title: Veronica Franco

text: Franco's literary work demonstrates her ability to defend women, as a whole, in a format that can be studied and understood as ahead of her time. Franco's work fearlessly embarked on juxtaposed realms such as sexuality and women's agency as a whole. In doing so, she challenged and disrupted the patriarchal norms that surrounded her.


title: Veronica Franco

text: Franco is also portrayed in the 2012 Serbian novel named after her () authored by Serbian writer Katarina Brajović.


title: Veronica Franco

text: In 2013, her work was interpreted as adopting "a position of public authority that calls attention to her education, her rhetorical skill, and the solidarity she feels with women." She embodied in writing a duality, toggling between and addressing both private and public life matters. Her publications have allowed her work and proto-feminist efforts to transcend time.


title: Liza Snyder

text: Liza Snyder (born March 20, 1968) is an American actress. She is known for her television roles, which include Officer Molly Whelan in the ABC (and syndicated) series "Sirens", Linda in the NBC sitcom "Jesse", Christine Hughes in the CBS sitcom "Yes, Dear" from 2000 to 2006, and Andi Burns in the CBS sitcom "Man with a Plan" from 2016 to 2020.


title: Liza Snyder

text: Snyder was born in Northampton, Massachusetts. Her father is a professor of theatre at Smith College, and her mother is a singer-songwriter. Her maternal grandparents were five-time Academy Award-winning composer, Johnny Green, and the actress and consumer reporter, Betty Furness. Snyder is a graduate of New York City's Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre where she studied acting under the tutelage of Sanford Meisner.


title: Liza Snyder

text: Snyder began her career appearing in episodes of television dramas such as "The Trials of Rosie O'Neill" and "Murder, She Wrote". In 1993, she landed the leading role of Molly Whelan in the ABC and then syndicated crime drama "Sirens". After the series was canceled, she co-starred in two made-for-television movies, and guest starred on "Chicago Hope", and "Pacific Blue". From 1998 to 2000, she was regular cast member in the NBC sitcom "Jesse" starring Christina Applegate. She made her big screen debut in a secondary role in "Pay It Forward" directed by Mimi Leder. Later that year, Snyder began starring as Christine Hughes on the CBS sitcom "Yes, Dear". The series ended in 2006.


title: Liza Snyder

text: After "Yes, Dear", Snyder had a five-year hiatus. In 2011, she returned to television with guest starring role in an episode of "House", playing a patient in need of a lung transplant. She reprised her "Yes, Dear" role in a 2013 episode of "Raising Hope". In 2016, Snyder returned to regular series television work starring alongside Matt LeBlanc in the CBS sitcom "Man with a Plan".


title: Rohit Purohit

text: Rohit Purohit is an Indian actor who works in Hindi television. He made his acting debut with "Shaurya Aur Suhani" portraying Chitwan in 2009. Purohit is best known for his portrayal of Malik Altunia in "Razia Sultan", Alexander in "Porus", Ranvijay Shroff in "Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji" and Dr. Vikrant Saxena in "Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii".


title: Rohit Purohit

text: Purohit dated his "Arjun" co-actor Sheena Bajaj for six years. He married Bajaj on 22 January 2019 in Jaipur.


title: Rohit Purohit

text: Purohit started his acting career with "Shaurya Aur Suhani" portraying Chitwan. He then portrayed Marco D'Souza in an episode of "Adaalat" and portrayed Aryaman in "Aise Karo Naa Vidaa".


title: Rohit Purohit

text: Purohit went onto portray prominent role of Suraj Purohit in "Sanskaar Laxmi", Bhadrasaal in "Chandragupta Maurya", Varun Kashyap / Rubber Man in "Hum Ne Li Hai- Shapath", Karan in "Arjun". He then appeared in an episode of "Encounter" as Girish Sinha and in an episode of "Ishq Kills" as Aryan.


title: Rohit Purohit

text: Purohit portrayed the lead role of Malik Altunia in "Razia Sultan", a major turning point in his career. He also portrayed Dara Shikoh in the documentary series "Bharatvarsh". He then portrayed Alexander in "Porus" and received praises for his role.


title: Rohit Purohit

text: Purohit portrayed the lead role of Ranvijay "RV" Shroff in "Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji" and Dr. Vikrant Saxena in "Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii". He also appeared as a Contestant in "Box Cricket League 3".


title: History of virology

text: The history of virology – the scientific study of viruses and the infections they cause – began in the closing years of the 19th century. Although Louis Pasteur and Edward Jenner developed the first vaccines to protect against viral infections, they did not know that viruses existed. The first evidence of the existence of viruses came from experiments with filters that had pores small enough to retain bacteria. In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky used one of these filters to show that sap from a diseased tobacco plant remained infectious to healthy tobacco plants despite having been filtered. Martinus Beijerinck called the filtered, infectious substance a "virus" and this discovery is considered to be the beginning of virology.


title: History of virology

text: The subsequent discovery and partial characterization of bacteriophages by Frederick Twort and Félix d'Herelle further catalyzed the field, and by the early 20th century many viruses had been discovered. In 1926, Thomas Milton Rivers defined viruses as obligate parasites. Viruses were demonstrated to be particles, rather than a fluid, by Wendell Meredith Stanley, and the invention of the electron microscope in 1931 allowed their complex structures to be visualised.


title: History of virology

text: Despite his other successes, Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) was unable to find a causative agent for rabies and speculated about a pathogen too small to be detected using a microscope. In 1884, the French microbiologist Charles Chamberland (1851–1931) invented a filter – known today as the Chamberland filter – that had pores smaller than bacteria. Thus, he could pass a solution containing bacteria through the filter and completely remove them from the solution.


title: History of virology

text: In 1876, Adolf Mayer, who directed the Agricultural Experimental Station in Wageningen, was the first to show that what he called "Tobacco Mosaic Disease" was infectious. He thought that it was caused by either a toxin or a very small bacterium. Later, in 1892, the Russian biologist Dmitry Ivanovsky (1864–1920) used a Chamberland filter to study what is now known as the tobacco mosaic virus. His experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infected tobacco plants remain infectious after filtration. Ivanovsky suggested the infection might be caused by a toxin produced by bacteria, but did not pursue the idea.


title: History of virology

text: In 1898, the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931), a microbiology teacher at the Agricultural School in Wageningen repeated experiments by Adolf Mayer and became convinced that filtrate contained a new form of infectious agent. He observed that the agent multiplied only in cells that were dividing and he called it a "contagium vivum fluidum" (soluble living germ) and re-introduced the word "virus". Beijerinck maintained that viruses were liquid in nature, a theory later discredited by the American biochemist and virologist Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904–1971), who proved that they were in fact, particles. In the same year, 1898, Friedrich Loeffler (1852–1915) and Paul Frosch (1860–1928) passed the first animal virus through a similar filter and discovered the cause of foot-and-mouth disease.


title: History of virology

text: The first human virus to be identified was the yellow fever virus. In 1881, Carlos Finlay (1833–1915), a Cuban physician, first conducted and published research that indicated that mosquitoes were carrying the cause of yellow fever, a theory proved in 1900 by commission headed by Walter Reed (1851–1902). During 1901 and 1902, William Crawford Gorgas (1854–1920) organised the destruction of the mosquitoes' breeding habitats in Cuba, which dramatically reduced the prevalence of the disease. Gorgas later organised the elimination of the mosquitoes from Panama, which allowed the Panama Canal to be opened in 1914. The virus was finally isolated by Max Theiler (1899–1972) in 1932 who went on to develop a successful vaccine.


title: History of virology

text: By 1928 enough was known about viruses to enable the publication of "Filterable Viruses", a collection of essays covering all known viruses edited by Thomas Milton Rivers (1888–1962). Rivers, a survivor of typhoid fever contracted at the age of twelve, went on to have a distinguished career in virology. In 1926, he was invited to speak at a meeting organised by the Society of American Bacteriology where he said for the first time, "Viruses appear to be obligate parasites in the sense that their reproduction is dependent on living cells."


title: History of virology

text: The notion that viruses were particles was not considered unnatural and fitted in nicely with the germ theory. It is assumed that Dr. J. Buist of Edinburgh was the first person to see virus particles in 1886, when he reported seeing "micrococci" in vaccine lymph, though he had probably observed clumps of vaccinia. In the years that followed, as optical microscopes were improved "inclusion bodies" were seen in many virus-infected cells, but these aggregates of virus particles were still too small to reveal any detailed structure. It was not until the invention of the electron microscope in 1931 by the German engineers Ernst Ruska (1906–1988) and Max Knoll (1887–1969), that virus particles, especially bacteriophages, were shown to have complex structures. The sizes of viruses determined using this new microscope fitted in well with those estimated by filtration experiments. Viruses were expected to be small, but the range of sizes came as a surprise. Some were only a little smaller than the smallest known bacteria, and the smaller viruses were of similar sizes to complex organic molecules.


title: History of virology

text: In 1935, Wendell Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic virus and found it was mostly made of protein. In 1939, Stanley and Max Lauffer (1914) separated the virus into protein and nucleic acid, which was shown by Stanley's postdoctoral fellow Hubert S. Loring to be specifically RNA. The discovery of RNA in the particles was important because in 1928, Fred Griffith (–1941) provided the first evidence that its "cousin", DNA, formed genes.


title: History of virology

text: In Pasteur's day, and for many years after his death, the word "virus" was used to describe any cause of infectious disease. Many bacteriologists soon discovered the cause of numerous infections. However, some infections remained, many of them horrendous, for which no bacterial cause could be found. These agents were invisible and could only be grown in living animals. The discovery of viruses paved the way to understanding these mysterious infections. And, although Koch's postulates could not be fulfilled for many of these infections, this did not stop the pioneer virologists from looking for viruses in infections for which no other cause could be found.


title: History of virology

text: Bacteriophages are the viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria. They were discovered in the early 20th century, by the English bacteriologist Frederick Twort (1877–1950). But before this time, in 1896, the bacteriologist Ernest Hanbury Hankin (1865–1939) reported that something in the waters of the River Ganges could kill "Vibrio cholerae" – the cause of cholera. The agent in the water could be passed through filters that remove bacteria but was destroyed by boiling. Twort discovered the action of bacteriophages on staphylococci bacteria. He noticed that when grown on nutrient agar some colonies of the bacteria became watery. He collected some of these watery colonies and passed them through a Chamberland filter to remove the bacteria and discovered that when the filtrate was added to fresh cultures of bacteria, they in turn became watery. He proposed that the agent might be "an amoeba, an ultramicroscopic virus, a living protoplasm, or an enzyme with the power of growth".


title: History of virology

text: Félix d'Herelle (1873–1949) was a mainly self-taught French-Canadian microbiologist. In 1917 he discovered that "an invisible antagonist", when added to bacteria on agar, would produce areas of dead bacteria. The antagonist, now known to be a bacteriophage, could pass through a Chamberland filter. He accurately diluted a suspension of these viruses and discovered that the highest dilutions (lowest virus concentrations), rather than killing all the bacteria, formed discrete areas of dead organisms. Counting these areas and multiplying by the dilution factor allowed him to calculate the number of viruses in the original suspension. He realised that he had discovered a new form of virus and later coined the term "bacteriophage".


title: History of virology

text: Between 1918 and 1921 d'Herelle discovered different types of bacteriophages that could infect several other species of bacteria including "Vibrio cholerae". Bacteriophages were heralded as a potential treatment for diseases such as typhoid and cholera, but their promise was forgotten with the development of penicillin. Since the early 1970s, bacteria have continued to develop resistance to antibiotics such as penicillin, and this has led to a renewed interest in the use of bacteriophages to treat serious infections.


title: History of virology

text: D'Herelle travelled widely to promote the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of bacterial infections. In 1928, he became professor of biology at Yale and founded several research institutes. He was convinced that bacteriophages were viruses despite opposition from established bacteriologists such as the Nobel Prize winner Jules Bordet (1870–1961). Bordet argued that bacteriophages were not viruses but just enzymes released from "lysogenic" bacteria. He said "the invisible world of d'Herelle does not exist". But in the 1930s, the proof that bacteriophages were viruses was provided by Christopher Andrewes (1896–1988) and others. They showed that these viruses differed in size and in their chemical and serological properties.


title: History of virology

text: In 1940, the first electron micrograph of a bacteriophage was published and this silenced sceptics who had argued that bacteriophages were relatively simple enzymes and not viruses.


title: History of virology

text: Numerous other types of bacteriophages were quickly discovered and were shown to infect bacteria wherever they are found. Early research was interrupted by World War II. d'Herelle, despite his Canadian citizenship, was interned by the Vichy Government until the end of the war.


title: History of virology

text: Knowledge of bacteriophages increased in the 1940s following the formation of the Phage Group by scientists throughout the US. Among the members were Max Delbrück (1906–1981) who founded a course on bacteriophages at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Other key members of the Phage Group included Salvador Luria (1912–1991) and Alfred Hershey (1908–1997). During the 1950s, Hershey and Chase made important discoveries on the replication of DNA during their studies on a bacteriophage called T2. Together with Delbruck they were jointly awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses". Since then, the study of bacteriophages has provided insights into the switching on and off of genes, and a useful mechanism for introducing foreign genes into bacteria and many other fundamental mechanisms of molecular biology.


title: History of virology

text: In 1882, Adolf Mayer (1843–1942) described a condition of tobacco plants, which he called "mosaic disease" ("mozaïkziekte"). The diseased plants had variegated leaves that were mottled. He excluded the possibility of a fungal infection and could not detect any bacterium and speculated that a "soluble, enzyme-like infectious principle was involved". He did not pursue his idea any further, and it was the filtration experiments of Ivanovsky and Beijerinck that suggested the cause was a previously unrecognised infectious agent. After tobacco mosaic was recognized as a virus disease, virus infections of many other plants were discovered.


title: History of virology

text: The importance of tobacco mosaic virus in the history of viruses cannot be overstated. It was the first virus to be discovered, and the first to be crystallised and its structure shown in detail. The first X-ray diffraction pictures of the crystallised virus were obtained by Bernal and Fankuchen in 1941. On the basis of her pictures, Rosalind Franklin discovered the full structure of the virus in 1955. In the same year, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams showed that purified tobacco mosaic virus RNA and its coat protein can assemble by themselves to form functional viruses, suggesting that this simple mechanism was probably the means through which viruses were created within their host cells.


title: History of virology

text: By 1935, many plant diseases were thought to be caused by viruses. In 1922, John Kunkel Small (1869–1938) discovered that insects could act as vectors and transmit virus to plants. In the following decade many diseases of plants were shown to be caused by viruses that were carried by insects and in 1939, Francis Holmes, a pioneer in plant virology, described 129 viruses that caused disease of plants. Modern, intensive agriculture provides a rich environment for many plant viruses. In 1948, in Kansas, US, 7% of the wheat crop was destroyed by wheat streak mosaic virus. The virus was spread by mites called "Aceria tulipae".


title: History of virology

text: In 1970, the Russian plant virologist Joseph Atabekov discovered that many plant viruses only infect a single species of host plant. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses now recognises over 900 plant viruses.


title: History of virology

text: By the end of the 19th century, viruses were defined in terms of their infectivity, their ability to be filtered, and their requirement for living hosts. Up until this time, viruses had only been grown in plants and animals, but in 1906, Ross Granville Harrison (1870–1959) invented a method for growing tissue in lymph, and, in 1913, E Steinhardt, C Israeli, and RA Lambert used this method to grow vaccinia virus in fragments of guinea pig corneal tissue. In 1928, HB and MC Maitland grew vaccinia virus in suspensions of minced hens' kidneys. Their method was not widely adopted until the 1950s, when poliovirus was grown on a large scale for vaccine production. In 1941–42, George Hirst (1909–94) developed assays based on haemagglutination to quantify a wide range of viruses as well as virus-specific antibodies in serum.


title: History of virology

text: Although the influenza virus that caused the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic was not discovered until the 1930s, the descriptions of the disease and subsequent research has proved it was to blame.


title: History of virology

text: The pandemic killed 40–50 million people in less than a year, but the proof that it was caused by a virus was not obtained until 1933. "Haemophilus influenzae" is an opportunistic bacterium which commonly follows influenza infections; this led the eminent German bacteriologist Richard Pfeiffer (1858–1945) to incorrectly conclude that this bacterium was the cause of influenza. A major breakthrough came in 1931, when the American pathologist Ernest William Goodpasture grew influenza and several other viruses in fertilised chickens' eggs. Hirst identified an enzymic activity associated with the virus particle, later characterised as the neuraminidase, the first demonstration that viruses could contain enzymes. Frank Macfarlane Burnet showed in the early 1950s that the virus recombines at high frequencies, and Hirst later deduced that it has a segmented genome.


title: History of virology

text: In 1949, John F. Enders (1897–1985) Thomas Weller (1915–2008), and Frederick Robbins (1916–2003) grew polio virus for the first time in cultured human embryo cells, the first virus to be grown without using solid animal tissue or eggs. Infections by poliovirus most often cause the mildest of symptoms. This was not known until the virus was isolated in cultured cells and many people were shown to have had mild infections that did not lead to poliomyelitis. But, unlike other viral infections, the incidence of polio – the rarer severe form of the infection – increased in the 20th century and reached a peak around 1952. The invention of a cell culture system for growing the virus enabled Jonas Salk (1914–1995) to make an effective polio vaccine.


title: History of virology

text: Denis Parsons Burkitt (1911–1993) was born in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Ireland. He was the first to describe a type of cancer that now bears his name Burkitt's lymphoma. This type of cancer was endemic in equatorial Africa and was the commonest malignancy of children in the early 1960s. In an attempt to find a cause for the cancer, Burkitt sent cells from the tumour to Anthony Epstein (b. 1921) a British virologist, who along with Yvonne Barr and Bert Achong (1928–1996), and after many failures, discovered viruses that resembled herpes virus in the fluid that surrounded the cells. The virus was later shown to be a previously unrecognised herpes virus, which is now called Epstein–Barr virus. Surprisingly, Epstein–Barr virus is a very common but relatively mild infection of Europeans. Why it can cause such a devastating illness in Africans is not fully understood, but reduced immunity to virus caused by malaria might be to blame. Epstein–Barr virus is important in the history of viruses for being the first virus shown to cause cancer in humans.


title: History of virology

text: The second half of the 20th century was the golden age of virus discovery and most of the 2,000 recognised species of animal, plant, and bacterial viruses were discovered during these years. In 1946, bovine virus diarrhea was discovered, which is still possibly the most common pathogen of cattle throughout the world and in 1957, equine arterivirus was discovered. In the 1950s, improvements in virus isolation and detection methods resulted in the discovery of several important human viruses including varicella zoster virus, the paramyxoviruses, – which include measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus – and the rhinoviruses that cause the common cold. In the 1960s more viruses were discovered. In 1963, the hepatitis B virus was discovered by Baruch Blumberg (b. 1925). Reverse transcriptase, the key enzyme that retroviruses use to translate their RNA into DNA, was first described in 1970, independently by Howard Temin and David Baltimore (b. 1938). This was important to the development of antiviral drugs – a key turning-point in the history of viral infections. In 1983, Luc Montagnier (b. 1932) and his team at the Pasteur Institute in France first isolated the retrovirus now called HIV. In 1989 Michael Houghton's team at Chiron Corporation discovered hepatitis C.


title: History of virology

text: New viruses and strains of viruses were discovered in every decade of the second half of the 20th century. These discoveries have continued in the 21st century as new viral diseases such as SARS and nipah virus have emerged. Despite scientists' achievements over the past one hundred years, viruses continue to pose new threats and challenges.


title: Sanam Baloch

text: Sanam Baloch Hisbani or Jatoi (, ) (born 14 July 1986) credited as Sanam Baloch is a Pakistani actress and television presenter. She has hosted various television shows such as; "Sanam Small Room" on KTN and the morning show on Samaa TV. As an actress, she has starred in critically acclaimed drama series, such as "Dastaan" (2010) and "Durr-e-Shehwar" (2012).


title: Sanam Baloch

text: Baloch married her colleague Abdullah Farhatullah on 12 October 2013 in a simple nikah ceremony in Karachi. Farhatullah is a singer, songwriter and host. They had met while working for Samaa TV and had been good friends for a long time. Upon her marriage, Baloch changed her name to Sanam Abdullah. Baloch's PR team dismissed rumours of a divorce in April 2018.


title: Sanam Baloch

text: In October 2018, Baloch confirmed that she and Abdullah have separated. Although they maintain a cordial relationship with each other, they are no longer friends.


title: Sanam Baloch

text: Baloch began her career as a talk show anchor in Sindhi television channel KTN. She hosted two shows "Sanam Small Room" and "Diyoo" on KTN. She appeared in Fahad Mustafa's long play "Kalaq". She has also performed in Urdu and Sindhi language music videos.


title: Sanam Baloch

text: Baloch appeared with Fawad Khan in the Hum TV drama Dastaan. Her next role was in the women's rights drama Kankar with Fahad Mustafa She was seen in Noorpur Ki Rani as Noorulain Aneez.


title: Sanam Baloch

text: She hosted morning show "Morning With Hum" on Hum TV, but then moved to Samaa TV for a morning show "Subha Saveray Samaa Ke Saath".


title: Sanam Baloch

text: She married Abdullah Farhatullah who also hosts a show on Samaa TV. previously She hosted morning show on ARY News. She left ARY News in 2018. Currently she hosts "morning show" on Samaa TV.


title: Sanam Baloch

text: Pakistani films like Bin Roye and Balu Mahi and many others was also offered to Sanam Baloch in fact she had signed Bin Roye as well but later she cancelled the contract with Hum TV in lieu of her morning show with ARY News and her wedding.


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: Lisa Marie Guerrero (born April 9, 1964) is an award-winning American journalist, actress, former sportscaster, artist, and model. Since 2006, Guerrero has been an investigative correspondent for the nationally syndicated newsmagazine "Inside Edition".


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: Guerrero was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Walter Coles, an American of English descent, and Lucy Guerrero, who was from Chile. Guerrero spent her childhood living in San Diego, California, and Huntington Beach, California. In 1972, when she was aged eight, her mother died of lymphoma cancer.


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: Guerrero began her show-business career in the 1980s as a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Rams, after which she became Entertainment Director for the Atlanta Falcons and New England Patriots. In the 1990s, she starred in Aaron Spelling's "Sunset Beach" as the female jewel thief Francesca Vargas. She also guest-starred in "Frasier" (the "Odd Man Out" and "Frasier's Imaginary Friend" episodes), "George Lopez" and "In the Heat of the Night".


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: In 1992, Guerrero, billed under her given name Lisa Coles, made a brief appearance in the superhero film "Batman Returns". Guerrero's character, credited as "Volunteer Bimbo" tells the film's villain, Penguin (Danny DeVito) that he is the coolest role-model a young person could have. The Penguin retorted by saying that she's the hottest young person a role-model could have.


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: In 1999, Lisa Guerrero moved to the Fox Network, where she participated in shows such as "Sports Geniuses", "Fox Overtime", "Fox Extra Innings," and the Toughman competition shows. Guerrero travelled to Egypt to tape the special "Opening the Tombs of the Golden Mummies," and starred in the San Diego Chargers magazine-style television show. Guerrero also co-hosted "The Best Damn Sports Show Period", alongside Tom Arnold, John Salley, John Kruk and Michael Irvin.


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: In 2003, she left "The Best Damn Sports Show Period" to join ABC's "Monday Night Football" as a sideline reporter. Guerrero was fired from the "Monday Night Football" team after one season.


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: Guerrero was the celebrity cover model in the January 2006 issue of "Playboy" magazine, billed on the cover as "The Best Damn Sports Beauty".


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: 15 years later, Lisa hosted the "Secrets of Playboy." The show won the "Critics Choice Award" for "Best Crime and Justice Show" in 2022. Lisa's empathic and detailed in-studio sit down interviews with the survivors earned critical praise.


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: On June 15, 2006, Guerrero became a correspondent on the TV news magazine "Inside Edition". She later became the show's Chief Investigative Correspondent and has worked on undercover stories and investigative reports. In 2011, she won the National Headliner Award for Best Investigative Report, beating Anderson Cooper for her undercover exposé on air duct cleaning scams.


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: Lisa has been nominated for a Prism Award for her story on the dangers of alcohol and boating. She was also nominated for a Genesis Award nomination for her investigation into horse slaughter farms in Florida.


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: Guerrero has appeared in numerous TV and film projects throughout her forty-year career, including a starring role in Aaron Spelling's Sunset Beach, guest starring on Frasier, The George Lopez Show, In the Heat of the Night, and a recurring role in TNT's television drama series "Southland". She appeared in Batman Returns and was also featured in the Bennet Miller's film staring Brad Pitt "Moneyball."


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: Guerrero and her ex-husband, retired baseball pitcher Scott Erickson, made an independent film titled "A Plumm Summer" (2007). Guerrero played the lead role and was also credited as executive producer. Guerrero also co-hosted VH1's game show "The World Series of Pop Culture". In 2010, Guerrero hosted the first live webcast of the 82nd Academy Awards red carpet for Oscar.com, integrating viewers' questions from Facebook into celebrity interviews. In January 2012, Guerrero hosted "Shooting Stars: Salute to Service", a reality competition show on the Velocity channel.


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: Guerrero wrote a memoir about her journey titled "Warrior: My Path to Being Brave," which is set to be published by Hachette Books on January 24, 2023.


title: Lisa Guerrero

text: Also an artist, Lisa previously wrote the book, "Jewelry For Your Table," a how-to crafts treatise on table setting, published in 2016.


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: Nobuo is the third son of Shintaro Abe and Yoko Abe (née Kishi). He was born in Tokyo. Shortly after his birth, he was adopted by his maternal uncle, Seibu Oil chairman Nobukazu Kishi, who could not have children of his own. He did not know about his actual parentage, or his relationship with Shintaro Abe's other sons (Hironobu and Shinzo Abe), until he was preparing to enter university.


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: Kishi spent the first decade of his life living in Tokyo with his grandfather, former prime minister Nobusuke Kishi. He graduated from the Faculty of Economics at Keio University in 1981 and joined Sumitomo Corporation, where he worked until 2002. His postings included the United States, Vietnam, and Australia.


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: With his brother Abe's backing, Kishi was elected to the House of Councillors in 2004, representing Yamaguchi Prefecture. He became known as a specialist in security issues. He has served as Parliamentary Secretary for Defense (Fukuda and Aso Cabinet), Vice Chairman, LDP Diet Affairs Committee in the House of Councillors, Vice Chairman, Party Organization and Campaign Headquarters of LDP, Chairman, Special Committee on Okinawa and Northern Problems.


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: Kishi was elected to the House of Representatives in the 2012 Japanese general election after resigning from his House of Councillors seat. He re-took a seat in Yamaguchi Prefecture that had previously belonged to his grandfather Nobusuke Kishi and great-uncle Eisaku Sato, but that had been lost to the Democratic Party of Japan in the 2009 Japanese general election. Following the 2012 election, Kishi's brother Abe became Prime Minister. Kishi was promoted to Senior Vice Foreign Minister in 2013.


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: Kishi became known during this time for his role in promoting the Japan-Taiwan relationship. He helped to arrange an historic meeting between Prime Minister Abe and ROC opposition leader Tsai Ing-wen in 2015. After Tsai's reelection as president, Kishi met with Tsai in Taiwan in January 2020 and again in July 2020 (when he attended the funeral of President Lee Teng-hui).


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: In 2019, he publicly advocated for Japan acquiring strike capabilities as a defensive measure against North Korea, stating that Japan should not rely upon the United States for defense.


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: Kishi was appointed as Minister of Defense under Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga in September 2020. Commentator Michael Bosack described this as "a strange pick that signals factional influence and possibly a personal favor," and argued that the faction led by Hiroyuki Hosoda was clearly trying to build Kishi's credentials. Following the news of Kishi's appointment, a Chinese foreign ministry spokesman expressed hope that Japan would refrain from developing official ties with Taiwan.


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: In October 2020, Kishi released a joint statement with Australian Minister of Defense Linda Reynolds that announced that Japan's Self Defense Forces would be enabled to protect Australian military assets, an act which was made legal in September 2015 through the "Peace and Security Preservation Legislation" passed under the Abe administration. This makes Australia the second country (after the United States) whose assets Japan would be permitted to protect. Kishi and Reynolds also emphasized their opposition to "any destabilizing or coercive unilateral actions that could alter the status quo and increase tensions in the East China Sea," and some analysts have speculated this to be in reference to Chinese maritime activities around the Senkaku Islands. In a September 2021 interview with the Mainichi Shimbun, Kishi stated that Japan cannot stand aside when events occur in Taiwan due to being close neighbors and allies with shared universal values such as freedom and democracy.


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: After Suga's resignation as Prime Minister, his successor Fumio Kishida opted to retain Kishi as Defense minister after taking office in October 2021. "Nikkei" noted that this sent a message of continuity in Japan's policies toward China and Taiwan.


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: After the assassination of Shinzo Abe on 8 July 2022, Nobuo Kishi had to disclose that the relationship with the controversial Unification Church, also known as the "Moon Sect", extends to him and the help he received in past elections. Kishida replaced him as Defense Minister a month later.


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: Like his brother Shinzō, Kishi is affiliated to the openly revisionist lobby Nippon Kaigi, and a member of the following right-wing groups at the Diet:


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: Kishi gave the following answers to the questionnaire submitted by Mainichi to parliamentarians in 2012:


title: Nobuo Kishi

text: In a March 2014 interview, he argued that nationalism was not on the rise in Japan, and that the Abe government would not change Japan's record of striving for peace as a member of international society.


title: Travis Tedford

text: Travis William Tedford (born August 19, 1988) is an American former actor. A child actor during the 1990s, he is best known for portraying "Our Gang" kid Spanky McFarland in the 1994 feature film "The Little Rascals" and for being the first Welch's "advertising-spokeskid" beginning in 1994 at age 6.


title: Travis Tedford

text: Tedford was born in Rockwall, Texas, to Timmy Bill Tedford and Paula Kay Dixon. Tedford graduated from Athens High School (Texas) in 2006 and from Trinity Valley Community College in 2008 with an Associates degree in Liberal Arts.


title: Arjun (2004 film)

text: Arjun is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language action drama film written and directed by Gunasekhar and produced by G. Ramesh Babu. The film starred Mahesh Babu as the titular character along with Shriya Saran, Keerthi Reddy, Raja Abel, Prakash Raj, and Saritha. The music was composed by Mani Sharma with cinematography by Sekhar V. Joseph and editing by A. Sreekar Prasad. The film released on 18 August 2004 and was successful at the box-office. It was later dubbed into Hindi as "Maidan-E-Jung" (2008) and in Tamil as "Varenda Maduraikku". The film was screened at the International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section. This was Keerthi Reddy’s final acting performance prior to her retirement from the film industry. The film won three Nandi Awards.


title: Arjun (2004 film)

text: Arjun and his twin sister Meenakshi finish college, and their parents decide to look for a good man to marry Meenakshi. Meenakshi shows Arjun a letter from their friend Uday, who confesses his love for her and asks her to elope with him as his parents Bala Nayagar and Andal are arranging his marriage with a different girl. Meenakshi tells Arjun that she, too, is interested in Uday. Arjun goes to Madurai, where Uday lives with his parents and is about to get married. Arjun tells Uday's parents about the letter and asks for their consent for marriage. Uday dares to marry Meenakshi before their parents' approval comes. Uday's parents agree for Meenakshi as their daughter-in-law, though they have different plans in mind.


title: Arjun (2004 film)

text: Meanwhile, Arjun meets Roopa, who also happens to be from Madurai, and they fall for each other. In Meenakshi's house, Uday's parents plan to kill her as they had lost a chance to grab a millionaire's property by an arranged marriage. They make multiple attempts to kill Meenakshi, but she survives. Arjun comes to the conclusion that they are trying to kill his sister, but Uday and Meenakshi do not believe him. At last, Meenakshi believes him when they try to kill her while Uday was away. She escapes with Arjun and Roopa's help and gives birth to twins. In that fight, Bala dies, and Andal develops paralysis. Uday watches how they tried to kill Meenakshi and believes Arjun's version. They all reconcile and live peacefully.


title: Arjun (2004 film)

text: The film was produced by Mahesh's brother Ramesh. This was Mahesh's last film released before he married Namratha Shirodhkar. On the other hand, this was the first movie (and the last as of July 2008) for Keerthi Reddy after her marriage. The film was launched at Padmalaya Studios in Hyderabad on 18 July 2003, to which the whole unit of the film attended. The Technical team, except for Art and Lyrics, were retained from Mahesh-Gunasekhar's previous film, "Okkadu". The Filming had a single schedule which started from 18 July itself. Mahesh played a role similar to the one he played in "Okkadu", while Shriya Saran was hired as the heroine opposite him. Keerthi Reddy played the role of Mahesh's sister and paired with Raja in the film. Prakash Raj played the role of Bala Nayakar, the last heir of the Nayakar dynasty who were well known in the History of Madurai while Saritha made a comeback to Telugu cinema after 16 years in the role of Andal, the wife of Nayakar.


title: Arjun (2004 film)

text: The main attraction of the film was the colossal set of Madurai Meenakshi Temple created by art director Padma Sri Thotta Tharani. Its details were revealed on 29 September 2003 by the production unit via a press meet. Thotta Tharani, along with the director and his team, stayed in Madurai Meenakshi Temple for 15 days. He drew his sketches to the minute details and replicated them in Hyderabad. The initial estimate of the Temple set cost was 2.5 crores which were supposed to be built in three months. But, it took six months with over 500 workers constructing the set. The total cost of this set turned out to be 4 crores. This set was constructed in a 5-acre space of Padmalaya Studios near Gandipet. This set consist of Gaali Gopuram, Pond and Garbhagudi. The set had a lifetime of 3 years with resistance to all types of climatic conditions. Thotta Tharani used 90 tons of iron in the construction of this temple set for longevity. 90 tons of iron itself cost around 42 lakhs. The pond in the temple has a depth of 3 feet. It took five days of continuous filling using five motors to fill the water. The Gaali Gopuram is of 130 feet, which is equivalent to the original Gaali Gopuram at Madurai temple. A set of temple priests from Madurai came to this set and installed a replica idol of Meenakshi Amman in the Garbhagudi. This traditional installation took 8 hours (from 6 am to 2 pm). Gunasekhar used 25 powerful generation sets for a song to be shot in the temple in night effect.


title: Arjun (2004 film)

text: Another set for the exterior of Prakash Raj's house and the streets of Madurai were also created at Padmalaya studios of Gandipet. The shooting happened at Padmalaya Studios in these sets for 60 Days which was equivalent to 40% of the film's shoot. The song Madura Madura was shot in Day effect while Dum Dumaare was shot in Night Effect at Madurai Temple set.


title: 40th Day after death

text: The 40th Day after death is a traditional memorial service, family gathering, ceremony and ritual in memory of the departed on the 40th day after his or her death. The observation of the 40th day after death occurs in Islam and the Eastern Orthodox tradition. The ritual represents spiritual intercession on the part of the dead, who are believed to collectively await the Day of Judgment. Thus, these rituals may be conducted for an individual, like commemoration of the 40th day after death, or for all dead souls.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: Land O'Lakes, Inc. is an American member-owned agricultural cooperative based in the Minneapolis-St. Paul suburb of Arden Hills, Minnesota, United States, focusing on the dairy industry. The cooperative has 1,959 direct producer-members, 751 member-cooperatives, and about 9,000 employees who process and distribute products for about 300,000 agricultural producers, handling 12 billion pounds of milk annually. It is ranked third on the National Cooperative Bank Co-op 100 list of mutuals and cooperatives. The co-op is one of the largest producers of butter and cheese in the United States through its dairy foods business; serves producers, animal owners and their families through more than 4,700 local cooperatives, independent dealers and other large retailers through its Purina Animal Nutrition (Purina Mills) business; and delivers seed, crop protection products, agricultural services and agronomic insights to 1,300 locally owned and operated cooperative and independent agricultural retailers and their grower customers through its WinField United business.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: Land O'Lakes was founded on July 8, 1921, in Saint Paul, Minnesota, by representatives from 320 cooperative creameries as the Minnesota Cooperative Creameries Association. This organization aimed to improve marketing and quality of butter, and thus increase the profitability of dairying.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: The Association developed and implemented the systematic inspection, grading and certification of butter from member creameries, resulting in greater uniformity of product. The improved quality and uniformity, and the reliability of its grading system, were touted in advertising materials. In 1924, the uniformly graded sweet cream butter was given the name "Land O'Lakes" after a contest, and the certificate forms used by the Association included the "Land O Lakes" marketing name (Minnesota's state nickname is "Land of 10,000 Lakes").


title: Land O'Lakes

text: The name became popular enough that the organization's public identity was often confused with its product name; thus, in 1926, the organization itself adopted the name "Land O'Lakes Creameries, Inc." and became eponymous with its product.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: The co-op was often accused of unfair competition and false advertising in its early years, and compelled to defend its inspection and certification processes. Eventually, however, the sweet butter marketing strategy drove competitors either to match the quality of butter produced under the Land O'Lakes name or see their sales decline. Many competitors in the dairy products business copied the Land O'Lakes approach, and the certification of quality became a proven marketing technique in other product lines as well. In the 1960s and 1970s, Land O'Lakes and Lake to Lake (which later merged into Land O'Lakes) had a rivalry with the National Farmers Organization over the practice of withholding milk from market. One member was expelled from Lake to Lake for recruiting other farmers into NFO.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: The Land O'Lakes co-op has grown through numerous acquisitions, and now has a large business in farm supply in addition to dairy. In 2001, it paid $360 million – and assumed $130 million in debt – to take over animal feed producer Purina Mills, once part of Ralston Purina. Purina Mills' new owner planned to merge the company with its Land O'Lakes Farmland Feed division but would keep the Purina name and logo.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: In 1978, Land O'Lakes got into the meatpacking business with the purchase of Spencer Beef. It sold Spencer Beef in 1983 to Excel, now Cargill Meat Solutions.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: A federal court in 2002 ordered Land O'Lakes to pay $3 million for patent infringement to Dr William Pordy, the inventor of a type of dairy creamer. An appeal court later overturned that ruling.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: Land O'Lakes took an ownership stake in egg producer MoArk in 1999; it took full ownership of the company in 2006.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: In August 2012, Land O'Lakes purchased refrigerated desserts manufacturer Kozy Shack Enterprises for an undisclosed sum.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: In July 2018, Land O'Lakes named Beth Ford as its first female CEO. Ford's role became effective August 1. At the time, she was the third openly gay woman CEO to run a Fortune 500 company.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: In December 2019, Land O'Lakes used autonomous truck technology developed by Plus.ai to successfully complete the first cross-country, commercial freight run by a self-driving truck.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: In 2020, the company started the American Connection Project along with Microsoft, Tractor Supply Co., and the Mayo Clinic to set up free wifi locations during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: The Land O'Lakes indigenous woman, named Mia, holding the butter box was painted in 1928 by Brown & Bigelow illustrator Arthur C. Hanson. According to Land O'Lakes, the original image of Mia was "simplified and modernized" in 1939 by Jess Betlach and has undergone many minor modifications since as the enduring logo of the co-op. Red Lake Ojibwe artist Patrick DesJarlait updated Mia's image in the 1950s. DesJarlait publicly believe in fostering an open dialogue between Native Americans and non-Natives. So, Mia's clothes were changed to match specific Ojibwe styles, and the background became a specific location in the Ojibwe territory, the Red Lake in Minnesota. The original image is an example of the infinite-loop motif or Droste effect, in which the image is repeated, in theory infinitely, within itself.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: In 2018, the image was changed to depict only the head of the Native woman (doing away with the Droste effect). In April 2020, the company announced it was removing the image of the Indian woman altogether. The use of an indigenous woman as a mascot had been criticized as a racist stereotype, and the decision to change the label was praised by some Native advocates such as Peggy Flanagan, Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota and a member of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe. However, the move was not without controversy within the Native community.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: DesJarlait's son, Robert DesJarlait, disagreed with claims that the logo was offensive or stereotypical. "Basically, it was giving the previous generation a sense of almost empowerment to see a Native woman on a box of butter. It gave them a sense of cultural pride," he said. "After seeing those posts, I said, 'that's right, that's why my dad created this image to begin with.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: In September 2009, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) released an undercover video allegedly depicting animal abuse of dairy cows at a Pennsylvania supplier for Land O’Lakes, Inc. The video showed unclean conditions in the barn and milking parlor and cows with infections and illness. The supplier's employee was found not guilty of animal cruelty charges resulting from this incident and an investigation by veterinarians hired by Land O’Lakes revealed no mistreatment of animals, but the veterinarians suggested that bedding, hygiene, ventilation and animal disposal practices be improved. Land O'Lakes states that it is supportive of the dairy industry's National Dairy F.A.R.M.: Farmers Assuring Responsible Management (FARM) animal care standards.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: In May 2017, the animal rights organization Animal Outlook (formerly Compassion Over Killing) released undercover footage of cruelty to animals at DFA supplier Mason Dixon Farms, which documented "cows being kicked in the face, punched in their sensitive udders, excessively shocked with an electric prod, jabbed with a pens or elbows, and having their tails twisted or bent by workers." The footage resulted in the firing of one employee.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: Since August 2012, WhiteWave Foods has licensed the Land O'Lakes name and sold coffee creamers and fluid dairy products under the brand.


title: Land O'Lakes

text: Land O'Lakes brand milk is licensed to Dean Foods in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.


title: Philippa Perry

text: Philippa Perry ( Fairclough; born 1957) is a British psychotherapist and author. She has written the graphic novel "Couch Fiction: A Graphic Tale of Psychotherapy" (2010), "How to Stay Sane" (2012), and "The Book You Wish Your Parents Had Read (and Your Children Will be Glad That You Did)" (2019).


title: Philippa Perry

text: Philippa Perry was born in Warrington, Cheshire. Her mother's family owned a cotton mill and her father inherited an engineering company and a farm. She was educated at Abbots Bromley School for Girls and at a Swiss finishing school.


title: Philippa Perry

text: She worked as a litigation clerk, an enquiry agent, and a McDonald's employee. She went to Middlesex Polytechnic where she gained a degree in Fine Art as a mature student.


title: Philippa Perry

text: In 1985 she trained and volunteered for the Samaritans, after which she trained as a psychotherapist. Perry worked in the mental health field for 20 years, 10 in private practice, before being published. From 2010 she spent time on the faculty of The School of Life, but she has subsequently discontinued this.


title: Philippa Perry

text: She had a regular column about psychotherapy in "Psychologies Magazine" for two years; in September 2013 she became "Red Magazine"'s agony aunt. She also works as a freelance journalist specialising in psychology and was an occasional presenter for "The Culture Show" on BBC Two.


title: Philippa Perry

text: Perry has presented various documentaries including: "Sex Lies and Lovebites: The Agony Aunt Story" (BBC Four); "Being Bipolar" (Channel 4); "The Truth About Children Who Lie" (BBC Radio 4); and "The Great British Sex Survey" (Channel 4).


title: Philippa Perry

text: In 2010 the academic publisher, Palgrave Macmillan, published Perry's book, "Couch Fiction: A Graphic Tale of Psychotherapy". It is a graphic novel that tells a tale of a psychotherapist and her client, from both their perspectives. Underneath the graphic novel boxes, Perry takes the position of commentator and provides footnotes on what might be going on between them and what theories the therapist is drawing on or should be drawing on. There is an afterword by Andrew Samuels.


title: Philippa Perry

text: She is married to artist Grayson Perry, and they have a daughter, Florence, born in 1992. The Perrys live in London. She has often been asked what it is like being married to a transvestite and says, "Being the wife of a trannie is great, he always makes me look fantastic". When asked the same question by a Buckingham Palace Press Officer when the Perrys went to a reception there in 2005, she said, "As obsessions go, it's better than football".


title: Perchta

text: ' or ' (English: Bertha), also commonly known as and other variations, was once known as a goddess in Alpine paganism in the Upper German and Austrian regions of the Alps. Her name may mean "the bright one" (, from Proto-Germanic *"berhtaz") and is probably related to the name , meaning the feast of the Epiphany. Eugen Mogk provides an alternative etymology, attributing the origin of the name to the Old High German verb , meaning "hidden" or "covered".


title: Perchta

text: Perchta is often identified as stemming from the same Germanic goddess as Holda and other female figures of German folklore (see Frija-Frigg). According to Jacob Grimm and Lotte Motz, Perchta is Holda's southern cousin or equivalent, as they both share the role of "guardian of the beasts" and appear during the Twelve Days of Christmas, when they oversee spinning.


title: Perchta

text: Grimm says Perchta or Berchta was known "precisely in those Upper German regions where Holda leaves off, in Swabia, in Alsace, in Switzerland, in Bavaria and Austria."


title: Perchta

text: According to Erika Timm, Perchta emerged from an amalgamation of Germanic and pre-Germanic, probably Celtic, traditions of the Alpine regions after the Migration Period in the Early Middle Ages.


title: Perchta

text: Perchta had many different names depending on the era and region: Grimm listed the names "Perahta" and "Berchte" as the main names (in his heading), followed by "Berchta" in Old High German, as well as "Behrta" and "Frau Perchta". In Baden, Swabia, Switzerland and Slovenian regions, she was often called "Frau Faste" (the lady of the Ember days) or Pehta or 'Kvaternica', in Slovene. Elsewhere she was known as "Posterli," "Quatemberca" and "Fronfastenweiber".


title: Perchta

text: The mother of the Franks emperor Charlemagne may have had a related albeit unwitted influence, as it did the Visigoth queen Brunhilda on her own, into its medieval folklore, Bertha or Berthrada was said to be of long and wide feet, in effect taller than her husband called precisely, Pippin "the Short" and may have been the reason why Charlemagne inherited from her his unusual height.


title: Perchta

text: In southern Austria, in Carinthia among the Slovenes, a male form of Perchta was known as "Quantembermann", in German, or "Kvaternik", in Slovene (the man of the four Ember days). Grimm thought that her male counterpart or equivalent is "Berchtold."


title: Perchta

text: Regional variations of the name include "Berigl", "Berchtlmuada", "Perhta-Baba", "Zlobna Pehta", "Bechtrababa", "Sampa", "Stampa", "Lutzl", "Zamperin", "Pudelfrau", "Zampermuatta" and "Rauweib".


title: Perchta

text: In some descriptions, Perchta has two forms; she may appear either as beautiful and white as snow like her name, or as elderly and haggard.


title: Perchta

text: In many old descriptions, Perchta had one large foot, sometimes called a goose foot or swan foot. Grimm thought the strange foot symbolized her being a higher being who could shapeshift to animal form. He noticed that Bertha with a strange foot exists in many languages (Middle German "Berhte mit dem fuoze", French "Berthe au grand pied", Latin "Berhta cum magno pede", Italian " Berta dai gran piè", title of a medieval epic poem of Italian area): "It is apparently a swan maiden's foot, which as a mark of her higher nature she cannot lay aside...and at the same time the spinning-woman's splayfoot that worked the treadle".


title: Perchta

text: In the Tyrol she appears as little old woman with a very wrinkled face, bright lively eyes, and a long hooked nose; her hair is disheveled, her garments tattered and torn.


title: Perchta

text: Initially, Perchta was the upholder of cultural taboos, such as the prohibition against spinning on holidays. In the folklore of Bavaria and Austria, Perchta was said to roam the countryside at midwinter, and to enter homes during the twelve days between Christmas and Epiphany (especially on the Twelfth Night). She would know whether the children and young servants of the household had behaved well and worked hard all year. If they had, they might find a small silver coin the next day, in a shoe or pail. If they had not, she would slit their bellies open, remove their stomach and guts, and stuff the hole with straw and pebbles. She was particularly concerned to see that girls had spun the whole of their allotted portion of flax or wool during the year. She would also slit people's bellies open and stuff them with straw if they ate something on the night of her feast day, other than the traditional meal of fish and gruel.


title: Perchta

text: The cult of Perchta, under which followers left food and drink for "Fraw Percht" and her followers in the hope of receiving wealth and abundance, was condemned in Bavaria in the "Thesaurus pauperum" (1468) and by Thomas Ebendorfer von Haselbach in "De decem praeceptis" (1439).


title: Perchta

text: Later canonical and church documents characterized Perchta as synonymous with other leading female spirits: Holda, Diana, Herodias, Richella and Abundia.


title: Perchta

text: The word is plural for , and this has become the name of her entourage, as well as the name of animal masks worn in parades and festivals in the mountainous regions of Austria. In the 16th century, the Perchten took two forms: Some are beautiful and bright, known as the ("beautiful Perchten"). These come during the Twelve Nights and festivals to "bring luck and wealth to the people." The other form is the ("ugly Perchten") who have fangs, tusks and horse tails which are used to drive out demons and ghosts. Men dressed as the ugly Perchten during the 16th century and went from house to house driving out bad spirits.


title: Perchta

text: According to Jacob Grimm (1882), Perchta was spoken of in Old High German in the 10th century as Frau Berchta and thought to be a white-robed goddess who oversaw spinning and weaving, like the myths of Holda. He believed she was the feminine equivalent of Berchtold, and was sometimes the leader of the Wild Hunt. However, John B. Smith disagrees and suggests that Perchta represents the personification of the feast of the Epiphany (Perchta's Day), and is therefore not pre-Christian.


title: Perchta

text: In contemporary culture, Perchta is portrayed as a "rewarder of the generous, and the punisher of the bad, particularly lying children".


title: Perchta

text: Today in Austria, particularly Salzburg, where she is said to wander through Hohensalzburg Castle in the dead of night, the Perchten are still a traditional part of holidays and festivals (such as the Carnival Fastnacht). The wooden animal masks made for the festivals are today called .


title: Perchta

text: In the Pongau region of Austria large processions of ("beautiful Perchten") and ("ugly Perchten") are held every winter. Beautiful masks are said to encouraging financial windfalls, and the ugly masks are worn to drive away evil spirits.


title: Perchta

text: Other regional variations include the in the Austrian Pinzgau region, the stilt dancers in the town of Unken, the or ("trunked Percht") in the Unterinntal region and the ("bell-running") in the Salzkammergut. A number of large ski-resorts have turned the tradition into a tourist attraction drawing large crowds every winter.


title: Anhur

text: In early Egyptian mythology, Anhur (also spelled Onuris, Onouris, An-Her, Anhuret, Han-Her, Inhert) was a god of war who was worshipped in the Egyptian area of Abydos, and particularly in Thinis. Myths told that he had brought his wife, Mehit, who was his female counterpart, from Nubia, and his name reflects this—it means "(one who) leads back the distant one".


title: Anhur

text: One of his titles was "Slayer of Enemies". Anhur was depicted as a bearded man wearing a robe and a headdress with four feathers, holding a spear or lance, or occasionally as a lion-headed god (representing strength and power). In some depictions, the robe was more similar to a kilt.


title: Anhur

text: Due to his position as a war god, he was patron of the ancient Egyptian army, and the personification of royal warriors. Indeed, at festivals honoring him, mock battles were staged. During the Roman era the Emperor Tiberius was depicted on the walls of Egyptian temples wearing the distinctive four-plumed crown of Anhur.


title: Anhur

text: The Greeks equated Anhur to their god of war, Ares. In the legend of Olympian gods fleeing from Typhon and taking animal form in Egypt, Ares was said to have taken the form of a fish as Lepidotus or Onuris.


title: Anhur

text: Anhur's name also could mean "Sky Bearer" and, due to the shared headdress, Anhur was later identified with Shu, becoming "Anhur-Shu". He is the son of Ra and brother of Tefnut if identified as Shu.


title: Anhur

text: Anhur is a playable character in the multiplayer online battle arena, "SMITE". Anhur is a Hunter wielding a spear and bears title the Slayer of Enemies and is shown in his (anthropomorphic) lion form maintaining his beard, robe, and a crown incorporating four large feathers.


title: Anhur

text: Onuris has a minor role in the 2012 fantasy novel "The Serpent's Shadow" as a presumed dead god who is revived in order to destroy the Lord of Chaos, Apophis.


title: Anhur

text: The American death metal band Nile did two tracks about Anhur in their 2000 album Black Seeds of Vengeance, called "Masturbating the War God" and "Libation Unto the Shades Who Lurk In the Shadows of the Temple of Anhur".


title: Weyerhaeuser

text: Weyerhaeuser () is an American timberland company which owns nearly of timberlands in the U.S., and manages an additional of timberlands under long-term licenses in Canada. The company also manufactures wood products. It operates as a real estate investment trust.


title: Weyerhaeuser

text: In 1904, after years of successful Mississippi River-based lumber and mill operations with Frederick Denkmann and others, Frederick Weyerhäuser moved west to fresh timber areas and founded the Weyerhäuser Timber Company. Fifteen partners and of Washington timberland were involved in the founding, and the land was purchased from James J. Hill of the Great Northern Railway. In 1929, the company built what was then the world's largest sawmill in Longview, Washington. Weyerhaeuser's pulp mill in Longview, which began production in 1931, sustained the company financially during the Great Depression. In 1959, the company eliminated the word "Timber" from its name to better reflect its operations. In 1965, Weyerhaeuser built its first bleached kraft pulp mill in Canada. Weyerhaeuser implemented its High Yield Forestry Plan in 1967 which drew upon 30 years of forestry research and field experience. It called for the planting of seedlings within one year of a harvest, soil fertilization, thinning, rehabilitation of brushlands, and, eventually, genetic improvement of trees. In 1975 the company bought the 3,200 acres of land of the Northwest Landing and developed the town of DuPont, Washington using a New Urbanism model.


title: Weyerhaeuser

text: Weyerhaeuser consolidated its core businesses in the late 1990s and ended its services in mortgage banking, personal care products, financial services, and information systems consulting. Weyerhaeuser also expanded into South America, Australia, and Asia. In 1999, Weyerhaeuser purchased MacMillan Bloedel Limited, a large Canadian forestry company. Then in 2002 after a protracted hostile buyout, the company acquired Willamette Industries, Inc. of Portland, Oregon. On August 23, 2006, Weyerhaeuser announced a deal which spun off its fine paper business to be combined with Domtar, a $3.3 billion cash and stock deal leaving Weyerhaeuser stockholders with 55 percent ownership of the new Domtar company.


title: Weyerhaeuser

text: In March 2008, Weyerhaeuser Company announced the sale of its containerboard packaging and recycling business to International Paper for $6 billion in cash, subject to post closing adjustments. The transaction included nine containerboard mills, 72 packaging locations, 10 specialty packaging plants, four craft bag and sack locations and 19 recycling facilities. The transaction affected approximately 14,300 employees. The deal closed on August 4, 2008.


title: Weyerhaeuser

text: Weyerhaeuser converted into a real estate investment trust to avoid all federal income taxes when it filed its 2010 tax return.


title: Weyerhaeuser

text: In 2013, Weyerhaeuser purchased Longview Timber for $2.65 billion including debt from Brookfield Asset Management. The acquisition added of timberland to Weyerhaeuser's holdings in Oregon and Washington.


title: Weyerhaeuser

text: In 2014, Weyerhaeuser spun off its home building unit to TRI Pointe Homes in a $2.8 billion transaction. The company also announced its intention to sell its Federal Way headquarters and relocate to Seattle's Pioneer Square in 2016. The sale and move were completed in 2016.


title: Weyerhaeuser

text: On November 8, 2015, it was announced that Weyerhaeuser would buy Plum Creek Timber for $8.4 billion, forming the largest private owner of timberland in the United States. The transaction closed on February 19, 2016. At the time of the merger the combined companies own about of timberlands.


title: Weyerhaeuser

text: In 2018, it won the Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service case in the U.S. Supreme Court regarding whether private land can be classified as critical habitat if the land is not currently suitable as habitat for the protected species.


title: Weyerhaeuser

text: Devin Stockfish is the CEO and president of Weyerhaeuser Company. The Weyerhaeuser board of directors consists of: Mark Emmert, Sara Grootwassink Lewis, Rick Holley, Deidra "Dee" Merriwether, Al Monaco, Nicole Piasecki, Marc Racicot, Lawrence Selzer, D. Michael Steuert, Devin Stockfish, Kim Williams and Charles Williamson.


title: The Stranglers discography

text: The Stranglers have always toured regularly. The "official" albums listed below chronicle the changing face of these performances over the years.


title: Louisville City FC

text: Louisville City Football Club is an American professional soccer club based in Louisville, Kentucky. The team plays in the USL Championship, known through the 2018 season as the United Soccer League (USL), which is currently the second tier of the American soccer pyramid.


title: Louisville City FC

text: The club was founded in 2014 after Orlando City's USL team franchise rights were relocated to Louisville and played their first USL season in 2015. After reaching the Eastern Conference finals of the USL playoffs in both its first two seasons, the club went on to win the 2017 USL Cup in only its third season of existence. In 2018, they repeated as champions, becoming the first team to win back-to-back USL Cup championships. In 2019, they became the first team in USL history to play in three consecutive USL Cup Finals, but they fell just shy of their third championship.


title: Louisville City FC

text: In early 2014, the owners of Orlando City's USL team, encouraged by minority owner Wayne Estopinal, met with city of Louisville officials to explore moving the team that would be displaced by Orlando's new MLS franchise. Estopinal became the majority owner and the club formally announced their relocation to Louisville in June 2014. Orlando City SC held a minority ownership stake in Louisville City FC during the latter's inaugural campaign in 2015, and Louisville City featured as the Lions' USL affiliate team.


title: Louisville City FC

text: The club maintained the colors of the Orlando City franchise, and installed former Orlando City player-coach James O'Connor as its first manager.


title: Louisville City FC

text: In their first season in 2015, the club finished second in the league in points. In the playoffs they made it to the Eastern Conference finals before falling 1-0 to eventual league champions Rochester Rhinos. The team won two matches in the 2015 US Open Cup but lost in the fourth round to the Chicago Fire of the MLS in extra time.


title: Louisville City FC

text: Beginning with the 2016 season, Orlando City SC ended its affiliation with Louisville City and began operating the Orlando City B USL team.


title: Louisville City FC

text: In 2016, Louisville City placed second overall in the league for the second consecutive season, and they also finished their season losing in the Eastern Conference Finals, this time on penalties to the MLS affiliate and eventual league champions New York Red Bulls II. This marked the second season in a row that Louisville fell to the eventual league champions in the conference finals. In the 2016 US Open Cup, the team only won one match before losing in the third round to Indy Eleven of the NASL.


title: Louisville City FC

text: The 2017 season began with the United Soccer League officially moving from the third tier to the second on the United States Soccer Pyramid, solidifying Louisville City and the rest of the league as the second biggest in the country. This season also saw Louisville bring home the league championship for the first time. The team placed first in the eastern conference and second overall. In the playoffs, they almost fell to the New York Red Bulls II on penalties in the Eastern Conference Finals for the second straight season, but they narrowly squeaked out a win. This was the third straight season that Louisville would make it to the conference finals. In the final match, they defeated the Swope Park Rangers, an MLS affiliate, 1-0 to lift their first ever league championship. In the US Open Cup they fell in the third round for the second straight season, this time to fellow USL team and main rival FC Cincinnati.


title: Louisville City FC

text: In the summer of 2018, James O'Connor stepped back as manager in order to take the head coaching position at MLS club Orlando City SC. James O'Connor left the team with a 71–28–26 record and a USL Cup win from the previous season, along with the first ever franchise win over an MLS team against the New England Revolution in the 2018 U.S. Open Cup Tournament. The team was then coached under the triumvirate of three players, George Davis IV, Paolo DelPiccolo, and Luke Spencer. On August 2, 2018, John Hackworth was appointed as the team's second-ever head coach. On November 8, the team made USL history by becoming the first team to repeat as champions of the league. The team defeated Phoenix Rising FC 1–0.


title: Louisville City FC

text: On November 30, 2018, minority owner and key founder, Wayne Estopinal, died in a plane crash on the way from the Louisville area to Chicago.


title: Louisville City FC

text: The following season, Louisville City made it to their third consecutive USL championship game but failed to complete the first ever "threepeat", falling 3–1 against Real Monarchs SLC, the USL affiliate of the MLS' Real Salt Lake.


title: Louisville City FC

text: On January 13, 2020, it was announced that James O'Connor would be returning to the organization after being fired from Orlando City SC in October 2019. This time he will serve as executive vice president of development where he will oversee the establishment of the team's youth soccer academy. O'Connor will also help with hiring staff for the NWSL's Racing Louisville in 2021.


title: Louisville City FC

text: Hackworth and the club mutually agreed to terminate his contract on April 27, 2021. Technical director Danny Cruz was appointed as interim head coach.


title: Louisville City FC

text: From the club's inaugural 2015 season through 2019, home games were played at Louisville Slugger Field. It is a multi-use facility that serves as the primary home of the Louisville Bats, Triple-A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds. Though Slugger Field officially seats 13,131 for baseball games, an attendance of 8,000 was considered a soccer sellout due to limited viewing in the stadium's current baseball diamond configuration. The pitcher's mound at Slugger Field was retrofitted with a retractable jack to allow a level playing surface for soccer games prior to the start of the inaugural season.


title: Louisville City FC

text: In April 2017, the ownership group announced that it had an option to purchase five adjacent parcels of land, totaling , in the Butchertown neighborhood just to the east of Slugger Field for a mixed-use project that would include a 10,000-seat soccer stadium. The plan initially called for the stadium to be expandable to 20,000 seats, and the overall complex would also include offices, retail space, and a hotel.


title: Louisville City FC

text: On September 22, 2017, Louisville Metro mayor Greg Fischer announced a stadium deal that calls for the merged city–county government to borrow $30 million in order to purchase the land, with Louisville City investors responsible for developing the site and repaying about half of the borrowed funds. While the initial capacity of the stadium did not change, the revised plan allowed for possible expansion to 25,000, and it was also revealed that the overall plan could include a second hotel.


title: Louisville City FC

text: On October 26, 2017, Louisville Metro Council voted overwhelmingly to approve the stadium deal shortly after the ownership group secured $130 million in private financing for the overall project; the council voted at the same time to apply to the Kentucky General Assembly for a tax-increment financing district for the project. The stadium is currently projected to open in March 2020, satisfying a USL mandate that all franchises play in soccer-specific stadiums by the 2020 season.


title: Louisville City FC

text: Groundbreaking for the stadium was held on June 28, 2018, with an initial capacity of around 14,000 fans with permanent seating for 11,700. On August 5, 2019, the club announced that the stadium would be known as Lynn Family Stadium. The stadium bears the name of Dr. Mark Lynn, an optometrist who owned the Louisville-area franchises of the national optical retailer Visionworks. Louisville City's stadium is the second soccer venue in the city to bear the Lynn name; he and his wife Cindy are the namesakes of the University of Louisville's soccer stadium. Its capacity is officially 15,304, with enough chair-back seating for 11,600.


title: Louisville City FC

text: Lynn Family Stadium opened in 2020, with LouCity's July 12 match to Pittsburgh Riverhounds serving as the first game. In 2021, COVID-19 pandemic restrictions were lifted, allowing Lynn Family Stadium to host its first full-capacity match on June 13 against Memphis 901 FC.


title: Louisville City FC

text: In 2013, a group of soccer fans in Louisville formed a supporters group, The Coopers, to build support for professional soccer in Louisville. The Coopers take their name from Louisville's bourbon distilling tradition, where coopers make barrels that are used to age bourbon and give it a distinct flavor.


title: Louisville City FC

text: In January 2014, a potential local ownership group invited the owners of Orlando City Soccer Club to Louisville to meet with The Coopers. After the meeting, Orlando City owner Phil Rawlins noted that The Coopers were already a "great supporters group" and predicted that a professional team would be successful in Louisville.


title: Louisville City FC

text: Louisville City's main league and regional rivals are FC Cincinnati, Saint Louis FC, and Indy Eleven.


title: Louisville City FC

text: Louisville City FC played and won its first professional match 2–0 against Saint Louis FC on opening day of the 2015 USL season. Since then the two sides have fostered a friendly rivalry for the Kings' Cup. The rivalry went dormant when Saint Louis FC dissolved in October 2020 due to the announcement of a future St Louis MLS expansion team controlled by competing ownership.


title: Louisville City FC

text: The rivalry with FC Cincinnati for the Dirty River Derby, less commonly known as "River Cities Cup", is one of the most hotly contested matches in lower division US soccer. The two cities are located a mere 100 miles apart from each other along the Ohio River. Due to this proximity, the matches tend to draw well and often featured aggressive play for local bragging rights. The Dirty River Derby, as far as being a divisional rivalry, ended following the 2018 season with FC Cincinnati's move to MLS.


title: Louisville City FC

text: Louisville City FC first played against another regional club, the Indy Eleven, during the 2015 U.S. Open Cup, in which Louisville City won, 2–0. The two clubs would meet again in a series of friendlies the following two seasons, as well as the 2016 U.S. Open Cup, where Indy would defeat Louisville by a score of 2–1. The arrival of the Eleven to the United Soccer League in 2018 resulted in the two becoming divisional rivals, and was given the unusual title of ""Louisville-Indianapolis Proximity Association Football Contest"", or ""LIPAFC"" during the season by both clubs on social media.


title: Louisville City FC

text: The team maintained the original colors of the Orlando City franchise; purple, gold and white. The first proposed team crest featured a golden Fleur-de-lis atop of a purple bourbon barrel. However, due to fan outcry this design was abandoned and a design contest was held to select a new crest. The winning design consists of a purple Fleur-de-lis recessed into a golden bourbon barrel at the bottom with a partial skyline of the City of Louisville at the top. The partial skyline includes Preston Pointe, Aegon Center, PNC Tower, and the Humana Building.


title: Louisville City FC

text: On December 16, 2019, Louisville City unveiled a new badge, using the "LouCity" name and "combining elements from the traditional city of Louisville flag with LouCity’s Signature Purple. The new crest will incorporate Oak Char Black and Kentucky Limestone Grey into the official colors of the club." However, it lasted just three days until another outcry caused "LouCity" to abandon their brand-new badge on December 19, 2019. In a statement, club president Brad Estes said, "(O)ur recent brand rollout has failed you. We had the best intentions, but we lost sight of our responsibility to engage you in the process. We have stopped production on merchandise with the new crest and have opened dialogue with supporter group leadership about how to improve our club’s branding and crest.”


title: Louisville City FC

text: On November 17, 2020, Louisville City unveiled a new permanent badge. The new logo was designed by Matthew Wolff.


title: Louisville City FC

text: On March 9, 2020, the team announced the development of their youth academy, which is the first professional academy of its kind in Louisville and the state of Kentucky. The academy will feature two teams, one for boys and one for girls, starting at age 8 and continuing for ages under 19. The goal is to provide opportunities for players to be seen by professional teams along with collegiate ones.


title: Louisville City FC

text: On March 25, 2020, the team announced that the youth academy will become a member of the Elite Club National League. Louisville City is the first team involved with the ECNL in Kentucky. The teams of every age (8 to under 19) will compete with other ECNL members to qualify for the playoffs in the league.


title: Louisville City FC

text: The Youth Academy will play at the Champion's Park. This complex was approved for a $12 million renovation on March 5, 2020, and is funded by Louisville City FC. The complex will include three seasonal grass fields and four turf fields available for year-round use. The complex will serve as a home for youth soccer in the city and will also be where the upcoming NWSL team will practice. The site is planned to be ready for play by Spring of 2021.


title: Louisville City FC

text: This is a partial list of the last six seasons completed by the club. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Louisville City FC seasons.


title: Louisville City FC

text: ^ Includes USL regular season, USL Playoffs, U.S. Open Cup. Excludes friendlies. <br>‡ Luke Spencer, Paolo DelPiccolo, & George Davis IV appointed joint interim head coaches. Commonly known as "The Triumvirate".


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Peter Michael Whittingham (; 8 September 1984 – 18 March 2020) was an English professional footballer. His primary position was as a central midfielder, although he operated as a winger on both the left and right, as well as a second-striker.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: He was part of the Aston Villa team that won the 2001–02 FA Youth Cup, and a year later he made his Premier League debut. Whittingham had loans at Championship clubs Burnley and Derby County in 2005. In January 2007, he signed for Cardiff City for a fee of £350,000.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: In eleven seasons at Cardiff, Whittingham played 457 competitive matches and scored 96 goals, putting him seventh on the all-time appearances list and ninth among their goalscorers. During his time at that club they won the Championship in 2013, and reached the 2008 FA Cup Final and 2012 League Cup Final. He was named three times in the Championship's PFA Team of the Year, and his 20-goal haul in the 2009–10 season made him the division's top scorer. He signed for Blackburn Rovers in June 2017, and made 24 appearances for the club before his contract was terminated by mutual consent in August 2018. He died in March 2020, as a result of an accidental fall at a pub.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Whittingham was born in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, and attended King Henry VIII School, Coventry. His father Harry was a well-known fishmonger in the area and was known as "Harry the Fish". His mother worked as a teacher. He has an older brother named James who works as an investment banker for Goldman Sachs.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Whittingham began playing football as a youth player with his local side Coventry City, joining the club at the age of seven. His brother had been playing in the club's youth sides and Whittingham had been noticed playing on the side of pitch by one of the club's scouts. Whittingham played with Coventry until the age of 16 but was released in 2001 after the club opted against offering him a contract with officials believing he was too small to play professionally. Coventry scout Ray Gooding, who had argued against his release, instead rang officials at Aston Villa to recommend Whittingham. After a successful trial, he signed for the Midlands club.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Whittingham signed with Aston Villa in April 2001 and was part of the club's FA Youth Cup-. He was handed his first team debut on 21 April 2003 by manager Graham Taylor against Newcastle United, as a half-time substitution for Gareth Barry in a 1–1 away draw. He made two further substitute appearances before making his first start in the final day of the season in a 3–1 defeat against Leeds United.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Taylor was replaced by David O'Leary ahead of the 2003–04 season, with the Irishman being quick to praise Whittingham's potential. After featuring regularly during the early stages of the campaign, he scored his first senior goal against Wycombe Wanderers in the League Cup third round on 23 September 2003, during a 5–0 win at Adams Park. After the match, O'Leary commented "I’ve had a good feeling about Peter". In November that year, having been nearly ever-present during the opening stages of the campaign, he signed a contract that would have lasted until 2007. He finished the season having made 39 appearances in all competitions as a left-sided midfielder, including playing six times in the club's League Cup run where they reached the semi-final before losing to Bolton Wanderers, a match in which Whittingham was later branded a "scapegoat" for his side's defeat. Nevertheless, he was named Villa's young player of the season for the campaign.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: The following season, Whittingham began the campaign as a regular substitute and scored his only league goal for Villa on 6 November 2004, opening a 3–0 win over Portsmouth at Villa Park. However, he gradually fell out of favour as the side struggled and, on 14 February 2005, Whittingham signed for Championship club Burnley on a one-month loan having not featured for Villa for nearly two months. Having featured predominantly as a left-sided player during the early stages of his career, Burnley manager Steve Cotterill hoped Whittingham would make an impact as a central midfielder at the club, and hoped that he would do as well as Gary Cahill, another young player they had taken on loan from Villa. Whittingham made his debut for Burnley in a 1–1 draw with Crewe Alexandra the following day. Whittingham started all nine matches of his loan spell, seven in the league and two in the FA Cup, before returning to Villa in late-March, despite Cotterill's hopes of extending the deal.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Whittingham started three of Villa's opening four matches of the 2005–06 season, but returned to the Championship on 15 September, joining Derby County on a three-month loan. He made his debut for Derby three days later in a 2–2 draw with Southampton, making a total of 11 appearances without scoring before returning to Villa in November 2005.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: On 11 January 2007, after making just five appearances for Villa since the end of his loan spell with Derby more than a year previously, Whittingham was transferred to Cardiff City for a reported fee of £350,000. He quickly established himself in the team and was a first-team member until the end of the year, despite competition from Joe Ledley on the left-hand side.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Whittingham began the 2007–08 season on the bench. By mid-November Cardiff found themselves just above the relegation zone; this prompted a minor reshuffle from boss Dave Jones that involved Chris Gunter and Whittingham returning to the starting line-up. Whittingham's recall saw him moved to an unfamiliar role on the right side of midfield, but he soon settled into the role and started the majority of the remaining matches of the season, as well as being the team's top scorer (with three goals) during their FA Cup run. That run saw him score in matches against Chasetown, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Middlesbrough, before Cardiff eventually lost 1–0 to Portsmouth in the final.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: The start of the 2008–09 season saw Whittingham continue playing on the right side of midfield, scoring his first goal of the season on 26 August in a 2–1 victory over Milton Keynes Dons in the League Cup. He ruptured ankle ligaments during a 2–1 win over Crystal Palace on 15 November, which was expected to keep him out for up to three months. However, he returned to the team ahead of schedule, coming on as a late substitute during a 1–1 draw with Reading on 26 December.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: In the first match of the 2009–10 season, Whittingham converted a penalty during a 4–0 win over Scunthorpe United in the first ever competitive match at the Cardiff City Stadium and scored in consecutive rounds of the League Cup in wins over Dagenham & Redbridge and Bristol Rovers. Having been appointed the first-choice penalty taker for the club, he took his league goal tally to three with goals in consecutive matches in a 3–1 defeat to against Sheffield Wednesday followed by a 6–1 win over Derby County. He continued his scoring form with a brace against Watford and goals against Crystal Palace and Coventry City followed by a hat-trick against Sheffield United. Whittingham earned the October Player of the Month award on 14 November 2009. On 24 April, he scored a free-kick during a 3–2 win over Sheffield Wednesday, and the following day was named in the 2009–10 PFA Team of the Year for the Championship.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Following the loan arrival of Craig Bellamy, Whittingham started the 2010–11 season in a new central midfield role. His performances were praised by manager Dave Jones. After scoring eight penalties in the previous campaign, Whittingham saw his first two penalties saved in this campaign, causing Jones to announce that Whittingham had been taken off penalty duty. However, he did take and score Cardiff's next penalty against Coventry City in a 2–1 win which added to his first two goals of the season scored from a brace of free kicks scored against Bristol City three days previously. Whittingham scored a fantastic volley against Barnsley on 13 March, which ended up being voted Football League Goal of the Year award for 2011. At the end of the season, Cardiff failed to gain promotion for a second year running and Whittingham was heavily linked with a move away from Cardiff City Stadium, being linked with newly promoted Norwich City and Portsmouth.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Despite the links with a move away from the Welsh capital, new Cardiff boss, Malky Mackay insisted that Whittingham was central to his plans. Whittingham started the first match against West Ham United, and scored his first goal of the season against Oxford United after coming on for Solomon Taiwo. Whittingham made his 300th league appearance in a 1–1 draw with Burnley. On 26 August, Whittingham signed a contract extension to keep him at the club until at least the summer of 2014. Whittingham played a big role in Cardiff's centre midfield, producing many impressive performances and scoring several fine goals, including direct freekicks against Peterborough and Crystal Palace as well as a sublime chip from 35 yards away to Reading. His 50th league goal for Cardiff came on 22 November against Coventry City. His four goals in five matches led to Whittingham being nominated for the November Championship Player of the Month.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: On 30 December 2011, Mackay revealed that the club had rejected a bid, thought to be around £3 million, from West Ham United for Whittingham. Following a goal scoring drought, Whittingham scored a penalty against Leicester in February and then scored straight from a corner against Peterborough. In February, Whittingham was nominated for the Championship Player of the Year award. Whittingham was part of all the matches in the League Cup campaign, which eventually saw Cardiff lose 3–2 on penalties to Liverpool in the final at Wembley Stadium. He made his 250th Cardiff appearance in a 2–2 draw with Brighton & Hove Albion, in which he scored on 7 March. Whittingham was voted the best player outside the Premier League in "FourFourTwo" magazine. Whittingham then won his second Cardiff City player of the year award at the end of the season. He was later named in the PFA Team of the Year for the Championship.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: During the close season, more speculation about Whittingham's future in the Welsh capital arose, this time from Premier League club West Bromwich Albion. Whittingham said that he was fully committed to Cardiff, stating: "I'm happy here and until the gaffer [Malky Mackay] wants to sell me I'm here." On 28 August 2012, Whittingham signed a new 3-year deal at Cardiff, ending speculation on his future. Whittingham opened his scoring account for the 2012–13 season, on 2 September with a hat-trick in a 3–1 home win over Wolverhampton Wanderers. He then scored his fourth during the following match, converting a penalty against Leeds United, his 350th career appearance. After a drop in form, Whittingham was left out of the team towards the close of the season, but managed his eighth and final goal of the campaign with a last-minute penalty at home to Blackburn Rovers on 1 April. Whittingham collected a winner's medal as Cardiff lifted the Championship trophy following April's home encounter with Bolton Wanderers.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Cardiff's debut Premier League season started off brightly with wins over champions Manchester City and Fulham. Whittingham scored his first Premier League goal in nine years against Hull City. Despite the bright start, Cardiff were eventually relegated after just one season.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: In July 2014, Whittingham signed a new three-year deal keeping him till in the Welsh capital until 2017. Despite a disappointing campaign for the Bluebirds, who finished in 11th, their lowest finish in 8 years, Whittingham was selected in The Football Manager Team of the Decade at the Football League Awards, on 19 April.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Cardiff rejected two bids from unnamed clubs for Whittingham in the summer of 2015 and he was described as the club's kingpin, by manager Russell Slade. Whittingham scored twice in a 4–1 win over Brighton & Hove Albion and overtook John Toshack and Hughie Ferguson in the club's all-time leading scorers list in English league competitions. Cardiff missed out on the play-offs at the end of the season.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Whittingham played less frequently for Cardiff after Neil Warnock was appointed manager in October 2016. As it was expected that his contract would expire at the end of the season, he received a standing ovation when substituted in his final home match, against Newcastle in 2017.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: On 13 June 2017, Whittingham joined newly relegated League One club Blackburn Rovers on a two-year contract effective from the expiration of his Cardiff contract in July. Warnock praised him for his loyalty to the club, and had offered Whittingham a one-year contract extension but made it clear that he would feature less often than he had done before.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: He made his Rovers debut on 6 August, playing the full 90 minutes as they began the season with a 2–1 loss at Southend United.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Whittingham was an England under-21 international, making his debut against the Netherlands in 2004 and was part of the squad that competed in the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship held in the Netherlands. He made one substitute appearance during the tournament, coming on late in a 2–2 draw with Italy.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: Whittingham scored three goals for the under-21 team. He scored his first two in a match against Wales before scoring his last goal in a match against Norway in February 2006.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: At the time of his death, he lived in Dinas Powys, Vale of Glamorgan with his wife Amanda and their son; their second son was born two months after his death.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: On 18 March 2020, South Wales Police confirmed that Whittingham was in hospital after suffering head injuries as a result of an accidental fall at a pub in Barry on 7 March. He died from his injuries on 18 March at the University Hospital of Wales in Cardiff, aged 35.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: In March 2021, Pontypridd Coroner's Court recorded a verdict of accidental death, concluding that Whittingham was intoxicated and engaged in "horseplay" with friends before falling through a fire door and down a flight of stairs.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: In the immediate aftermath of Whittingham's death tributes were paid across the football world, including Whittingham's former clubs Aston Villa, Cardiff City and Blackburn Rovers along with players such as Elliott Bennett and Mark Bright. The English Football League, the The Football Association of England and the Football Association of Wales also issued messages of condolence.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: In 2021, Whittingham's wife Amanda, brother James, sister Rachel and mother Sally founded a Registered Charity in his honour, named The PW7 Foundation. The Foundation raised money for three causes; The Cardiff City FC Foundation, which aimed to support children in Cardiff through football, a sports bursary at King Henry VIII School in Coventry (Peter's old school) and Winston's Wish, a charity that supports children who have lost a parent or sibling.


title: Peter Whittingham

text: A tribute friendly was organised between Cardiff City and Aston Villa, which took place on 30 November 2022, during the break in both teams' respective leagues due to the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The ticket sales for that match at the Cardiff City Stadium raised money for the PW7 Foundation.


title: Monohybrid cross

text: A monohybrid cross is a cross between two organisms with different variations at one genetic locus of interest. The character(s) being studied in a monohybrid cross are governed by two or multiple variations for a single location of a gene.


title: Monohybrid cross

text: To carry out such a cross, each parent is chosen to be homozygous or true breeding for a given trait (locus). When a cross satisfies the conditions for a monohybrid cross, it is usually detected by a characteristic distribution of second-generation (F) offspring that is sometimes called the monohybrid ratio.


title: Monohybrid cross

text: Generally, the monohybrid cross is used to determine the dominance relationship between two alleles. The cross begins with the parental generation. One parent is homozygous for one allele, and the other parent is homozygous for the other allele. The offspring make up the first filial (F1) generation. Every member of the F1 generation is heterozygous and the phenotype of the F1 generation expresses the dominant trait. Crossing two members of the F1 generation produces the second filial (F2) generation. Probability theory predicts that three quarters of the F2 generation will have the dominant allele's phenotype. And the remaining quarter of the F2s will have the recessive allele's phenotype. This predicted 3:1 phenotypic ratio assumes Mendelian inheritance.


title: Monohybrid cross

text: Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) was an Austrian monk who theorized basic rules of inheritance. From 1858 to 1866, he bred garden peas ("Pisum sativum") in his monastery garden and analyzed the offspring of these matings. The garden pea was chosen as an experimental organism because


title: Monohybrid cross

text: many varieties were available that bred true for qualitative traits and their pollination could be manipulated. The seven variable characteristics Mendel investigated in pea plants were.