title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: Thunderbird is a mutant who possesses superhuman strength (sufficient to rip apart a fighter jet with his bare hands), speed (he is fast enough to outrun a bison, possibly much faster), and stamina due to his dense musculature. His senses are also enhanced, enabling him to be a highly adept tracker.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: In "Native Americans in Comic Books - A Critical Study," Michael A. Sheyahshe compared John Proudstar to Tupac Shakur, noting that "Thunderbird becomes even more popular, posthumously, than he ever was while living."


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: In September 2001, Bill Rosemann, the marketing communications manager of Marvel Comics, announced that "The death of Thunderbird!", "Uncanny X-Men" #95 had been classed number 32 in the 100 best Marvel Comics.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: In the Age of Apocalypse universe, John Proudstar is at the head of the religious group Ghost Dance whose members perform nightly dances asking the ancient spirits to bring an end to Apocalypse's reign. They also provided safe passage to Avalon through the Infernal Gallop. When Nightcrawler had the mission to travel to Avalon and bring back the mutant known as Destiny, he forced Proudstar to provide them passage. Betrayed by Danielle Moonstar, the Madri learned of Proudstar and the Infernal Gallop's location at Ghost Dance. The Madri soldiers killed all the members of Ghost Dance.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: In the Earth X reality, John Proudstar's life is very similar. Thunderbird is seen in the Realm of the Dead talking with Professor X both believing they are still alive.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: An alternate version of John Proudstar is an original member of the Exiles, a group of superhumans tasked with fixing damaged realities. This Thunderbird is captured by Apocalypse during his time with the X-Men and unwillingly transformed into one of his Four Horsemen, namely War.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: Thunderbird's time with this group is relatively short, several months at most. He serves mainly as the powerhouse of the group. In the third story arc, he meets another alternate version of himself, who has become the shaman of Alpha Flight, and this arc is largely centered on his internal conflicts. Later, Thunderbird sacrifices himself to hold an anti-matter bomb within the body of Galactus, which forces the world-devourer to leave Earth after the massive injury the bomb causes. Although his physical body heals from the damage caused by the detonation, he is left in a coma. He is replaced by Sasquatch and the team are forced to leave him behind. His body is later discovered in the Panoptichron, a crystal city that lies between realities, but has yet to be returned to his home reality.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: During his time with the Exiles, he develops a romantic relationship with teammate Nocturne, who is pregnant with his child when he becomes comatose. (However, she later loses the child for unexplained reasons.) Issue #16 shows flashbacks of previously unseen scenes between the two characters that further develop their relationship.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: This version of Thunderbird is considerably more powerful than the mainstream one, due to Apocalypse's augmentations. His skin is covered by retractable armor plates that harden when he enters battle, considerably increasing his durability, and even at the base level, his power statistics are above his main continuity counterpart. His power increases with his rage, akin to the Hulk who he once defeated in close combat, and his appearance becomes more bestial as he does so.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: A side-effect of Apocalypse's modifications is that Thunderbird no longer has a sense of taste. He nevertheless enjoys smelling things.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: Thunderbird wakes up and escapes the stasis wall in the Panoptichron. He helps Psylocke and Cat regain control of the Panoptichron during Doctor Doom's assault, and is later reunited with Nocturne when the Exiles and New Excalibur team up to save Roma and the Captain Britain Corps. Thunderbird leaves the team shortly after to be with Nocturne on Heather's earth.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: In the "House of M" reality, John Proudstar appears as a police detective for the New York Police Department and as the leader of the strike force known as the "Brotherhood." Proudstar eventually made a deal with Wilson Fisk to bring in Luke Cage's gang as both a matter of pride and to end his criminal activities. Thunderbird's efforts resulted in Cage's Avengers battling the Brotherhood, in which their defeat caused Magneto to disband it.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: Alternate versions of the character are present in some issues of "What If?" which is a series of comic books whose stories explore how the Marvel Universe might have unfolded if key moments in its history had not occurred as they did in mainstream continuity.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: Thunderbird appears in the "Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends" episode "The X-Men Adventure" of Season 3, aired in 1983, voiced by John Stephenson. He is shown as a member of the X-Men. In this incarnation, Thunderbird possesses the ability to shapeshift into a variety of North American animals and does not demonstrate any of his abilities from the comics. When it came to Thunderbird's shapeshifting into a grizzly bear to break down a door, Iceman muttered "I didn't know you could do that!"


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: Thunderbird is displayed in the opening credits of the , an animated television series, which debuted in 1992 and ended in 1997. In the part of the intro where the heroes and villains charge at each other, the character is shown as part of Magneto’s Brotherhood, but he was never planned to be a villain. Larry Houston, who designed the opening credits with Will Meugniot, needed to find equilibrium between the X-Men and their adversaries. He added two characters on the villain side, an unnamed mutant and John Proudstar / Thunderbird, who are visible in the "Slave Island" episode where the X-Men visit Genosha. In "Previously on X-Men: The Making of an Animated Series" made by the series showrunner Eric Lewald, it is explained that Thunderbird was originally intended to die in the opening storyline of the X-Men series, to reflect his death in the first mission of the "All-New, All-Different X-Men". Finally, it was decided not to kill the only Native American character and he was replaced by the mutant shapeshifter Kevin Sydney / Morph who turned up alive in later episodes.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: Thunderbird is one of the main characters in the live-action television series "The Gifted", portrayed by Blair Redford. The show was created by Matt Nix and was produced by Fox Television, prior to the Disney merger. John Proudstar/Thunderbird, aka Johnny, is a leader of the Mutant Underground, and ultimately in the core leadership after The Inner Circle assassinated all of The Underground Leadership except the show' core group.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: Thunderbird was in a relationship with Sonya Simonson/Dreamer. One of the Frost sisters implanted false memories in Clarice Fong/Blink that were Thunderbird's memories of Dreamer, replacing Blink, in order to gain her cooperation. There was some animosity and trust violation , that was later resolved. They both expressed love to each others. Blink is killed by the Purifiers right in front of John while evacuating the Morlocks, who took her in during the failings of the Mutant Underground. To create a distraction to evacuate his friends, he dons the black facepaint from the comics and fights the Purifiers. The series ending reveals that Blink is still alive, to Thunderbird's relief.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: Several sources speculate season 3 was leading them into an X-men Days of Future Past arc. However, the series was canceled.


title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

text: In 2003, Dynamic Forces created a bust of Thunderbird. Nick Barrucci, president of Dynamic Forces, said "The X-Men have such a rich, yet tragic history. To commemorate, DF worked to create two busts presenting the heroes of the X-Men who gave the ultimate sacrifice — their lives. So, we are starting our 'Memorial' Diorama line with two of the biggest heroes - Colossus and Thunderbird!"


title: Children of Paradise

text: Children of Paradise (original French title: Les Enfants du Paradis) is a two-part French romantic drama film by Marcel Carné, produced under war conditions in 1943, 1944, and early 1945 in both Vichy France and Occupied France. Set in the theatrical world of 1830s Paris, it tells the story of a courtesan and four men — a mime, an actor, a criminal and an aristocrat — who love her in entirely different ways.


title: Children of Paradise

text: It has received universal critical acclaim. "I would give up all my films to have "Les Enfants du Paradis"", said "nouvelle vague" director François Truffaut. In Truman Capote's "The Duke in His Domain" (1957), actor Marlon Brando called it "maybe the best movie ever made." Its original American trailer positioned it as the French answer to "Gone With the Wind" (1939), an opinion shared by critic David Shipman. A 1995 vote by 600 French critics and professionals named it the "Best Film Ever".


title: Children of Paradise

text: As noted by one critic, "in French, 'paradis' is the colloquial name for the gallery or second balcony in a theatre, where common people sat and viewed a play, responding to it honestly and boisterously. The actors played to these gallery gods, hoping to win their favour, the actor himself thus being elevated to an Olympian status." The film contains many shots of the audience hanging over the edge of these balconies (which are similarly known as "the gods" in the British theatre), and screenwriter Jacques Prévert stated that the title "refers to the actors ... and the audiences too, the good-natured, working-class audience." In British English, "Les Enfants du Paradis" translates better in context as "The Children of the Gods" than as "The Children of Paradise".


title: Children of Paradise

text: "Children of Paradise" is set in the theatrical world of Paris during the July Monarchy (1830–1848), centred on the area around the Funambules theatre, situated on the Boulevard du Temple – pejoratively referred to as the "Boulevard du Crime". The film revolves around a beautiful and charismatic courtesan, Garance (Arletty). Four men – the mime Baptiste Deburau (Jean-Louis Barrault), the actor Frédérick Lemaître (Pierre Brasseur), the thief Pierre François Lacenaire (Marcel Herrand), and the aristocrat Édouard de Montray (Louis Salou) – are in love with Garance, and their intrigues drive the story forward. Garance is briefly intrigued/involved with them all, but leaves them when they attempt to force her to love on their terms, rather than her own. The mime Baptiste is the one who suffers the most in pursuit of the unattainable Garance.


title: Children of Paradise

text: The four men courting Garance are all based on real French personalities of the 1820s and 1830s. Baptiste Deburau was a famous mime and Frédérick Lemaître was an acclaimed actor on the "Boulevard of Crime" depicted in the film. Pierre Lacenaire was an infamous French criminal, and the fictional character of the Comte Édouard de Montray was inspired by the Duc de Morny.


title: Children of Paradise

text: The idea for making a movie based on these characters came from a chance meeting between Carné and Jean-Louis Barrault, in Nice, during which Barrault pitched the idea of making a movie based on Deburau and Lemaître. Carné, who at the time was hesitant about which movie to direct next, proposed this idea to his friend Jacques Prévert. Prévert was initially reluctant to write a movie about a mime, "Jacques hated pantomime" his brother once said, but Barrault assured Prévert, that he and his teacher Étienne Decroux, who plays Baptiste's father in the film, would take responsibility for developing the mime sequences. According to Trauner Prévert then saw an opportunity to include the character of Lacenaire, the ""dandy du crime"", who fascinated him. The Germans were then occupying the whole of France, and Prévert is rumoured to have said "They will not let me do a movie about Lacenaire, but I can put Lacenaire in a film about Deburau". The script incorporates quotations from Lacenaire's autobiography.


title: Children of Paradise

text: "Children of Paradise" is divided into two parts, "Boulevard du Crime" ("Boulevard of Crime") and "L'Homme Blanc" ("The Man in White"). The first begins around 1827, the second about seven years later. The action takes place mainly in the neighbourhood of the Boulevard du Temple in Paris, nicknamed "Boulevard of Crime" because of all the melodramas and bloody scenarios offered to the largely plebeian public each evening. There are two principal theatres: the "Théâtre des Funambules" ("Theatre of Tightrope Walkers") specializes in pantomime, since the authorities do not allow it to use spoken dialogue, which is reserved for the "official" venue, the Grand Theatre.


title: Children of Paradise

text: A young actor and womaniser, Frédérick Lemaître, dreams of becoming a star. He meets and flirts with Garance, a beautiful woman who earns her living by modestly exhibiting her physical charms in a carnival show. Garance staves off Frédérick's advances and goes to visit one of her acquaintances, Pierre-François Lacenaire, a rebel in revolt against society. Lacenaire is a proud, dangerous individual who works as a scrivener to cover his organized criminal enterprises. Shortly thereafter, Garance is accused of stealing a man's gold watch while she is watching a pantomime featuring Baptiste Deburau and a barker (Baptiste's father) in front of the Funambules Theatre. Lacenaire is in fact the guilty party. Baptiste, dressed up as the stock character Pierrot, saves her from the police by silently acting out the theft, which he has just witnessed. He reveals a great talent, a veritable vocation for pantomime, but falls immediately and irremediably in love with Garance, saving a flower she thanked him with. In the background, there is a price list for various seats, including "Paradise", which is visible over the mime's shoulder.


title: Children of Paradise

text: Baptiste's father is one of the stars at the Funambules. The daughter of the theatre director, Nathalie, who is a mime also, is deeply in love with Baptiste. Before the performance that evening, a used-clothes pedlar named Jéricho reads in her palm that she will marry the man she loves, as he knew her father was worried about her mood affecting her performances. When a fight breaks out that evening between two rival clans of actors, Baptiste and Frédérick manage to calm the crowd down by improvising a mime act, thus saving the day's receipts. The most enthusiastic of the spectators are those seated in "paradise" ("paradis"), a term denoting in French theatrical language the top floor of the balcony, where the cheapest seats are located.


title: Children of Paradise

text: Later that night, Baptiste catches sight of Garance with Lacenaire and his accomplices in a seedy restaurant/dancehall, "Le Rouge Gorge" (a pun: this means "The Robin" or "The Red Breast", but literally translates as "The Red Throat", a reference to the previous owner's throat having been slit). When he invites Garance to dance, he is thrown out of the restaurant by Avril, one of Lacenaire's thugs. He turns the situation around and leaves with Garance, for whom he finds a room at the same boarding house where he and Frédérick live. After declaring his love, Baptiste flees Garance's room when she says she doesn't feel the same way, despite her clear invitation to stay. When Frédérick hears Garance singing in her room, which is next to his, he quickly joins her.


title: Children of Paradise

text: Baptiste becomes the star of the Funambules; fuelled by his passion, he writes several very popular pantomimes, performing with Garance and Frédérick, who have become lovers. Baptiste is tormented by their affair, while Nathalie, who is convinced that she and Baptiste are "made for each other", suffers from his lack of love for her.


title: Children of Paradise

text: Garance is visited in her dressing room by the Count Édouard de Montray, a wealthy and cynical dandy who offers her his fortune if she will agree to become his mistress. Garance is repelled by him and mockingly rejects his proposition. The count nonetheless offers her his protection if the need were to arise. She is later unjustly suspected of complicity in an abortive robbery and murder attempt by Lacenaire and Avril. To avoid arrest she is forced to appeal to Count Édouard for protection. The first part of the film comes to an end with this development.


title: Children of Paradise

text: Several years later, Frédérick has become famous as the star of the Grand Theatre. A man about town and a spendthrift, he is covered with debts – which doesn't prevent him from devastating the mediocre play in which he currently has the main role by exposing it to ridicule in rehearsal and then playing it for laughs, rather than straight melodrama, on opening night. Despite achieving a smashing success, the play's three fussy authors are still outraged and challenge him to a duel. He accepts and when he returns to his dressing room, Frédérick is confronted by Lacenaire, who apparently intends to rob and kill him. However, the criminal is an amateur playwright and strikes up a friendship with the actor instead. He and Avril serve as Frédérick's seconds the next morning, when the actor arrives at the duel dead drunk.


title: Children of Paradise

text: Baptiste is enjoying even greater success as a mime at the Funambules. When Frédérick goes to a performance the day after surviving the duel, he is surprised to find himself in the same box as Garance. His old flame has returned to Paris after having travelled throughout the world with the Count de Montray, who has kept her these several years. She has been attending the Funambules every night incognito to watch Baptiste perform. She knows she has always been genuinely in love with him. Frédérick suddenly finds himself jealous for the first time in his life. While the feeling is highly unpleasant, he remarks that his jealousy will help him as an actor. He will finally be able to play the role of Othello, having now experienced the emotions which motivate the character. Garance asks Frédérick to tell Baptiste of her presence, but Nathalie, now Baptiste's wife, is first informed by the spiteful rag-man Jéricho. She sends their small son to Garance's box to mortify her with their family's happiness. By the time Frédérick alerts Baptiste and he rushes to find her, the box is empty.


title: Children of Paradise

text: When Garance returns to the Count's luxurious mansion, she finds Lacenaire waiting for her. Lacenaire satisfies himself that Garance has no love for him and, on his way out, encounters the Count, who is irritated to see such an individual in his home. Lacenaire reacts to the Count's challenge with threats, revealing the knife at his belt. Later, Garance declares to the Count that she will never love him since she is already in love with another man, but declares she will continue to try to please him, and offers to spread the word on the streets that she is "mad" about him, if he would like.


title: Children of Paradise

text: Frédérick has finally achieved his dream of playing the role of Othello. The Count, who insists on attending the performance with Garance, is convinced that the actor is the man she loves. At a break in the play, the Count coolly mocks Frédérick, trying to provoke him into a duel. Elsewhere Baptiste, who is also in the audience, encounters Garance at last. When Lacenaire takes Frédérick's side in the verbal jousting, the Count attempts to humiliate him as well. Lacenaire takes revenge by calling him a cuckold and, dramatically pulling back a curtain, reveals Garance in Baptiste's embrace on the balcony. The two lovers slip away to spend the night together in Garance's former room at the Great Post House.


title: Children of Paradise

text: The next morning, at a Turkish bath, Lacenaire assassinates the Count. He then calmly sits to wait for the police and meet his "destiny", which is to die on the scaffold. At the rooming house, Nathalie walks in on Baptiste and Garance. Garance is in a hurry to exit in order to prevent the duel between Frédérick and the Count, whom she is unaware has been murdered, but Nathalie blocks her way, insisting that leaving is easy, while to stay and share someone's everyday life, as she has for the past six years with Baptiste, is more powerful. Garance responds that she has lived with Baptiste for six years as well, that she felt him every day and night even though she was with another. Nathalie dismisses Garance's experience as unimportant and moves past her to Baptiste, allowing Garance to leave. Nathalie pleads with Baptiste for reassurance as he attempts to follow Garance. Baptiste pushes past her and is soon lost in the frantic Carnival crowd amid a sea of bobbing masks and unheeding, white Pierrots. The film ends as a desperate Baptiste is swept away with the crowd and Garance leaves in her carriage, her face impassive. The crowd that brought Garance and Baptiste together in the opening scene pulls them apart.


title: Children of Paradise

text: The film was made under extremely difficult conditions. External sets in Nice were badly damaged by natural causes, exacerbated and compounded by the theatrical constraints during the German occupation of France during World War II. The film was split into two parts because the distributor, Gaumont, could only screen a three hour film half as many times as usual. By making the film a pseudo double feature, the distributor could charge eighty-francs per admission, double the usual amount, therefore making up the shortfall. Barrault was committed to the premiere production of "The Satin Slipper" ("Le Soulier de satin"), which was a hit, and almost offered his role to a music hall entertainer, Jacques Tati, then little known, before a schedule was negotiated which allowed him to fulfil both roles.


title: Children of Paradise

text: Film critic Pauline Kael wrote that, allegedly, "the starving extras made away with some of the banquets before they could be photographed". Many of the 1,800 extras were Resistance agents using the film as daytime cover, who, until the liberation, had to mingle with some collaborators or Vichy sympathisers who were imposed on the production by the authorities. Alexandre Trauner, who designed the sets, and Joseph Kosma, who composed the music, were Jewish and had to work in secrecy throughout the production. Music was provided by the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire under the direction of renowned conductor, Charles Münch, who personally contributed part of his income to the French Resistance. Trauner lived (under an assumed name) with Carné and Prévert during the six months it took them to prepare the script. Maurice Thiriet, Kosma's orchestrator, acted as his front.


title: Children of Paradise

text: The set builders were short of supplies and the camera crew's film stock was rationed. The financing, originally a French-Italian production, collapsed a few weeks after production began in Nice, due to the Allied conquest of Sicily in August 1943. Around this time, the Nazis forbade the producer, André Paulvé, from working on the film because of his remote Jewish ancestry, and the production had to be suspended for three months. The French film company Pathé took over production, whose cost was escalating wildly. The quarter-mile long main set, the "Boulevard du Temple", was severely damaged by a storm and had to be rebuilt. By the time shooting resumed in Paris in early spring of 1944, the director of photography, Roger Hubert, had been assigned to another production and Philippe Agostini, who replaced him, had to analyse all the reels in order to match the lighting of the non-sequential shot list; all the while, electricity in the Paris Studios was intermittent.


title: Children of Paradise

text: The movie also marks the first artistic collaboration between Carné and the French painter and costume designer Mayo, one that would continue over several films ("Les Portes de la Nuit" (1946), "La Fleur de l'Age" (1947), "Juliette ou la Clef des Songes", "Thérèse Raquin" (1953), "Les Tricheurs" (1958)). This friend of Prévert started his work on the project very early on in order to immerse himself fully in the script and the characters. The materials, provided by Jeanne Lanvin, allowed work on the costumes to be done in very favourable conditions given the difficult period of the French occupation.


title: Children of Paradise

text: Production was delayed again after the Allies landed in Normandy, perhaps intentionally stalled so that it would only be completed after the French liberation. When Paris was liberated in August 1944, the actor Robert Le Vigan, cast in the role of informer-thief Jéricho, was sentenced to death by the Resistance for collaborating with the Nazis, and had to flee, along with author Céline, to Sigmaringen. He was replaced at a moment's notice by Pierre Renoir, older brother of French filmmaker Jean Renoir and son of the famous painter, and most of the scenes had to be redone. Le Vigan was tried and convicted as a Nazi collaborator in 1946. One scene featuring Le Vigan survives in the middle of the second part, when Jericho snitches to Nathalie. Carné and Prévert had hidden some of the key reels of film from the occupying forces, hoping that the liberation of Paris would have occurred when the film was ready for release.


title: Children of Paradise

text: The film was the third most popular film at the French box-office in 1945. Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 97% of 38 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; with an average rating of 9.2/10. The site's consensus reads: "Strong performances abound, and Carne's wit and grace are evident in this masterful (if long) French epic." The film critic Roger Ebert added it to his "Great Movie" collection in 2002. "Children of Paradise" was included in "Time" magazine's 2005 All-"Time" 100 list of the greatest films made since 1923. Jacques Prévert's screenplay was nominated for the Oscar for Best Original Screenplay at the 19th Academy Awards. It isn't clear which version of the film was honoured; the U.S. release of the film has been described as "a 144-min., inadequately-subtitled one released in New York in 1947."


title: Children of Paradise

text: The film had its premiere in Paris, at the Chaillot Palace on 9 March 1945, in its entirety. Carné then had to fight with the producers to have the film shown exclusively in two theatres (Madeleine and Colisée) instead of one and in its entirety and without an intermission. He also pioneered the idea of the public being able to reserve their seats in advance. The producers accepted Carné's demands on the condition that they be able to charge double the price of admittance. "Children of Paradise" became an instant and monumental success, remaining on the screen of the Madeleine Theatre for 54 weeks.


title: Children of Paradise

text: In March 2012, Pathé released a new restoration of the film. This involved scanning the badly damaged original camera negative, and other early sources, using a high-resolution 4K digital process to produce a new master print. This restoration was released on Blu-ray Disc in September 2012.


title: Perfect Sense

text: Perfect Sense is a 2011 science fiction romantic drama film directed by David Mackenzie, written by Kim Fupz Aakeson and starring Eva Green and Ewan McGregor. In the film, a chef (McGregor) and a scientist (Green) fall in love as an epidemic begins to rob people of their sensory perceptions.


title: Perfect Sense

text: An epidemic begins to spread throughout the globe, causing humankind to lose their sensory perceptions one by one. The story focuses on two people: Susan, one of a team of epidemiologists who are trying to find the causes of the disease, and Michael, a chef who works at a busy restaurant located next to Susan's flat. The two meet and get to know each other as the epidemic progresses, a relationship which soon turns to love.


title: Perfect Sense

text: Humans begin to lose their senses one at a time. Each loss is preceded by an outburst of an intense feeling or urge. First, people begin suffering uncontrollable bouts of crying and this is soon followed by the loss of their sense of smell. An outbreak of irrational panic and anxiety, closely followed by a bout of frenzied gluttony, precedes the loss of the sense of taste. The film depicts people trying to adapt to each loss and trying to carry on living as best they can, rediscovering their remaining senses as they do so. Michael and his co-workers do their best to cook food for people who cannot smell nor taste.


title: Perfect Sense

text: The loss of hearing comes next and is accompanied by an outbreak of extreme anger and rage. Michael experiences it first and is verbally abusive at Susan who flees in fear, losing her own hearing shortly afterwards. Despite her knowledge that it was the disease that caused the outburst, Susan cannot face Michael again. People struggle to adjust and to go on living. One day, every person on Earth suddenly experiences a feeling of joyful euphoria. Susan realizes she both forgives and still loves Michael and rushes to his job. The two find each other and embrace just as they, and the rest of the world, become blind.


title: Perfect Sense

text: The film had the working title "The Last Word", and Kim Fupz Aakeson's script was originally set in Copenhagen, Denmark, the capital of his homeland, but was transferred to Glasgow, Scotland, after director David Mackenzie's homeland. Scenes were shot in various locations around Glasgow, Mexico City and Kenya. The film premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Perfect Sense

text: Reviews for "Perfect Sense" have been mixed. Rotten Tomatoes has the film ranked at 57%. Tirdad Derakhshani of the "Philadelphia Inquirer" wrote in his review, "The film loses its charm with annoying sequences that have a narrator explain to us 'The Meaning of it All' and then tell us 'What Really Matters' in life: Love. Love. Love."; and Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" defined it as "a solemn sci-fi parable set in present-day Glasgow, whose deepening sense of foreboding is sustained by the enigmatic, pseudo-biblical reflections of an unseen narrator." Mark Holcomb of "The Village Voice" said the film "beautifully captures the ache and counterintuitive thrill of 'the days as we know them, the world as we imagine the world' fading away by degrees—just don't be surprised if you find yourself longing for a contagion-spawned zombie bloodbath to counter the shambling lyricism." Writing for "The A.V. Club", Alison Willmore gave a more positive appraisal: "Each deprivation is preceded by a flurry of emotion that leads to the film's most vivid sequences".


title: Perfect Sense

text: The film opened at 59 cinemas on its domestic release grossing £21,675 for the weekend 7–9 October 2011.


title: Ricchi e Poveri

text: Ricchi e Poveri (; "The Rich and The Poor") is an Italian pop group formed in Genoa in 1967, originally consisting of Angela Brambati, Angelo Sotgiu, Franco Gatti and Marina Occhiena. Active since the late 1960s, they have sold over 20 million records.


title: Ricchi e Poveri

text: The group was created in 1967 as a polyphonic quartet by singers Angela Brambati, Angelo Sotgiu, Franco Gatti and Marina Occhiena in 1967. All from Genoa, only Sotgiu has Sardinian roots. The band got their name from Roman songwriter Franco Califano who once joked that they were "spiritually rich and financially poor". The quartet earned its own unique vocal style, based on the intertwining of four different voices: bass, tenor, alto and soprano.


title: Ricchi e Poveri

text: Their first public appearance was in Cantagiro 1968 with "L'ultimo amore". Ricchi e Poveri has participated in the Sanremo Music Festival several times since 1970; in 1971 they sang there "Che sarà", which was performed by José Feliciano and by the composer of the song's music, Jimmy Fontana. 1971 was the last year of the Sanremo festival in which each song was performed twice, each time by a different artist. Ricchi e Poveri gave the second performance of the song, following Feliciano, who had worldwide hits with Italian, Spanish and English versions of the song.


title: Ricchi e Poveri

text: Ricchi e Poveri represented Italy at the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 with the song "Questo amore" finishing 12th with 53 points. In 1981 Marina Occhiena left the group to pursue a solo career.


title: Ricchi e Poveri

text: Ricchi e Poveri has recorded in Italian and Spanish some of theIr 1980s and 1990s hits, including "Mamma Maria", "Made in Italy", "M'innamoro di te" and "Se m'innamoro".


title: Ricchi e Poveri

text: In 1981 the band recorded a Spanish version of the single "Sarà perché ti amo". The song, retitled "Será porque te amo", became a hit in Mexico, the Caribbean, and in Central and South America.


title: Ricchi e Poveri

text: Several groups covered the song, adapting it to different genres including tropical, dance, and various forms of Mexican folk music known as "Grupera". The Latino boy band projects Los Chicos and Los Chamos, and the Italo-Dance band Eu4ya also covered the song, but the lyrics were heavily altered; only the chorus line was kept in one verse and the rest was rearranged to make the song more appealing to teenagers.


title: Ricchi e Poveri

text: The song is featured in some film soundtracks: "L'Effrontée" (1985), "Spike of Bensonhurst" (1988), "High Tension" (2003) and "Unmade Beds" (2009).


title: Ricchi e Poveri

text: As of 2007 the song is still being covered in all genres and it has achieved somewhat of a cult/nostalgia status in several Spanish-speaking countries, as a symbol of a generation. The song was remade in 2008 in German, by Diana Sorbello as "Das ist, weil ich dich liebe" and in 2011, in Dutch, by Monique Smit and Tim Douwsma as "Eén zomeravond met jou".


title: Ricchi e Poveri

text: Ricchi e Poveri held two massive concerts in the Mediterranean island of Malta on the 12 and 13 June 2009. The band’s popularity in Malta resulted in another concert on 6 November 2010. Ricchi e Poveri completed a tour of Italy and Slovenia in 2012, followed at the beginning of 2013 with a three song set in the Discoteka 80's concert in Moscow.


title: Ricchi e Poveri

text: In 2020 the original line-up reunited to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the band’s debut at the Sanremo Music Festival.


title: Atmaca

text: ATMACA ("Accipiter") is an all weather, long range, precision strike, anti-ship cruise missile, developed by Turkish missile manufacturer ROKETSAN. The "Atmaca" will enter service with the Turkish Navy to gradually replace the country's existing inventory of Harpoon missiles.


title: Atmaca

text: The program was initiated in 2009 when Turkey's Undersecretary For Defense Industries (SSM) signed a contract with Roketsan for designing a surface-to-surface cruise missile for the requirements of the Turkish Naval Forces. The prime contractor, Roketsan, started the design studies in September 2012, after receiving the results of its previous research and development contract with Turkey's Undersecretary For Defense Industries under the coordination of Navy Research Center Command (ARMERKOM). The missile is planned to be developed for multiplatforms, capable of launching not only from warships but also from submarines, aircraft, coastal batteries, including land-attack operations.


title: Atmaca

text: After completing various tests, first land-based firing of the Atmaca took place in March 2017. The serial production contract for Atmaca was signed between Roketsan and the Presidency of Defense Industry on 29 October 2018. The missile will be deployed to Turkish Navy's s, Istanbul-class frigates, G-class frigates and planned TF-2000 class destroyers.


title: Atmaca

text: The missile makes use of its global positioning system (GPS), inertial navigation system, barometric altimeter and radar altimeter to navigate towards its target, while its active radar seeker pinpoints the target with high precision. With a range of more than , this guided missile poses a major threat for targets situated beyond the line of sight due to its high explosive fragmentation warhead. Its modern data-link provides ATMACA with the ability to 3D mission planning, update targets, reattack and terminate the mission. Missile is ultra sea-skimming as it approaches the target.


title: Doris Castlerosse

text: Doris Browne, Viscountess Castlerosse ( Delevingne; 25 September 1900 – 12 December 1942) was an English socialite and the first wife of Valentine Browne, 6th Earl of Kenmare.


title: Doris Castlerosse

text: She was born Jessie Doris Delevingne in Streatham, South London, the eldest child and only daughter of British-born haberdasher of French origin Edward Charles Delevingne and Jessie Marian ( Homan).


title: Doris Castlerosse

text: She entered the family business as a saleswoman of second-hand dresses, serving theatres in London, and as a result met the actress Gertrude Lawrence, who introduced her into London society. Her lovers prior to her marriage included Tom Mitford and American millionaire Stephen "Laddie" Sanford.


title: Doris Castlerosse

text: She met Valentine Browne, known by his title of Viscount Castlerosse, when he was working in London as a celebrity gossip columnist for the "Sunday Express". They were married on 16 May 1928 and she was thereafter styled Viscountess Castlerosse, becoming familiarly known in society as Doris Castlerosse. Soon afterwards she embarked on an affair with Randolph Churchill, son of the future prime minister.


title: Doris Castlerosse

text: Her other lovers included society photographer Cecil Beaton, and possibly Winston Churchill according to a British Channel 4 programme. Churchill had met Doris on holidays in the South of France at the Château de l’Horizon, a villa owned by actress Maxine Elliott. Doris was one of many women whose portraits were painted by Churchill. Churchill's former private secretary, Jock Colville, claimed in a 1985 interview with Correlli Barnett that Doris and the future Prime Minister had a four-year affair starting in 1933; however, Colville did not become Churchill’s private secretary until several years later in 1940, making the allegations at best second-hand information. Churchill scholar Andrew Roberts has rejected the likelihood that they had an affair, adding that "Lady Castlerosse was still legally married to Valentine Castlerosse at the time, the most waspish gossip columnist of the 1930s and the very last person an adulterer would have chosen to cuckold".


title: Doris Castlerosse

text: The viscount and viscountess were childless, and divorced in 1938. After naming her male friends and escorts as potential co-respondents, Viscount Castlerosse chose Robert Heber-Percy, a well-known homosexual whom she was allegedly trying to "cure".


title: Doris Castlerosse

text: In 1940, Doris went to the United States, where she found it difficult to resume her earlier career as a courtesan. In 1942, she obtained Winston Churchill's assistance to return to Britain. On her return she was met by her ex-husband, who, according to some sources, hoped to make a fresh start in their relationship. In debt, no longer socially in demand and under police investigation for illegally selling diamonds, she died of an overdose of sleeping pills at the Dorchester Hotel on London’s Park Lane.


title: Doris Castlerosse

text: Through her brother Edward Dudley Delevingne, Doris was the great-aunt of models Poppy Delevingne and Cara Delevingne.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: Hydnellum peckii is a fungus in the genus "Hydnellum" of the family Bankeraceae. It is a hydnoid species, producing spores on the surface of vertical spines or tooth-like projections that hang from the undersurface of the fruit bodies. It is found in North America, Europe, and was recently discovered in Iran (2008) and Korea (2010). "Hydnellum peckii" is a mycorrhizal species, and forms mutually beneficial relationships with a variety of coniferous trees, growing on the ground singly, scattered, or in fused masses.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: The fruit bodies typically have a funnel-shaped cap with a white edge, although the shape can be highly variable. Young, moist fruit bodies can "bleed" bright red guttation droplets that contain a pigment known to have anticoagulant properties similar to heparin. The unusual appearance of the young fruit bodies has earned the species several descriptive common names, including strawberries and cream, the bleeding Hydnellum, the bleeding tooth fungus, the red-juice tooth, and the Devil's tooth. Although "Hydnellum peckii" fruit bodies are readily identifiable when young, they become brown and nondescript when they age.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: The species was first described scientifically by American mycologist Howard James Banker in 1913. Italian Pier Andrea Saccardo placed the species in the genus "Hydnum" in 1925, while Walter Henry Snell and Esther Amelia Dick placed it in "Calodon" in 1956; "Hydnum peckii" (Banker) Sacc. and "Calodon peckii" Snell & E.A. Dick are synonyms of "Hydnellum peckii".


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: The fungus is classified in the stirps (species thought to be descendants of a common ancestor) "Diabolum" of the genus "Hydnellum", a grouping of similar species with the following shared characteristics: flesh that is marked with concentric lines that form alternating pale and darker zones (zonate); an extremely peppery taste; a sweetish odor; spores that are ellipsoid, and not amyloid (that is, not absorbing iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent), acyanophilous (not staining with the reagent Cotton Blue), and covered with tubercules; the presence of clamp connections in the hyphae.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: The specific eponym honors mycologist Charles Horton Peck. The fungus is known in the vernacular by several names, including "strawberries and cream", the "bleeding Hydnellum", the "red-juice tooth", "Peck's hydnum", the "bleeding tooth fungus", and the "devil's tooth".


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: As in all mushroom-producing fungi, the fruit bodies (sporocarps) are the reproductive structures that are produced from fungal mycelium when the appropriate environmental conditions of temperature, humidity and nutrient availability are met. "Hydnellum peckii" is a stipitate hydnoid fungus, meaning that it has a cap atop a stipe (stem), and a form resembling a "Hydnum"—characterized by a teeth-like hymenium, rather than gills or pores on the underside of the cap. Fruit bodies growing closely together often appear to fuse together (this is called "confluence"). They can reach a height of up to . Fresh fruit bodies exude a striking, thick red fluid when they are moist, present even in young specimens, which are lumplike in appearance.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: The cap's surface is convex to flattened, more or less uneven and sometimes slightly depressed in the center. It is usually densely covered with "hairs" that give it a texture similar to felt or velvet; these hairs are sloughed off in age, leaving the caps of mature specimens smooth. Its shape varies from somewhat round to irregular, , or even as much as wide as a result of confluence. The cap is initially whitish, but later turns slightly brownish, with irregular dark-brown to nearly black blotches where it is bruised. In maturity, the surface is fibrous and tough, scaly and jagged, grayish brown in the upper part of the cap, and somewhat woody. The flesh is a pale pinkish brown. The spore print is brown.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: The spines are slender, cylindrical and tapering (terete), less than long, and become shorter closer to the cap edge. They are crowded together, with typically between three and five teeth per square millimeter. Pinkish white initially, they age to a grayish brown. The stem is thick, very short, and often deformed. It becomes bulbous where it penetrates the ground, and may root into the soil for several centimeters. Although it may reach up to in total length, and is wide, only about appear above ground. The upper part is covered with the same teeth found on the underside of the cap, whereas the lower part is hairy and often encases debris from the forest floor. The odor of the fruit body has been described as "mild to disagreeable", or, as Banker suggested in his original description, similar to hickory nuts.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: In deposit, the spores appear brown. Viewing them with a light microscope reveals finer details of their structure: they are roughly spherical but end abruptly in a small point, their surfaces are covered with small, wart-like nodules, and their size is between 5.0–5.3 by 4.0–4.7 µm. The spores are inamyloid, meaning they do not absorb iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: "Hydnellum peckii"'s cells (the hyphae) also present various characters useful for its characterization. The hyphae that form the cap are hyaline (translucent), smooth, thin-walled, and 3–4 µm thick. They collapse when dry, but may be readily revived with a weak (2%) solution of potassium hydroxide. Those in the cap form an intricate tangle with a tendency to run longitudinally. They are divided into cellular compartments (septa) and have clamp connections—short branches connecting one cell to the previous cell to allow passage of the products of nuclear division. The basidia, the spore-bearing cells in the hymenium, are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 35–40 by 4.7–6 µm.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: "Hydnellum diabolus" (the species epithet is given the neuter "diabolum" in some publications) has a very similar appearance, so much so that some consider it and "H. peckii" to be synonymous; "H. diabolus" is said to have a sweetish pungent odor that is lacking in "H. peckii". The differences between the two species are amplified in mature specimens: "H. diabolus" has an irregularly thickened stem, while the stem of "H. peckii" is thickened by a "definite spongy layer". Additionally, old specimens of "H. peckii" have a smooth cap, while "H. diabolus" is tomentose. The related species "H. pineticola" also exudes pink droplets of liquid when young and moist. Commonly found growing under conifers in northeastern North America, "H. pineticola" tastes "unpleasant", but not acrid. Fruit bodies tend to grow singly, rather than in fused clusters, and, unlike "H. peckii", they do not have bulbous stems.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: Molecular analysis based on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer DNA of several "Hydnellum" species placed "H. peckii" as most closely related to "H. ferrugineum" and "H. spongiosipes".


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: "Hydnellum peckii" is a mycorrhizal fungus, and as such establishes a mutualistic relationship with the roots of certain trees (referred to as "hosts"), in which the fungus exchanges minerals and amino acids extracted from the soil for fixed carbon from the host. The subterranean hyphae of the fungus grow a sheath of tissue around the rootlets of a broad range of tree species, in an intimate association that is especially beneficial to the host (termed ectomycorrhizal), as the fungus produces enzymes that mineralize organic compounds and facilitate the transfer of nutrients to the tree.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: The ectomycorrhizal structures of "H. peckii" are among a few in the Bankeraceae that have been studied in detail. They are characterized by a plectenchymatous mantle—a layer of tissue made of hyphae tightly arranged in a parallel orientation, or palisade, and which rarely branch or overlap each other. These hyphae, along with adhering mineral soil particles, are embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The hyphae of the ectomycorrhizae can become chlamydospores, an adaptation that helps the fungus tolerate unfavorable conditions. Chlamydospores of "H. peckii" have a peculiar structure—markedly distinct from those of other Bankeraceae—with thick, smooth inner walls and an outer wall that is split radially into warts. The most striking characteristic of the ectomycorrhizae as a whole is the way the black outer layers of older sections are shed, giving a "carbonized appearance". The majority of the underground biomass of the fungus is concentrated near the surface, most likely as "mycelial mats"—dense clusters of ectomycorrhizae and mycelium. The mycelium is also known to extend far beyond the site of the fruit bodies, as far as away.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: Molecular techniques have been developed to help with conservation efforts of stipitate hydnoid fungi, including "H. peckii". While the distribution of the fungus has traditionally been determined by counting the fruit bodies, this method has a major drawback in that fruit bodies are not produced consistently every year, and the absence of fruit bodies is not an indication of the absence of its mycelium in the soil. More modern techniques using the polymerase chain reaction to assess the presence of the fungal DNA in the soil have helped alleviate the issues in monitoring the presence and distribution of fungi mycelia.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: The fruit bodies of "Hydnellum peckii" are found growing solitary, scattered, or clustered together on the ground under conifers, often among mosses and pine needle litter. "H. peckii" is a "late-stage" fungus that, in boreal forests dominated by jack pine, typically begins associating with more mature hosts once the canopy has closed. A preference for mountainous or subalpine ecosystems has been noted.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: The fungus has a wide distribution in North America, and is particularly common in the Pacific Northwest; its range extends north to Alaska and east to North Carolina. In the Puget Sound area of the U.S. state of Washington, it is found in association with Douglas-fir, fir, and hemlock. Along the Oregon Coast it has been collected under lodgepole pine. In addition to North America, the mushroom is widespread in Europe, and its presence has been documented in Italy, Germany, and Scotland. The species is common in the latter location, but becoming increasingly rare in several European countries, such as Norway, The Netherlands, and the Czech Republic. Increased pollution in central Europe has been suggested as one possible factor in the mushroom's decline there. Reports from Iran in 2008 and Korea in 2010 were the first outside Europe and North America.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: Fruit bodies of "H. peckii" have been described as resembling "Danish pastry topped with strawberry jam". "Hydnellum" species are not known to be poisonous, but they are not particularly edible due to their foul taste. This acrid taste persists even in dried specimens.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: The fruit bodies of this and other "Hydnellum" species are prized by mushroom dyers. The colors may range from beige when no mordant is used, to various shades of blue or green depending on the mordant added.


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: Screening of an extract of "Hydnellum peckii" revealed the presence of an effective anticoagulant, named atromentin (2,5-dihydroxy-3,6-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-benzoquinone), and similar in biological activity to the well-known anticoagulant heparin. Atromentin also possesses antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (essential for the biosynthesis of fatty acids) in the bacteria "Streptococcus pneumoniae".


title: Hydnellum peckii

text: "Hydnellum peckii" can bioaccumulate the metal caesium. In one Swedish field study, as much as 9% of the total caesium of the topmost of soil was found in the fungal mycelium. In general, ectomycorrhizal fungi, which grow most prolifically in the upper organic horizons of the soil or at the interface between the organic and mineral layers, are involved in the retention and cycling of caesium-137 in organic-rich forest soils.


title: Setuid

text: The Unix access rights flags setuid and setgid (short for "set user identity" and "set group identity") allow users to run an executable with the file system permissions of the executable's owner or group respectively and to change behaviour in directories. They are often used to allow users on a computer system to run programs with temporarily elevated privileges in order to perform a specific task. While the assumed user id or group id privileges provided are not always elevated, at a minimum they are specific.


title: Setuid

text: The flags codice_1 and codice_2 are needed for tasks that require different privileges than what the user is normally granted, such as the ability to alter system files or databases to change their login password. Some of the tasks that require additional privileges may not immediately be obvious, though, such as the codice_3 command, which must send and listen for control packets on a network interface.


title: Setuid

text: The codice_1 and codice_2 bits are normally represented as the values 4 for codice_1 and 2 for codice_2 in the high-order octal digit of the file mode. For example, codice_8 has both the codice_1 and codice_2 bits () set, and also the file read/write/executable for the owner (7), and executable by the group (first 1) and others (second 1). Most implementations have a symbolic representation of these bits; in the previous example, this could be codice_11.


title: Setuid

text: Typically, codice_12 does not have a recursive mode restricted to directories, so modifying an existing directory tree must be done manually, with a command such as .


title: Setuid

text: The codice_1 and codice_2 flags have different effects, depending on whether they are applied to a file, to a directory or binary executable or non binary executable file. The codice_1 and codice_2 flags have an effect only on binary executable files and not on scripts (e.g., Bash, Perl, Python).


title: Setuid

text: When the codice_1 or codice_2 attributes are set on an executable file, then any users able to execute the file will automatically execute the file with the privileges of the file's owner (commonly root) and/or the file's group, depending upon the flags set. This allows the system designer to permit trusted programs to be run which a user would otherwise not be allowed to execute. These may not always be obvious. For example, the ping command may need access to networking privileges that a normal user cannot access; therefore it may be given the setuid flag to ensure that a user who needs to ping another system can do so, even if their own account does not have the required privilege for sending packets.


title: Setuid

text: For security purposes, the invoking user is usually prohibited by the system from altering the new process in any way, such as by using codice_19, codice_20 or sending signals to it, to exploit the raised privilege, although signals from the terminal will still be accepted.


title: Setuid

text: While the codice_1 feature is very useful in many cases, its improper use can pose a security risk if the codice_1 attribute is assigned to executable programs that are not carefully designed. Due to potential security issues, many operating systems ignore the codice_1 attribute when applied to executable "shell scripts".


title: Setuid

text: The presence of codice_1 executables explains why the codice_25 system call is not available to non-root users on Unix. See limitations of codice_25 for more details.


title: Setuid

text: Setting the codice_2 permission on a directory causes files and subdirectories created within to inherit its group ownership, rather than the primary group of the file-creating process. Created subdirectories also inherit the codice_2 bit. The policy is only applied during creation and, thus, only prospectively. Directories and files existing when the codice_2 bit is applied are unaffected, as are directories and files moved into the directory on which the bit is set.


title: Setuid

text: Thus is granted a capacity to work with files amongst a group of users without explicitly setting permissions, but limited by the security model expectation that existing files permissions do not implicitly change.


title: Setuid

text: The codice_1 permission set on a directory is ignored on most UNIX and Linux systems. However FreeBSD can be configured to interpret codice_1 in a manner similar to codice_2, in which case it forces all files and sub-directories created in a directory to be owned by that directory's owner - a simple form of inheritance. This is generally not needed on most systems derived from BSD, since by default directories are treated as if their codice_2 bit is always set, regardless of the actual value. As is stated in codice_34, "When a new file is created it is given the group of the directory which contains it."


title: Setuid

text: Permissions of a file can be checked in octal form and/or alphabetic form with the command line tool codice_35


title: Setuid

text: A user named 'thompson' attempts to execute the file. The executable permission for all users is set (the '1') so 'thompson' can execute the file. The file owner is 'root' and the SUID permission is set (the '4') - so the file is executed as 'root'.


title: Setuid

text: The reason an executable would be run as 'root' is so that it can modify specific files that the user would not normally be allowed to, without giving the user full root access.


title: Setuid

text: A default use of this can be seen with the codice_36 binary file. codice_36 needs to modify codice_38 and codice_39 which store account information and password hashes for all users, and these can only be modified by the user 'root'.


title: Setuid

text: The owner of the process is not the user running the executable file but the owner of the executable file


title: Setuid

text: A user named 'torvalds' who belongs primarily to the group 'torvalds' but secondarily to the group 'engineers' makes a directory named 'electronic' under the directory named 'music'. The group ownership of the new directory named 'electronic' inherits 'engineers.' This is the same when making a new "file" named 'imagine.txt'


title: Setuid

text: Without SGID the group ownership of the new directory/file would have been 'torvalds' as that is the primary group of user 'torvalds'.


title: Setuid

text: A user named 'torvalds' creates a file named 'tekken' under the directory named 'videogames'. A user named 'wozniak', who is also part of the group 'engineers', attempts to delete the file named 'tekken' but he cannot, since he is not the owner.


title: Setuid

text: Without sticky bit, 'wozniak' could have deleted the file, because the directory named 'videogames' allows read and write by 'engineers'. A default use of this can be seen at the codice_40 folder.


title: Setuid

text: A user named 'torvalds' who belongs primarily to the group 'torvalds' but secondarily to the group 'engineers' creates a file or directory named 'thoughts' inside the directory 'blog'. A user named 'wozniak' who also belongs to the group 'engineers' cannot delete, rename, or move the file or directory named 'thoughts', because he is not the owner and the sticky bit is set. However, if 'thoughts' is a file, then 'wozniak' can edit it.


title: Setuid

text: Sticky bit has the final decision. If sticky bit and SGID had not been set, the user 'wozniak' could rename, move, or delete the file named 'thoughts' because the directory named 'blog' allows read and write by group, and wozniak belongs to the group, and the default 0002 umask allows new files to be edited by group. Sticky bit and SGID could be combined with something such as a read-only umask or an append only attribute.


title: Setuid

text: Developers design and implement programs that use this bit on executables carefully in order to avoid security vulnerabilities including buffer overruns and path injection. Successful buffer-overrun attacks on vulnerable applications allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code under the rights of the process exploited. In the event that a vulnerable process uses the codice_1 bit to run as codice_42, the code will execute with root privileges, in effect giving the attacker root access to the system on which the vulnerable process is running.


title: Setuid

text: Of particular importance in the case of a codice_1 process is the environment of the process. If the environment is not properly sanitized by a privileged process, its behavior can be changed by the unprivileged process that started it. For example, GNU libc was at one point vulnerable to an exploit using codice_1 and an environment variable that allowed executing code from untrusted shared libraries.


title: Setuid

text: The codice_1 bit was invented by Dennis Ritchie and included in codice_46. His employer, then Bell Telephone Laboratories, applied for a patent in 1972; the patent was granted in 1979 as patent number . The patent was later placed in the public domain.


title: Maria Ho

text: Maria Ho (born March 6, 1983 in Taipei, Taiwan) is a Taiwanese-American poker player and television host/commentator. One of the top ranked female poker players in the world, and a Women in Poker Hall of Fame inductee, she has over $5,000,000 in live tournament winnings.


title: Maria Ho

text: Ho's live tournament poker record includes 80 WSOP cashes, 8 World Series of Poker final tables (including WSOPC and WSOPE final tables), 14 World Poker Tour cashes, 4 WPT final tables and 1 WPT title), and numerous additional final tables on the professional poker circuit.


title: Maria Ho

text: Outside of poker, she has been seen on many primetime television shows; making it to "Hollywood Week" on season 3 of "American Idol", competing on the fifteenth season of "The Amazing Race" and appearing as a celebrity guest on "Deal or No Deal" in January 2019.


title: Maria Ho

text: Fluent in Mandarin and born into a traditional Taiwanese family, Maria grew up just outside Los Angeles in Arcadia, California, after her family moved from Taiwan to the United States when she was four-years-old. Maria's older sister is a media personality and psychologist Judy Ho, who is known for hosting the CBS syndicated talk show "Face The Truth".


title: Maria Ho

text: Ho started playing poker in college. She was drawn to the psychology and competitive spirit of the game and soon went from playing games with college friends to playing limit cash games at nearby Indian casinos. When Maria graduated from UCSD in 2005, with a major in communications and a minor in law, she had gone from playing low limits to high-stakes cash games and had grown her poker bankroll to the point that she felt confident to embark on a career as a professional poker player.


title: Maria Ho

text: Ho's first major tournament success came at the 2007 World Series of Poker where she was the last woman remaining in the Championship Event, placing 38th out of 6,358 players and earning a $237,865 payday. She repeated this accomplishment in 2014, when she came in 77th place out of 6,683 players. Her 27th place "Last Woman Standing" finish at the 2011 World Series of Poker Europe Main Event along with a 2017 6th place final table finish makes Maria the only player to ever hold the title Last Woman Standing four times over and at both the WSOP and WSOPE Main Events.


title: Maria Ho

text: At the 2012 World Series of Poker, Ho was the Most-Cashing Female of the series, with six individual tournament cashes. She repeated this feat at the 2014 WSOP with a total of eight cashes.


title: Maria Ho

text: In March 2019, for a second year in a row, she final tabled the LA Poker Classic $25,000 High Roller tournament and earned 1st place, earning her second highest live tournament score of $276,690. The following month she made the 6-handed TV final table of the WPT Seminole Hard Rock Poker Showdown Main Event and placed 3rd for $344,960, which was the second highest cash of her tournament career.


title: Maria Ho

text: In 2013, Ho joined the Heartland Poker Tour season 9 broadcast team as a co-host and strategic commentator. She was the first female in history to be hired to a poker television broadcast as the resident strategic commentator, and remained with the production for two years.


title: Maria Ho

text: Ho has compiled an impressive body of work as a television presenter, hosting and commentating on CBS Sports "The Final Table", ESPN's official coverage of the World Series of Poker, Amazon eSports Mobile Masters Invitational series, and she regularly contributes to the PokerGO streaming platform as a strategic commentator many PokerGO broadcasts including the High Roller Triple Crown, US Poker Open, Super High Roller Bowl, and the newly acquired World Series of Poker Main Event.


title: Maria Ho

text: In 2019, Ho won the Global Poker Award for Broadcaster of the Year. She has also contributed her expertise to several print publications, and authored a chapter in the book "Winning Women of Poker: Secret Strategies Revealed".


title: Maria Ho

text: Notable accolades include a 2019 Global Poker Award for Broadcaster of the Year (and a 2020 Global Poker Award nomination for the same category), being inducted into the Women In Poker Hall of Fame the very first year she was eligible and nominated (in 2018), three consecutive nominations as Favorite Female Poker Player by the "Bluff" Reader's Choice Awards, and on seasons 9 and 10 of the World Poker Tour she was named as one of WPT's "Ones to Watch".


title: Maria Ho

text: Ho has received invitations to play in various types of games all over the world. In 2008, she traveled to Hong Kong to play in the World Mahjong Tour, going head to head with various Chinese and Taiwanese celebrities and professional Mahjong players.


title: Maria Ho

text: For two consecutive years, she participated in the Inaugural World Team Poker Invitational, as a member of Team China, helping her team secure a 1st Place victory in 2010.


title: Maria Ho

text: In 2016, Ho was named one of 12 Team Managers (for Team LA Sunsets) in the inaugural season of the Global Poker League, notably drafting Emmy winning actor Aaron Paul as one of her Wild Card picks, as well as coaching her team to the championship match.


title: Maria Ho

text: On February 22, a video featuring Maria Ho was published on the YouTube Channel "The Try Guys", quickly getting recognition with over 5 million views.


title: The Immortal Hulk

text: The Immortal Hulk, introduced as Devil Hulk, is a fictional alternate-personality character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.


title: The Immortal Hulk

text: The Devil Hulk first appeared in "The Incredible Hulk" (vol. 2) #13 (April 2000) and was created by Paul Jenkins, Ron Garney, and Sal Buscema. Devil Hulk returns in Hulk form in "The Immortal Hulk", a Marvel Comics series that was launched with issue #1 on June 6, 2018. The series writer, Al Ewing, stated " I wanted to give some much-needed nuance to Bruce and the Hulk's side of this story – and also reveal more about the Banner/Hulk dynamic at the core of Immortal Hulk". "The Immortal Hulk" series is penciled by Joe Bennett, and features covers by such artists as Alex Ross, Kaare Andrews, Clayton Crain, and Sal Buscema.


title: The Immortal Hulk

text: The Devil Hulk is an alternate personality of Bruce Banner, personifying all of Bruce's resentment at the way he is treated by the world, and all his negative emotions such as self-hatred. The Devil Hulk is also one of the Hulk's enemies, constantly threatening to escape the confines of Bruce's mind and destroy the world that has tormented and abused them. While the character's physical appearance varies, he is always depicted as having glowing red eyes, and reptilian traits.


title: The Immortal Hulk

text: The Devil Hulk first appears when Bruce uses a machine created by Angela Lipscombe to travel into his own mind, which is being overtaken by the Guilt Hulk as he begins to die of Lou Gehrig's Disease. In a cavern containing innumerable other personalities frozen in ice, Bruce finds the Devil Hulk unfrozen but bound by chains. After explaining the nature of his existence, the Devil Hulk says he will banish the Guilt Hulk (his inability to feel guilt giving him the advantage over the entity) if Bruce releases him from his shackles, but Bruce refuses the Devil Hulk's offer to help, and flees, managing to keep the Devil Hulk contained and ensure the future safety of the world by making a deal with the three 'primary' Hulk personas (Savage Hulk, Grey Hulk, and Professor Hulk) that they will share control of the body once Banner's disease becomes too serious while leaving Banner with some degree of awareness and control. Later, Bruce's mind is thrown into disarray by the experiments of John Ryker, allowing the Devil Hulk to escape the cave from which he taunts Bruce.


title: The Immortal Hulk

text: As Bruce's condition became worse, the Devil Hulk enacts a plan to manifest in the real world by trapping Bruce's consciousness in an illusionary utopia. The three core Hulk personalities manage to break through the fantasy, and Bruce leaves it, rejecting the Devil Hulk's offer to repair it and allow Bruce to live peacefully within it in exchange for control of Bruce's physical body.


title: The Immortal Hulk

text: The Devil Hulk is last seen being overpowered by the Savage and Grey Hulks in the mindscape, while threatening everyone and everything held dear by Bruce, apparently being permanently contained back within the recesses of Banner's mind after his disease had been treated.


title: The Immortal Hulk

text: During the "Chaos War" storyline, Brian Banner is released from Hell and becomes a hybrid of the Guilt Hulk and Devil Hulk.


title: The Immortal Hulk

text: After Bruce Banner's death during "Civil War II" and subsequent resurrection during the events of "Avengers: No Surrender", the Devil Hulk suppressed the rest of Banner's personalities and became the "dominant" Hulk. Now calling themselves the "Immortal Hulk"—due to it manifesting at night even if Banner is killed during the day and apparently unable to be killed itself—the collective personalities reveal during a conversation with Doc Samson that the Immortal Hulk actually embodies Banner's desire for a protective father figure, and that Banner's inability to "imagine love without pain" is why he had previously perceived it as being a malevolent, Sadistic entity.


title: The Immortal Hulk

text: During the events of "Absolute Carnage", the Venom Symbiote takes Bruce as its host to fight Carnage. Inside of Bruce's mind, Bruce converses with the Venom Symbiote as the other Hulk personalities such as Joe Fixit and Savage Hulk add their opinions about their current situation. The Immortal Hulk (in his more traditional looking reptilian form) is against the symbiote's presence in Bruce and says it should be removed immediately, saying they have more important matters to deal with. In the end, Bruce, Joe Fixit, and Savage Hulk agree to collaborate with the Venom Symbiote and Immortal Hulk storms off, saying they are making a mistake.


title: The Immortal Hulk

text: When Bruce was affected by Xemnu's mental manipulations, the Immortal Hulk was imprisoned inside of Bruce's mindscape, leaving the Savage Hulk in control. When the Leader finds his way into the mindscape as well via the Green Door and takes over the Green Scar personality, the Immortal Hulk watches as Bruce and Joe Fixit are imprisoned as well. Feeling angrier than ever before, the Immortal Hulk breaks free from his cage and confronts the Leader. Before he can defeat him, the Immortal Hulk is stopped by the Savage Hulk, who is being emotionally manipulated by the Leader. The Immortal Hulk is beheaded by a monstrous Leader and his heart is ripped out. His corpse, alongside Banner, is taken to the Below-Place by the Leader.


title: The Immortal Hulk

text: Like the traditional Hulk, he possesses superhuman strength and stamina. As it took both the Savage Hulk and the Joe Fixit Hulk personas to hold him down when he attempted to escape while Banner was being treated for a presumably incurable disease, the Devil Hulk appeared to be stronger than any of the previously introduced Hulks. However, since this confrontation took place on the mental plane, it reflects the force of the Devil's will compared to the more child-minded Hulks rather than providing a clear indication of their actual physical strength. During the "Immortal Hulk" series, it was shown that the Devil Hulk persona is even stronger than the Green Scar (World War Hulk). Thanks to his intelligence, he has the ability to detect lies from people who hurt him. His newfound level of strength was enough to throw Hercules and Thor away by a mere flex of his muscles, and he is capable of leveling a mountain with an ability called Gamma Burst. Due to gamma radiation from the Below-Place, regeneration is seen in a more gruesome detail. During an experiment where the Hulk’s body is torn apart, he can remain alive and control every non-attached limb.


title: Son of Beast

text: Son of Beast was a record-breaking wooden roller coaster at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, United States. Built and designed by the now-defunct Roller Coaster Corporation of America (RCCA), it opened to the public on April 28, 2000, as the tallest and fastest wooden coaster in the world; these records have never been broken. It became the first wooden hypercoaster – a height class of or more – with its record-setting height of . The coaster was also the first in the modern era to feature a vertical loop, and it reached a maximum speed of . Son of Beast was themed as a sequel to one of the park's other signature attractions, The Beast.


title: Son of Beast

text: Two major, non-fatal accidents occurred on Son of Beast during its existence. In 2006, a crack formed in a wooden track beam resulting in a slight dip that severely jolted riders, with many reporting head and neck injuries. In 2009, a rider reported a severe head injury stemming from a burst blood vessel, and the ride was closed indefinitely. After sitting idle for years, the coaster permanently closed in July 2012 when Kings Island announced that the roller coaster would be removed from the park. A new steel coaster, Banshee, opened in its place in 2014, and a tombstone prop paying homage to the Son of Beast was placed in the ride's line queue. The station of Son of Beast is still standing and was used during the Halloween Haunt season between 2010 and 2019.


title: Son of Beast

text: The Roller Coaster Corporation of America (RCCA) discussed the idea of building the world's first wooden hypercoaster with Kings Island in 1997. The park announced plans to build Son of Beast on May 11, 1999. As part of a marketing campaign for the ride before its debut, a box was placed next to a footpath in the park. Beastly growling and snarling noises came from inside the box as it shook violently. During the announcement, the box was revealed to the audience along with a model of the roller coaster and a list of seven world records that would be broken when it came into operation. The sign at the ride's entrance featured a large wooden box covered with chains, rope, and metal straps. The front was ripped open with the name "Son of Beast" centered inside the box.


title: Son of Beast

text: Although the Roller Coaster Company of Ohio was officially recorded as the ride's designer, that company was actually an affiliate of RCCA. The primary structural engineer was Wooden Structures Inc. of Georgia, while the lumber was manufactured by Universal Forest Products of Hamilton, Ohio. Problems plagued the ride from the beginning and, as a result, Paramount Parks, the park's then-owner, fired RCCA before construction was completed. The park had to make several design corrections during Son of Beast's initial year.


title: Son of Beast

text: On January 11, 2000, a portion of the ride was damaged due to a strong gust of wind. It was later revealed that the second hill had collapsed by itself. The wooden structure was being held in place by a temporary ribbon support system and had been constructed only a day earlier. The ride was planned to open on April 14, 2000, but construction was halted due to rainy weather. As a result, the coaster's opening had to be delayed. In addition, in February 2000, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration fined Paramount $110,000 after discovering 18 safety violations, including 11 that were deemed "serious", during two inspections.


title: Son of Beast

text: Son of Beast originally opened to the public on April 28, 2000. The day after the ride opened, officials discovered defects in a section of track. Son of Beast closed for repair work soon afterward, undergoing three weeks of repairs. It then reopened on May 26, 2000. From the start, Son of Beast had a reputation for being rough. Passengers were being jerked around during the ride experience. This issue was said to be caused by structural issues. The only smooth path of the ride was the vertical loop. The ride originally operated with three trains designed by Premier Rides; each consisted of six cars for a total capacity of thirty-six.


title: Son of Beast

text: Kings Island filed a lawsuit in November 2000 against three companies involved in the design and manufacture of the roller coaster, claiming defects that delayed the initial opening and resulted in multiple closures. In 2005, a federal court ruled that the Roller Coaster Company of Ohio's insurer, Admiral Insurance, had to pay Kings Island $20 million in damages in relation to the lawsuit. However, the ruling was overturned by an appeals court in 2008.


title: Son of Beast

text: The trains were shortened to five cars before the 2006 season. The ride experienced its first major incident on July 9, 2006, during which 27 passengers were sent to the hospital following a derailment. The ride was closed for the remainder of the 2006 season while Kings Island replaced the Premier trains with lighter models. Two trains designed by Gerstlauer from the demolished coaster at the Myrtle Beach Pavilion were purchased by Kings Island to serve as lighter replacements for the original Son of Beast trains. The lighter trains were used to reduce the overall load on the wooden structure. To help the lighter trains complete the circuit, the loop was removed in January 2007 and recycled for scrap. The park claimed that the changes helped make the ride more comfortable. Son of Beast reopened on July 4, 2007. Despite the loss of the vertical loop, the coaster continued to hold the record as tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster in the world.


title: Son of Beast

text: Another major incident occurred in May 2009 in which a woman reported that she had been severely injured after riding Son of Beast. Kings Island officials heard of the incident on June 16 and closed the ride within a week. The coaster did not reopen for the 2009 season. Kings Island officials received three proposals to repair Son of Beast, one of which they rejected outright. References to Son of Beast were removed from the park's website and map in early 2010. All signage, including the box at the entrance, was also removed. At the time, the ride had accommodated an estimated 7 million guests throughout its history.


title: Son of Beast

text: On March 15, 2010, the General Manager of Kings Island, Greg Scheid, stated that the park had spent nearly $30 million on the ride to date and that it would not reopen for the 2010 season. However, at the start of the 2010 Halloween Haunt season, Son of Beast's station was opened for a haunted house called Wolf Pack. The station is still standing and was used yearly to host Wolf Pack during the Halloween Haunt season until 2019. Another Kings Island spokesperson, Don Helbig, announced in 2011 that the ride would again be closed for the 2011 season and that the ride's future had not yet been decided. "No decision has been made concerning the ride's future," spokesman Don Helbig said. "It would be inappropriate to speculate on when a decision might be made. There's nothing else to talk about." Kings Island announced on April 24, 2012, that there were no plans to operate Son of Beast in 2012, and they were still evaluating options.


title: Son of Beast

text: On July 27, 2012, following a thorough evaluation of the roller coaster, Kings Island announced that Son of Beast would be removed from the park to make room for future expansion. Demolition began in mid-September 2012. During the demolition of Son of Beast, Kings Island sold plaques with a piece of the ride's track for $99.99. Park officials offered pieces of the wood structure for $49.99 and structural bolts for $24.99. On November 20, one of the last remaining parts of the structure, the lift hill, was demolished. A new roller coaster called Banshee was completed in April 2014 and is now in the same location previously occupied by Son of Beast. A tombstone with a plaque honoring Son of Beast was placed in the mockup graveyard near the entrance of the new roller coaster.


title: Son of Beast

text: In 2018, Kings Island released posters that referenced Son of Beast's station, Outpost 5, leading some to speculate that a possible revival might be announced by the park. However, these rumors were unsubstantiated, and no such announcement was made.


title: Son of Beast

text: After loading the train, riders left the station making a left-hand drop into a series of short hops before turning into the lift hill. At the crest of the lift hill, the track made a left-hand turn over to the first drop, where it dropped to the ground followed by a 70-degree banked turn to the right. Riders then descended down a second drop into a left-hand double helix. Coming out of the helix, the train passed through a mid-course brake run dropping into a straight section of track (where the vertical loop was prior to 2006), before entering another helix, riding a series of short hills, and ending at the final brake run. One cycle of the ride lasted about 2 minutes and 20 seconds.


title: Son of Beast

text: The superstructure of the roller coaster used yellow pine, while the track piles were made of Douglas fir. Son of Beast was supported by 2,414 footers, which extended into the ground. In addition, 225,000 steel bolts and over of nails were used to secure the roller coaster's superstructure. Before the loop was removed in December 2006, it had a steel structure and a wooden track. About of timber were used in Son of Beast's construction, and the ride itself covered .


title: Son of Beast

text: At the time of its introduction in 2000, Son of Beast was the only wooden roller coaster nationally ranked in the top 10 for track height, track length, drop height, and speed. It set several world records becoming the tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster in the world, as well as becoming the second longest following its predecessor, The Beast. In addition, when it opened, Son of Beast was the only wooden roller coaster to feature a vertical loop. The loop was removed prior to the 2007 season. Many records have never been surpassed by another wooden roller coaster. If Son of Beast were still standing today, it would be the tallest and fastest wooden coaster in the world, and it would have the world's longest drop.


title: Son of Beast

text: From 2000 to 2009, the Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) recorded six incidents in which people were injured after riding Son of Beast. Son of Beast recorded more incidents than any other ride in Ohio during that period, when ODA recorded 65 such incidents on amusement rides across the state.


title: Son of Beast

text: Only one of the six incidents recorded on Son of Beast, the derailment in 2006, was caused by structural issues with the ride itself. Of the other five incidents, two riders broke their necks within a four-week period in 2001; both riders had ankylosing spondylitis, a rare condition of arthritis in the spine. A third rider suffered fractured vertebrae after riding Son of Beast in 2003, but ODA officials were unable to determine whether the rider had a preexisting medical condition because she refused to be interviewed. In 2007, a fourth rider died one day after riding Son of Beast after complaining of back pain. The fifth incident, in 2009, resulted in the ride's permanent closure.


title: Son of Beast

text: In the evening of July 9, 2006, a structural failure in the 'Rose Bowl' section of the ride formed a "slight dip" in the track that created a "pothole effect". A train running on the track passed over the area severely jolting riders. After the train returned to the station and riders complained of injuries, the next train ascending the lift hill was halted. There were 27 sent to the hospital, many reporting head, and neck injuries, with all but two being released the same day. None of the injuries were life-threatening. After an inspection the following day, the park stated that the accident was caused by a crack or split in the wood. The ride was shut down for an extended period of time, while the park worked with the State of Ohio to complete a full investigation. The park completed repairs of the ride but the state asked for extensive testing to be done to ensure it would not happen again. The park indicated that the ride would not reopen until the 2007 season.


title: Son of Beast

text: After the 2006 incident, the trains were replaced with lighter models before the ride reopened the following season. The loop was also removed during this time. The riders injured in the 2006 incident filed five lawsuits, four of which were settled out-of-court. In the fifth lawsuit, a judge ruled that Kings Island had to pay over $76,000 in compensatory damages. Forensic investigator Rick Schmizze testified that Kings Island had known since 2000 that the ride had major issues with swaying, but that park officials had not done enough to fix the problem. Kings Island settled the last lawsuit in 2011.


title: Son of Beast

text: On June 16, 2009, a woman claimed to have suffered a head injury from riding Son of Beast during her visit to the park on May 31, 2009. She did not report the incident to Kings Island officials before June 16. She claimed to have suffered from a burst blood vessel in her brain, after riding Son of Beast, that required admission to an intensive care unit at a nearby hospital. "The first we heard of this was on June 16. Her visit was on May 31 and there's no record of going to first aid for anything here at the park," said Don Helbig, public relations manager for Kings Island. Helbig also pointed out that there were no other reports of injuries on the ride that year. Son of Beast was shut down as a precaution, however, during the investigation. "At this point, it would be inappropriate to speculate on an exact date when the ride may reopen. We're going to do a thorough maintenance review. We're going to work with the state of Ohio on that," said Helbig.


title: Son of Beast

text: An investigation followed, and no irregularities were found with the ride. A summary of that investigation was released later, on July 29. Despite the vindicating findings, the roller coaster never reopened.


title: Edison light bulb

text: Edison light bulbs, also known as filament light bulbs and retroactively referred to as antique light bulbs or vintage light bulbs, are either carbon- or early tungsten-filament incandescent light bulbs, or modern bulbs that reproduce their appearance. Most of the bulbs in circulation are reproductions of the wound filament bulbs made popular by Edison Electric Light Company at the turn of the 20th century. They are easily identified by the long and complicated windings of their internal filaments, and by the very warm-yellow glow of the light they produce (many of the bulbs emit light at a color temperature of 2200–2400K).


title: Edison light bulb

text: Light bulbs with a carbon filament were first demonstrated by Edison in October 1879. These carbon filament bulbs, the first electric light bulbs, became available commercially that same year. In 1904 a tungsten filament was invented by Austro-Hungarians Alexander Just and Franjo Hanaman, and was more efficient and longer-lasting than the carbonized bamboo filament used previously. The introduction of a neutral gas to the glass envelope (or bulb) also helped to improve the lifespan and brightness of the bulb. To produce enough light, these lamps required the use of extremely long filaments, which remained so until the development of more efficiently wound tungsten filaments.


title: Edison light bulb

text: In the 1960s, US inventor Robert (Bob) Kyp patented a similar in appearance but flickering "electric flame" light bulb under the name Balafire as well as radiometers. His flicker bulb was used in a 7-Up commercial, and the company he ran since 1964, Kyp-Go, is currently the only US manufacturer of carbon-filament bulbs.


title: Edison light bulb

text: In the 1980s, after watching a salvage operation, Bob Rosenzweig started the reproduction and selling of his faux-antique bulbs. These vintage-style light bulb reproductions were sold mostly to collectors and prop houses, and continued until the turn of the 21st century when new regulations banned low-efficiency lighting in many countries. However, while domestic lighting shifted toward more efficient compact fluorescent lamps and LED lights, demand for vintage bulbs likewise increased. But passed as "specialty lighting", Edison-style incandescent lamps are exempted from the ban in most places.


title: Edison light bulb

text: More contemporary "Edison light bulbs" are designed to replicate the same light color and bulb shape of the original, but offer a more energy-efficient version to Rosenzweig's popular vintage reproduction bulbs (modern tungsten coils are already more efficient). These bulbs maintain the same "exposed" look to further preserve the vintage reproduction style, and often employ the "ST" long-pear bulb shape for the same reason. LED bulbs, including LED retro types, are much more energy-efficient than any incandescent lighting.


title: Edison light bulb

text: A 2010 article in "The New York Times" noted that some restaurants were hanging hundreds of Edison light bulbs from their ceilings, stating: "Whether in hip hangouts tapping into the popular Victorian industrial look or elegant rooms seeking to warm up their atmosphere, the bulb has become a staple for restaurant designers, in part because it emulates candlelight and flatters both dinner and diner." Within several years, the aesthetic had begun to spread globally; a 2016 article in "The Verge" bemoaned that every new cafe around the world was beginning to look the same, "whether in Odessa, Beijing, Los Angeles, or Seoul: the same raw wood tables, exposed brick, and hanging Edison bulbs."


title: Matt Prater

text: the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). Regarded as one of the best long distance kickers in NFL history, he held the NFL record for longest field goal (64 yards) from 2013 until 2021and currently holds the NFL record for most 50+ yard field goals in a career.


title: Matt Prater

text: He played college football at UCF, and was originally signed by the Lions as an undrafted free agent in 2006.


title: Matt Prater

text: He was cut by the Denver Broncos after completing a suspension for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy. With the Lions in the 2016 and 2017 seasons, Prater set the NFL records for consecutive field goal conversions of 50+ yards (14 field goals) and 55+ yards (seven field goals).


title: Matt Prater

text: Prater attended Estero High School in Estero, Florida. During his high school football career with the Wildcats, he converted 56 of 58 extra point attempts and 14 field goals, including one of 49 yards. Prater converted 84% of his kickoffs in the end zone for touchbacks. He was named second-team All-State, first-team all-conference and All-Southwest Florida. He was also selected to the second-team "Dream Team." Prater graduated from Estero High School in 2002. Prater transferred to Estero High School his sophomore year from Cypress Lake High School.


title: Matt Prater

text: Prater showed signs of his leg strength with his first kick of his collegiate career, making a 53-yard attempt against Penn State. Overall, in his first season kicking for the Golden Knights, he finished with 44-of-47 extra points converted and 14-of-21 field goals converted.


title: Matt Prater

text: Prater showed significant improvement as a sophomore year in 2003, leading the nation in punting and setting school and MAC records with 47.9 yards per punt. He is known as the perfectionist of the Rugby punt, which is now well known through the NCAA and is used by several teams. As a kicker, he converted 10-of-13 field goal attempts and was a perfect 4-for-4 on attempts of 40 yards or longer. Prater had a career day against Virginia Tech on August 31. He punted six times and had a 55.7-yard average, including punts of 71 and 67 yards. He also went 4-for-4 on extra points and had three touchbacks on kickoffs. Overall, he finished the 2003 season with 23-of-24 extra points converted and 10-of-13 field goals converted. In addition, he had 58 punts for 2,781 net yards for a 47.9 average.


title: Matt Prater

text: In 2004, Prater continued to provide kicking duties for the Golden Knights. Aaron Horne took over most of the punting duties. appeared in nine games before missing the rest of the season with a leg injury. At one point during the season, he made 11 consecutive field goals – the second-longest streak in school history. The streak was snapped against Buffalo on October 4. Overall, he finished the 2004 season with 12-of-14 extra points converted and 9-of-14 field goals converted.


title: Matt Prater

text: As a senior in 2005, Prater made 17-of-26 field goal attempts on the year, including a season-long 49-yard conversion. He also went 29-for-32 on point-after attempts. He punted four times for 160 yards during the season. In his final collegiate game, Prater set up a textbook onside kick, which allowed UCF to tie the game. However, in the first overtime, he missed an extra point, which dubbed him as the player that cost UCF the game and gave Nevada a 49–48 victory in the 2005 Hawaii Bowl.


title: Matt Prater

text: In 46 games spanning four years with UCF, Prater converted 50 of 74 field goal attempts, with a long of 53 yards. His 50 field goals ties him for the school record, while his 258 points ranks him fourth all-time in school history.


title: Matt Prater

text: Prater was signed by the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent on May 4, 2006. He made field goals of 22, 44, and 48 yards in a preseason game against the Cleveland Browns, but had little chance of beating out veteran incumbent Jason Hanson and was subsequently released August 27. He spent the rest of the season as a free agent, but did have workouts with the Green Bay Packers and Minnesota Vikings.


title: Matt Prater

text: Prater was signed to a futures contract by the Miami Dolphins on January 11, 2007. He was released by the team on August 27, as veteran Jay Feely won the job.


title: Matt Prater

text: Shortly thereafter, Prater signed a contract with the Atlanta Falcons and beat out Billy Cundiff for the job. Including the Falcons' preseason finale, Prater missed at least one field goal in three games played with the Falcons. Prater missed two field goals against the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 2 and was cut on September 18. The Falcons signed Morten Andersen as his replacement.


title: Matt Prater

text: Prater became the starting kicker for the Denver Broncos, replacing Jason Elam who signed with the Atlanta Falcons. The Broncos waived Garrett Hartley on July 21, 2008, leaving Prater as the only kicker on the Denver roster going into their first preseason game against the Houston Texans. On September 28, 2008, Prater made a 56-yard field goal late in the first half of the Broncos' loss at the Kansas City Chiefs, which was the third longest field goal in team history and the longest away from Denver. He made two field goals of more than 50 yards during the game.


title: Matt Prater

text: On October 5, 2008, Prater converted three out of three field goals, including a 55-yarder, as part of a 16–13 Broncos home win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He also recorded four touchbacks out of five kickoffs. His performance during the game led to him being named AFC Special Teams Player of the Week for Week 5 of the 2008 NFL season. Prater won the award for the first time in his career.


title: Matt Prater

text: Despite completing five of six field goals from beyond 50 yards on the season, he was only 25-of-34 overall (73.5%), making him one of the most inaccurate kickers in the league for the season.


title: Matt Prater

text: Prater improved in the 2009 season converting all 32 extra point attempts and 30-of-35 field goal attempts. In Week 12, he converted two extra points and all four field goal attempts against the New York Giants in the 26–6 victory. His performance earned him his second AFC Special Teams Player of the Week nomination.


title: Matt Prater

text: On March 9, 2010, the Denver Broncos re-signed Prater to a new contract. On December 23, 2010, Prater was put on injury reserve by the Broncos after suffering a right groin injury. Overall, he finished the 2010 season having converted 28-of-29 extra point attempts and 16-of-18 field goal attempts.


title: Matt Prater

text: On July 29, 2011, Prater re-signed with the Denver Broncos. At 3:00 am August 2, Prater was arrested and charged with DUI at a hotel while in the company of a female employee of "Shotgun Willie's," a local Glendale "strip club." On December 11, 2011, in a game against the Chicago Bears, Prater kicked a 59-yard field goal with three seconds remaining to tie the game. He then followed up by kicking a 51-yard field goal to win the game in overtime, 13–10. The performance earned his third career Special Teams Player of the Week nomination. Overall, he finished the 2011 season converting all 30 extra point attempts to go along with 19-of-25 field goal attempts.