title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Thus, most Argentines are descendants of these 19th and 20th century immigrants, with about 97% of the population being of European or Mestizo descent. Amerindians form around 2.4% of the population, and Africans are around 0.4% (2010 est.). Arab descent is also significant minority (mostly of Syrian and Lebanese origin) and the Jewish population is the biggest in all Latin America (6th in the world). Mestizo population in Argentina, unlike in other Latin American countries, isn't more than half the population, as is the Black population after being decimated by diseases and wars in the 19th century, though since the 1990s a new wave of Black immigration has been arriving. Native Argentines on the other hand have significant populations in the country's North-West (Quechua, Diaguita, Kolla, Aymara); in the North-East (Guaraní, Mocoví, Toba, Wichí); and in the Patagonia or South (Mapuche, Tehuelche). Asian peoples have increasing minorities in some Buenos Aires neighborhoods and are expanding to other large Argentine cities. Through the centuries people from neighboring countries like Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru have also immigrated to Argentina and established important communities.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Neither official census data nor statistically significant studies exist on the precise amount or percentage of Argentines of European descent today. The Argentine government recognizes the different communities, but Argentina's National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC) does not conduct ethnic/racial censuses, nor includes questions about ethnicity. The Census conducted on 27 October 2010, did include questions on Indigenous peoples (complementing the survey performed in 2005) and on Afro-descendants.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The number and composition of the population was stable until 1853, when the national government, after passing a constitution, started a campaign to attract European immigration to populate the country. This state policy lasted several decades. At first the number of immigrants was modest compared to other countries such as the United States (though the number of immigrants was steadily increasing as they moved to the rural areas to settle and to found "colonias" like those of Italian, German, Swiss, or French origin), but in the 1870s, due to the economic crisis in Europe, it started to increase, reaching an extremely high rate between 1890 and 1930. Unofficial records show that, during the 1860s, 160,000 immigrants arrived in Argentina, while in the 1880s the net number increased to 841,000, almost doubling the population of the country in that decade.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Between 1857 and 1950, 6,611,000 European immigrants arrived in Argentina, making it the country with the second biggest immigration wave in the world, only second to the United States with 27 million, and ahead of such other areas of new settlement such as Canada, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, Venezuela and Uruguay and permanently changing the ethnography of Argentina.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Immigrants arrived through the port of Buenos Aires and many stayed in the capital or within Buenos Aires Province and this still happens today. In 1895, immigrants accounted for 52% of the population in the capital, and 31% in the province of Buenos Aires (some provinces of the littoral, such as Santa Fe, had about 40%, and the Patagonian provinces had about 50%).


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Waves of immigrants from European countries arrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Over 30 percent of the country's population was born overseas by 1914, and half of the population in Buenos Aires and Rosario was foreign-born. Over 80% of the Argentine population, per the 1914 Census, were immigrants, their children or grandchildren.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Hotel de Inmigrantes, built in 1906 to accommodate the 100,000 to 200,000 yearly arrivals at the Port of Buenos Aires, was made a National Historic Monument.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Italian immigration to Argentina began in the 19th century, just after Argentina won its independence from Spain.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Argentine culture has significant connections to Italian culture, in terms of language, customs and traditions.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Italians became firmly established throughout Argentina, with the greatest concentrations in the city of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Province, Santa Fe Province, Entre Ríos Province, Córdoba Province, Tucumán Province, La Pampa Province, and the nearby country of Uruguay.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: There are many reasons for the Italian immigration to Argentina: Italy was enduring economic problems caused mainly by the unification of the Italian states into one nation. The country was impoverished, unemployment was rampant, certain areas were overpopulated, and Italy was subject to significant political turmoil. Italians saw in Argentina a chance to build for themselves a brand new life.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Italian population in Argentina is the third largest in the world, and the second largest (after Brazil) outside of Italy, at approximately 25 million people (62.5% of Argentina's population). Italians form a majority of the population of Argentina and neighboring Uruguay: up to two-thirds have some Italian background. Among Latin American countries, only Brazil has more people of Italian descent (28 million, approximately 15 percent of Brazil's total population).


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Croats number of 200,000 in Argentina, settling primarily in Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Chaco, and Patagonia. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, there were over 133 settlements. Many Croatian Argentines can trace their ancestry to Dalmatia and the Croatian Littoral. Many Croats came after Nikola Mihanovich developed the merchant marine.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: German immigration to Argentina occurred during five main time periods: pre–1870, 1870–1914, 1918–1933, 1933–1940 and post–1945.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Argentina and Germany have long had close ties to each other. A flourishing trade developed between them as early as the German Unification, and Germany had a privileged position in the Argentine economy. Later, Argentina maintained a strong economic relationship with both Germany and Great Britain and supported them with supplies during World War I.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: There are around 50,000 German descendants living in Buenos Aires. After the United States and Brazil, Argentina is among the nations with the largest number of German descendants in the world, together with Australia, Canada, South Africa and France. They arrived in the 19th century and then before and after World War II. Their arrival continued over an extended period, from the middle to end of the 19th century, until 1960 of the 20th century. Germans, Swiss, Belgian, Luxembourg and French people founded the Colony of Esperanza, establishing the first agricultural colony and then founding others.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Germans are one of the largest ethnic groups of Argentina and have had one of the biggest impacts in the Argentine culture. The influence of their culture has also impacted Argentine cuisine; this trend is especially apparent in the field of desserts. The pastries known as facturas are Germanic in origin: croissants, known as medialunas ("half-moons", from German "Halbmond"), are the most popular of these, and can be found in two varieties: butter- and lard-based. Also German in origin are the "Berliner" known as bolas de Fraile ("friar's balls"), and the rolls called piononos.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The facturas were re-christened with local names given the difficult phonology of German, and usually Argentinized by the addition of a dulce de leche filling. That was also the case with the "Kreppel", called torta fritas in Argentina, which were introduced by German immigrants, and similarly with the "Achtzig Schlag" cake, translated as torta ochenta golpes. In addition, dishes like chucrut (sauerkraut) and many different kinds of sausage like bratwurst have made it into mainstream Argentine cuisine.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: French immigration has left a significant mark on Argentina, with a notable influence on the arts, culture, science and society of the country. Many emblematic buildings in cities like Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba were built following French Beaux Arts and neoclassical styles, such as the Argentine National Congress, the Metropolitan Cathedral, or the Central Bank building. In particular, landscape architect Carlos Thays, in his position as 1891 Director of Parks and Walkways, is largely responsible for planting thousands of trees, creating the Buenos Aires Botanical Garden and giving the city many of its parks and plazas that are sometimes compared to similar designs in Paris.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: While Argentines of French descent make up a substantial percent of the Argentine population, they are less visible than other similarly sized ethnic groups. This is due to the high degree of assimilation and the lack of substantial French colonies throughout the country.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Argentine elites diminished the Spanish culture from their culture in the newly independent country and created Argentine culture.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Between 1857 and 1940 more than 2 million Spanish people emigrated to Argentina, mostly from Galicia, Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria in northern Spain, Catalonia in northeast Spain, and also from Andalusia in southern Spain.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Scandinavians arrived in Argentina around 1909. The first ones settled in the northeastern area and founded a city called Villa Svea (now called Oberá). It was composed of Swedes, Norwegians and Finns. Russians, Germans, English and Danish joined them before and after World War I and spread throughout the country.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Approximately 44,000 Swiss emigrated to Argentina until 1940, and settled mainly in the provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe and, to a lesser extent, in Buenos Aires.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Around 100,000 British immigrants arrived between 1857 and 1940. The British community founded solid institutions like the British Hospital in Buenos Aires, the "Herald" newspaper, prestigious bilingual schools and clubs as the Lawn Tennis Club and Hurlingham Club. British immigrants had a strong impact on the taste of Argentine sports through the development of football, polo, hockey, and rugby, among others.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: There are about 30,000 to 50,000 Argentines of Greek descent. The first immigrants arrived at the end of the 18th century, while the bulk of immigration occurred during the first half of the 20th century. Many were Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians immigrating from Greece, who became adjusted to Argentine society because of the linguistic similarities between Eastern Romance and Spanish, as well as the Latin identity of Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Bulgarian immigration in Argentina began intensively in the 1920s and had a second boom period between 1937 and 1938. Most of them were farmers from the northern regions of Bulgaria. Most settled in the province of Chaco.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Czechs were also part of the great immigration of the early 20th century. Most of their descendants live in the provinces of Chaco and Mendoza, in the country.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Irish emigrated to Argentina in the 19th century, between 1830 and 1875. They extended throughout the country, especially in the provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Rios and Córdoba. The modern Irish-Argentine community is estimated to be between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Argentina is the home of the fifth largest Irish community in the world.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Lithuanians arrived mostly after the First World War, between 1925 and 1930, and settled mainly in Buenos Aires, Berisso and Rosario.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: From 1888 to 1890, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was literally overwhelmed by a transatlantic migration wave, the so-called "Argentinienfieber" - an expression which could be translated into English by "the Argentine fever symptom". In less than two years, more than one thousand Luxembourgers - representing 0.5 per cent of the entire population - decided to emigrate to Argentina.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The first organized immigration from the Netherlands occurred in 1889, when immigrants came from the area of Friesland. A second immigration took place around 1924. Most of them settled in Mar del Plata, Bahía Blanca, Comodoro Rivadavia, and Chubut.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Organized Polish immigration began in 1897 and had a decisive influence in the Argentine population. Between the two world wars (1918–1939) large numbers of Poles emigrated. They mostly settled in Llavallol, San Justo, Valentín Alsina, San Martin, and Quilmes. Between 1946 and 1950 around one hundred thousand Poles settled in the country.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: There is a significant number of Russians in Argentina. Most reside in Buenos Aires and northeastern areas. The majority of them arrived between 1880 and 1921. Another small wave arrived in the country in early 1990.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Ukrainian regular immigration to Argentina began in the 19th century. The first Ukrainian settlement in the country was in 1897. Subsequently, groups of immigrants settled in Buenos Aires, Misiones, Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Mendoza, Río Negro, and Entre Ríos. Although the Argentine census does not provide data on ethnic origins, estimates of the Ukrainian population range from 305,000 to 500,000 people (the latter figure making Ukrainians up to 1% of the total Argentine population).


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Welsh settlement in Argentina – known in Welsh as "Y Wladfa" – began in 1865 and occurred mainly along the coast of Chubut Province in the far southern region of Patagonia. In the 19th and early 20th century the Argentine government encouraged the immigration of Europeans to populate the country outside the Buenos Aires region; between 1856 and 1875 no fewer than 34 settlements of immigrants of various nationalities were established between Santa Fe and Entre Ríos. In addition to the main colony in Chubut, a smaller colony was set up in Santa Fe by 44 Welsh people who left Chubut, and another group settled at Coronel Suárez in southern Buenos Aires Province. In the early 21st century, around 50,000 Patagonians are of Welsh descent. The Welsh-Argentine community is centered around Gaiman, Trelew and Trevelin. By Chubut's own estimate, the number of Welsh speakers is about 25,000.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Welsh language is still present in Welsh communities of Argentina and they have developed their own dialect known as Patagonian Welsh.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The overwhelming majority of Argentina's Jewish community derives from immigrants of Northern, Central, and Eastern European origin (Ashkenazi Jews), although there is a significant Sephardic population. Argentina's Jewish population is, by far, the largest in all of Latin America and is the fifth largest in the world. Buenos Aires itself is said to have over 100,000 practicing Jews, making it one of the largest Jewish urban centers in the world (see also History of the Jews in Argentina).


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: There are 1,300,000–3,500,000 Argentines whose ancestry traces back to any of various waves of immigrants, largely of Levantine cultural and linguistic heritage and/or identity.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Most Levantine Argentines are from either Lebanese or Syrian background, originating mainly from what is now Lebanon and Syria. There are people from other Arabic speaking countries in lesser numbers. Most are Christians of the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic (Maronite) churches. The first Levantine settled in Argentina in the 19th century, and most who came during this time period were Syro-Lebanese. From 1891 to 1920, 367,348 people of Levantine heritage immigrated into Argentina. When they were first processed in the ports of Argentina, they were classified as Turks because modern-day Lebanon and Syria were then occupied by the Turkish Ottoman Empire.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Armenians came in different time periods. The first wave was in the late 19th century, as a result of the Adana massacres and such targeted at Armenians in the region of Cilicia. The second (and largest) wave was from the 1910s to the 1930s, originated solely by the Armenian genocide. Armenophobia rose again in Turkey in the mid-20th century, and created the final migration of Armenians to the world – some of them arrived in Argentina and formed a separate third wave. The last wave was a result of the fall of the Soviet Union.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Argentina's National Institute of Indigenous Affairs (INAI) identifies 38 indigenous peoples throughout the country.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: There are Amerindian groups like the Tobas, Aymaras, Guaraníes and Mapuches, among others, who still maintain their cultural roots, but are under continuous pressure for religious and idiomatic integration.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The local natives who speak Quechua adopted that language either after they were conquered by the Inca Empire (that reached Tucumán) or by the teachings of the Spanish religious missionaries who came from Peru to today's Santiago del Estero Province; the language is quickly losing importance. The Survey on Indigenous Populations, published by the National Institute for Statistics and Census, gives a total of 600,329 people who see themselves as descending from or belonging to an indigenous people, representing 1.5% of Argentina's population.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: According to a recent study of 246 individuals, up to 30% of this population could have varying degrees of Native American ancestry, but other studies such as Norma Pérez Martín, 2007, at least 56% of Argentines would have indigenous ancestry


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Regarding the indigenous peoples of Argentina, the Constitution of the Argentine nation in its article 17 says:


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Some provinces in Argentina have indigenous languages as official languages, for example the Corrientes Province has Guarani as an official language and the Jujuy Province has Quechua and Aymara as official languages.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: An interesting fact is that some of the fathers of Argentina's independence wanted that the new independent state to be governed by indigenous monarchy. The Inca plan of 1816 proposed that United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Present Argentina) should be a monarchy, led by a descendant of the Inca. Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru (half-brother of Túpac Amaru II) was proposed as monarch. This proposal was supported by notable figures such as Manuel Belgrano, José de San Martín and Martín Miguel de Güemes. The Congress of Tucumán finally decided to reject the Inca's plan, creating instead a republican, centralist state.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Mapuche (from the Mapudungún Mapuche autonym) are the largest indigenous people in the Southern Cone, inhabiting central and southern Chile and part of Argentina.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Mapuche languages are spoken in Chile and Argentina. The two living branches are Huilliche and Mapudungun. Although not genetically related, lexical influence has been discerned from Quechua. Linguists estimate that only about 200,000 full-fluency speakers remain in Chile. The language receives only token support in the educational system. In recent years, it has started to be taught in rural schools of Bío-Bío, Araucanía and Los Lagos Regions.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Mapuche traditional economy is based on agriculture; their traditional social organization consists of extended families, under the direction of a lonko or chief. In times of war, the Mapuche would unite in larger groupings and elect a toki (meaning "axe" or "axe-bearer") to lead them. Mapuche material culture is known for its textiles and silverwork.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Toba, also known as the Qom, are an ethnic group of the Pampido people who live in the Central Chaco. Around the 16th century, they began to inhabit a large part of northern Argentina in what are now the provinces of Salta, Chaco, Santiago del Estero and Formosa.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Guarani People are distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guarani language. The traditional area of distribution of the Guaraní people is found in several countries (Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina), within Argentina they mostly inhabit the Misiones and Corrientes Provinces of Argentina. In the Corrientes Province, Guaraní is a co-official language.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Guarani had a great impact on Argentine culture, for example mate was consumed by the Guarani and Tupi peoples in pre-colonial times.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Other influences could be in the famous Argentinian expression "che", which could come from the Guarani language, where "che irú" means "my companion".


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Ava guaraní is the denomination currently adopted for a mixogenized indigenous culture guaraní-arahuaca formerly better known as chiriguana', which is settled mainly in southern Bolivia, from where it expanded into western Paraguay and northwestern Argentina.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Mbyá Guaraní, are a branch of the Guaraní people who live in Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. In the Argentine region of Misiones, Mbyá coexist, in the same familial communities, with members of the Xiripá Guaraní and Pai Tavytera groups. There are 120 such communities, known as "tekoás", in the region, and there are approximately 11,000 Mbyá in Argentina as a whole. Two large communities in Misiones near Iguazu Falls, Fortin Mborore and Yriapú, are home to more than 2,000 people.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Diaguita are a group of South American Indians from Chile's Norte Chico and northwestern Argentina. According to the 2010 census there are 67,410 self-identified Diaguita descendants in Argentina.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: They are a people who live in countries such as Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. In Argentina they are mostly located in the Corrientes, Jujuy and Catamarca provinces.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Quechua people have historically inhabited from Ecuador to Argentina. The Quechua languages have and had a great impact on the Spanish dialects of the region. Words like "Cancha" (Stadium) or "Palta" (avocado) have their origin in Quechuan languages.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: According to the 2010 census, the Quecha People would be composed of 55,493 people only in Argentina. The 2010 National Population Census in Argentina also revealed that there are self-identified Quechua people all over the country.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: They are a people who have historically inhabited Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. In Argentina approximately fifty thousand people have identified themselves as Whichís.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Comechingón is the common name for a group of people indigenous to the Argentine provinces of Córdoba and San Luis. They were thoroughly displaced or exterminated by the Spanish conquistadores by the end of the 17th century. According to the 2010 census there are 34,546 self-identified Comechingón descendants in Argentina.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Aónikenk people, also referred to by the exonym Tehuelche, are an indigenous people from Patagonia in South America, with existing members of the group currently residing in the southern Argentina-Chile borders. The 2010 National Population Census in Argentina revealed the existence of 27,813 people who considered themselves Tehuelche throughout the country, 7924 in the Chubut Province, 4570 in the interior of the Buenos Aires Province, 2615 in the Santa Cruz Province, 2269 in the Río Negro Province, 1702 in the city of Buenos Aires, 844 in the Mendoza Province, 738 in the Neuquén Province and 625 in the La Pampa Province.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Mocoví are an indigenous tribe of the Gran Chaco region of South America. They speak the Mocoví language and are one of the ethnic groups belonging to the Guaycuru peoples. In the 2010 Argentine census, 22,439 people self-identified as Mocoví.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Aymara people are an indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America; about 2.3 million live in Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Argentina. Their ancestors lived in the region for many centuries before becoming a subject people of the Inca in the late 15th or early 16th century, and later of the Spanish in the 16th century.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Beginning with Spanish missionary efforts, there have been many attempts to create a writing system for Aymara. The colonial sources employed a variety of writing systems heavily influenced by Spanish, the most widespread one being that of Bertonio.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Ranquel or Rankülche are an indigenous tribe from the northern part of La Pampa Province, Argentina, in South America.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Selk'nam, also known as the Onawo or Ona people, are an indigenous people in the Patagonian region of southern Argentina and Chile. They were one of the last native groups in South America to be encountered by Europeans in the late 19th century. In the mid-19th century, there were about 4000 Selk'nam; by 1919 there were 297, and by 1930 just over 100.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The exploration of gold and the introduction of farming in the region of Tierra del Fuego led to genocide of the Selk'nam perpetrated by the regimes of both states (Argentina and Chile). Joubert Yanten Gomez, a Chilean mestizo, has taught himself the language and is considered the only speaker; he uses the name "Keyuk."


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: According to Argentina's 2010 census, 696 people recognise themselves as descendants of the Selk'nam people, but they are mestizos and do not speak the Selk'nam language.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Charrúa were an Indigenous Southern Cone people in present-day Argentina (Entre Ríos), Uruguay and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul). They were a semi-nomadic people who sustained themselves mainly through hunting and gathering. Since resources were not permanent in every region, they would constantly be on the move. Rain, drought, and other environmental factors determined their movement. For this reason they are often classified as seasonal nomads.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Tonocotés or Tonokotés are an aboriginal people inhabiting the provinces of Santiago del Estero and Tucumán in Argentina.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Spaniards called the tonocotés and other peoples of the former Tucumán as "Juríes", deformation of the Quechua word "xuri" that means Rhea, because of the kind of loincloth feathers of this bird that the natives wore and that they moved into real flocks. In 1574 the name of "tonocoté" appears on a document and eventually supplanted the earlier denomination.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Current tonocotés are known as "suritas". They are partially mestizos descended from the ancient tonocotés and speak their own dialect derived from Santiago del Estero's quichua. They are distributed in 19 rural communities with about 6,000 residents in the departments of San Martín, Figueroa and Avellaneda from Santiago del Estero.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Atacama people, also called Atacameño, are indigenous people from the Atacama Desert and altiplano region in the north of Chile and Argentina and southern Bolivia.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: According to the Argentinean Census in 2010, 13,936 people identified as first-generation Atacameño in Argentina. In the past they spoke a language known as Kunza, to day the Kunza language is an isolate extinct language once spoken Chile, Argentina and Bolivia who have since shifted to Spanish and Quechua, to a lesser extent. The last speaker was documented in 1949.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: However, there are elderly people who can remember the meaning of many words and a dictionary has been created with the intention of recovering them. Julio Vilte, a native of Toconao, was able to compile a vocabulary and publish a dictionary in 2004.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Huarpes or Warpes are an indigenous people of Argentina, living in the Cuyo region. According to the 2010 Argentine census, 34,279 people identified themselves as Huarpes.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: They were divided into four large groups, each corresponding to their geographic location and also to differences in language:


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Since the 15th century groups of African slaves were exported to Argentina. From the 16th century, most Africans brought to Argentina belonged to ethnic groups who speak Bantu languages, coming from the territories now comprising the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola and Mozambique. Many slaves of these countries were bought in Brasil, a country where most of the slaves were from these countries, especially from Angola. In 1680–1777 came at least 40,000 slaves in the region, while among the latter date and 1812, when traffic was halted, some 70,000 were landed in Buenos Aires and Montevideo (that figure must be added another, unknown, admitted slave overland from Rio Grande do Sul).


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The black population in Argentina declined since the middle 19th century from 15% of the total population in 1857 (Blacks and Mulatto people), to 1% at present (mainly descendants of immigrants from Cape Verde).


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Afro-Argentines were up to a third of the population during colonial times, most of them slaves brought from Africa to work for the criollos. The 1813 Assembly decreed the Freedom of Wombs Law of 1813, which automatically freed slaves' children at birth, forty years later, in 1853, the abolition of slavery became law. Many Afro-Argentines contributed to the independence of Argentina such as María Remedios del Valle who is known as "La Madre de la Patria" (mother of the fatherland in English) and Sgt. Juan Bautista Cabral. Also there is a debate, among the historians, as to whether or not Bernardino Rivadavia, the first president of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, actual Argentina, had African ancestors.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: There is a widespread myth in Argentinian society that says that during the Paraguayan War thousands of black citizens were forcibly conscripted and used as front-line soldiers, as an explanation for the reduction of their population, but according to historian George Reid Andrews the composition of the Argentine army in 1853 meant that only two battalions of blacks served in the war. This could not have been the cause of the reduction of the Afro-Argentine population. Some argue that Blanqueamiento policies, the miscegenation with whites and amerindians could be the real causes of this reduction in the Afro-Argentine population. Censuses were used as a way of making black populations invisible, for example by creating new categories.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Since the 2000s, African immigrants, for example from Senegal, have been attracted by Argentina's flexible migration policies.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: November 8 has been celebrated as the National Day of Afro-Argentines and African Culture. The date was chosen to commemorate the recorded date for the death of María Remedios del Valle.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The first Asian-Argentines were of Japanese descent, arriving in the 1900s. For most of the 20th century they were the only Asians in Argentina. Japanese immigrants were primarily from the island of Okinawa; the majority of dry cleaning establishments in Buenos Aires were, by the mid-20th century, Japanese businesses. During the 1970s the main Asian influx was from South Korea, and during the 1990s from Taiwan and Laos. Unlike most immigrants who arrived earlier in the century, they tended to remain in close social circles and not mix with other local ethnicities. This excluded the Japanese who were the first to arrive and therefore the first to produce a native generation of mixed race Japanese-Argentines, thus integrating more so than the other Asian groups.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: The Japanese-Argentine population assimilated well into Argentine society, and nearly 78% of the fourth generation of Japanese-Argentines (Yonsei) are of mixed European and Japanese descent, mostly intermixed with immigrants from Italy and Spain, and in lesser number from the United Kingdom, France (mainly Occitania), Germany and Switzerland. The use of Japanese language has declined in Argentina and the Japanese-Argentine citizens speak the nation's national language, Spanish, although a minority of them only speak Japanese when living with a Japanese-born relative at home, but when they are living with Argentine-born relatives they only speak Spanish.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Argentine Koreans are the second-largest Korean diaspora community in South America and the 16th largest in the world, according to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Their population declined by more than 50% between 1997 and 2003. Despite the small rebound in their numbers since then, they have been surpassed in size by the rapidly growing Chinese Argentine community (which since the 1990s has been increasing non-stop and is expected to become one of the biggest immigrant groups in Argentina, together with Paraguayan, Bolivian and Peruvian immigrants). In the 2010s decade, the Korean community in Argentina has fallen behind Korean communities in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, Brazil, Canada, Singapore, The United Arab Emirates and Southeast Asia.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Chinese Argentines are Argentine citizens of Chinese ancestry or Chinese-born immigrants. The Chinese Argentine community is one of the fastest-growing communities in Argentina. As of 2018, the community was made up of 200,000 people, the 0.45% of the Argentine population.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Also there is a small community of Indians in Argentina who are mainly immigrants or descendant of immigrants from India and form the Caribbean with Indo-Caribbean influence (i.e. Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname). Most of them live in the provinces of Salta, the city of Buenos Aires, the province of the same name, Córdoba, Catamarca and Tucumán. In recent years there has been an increase in immigration from India, but still in small numbers.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Argentina is also home to the largest Lao community in South America, with almost 2,000 people. This group emigrated due to the consequences of the Pathet Lao victory in the Lao Civil War. They arrived in Argentina thanks to the fact that after an International Conference in Geneva convened by the United Nations in mid-1979, the de facto President Jorge Rafael Videla decided to collaborate by "opening the country's doors", with the aim of improving the international image of his regime in terms of human rights. Approximately 300 families were received between 1979 and 1981.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Among the most numerous immigrants from neighbouring countries are Paraguayans (the biggest foreign community), Bolivians, Peruvians, and in lesser number Ecuadorians and Brazilians.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: There have been reports of discrimination to these groups, as well as exploitation; Buenos Aires Police have released Bolivian citizens working in textile factories, some run by South Korean immigrants, others by Argentinian businessmen and women. The former first lady, Mauricio Macri's wife Juliana Awada, was involved with illegal sweat shops, where Bolivian immigrants were treated as slaves.


title: Ethnic groups of Argentina

text: Uruguayans represent a special case; many have crossed the Río de la Plata to live in Argentina, mainly in Buenos Aires, searching for opportunities in the bigger country. Given their cultural resemblances with the porteños, they are rarely discriminated against.


title: Grand duchy

text: A grand duchy is a country or territory whose official head of state or ruler is a monarch bearing the title of grand duke or grand duchess.


title: Grand duchy

text: Relatively rare until the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the term was often used in the official name of countries smaller than most continental kingdoms of modern Europe (e.g., Hungary, Castile, England) yet larger than most of the sovereign duchies in the Holy Roman Empire (e.g. Anhalt, Lorraine, Modena, Schleswig-Holstein). Only two grand duchies existed during the Holy Roman Empire's tenure, both located in Imperial Italy: Tuscany (declared as such in 1569) and Savoy (in 1696). During the 19th century there were as many as 14 grand duchies in Europe at once (a few of which were first created as exclaves of the Napoleonic empire but later re-created, usually with different borders, under another dynasty). Some of these were sovereign and nominally independent (Baden, Hesse and by Rhine, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Saxe-Weimar and Tuscany), some sovereign but held in personal union with larger realms by a monarch whose grand-dukedom was borne as a subsidiary title (Finland, Luxembourg, Transylvania), some of which were client states of a more powerful realm (Cleves and Berg), and some whose territorial boundaries were nominal and the position purely titular (Frankfurt).


title: Grand duchy

text: The only grand duchy still extant is Luxembourg. It regained its independence from Napoleonic France and became a sovereign grand duchy in 1815 by decision of the Congress of Vienna which dealt with the political aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars.


title: Grand duchy

text: In order to act as a sufficient counterbalance to France, the Congress decided to grant the dignity of grand duke of Luxembourg to the monarch of the newly created United Kingdom of the Netherlands which comprised present-day Netherlands and Belgium. Luxembourg remained in personal union with the crown of the Netherlands until 1890 when William III, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, died without leaving a male heir. He was succeeded on the Dutch throne by his daughter Wilhelmina, but she could not become Grand Duchess of Luxembourg under the semi-Salic law established by the Congress of Vienna. In terms of the law, the grand ducal throne had to be passed to a male dynast. If there were no male heirs in a specific branch of the House of Nassau, the throne would go to the next in line from any of the other branches. This resulted in the title of grand duke being bestowed on a distant male cousin of William III, Adolphe, from the elder branch of Nassau-Weilburg (at present "Luxembourg-Nassau"). The current monarch is Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg since 2000.


title: Grand duchy

text: The contemporary independent republics of Finland and Lithuania have been grand duchies during certain eras of their history.


title: Grand duchy

text: The same is true for the core state of what would ultimately become the Russian Empire: the Grand Duchy of Muscovy.


title: Grand duchy

text: The term "grand duchy" is of relatively late invention, used at first in Western Europe in 1569 in the case of Tuscany, to denote either territories of a particularly mighty duke or territories of significant importance in political, economical or military matters without being of sufficient size or importance to be recognized internationally as a kingdom.


title: Grand duchy

text: The number of duchies had inflated towards the end of the Middle Ages to an extent that included middle-sized towns or relatively small fiefs, as compared to the national, pre-medieval tribal provinces. As a consequence, a new title was needed to make the difference between important and unimportant regional powers: the title grand duke was born.


title: Grand duchy

text: One of the first examples was the unofficial use of the title for the dukes of Burgundy, who almost succeeded in forming a new kingdom in the historical region of "Lotharingia". Collectively known as the Burgundian State in modern historiography, they held lands in modern-day eastern France (Burgundy, Franche-Comté, Alsatia, Lorraine, Champagne, Picardy and Nord-Pas-de-Calais) as well as most of modern Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg and small parts of western Germany (Burgundian Netherlands). The first monarchy ever officially titled a "grand duchy" was the Medici sovereignty over Tuscany under suzerainty of the Holy Roman Emperors, the first rulers receiving the title in 1569. Tuscany remained a grand duchy until 1860, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia which succeeded in establishing a united Kingdom of Italy.


title: Grand duchy

text: In 1696, the Duchy of Savoy became the Grand Duchy of Savoy when its duke was promoted to grand duke by writ of the emperor. The title was considered a necessary bribe to keep Savoy aligned with the rest of the imperial states during the Nine Years War against France. From 1713, the primary title of the ruler of the Savoyard state became "king" instead (briefly of Sicily, then of Sardinia from 1720 onward).


title: Grand duchy

text: In the early nineteenth century, Napoléon I occasionally used the title "grand duchy" for several French satellite states given to his relatives or generals. Other allies abandoned the orbit of the Holy Roman Empire to join Napoleon's nominally independent Confederation of the Rhine. The elevation of these vassals to the title of grand duke was usually accompanied by an expansion of their realms with additional territory gathered at the expense of subdued powers such as Prussia. Though Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and most of his newly created satellite states abolished, the Congress of Vienna restored some of the previous sovereign duchies and principalities, while recognizing others as grand duchies. As a result, the 19th century saw the creation of a new group of grand duchies in central Europe, such as the grand duchies of Hesse, Baden and Oldenburg.


title: Grand duchy

text: Historically, in Europe a sovereign grand duke was one of the highest ranks among hereditary rulers after emperor and king, and was equal to that of prince-elector; ranking as royalty, i.e., European rulers and, in Germany, the reigning nobility (). The correct form of address (also for the heir apparent and his wife) is Royal Highness (HRH).


title: Grand duchy

text: The title of grand duke borne under the Russian Empire by children and grandchildren of its rulers was a non-sovereign honorific, unrelated to any grand duchy, to which was attached the style of Imperial Highness (HIH). Ranking, internationally, no higher than the members of other reigning dynasties whose head held the title of emperor, the usage was an historical anomaly, persisting from the elevation of the Grand Duchy of Muscovy to the tsardom and, later, empire of All Russia, until its collapse in 1917.


title: Grand duchy

text: In several Balto-Slavic languages (such as Russian and Lithuanian), the term often translated into English as "grand duke" is literally "grand prince". In some western European languages (English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, etc.), the term "grand prince" was rare or non-existent, used to refer to some rulers of Russia, Transylvania or Tuscany prior to the 19th century. In German and Scandinavian languages, both titles co-exist: ("grand duke") and ("grand prince"). is specifically a monarchal title (as used, for example, by the imperial princes () of the Holy Roman Empire and retained by several of the smaller post-1815 German states' rulers, and still in use today by the Prince of Liechtenstein) and is distinct from , which is used for a member of the dynasty of a monarch; both are translated as "prince" in English.


title: Grand duchy

text: Emerging from the Middle Ages, the rulers of Lithuania and of historic Russian states, as well as other Eastern European princes and later Russian dynasts, were referred to by the title (, ), whose literal English translation is "grand prince" rather than "grand duke". Although "grand prince" is found in historical references, since the reign of Catherine the Great, the Russian has usually been translated into English as "grand duke". Since the 18th century it has also been used to refer to cadets of the imperial House of Romanov who were children or patrilineal grandchildren of a Russian emperor. More remote descendants of emperors were titled "prince" (, ).


title: Grand duchy

text: The Grand Duchy of Finland, a semi-autonomous region within the Russian Empire created in 1809, was referred to in Russian, Finnish and Swedish as a "Grand Principality" ( ; ; ); as above the Russian title (which was held by the Tsar) was ().


title: Grand duchy

text: The title or "grand duke" () is said to have been used by the rulers of Lithuania, and after rulers from the Jagiellonian dynasty became Kings of Poland, it was found among the titles used by the rulers of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Polish kings of the Swedish House of Vasa also used this grand-princely title for their non-Polish territories.


title: Grand duchy

text: On the other hand, the Habsburg (Austrian) is referred to as the Grand Principality of Transylvania in English rather than as a Grand Duchy, since its name/title derives directly from . Until the 18th century it had been simply referred to as in German and the Principality of Transylvania in English, much like the Danubian Principalities.


title: Grand duchy

text: Junior members of the dynasties of historical grand duchies in Germany sometimes bore the style of Highness, sometimes that of Grand Ducal Highness, and continued to be accorded those styles post-monarchy by courtesy in such reference works as the "Almanach de Gotha" and Burke's Peerage.


title: Grand duchy

text: Prior to the Napoleonic Wars, only two grand duchies (three if Lithuania is counted, as its title was officially translated as such) were recognized in Europe. Both were in Italy and both were elevated to that status by Holy Roman Emperors who were their nominal suzerains:


title: Grand duchy

text: Other states whose names are translated as "grand duchy" in English were, properly, grand principalities:


title: Grand duchy

text: The Napoleonic Wars saw several minor ducal titles so elevated, and between then and World War I there were many grand duchies in Europe. Some were created in the Napoleonic era, others were recognized by the Congress of Vienna and were founding members of the German Confederation.


title: Grand duchy

text: The term "grand duchy" is often, but incorrectly, used in reference to Warsaw between 1807 and 1813, which was in fact the Duchy of Warsaw.


title: Grand duchy

text: In Belgium and to some extent in France, "Grand-Duché" (French for "grand duchy") is often used as a metonym to refer to the neighbouring country, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. This practice helps to avoid confusion with the adjacent Belgian Province of Luxembourg, i.e. the Walloon-speaking part of the portion of Luxembourg which was annexed by Belgium in 1839.


title: Liam Williams (boxer)

text: Liam Williams (born 26 May 1992) is a Welsh professional boxer who challenged for the WBO interim light-middleweight title in 2017 and the WBO middleweight title in 2021. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth light-middleweight titles between 2014 and 2016 and the British middleweight title from 2018 to October 2020.


title: Liam Williams (boxer)

text: Williams was born in Church Village and now lives in Clydach Vale in the Rhondda Valleys. He worked as a roofer before becoming a professional boxer.


title: Liam Williams (boxer)

text: In an amateur career which he claims began at age nine, Williams says he won 44 out of 49 fights, gaining many awards in Britain and Europe. "I won seven Welsh titles at all age levels, including the 2011 Senior ABAs when I was just 18. I beat Warren Sinden, who’s now a pro, by a wide points margin in the 75KG final."


title: Liam Williams (boxer)

text: Williams turned professional as a light-middleweight in 2011. Aged 18, he won every round against the more experienced Ryan Clark and won the vacant Commonwealth light-middleweight title in November 2014 with a 2nd-round-stoppage win over Michael Lomax.


title: Liam Williams (boxer)

text: The following year, he added the vacant British national title by stopping Kris Carslaw in the second round of their bout at Manchester Arena.


title: Liam Williams (boxer)

text: He retained both titles in defeating a previously unbeaten Gary Corcoran at the Ice Arena Wales on 16 July 2016 with an 11th-round stoppage in what has been described as a gruesome grudge match.


title: Liam Williams (boxer)

text: Williams was controversially defeated by former WBO light-middleweight world champion Liam Smith on 8 April 2017 at the Manchester Arena. Owing to incorrect weight for the bout, Smith was ineligible to inherit the interim WBO light-middleweight world title (held by Canelo Álvarez who is moving to a higher weight and expected to vacate the title).


title: Liam Williams (boxer)

text: On December 21, 2019, Williams fought Alantez Fox, ranked #2 by the WBO and #12 by the IBF at middleweight. Williams won the fight with a fifth-round TKO.


title: Liam Williams (boxer)

text: On 17 April 2021, Williams unsuccessfully challenged undefeated WBO middleweight champion Demetrius Andrade for his world title, losing a unanimous decision with scores of 118–109, 118–109, 116–111.


title: Liam Williams (boxer)

text: On February 5, 2022, Williams fought Chris Eubank Jr, ranked #1 by the WBA, #3 by the WBC, #5 by the WBO and #7 by The Ring. Eubank Jr scored four knockdowns en route to a 12-round unanimous decision victory, the judges scoring it 117-109, 116-109 and 116-108 for Eubank Jr.


title: Ewood Park

text: Ewood Park () is a football stadium in Blackburn, Lancashire, England, and the home of Blackburn Rovers F.C., founding members of the Football League and Premier League, who have played there since 1890. It is also the training ground of Preston North End F.C.It is an all seater multi-sports facility with a capacity of 31,367, and four sections: the Bryan Douglas Darwen End, Jon Parkin Stand (on the banks of the River Darwen), Ronnie Clayton Blackburn End, and Jack Walker Stand, named after Blackburn industrialist and club supporter, Jack Walker. The football pitch within the stadium measures .The owner of this stadium is Peter Kay.


title: Ewood Park

text: Football had been played on the site since at least 1881; Rovers played four matches there when it was known as Ewood Bridge and was most likely little more than a field. Their first match was against Sheffield Wednesday on 9 April 1881.


title: Ewood Park

text: Ewood Park was officially opened in April 1882 and during the 1880s staged football, athletics and some form of greyhound racing (not oval). Rovers moved back in during 1890, signing a ten-year lease at an initial annual rent of £60. Their first match at the ground was against Accrington in September. In 1893, Blackburn Rovers bought the freehold of the ground for £2500, but came close to disaster soon after when part of a stand collapsed under the weight of a 20,000 strong crowd for the visit of Everton.


title: Ewood Park

text: In 1903, a roof was built on the Darwen End of the ground, at a cost of £1,680. The stand now held 12,000 spectators.


title: Ewood Park

text: In 1904, the Nuttall Street Stand was built, based on designs by the architect, Archibald Leitch at a cost of £24,000. The stand was first used by supporters on New Year's Day 1907 for a match against Preston North End. In 1905, the textile baron Laurence Cotton became chairman and set about overhauling both team and ground. In 1906, construction started on a new main stand seating 4,112 on its upper tier with a paddock for 9,320 in front with changing rooms and offices underneath, cranked at one end to follow the angle of Nuttall Street.


title: Ewood Park

text: An attempt was made to destroy the ground in 1913. As part of the suffragette bombing and arson campaign, suffragettes carried out a series of bombings and arson attacks nationwide to support their campaign for women's suffrage. In November 1913, suffragettes attempted to burn down Ewood Park's grandstand but were foiled. In the same year, suffragettes succeeded in burning down Arsenal's then South London stadium, and also attempted to burn down Preston North End's ground. More traditionally male sports were targeted in order to protest against male dominance.


title: Ewood Park

text: The Nuttall Street stand changed very little until a fire in 1984 in the Blackburn End corner of the Stand. The club took the opportunity to redevelop this section of the stand with executive boxes and glass-fronted lounge overlooking the ground. The development cost £250,000 and was named the John Lewis Complex, after the club's founder.


title: Ewood Park

text: The Blackburn End is so named as the town of Blackburn lies behind the stand and is for home supporters. The Blackburn End was terraced in 1928, but did not acquire its concrete cantilever roof until 1960, which was financed after an FA Cup run to the 1960 FA Cup Final.


title: Ewood Park

text: A double tiered Riverside Stand was built in 1913, bringing the capacity of Ewood Park up to 70,886 with 7,000 seats. In 1928 the Riverside Stand roof was re-roofed for a total outlay of £1,550.


title: Ewood Park

text: Ewood Park saw its largest crowd – 62,522 for the visit of Bolton Wanderers in 1929. Floodlights were installed in 1958 and were first used in a friendly against Werder Bremen.


title: Ewood Park

text: After selling Walkersteel to British Steel Corporation for £330 million, Jack Walker decided to buy Blackburn Rovers and set about changing Ewood Park to one of the most advanced grounds in the country. Having gained full control of Blackburn Rovers by the end of the 1990–91 season and funded the construction of the new stand to replace the Riverside Stand three years before, Walker unveiled plans to rebuild the three other sides of Ewood Park and in June 1992 the local council plans for three new stands to be built, which would give the club an all-seater stadium with a capacity of more than 31,000. By February 1994, the new two-tiered Blackburn and Darwen End stands were opened with car parks situated behind both stands. This had involved the demolition of terraced houses in Nuttall Street and also the demolition of Fernhurst Mill.


title: Ewood Park

text: The ground's transformation was complete when in August 1994, the Jack Walker Stand was opened on the site of the old Nuttall Street Stand. The new stadium symbolised a new era for the club and was a fitting home for the soon to be champions of England. The new Ewood Park was officially opened in November 1995 which Blackburn Rovers marked the occasion with a 7–0 win over Nottingham Forest.


title: Ewood Park

text: The biggest stand at Ewood is named after former club owner Jack Walker (1929–2000). It has 11,000 seats and is one of three stands that were built during Ewood Park's ground redevelopment in the first half of the 1990s. This stand contains the home and away dressing rooms and media/conferencing facilities. Furthermore, the stand is home to the Premier Suite and Jack's Kitchen which form part of the club's hospitality packages in partnership with multinational corporation Sodexo. The neighbouring houses in Nuttall Street were demolished to make way for it.


title: Ewood Park

text: The modern Blackburn End Stand has 8,000 seats and was constructed in the early 1990s. The boardroom in the Nuttall Street Stand was dismantled piece by piece and, when rebuilding was finished, reassembled in the Blackburn End. The lower-tier houses some of the more vocal Rovers supporters. The rear of the stand is also home to a memorial garden and a statue of Jack Walker entitled "Rovers' Greatest Supporter". Outside the stand is the Blackburn Rovers club shop "Roverstore" which was revamped in 2008. The home supporters ticket office and "Blues" cafe bar is situated in the lower reaches of the stand. From here ground tours were led by former Rovers player, Ronnie Clayton (1934–2010) until his death in October 2010; it was renamed in his honour less than a year later. The stand is home to the "Strikers Lounge" where members of the club's junior membership scheme "Team Rovers" congregate before and after matches. The Bob Crompton (1879–1941) suite and Executive Boxes are also located in the stand.


title: Ewood Park

text: On 13 August 2011, as a sign of respect to the late and long-serving Rover Ronnie Clayton, it was announced at half-time during the first game of the 2011–12 Premier League season that The Blackburn End was to be renamed The Ronnie Clayton End.


title: Ewood Park

text: It was not until 1988 that the old Riverside Stand was replaced by a new stand. The old stand had failed a safety check in 1985 that came in the aftermath of the Bradford City stadium fire; a new, single-tier stand housing over 1,000 (700 seated approx.). The material for the new roof and terracing was provided by local steel firm, Walkersteel, owned by the man who was soon to buy the club, Jack Walker. Further development of the Riverside Stand took place in 1990 with further seats being added. The stand is currently sponsored by Regulatory Finance Solutions (RFS).


title: Ewood Park

text: The Riverside Stand is now the oldest part of the modern Ewood Park. It is the only single tiered stand in the ground, the seating spells out the word "ROVERS" – the club's nickname. The stand holds approximately 4,000 spectators. At the corner of the stand is a giant TV screen showing features, teamsheets and other live games on a match day. Since around the year 2000, there have been plans to redevelop the stand, which would raise Ewood Park's capacity by around 9,000 to 40,000. However, these plans have yet to materialise, and were not even realised during Blackburn's long spell in the Premier League. Any development in the foreseeable future depends on an increase of attendance.


title: Ewood Park

text: The Darwen End is so named after the town of Darwen which is situated just beyond Blackburn's southern borders.


title: Ewood Park

text: The modern Darwen End was built in 1993. The stand houses both home and away supporters in a two tier stand mirroring the Blackburn End in both appearance and capacity. The stand houses the club's education department which attracts youngsters from the surrounding areas for football-based activities in the classroom. The stand is home to the "Legend's Lounge" and International hospitality suites. Behind the stand is the Blackburn Rovers Indoor Centre which provides facilities for community coaching, football leagues and soccer schools. Fernhurst Mill, which stood to the rear of the former Darwen End terrace, was demolished to make way for the new stand as well as a new car park to serve the stadium.


title: Ewood Park

text: On 1 November 2012 the Darwen End was renamed as a tribute to club legend Bryan Douglas. He said of the honour: "The first person to congratulate me was Ronnie's wife Val. He is at one end of the ground and I’m at the other end and long may that continue. We were great friends. They have put me at the right end as well. I was born just 400 yards away from the Darwen End. It is a really proud moment".


title: Ewood Park

text: Though primarily the home ground for Blackburn Rovers, Ewood Park has seen other usage, including hosting the 1941 Football League War Cup Final Replay. The ground was given the honour of hosting an international – England v Scotland in 1891 and England v Wales in 1924. Six FA Cup semi finals were played at the venue between 1893 and 1947. On 9 November 2002 Ewood Park hosted Great Britain's rugby league test match against New Zealand, which was part of their tour of Great Britain and France. The tourists won 30 – 16 with 16,654 in attendance. The ground has also hosted numerous England U21 internationals including England v Wales in 2004. The stadium hosted three matches during the Women's Euro 2005 competition – two England matches in group play, and the final. In 2014, the official supporters trust of the club, Rovers Trust, successfully applied to register the stadium as an Asset of Community Value, In June 2017 the ground hosted a pop concert by Elton John.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV) was a large American conglomerate which existed from 1961 to 2000. At its peak, it was involved in aerospace, airlines, electronics, steel manufacturing, sporting goods, meat packing, car rentals, and pharmaceuticals, among other businesses.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: It began in 1947 as Ling Electric Company, later named Ling-Temco-Vought, followed by LTV Corporation and eventually LTV Steel until its end in 2001.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: In 1947, entrepreneur James Ling founded an electrical contracting business, Ling Electric Company, in Dallas, Texas. He lived in the rear of the shop. After incorporating and taking the company public in 1955, Ling found innovative ways to market the stock, including selling door-to-door and from a booth at the State Fair of Texas.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: In 1956 Ling bought L.M. Electronics, and in 1959 added Altec Electronics, a maker of stereo systems and speakers. In 1960 Ling merged the company with Temco Aircraft, best known for its missile work. In 1961, using additional funding from insurance businessman Troy Post and Texas oil baron David Harold Byrd they acquired Chance Vought aerospace in a hostile takeover. The new company became Ling-Temco-Vought.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: With low interest rates allowing the company to borrow huge sums, Ling built one of the major 1960s conglomerates. As long as the target company's earnings exceeded the interest on the loan (or corporate bond), or the company's price/earnings ratio was less than that of Ling-Temco-Vought's stock, the conglomerate became more profitable overall. Given the fairly unsophisticated stock research of the era, the company appeared to be growing without bound, and its share price rose.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: In 1964 Ling turned Ling-Temco-Vought into a holding company and established three public companies as subsidiaries, LTV Aerospace, LTV Ling Altec, and LTV Electrosystems. LTV Aerospace received assets for Vought and a large part of Temco Aircraft. LTV Ling Altec contained Altec Electronics and other properties and the rest went to LTV Electrosystems. The intention was to make the sum of the parts appear to be worth more than the whole. Ling used this technique to raise capital and buy more companies. Portions of LTV Electrosystems would later spin off to E-Systems, then part of Raytheon IIS, and since 2002 part of L-3 Communications-Integrated Systems (L-3/IS).


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: In 1965, Ling added the wire and cable company Okonite. In 1967, they took over Wilson and Company, which was twice the size of Ling Temco Vought. Wilson was a diverse company involved in meat packing, sporting goods, and pharmaceuticals. Wilson's president Roscoe Haynie was not aware of the takeover scheme until two weeks before the takeover was complete. Ling later split Wilson into three parts (meat packing, sporting goods (Wilson Sporting Goods), and pharmaceuticals (Wilson Pharmaceutical and Chemical)), and spun them off into separate companies traded on the American Stock Exchange.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: In 1968, Ling-Temco-Vought added Greatamerica Corporation, Troy Post's holding company for Braniff International Airways and National Car Rental, and J & L Steel. In addition, it acquired resorts in Acapulco and Guerrero, Mexico, and Steamboat Springs, Colorado. By 1969, LTV had purchased 33 companies, employed 29,000 workers, and offered 15,000 separate products and services, and was one of the 40 biggest industrial corporations.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: Ling-Temco-Vought had a combined sales of $3.6 billion in 1969 ($ today), but investors found that the conglomerates were not growing any faster than the individual companies had before they were bought out. Share prices plummeted, sparking a bear market, and there was a general feeling that conglomerates were to blame for the market woes. An antitrust lawsuit was filed that year.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: Eventually the board of directors demoted James Ling in 1970 and he left the company, to be replaced by former Ling-Temco-Vought executive, Paul Thayer.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: As part of a 1971 antitrust settlement, the company sold its Braniff and Okonite components, and Thayer changed the company name from Ling-Temco-Vought to LTV Corporation. Thayer was succeeded by former Xerox executive Raymond Hay.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: In July 1986, LTV Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. With $6.14 billion ($ today) in total assets and $4.59 billion in debt, it was the largest bankruptcy in US history to that point.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: The company went into a series of divestitures, most notably the entire LTV Aerospace division; the aerospace component retained the legacy Vought name as the independent Vought Corporation, while the missile component later became part of Loral Corporation and later became the Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control division. After the 1984 merger of the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company subsidiary with Republic Steel Corporation, the company continued to exist primarily as a steel producer, renaming itself LTV Steel, and moved its headquarters to Cleveland, Ohio in 1993.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: LTV did not leave Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection until June 28, 1993 in what was described in 1999 as one of the longest and most complicated bankruptcies in US history.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: LTV Steel filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, on December 29, 2000. The company subsequently dissolved on December 18, 2001. The assets were acquired in February 2002 by Wilbur Ross and merged with Weirton Steel to form the International Steel Group.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: Some of the railroad subsidiaries – Chicago Short Line Railway, Cuyahoga Valley Railway, and River Terminal Railway – went to ISG Railways, while the Ohio Central Railroad System acquired Aliquippa and Southern Railroad and Mahoning Valley Railway. The former Monongahela Connecting Railroad is now operated by the Allegheny Valley Railroad.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: In 2002, Lombard Metals Corp located in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, purchased all the outside inventory totaling 224,000,000 lbs of steel from 58 locations throughout the country.


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: A new office building was built at 1600 Pacific Avenue in downtown Dallas to house the operations of LTV, as well as a bank and other offices. The building opened in 1964. After LTV departed its offices there in the 1980s, the building went to other owners and various tenants before being repurposed in 2015 with a Hilton Garden Inn hotel on the building's lower floors, while the upper floors were made into residential apartments. As a nod to the building's history and previous tenants, the apartments were dubbed the LTV Tower Apartments. The building's new owners went further, using the letters of the name to create a promotional tagline for the property: "Love The View".


title: Ling-Temco-Vought

text: LTV spent its later years in Dallas in a new complex, LTV Center, which opened in 1985 at 2001 Ross Avenue. After LTV departed its headquarters for Cleveland, the building was renamed the Trammell Crow Tower; it is now Trammell Crow Center.


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: Ayunda Faza Maudya (born 19 December 1994), known as Maudy Ayunda, is an Indonesian pop singer and actress.


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: Ayunda was born to parents Didit Jasmedi R. Irawan and Mauren Jasmedi (born 1968). She has a younger sister named Amanda Khairunissa. She married Jesse Jiseok Choi, a Korean-American businessman, in May 2022.


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: Ayunda was a runner-up in a speech competition at her school. She speaks English, Javanese, Indonesian, Mandarin, and Spanish. After graduating from the British School Jakarta, Ayunda enrolled at St Hilda's College in University of Oxford to study Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) and graduated in 2016.


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: Maudy has decided to join Stanford for her master's degree instead of Harvard, because the former offers a joint degree of MBA and Education, which is a combination of her passions.


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: Maudy Ayunda's first film role was in "" (2005) alongside Surya Saputra. Her next film was "Sang Pemimpi" (2009), directed by Riri Riza, where she played the role of Zakiah Nurmala, the protagonist's love interest. Her song "Mengejar Mimpi" was featured on the soundtrack.


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: In 2011, Ayunda appeared in two musicals, "" and "Tendangan dari Langit". In 2012, she had a role in "Malaikat Tanpa Sayap", alongside Adipati Koesmadji.


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: Ayunda released her debut album, "Panggil Aku...", in 2011 that featured 10 songs, one of which she wrote "Tetap Bersama". In 2012, her vocal of "Perahu Kertas", written by Dewi Lestari was used for the soundtrack of "Perahu Kertas".


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: In January 2014, she recorded a duet "By My Side" with David Choi. The song was well-received in Indonesia and released on iTunes Music Indonesia and as a YouTube video on 19 March 2014. She released her second studio album "Moments" on 1 April 2015. In 2015, she also released three singles: "Cinta Datang Terlambat", "Bayangkan Rasakan" and "Untuk Apa" and earned a Multi-Platinum award for selling over 200.000 copies.


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: In 2016, Walt Disney Pictures chose Maudy to sing the soundtrack "Seberapa Jauh Ku Melangkah", Indonesian translation of "How Far I'll Go" for the film "Moana".


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: In 2020, Maudy was named to "Forbes" "30 Under 30 Asia" list in the entertainment and sports category.


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: In March 2022, she was appointed as a spokesperson for the upcoming G20 summit in Indonesia, scheduled to be held in November 2022 Her appointment sparked criticism from some, with some saying that she has no experience in the diplomacy, international relations and calling it a "gimmick". Bloomberg News questioned her appointment, calling it is a vanity appointment by the government to connect with the young population, while young Indonesians face high unemployment and rising living costs. Wasito Raharjo, a political researcher at BRIN, says her appointment is an attempt to "dismiss critcism from the youth on critical issues."


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: Ayunda is involved in social, political and economic issues in Indonesia, especially those impacting the lives of young people. In 2015, she accompanied the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron, during his visit to Jakarta.


title: Maudy Ayunda

text: Ayunda is involved in the campaign against modern slavery, which includes forced labor, marriage and dangerous labor. In March 2017, she was appointed a spokesperson against modern slavery at the Vice Presidential Palace in Jakarta. Through her work, she tries to acquaint her audience with the realities of modern slavery, and uses social media platforms to promote that message.


title: America's Got Talent (season 12)

text: The twelfth season of American talent show competition series "America's Got Talent" was broadcast on NBC from May 30 to September 20, 2017. Following the previous season, Nick Cannon ended his involvement with the program following a disagreement with the network, and was replaced as host by Tyra Banks before production of the new season began. The guest judges for this season's Judge Cuts stage included Chris Hardwick, DJ Khaled, Laverne Cox and Seal.


title: America's Got Talent (season 12)

text: The twelfth season was won by singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne, with singer Angelica Hale finishing second, and glow-light dance troupe Light Balance placing third. During its broadcast, the season averaged around 12.66 million viewers, becoming the most watched in the program's history to date. It was dedicated to the memory of a participant who had died outside of filming, after auditioning for the competition.


title: America's Got Talent (season 12)

text: Open auditions took place in late 2016 within Chicago, Austin, Cleveland, Jacksonville, Philadelphia, Las Vegas, San Diego, New York City, Charleston, Memphis and Los Angeles. Online auditions were also accepted. As with the previous year, the judges' auditions were filmed in March and held at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles. The Judge Cuts stage of the competition included comedian Chris Hardwick, media personality DJ Khaled, actress Laverne Cox and singer Seal as guest judges.


title: America's Got Talent (season 12)

text: After eight years of hosting, Nick Cannon faced criticism from NBC over a joke he made on his 2017 Showtime comedy special "Stand Up, Don't Shoot", which the network deemed as potentially racist. Cannon determined it was best to leave "AGT" rather than face the possibility of being fired by the network, announcing his resignation from the program on February 13, 2017 (a month before production of the twelfth season began). Although the network would not accept his announcement to begin with (owing to the fact that Cannon was still under contract to host "AGT"), the network eventually agreed that his decision was the best course of action under the circumstances, and sought to find a replacement before the new season began. On March 12, television personality Tyra Banks was unveiled as the new host, prior to filming commencing.


title: America's Got Talent (season 12)

text: Of the participants who auditioned for this season, thirty-six secured a place in the live quarter-finals, with twelve quarter-finalists in each one. Among these included: singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne, singer and ukeleleist Mandy Harvey, singer Christian Guardino, glow-light dance troupe Light Balance and singer Angelina Green, who had each received a golden buzzer from the main judges and host; singer Angelica Hale, singer and guitarist Chase Goehring, singer Celine Tam and soul singer Johnny Manuel, who had each received a golden buzzer from the guest judges; vocal group Final Draft, comic daredevil Bello Nock and video-mappers Oskar and Gaspar, who were chosen as Wildcard quarter-finalists. About twenty-two quarter-finalists advanced and split between the two semi-finals, including dog tricks act Pompeyo Family Dogs (chosen as the Wildcard semi-finalist), with ten semi-finalists securing a place in the finals. The following below lists the results of each participant's overall performance in this season:


title: America's Got Talent (season 12)

text: The following ratings are based upon those published by Nielsen Media Research after this season's broadcast:


title: America's Got Talent (season 12)

text: During the 2017 season of "America's Got Talent", the program paid tribute to American physician Brandon Rodgers, who auditioned for a place in the competition but died following a fatal accident after conducting his performance, on 11 June. 2017. His performance was not shown by producers during the audition episodes, as it was felt unwise to do so without consent from his family, but was later aired as a tribute during the Judge Cuts episode that was broadcast on July 11.


title: Willie Rushton

text: William George Rushton (18 August 1937 – 11 December 1996) was an English cartoonist, satirist, comedian, actor and performer who co-founded the satirical magazine "Private Eye".


title: Willie Rushton

text: Rushton was born 18 August 1937 in 3 Wilbraham Place, Chelsea, London, the only child of publisher John Atherton Rushton (1908-1958) and his Welsh wife Veronica (née James, 1910-1977). He was educated at Shrewsbury School, where he was not academically successful but met his future "Private Eye" colleagues Richard Ingrams, Paul Foot and Christopher Booker. He also contributed to the satirical magazine "The Wallopian", (a play on the school magazine name "The Salopian") mocking school spirit, traditions and the masters. Later, he said he recalled little of his schooldays, except that "it was Blandings country. The sort of place you go to die, not to be educated".


title: Willie Rushton

text: After school Rushton had to perform two years of national service in the army, where he failed officer selection. He later commented, "The Army is, God bless it, one of the funniest institutions on earth and also a sort of microcosm of the world. It's split almost perfectly into our class system. Through serving in the ranks I discovered the basic wit of my fellow man – whom basically, to tell the truth, I'd never met before." On leaving the army, he worked in a solicitor's office for a short period.


title: Willie Rushton

text: Rushton remained in contact with his Shrewsbury friends, who had added John Wells to their number and were now running their own humour magazines at Oxford, "Parsons Pleasure" and "Mesopotamia", to which Rushton made many contributions during his frequent visits. A cartoon of a giraffe in a bar saying "The high balls are on me" was not met with approval by everyone in the university administrative quarters. Rushton suggested that "Mesopotamia" could continue after they left university. During his time as a clerk he had been sending his cartoons out to "Punch" but none had been accepted. After being knocked over by a bus, he gave up his job as a clerk, determined not to waste another day.


title: Willie Rushton

text: After almost but not quite being accepted by "Tribune" (a Labour-supporting newspaper edited by Michael Foot, Paul's uncle), Rushton found a place at the "Liberal News", which was also employing Christopher Booker as a journalist. From June 1960 until March 1961, he contributed a weekly strip, "Brimstone Belcher", following the exploits of the titular journalist (a fore-runner of "Private Eye"s Lunchtime O'Booze), from bizarre skulduggery in the British colonies (where the soldiers holding back the politicised rabble bear a strong resemblance to privates Rushton and Ingrams), travelogues through the US, and the hazards of by-electioneering as the independent candidate for the constituency of Gumboot North. After the strip folded, Rushton still contributed a weekly political cartoon to the "Liberal News" until mid-1962.


title: Willie Rushton

text: The Salopians finally found a financier for their magazine and the first issue of "Private Eye" was published on 25 October 1961. Rushton put it together in his bedroom in Scarsdale Villas using Letraset and cow-gumming illustrations onto cards which were taken away to be photo-lithographed. He also contributed all the illustrations and the mast-head figure of Little Gnitty (who still appears on the cover, a blended caricature of John Wells and the "Daily Express" standard-head). One critic described the original lay-out of the magazine as owing much to "Neo-Brechtian Nihilism", although Rushton thought it resembled a betting shop floor. One feature in the early issues was the "Aesop Revisited", a full-page comic strip which let him work in a wealth of puns and background jokes. With "Private Eye" riding the satire boom, Peter Cook soon took an interest and contributed two serials recounting the bizarre adventures of Sir Basil Nardly-Stoads and the Rhandi Phurr, both of which were illustrated by Rushton, as was "Mrs Wilson's Diary". In the early days the team also worked on two books, "Private Eye on London" and "Private Eye's Romantic England" that make heavy use of his cartooning talents. One of the first "Private Eye"-published books was Rushton's first collection of cartoons, "Willie Rushton's Dirty Weekend Book" (banned in Ireland).


title: Willie Rushton

text: Reuniting with his Salopian chums had also reawakened Rushton's taste for acting. After they had finished university, he had accompanied his friends in a well-received revue at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. (Richard Burton even appeared one night in their parody of "Luther".) In 1961, Richard Ingrams directed a production of Spike Milligan's surreal post-nuclear apocalypse farce "The Bed-Sitting Room", in which Rushton was hailed by Kenneth Tynan as "brilliant". But it was a cabaret at the Room at the Top, a chicken-in-a-basket nightclub at the top of a department store in Ilford, that really launched his career. Rushton recalled meeting the Kray twins in the audience one night and that fellow performer Barbara Windsor "wouldn't come out for a drink that night". The revue also starred John Wells. Rushton's impersonation of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan caught the attention of Ned Sherrin, a young BBC producer searching for talent to appear in a forthcoming TV satire series.


title: Willie Rushton

text: "That Was the Week That Was" (aka "TW3") ran from November 1962 until December 1963. It drew audiences of up to 13 million, making stars of its cast, particularly David Frost. Rushton became known for his impersonation of the Prime Minister, a daring novelty in those respectful days. "It's the only impersonation that people have ever actually recognised – so I'm very grateful to the old bugger ... But then I had voted for him, so he owed me something." Rushton also appeared on the original flexi-discs of skits, squibs and invective that "Private Eye" gave away, having success with two self-penned songs: "Neasden" ("you won't be sorry that you breezed in ... where the rissoles are deep-freezed-en") and the "Bum Song" ("if you’re feeling glum / stick a finger up your bum / and the world is a happier place"). He also wrote songs for "TW3", many of which were revisited on later solo albums like "Now in Bottles" and "The Complete Works".


title: Willie Rushton

text: In the autumn of 1963, a health scare led Macmillan to resign and Sir Alec Douglas-Home became Prime Minister. It was necessary that Douglas-Home resign his peerage to find a safe Parliamentary seat. The "Private Eye" team were so disgusted by the Conservative Party's machinations that they decided to stand their own protest candidate in the Kinross and Western Perthshire by-election. Since he was the most well-known member of the team, Rushton was the obvious choice to stand. Rushton gained much attention from journalists, since he stood under the slogan "Death to the Tories". He polled only 45 votes, having advised his supporters at the last minute to vote Liberal, the Conservatives' only credible challenger. Douglas-Home won.


title: Willie Rushton

text: When "TW3" was cancelled in anticipation of the 1964 election, Rushton and some of the cast, as well as some of the members of the Cambridge University revue "Cambridge Circus" (including future Goodies Tim Brooke-Taylor and Bill Oddie), went on tour in America as "David Frost Presents TW3". Rushton and Barry Fantoni (another "Private Eye" contributor) entered a painting titled "Nude Reclining", a satirical portrait of three establishment types, for the 1963 Royal Academy Summer Exhibition under the name of Stuart Harris, which excited much controversy. He also began a career as a character actor for films in 1963. In late 1964 Rushton was involved as one of the hosts in the early episodes of another satirical programme, "Not So Much a Programme", but drifted away as it became the vehicle that launched David Frost as a chat show host. In 1964 he appeared as Richard Burbage in Sherrin and Caryl Brahms' musical of "No Bed for Bacon", while his early stature as a personality was confirmed by a cartoon advert he devised for the Brewers' Society proclaiming the charms of the local pub. Rushton did his own host duties for "New Stars and Garters", a variety entertainment show in 1965, where he first met Arlene Dorgan. He also appeared as a guest in programmes including "Not Only... But Also" with Peter Cook and Dudley Moore.


title: Willie Rushton

text: During the late 1960s, Rushton spent much of his time in Australia, following Dorgan back to her homeland. He married her in 1968. He also had several series of his own on Australian television, "Don’t Adjust Your Set – The Programme is at Fault" and "From Rushton with Love". He said of Australia, "They've got their priorities right, they're dedicated to lying in the sun, knocking back ice-cold beer". During this period he found time to model for "She" magazine and also appear in a 1967 stage production of "Treasure Island" as Squire Trelawney, alongside Spike Milligan and Barry Humphries, at the Mermaid Theatre in London. It was on one of his return visits to the UK in 1968 that he also brought back the late Tony Hancock's ashes to the UK in an Air France bag – "My session with the Customs was a Hancock's Half Hour in itself."


title: Willie Rushton

text: He appeared in cameo roles in films, including "Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines" (1965), "Monte Carlo or Bust" (1969), "The Best House in London" (1969) and "The Adventures of Barry McKenzie" (1972). He played Tim Brooke-Taylor's gay husband in Sharon Tate's last film before her murder, "The Thirteen Chairs" (1969), and Tobias Cromwell in "Flight of the Doves" (1971), as well as appearing in sex comedies such as "Keep It Up Downstairs" (1976), "Adventures of a Private Eye" (1977) and "Adventures of a Plumber's Mate" (1978). His final film appearance was as Big Teddy in "Consuming Passions" released in 1988. As a TV actor in the 1970s he appeared in episodes of popular programmes as different as "The Persuaders!", "Colditz" (episode: "The Guests" – Major Trumpington in a kilt) and "Up Pompeii!" as the narrator Plautus. He was Dr Watson to John Cleese's Sherlock Holmes in N. F. Simpson's surreal comedy "Elementary, My Dear Watson". In 1975 and 1976 he appeared in well-received pantomimes of "Gulliver’s Travels"; in 1981 in Eric Idle's "Pass the Butler"; and in 1988 as Peter Tinniswood's irascible Brigadier in "Tales from a Long Room". Rushton also wrote two musicals:


title: Willie Rushton

text: In this period, he also found time to contribute seven humorous, spoken word pieces for the double LP, "Tale of Ale".


title: Willie Rushton

text: His last major solo TV project was "Rushton's Illustrated" (1980; partially wiped by ATV which often did not keep programmes considered of no international sales value). By now he was an established guest on quiz shows and celebrity panel games: "Celebrity Squares", "Blankety Blank", "Countdown" and "Through the Keyhole". When asked why he appeared on these "ludicrous programmes", his answer was simple: "Because I meet everybody there".


title: Willie Rushton

text: For 22 years until his death, he was a panellist in the long-running BBC Radio 4 panel comedy game show "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue", which he joined as a regular team member in the third series in 1974. In its later years, the show's wealth of silliness, smut and punning was drawing audiences of up to a thousand people for its recordings. In 1990 he teamed up with his co-panellist Barry Cryer in their own show "Two old Farts in the Night", performing to full audiences at the Edinburgh festival, the Royal Albert Hall and the Festival Hall, touring the country irregularly until Rushton's death.


title: Willie Rushton

text: He played a recurring character as a policeman in Southern Television's 1970–73 children's show "Little Big Time" with Freddie Garrity; his policeman's helmet bore a blue flashing light. His manner and voice meant Rushton was in constant demand for adverts, voice-overs and presenting jobs. In the mid-1970s, his reading of "Winnie the Pooh" for the BBC's "Jackanory" was particularly popular. He also provided all the voices for the claymation animated series "The Trap Door" in the late 1980s. He was a popular choice for narrating audio books, especially those for children. In particular he recorded 18 of the books by the Rev. W. Awdry for "The Railway Stories" series. He also recorded adaptations of Asterix books and "Alice in Wonderland", and provided the voice of the King in the early animated Muzzy films. In the early 1980s he wrote and illustrated a series of children's books about "The Incredible Cottage", and provided illustrations for many children's books.


title: Willie Rushton

text: Rushton had not been involved in "Private Eye" since the latter part of the 1960s, other than a brief stint illustrating "Mrs Wilson's Diary" when the Labour Party came back into power in the mid-1970s. He returned to "Private Eye" in 1978 to take over the task of illustrating "Auberon Waugh's Diary", which continued until 1986. The cartoons perfectly complemented Auberon Waugh's scabrous and surreal flights of invective, and when Waugh moved his column to "The Daily Telegraph" as the "Way of the World" in 1990, Rushton followed, drawing at Waugh's instruction such surreal concepts as Richard Ingrams pretending to be a seven-year-old choirgirl, the head of a dead cow coming out of a computer connected to the then-new (in common usage) internet and a nude statue of Benjamin Britten with a bird bath discreetly covering its private parts. The Victoria and Albert Museum, recognising his accomplishments, commissioned 24 large colour illustrations which were collected as "Willie Rushton's Great Moments of History". (Rushton had previous experience with the V&A when he had pulled a prank on the institution by labelling an electric plug socket in one of the galleries: "Plug hole designed by Hans Plug (b. 1908)", which remained for a full year – to the great annoyance of a cleaner who had to use a hefty extension lead for 12 months so as not to damage the exhibit.) This large-scale excursion into the use of colour was good practice for the monthly colour covers he created for the "Literary Review" when Waugh became its editor in 1986. Rushton drew these covers along with the fortnightly caricatures for "Private Eye"s literary review page until he died.


title: Willie Rushton

text: Rushton had always been conscious of his weight, listing his recreations in "Who's Who" as "gaining weight, losing weight and parking", and in 1973 he had been the host of a slimming programme, "Don't Just Sit There". His first major health scare had been the onset of diabetes (the cause of his father's death in 1958). Having to give up beer, Rushton became, according to Ingrams, "quite grumpy as a result, but his grumpiness had an admirable and jaunty quality to it." A sudden loss of three stone had prevented him from playing in Prince Rainier's XI at Monte Carlo, Monaco. Rushton was always passionate about cricket. His father had sent him for coaching at Lord's before he went to Shrewsbury. His cricket and general knowledge were called upon in his role as a regular team captain on BBC Radio 4's quiz show "Trivia Test Match" with Tim Rice and Brian Johnston, which ran from 1986 to 1993. Rushton was always an enthusiastic cricketer, playing in the Lord's Taverners, a charity celebrity cricket team.


title: Willie Rushton

text: In 1989 he performed in "The Secret Policeman's Biggest Ball". His act consisted of singing "Top Hat, White Tie and Tails" and acting out the lyrics, which left him standing in a top hat, white tie, and tails – but no trousers. In his later years his cartoons were part of an exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery.


title: Willie Rushton

text: Rushton died of a heart attack at Cromwell Hospital, Kensington, in 1996, aged 59. Ten years earlier, he had made a jocular prediction that he would die that year. In the first episode of Series 13 of "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue", which aired on 26 July 1986, Chairman Humphrey Lyttelton asked the panellists to "gaze into their crystal balls" and make predictions for 1996. Rushton said, "I'm sorry you introduced this round, because I just spotted a memorial service for myself in Westminster Abbey in January".


title: Willie Rushton

text: Among his last words was the advice, "Tell Bazza he's too old to do pantomime", meant for his long-time friend Barry Cryer.


title: Willie Rushton

text: Rushton is honoured by a Comic Heritage blue plaque at Mornington Crescent tube station, a reference to the game Mornington Crescent on "I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue".


title: Willie Rushton

text: BBC7 showcased his contribution to "I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue" – in the week of the 10th anniversary of his death – by rebroadcasting five episodes of the show, one on each weekday night (11–15 December 2006). The broadcasts chosen included the last shows he recorded for the programme.


title: Willie Rushton

text: According to the autobiography of Nicholas Parsons, Rushton's ashes were buried by the boundary at The Oval Cricket Ground.


title: Šibenik

text: Šibenik (; historically known as Sebenico (from Italian: )) is a historic city in Croatia, located in central Dalmatia, where the river Krka flows into the Adriatic Sea. Šibenik is a political, educational, transport, industrial and tourist center of Šibenik-Knin County, and is also the third-largest city in the Dalmatian region. As of 2011, the city has 34,302 inhabitants, while the municipality has 46,332 inhabitants.


title: Šibenik

text: There are multiple interpretations of how Šibenik was named. In his fifteenth century book "De situ Illiriae et civitate Sibenici," Juraj Šižgorić describes the name and location of Šibenik. He attributes the name of the city to it being surrounded by a palisade made of "šibe" (sticks, singular being "šiba"). Another interpretation is associated with the forest through the Latin toponym "Sibinicum", which covered a narrower microregion within Šibenik on and around the area of St. Michael's Fortress.


title: Šibenik

text: Unlike other cities along the Adriatic coast, which were established by Greeks, Illyrians and Romans, Šibenik was founded by Croats. Excavations of the castle of St. Michael, have since proven that the place was inhabited long before the actual arrival of the Croats. It was mentioned for the first time under its present name in 1066 in a Charter of the Croatian King Petar Krešimir IV and, for a period of time, it was a seat of this Croatian King. For that reason, Šibenik is also called "Krešimirov grad" (Krešimir's city).


title: Šibenik

text: Between the 11th and 12th centuries, Šibenik was tossed back and forth among Venice, Byzantium, and Hungary. It was conquered by the Republic of Venice in 1116, who held it until 1124, when they briefly lost it to the Byzantine Empire, and then held it again until 1133 when it was retaken by the Kingdom of Hungary. It would change hands among the aforementioned states several more times until 1180.


title: Šibenik

text: The city was given the status of a town in 1167 from Stephen III of Hungary. It received its own diocese in 1298.


title: Šibenik

text: The city, like the rest of Dalmatia, initially resisted the Venetian Republic, but it was taken over after a three-year war in 1412. Under Venetian rule, Šibenik became in 1412 the seat of the main customs office and the seat of the salt consumers office with a monopoly on the salt trade in Chioggia and on the whole Adriatic Sea.


title: Šibenik

text: In August 1417, Venetian authorities were concerned with the "Morlachs and other Slavs" from the hinterland, that were a threat to security in Šibenik. The Ottoman Empire started to threaten Šibenik (known as "Sebenico"), as part of their struggle against Venice, at the end of the 15th century, but they never succeeded in conquering it. In the 16th century, St. Nicholas Fortress was built and, by the 17th century, its fortifications were improved again by the fortresses of St. John (Tanaja) and Šubićevac (Barone).


title: Šibenik

text: The fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797 brought "Sebenico" under the authority of the Habsburg monarchy.


title: Šibenik

text: After the Congress of Vienna until 1918, the town was (again) part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867), head of the district of the same name, one of the 13 "Bezirkshauptmannschaften" in Kingdom of Dalmatia. The Italian name "Sebenico" only was used until around 1871.


title: Šibenik

text: In 1872, at the time in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, Ante Šupuk became the town's first Croat mayor elected under universal suffrage. He was instrumental in the process of the modernization of the city, and is particularly remembered for the 1895 project to provide street lights powered by the early AC Jaruga Hydroelectric Power Plant. On 28 August 1895, Šibenik became the world's first city with alternating current-powered street lights.