starts to hate him.


title: Neevevaro

text: Kalyan later sees the news that Vennela's father is killed in a car accident in Visakhapatnam, and police are calling anyone who knows him to claim his body as they cannot identify him. Kalyan is now more confused, thinking how can someone that had died in front of him die again. He visits the Vizag to find out what happened. Meanwhile, Anu also goes to the same city for a job assignment.


title: Neevevaro

text: With the help of a police Constable Chokka Rao (Vennela Kishore) in that city, Kalyan finds Vamsi (Adarsh Balakrishna), a clay artist whose car caused the accident that killed Vennela's father. To their shock, Vamsi is blind and cannot drive. After some twists, Vamsi confesses that his girlfriend Jyothi a NRI drove his car and killed a old man. Vamsi bribed an inspector with three million rupees to save Jyothi, who later left him out of fear. They somehow find a photo of Jyothi but are all shocked to learn that it is Vennela. After observing a state award for specially-abled received by Vamsi, Kalyan observes there is a common point between them (i.e. the same state award he also received earlier). He now realizes that the Vennela he knew is a con artist that swindles money, especially from blind men who received the same state award. He thought he was her lover, but now he knows that he is just one of the victims of her cons. Kalyan, Anu, and Chokka decide to get the scammer at any cost.


title: Neevevaro

text: Then it is revealed that after Kalyan's accident Vennela left him as a failure attempt and continues her cons on others. In the shares she took large amount which makes other members angry then they plans to con her decided to cheat Kalyan again. Then they lies her going to Tirupati and executes their plan on Kalyan successfully under the planning of the person who acted as Vennela's father. However Vennela finds out the whole thing and decided to kill him. In the disguise of Jyothi she believes him to make a fake accident but instead of to hit a scare crow she tactically kills him and executes her plan successfully takes over control on whole gang and escapes with them.


title: Neevevaro

text: Finally, they catch her when she is executing her new plan, where she is cheating another blind man called Shekar (Ravi Prakash), a famous classical singer in Vijayawada as Katyayani in disguise of a Sitar player, by saying that her brother urgently needs 2.5 million rupees for a kidney transplant. Vennela observes the trio and tries to misguide them, which makes a lot of chaos, and finally, they arrest her. It is then revealed that Vennela, whose real name is Kalavathi, is a child abuse victim by her father. She later turned into a fraudster. At court, she is found guilty but mentally ill. The court sentences her to three years in jail but sends her to a mental hospital due to her mental illness. Later, Chokka Rao gets promoted to Sub-Inspector, and Kalyan and Anu also reunite after the former finally learns how much the latter loves him. Finally, the film ends with a twist that Kalavathi is not mentally ill, and she was waiting for a chance to restart her fraudulent ways again.


title: Neevevaro

text: The Times of India gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Neevevaro isn't a lazy film by any means, just that the proceedings could have been better than a one-time watch.".


title: Neevevaro

text: "IndiaGlitz" gave 2 out of 5 stars stating "'Neevevaro' doesn't have edge-of-the-seat moments. There is a lack of urgency in the proceedings".


title: Neevevaro

text: "Hindustan Times" gave 2 out of 5 stars stating "Neevevaro is a watered down version of a suspense thriller, with Vennela Kishore saving the day with his humour towards the end".


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: In syntactic analysis, a constituent is a word or a group of words that function as a single unit within a hierarchical structure. The constituent structure of sentences is identified using "tests for constituents". These tests apply to a portion of a sentence, and the results provide evidence about the constituent structure of the sentence. Many constituents are phrases. A phrase is a sequence of one or more words (in some theories two or more) built around a head lexical item and working as a unit within a sentence. A word sequence is shown to be a phrase/constituent if it exhibits one or more of the behaviors discussed below. The analysis of constituent structure is associated mainly with phrase structure grammars, although dependency grammars also allow sentence structure to be broken down into constituent parts.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Tests for constituents are diagnostics used to identify sentence structure. There are numerous tests for constituents that are commonly used to identify the constituents of English sentences. 15 of the most commonly used tests are listed next: 1) coordination (conjunction), 2) pro-form substitution (replacement), 3) topicalization (fronting), 4) "do-so"-substitution, 5) "one"-substitution, 6) answer ellipsis (question test), 7) clefting, 8) VP-ellipsis, 9) pseudoclefting, 10) passivization, 11) omission (deletion), 12) intrusion, 13) wh-fronting, 14) general substitution, 15) right node raising (RNR).


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The order in which these 15 tests are listed here corresponds to the frequency of use, coordination being the most frequently used of the 15 tests and RNR being the least frequently used. A general word of caution is warranted when employing these tests, since they often deliver contradictory results. The tests are merely rough-and-ready tools that grammarians employ to reveal clues about syntactic structure. Some syntacticians even arrange the tests on a scale of reliability, with less-reliable tests treated as useful to confirm constituency though not sufficient on their own. Failing to pass a single test does not mean that the test string is not a constituent, and conversely, passing a single test does not necessarily mean the test string is a constituent. It is best to apply as many tests as possible to a given string in order to prove or to rule out its status as a constituent.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The 15 tests are introduced, discussed, and illustrated below mainly relying on the same one sentence:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: By restricting the introduction and discussion of the tests for constituents below mainly to this one sentence, it becomes possible to compare the results of the tests. To aid the discussion and illustrations of the constituent structure of this sentence, the following two sentence diagrams are employed (D = determiner, N = noun, NP = noun phrase, Pa = particle, S = sentence, V = Verb, VP = verb phrase):


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These diagrams show two potential analyses of the constituent structure of the sentence. A given node in a tree diagram is understood as marking a constituent, that is, a constituent is understood as corresponding to a given node and everything that that node exhaustively dominates. Hence the first tree, which shows the constituent structure according to dependency grammar, marks the following words and word combinations as constituents: "Drunks", "off", "the", "the customers", and "put off the customers". The second tree, which shows the constituent structure according to phrase structure grammar, marks the following words and word combinations as constituents: "Drunks", "could", "put", "off", "the", "customers", "the customers", "put off the customers", and "could put off the customers". The analyses in these two tree diagrams provide orientation for the discussion of tests for constituents that now follows.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The coordination test assumes that only constituents can be coordinated, i.e., joined by means of a coordinator such as "and", "or", or "but": The next examples demonstrate that coordination identifies individual words as constituents:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The square brackets mark the conjuncts of the coordinate structures. Based on these data, one might assume that "drunks", "could", "put off", and "customers" are constituents in the test sentence because these strings can be coordinated with "bums", "would", "drive away", and "neighbors", respectively. Coordination also identifies multi-word strings as constituents:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These data suggest that "the customers", "put off the customers", and "could put off the customers" are constituents in the test sentence.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Examples such as (a-g) are not controversial insofar as many theories of sentence structure readily view the strings tested in sentences (a-g) as constituents. However, additional data are problematic, since they suggest that certain strings are also constituents even though most theories of syntax do not acknowledge them as such, e.g.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These data suggest that "could put off", "put off these", and "Drunks could" are constituents in the test sentence. Most theories of syntax reject the notion that these strings are constituents, though. Data such as (h-j) are sometimes addressed in terms of the right node raising (RNR) mechanism.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The problem for the coordination test represented by examples (h-j) is compounded when one looks beyond the test sentence, for one quickly finds that coordination suggests that a wide range of strings are constituents that most theories of syntax do not acknowledge as such, e.g.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The strings "from home on Tuesday" and "from home on Tuesday on his bicycle" are not viewed as constituents in most theories of syntax, and concerning sentence (m), it is very difficult there to even discern how one should delimit the conjuncts of the coordinate structure. The coordinate structures in (k-l) are sometimes characterized in terms of non-constituent conjuncts (NCC), and the instance of coordination in sentence (m) is sometimes discussed in terms of stripping and/or gapping.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Due to the difficulties suggested with examples (h-m), many grammarians view coordination skeptically regarding its value as a test for constituents. The discussion of the other tests for constituents below reveals that this skepticism is warranted, since coordination identifies many more strings as constituents than the other tests for constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Proform substitution, or replacement, involves replacing the test string with the appropriate proform (e.g. pronoun, pro-verb, pro-adjective, etc.). Substitution normally involves using a definite proform like "it", "he", "there", "here", etc. in place of a phrase or a clause. If such a change yields a grammatical sentence where the general structure has not been altered, then the test string is likely a constituent:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that "Drunks", "the customers", and "put off the customers" in the test sentence are constituents. An important aspect of the proform test is the fact that it fails to identify most subphrasal strings as constituents, e.g.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that the individual words "could", "put", "off", and "customers" should not be viewed as constituents. This suggestion is of course controversial, since most theories of syntax assume that individual words are constituents by default. The conclusion one can reach based on such examples, however, is that proform substitution using a definite proform identifies phrasal constituents only; it fails to identify sub-phrasal strings as constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Topicalization involves moving the test string to the front of the sentence. It is a simple movement operation. Many instances of topicalization seem only marginally acceptable when taken out of context. Hence to suggest a context, an instance of topicalization can be preceded by "...and" and a modal adverb can be added as well (e.g. "certainly"):


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that "the customers" and "put off the customers" are constituents in the test sentence. Topicalization is like many of the other tests in that it identifies phrasal constituents only. When the test sequence is a sub-phrasal string, topicalization fails:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples demonstrate that "customers", "could", "put", "off", and "the" fail the topicalization test. Since these strings are all sub-phrasal, one can conclude that topicalization is unable to identify sub-phrasal strings as constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: "Do-so"-substitution is a test that substitutes a form of "do so" ("does so", "did so", "done so", "doing so") into the test sentence for the target string. This test is widely used to probe the structure of strings containing verbs (because "do" is a verb). The test is limited in its applicability, though, precisely because it is only applicable to strings containing verbs:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The 'a' example suggests that "put off the customers" is a constituent in the test sentence, whereas the b example fails to suggest that "could put off the customers" is a constituent, for "do so" cannot include the meaning of the modal verb "could". To illustrate more completely how the "do so" test is employed, another test sentence is now used, one that contains two post-verbal adjunct phrases:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These data suggest that "met them", "met them in the pub", and "met them in the pub because we had time" are constituents in the test sentence. Taken together, such examples seem to motivate a structure for the test sentence that has a left-branching verb phrase, because only a left-branching verb phrase can view each of the indicated strings as a constituent. There is a problem with this sort of reasoning, however, as the next example illustrates:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: In this case, "did so" appears to stand in for the discontinuous word combination consisting of "met them" and "because we had time". Such a discontinuous combination of words cannot be construed as a constituent. That such an interpretation of "did so" is indeed possible is seen in a fuller sentence such as "You met them in the cafe because you had time, and we did so in the pub". In this case, the preferred reading of "did so" is that it indeed simultaneously stands in for both "met them" and "because we had time".


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The "one"-substitution test replaces the test string with the indefinite pronoun "one" or "ones". If the result is acceptable, then the test string is deemed a constituent. Since "one" is a type of pronoun, "one"-substitution is only of value when probing the structure of noun phrases. In this regard, the test sentence from above is expanded in order to better illustrate the manner in which one-substitution is generally employed:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that "customers", "loyal customers", "customers around here", "loyal customers around here", and "customers around here who we rely on" are constituents in the test sentence. Some have pointed to a problem associated with the "one"-substitution in this area, however. This problem is that it is impossible to produce a single constituent structure of the noun phrase "the loyal customers around here who we rely on" that could simultaneous view all of the indicated strings as constituents. Another problem that has been pointed out concerning the "one"-substitution as a test for constituents is the fact that it at times suggests that non-string word combinations are constituents, e.g.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The word combination consisting of both "loyal customers" and "who we rely on" is discontinuous in the test sentence, a fact that should motivate one to generally question the value of "one"-substitution as a test for constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The answer fragment test involves forming a question that contains a single wh-word (e.g. "who", "what", "where", etc.). If the test string can then appear alone as the answer to such a question, then it is likely a constituent in the test sentence:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that "Drunks", "the customers", and "put off the customers" are constituents in the test sentence. The answer fragment test is like most of the other tests for constituents in that it does not identify sub-phrasal strings as constituents:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These answer fragments are all grammatically unacceptable, suggesting that "could", "put", "off", and "customers" are not constituents. Note as well that the latter two questions themselves are ungrammatical. It is apparently often impossible to form the question in a way that could successfully elicit the indicated strings as answer fragments. The conclusion, then, is that the answer fragment test is like most of the other tests in that it fails to identify sub-phrasal strings as constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Clefting involves placing the test string X within the structure beginning with "It is/was": "It was X that...". The test string appears as the pivot of the cleft sentence:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that "Drunks" and "the customers" are constituents in the test sentence. Example c is of dubious acceptability, suggesting that "put off the customers" may not be constituent in the test string. Clefting is like most of the other tests for constituents in that it fails to identify most individual words as constituents:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The examples suggests that the each of the individual words "could", "put", "off", "the", and "customers" are not constituents, contrary to what most theories of syntax assume. In this respect, clefting is like many of the other tests for constituents in that it only succeeds at identifying certain phrasal strings as constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The VP-ellipsis test checks to see which strings containing one or more predicative elements (usually verbs) can be elided from a sentence. Strings that can be elided are deemed constituents: The symbol ∅ is used in the following examples to mark the position of ellipsis:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that "put off" is not a constituent in the test sentence, but that "immediately put off the customers", "put off the customers when they arrive", and "immediately put off the customers when they arrive" are constituents. Concerning the string "put off the customers" in (b), marginal acceptability makes it difficult to draw a conclusion about "put off the customers".


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: There are various difficulties associated with this test. The first of these is that it can identify too many constituents, such as in this case here where it is impossible to produce a single constituent structure that could simultaneously view each of the three acceptable examples (c-e) as having elided a constituent. Another problem is that the test can at times suggest that a discontinuous word combination is a constituent, e.g.:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: In this case, it appears as though the elided material corresponds to the discontinuous word combination including "help" and "in the office".


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Pseudoclefting is similar to clefting in that it puts emphasis on a certain phrase in a sentence. There are two variants of the pseudocleft test. One variant inserts the test string X in a sentence starting with a free relative clause: "What...is/are X"; the other variant inserts X at the start of the sentence followed by the "it/are" and then the free relative clause: "X is/are what/who..." Only the latter of these two variants is illustrated here.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that "Drunks", "the customers", and "put off the customers" are constituents in the test sentence. Pseudoclefting fails to identify most individual words as constituents:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The pseudoclefting test is hence like most of the other tests insofar as it identifies phrasal strings as constituents, but does not suggest that sub-phrasal strings are constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Passivization involves changing an active sentence to a passive sentence, or vice versa. The object of the active sentence is changed to the subject of the corresponding passive sentence:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The fact that sentence (b), the passive sentence, is acceptable, suggests that "Drunks" and "the customers" are constituents in sentence (a). The passivization test used in this manner is only capable of identifying subject and object words, phrases, and clauses as constituents. It does not help identify other phrasal or sub-phrasal strings as constituents. In this respect, the value of passivization as test for constituents is very limited.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Omission checks whether the target string can be omitted without influencing the grammaticality of the sentence. In most cases, local and temporal adverbials, attributive modifiers, and optional complements can be safely omitted and thus qualify as constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: This sentence suggests that the definite article "the" is a constituent in the test sentence. Regarding the test sentence, however, the omission test is very limited in its ability to identify constituents, since the strings that one wants to check do not appear optionally. Therefore, the test sentence is adapted to better illustrate the omission test:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The ability to omit "obnoxious", "immediately", and "when they arrive" suggests that these strings are constituents in the test sentence. Omission used in this manner is of limited applicability, since it is incapable of identifying any constituent that appears obligatorily. Hence there are many target strings that most accounts of sentence structure take to be constituents but that fail the omission test because these constituents appear obligatorily, such as subject phrases.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Intrusion probes sentence structure by having an adverb "intrude" into parts of the sentence. The idea is that the strings on either side of the adverb are constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Example (a) suggests that "Drunks" and "could put off the customers" are constituents. Example (b) suggests that "Drunks could" and "put off the customers" are constituents. The combination of (a) and (b) suggest in addition that "could" is a constituent. Sentence (c) suggests that "Drunks could put" and "off the customers" are not constituents. Example (d) suggests that "Drunks could put off" and "the customers" are not constituents. And example (e) suggests that "Drunks could put off the" and "customers" are not constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Those that employ the intrusion test usually use a modal adverb like "definitely". This aspect of the test is problematic, though, since the results of the test can vary based upon the choice of adverb. For instance, manner adverbs distribute differently than modal adverbs and will hence suggest a distinct constituent structure from that suggested by modal adverbs.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Wh-fronting checks to see if the test string can be fronted as a wh-word. This test is similar to the answer fragment test insofar it employs just the first half of that test, disregarding the potential answer to the question.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that "Drunks", "the customers", and "put off the customers" are constituents in the test sentence. Wh-fronting is like a number of the other tests in that it fails to identify many subphrasal strings as constituents:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples demonstrate a lack of evidence for viewing the individual words "would", "put", "off", "the", and "customers" as constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The general substitution test replaces the test string with some other word or phrase. It is similar to proform substitution, the only difference being that the replacement word or phrase is not a proform, e.g.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that the strings "Drunks", "the customers", and "could" are constituents in the test sentence. There is a major problem with this test, for it is easily possible to find a replacement word for strings that the other tests suggest are clearly not constituents, e.g.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that "could put", "Drunks could", and "could put of the" are constituents in the test sentence. This is contrary to what the other tests reveal and to what most theories of sentence structure assume. The value of general substitution as test for constituents is therefore suspect. It is like the coordination test in that it suggests that too many strings are constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Right node raising, abbreviated as RNR, is a test that isolates the test string on the right side of a coordinate structure. The assumption is that only constituents can be shared by the conjuncts of a coordinate structure, e.g.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that "could put off the customers", "put off the customers", and "the customers" are constituents in the test sentence. There are two problems with the RNR diagnostic as a test for constituents. The first is that it is limited in its applicability, since it is only capable of identifying strings as constituents if they appear on the right side of the test sentence. The second is that it can suggest strings to be constituents that most of the other tests suggest are not constituents. To illustrate this point, a different example must be used:


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: These examples suggest that "their bicycles (his bicycle) to us to use if need be", "to us to use if need be", and "to use if need be" are constituents in the test sentence. Most theories of syntax do not view these strings as constituents, and more importantly, most of the other tests suggest that they are not constituents.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: In short, these tests are not taken for granted because a constituent may pass one test and fail to pass many others. We need to consult our intuitive thinking when judging the constituency of any set of words.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: A word of caution is warranted concerning the tests for constituents as just discussed above. These tests are found in textbooks on linguistics and syntax that are written mainly with the syntax of English in mind, and the examples that are discussed are mainly from English. The tests may or may not be valid and useful when probing the constituent structure of other languages. Ideally, a battery of tests for constituents can and should be developed for each language, catered to the idiosyncrasies of the language at hand.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Constituent structure analyses of sentences are a central concern for theories of syntax. The one theory can produce an analysis of constituent structure that is quite unlike the next. This point is evident with the two tree diagrams above of the sentence "Drunks could put off the customers", where the dependency grammar analysis of constituent structure looks very much unlike the phrase structure analysis. The crucial difference across the two analyses is that the phrase structure analysis views every individual word as a constituent by default, whereas the dependency grammar analysis sees only those individual words as constituents that do not dominate other words. Phrase structure grammars therefore acknowledge many more constituents than dependency grammars.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: A second example further illustrates this point (D = determiner, N = noun, NP = noun phrase, Pa = particle, S = sentence, V = Verb, V' = verb-bar, VP = verb phrase):


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The dependency grammar tree shows five words and word combinations as constituents: "who", "these", "us", "these diagrams", and "show us". The phrase structure tree, in contrast, shows nine words and word combinations as constituents: "what", "do", "these", "diagrams", "show", "us", "these diagrams", "show us", and "do these diagrams show us". The two diagrams thus disagree concerning the status of "do", "diagrams", "show", and "do these diagrams show us", the phrase structure diagram showing them as constituents and the dependency grammar diagram showing them as non-constituents. To determine which analysis is more plausible, one turns to the tests for constituents discussed above.


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: Within phrase structure grammars, views about of constituent structure can also vary significantly. Many modern phrase structure grammars assume that syntactic branching is always binary, that is, each greater constituent is necessarily broken down into two lesser constituents. More dated phrase structures analyses are, however, more likely to allow n-ary branching, that is, each greater constituent can be broken down into one, two, or more lesser constituents. The next two trees illustrate the distinction (Aux = auxiliary verb, AuxP = auxiliary verb phrase, Aux' = Aux-bar, D = determiner, N = noun, NP = noun phrase, P = preposition, PP = prepositional phrase, Pa = particle, S = sentence, t = trace, V = Verb, V' = verb-bar, VP = verb phrase):


title: Constituent (linguistics)

text: The details in the second diagram here not crucial to the point at hand. This point is that the all branching there is strictly binary, whereas in the first tree diagram ternary branching is present twice, for the AuxP and for the VP. Observe in this regard that strictly binary branching analyses increase the number of (overt) constituents to what is possible. The word combinations "have sent many things to us" and "many things to us" are shown as constituents in the second tree diagram but not in the first. Which of these two analyses is better is again at least in part a matter of what the tests for constituents can reveal.


title: Tow truck

text: A tow truck (also called a wrecker, a breakdown truck, recovery vehicle or a breakdown lorry) is a truck used to move disabled, improperly parked, impounded, or otherwise indisposed motor vehicles. This may involve recovering a vehicle damaged in an accident, returning one to a drivable surface in a mishap or inclement weather, or towing or transporting one via flatbed to a repair shop or other location.


title: Tow truck

text: A tow truck is distinct from a car carrier trailer, which is used to move multiple new or used vehicles simultaneously in routine transport operations.


title: Tow truck

text: Ferdinand Porsche of Austro-Daimler developed an artillery tractor for the Austro-Hungarian army in 1908, the M 08. One of the batch was constructed as a recovery vehicle for the others, with a large winch on the rear platform.


title: Tow truck

text: The wrecker (with lifting jib) was invented in 1916 by Ernest Holmes Sr. of Chattanooga, Tennessee, a garage worker who was inspired after he needed blocks, ropes, and six men to pull a car out of a creek. After improving his design he began manufacturing them commercially. The International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum in his home town displays restored antique wreckers, tools, equipment, and pictorial histories of motor-vehicle towing, a type of work that Holmes originated.


title: Tow truck

text: Five general types of tow truck are in common usage, usually based on the type or size of vehicle to be towed:


title: Tow truck

text: These are the most common arrangements; others also exist, such as flatbed units that offer a wheel-lift, boom trucks that can recover but not tow, and wheel-lift units that offer a combination boom with sling.


title: Tow truck

text: There are also several sizes and weight categories of tow truck. The lightest models are usually based on light truck and van chassis offering boom and tow weights of around , making them ideal for car towing. Medium-duty tow trucks have a boom capacity of . Heavy-duty tow trucks, based on chassis used by semi-trucks, with multiple axles and the ability to tow fully-loaded semi-truck and trailer combinations, have a boom capacity from . Rotators are the heaviest type of tow truck, ranging from (though lighter models do exist) and often come with many other features per customer specification.


title: Tow truck

text: Most flatbed-type vehicles are based on medium-duty and heavy-duty trucks to provide the chassis strength necessary to carry entire vehicles.


title: Tow truck

text: Tow trucks are usually operated by private businesses, except for major highways and toll roads, where the road authority may operate the tow trucks for that stretch of road. Some police departments own tow trucks; in the US, however, it is common to contract police tows to private companies. Businesses who operate a large fleet of vehicles, such as school bus companies or package delivery services, often own one or several tow trucks for the purposes of towing their own vehicles. Government departments with large fleets (such as the police departments, fire departments, transportation authorities and departments of public works of major cities) may similarly own one or more tow trucks. Police department tow trucks may also be used to impound other vehicles. Heavy tow trucks are often called to clear semi-truck accidents and straighten out jackknifed trucks. In rural or unorganized areas, companies which operate tow trucks can sometimes also offer additional services appropriate to highway clearance where government-provided ones are unavailable, such as fire suppression.


title: Tow truck

text: The military also deploys tow trucks for recovery of stranded vehicles. In the US Army, a variant of the HEMTT truck is used for this purpose, the M984 wrecker. For recovery in combat situations while under fire, many armies with large vehicle fleets also deploy armoured recovery vehicles. These vehicles fulfill a similar role, but are resistant to heavy fire and capable of traversing rough terrain with their tracks, as well as towing vehicles beyond the weight limits of wheeled wreckers, such as tanks (many are based on tank designs for this reason).


title: Tow truck

text: Each state and territory of Australia has its own regulations and acts for the operation of tow trucks. Tow trucks are generally divided into two categories, either by standard, trade and private towing or accident towing. Accident towing tow trucks are clearly identifiable by number plates ending in either "ATT" or "TT". Tow trucks that are not endorsed for accident towing may use general number plates of any combination pursuant to each state's own registering system. An example of a statute regulating the operation of tow trucks and towing companies in Victoria is the Victorian Accident Towing Services Act.


title: 2020 (Bon Jovi album)

text: 2020 is the fifteenth studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi. The album was initially set for release on May 15, 2020, through Island, but was later pushed back to October 2, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2020 (Bon Jovi album)

text: The album's debut single "Unbroken" was released in November 2019, and the second single "Limitless" was released on February 20, 2020. "American Reckoning" was released on July 10, 2020, along with a lyric video, and "Do What You Can" was released on July 23, 2020. The music video for "Do What You Can" was released on August 25, 2020.


title: 2020 (Bon Jovi album)

text: While in quarantine, lead singer Jon Bon Jovi wrote two songs that would be included in the final album: "Do What You Can", which represents the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and "American Reckoning", a protest song about the murder of George Floyd, written in support of the Black Lives Matter movement. Before the postponement, the songs "Luv Can" and "Shine" were initially part of the album, but were replaced with "Do What You Can" and "American Reckoning". The tracklist order also changed, as the first version of the album was set to start with "Beautiful Drug" and finish with "Blood in the Water".


title: 2020 (Bon Jovi album)

text: Recording of the album started on Saturday, March 9, 2019 in Ocean Way Recording studio in Nashville. On the same day, Jon posted 30-second long Instagram story videos showing him, Tico Torres, David Bryan, John Shanks, Hugh McDonald and Phil X tuning up their instruments in the same studio. Jon Bon Jovi recorded all the songs on his smartphone in poor audio quality and brought them to the rest of the band. During the period of 11 days in Nashville, band recorded bed tracks for 23 songs. Bon Jovi then picked his favorite 10 songs, and for those songs, the band recorded vocals, guitar, piano, keyboard and percussion overdubs as well backing vocals sang by all of the band members. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the release of the album was postponed, and a tour was cancelled. The murder of George Floyd inspired him to write "American Reckoning", and the pandemic gave him the opportunity to write "Do What You Can". Both were written in his home studio.


title: 2020 (Bon Jovi album)

text: "Limitless" is a song that is encouraging optimism in an uncertain world and implores the listener to seize the day. "Do What You Can" is a song about the COVID-19 pandemic. Bon Jovi wrote the song the day after his wife took a photo of him washing the dishes in a JBJ Soul Kitchen restaurant and published it on social media with caption "If You Can't Do What You Do… Do What You Can". "American Reckoning" was inspired by the murder of George Floyd and Black Lives Matter Movement. Bon Jovi explained: "I was moved to write American Reckoning as a witness to history. I believe the greatest gift of an artist is the ability to use their voice to speak to issues that move us". "Story of Love" is a song about Bon Jovi's parenthood, family, children, wife and parents. The song takes a journey through the circle of life, where suddenly the child becomes the parent and the parents are getting older. "Let It Rain" is a song that calls for a cleansing of the spirit. It also calls for social justice, taking a stand and also calls for people to purge themselves from all of the hurt, hate and division and pursue them to search a man who is going to unify all the people. The last verse "somewhere there's a church bell/that's summoning the choir/somewhere there's a dreamer who would walk 1,000 miles" is a throwback to the "Young Guns II" (1990) era.


title: 2020 (Bon Jovi album)

text: "Lower the Flag" is inspired by the 2019 Dayton shooting. The song laments that the news cycle will move on before there is time to grieve. It concludes with the narrator reciting the names of cities caught in the crossfire, including Las Vegas, Sandy Hook Elementary, Orlando, Florida, and Columbine. Bon Jovi started to write the song on the day the shooting happened and wrote the first draft of the song over a period of two days. He continued tweaking it and realized that he did not have a proper title and the chorus for the song. He came up with the working title "Four Dead in Ohio", which is derived from the lyrics of the song "Ohio" by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. After writing the song, Bon Jovi played the song for a group of people, including Shanks. When Bon Jovi rewrote the lyrics in a way that the last line repeated what the first line of the lyrics said, he came up with a title "Lower the Flag". The bridge of the song was different for Bon Jovi from a compositional point-of-view, but the rhythm of the melody was something easy to compose for him. When he finished with the writing, he went in the studio with McDonald, Torres and Shanks. Bon Jovi played the guitar and Torres played drums. While playing drums, Torres realized that drums were hindering the progress of the song, so the band decided to exclude them in the end.


title: 2020 (Bon Jovi album)

text: "Blood In the Water" is a song that was written in 2018, and talks about migrants and the struggles they face. Bon Jovi explained: "Migrants who come to Italy or those who arrive in America from Mexico are looking for a better life. Yet we hear ignorant comments, 'I don't give a damn, let's send them back.'" "Brothers In Arms" is a song about social relevance and unity, featuring a direct reference to NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick. Bon Jovi came to idea for the song while staying in Alabama during football season. "Unbroken" was written for the film "To Be of Service", released in 2019. The song discusses soldiers who have PTSD and is from their point of view. The song is meant to honor America's veterans and their service, but also discusses the reality of their daily lives and struggles. "Shine" is a song about a partner or a child that's grown up in front of you. "Luv Can" is a song about romantic love and how it can heal, as well as religion.