title: Christian mortalism

text: Those holding this view include: 1600s: Sussex Baptists d. 1612: Edward Wightman 1627: Samuel Gardner 1628: Samuel Przypkowski 1636: George Wither 1637: Joachim Stegmann 1624: Richard Overton 1654: John Biddle (Unitarian) 1655: Matthew Caffyn 1658: Samuel Richardson 1608–74: John Milton 1588–1670: Thomas Hobbes 1605–82: Thomas Browne 1622–1705: Henry Layton 1702: William Coward 1632–1704: John Locke 1643–1727: Isaac Newton 1676–1748: Pietro Giannone 1751: William Kenrick 1755: Edmund Law 1759: Samuel Bourn 1723–91: Richard Price 1718–97: Peter Peckard 1733–1804: Joseph Priestley Francis Blackburne (1765).


title: Christian mortalism

text: Belief in soul sleep and the annihilationism of the unsaved became increasingly common during the nineteenth century, entering mainstream Christianity in the twentieth century. From this point it is possible to speak in terms of entire groups holding the belief, and only the most prominent individual nineteenth-century advocates of the doctrine will be mentioned here.


title: Christian mortalism

text: Others include: Millerites (from 1833), Edward White (1846), Christadelphians (from 1848), Thomas Thayer (1855), François Gaussen (d. 1863), Henry Constable (1873), Louis Burnier (Waldensian, d. 1878), the Baptist Conditionalist Association (1878), Cameron Mann (1888), Emmanuel Pétavel-Olliff (1891), Miles Grant (1895), George Gabriel Stokes (1897).


title: Christian mortalism

text: Present-day defenders of soul sleep include Nicky Gumbel, Primitive Baptist Universalists, some Lutherans, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Advent Christian Church, the Afterlife group, Christadelphians, the Church of God (Seventh Day), Church of God (7th day) – Salem Conference, the Church of God Abrahamic Faith, and various other Church of God organizations and related denominations which adhered to the older teachings of Herbert W. Armstrong's Worldwide Church of God, and the Bible Student movement.


title: Christian mortalism

text: Jehovah's Witnesses teach a form of thnetopsychism, in that the soul is the body (Genesis 2:7) and that it dies (Ezekiel 18:20; Ecclesiastes 9:5,10). They believe that 144,000 chosen ones will receive immortality in heaven to rule as kings and priests with Christ in Heaven (Rev 7:4; 14:1,3) but all the other saved will be raised from the dead on the last day (John 5:28,29) to receive eternal life on a Paradise Earth (Revelation 7:9,14,17).


title: Christian mortalism

text: Seventh-day Adventists believe that death is a state of unconscious sleep until the resurrection. They base this belief on biblical texts such as Ecclesiastes 9:5 which states "the dead know nothing", and 1 Thessalonians 4:13–18 which contains a description of the dead being raised from the grave at the second coming. These verses, it is argued, indicate that death is only a period or form of slumber.


title: Christian mortalism

text: The traditional Christian belief about the intermediate state between death and the Last Judgment is immortality of the soul followed immediately after death of the body by particular judgment. In Catholicism some souls temporarily stay in Purgatory to be purified for Heaven (as described in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1030–32). Eastern Orthodoxy, Methodism, Anglicanism, and Mormonism use different terminology, but generally teach that the soul waits in the Abode of the Dead, specifically Hades or the Spirit World, until the resurrection of the dead, the saved resting in light and the damned suffering in darkness. According to James Tabor this Eastern Orthodox picture of particular judgment is similar to the first-century Jewish and possibly Early Christian concept that the dead either "rest in peace" in the Bosom of Abraham (mentioned in the Gospel of Luke) or suffer in Hades. This view was also promoted by John Calvin, although Calvin taught that immortality was not in the nature of the soul but was imparted by God. Nineteenth-century Reformed theologians such as A. A. Hodge, W. G. T. Shedd, and Louis Berkhof also taught the immortality of the soul, but some later Reformed theologians such as Herman Bavinck and G. C. Berkouwer rejected the idea as unscriptural.


title: Christian mortalism

text: Opponents of psychopannychism (soul sleeping) and thnetopsychism (the temporary death of the soul) include the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church (that also teach about Intercession of saints, connected to this subject), most mainline Protestant denominations, and most conservative Protestants, Evangelicals, and Fundamentalists.


title: Christian mortalism

text: The idea that the spirit continues as a conscious, active, and independent agent after mortal death is an important teaching of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.


title: Christian mortalism

text: Concerning the post-death, pre-judgment place of human spirits, LDS scripture states that "the spirits of all men, whether they be good or evil, are taken home to that God who gave them life" (Alma 40:11). They are then assigned to a state of paradise or hell (called Spirit Prison) in the spirit world depending on their faith in Christ and the manner of their mortal life (Alma 40:12–14). The Spirits remain in these states until the final judgment, when they are either received into a state of glory in the Kingdom of God, or they are cast off into Outer Darkness.


title: Christian mortalism

text: Latter-Day Saint doctrine teaches that the souls in Prison who ended up there due to ignorance or inability to accept Christ may be preached to while in Prison so that they may accept Christ. This is derived from the LDS interpretation of 1 Peter 3:18–20 where Christ is described as preaching to the "dead who were in prison" and 1 Peter 4:5–6, which states:


title: Christian mortalism

text: Like many Eastern Orthodox and Catholics, the LDS Church teaches that the prayers of the righteous living may be of help to the dead, but the LDS Church takes this one step further with vicarious sacraments (called "ordinances" but with a sacramental theological meaning). The LDS Church preaches the necessity of baptism by water and the Holy Ghost (Baptism and Confirmation) for salvation. They teach that previously ignorant spirits who accept Christ in Spirit Prison may receive saving ordinances through vicarious Baptism and Confirmation of the living. This is drawn from 1st Corinthians 15, wherein the Apostle Paul is arguing against a group of Christians who are mistakenly denying the physical resurrection of the dead. Paul asks them in 1st Corinthians 15:29:


title: Christian mortalism

text: The LDS Church believes that this is a reference to vicarious work for the dead which was practiced by the ancient Christian Church and considered orthodox in Early Christianity, including by the Apostle Paul, hence his use of it as an example of the correct doctrine of the resurrection. This is the origin of the LDS practice of baptism for the dead. As such, a great deal of LDS doctrine and practice is tied to the idea of the continued existence and activity of the human spirit after death and before judgment.


title: Christian mortalism

text: As early as 1917 Harvey W. Scott wrote "That there is no definite affirmation, in the Old Testament of the doctrine of a future life, or personal immortality, is the general consensus of Biblical scholarship." The modern scholarly consensus is that the canonical teaching of the Old Testament made no reference to an "immortal soul" independent of the body. This view is represented consistently in a wide range of scholarly reference works.


title: Christian mortalism

text: According to Donelley, "Twentieth century biblical scholarship largely agrees that the ancient Jews had little explicit notion of a personal afterlife until very late in the Old Testament period," and "only the latest stratum of the Old Testament asserts even the resurrection of the body." Scholars have noted that the notion of the "disembodied existence of a soul in bliss" is not in accordance with a Hebrew world view: "While Hebrew thought world distinguished soul from body (as material basis of life), there was no question of two separate, independent entities." Gillman argues that


title: Christian mortalism

text: However, N. T. Wright suggests that "the Bible offers a spectrum of belief about life after death." While Goldingay suggests that Qohelet points out that there is no evidence that "human beings would enjoy a positive afterlife," Philip Johnston argues that a few Psalms, such as Psalm 16, Psalm 49 and Psalm 73, "affirm a continued communion with God after death," but "give no elaboration of how, when or where this communion will take place."


title: Christian mortalism

text: Neyrey suggests that "for a Hebrew, 'soul' indicated the unity of a human person," and "this Hebrew field of meaning is breached in the Wisdom of Solomon by explicit introduction of Greek ideas of soul. Avery-Peck argues that


title: Christian mortalism

text: Regardless of the character of the soul's existence in the intermediate state, biblical scholarship affirms that a disembodied soul is unnatural and at best transitional. Bromiley argues that "the soul and the body belong together, so that without either the one or the other there is no true man. Disembodied existence in Sheol is unreal. Paul does not seek a life outside the body, but wants to be clothed with a new and spiritual body (1 Cor. 15; 2 Cor. 5)."


title: Christian mortalism

text: The mortalist disbelief in the existence of a naturally immortal soul, is affirmed as biblical teaching by a range of standard scholarly Jewish and Christian sources. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Thought (1995) says, "There is no concept of an immortal soul in the Old Testament, nor does the New Testament ever call the human soul immortal." Harper's Bible Dictionary (1st ed. 1985) says that "For a Hebrew, 'soul' indicated the unity of a human person; Hebrews were living bodies, they did not have bodies". says, "But to the Bible man is not a soul in a body but a body/soul unity". says, "Scripture does not present even a rudimentarily developed theology of the soul" and "The notion of the soul as an independent force that animates human life but that can exist apart from the human body—either prior to conception and birth or subsequent to life and death—is the product only of later Judaism". The says that the Septuagint translated the Hebrew word "nefesh" by the Greek word "psyche", but the latter does not have the same sense in Greek thought. The says, "Far from referring simply to one aspect of a person, "soul" refers to the whole person". The says, "Possibly Jn. 6:33 also includes an allusion to the general life-giving function. This teaching rules out all ideas of an emanation of the soul." and "The soul and the body belong together, so that without either the one or the other there is no true man". The says, "Indeed, the salvation of the "immortal soul" has sometimes been a commonplace in preaching, but it is fundamentally unbiblical." The says "The Hebrew Bible does not present the human soul (nepeš) or spirit (rûah) as an immortal substance, and for the most part it envisions the dead as ghosts in Sheol, the dark, sleepy underworld". The says, "there is practically no specific teaching on the subject in the Bible beyond an underlying assumption of some form of afterlife (see immortality)". The says "It is this essential soul-body oneness that provides the uniqueness of the biblical concept of the resurrection of the body as distinguished from the Greek idea of the immortality of the soul".


title: Christian mortalism

text: The mortalist disbelief in the existence of a naturally immortal soul is also affirmed as biblical teaching by various modern theologians, and Hebblethwaite observes the doctrine of immortality of the soul is "not popular amongst Christian theologians or among Christian philosophers today".


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in February to July 1960, primarily in the Woolworth store—now the International Civil Rights Center and Museum—in Greensboro, North Carolina, which led to the F. W. Woolworth Company department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States. While not the first sit-in of the civil rights movement, the Greensboro sit-ins were an instrumental action, and also the best-known sit-ins of the civil rights movement. They are considered a catalyst to the subsequent sit-in movement, in which 70,000 people participated. This sit-in was a contributing factor in the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: In August 1939, African-American attorney Samuel Wilbert Tucker organized the Alexandria Library sit-in in Virginia (now the Alexandria Black History Museum). In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality sponsored sit-ins in Chicago, as they did in St. Louis in 1949 and Baltimore in 1952. The Dockum Drug Store sit-in in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas, was successful in ending segregation at every Dockum Drug Store in Kansas and a sit-in in Oklahoma City the same year led the Katz Drug Stores to end its segregation policy.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: The Greensboro Four (as they would soon be known) were Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr., and David Richmond, all young black students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in their freshman year who often met in their dorm rooms to discuss what they could do to stand against segregation. They were inspired by Martin Luther King Jr. and his practice of nonviolent protest, and specifically wanted to change the segregational policies of F. W. Woolworth Company in Greensboro, North Carolina. During Christmas vacation of 1959, McNeil attempted to buy a hot dog at the Greensboro Greyhound Lines bus station, but was refused service. Shortly thereafter, the four men decided that it was time to take action against segregation. They came up with a simple plan: they would occupy seats at the local F. W. Woolworth Company store, ask to be served, and when they were inevitably denied service, they would not leave. They would repeat this process every day for as long as it would take. Their goal was to attract widespread media attention to the issue, forcing Woolworth to implement desegregation.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: On February 1, 1960, at 4:30 pm ET, the four sat down at the 66-seat L-shaped stainless steel lunch counter inside the F. W. Woolworth Company store at 132 South Elm Street in Greensboro, North Carolina. The men, Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Joseph McNeil, who would become known as the A&T Four or the Greensboro Four, had purchased toothpaste and other products from a desegregated counter at the store with no problems, but were then refused service at the store's lunch counter when they each asked for a cup of coffee, a donut with cream on the side. According to a witness, a white waitress told the boys "We don't serve Negroes here". Blair responded that he was just served 2 feet away, to which the waitress replied "Negroes eat at the other end". An African-American girl who was cleaning behind the counter called them "stupid, ignorant, rabble-rousers, troublemakers". Another African-American told them, "You're just hurting race relations by sitting there". However, an elderly white woman told them, "I am just so proud of you. My only regret is that you didn't do this ten or fifteen years ago". Store manager Clarence Harris asked them to leave, and, when they would not budge, called his supervisor, who told him, "They'll soon give up, leave and be forgotten". Harris allowed the students to stay and did not call police to evict them. The four freshmen stayed until the store closed that night, and then went back to the North Carolina A&T University campus, where they recruited more students to join them the next morning.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: The next day, on February 2, 1960, more than twenty black students (including four women), recruited from other campus groups, joined the sit-in. This group sat with school work to stay busy from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. The group was again refused service, and were harassed by the white customers at the Woolworth store. However, the sit-ins made local news on the second day, with reporters, a TV cameraman and police officers present throughout the day. Back on campus that night, the Student Executive Committee for Justice was organized, and the committee sent a letter asking the president of F.W. Woolworth to "take a firm stand to eliminate discrimination." Upon hearing of the sit-ins, the president of the college, Warmoth T. Gibbs, remarked that Woolworth's "did not have the reputation for fine food". The students wrote the following letter to the president of Woolworth's:


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: We the undersigned are students at the Negro college in the city of Greensboro. Time and time again we have gone into Woolworth stores in Greensboro. We have bought thousands of items at the hundreds of counters in your stores. Our money was accepted without rancor or discrimination, and with politeness towards us, when at a long counter just three feet away our money is not acceptable because of the colour of our skins...


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: We are asking your company to take a firm stand to eliminate discrimination. We firmly believe that God will give you courage and guidance in solving the problem.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: On February 3, 1960, the number grew to over 60, including students from Dudley High School. An estimated one third of the protesters were women, many of them students from Bennett College, a historically black women's college in Greensboro. White customers heckled the black students, who read books and studied, while the lunch counter staff continued to refuse service. North Carolina's official chaplain of the Ku Klux Klan (Kludd), George Dorsett, as well as other members of the Klan, were present. The F.W. Woolworth national headquarters said that the company would "abide by local custom" and maintain its segregation policy.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: On February 4, 1960, more than 300 people took part. The group now included students from North Carolina A&T University, Bennett College, and Dudley High School, and they filled the entire seating area at the lunch counter. Three white female students from the Woman's College of the University of North Carolina (now University of North Carolina at Greensboro), Genie Seaman, Marilyn Lott, and Ann Dearsley, also joined the protest. Organizers agreed to expand the sit-in protests to include the lunch counter at Greensboro's S. H. Kress & Co. store that day. Students, college administrators, and representatives from F.W. Woolworth and Kress met to discuss, but with the stores' refusal to integrate, the meeting was not resolved.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: On February 5, 1960, a high tension environment at the Woolworth counter emerged when 50 white men sat at the counter, in opposition to the protesters, which now included white college students. Again, more than 300 were at the store by 3:00 pm, at which time the police removed two young white customers for swearing and yelling, and then police arrested three white patrons before the store closed at 5:30 pm. Another meeting between students, college officials, and store representatives took place, and again there was no resolution. The store representatives were frustrated that only certain segregated stores were being protested, and asked for intervention by the college administrators, while some administrators suggested a temporary closure of the counters.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: On Saturday, February 6, 1960, over 1,400 North Carolina A&T students met in the Richard B. Harrison Auditorium on campus. They voted to continue the protests and went to the Woolworth store, filling up the store. More than 1,000 protesters and counter-protesters packed themselves into the store by noon. Around 1 pm, a bomb threat set for 1:30 pm was delivered by call to the store, causing the protesters to head to the Kress store, which immediately closed, along with the Woolworth store.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: On March 16, 1960, President Dwight D. Eisenhower expressed his concern for those who were fighting for their human and civil rights, saying that he was "deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution."


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: The sit-in movement then spread to other Southern cities, including Winston-Salem, Durham, Raleigh, Charlotte, Richmond, Virginia, and Lexington, Kentucky. In Nashville, Tennessee, students of the Nashville Student Movement were trained by civil rights activist James Lawson and had already started the sit-in process when Greensboro occurred. The Nashville sit-ins attained desegregation of the downtown department store lunch counters in May 1960. Most of these protests were peaceful, but there were instances of violence. In Chattanooga, Tennessee, tensions rose between blacks and whites and fights broke out. In Jackson, Mississippi, students from Tougaloo College staged a sit-in on May 28, 1963, recounted in the autobiography of Anne Moody, a participant. In "Coming of Age in Mississippi", Moody describes their treatment from whites who were at the counter when they sat down, the formation of the mob in the store and how they managed finally to leave. The sit-ins spread to other forms of public accommodation, including transport facilities, swimming pools, lunch counters, libraries, art galleries, parks and beaches and museums, primarily in the South.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: As the sit-ins continued, tensions started growing in Greensboro. Students began a far-reaching boycott of stores with segregated lunch counters. Sales at the boycotted stores dropped by a third, leading their owners to abandon segregation policies. On Monday, July 25, 1960, after nearly $200,000 in losses ($ million in dollars), and a reduction in salary for not meeting sales goals, store manager Clarence Harris asked four black employees, Geneva Tisdale, Susie Morrison, Anetha Jones, and Charles Bess, to change out of their work clothes and order a meal at the counter. They were, quietly, the first to be served at a Woolworth lunch counter. Most stores were soon desegregated, though in Jackson, Tennessee, Woolworth's continued to be segregated until around 1965, despite multiple protests.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: The International Civil Rights Center & Museum in Greensboro contains the lunch counter, except for several seats which the museum donated to the National Museum of African American History and Culture in 2016 and a four-seat portion of the lunch counter acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1993, displayed in the National Museum of American History.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: In 1990, the street south of the site was renamed February One Place, in commemoration of the date of the first Greensboro sit-in.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: In 2002, the "February One" monument and sculpture by James Barnhill, depicting the Greensboro Four, was erected on North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University's campus.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: On February 1, 2020, Google showed a Google Doodle of a diorama made by Karen Collins to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Greensboro sit-in.


title: Greensboro sit-ins

text: On April 12, 2022, the Guilford County Board of Education voted to rename The Middle College at N.C. A&T, a high school for boys on the N.C. A&T campus, "A&T Four Middle College at North Carolina A&T State University" effective July 1, 2022.


title: Tupperware Brands

text: Tupperware Brands Corporation, formerly Tupperware Corporation, is an American multinational company that produces home product lines that includes kitchen gadgets, preparation, storage containers, and serving products for the kitchen and home. Its main focus is kitchen and household products, and it is particularly known for its line of plastic containers for food storage and preparation. By extension, plastic food containers in general, regardless of brand, are sometimes referred to as Tupperware.


title: Tupperware Brands

text: Tupperware Brands Corporation was founded as The Tupperware Company in 1946 in South Grafton, Massachusetts by Earl Tupper. In 1951, Tupper and his wife moved the company's headquarters to Kissimmee, Florida, where they had purchased 1,000 acres of land. In 1958, Tupper sold The Tupperware Company for $16 million to Rexall. In December 2005, Tupperware Corporation changed its name to Tupperware Brands Corporation to reflect the company's increasing product diversity.


title: Tupperware Brands

text: In 2020 Tupperware Brands Corp. appointed Miguel Fernandez as a new chief executive, who previously served in executive positions at Avon Products Inc. and Herbalife Nutrition Ltd., as CEO. He took over the top position at the company April 6.


title: Tupperware Brands

text: A decade after starting business in the United States, Tupperware expanded into Europe. By 1965, the company had a presence in six European countries, and then launched in Singapore, Japan, and Australia. Tupperware also had sales offices in Africa and Latin America before 1970. After that, Tupperware Brands expanded to almost 100 countries around the world under seven brands connected to it: the brands Tupperware, Avroy Shlain, BeautiControl, Fuller Cosmetics (including Armand Dupree), NaturCare, Nutrimetics, and Nuvo.


title: Tupperware Brands

text: In 2008, due to its success in developing the brand's name in China, India, and Indonesia, Tupperware received awards for "Most Favored Brand by Women" and "Company with the Best Corporate Face."


title: Tupperware Brands

text: In 2010, the company was ranked equal #2 in "Fortune"s Most Admired Home equipment and furnishings section.


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: Gintama: The Very Final, known in Japan as , is a 2021 Japanese animated action comedy film produced by Bandai Namco Pictures. Based on the "Gintama" manga and anime series, the film acts as a conclusion to the anime series storyline. It was directed by the director from the anime series Chizuru Miyawaki and based on a story by Hideaki Sorachi, "Gin Tama"s original author. It stars Tomokazu Sugita, Daisuke Sakaguchi, Rie Kugimiya among others. The film was released on January 8, 2021.


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: An anime special "Gintama: The Semi-Final", tied into the film, premiered on January 15, 2021 on dTV online service, with the second episode released on January 20. This bridges the gap between the end of the TV anime and the movie.


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: Gintoki, Takasugi and Katsura fight past the Tendoushuu forces, who have taken over the Terminal. The mothership at the top of the terminal is absorbing large amounts of Altana and channeling it into the body of the child Shouyou in order to resurrect him and obtain true immortality. As the group is attacked, they split up into two, with Katsura holding on to Shouyou's heart. Katsura and Hitsugi engage in a fierce battle, and the latter eventually stabs and destroys the heart, revealing that he had no intention of reviving the child; he only wanted to free Utsuro from the curse of immortality. Without the heart, Shouyou would only be able to regenerate and maintain his body temporarily.


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: In the terminal, the Shinsengumi, Hyakka, Oniwabanshu and the rest of the Kabukicho residents fight the rest of the Tendoushuu army, while Matsudaira shoots down the ships outside.


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: Then Gintoki reunites with Kagura and Shinpachi and they rush towards the top of the terminal. In the meantime, Takasugi reaches the Tendoushuu's ship to find that Shouyou has been revived and killed off the rest of the Tendoushuu. Shouyou's only wish is to put an end to himself and Utsuro. Takasugi begs Shouyou to return to Shoka Sonjuku with him. Shouyou apologizes for not being able to save his disciples, the ones that he truly wanted to protect. As he approaches Takasugi, the latter stabs him, revealing that Utsuro's blood has taken over his body as well. This causes a large explosion at the top of the Terminal. Gintoki is separated from the others and faces off Utsuro, now manifesting in Takasugi's body, Utsuro comes to a realisation that Takasugi did not stab Utsuro earlier. Instead, supported by Oboro whose blood also runs through his body, Takasugi stabbed himself. The body that Utsuro saw lying on the ground was himself. Gintoki and Utsuro fight each other.


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: With a final stab and in a human body, Utsuro is no longer immortal and dies. Gintoki holds a dying Takasugi in his arms, who tells him that Gintoki has won again and he dies. Shinpachi and Kagura rescue the wounded Shouyou. Shouyou tells everyone to evacuate the Terminal via Sakamoto's ships, who was about to blow up due to the massive amounts of Altana that is escaping it. Shouyou said that he could use the Altana in his body to cancel out the energy bursting out of the Terminal. Shinpachi and Kagura join him and Katsura stays behind as well. He tells Gintoki, via a radio handed to him by the Shinsengumi, that he has spent his childhood covering up for Gintoki and Takasugi whenever they made mischief, and he couldn't leave until he did that again. As Shouyou disappears, Gintoki tells him that he wanted to show his teacher what he has been doing since then – running the Yorozuya with his friends.


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: Some time in the future, Tama wakes up with memories of what has happened given to her by Tamako. She walks around the city, which has now transformed into Tokyo. After the final battle, Gintoki returned to the Yorozuya. Much of their old friends have remained the same and Tama watches as they celebrate at Snack Smile. Sakamoto writes to Gintoki and informs him that Katsura met up with the remnants of the Kiheitai. Matako scoured the land for Altana gates and found a baby that has emerged from one of the holes. Tama runs to the location where the Yorozuya used to be, only to find the spot empty and the surroundings replaced by futuristic buildings. However, she spots Hasegawa who tells her that machines has taken over the world and humans are mostly unemployed like him. Suddenly, the Yorozuya kick him in the face and reveal that this was a sham ending. Tamako has been fed false memories by Hasegawa and the illusion around them shatters. The Yorozuya is still around and Gintoki tells her to wipe her tears away. Gintoki, Shinpachi and Kagura rush off to an urgent job, but have apparently forgotten what the task was supposed to be. But whatever it is, they would get it done – after all, they are the Yorozuya.


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: In the final edition of Ginpachi-sensei, Sorachi Hideaki makes a cameo to answer unresolved questions, including if Gintoki is half-Amanto due to his silver hair (no, it is just a manga) and if the baby was really Takasugi (they take a vote but did not come to a conclusion).


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: The film was announced in August 2019 by the manga's final 77th volume. The film, titled "Gintama: The Final", premiered on January 8, 2021. It adapts the finale of the original manga, combined with new story elements. SPYAIR performs the film's theme song , while DOES performs an insert song. A "" card illustrated by Sorachi, depicting Tanjiro Kamado and the Hashira, were given to the theatergoers in the film's first week of screenings.


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: An anime special, "Gintama: The Semi-Final", which ties into the film, premiered on January 15, 2021 on dTV online service, with the second episode released on January 20. On May 1, it was announced that the Blu-ray release would go on sale on August 4, 2021, with the "Gintama: The Semi-Final" episodes bundled.


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: Eleven Arts screened the film in North American theatres, under the title "Gintama: The Very Final", in both Japanese with subtitles and dubbed into English from November 21–22, 2021.


title: Gintama: The Very Final

text: Anime News Network praised the film's gags but lamented how several of the subplots of the series were not properly closed as a result of using many characters. IGN was more positive, comparing the narrative to two other popular shonen manga series "Naruto" and "Jujutsu Kaisen" for how Gintoki and his friends deal with the Shoyo and Utsuro in their final fights "distilling a major conflict into a massive good-versus-evil showdown helps it to become interesting even for those who aren't as up to date on the saga as others"- Crunchyroll felt the animation felt more a "Dragon Ball" film rather than "Gintama" as a result of Toei working on it but still praised for retaining a humor and style reminiscent of the comedy "Konosuba". Yahoo panned the movie for being too difficult to follow unless the audience has knowledge about previous "Gintama" events and found some jokes did not feel appealing. Nevertheless, he praised fight scenes which would appeal to the fans of samurai series "Rurouni Kenshin" and "Afro Samurai".


title: MPTP

text: MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is a prodrug to the neurotoxin MPP, which causes permanent symptoms of Parkinson's disease by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. It has been used to study disease models in various animal studies.


title: MPTP

text: While MPTP itself has no psychoactive effects, the compound may be accidentally produced during the manufacture of MPPP, a synthetic opioid drug with effects similar to those of morphine and pethidine (meperidine). The Parkinson-inducing effects of MPTP were first discovered following accidental injection as a result of contaminated MPPP.


title: MPTP

text: Injection of MPTP causes rapid onset of Parkinsonism, hence users of MPPP contaminated with MPTP will develop these symptoms.


title: MPTP

text: MPTP itself is not toxic, and as a lipophilic compound can cross the blood–brain barrier. Once inside the brain, MPTP is metabolized into the toxic cation 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) by the enzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) of glial cells, specifically astrocytes. MPP kills primarily dopamine-producing neurons in a part of the brain called the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. MPP interferes with complex I of the electron transport chain, a component of mitochondrial metabolism, which leads to cell death and causes the buildup of free radicals, toxic molecules that contribute further to cell destruction.


title: MPTP

text: Because MPTP itself is not directly harmful, toxic effects of acute MPTP poisoning can be mitigated by the administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) such as selegiline. MAOIs prevent the metabolism of MPTP to MPP by inhibiting the action of MAO-B, minimizing toxicity and preventing neural death.


title: MPTP

text: Dopaminergic neurons are selectively vulnerable to MPP because DA neurons exhibit dopamine reuptake which is mediated by DAT which also has high-affinity for MPP. The dopamine transporter scavenges for excessive dopamine at the synaptic spaces and transports them back into the cell. Even though this property is exhibited by both VTA and SNc neurons, VTA neurons are protective against MPP insult due to the expression of calbindin. Calbindin regulates the availability of Ca2+ within the cell, which is not the case in SNc neurons due to their high-calcium dependent autonomous pacemaker activity.


title: MPTP

text: The resulting gross depletion of dopaminergic neurons has severe implications on cortical control of complex movements. The direction of complex movement is based from the substantia nigra to the putamen and caudate nucleus, which then relay signals to the rest of the brain. This pathway is controlled via dopamine-using neurons, which MPTP selectively destroys, resulting over time in parkinsonism.


title: MPTP

text: MPTP causes Parkinsonism in primates including humans. Rodents are much less susceptible. Rats are almost immune to the adverse effects of MPTP. Mice were thought to only suffer from cell death in the substantia nigra (to differing degree according to the strain of mice used) but do not show Parkinsonian symptoms; however, most of the recent studies indicate that MPTP can result in Parkinsonism-like syndromes in mice (especially chronic syndromes). It is believed that the lower levels of MAO-B in the rodent brain's capillaries may be responsible for this.


title: MPTP

text: The neurotoxicity of MPTP was hinted at in 1976 after Barry Kidston, a 23-year-old chemistry graduate student in Maryland, US, synthesized MPPP with MPTP as a major impurity, and self-injected the result. Within three days he began exhibiting symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The National Institute of Mental Health found traces of MPTP and other pethidine analogs in his lab. They tested the substances on rats, but due to rodents' tolerance for this type of neurotoxin nothing was observed. Kidston's Parkinsonism was treated with levodopa but he died 18 months later from a cocaine overdose. Upon autopsy, Lewy bodies and destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra were discovered.


title: MPTP

text: In 1983, four people in Santa Clara County, California, US, were diagnosed with Parkinsonism after having used MPPP contaminated with MPTP. The neurologist J. William Langston in collaboration with NIH tracked down MPTP as the cause, and its effects on primates were researched. After performing neural grafts of fetal tissue on three of the patients at Lund University Hospital in Sweden, the motor symptoms of two of the three patients were successfully treated, and the third showed partial recovery.


title: MPTP

text: Langston documented the case in his 1995 book "The Case of the Frozen Addicts", which was later featured in two "NOVA" productions by PBS, re-aired in the UK on the BBC science series "Horizon".


title: MPTP

text: Langston "et al."(1984) found that injections of MPTP in squirrel monkeys resulted in Parkinsonism, symptoms of which were subsequently reduced by levodopa, the drug-of-choice in the treatment of Parkinson's disease along with carbidopa and entacapone. The symptoms and brain structures of MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease are fairly indistinguishable to the point that MPTP may be used to simulate the disease in order to study Parkinson's disease physiology and possible treatments within the laboratory. Mouse studies have shown that susceptibility to MPTP increases with age.


title: MPTP

text: Knowledge of MPTP and its use in reliably recreating Parkinson's disease symptoms in experimental models has inspired scientists to investigate the possibilities of surgically replacing neuron loss through fetal tissue implants, subthalamic electrical stimulation and stem cell research, all of which have demonstrated initial, provisional successes.


title: MPTP

text: It has been postulated that Parkinson's disease may be caused by minute amounts of MPP-like compounds from ingestion or exogenously through repeated exposure and that these substances are too minute to be detected significantly by epidemiological studies.


title: MPTP

text: In 2000, another animal model for Parkinson's disease was found. It was shown that the pesticide and insecticide rotenone causes Parkinsonism in rats by killing dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Like MPP, rotenone also interferes with complex I of the electron transport chain.


title: MPTP

text: MPTP was first synthesized as a potential analgesic in 1947 by Ziering "et al." by reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide with 1-methyl-4-piperidinone. It was tested as a treatment for various conditions, but the tests were halted when Parkinson-like symptoms were noticed in monkeys. In one test of the substance, two of six human subjects died.


title: MPTP

text: MPTP is used in industry as a chemical intermediate; the chloride of the toxic metabolite MPP, cyperquat, has been used as a herbicide. While cyperquat is not used anymore, the closely related substance paraquat is still being used as a herbicide in some countries.


title: Macrocephaly

text: Macrocephaly is a condition in which circumference of the human head is abnormally large. It may be pathological or harmless, and can be a familial genetic characteristic. People diagnosed with macrocephaly will receive further medical tests to determine whether the syndrome is accompanied by particular disorders. Those with benign or familial macrocephaly are considered to have megalencephaly.


title: Macrocephaly

text: Many people with abnormally large heads or large skulls are healthy, but macrocephaly may be pathological. Pathologic macrocephaly may be due to megalencephaly (enlarged brain), hydrocephalus (abnormally increased cerebrospinal fluid), cranial hyperostosis (bone overgrowth), and other conditions. Pathologic macrocephaly is called "syndromic", when it is associated with any other noteworthy condition, and "nonsyndromic" otherwise. Pathologic macrocephaly may be caused by congenital anatomic abnormalities, genetic conditions, or by environmental events.


title: Macrocephaly

text: Many genetic conditions are associated with macrocephaly, including familial macrocephaly related to the holgate gene, autism, "PTEN" mutations such as Cowden disease, neurofibromatosis type 1, and tuberous sclerosis; overgrowth syndromes such as Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism), Weaver syndrome, Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome (bulldog syndrome), and macrocephaly-capillary malformation (M-CMTC) syndrome; neurocardiofacial-cutaneous syndromes such as Noonan syndrome, Costello syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, (also known as Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome) and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome; Fragile X syndrome; leukodystrophies (brain white matter degeneration) such as Alexander disease, Canavan disease, and megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts; and glutaric aciduria type 1 and D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.


title: Macrocephaly

text: At one end of the genetic spectrum, duplications of chromosomes have been found to be related to autism and macrocephaly; at the other end, deletions of chromosomes have been found to be related to schizophrenia and microcephaly.


title: Macrocephaly

text: Environmental events associated with macrocephaly include infection, neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (bleeding within the infant brain), subdural hematoma (bleeding beneath the outer lining of the brain), subdural effusion (collection of fluid beneath the outer lining of the brain), and arachnoid cysts (cysts on the brain surface).


title: Macrocephaly

text: In research, cranial height or brain imaging may be used to determine intracranial volume more accurately.


title: Macrocephaly

text: Below is a list of causes of macrocephaly from "Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology: Principles and Practice" noted in "The Little Black Book of Neurology:"


title: Macrocephaly

text: Macrocephaly is customarily diagnosed if head circumference is greater than two standard deviations (SDs) above the mean. Relative macrocephaly occurs if the measure is less than two SDs above the mean, but is disproportionately above that when ethnicity and stature are considered. Diagnosis can be determined in utero or can be determined within 18–24 months after birth in some cases where head circumference tends to stabilize in infants. Diagnosis in infants includes measuring the circumference of the child's head and comparing how significant it falls above the 97.5 percentile of children similar to their demographic. If falling above the 97.5th percentile then the patient will be checked to determine whether there is any intracranial pressure present and whether or not immediate surgery is needed. If immediate surgery is not needed then further testing will be done to determine whether the patient has either macrocephaly or benign macrocephaly.


title: Macrocephaly

text: Diagnosis for macrocephaly involves the comparison of the infant's head circumference to that of other infants of the same age and ethnicity. If a patient is suspected of having macrocephaly molecular testing will be used to confirm diagnosis. Symptoms vary on the cause of macrocephaly on the child and if the child has any other accompanying syndromes which will be determined through molecular testing.


title: Macrocephaly

text: Benign macrocephaly can occur without reason or be inherited by one or both parents (in which it is considered benign familial macrocephaly and is considered megalencephaly form of macrocephaly). Diagnoses for familial macrocephaly is determined by measuring the head circumference of both parents and comparing it to the child's. Benign and familial macrocephaly is not associated with neurological disorders. While benign and familial macrocephaly does not result in neurological disorders, neurodevelopment will still be assessed.


title: Macrocephaly

text: Although neurological disorders do not occur, temporary symptoms of benign and familial macrocephaly include: developmental delay, epilepsy, and mild hypotonia.


title: Macrocephaly

text: Neurodevelopment is assessed for all cases and suspected cases of macrocephaly to determine whether and what treatments may be needed, and whether any other syndrome/s may be present or likely to develop.


title: Macrocephaly

text: Treatment varies depending on whether or not it occurs with other medical conditions in the child and where cerebrospinal fluid is present.


title: Macrocephaly

text: Below is a list of syndromes associated with macrocephaly that are noted in "Signs and Symptoms of Genetic Conditions: A Handbook".


title: Gillian Zinser

text: Gillian Zinser is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Ivy Sullivan on The CW teen drama series "90210".


title: Gillian Zinser

text: Zinser's first appearance on television was in 2009 in an episode of the "Cupid". She also made an appearance in the "Cold Case" series before joining the cast of "90210", where she played the role of Ivy Sullivan, a 17-year-old high school girl who struggles to get what she wants and who practices surfing at a high level.


title: Gillian Zinser

text: In 2011, Zinser appeared in her first feature film, "The Truth Below", a television film for MTV. She also joined the cast for the thriller "Liars All", alongside Matt Lanter and Sara Paxton. In May 2012, Gillian announced that she was leaving the "90210" series. She also made an appearance in the Oliver Stone film, "Savages".


title: Class discrimination

text: Class discrimination, also known as classism, is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of social class. It includes individual attitudes, behaviors, systems of policies and practices that are set up to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class.


title: Class discrimination

text: Social class refers to the grouping of individuals in a hierarchy based on wealth, income, education, occupation, and social network.


title: Class discrimination

text: Class structures existed in a simplified form in pre-agricultural societies, but it has evolved into a more complex and established structure following the establishment of permanent agriculture-based civilizations with a food surplus.


title: Class discrimination

text: Classism started to be practiced around the 18th century. Segregation into classes was accomplished through observable traits (such as race or profession) that were accorded varying status and privileges. Feudal classification systems might include merchant, serf, peasant, warrior, priestly, and noble classes. Rankings were far from invariant with the merchant class in Europe outranking the peasantry, while merchants were explicitly inferior to peasants during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan. Modern classism, with less rigid class structures, is harder to identify. In a professional association posting, psychologist Thomas Fuller-Rowell states, "Experiences of [class] discrimination are often subtle rather than blatant, and the exact reason for unfair treatment is often not clear to the victim."


title: Class discrimination

text: Socioeconomic, racial/ethnic and gender inequalities in academic achievement have been widely reported in the United States, but how these three axes of inequality intersect to determine academic and non-academic outcomes among school-aged children is not well understood.


title: Class discrimination

text: The term classism can refer to personal prejudice against lower classes as well as to institutional classism, just as the term racism can refer either strictly to personal prejudice or to institutional racism. The latter has been defined as "the ways in which conscious or unconscious classism is manifest in the various institutions of our society".


title: Class discrimination

text: As with social classes, the difference in social status between people determines how they behave toward each other and the prejudices they likely hold toward each other. People of higher status do not generally mix with lower-status people and often are able to control other people's activities by influencing laws and social standards.


title: Class discrimination

text: The term "interpersonal" is sometimes used in place of "personal" as in "institutional classism (versus) interpersonal classism" and terms such as "attitude" or "attitudinal" may replace "interpersonal" as contrasting with institutional classism as in the Association of Magazine Media's definition of classism as "any attitude or institutional practice which subordinates people due to income, occupation, education and/or their economic condition".


title: Class discrimination

text: Classism is also sometimes broken down into more than two categories as in "personal, institutional and cultural" classism. It is common knowledge in sociolinguistics that meta-social language abounds in lower registers, thus the slang for various classes or racial castes.


title: Class discrimination

text: Class discrimination can be seen in many different forms of media such as television shows, films and social media. Classism is also systemic, and its implications can go unnoticed in the media that is consumed by society. Class discrimination in the media displays the knowledge of what people feel and think about classism. When seeing class discrimination in films and television shows, people are influenced and believe that is how things are in real life, for whatever class is being displayed. Children can be exposed to class discrimination through movies, with a large pool of high-grossing G-rated movies portraying classism in various contexts. Children may develop biases at a young age that shape their beliefs throughout their lifetime, which would demonstrate the issues with class discrimination being prevalent in the media. Media is a big influence on the world today, with that something such as classism is can be seen in many different lights. Media plays an important role in how certain groups of people are perceived, which can make certain biases stronger. Usually, the lower income people are displayed in the media as dirty, lack of education and manners and homeless. People can use the media to learn more about different social classes or use the media, such as social media to influence others on what they believe. In some cases, people who are in a social class that is portrayed negatively by the media can be affected in school and social life as "teenagers who grew up in poverty reported higher levels of discrimination, and the poorer the teens were, the more they experienced discrimination".


title: Class discrimination

text: The European Convention on Human Rights, in Article 14, contains protections against social class ("social origin") discrimination.


title: Crying Jordan

text: Crying Jordan, Crying MJ, Crying Michael Jordan , or even Weepy J is an Internet meme in which an image of NBA Hall of Famer Michael Jordan crying is superimposed on images of athletes or others who have suffered various mishaps.


title: Crying Jordan

text: The source photo was taken by New York Times photographer Stephan Olvera during Jordan's speech at his Basketball Hall of Fame induction ceremony on September 11, 2009.


title: Crying Jordan

text: The image was used in 2012, without modification, to comment on Jordan's decision to buy the Charlotte Bobcats NBA franchise. The photoshopped head alone was first used in 2014 by posters on internet message board Boxden.com.


title: Crying Jordan

text: "Crying Jordan" began to attract mainstream media attention in late 2015 and early 2016 and would eventually become a globally used internet meme.


title: Crying Jordan

text: After Game 6 of the 2021 NBA Finals, in which the Milwaukee Bucks defeated the Phoenix Suns to take a 4–2 series lead, a media producer purchased the domain CryingJordan.com and sent a re-direct to Chris Paul' profile page on the Phoenix Suns website.


title: Crying Jordan

text: An open-source mobile app called "The Crying Jordan Meme Generator" allows users to easily add the Jordan image to other images, and has been downloaded by several thousand people.


title: Crying Jordan

text: Media critics have suggested that the popularity of the meme stems in part because "[i]t's the ultimate alpha [male] in a vulnerable position", and that "people simultaneously mock and celebrate ... a masculine star who expresses vulnerability".


title: Crying Jordan

text: Outside the Internet world, the meme has been referenced in interviews by various athletes and public figures, such as basketball player Draymond Green, professional golfer Jordan Spieth, and the rapper Schoolboy Q. Various athletes, like Steph Curry, Jon Jones and Roberto Luongo have also used the image self-deprecatingly on social media after struggling or failing in games, or having suffered some other misfortune. Outside of sports, the image has also been used in combination with images of politicians like Barack Obama and Marco Rubio.


title: Crying Jordan

text: The meme was heavily used after North Carolina (Jordan's alma mater) lost to Villanova in the 2016 National Championship, during which Jordan was in attendance. On November 22, 2016, when awarding a Presidential Medal of Freedom to Jordan, President Barack Obama joked that he was "more than just an internet meme". Jordan's spokesperson has told the press that Jordan himself finds the meme funny.


title: Crying Jordan

text: On February 24, 2020, Jordan eulogized the passing of former Los Angeles Lakers player Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gianna at an event held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. During the eulogy, Jordan began to cry and acknowledged that this might give rise to another Crying Meme accordingly, stating: "Now he has me [crying]. I'll have to look at another Crying Meme ... I told my wife I wasn't going to do this because I didn't want to see that for the next three or four years. That is what Kobe Bryant does to me."


title: Comedy hip hop

text: Comedy hip hop or comedy rap, is a subgenre of lighter hip hop music designed to be amusing or funny, compared to artists who incorporate humor into their more serious, purist hip hop styles.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: Satirical hip hop is a variant of comedy hip hop done in a sarcastic, parodic, deadpan or tongue-in-cheek way.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: Other forms of comedy rap, such as meme rap and ironic rap, both known for their aggressive and dark comedic approach achieved some mainstream success during the 2000s and 2010s. Many examples of comedy hip hop are parodic.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: Satirical hip hop may be a parody of the whole genre of hip hop and/or a form of critical music that uses hip-hop as a vehicle for satirical messages. Musical influence and scope vary, ranging from gangsta rap, mumble rap, trap rap to alternative hip hop. The more humorous satirical sub-genre meme rap was created with the intent of becoming viral. In the context of mumble rap, a satirical hip hop song might involve lo-fi production, use of personas/pseudonyms (e.g. George "Joji" Miller), simplistic music videos, lazy rhymes, and intentionally stereotypical lyrics/topics.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: Satire and hip-hop have been intertwined since the Black Arts Movement period; hip-hop satire bridges popular culture forms like rap and experimental fictional forms while "exploring the complexities of Black American identity." Hip-hop culture has also been criticized in other media, such as "Fear of a Black Hat" (1993), a mockumentary focusing on hip-hop posturing; the ""Boondocks"" episode "The Story of Gangstalicious" (2005); and Spike Lee's "Bamboozled" (2000).


title: Comedy hip hop

text: Before the darker themes that are characteristic of the gangsta rap of the 1990s, comedy hip hop, with its lighter and more humorous style, came to prominence in the 1980s, carried by popular acts such as the Beastie Boys.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: In the post-2000s digital era, satirical rap, especially African-American satirical rap, retains a marginal status, because commenting on black cultural representations or moving away from performing black stereotypes that paradoxically cemented hip-hop's global status risks the possibility of an artist's commercial failure. Some who escaped this fate include the early-1990s alternative hip hop trio and progenitor of modern satirical rap De La Soul (e.g. their 1989 landmark album "3 Feet High and Rising", their record industry-critical 1991 album "De La Soul Is Dead", and their 2012 song "Must B the Music") and Childish Gambino in the 2010s.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: Run-DMC's "Christmas in Hollis" from 1987 is comedy rap, as is DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince's 1988 song "Parents Just Don't Understand". N.W.A and Ice Cube's early albums were not as comedic and lighthearted as the Fresh Prince's but did incorporate humor.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: Various influential comedy hip hop groups began in the late 1980s, such as DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, De La Soul, Kid 'n Play, Das EFX, and Fu-Schnickens.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: "Weird Al" Yankovic has made parody tracks of popular hip hop songs since the 1990s including "Amish Paradise" and "White and Nerdy". Another early example is with Southern California-based rapper Afroman, with his two well-known tracks "Crazy Rap" and "Because I Got High," both released in 2001, which featured comedic lyrics.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: Throughout the late 1990s and 2000s, rappers including Eminem, Ludacris and Afroman gained popularity, as did rappers such as Hopsin.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: The Lonely Island is an American comedy trio who released their first comedic rap song, Ka-Blamo!, in 2001. They rose to fame after joining "Saturday Night Live" ("SNL") in 2005, where they made many satirical songs that they described as "fake rap". One of their first videos to air, "Lazy Sunday," became an internet sensation and garnered over five million views before NBC took it down. The Lonely Island's brand is to make songs that sound macho but actually parody masculinity. They have collaborated with numerous mainstream artists, including Justin Timberlake, Nicki Minaj, Rihanna, and more. Their YouTube channel has exceeded 1 billion views; they are Grammy-nominated; their albums have charted on the Billboard Hot 100; and they won an Emmy award for their song "Dick in a Box." Some of their most popular songs are "I'm on a Boat," "I Just Had Sex," and "Jizz in My Pants." Since leaving "SNL", they have continued to make satirical albums and are currently still active.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: In 2008, Odd Future members Tyler, the Creator and Jasper Dolphin released their sole EP under the short-lived comedy group name "I Smell Panties." The duo used elements of gangsta rap and Southern hip hop in a comedic way when performing as I Smell Panties. Tyler then released a track in 2011 called "Come Through Looking Clean," a joke song performed under a character named "Young Nigga." The song parodies the "Bling Era" of mainstream hip hop that was popular during the 2000s and draws heavy inspiration from the music of Lil B. The Young Nigga character would later be re-used on various skits in the 2012 Adult Swim program "Loiter Squad", which was created by and starred members of Odd Future. In February 2016, Tyler revealed that his 2011 breakout viral single "Yonkers" was made as a joke song attempting to parody the style of New York rappers (hence the title. named after the city of the same name).


title: Comedy hip hop

text: Michigan-based Internet celebrity and rapper Rucka Rucka Ali became famous in the late 2000s and early 2010s for creating pop song parodies (including parodies of popular hip hop songs) containing lyrics for shock value. He often includes politically incorrect and juvenile references to ethnic stereotypes, topical subject matter, and dark humor. His music also tends to make use of comedic portrayals of celebrities and his several alter egos espouses stereotypical qualities of specific ethnic groups. Some critics have labeled Ali as a racist as a reaction to his songs, although his humor seems to be heavily influenced by mainstream comedy television shows, such as "South Park", "Family Guy", and "Chappelle's Show", and has jokingly defended his brand of humor by claiming that he's affirming the stereotypes he's constantly referencing in his songs as factual. His videos and YouTube channels are frequently removed (since he started creating music videos, he has had 17 YouTube channels deleted for terms of service violations), but are reuploaded by his fans.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: In the mid-2010s, Ryan Harryman, a San Jose State University student and member of the school's water polo club team, became a viral sensation on the Internet under the stage name "3PAC." He was known for his self-produced music videos, bombastic and aggressive comedic rap songs, and diss tracks targeting mainstream rappers like Eminem and 2 Chainz, as well as YouTube gaming channel PewDiePie. 3PAC made a guest appearance on "The New CALassic", a comedy hip hop mixtape performed by Internet music critic Anthony Fantano (under his "Cal Chuchesta" alter ego) that was released in August 2015. Harryman died at the age of 24 in October 2015 after suffering severe brain damage during a water polo practice.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: In 2017, YouTube personality Filthy Frank released a music project titled "Pink Season", the second album performed under the name "Pink Guy", with some songs poking fun at hip hop music as a whole, among other things. The track "Hand On My Gat" for example, features a character named PolitikZ that acts as a caricature for hardcore underground rappers; that character's previous appearance was on the Filthy Frank video "BAD INTERNET RAPPERS" (uploaded in November 2014), where he performed a song called "Real Hip Hop" that directly parodied the stereotypical anti-mainstream and politically charged attitudes of underground rappers. The "Pink Season" album reached number one on the iTunes charts and peaked at 70 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: In April 2018, Internet personality and music critic Anthony Fantano began releasing more satirical hip hop tracks under his Cal Chuchesta alter ego, releasing the tracks "Coin Star" and "Don't Talk To Me."


title: Comedy hip hop

text: In the late 2010s, new artists in the genre such as Lil Dicky and Ugly God were also gaining popularity, helping the genre to maintain a substantial loyal following. There has also been an uprising in meme rappers as of recent including Shotgun Willy, Billy Marchiafava, Yung Nugget, and Yung Gravy.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: Outside the English-speaking world, the genre spread in the 1990s, with bands and artists such as German group Fettes Brot, the Swedish-Finnish artist Markoolio and the French group Svinkels.


title: Comedy hip hop

text: German hip hop, in particular, is known for its use of humorous, satirical and ironic lyrics which can mock the heaviness and seriousness of US gangster rap. This tradition can be traced back to Austrian artist Falco who is considered a pioneer of German language rap and hip hop and known for satire and humor. Other famous examples include Die Fantastischen Vier, Fettes Brot, Beginner, Fünf Sterne deluxe, Money Boy and Seeed.


title: Yakuza 2

text: "Yakuza 2" introduced several new gameplay features. Sega wished to improve the fighting engine based on fan input to provide a more rich experience. The story was aimed to feature a deep adult love story, something not seen in the previous game. Additionally, for the western versions the original Japanese audio was kept in contrast to the previous game which contained English audio.


title: Yakuza 2

text: Critical reception to "Yakuza 2" was positive, with reviewers praising the presentation and fighting system. "Yakuza 2" was followed up by a spinoff, "Yakuza Kenzan", in 2008, and then by a direct sequel, "Yakuza 3", in 2009. A PlayStation 4 remake of the game that utilized the engine of "", named "Yakuza Kiwami 2" (a sequel to the remake of the original "Yakuza"), was released in 2017, and later ported to Windows and Xbox One.


title: Yakuza 2

text: Half of the game takes place in Tokyo's Shinjuku ward, most noticeably a recreation of Shinjuku's red-light district Kabukichō renamed Kamurocho.


title: Yakuza 2

text: The other half takes place in Osaka, with the fictitious Sotenbori and Shinseicho areas modeled after Osaka's respectively Dōtonbori and Shinsekai districts. Although these areas were recreated as fictionalized versions, many real life landmarks remain such as Dōtonbori's Sammy Ebisu Plaza (サミー戎プラザ) and Shinsekai's Tsutenkaku Tower (通天閣) and Billiken (ビリケン).


title: Yakuza 2

text: In December 2006, Kazuma Kiryu and Haruka Sawamura are living a peaceful life, but Tojo Clan chairman Yukio Terada appears and asks for his help in preventing a war between the Tojo and the Osaka-based Omi Alliance. The group is ambushed by Omi assassins and Terada is fatally shot, asking Kiryu to negotiate peace in his place. Kiryu recruits former comrade Daigo Dojima to become the new chairman, and the two travel to Osaka, where Kiryu forms a rivalry with the Omi chairman Jin Goda's son, Ryuji. Ryuji refuses the idea of a truce between the Omi and the Tojo and attempts to stage a coup, but they are interrupted and arrested by the Osaka police, led by Detective Kaoru Sayama. Sayama makes a deal with Kiryu to help him stop the Omi threat in exchange for information on the Tojo, as she believes they are connected to her parents' disappearance as a child.


title: Yakuza 2

text: Kiryu and Sayama discover that Omi patriarchs Ryo Takashima and Toranosuke Sengoku have placed hits on them, and that Daigo and Jin Goda have been kidnapped. The two escape to Tokyo, where they find Detectives Makoto Date and Jiro Kawara investigating a bombing of the Kazama family offices by the Jingweon Mafia, a Korean syndicate thought to have been massacred by the Tojo in 1980. Fearing an invasion by the Omi and Jingweon, Kiryu recruits former allies Goro Majima and the Florist of Sai for help and rescues Daigo as well as preventing a coup staged by Koji Shindo, the second patriarch of the Nishikiyama Family. During Terada's funeral, Ryuji warns the Tojo that he will give them three days to mourn, after which his men will attack Kamurocho.


title: Yakuza 2

text: Kiryu and Sayama learn that three Jingweon men survived the massacre and went into hiding. The two find a survivor in Osaka, who claims that the Jingweon will not stop until either they or the Tojo are destroyed. The survivor also reveals that the Jingweon boss's wife Sueyon and her child survived the massacre thanks to Kawara, but is assassinated before he can reveal more. Sengoku kidnaps Haruka to trap Kiryu, but Kiryu defeats all of Sengoku's forces. Sengoku attempts to flee, only for Ryuji to kill him, out of disgust for Sengoku's willingness to hurt children.


title: Yakuza 2

text: Date discovers Tokyo Metropolitan Police Superintendent Wataru Kurahashi is a Jingweon survivor and has been using his position to conceal the Jingweon's operations. Kurahashi takes Date and the Florist of Sai hostage and plans to bomb the room, only for Kiryu, Sayama and Kawara to arrive and defeat him. Kurahashi reveals to Sayama that her parents are Kawara and Suyeon. While they are distracted by this, Kurahashi shoots Kawara, before being shot by Sayama. Before dying, Kawara admits Suyeon was killed by the Jingweon after Sayama's birth as she refused to partake in Jingweon's quest for revenge, and he gave her and Suyeon's other child away to different families to keep them safe and ruthlessly hunted down members of the syndicate in doing so. The Florist of Sai discovers the Jingweon have placed bombs throughout Tokyo and plan to detonate them on the anniversary of the massacre, when Ryuji intends to invade the city.


title: Yakuza 2

text: On the night of the invasion, Kiryu and his allies disarm the bombs and defeat Ryuji's men. Ryuji challenges Kiryu to a final battle atop the Kamurocho Hills construction site. Arriving, Kiryu also finds chairman Goda and Sayama, who attempts to dissuade Ryuji from fighting after learning from Kurahashi's files that he is Suyeon's other child. Undeterred, Ryuji battles Kiryu, ultimately losing. Terada appears and reveals that he was the last survivor and the Jingweon's leader. He believed that gaining Kiryu's trust and faking his death would trigger a war between the Tojo and the Omi so that the Jingweon could destroy them both and fill the power vacuum. Kiryu defeats Terada's men, but Takashima appears and shoots Kiryu, who covered up Terada's truth in exchange for power. However, Takashima kills chairman Goda and Terada to usurp them, telling Kiryu that he never cared about the Jingweon's quest for revenge in the first place.


title: Yakuza 2

text: Terada reveals a hidden time bomb as he dies and Takashima attempts to launch his final attack, but is killed by Ryuji. Believing neither of them can escape in time given their wounds, Ryuji and Kiryu have a final battle, with Kiryu emerging victorious as Ryuji acknowledges Kiryu's strength and dies in his half-sister's arms. Unable to move due to his injuries, Kiryu tells Sayama to run, but she elects to stay with him to the end. The bomb turns out to have had its fuse removed by Terada from the beginning, because he knew that Takashima would betray him. Some times later, Kiryu and Haruka visit Terada's grave, while also joined by Sayama.


title: Yakuza 2

text: "Yakuza 2" was announced in August 2006 with Sega promising an improved fighting system and further exploration. Nagoshi commented on some of his goals with" Yakuza 2". In addition to providing a deeper dramatic storyline over what was found in the original, the game also has some themes that were not in the original, including an adult love story. The Sega team considered fan input when making changes to "Yakuza 2". One of the main aims in developing "Yakuza 2" was improving its fighting engine. Accounting for fights against multiple opponents was one of the most important things that were considered when improving the fighting engine. It was made much easier, for instance, to attack foes that come at the player character from multiple directions, and to switch targets in the middle of a combo in order to quickly take out someone who may have snuck up on your flank. As a result, the fighting system was polished and the staff believed they succeeded. In localizing the game, the Japanese audio was kept instead of producing an English dub. This proved no difficulties. The team also added more Heat moves to make the fights more exciting.


title: Yakuza 2

text: The director of the voice recordings discouraged the voice actors from falling back on the cliches of anime character acting. When scenes involving characters exchanging insults and threatening each other take on cartoon cadences, the sense of tension and suspense evaporates. The decision not to use an overblown style of acting was what the composer thought it added to the distinctive dramatic feel of the series. This is the first game in the series to feature only Japanese voice acting for its U.S. and PAL release as a response to the criticism of the English voice acting in the first game.


title: Yakuza 2

text: The "Ryū ga Gotoku & Ryū ga Gotoku 2 Original Sound Track" (HCV-287) dual-disc boxset was published by Wave Master in Japan on January 25, 2007. The music was composed by Hidenori Shoji, Hideki Sakamoto, Norihiko Hibino and Takahiro Izutani. During the development of "" for the "Wii", Sega sound manager Haruyoshi Tomita became interested in the company's approach to sound design. As it so happened, Sakamoto was a huge fan of the original "Yakuza" game title, so being commissioned for the sequel was not the kind of offer that he was about to pass up. Shoji had developed a stimulating guitar sound for the game, so he was interested in seeing what he could do with piano compositions. His use of instruments and editing techniques offered ample resources for him to study upon entering the production side of the series. His own compositional style has its roots in classical music, which might be one distinction that helped differentiate their musical approaches. To write music that complements the compelling depth of the narrative, it was necessary to proceed from the point of view of bridging the gap between the scenarist and the player.


title: Yakuza 2

text: As with the first game a classic gospel, this time Franz Gruber's "Silent Night, Holy Night" ("Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht"), is sung in English by Eri Kawai. Singer So Yoki performs "Kamuro Setsugekka" (神室雪月花).


title: Yakuza 2

text: In order to make realistic recreations of Tokyo's Kabukicho and Osaka's Dōtonbori, Sega made 17 tie-in with famous Japanese companies. As a result, some places found in the game, such as the Don Quijote discount store, the Club Sega game centers and the Matsuya (松屋) restaurants (replacing its unlicensed version called Akagyu) are modeled after the real life buildings. The Tōkaidō Shinkansen high-speed train is also featured in the game.


title: Yakuza 2

text: In order to support the game's expensive production, Sega used product placement strategy and introduced ads within the game. This includes the Japanese coffee brand Boss Coffee, numerous brands of alcohol appearing in the game's bars and pubs including Suntory Whiskey, Jack Daniel's Bourbon or Carlsberg Beer.


title: Yakuza 2

text: Famous real life arcades are included in the game. Sega's "" crane game machine is included as a minigame, and arcade cabinets of "Virtua Fighter 4" can be seen in the Club Sega game centers.


title: Yakuza 2

text: "Yakuza 2" was the 98th best-selling game in Japan in 2008 selling 136,809 copies that year, while it was the third best-selling PlayStation 2 game in its release year, 2006, reaching lifetime sales of around 830,000 in Japan. 40,000 copies were sold in North America.


title: Yakuza 2

text: Famitsu gave the game a score of 38 out of 40. IGN gave "Yakuza 2" a score of 8.5 out of 10, and GameFan gave the game a score of Very Good, as well as their 'Best PlayStation 2 Game' award for 2008. Eurogamer rated the game 8 out of 10.


title: Yakuza 2

text: the PlayStation 3 and Wii U consoles. This remastered edition of the second game in the series is bundled with the original Japanese version of the first game. Both compilations were released in Japan.


title: Yakuza 2

text: On November 1, 2012, a PlayStation 3 HD remaster of the Japanese original version of "Yakuza" and "Yakuza 2" titled "Ryu Ga Gotoku 1&2 HD edition" was released in Japan. This "HD edition" features both game remasters bundled in a single Blu-ray disc and later in a ~19GB downloadable file.


title: Yakuza 2

text: On December 11, 2014, this "HD edition" was re-released in the budget range "PlayStation 3 the Best" dedicated to best sellers on the Japanese domestic market. Simultaneously to this Blu-ray re-release, an 18.1GB downloadable version was also made available for purchase on the Japanese PlayStation Store.


title: Yakuza 2

text: On August 8, 2013, a Wii U HD remaster of the Japanese original version of "Yakuza" and "Yakuza 2" titled "Ryu Ga Gotoku 1&2 HD for Wii U" was released in Japan. This "HD for Wii U" release features both game remasters bundled in a single disc or in a 19.8GB file for download. This Wii U release is notable for being the first port of the PlayStation-exclusive "Yakuza" series on a non-Sony platform and marks the only release of a Yakuza game so far on a Nintendo platform.


title: Yakuza 2

text: A remake of "Yakuza 2", titled "Yakuza Kiwami 2", was released on December 7, 2017 in Japan for PlayStation 4, and was later released worldwide on August 28, 2018. This remake is built on the Dragon Engine previously used in "". Similar to 2016's "", the remake adds new elements not seen in the previous release, including a new playable story campaign for Goro Majima that continues story threads for the character that began in "Yakuza 0".


title: Heisenberg picture

text: In physics, the Heisenberg picture (also called the Heisenberg representation) is a formulation (largely due to Werner Heisenberg in 1925) of quantum mechanics in which the operators (observables and others) incorporate a dependency on time, but the state vectors are time-independent, an arbitrary fixed basis rigidly underlying the theory.


title: Heisenberg picture

text: It stands in contrast to the Schrödinger picture in which the operators are constant, instead, and the states evolve in time. The two pictures only differ by a basis change with respect to time-dependency, which corresponds to the difference between active and passive transformations. The Heisenberg picture is the formulation of matrix mechanics in an arbitrary basis, in which the Hamiltonian is not necessarily diagonal.


title: Heisenberg picture

text: In the Heisenberg picture of quantum mechanics the state vectors |"ψ"⟩ do not change with time, while observables satisfy


title: Heisenberg picture

text: where "H" and "S" label observables in Heisenberg and Schrödinger picture respectively, is the Hamiltonian and denotes the commutator of two operators (in this case and ). Taking expectation values automatically yields the Ehrenfest theorem, featured in the correspondence principle.


title: Heisenberg picture

text: By the Stone–von Neumann theorem, the Heisenberg picture and the Schrödinger picture are unitarily equivalent, just a basis change in Hilbert space. In some sense, the Heisenberg picture is more natural and convenient than the equivalent Schrödinger picture, especially for relativistic theories. Lorentz invariance is manifest in the Heisenberg picture, since the state vectors do not single out the time or space.


title: Heisenberg picture

text: This approach also has a more direct similarity to classical physics: by simply replacing the commutator above by the Poisson bracket, the Heisenberg equation reduces to an equation in Hamiltonian mechanics.


title: Heisenberg picture

text: For the sake of pedagogy, the Heisenberg picture is introduced here from the subsequent, but more familiar, Schrödinger picture.


title: Heisenberg picture

text: The expectation value of an observable "A", which is a Hermitian linear operator, for a given Schrödinger state |"ψ"("t")⟩, is given by


title: Heisenberg picture

text: In the Schrödinger picture, the state |"ψ"("t")⟩ at time is related to the state |"ψ"(0)⟩ at time 0 by a unitary time-evolution operator, ,


title: Heisenberg picture

text: In the Heisenberg picture, all state vectors are considered to remain constant at their initial values |"ψ"(0)⟩, whereas operators evolve with time according to


title: Heisenberg picture

text: where differentiation was carried out according to the product rule. Note that the Hamiltonian that appears in the final line above is the Heisenberg Hamiltonian "H"("t"), which may differ from the Schrödinger Hamiltonian.


title: Heisenberg picture

text: An important special case of the equation above is obtained if the Hamiltonian does not vary with time. Then the time-evolution operator can be written as


title: Heisenberg picture

text: Here is the time derivative of the initial "A", not the "A"("t") operator defined. The last equation holds since commutes with .


title: Heisenberg picture

text: This relation also holds for classical mechanics, the classical limit of the above, given the correspondence between Poisson brackets and commutators,


title: Heisenberg picture

text: In effect, the arbitrary rigid Hilbert space basis |"ψ"(0)⟩ has receded from view, and is only considered at the final step of taking specific expectation values or matrix elements of observables.


title: Heisenberg picture

text: Commutator relations may look different than in the Schrödinger picture, because of the time dependence of operators. For example, consider the operators and . The time evolution of those operators depends on the Hamiltonian of the system. Considering the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator,


title: Heisenberg picture

text: For formula_23, one simply recovers the standard canonical commutation relations valid in all pictures.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: Half-Life 2: Episode One is a 2006 first-person shooter game developed and published by Valve for Windows. It continues the story of "Half-Life 2" (2004); as scientist Gordon Freeman, players must escape City 17 with Gordon's companion Alyx Vance. Like previous "Half-Life" games, "Episode One" combines shooting, puzzles and storytelling.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: After the six-year development of "Half-Life 2", Valve switched to episodic development, hoping to release games more frequently. For "Episode One", they focused on developing the character of Alyx and expanded her artificial intelligence. It uses an updated version of Valve's Source engine, with new lighting and animation technology.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: "Episode One" received mostly positive reviews; the co-operative gameplay with Alyx received particular praise, although the short length was criticized. It was ported to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 as part of the 2007 compilation "The Orange Box." "" followed in 2007.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: In "Episode One", players make their way through a linear series of levels and encounter various enemies and allies. The gameplay is broken up between combat-oriented challenges and physics-based puzzles. "Episode One" integrates tutorial-like tasks into the story to familiarize the player with new gameplay mechanics without breaking immersion. A head-up display appears on the screen to display the character's health, energy, and ammunition. Throughout the course of the game, the player accesses new weapons and ammunition that are used to defend the character from enemy forces. Unlike in "Half-Life 2", where Gordon's first weapon is the crowbar, Gordon first acquires the Gravity Gun, which plays a crucial role in the game by allowing the player to use physics to manipulate objects at a distance in both combat and puzzle-solving scenarios.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: The artificial intelligence (AI) for Alyx Vance, Gordon's companion, was explicitly designed for co-operative play in "Episode One" to complement the player's abilities. The developers described Alyx's programming for "Episode One" as a "personality code" as opposed to an "AI code", emphasizing the attention they gave to make Alyx a unique and believable companion. For part of the code, she was explicitly programmed to avoid performing too many mechanical or repetitive actions, such as repeating lines of dialogue or performing certain routines in combat situations. Examples of this co-operative gameplay include combat in underground levels. In this scenario, the player can conserve their ammunition by using a flashlight to help Alyx spot and kill oncoming enemies. Similarly, Alyx will often take up strategic positions and provide covering fire to keep the player safe while they travel to a certain area or perform certain actions.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: In City 17, Gordon Freeman and his ally Alyx Vance have destroyed the reactor at the heart of the Combine Citadel. As it explodes, the G-Man intervenes and extracts Gordon. Several Vortigaunts appear and rescue Alyx from the blast. The Vortigaunts appear before the G-Man and stand between him and Gordon. They teleport Gordon away from the scene, restricting the effect of G-Man's abilities on Gordon.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: Alyx's pet robot Dog retrieves Gordon from rubble outside the Citadel, and Gordon reunites with Alyx. Alyx contacts her father Eli Vance and scientist Isaac Kleiner, who have escaped the city. Kleiner tells them the Citadel's core will soon explode, which will completely wipe out City 17. Alyx and Gordon re-enter the Citadel and temporarily stabilize the core.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: Alyx discovers that Combine Elite soldiers are accelerating the destruction of the Citadel to send a "transmission packet" to the Combine's homeworld. She downloads a copy of the message, along with a transmission from Dr. Judith Mossman, in which she mentions a "project" she has located, before she is cut off by a Combine attack.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: Alyx and Gordon board a train to escape the Citadel, but it derails. They proceed on foot in the city streets, fighting through the disorganized Combine forces and rampant alien infestations. They meet Barney Calhoun and a group of other survivors who are preparing to move to a train station to escape City 17. Alyx and Gordon lead and escort the survivors to the station, as the way there is constantly being swarmed and sabotaged by Combine forces.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: Alyx and Gordon take a different train out of City 17, escaping just as the reactor detonates and the Combine's message is transmitted. Several rocket pods containing Combine Advisors launch from the Citadel as it detonates. The resulting shockwave derails the train.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: Valve developed "Half-Life 2" (2004) over six years using its new game engine, Source. In April 2005, Valve announced an expansion for "Half-Life 2" under the working title "Aftermath". Designer Robin Walker said: "Right now, we're really, really good at making "Half-Life 2" ... We'd just got comfortable with all our tools and what we could do. That's normally the point in which we'd go off and make new tools — we didn't want to do that." Valve president Gabe Newell said customers would be happier with a new "Half-Life" game delivered in a shorter time rather than "waiting six years for another monolithic product".


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: In February 2006, Valve announced a new title for the expansion, "Episode One". In May, Valve announced that "Episode One" was the first in a planned trilogy of episodic games to be released over the following two years. Newell said he considered the trilogy the equivalent of "Half-Life 3". According to Newell, whereas the original "Half-Life" (1998) saw the G-Man transform Freeman into his tool, and "Half-Life 2" saw Freeman being used by G-Man, the episodes would see G-Man lose control.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: While the plots and dialogue of "Half-Life" and "Half-Life 2" had been written solely by Marc Laidlaw, the "Half-Life 2" episodes were written by Laidlaw and new employees Chet Faliszek and Erik Wolpaw. Valve's focus was character development, particularly that of Gordon's companion Alyx, who accompanies the player for almost the entire game. Walker said: "It's kind of ironic that despite so much of the theme of "Half-Life 2" being about other characters and other people, you spent most of the game alone."


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: Because of Alyx's significant involvement, Valve made modifications to her AI that allowed her to react to the player's actions. Changes include commentating on objects the player manipulates or obstacles they have overcome. She also acts as an essential device in both plot exposition and directing the player's journey, often vocalizing what the player is required to do next to progress. The developers explained that a large part of their focus was creating not only a believable companion for the player, but also one that did not obstruct the player's actions. They wanted to allow the player to dictate his/her own pace and method of overcoming any challenges faced without being hindered. This meant that Valve often had to scale back Alyx's input and dialogue during the player's journey so they would not feel pressured to progress and consequently object to her presence. The developers also placed what they described as "hero moments" throughout the game, which allow the player to single-handedly overcome obstacles such as particularly challenging enemies, during which Alyx takes the role of an observer and gives the player praise and adulation for their feats. The game was extensively playtested so that Valve could gauge its effectiveness and difficulty.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: "Episode One" was made with an upgraded version of Source, with more advanced lighting effects and a new version of its facial animation/expression technology. Upgrades to enemy AI allow Combine soldiers to use tactics previously unavailable to them. For example, Combine soldiers were given the ability to crouch while being fired upon so they could duck underneath the player's line of fire. The soundtrack was composed by Kelly Bailey. The music is used sparingly; it plays primarily during scenes of major plot developments or particularly important action sequences such as large battles or when encountering a new enemy.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: While no new locales were introduced in "Episode One", extensive alterations were made to the appearance of both City 17 where the game takes place and the Citadel from the end of "Half-Life 2" to reflect the changing shape of the world and remind the player that their actions have major effects on the storyline. The Citadel has degenerated from the cold, alien, and imposing fortress of the previous game into an extremely unstable state. This provides a visual cue to the player of the catastrophic damage they inflicted, and it allows for the introduction of new gameplay elements that accentuate the dangers which come with the Citadel's imminent collapse. It also serves a thematic purpose by highlighting the weakening of the Combine's dominance in City 17. Likewise, City 17 has been altered to reflect the aftermath of the resistance's open rebellion, with vast swathes of destroyed buildings, and the introduction of foes previously kept outside its confines in "Half-Life 2" to emphasize the scale of the uprising.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: "Episode One" was sold in both retail stores and Valve's online Steam distribution system, where it was sold at a discount price. The game was also distributed by Electronic Arts as a standalone release. It was available for pre-load and pre-purchase through Steam on May 1, 2006, with "" and "" immediately available for play as part of the package. "Episode One" was rereleased in the Valve compilation "The Orange Box" for Mac, PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. About 1.4 million retail copies of "Episode One" had been sold by 2008.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: Response to "Episode One" was generally positive, and reviewers praised the game for having more intricate, well-paced gameplay than "Half-Life 2". The game's interactivity, particularly in the form of Alyx and her reactions to the player's actions and the events of the game, was also singled out for praise. "PC Gamer" commented that "while this inaugural episode may not be the essential FPS that "Half-Life 2" is, I can't imagine any shooter fan who'd want to miss it." In its review, "PC Gamer" directed particular praise to the balance between puzzle-oriented and action-oriented challenges throughout the game. In Australia, the magazine "PC PowerPlay" awarded the game 10 out of 10.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: "Edge" praised the "deftness" with which the game was able to direct the player's eyes, and the strength of Alyx as a companion, concluding, "In an interactive genre bound to the traditions of the pop-up gun and invisible hero, it simply doesn't get more sophisticated than this." "Episode One" earned scores of 87/100 and 85.59% on review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings respectively. IGN awarded "Episode One" "Best PC FPS of 2006" and described it as a "great bang for the buck using Valve's new episodic plan", although it did not offer "the complete experience that "Half-Life 2" was". GameSpy ranked "Episode One" ninth on its 2006 "Games of the Year" list, and it also noted the implementation of Alyx as a believable and useful companion.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: A common criticism of the game is its short length. "Episode One" takes roughly 4–6 hours to complete, which raised the issue of whether the game justified its price. "Computer Games Magazine" argued the futility of reviewing the game due to its episodic nature; as the first part of a three-part story arc, it is difficult to judge it when divorced from the final product. Game Revolution expressed disappointment at a lack of new features such as environments and weapons.


title: Half-Life 2: Episode One

text: "" was released in 2007. "" was scheduled for release by Christmas 2007, but was canceled as Valve found the episodic model contrary to their growing ambition for new instalments. After canceling several further "Half-Life" projects, Valve released a prequel, "", in 2020.


title: Commodore (Royal Navy)

text: Commodore (Cdre) is a rank of the Royal Navy above captain and below rear admiral. It has a NATO ranking code of OF-6. The rank is equivalent to brigadier in the British Army and Royal Marines and to air commodore in the Royal Air Force. Commodore has only been a substantive rank in the Royal Navy since 1997. Until then the term denoted a functional position rather than a formal rank, being the title bestowed on the senior officer of a fleet of at least two naval vessels comprising an independent (usually ad hoc and short-term) command. (In this case, for instance, a lieutenant in substantive rank could be a commodore for the term of the command.)


title: Commodore (Royal Navy)

text: The rank of commodore was introduced during the 17th century in November 1674 (though not legally established until 1806). In 1684 the navy introduced two classes of commodore, the first known as a "Commodore Distinction" and the other a "Commodore Ordinary"; these would later evolve into commodores first and second class. In 1734 the title of commodore was formally approved by an order in council. They were formally separated into first class (those with subordinate line captains) and second class (those commanding ships themselves) in 1826. The previous broad red and blue pennants were abolished in 1864 along with the coloured squadrons, the commodore of the white's broad pennant with the Cross of St George remained as the command flag for commodores first class, who wore the same sleeve lace as rear admirals. The white broad pennant with a red ball was introduced as the command flag for commodores second class. The appointment of commodore first class has been in abeyance since 1958, leaving the pennant with a single red ball to cover all Royal Navy commodores.


title: Commodore (Royal Navy)

text: Modern commodores wear the sleeve lace previously worn by commodores second class. Commodore has only been a substantive rank in the Royal Navy since 1997. Before then it continued to be an appointment conferred on senior captains holding certain positions. For example, the senior commander of destroyers within a fleet in the Royal Navy could carry the title of "Commodore (D)", while the fleet's senior commander of submarines could carry the title of "Commodore (S)", although in both cases as an appointment rather than a rank. During World War I the title of "Commodore (T)" was the officer who commanded torpedo boat flotillas.


title: Commodore (Royal Navy)

text: From 1570 to 1864 the Royal Navy was divided into coloured squadrons which determined an officer's career path.


title: Commodore (Royal Navy)

text: A modern commodore's rank insignia consists of a 45-millimetre-wide band of gold lace, with a circle of 13-millimetre-wide lace 45 millimetres in diameter above.


title: Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport

text: Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport () , also known by its previous name Brnik Airport (), is the international airport serving Ljubljana and the largest airport in Slovenia. It is located near Brnik, northwest of Ljubljana and east of Kranj, at the foothills of Kamnik–Savinja Alps.


title: Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport

text: The airport was officially opened in December 1963. It replaced Polje Airport in the former Municipality of Polje near Ljubljana, which served as the city's airport from 1933 and was Slovenia's first civil airport. Regular flights from the new airport at Brnik began in January 1964.


title: Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport

text: In the late 1970's, Jat Airways offered nonstop flights from North America to Ljubljana. The airline employed McDonnell Douglas DC-10s on a route from New York City to the then Yugoslav city once a week; passengers had to connect through Belgrade when travelling in the opposite direction.


title: Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport

text: On 27 June 1991, two days after Slovenia's Independence from Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav People's Army began its military operations within the country. The airport was bombed during the first day of the war. The next day, 28 June, two journalists from Austria and Germany, Nikolas Vogel and Norbert Werner, were killed from a missile that struck their car near the airport, where they were both driving by during that time. Four Adria Airways airliners also took serious damage from the Yugoslav Air Force.


title: Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport

text: Finally on 29 June, the JPA soldiers at the Airport surrendered to Slovenian TO forces, who surrounded the entire facility overnight. The fighting ended on 7 July with the Brioni Agreement.