title: Indigo Books and Music

text: At the end of its fiscal year in March 2018, the company reported a record annual revenue surpassing CAD $1 billion. As of July 1, 2017, the company operated 86 superstores under the banners Chapters and Indigo and 123 small format stores, under the banners Coles, Indigospirit, and The Book Company. Indigo is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario and employed more than 7,000 people throughout Canada.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: After a series of mergers and acquisitions in the Canadian bookstore industry, Indigo stands as Canada's last remaining national bookstore chain. In late 2017, announcements were made to expand to the United States, starting with a location in The Mall at Short Hills.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: The company was founded in 1996 by Heather Reisman, who is married to Gerry Schwartz, majority owner and CEO of Onex Corporation.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: The company's first big-box bookstore initially called "Indigo Books, Music & More", was opened in Burlington, Ontario on September 4, 1997. With financing from Onex Corporation, Indigo bought Chapters, their largest Canadian competitor, in 2001 and continues to operate many stores under the Chapters banner. Indigo also gained the ownership of the Coles chain of small-format bookstores, which was also owned by Chapters.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: Indigo closed three high-profile stores in Toronto in the spring of 2014, including the World's Biggest Bookstore, which it acquired when it bought Chapters. In June 2014, Reisman said the company was headed into a new phase, selling a much higher percentage of non-book items.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: In late 2017, it was announced that it would expand to the United States, with its first location opening in The Mall at Short Hills in October 2018.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: In September 2022, Reisman stepped down as CEO and became executive chair, with Peter Ruis being named CEO.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: The company sells books, magazines, gifts, and toys through its website and in its stores. Its banners currently include Indigo Books & Music, Chapters, Coles, SmithBooks, IndigoSpirit, and The Book Company (small format).


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: Indigo began a partnership with Apple and iUniverse publishing in the 2010s. Indigo also manufactures its own brand of products, called IndigoLife. In addition, the chain's Indigo Trusted Advisor Program offers book recommendations from experts in health, finance, and the environment, such as David Bach and David Suzuki.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: In 2004, Indigo started the Indigo Love of Reading Foundation, a program that helps provide new books and learning materials to high-needs elementary schools. Indigo commits $1.5 million annually to schools across Canada.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: The money is raised by Indigo itself, customers, staff, suppliers, and proceeds from Love of Reading fundraising products (i.e., gift card sleeves). Only 80% of customer donations have been granted to over 1800 schools since the Love of Reading Foundation's inception, with Indigo covering all of the operating costs of the foundation. The funding given to the schools is split across a 90% credit to spend at Indigo and 10% cash to be spent anywhere, as long as it contributes to advancement of literacy.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: In addition to the regularly collected funds, the annual Adopt a School program has increased the Indigo Love of Reading Foundation's donations up to a total of CAD 26 million given to more than 3,000 school libraries in Canada since 2004. During the month-long Adopt a School program, each retail store selects a local school to be the recipient of the donations the store collects during that time period.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: In 2007, the Indigo Love of Reading Foundation produced a documentary chronicling the issue of funding for books in Canadian elementary schools. The documentary "Writing on the Wall" recounts the establishment of the foundation, while revealing the current conditions of school libraries and literacy in Canada. A follow up documentary was created in 2017 titled "Read Between the Lines".


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: Kobo Inc., an e-reader platform and manufacturer, was founded and spun off of Indigo in November 2009. By August 2011, the Kobo e-reading platform had become the dominant player in Canada, with research firm Ipsos Reid estimating that it represented 36% of the Canadian market as of that date.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: In November 2011, Japanese ecommerce company Rakuten purchased the company for US$315 million in cash. Around 58% of Kobo was owned by Indigo at the time of the purchase.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: Indigo was listed as one of Canada's Top 20 Employer Brands in the 2018 survey by Randstad Holding. This is due in part to staff rewards program which includes benefits eligibility for both full-time and part-time employees. Indigo also offers a company-matched RRSP program and yearly employee scholarships.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: In 2001, Indigo removed Adolf Hitler's "Mein Kampf" from the shelves. In 2006, Indigo decided not to sell the June issue of "Harper's Magazine", which reprinted the controversial cartoons of the Muslim prophet Muhammad that had led to violent demonstrations around the world. Indigo also did not distribute the issue of "Western Standard" which reprinted and discussed those same cartoons. The company has also reportedly refused to stock several titles by David Icke, and firearms magazines.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: In the summer of 2006, the company was targeted by social activists from NION and the Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid. According to a report in This Magazine, CAIA advocated the boycott of Chapters/Indigo stores due to principals Reisman and Schwartz forming the Heseg Foundation for soldiers serving in the Israeli army that have no family living in the state of Israel. The article claimed Reisman and Schwartz donate $3 million a year to the Foundation.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: The Indigo/Chapters chain has been criticized over what some perceive as a virtual monopoly over retail-based book sales in Canada. In 2002, the company strongly opposed the entry of Amazon into the Canadian marketplace with accusations the U.S.-based company was skirting regulations about foreign ownership of Canadian booksellers.


title: Indigo Books and Music

text: Indigo's expansion has been blamed, among other factors, for the financial difficulties of some independent booksellers in Canada. In particular, its rise coincided with the bankruptcy of Lichtman's, once Canada's largest independent bookseller.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: Victoria Vetri (born September 26, 1944; also known as Angela Dorian and Victoria Rathgeb) is an American model and actress.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: Vetri was born in the Queen of Angels Hospital in Los Angeles, California, to Italian immigrant parents. She attended Hollywood High School between 1959-63 and later studied art at Los Angeles City College. She began acting and modeling in her teens.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: While Vetri was in high school director Robert Wise considered casting her as Maria in the 1961 film "West Side Story", but the studio selected Natalie Wood.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: In her early career Vetri often was cast in ethnic roles on television "due to her Italian heritage", such as a Native American in "Cheyenne" and a Mexican in "Wagon Train". She also landed ethnic roles in film, including a member of an ancient Maya civilization in the 1963 film "Kings of the Sun" and a Mexican in the 1967 film "Chuka".


title: Victoria Vetri

text: Vetri appeared briefly in the 1968 film "Rosemary's Baby", where she was credited as Angela Dorian. In one scene, Rosemary (Mia Farrow) remarks to Vetri's character, Teresa, that she resembles the actress Victoria Vetri.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: In January 1969, Vetri signed a multi-picture contract with Warner Bros.-Seven Arts and was given a starring role in "When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth". She refused to have her hair turned blonde from its natural auburn for the film. The story required a blonde, so Vetri demanded a wig instead. Columnist Hy Gardner nominated Vetri as "a new sex symbol on the Hollywood horizon" in 1971.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: Vetri has been incorrectly identified in numerous sources as playing the role of the "human form of a shape-shifting cat" in the "" episode "" (a role actually played by April Tatro). Vetri emphatically states she never appeared on "Star Trek", saying, "I was never in an episode of "STAR TREK". I know that people think I was [...] I am not sure who she was. Look close enough and you can see that she has blue eyes and I, of course, have brown."


title: Victoria Vetri

text: Using the name Angela Dorian, Vetri was "Playboy"s Playmate of the Month for the September 1967 issue and subsequently was the 1968 Playmate of the Year. Vetri won $20,000 and a new car (an all pink 1968 AMC AMX) when she was selected Playmate of the Year. A nude photo of her (along with fellow playmates Leslie Bianchini, Reagan Wilson, and Cynthia Myers) was inserted into Apollo 12 Extra-vehicular activity astronaut cuff checklists by pranksters at NASA.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: Thinking it would give her the pick of acting roles, Vetri took on modelling for Playboy. However, she said that posing actually hindered her career by limiting the roles she was offered. She felt she was typecast because of her beauty.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: Vetri posed topless for the April 1984 "Playboy" pictorial "Playmates Forever! Part Two". In Tom Clancy's 2004 biography of Gen. Tony Zinni, USMC (Ret.), Zinni remarks on receiving a copy of the September 1967 "Playboy" centerfold from his advisers for his birthday, which he kept as a memento of his time in Vietnam.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: Vetri, aged 18, married Hugh Terry Whettam on April 7, 1963. Their son was born on September 8, 1963. They were divorced in 1966. She then married John Lee Hage on December 29, 1966, and they were divorced in 1967. Vetri married Heinz Gottfried Schwetz on November 13, 1978 and they were divorced on February 25, 1983. In 1986, she and Bruce Rathgeb were married.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: Vetri was charged with attempted murder after shooting husband Bruce Rathgeb from close range inside the Hollywood apartment they were sharing after an argument on Saturday, October 16, 2010.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: The Los Angeles Police Department's Hollywood Division arrested Vetri. She was jailed on US$1.53 million bail. Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Michael D. Abzug refused to reduce it, pending trial. In January 2011, the judge also denied her attorney's request for a reduction of the charge of attempted murder. She was ordered to stand trial on that charge.


title: Victoria Vetri

text: Between January and September 2011, the charge against Vetri was reduced to attempted voluntary manslaughter. She entered a plea of no contest. The judge sentenced her to nine years in state prison. She and Rathgeb divorced in 2016. She was released on parole in April 2018, aged 73.


title: Rán

text: In Norse mythology, Rán (Old Norse: ) is a goddess and a personification of the sea. Rán and her husband Ægir, a jötunn who also personifies the sea, have nine daughters, who personify waves. The goddess is frequently associated with a net, which she uses to capture sea-goers. According to the prose introduction to a poem in the "Poetic Edda" and in "Völsunga saga", Rán once loaned her net to the god Loki.


title: Rán

text: Rán is attested in the "Poetic Edda", compiled during the 13th century from earlier traditional sources; the "Prose Edda", written during the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson; in both "Völsunga saga" and "Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna"; and in the poetry of skalds, such as "Sonatorrek", a 10th-century poem by Icelandic skald Egill Skallagrímsson.


title: Rán

text: The Old Norse common noun "rán" means 'plundering' or 'theft, robbery'. In turn, scholars view the theonym "Rán" as meaning, for example, 'theft, robbery'. On the etymology of the theonym, scholar Rudolf Simek says, "although the meaning of the name has not been fully clarified, Rán was probably understood as being 'robber' ... and has nothing to do with [Old Norse] "ráða" 'rule'.


title: Rán

text: Because Rán is a personification of the sea, skalds employ her name in a variety of kennings to refer to the sea. Examples include "Ránar-land" ('Ran's land'), "-salr" ('Rán's hall'), and "-vegr" ('Rán's way'), and "rán-beðr" ('the bed of Rán') and meaning 'the bed of the sea'.


title: Rán

text: Rán and Ægir receive mention in the poem "Sonatorrek" attributed to 10th century Icelandic skald Egill Skallagrímsson. In the poem, Egill laments the death of his son Böðvar, who drowned at sea during a storm:


title: Rán

text: In one difficult stanza later in the poem, the skald expresses the pain of losing his son by invoking the image of slaying the personified sea, personified as Ægir (Old Norse "ǫlsmið[r]" 'ale-smith') and Rán ("Ægis man" 'Ægir's wife'):


title: Rán

text: Rán receives three mentions in the "Poetic Edda"; twice in poetry and once in prose. The first mention occurs in a stanza in "Helgakviða Hundingsbana I", when the valkyrie Sigrún assists the ship of the hero Helgi Hundingsbane as it encounters ferocious waters:


title: Rán

text: In the notes for her translation, Larrington says that Rán "seeks to catch and drown men in her net" and that "to give someone to the sea-goddess is to drown them."


title: Rán

text: The second instance occurs in a stanza found in "Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar". In this stanza, the hero Atli references Rán while flyting with Hrímgerðr, a female jötunn:


title: Rán

text: Finally, in the prose introduction to "Reginsmál", Loki visits Rán (here rendered as "Ron") to borrow her net:


title: Rán

text: Translator Henry Adams Bellows notes how this version of the narrative differs from how it appears in other sources, where Loki catches the pike with his own hands.


title: Rán

text: The "Prose Edda" sections "Skáldskaparmál" and "Háttatal" contain several references to Rán. Section 25 of "Skáldskaparmál" ("How shall sea be referred to?") manners in which poets may refer to the sea, including "husband of Ran" and "land of Ran and of Ægir's daughters", but also "father of Ægir's daughters".


title: Rán

text: In the same section, the author cites a fragment of a work by the 11th century Icelandic skald Hofgarða-Refr Gestsson, where Rán is referred to as 'Gymir's ... völva':


title: Rán

text: The section's author comments that the stanza "[implies] that they are all the same, Ægir and Hler and Gymir. The author follows with a quote from another stanza by the skald that references Rán:


title: Rán

text: Chapter 33 of "Skáldskaparmál" discusses why skalds may refer to gold as "Ægir's fire". The section traces the kenning to a narrative surrounding Ægir, in which the jötunn employs "glowing gold" in the center of his hall to light it "like fire" (which the narrator compares to flaming swords in Valhalla). The section explains that "Ran is the name of Ægir's wife, and the names of their nine daughters are as was written above ... Then the Æsir discovered that Ran had a net in which she caught everyone that went to sea ... so this is the story of the origin of gold being called fire or light or brightness of Ægir, Ran or Ægir's daughters, and from such kennings the practice has now developed of calling gold fire of the sea and of all terms for it, since Ægir and Ran's names are also terms for the sea, and hence gold is now called fire of lakes or rivers and of all river-names."


title: Rán

text: In the "Nafnaþulur" section of "Skáldskaparmál", Rán appears in a list of goddesses (Old Norse "ásynjur").


title: Rán

text: Rán receives a single mention in "Völsunga saga". Like in the prose introduction to the eddic poem "Reginsmál" (discussed above), "they sent Loki to obtain the gold. He went to Ran and got her net."


title: Rán

text: In the legendary saga "Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna", Friðþjófr and his men find themselves in a violent storm, and the protagonist mourns that he will soon rest in Rán's bed:


title: Rán

text: The protagonist then decides that as they are to "go to Rán" ("at til Ránar skal fara") they would better do so in style with gold on each man. He divides the gold and talks of her again:


title: Rán

text: According to Rudolf Simek, "... Rán is the ruler of the realm of the dead at the bottom of the sea to which people who have drowned go." Simek says that "while Ægir personifies the sea as a friendly power, Rán embodies the sinister side of the sea, at least in the eyes of the late Viking Age Icelandic seafarers."


title: Udupi Ramachandra Rao

text: Udupi Ramachandra Rao (10 March 1932 – 24 July 2017) was an Indian space scientist and former chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation. He was also the Chairman of the Governing Council of the Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabad and Nehru Planetarium at Bengaluru and chancellor of the Indian Institute for Space Science and Technology (IIST) at Thiruvananthapuram. He is known as ""The Satellite Man of India"". He pioneered India's first satellite launch Aryabhata in 1975.


title: Udupi Ramachandra Rao

text: Rao was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 1976, and Padma Vibhushan in 2017. He was inducted into the Satellite Hall of Fame, Washington, on 19 March 2013 at a ceremony organised by the Society of Satellite Professionals International. With this he became the first Indian to be inducted. He was also to be inducted in International Astronautics Federation (IAF) on 15 May 2016. He was again the first Indian to achieve such a feat.


title: Udupi Ramachandra Rao

text: U. R. Rao was born into a Madhwa Brahmin Hindu family at Adamaru in the state of Karnataka. His parents were Lakshminarayana Acharya and Krishnaveni Amma. He had his primary education at Adamaru. He completed his secondary education from Christian High School, Udupi. He completed his B.Sc. in Government Arts and Science College, Anantpur, M.Sc. from Banaras Hindu University and Ph.D. at Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad under the guidance of Vikram Sarabhai.


title: Udupi Ramachandra Rao

text: After working as a post doctoral associate at MIT and Assistant Professor at University of Texas at Dallas where he carried out investigations as a prime experimenter on a number of Pioneer and Explorer spacecraft, Rao returned to India in 1966 as a professor at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad.


title: Udupi Ramachandra Rao

text: Rao started his career as a cosmic ray scientist and worked under Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, which he continued at MIT. In association with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory group, he was the first to establish the continuous nature of the solar wind and its effect on geomagnetism using Mariner 2 observations. Rao's experiments on a number of Pioneer and Explorer spacecraft led to a complete understanding of the solar cosmic-ray phenomena and the electromagnetic state of the interplanetary space. Convinced of the imperative need to use space technology for rapid development, Rao undertook the responsibility for the establishment of satellite technology in India in 1972. Under his guidance, beginning with the first Indian satellite "Aryabhata" in 1975, over 18 satellites including Bhaskara, APPLE, Rohini, INSAT-1 and INSAT-2 series of multipurpose satellites and the IRS-1A and IRS-1B remote sensing satellites were designed, fabricated and launched for providing communication, remote sensing, and meteorological services.


title: Udupi Ramachandra Rao

text: After taking charge as Chairman, Space Commission and Secretary, Department of Space in 1985, Rao accelerated the development of rocket technology resulting in the successful launch of ASLV rocket in 1992. He was also responsible for the development of the operational PSLV launch vehicle, which successfully launched an 850 kg. satellite into a polar orbit in 1995. Rao initiated the development of the geostationary launch vehicle GSLV and the development of cryogenic technology in 1991. He was responsible for successful launch of INSAT satellites during his stint at ISRO. The launch of INSAT satellites gave a thrust to communications in India, during the 1980s and 1990s. The successful launch of INSAT provided telecommunication links to remote corners of India. During these decades fixed telephone (called as landline) expanded throughout country due to availability of satellite links at different places in the ground. People could talk easily from anywhere by use of STD (Subscriber Trunk Dialing) instead of waiting for hours to get the connection. This development played a key role in future for India to develop as an Information Technology hub. He was the first Chairman of Antrix Corporation.


title: Udupi Ramachandra Rao

text: He was the first Indian Space Scientist to be allowed into the Prestigious “Satellite Hall of Fame” at Washington DC, USA in recent past on March 19, 2013.


title: Udupi Ramachandra Rao

text: Rao was an elected Fellow of many academies such as Indian Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers, International Academy of Astronautics and Third World Academy of Sciences. Rao was conferred Fellowship of the World Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was the General President of the Indian Science Congress Association for 1995-96. Rao was the Vice President of International Astronautical Federation (IAF) during 1984 to 1992 and continues to be the Chairman of the Committee for Liaison with Developing Countries (CLIODN) since 1986. Rao was elected as the Chairman of United Nations - Committee On Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN-COPUOS) in June 1997 and also Chairman of UNISPACE-III Conference. He was elected as the Chairman of the 30th International Antarctic Treaty Consultative Committee Meeting at Delhi in April 2007.


title: Udupi Ramachandra Rao

text: He was the Co-Chairman of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Goa. He was the first chairman of Prasar Bharati. Rao was the Fourth President of the Governing Body of the Centre for Space Physics in 2007. While the President, he changed its name to Indian Centre for Space Physics in recognition to its National importance.


title: Udupi Ramachandra Rao

text: People's President and distinguished scientist Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam had an effective association with Prof. U. R. Rao. While Dr. A.P. J. Abdul Kalam was President, he presented the Life Time Achievement Award constituted by ISRO and Astronautical Society of India (ASI) to Prof. Rao for his outstanding contribution to the organization.


title: Saaya (2003 film)

text: Saaya (translation: "Shadow") is a 2003 Indian Hindi supernatural fantasy romantic thriller film directed by Anurag Basu and produced by Mahesh Bhatt. It is an adaptation of the 2002 Hollywood film "Dragonfly".


title: Saaya (2003 film)

text: Akash "Akki" and his wife Maya are doctors. When malaria strikes India on the Burmese border, pregnant Maya rushes over to help, despite Akki's disapproval. Akash soon receives the news of her death caused by a bus crash. The bus crashed into water at heavy rains.


title: Saaya (2003 film)

text: Akash believes that on looking at the face of the corpse, one would be able to trace out the mentality of that person at the time of death; and so he desperately searches for the corpse of Maya. However he could not succeed. Akash cannot accept Maya's passing away and believes strongly that she did not die. Akash himself has paranormal experiences where he feels that Maya's soul is trying to communicate with him. He tries to communicate with her through the hospital patients who have faced a near-death experience. Every patient draws a strange symbol, and one corpse starts talking to Akash when he is alone. Tanya, a close friend of Maya, tries to console Akash, because when her lover died in an accident it was Akash who treated her. Now, she believes it is her turn, and she believes he is hallucinating.


title: Saaya (2003 film)

text: With the help of a nun called Sister Martha and clues, Akash decides to go back to where it all began – the border. There, with the help of a guide, he tries to find out about Maya but is not very successful, following which Akash jumps off a waterfall near the crash site and finds the sunken bus. He sees Maya's spirit beckoning him, and she shows him her accident and the incidents that followed. He goes to the nearby village tribe and asks if they saved Maya. They say she died, but they saved her soul. They take Akash inside and show him a surprise – though Maya died, she gave birth to their daughter. Akash thus realises that Maya was teaching him to trust, because their baby survived among the tribe without any medical attention despite being premature. He also realises that Maya's spirit was trying to reach him so that he could meet their daughter. He takes their child home and lives happily ever after.


title: Saaya (2003 film)

text: The music has been composed by Anu Malik and M. M. Keeravani(Guest Composer). The lyrics have been written by Sayeed Quadri. The soundtrack mostly consists of soulful tunes composed by Anu Malik and M. M. Keeravani(Guest Composer). The ghazal "Kabhi Khushboo", composed by Anu Malik, was a hit. The soundtrack is remembered for its decent numbers. Not only does Shreya Ghoshal sing the song "Har Taraf", she also makes a cameo appearance in the film as a school girl singing the song on screen. Also, K.K. was credited in "Har Taraf" in the original CD's, the male vocals of which are originally provided by Kunal Ganjawala. The song "O Saathiya", sung by Alka Yagnik and Udit Narayan, was originally recorded for the 1998 film "Zakhm" and song is written by Anand Bakshi, but was included in this album since it couldn't be used there. The same music was applied in the tracks "Aai Jo Teri Yaad", sung by Ghoshal, and its separate male version sung by Sonu Nigam.


title: Saaya (2003 film)

text: Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars, writing "On the whole, SAAYA falls short of expectations. The film has some engaging moments that keep you hooked on to the goings-on, but a handful of well-executed sequences can never really undo the harm done by a weak script and more specifically, a hard-to-digest climax. At the box-office, the film has some chances in select cinemas of metros, but at most places, the 'saaya' of success will elude it!." Anupama Chopra writing for India Today stated "Debutant director Anurag Basu creates some striking sequences of suspense but his first half is excruciatingly slow. Moreover, only an actor with gargantuan talent and star power can carry a film in which he occupies almost every frame. Unfortunately, John Abraham who relies mostly on one tortured expression can't do it. What works better is Mahima Chaudhary's performance and Fuwad Khan's inventive cinematography.


title: Saaya (2003 film)

text: Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com called it a "decent version of the original (Dragonfly)" but criticized it for being emotionless, stating "One point though: Saaya does not evoke a sigh, moisten your eyes, or create sympathy for its characters. And therein lies its drawback."


title: Horror and terror

text: The distinction between terror and horror is a standard literary and psychological concept applied especially to Gothic and horror fiction. "Terror" is usually described as the feeling of dread and anticipation that "precedes" the horrifying experience. By contrast, "horror" is the feeling of revulsion that usually "follows" a frightening sight, sound, or otherwise experience.


title: Horror and terror

text: The distinction between terror and horror was first characterized by the Gothic writer Ann Radcliffe (1764–1823), horror being more related to being shocked or scared (being horrified) at an awful realization or a deeply unpleasant occurrence, while terror is more related to being anxious or fearful. Radcliffe considered that terror is characterized by "obscurity" or indeterminacy in its treatment of potentially horrible events, something which leads to the sublime. She says in an essay published posthumously in 1826, 'On the Supernatural in Poetry', that terror "expands the soul and awakens the faculties to a high degree of life". Horror, in contrast, "freezes and nearly annihilates them" with its unambiguous displays of atrocity. She goes on: "I apprehend that neither Shakespeare nor Milton by their fictions, nor Mr Burke by his reasoning, anywhere looked to positive horror as a source of the sublime, though they all agree that terror is a very high one; and where lies the great difference between horror and terror, but in uncertainty and obscurity, that accompany the first, respecting the dreader evil."


title: Horror and terror

text: The difference between Terror and Horror is the difference between awful apprehension and sickening realization: between the smell of death and stumbling against a corpse.


title: Horror and terror

text: Horror is also a genre of film and fiction that relies on horrifying images or situations to tell stories and prompt reactions or jump scares to put their audiences on edge. In these films the moment of horrifying revelation is usually preceded by a terrifying build up, often using the medium of scary music.


title: Horror and terror

text: In his non-fiction book "Danse Macabre", Stephen King stressed how horror tales normally chart the outbreak of madness/the terrible within an everyday setting. He also elaborated on the twin themes of terror and horror, adding a third element which he referred to as "revulsion". He describes terror as "the finest element" of the three, and the one he strives hardest to maintain in his own writing. Citing many examples, he defines "terror" as the suspenseful moment in horror before the actual monster is revealed. "Horror," King writes, is that moment at which one sees the creature/aberration that causes the terror or suspense, a "shock value". King finally compares "revulsion" with the gag-reflex, a bottom-level, cheap gimmick which he admits he often resorts to in his own fiction if necessary, confessing:


title: Horror and terror

text: I recognize terror as the finest emotion and so I will try to terrorize the reader. But if I find that I cannot terrify, I will try to horrify, and if I find that I cannot horrify, I'll go for the gross-out. I'm not proud.


title: Horror and terror

text: In his wake, Georges Bataille saw horror as akin to ecstasy in its transcendence of the everyday; as opening a way to go beyond rational social consciousness. Julia Kristeva in turn considered horror as evoking experience of the primitive, the infantile, and the demoniacal aspects of unmediated femininity.


title: Horror and terror

text: The paradox of pleasure experienced through horror films/books can be explained partly as stemming from relief from real-life horror in the experience of horror in play, partly as a safe way to return in adult life to the paralysing feelings of infantile helplessness.


title: Horror and terror

text: Helplessness is also a factor in the overwhelming experience of real horror in psychological trauma. Playing at re-experiencing the trauma may be a helpful way of overcoming it.


title: Messianism

text: Messianism is the belief in the advent of a messiah who acts as the savior of a group of people. Messianism originated as a Zoroastrianism religious belief and followed to Abrahamic religions, but other religions have messianism-related concepts. Religions with a messiah concept include Judaism (Mashiach), Christianity (Christ), Islam (Isa Masih), Druze faith (Jesus and Hamza ibn Ali), Zoroastrianism (Saoshyant), Buddhism (Maitreya), Taoism (Li Hong), and Bábism (He whom God shall make manifest).


title: Messianism

text: In Judaism, the messiah will be a future Jewish king from the line of David and redeemer of the Jewish people and humanity. In Christianity, Jesus is the messiah, the savior, the redeemer, and God. In Islam, Jesus was a prophet and the messiah of the Jewish people who will return in the end times.


title: Messianism

text: Messiah (; "mashiah", "moshiah", "mashiach", or "moshiach", ("anointed [one]") is a term used in the Hebrew Bible to describe priests and kings, who were traditionally anointed. For example, Cyrus the Great, the King of Persia, is referred to as "God's anointed" (Messiah) in the Bible.


title: Messianism

text: In Jewish messianic tradition and eschatology, the term came to refer to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who will be "anointed" with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age. In Standard Hebrew, the messiah is often referred to as "Melekh ha-Mashiaḥ" (), literally "the Anointed King".


title: Messianism

text: Rabbinic Judaism and current Orthodox Judaism hold that the messiah will be an anointed one, descended from his father through the Davidic line of King David, who will gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel and usher in an era of peace.


title: Messianism

text: Following the Expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 many Spanish rabbis, such as Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi, believed that the year 1524 would be the beginning of the Messianic Age and that the Messiah himself would appear in 1530–31.


title: Messianism

text: Orthodox Jewish messianic movements have occasionally emerged throughout the centuries among Jewish communities worldwide. These surround various messiah claimants. However from the Jewish view, the claimants failed to deliver the promises of redemption, and generally remained with only a handful of followers. Excepting Jesus, the most popular messiah claimants were Simon bar Kokhba in 2nd century Judea, Nehemiah ben Hushiel in the 7th century Sasanian Empire, Sabbatai Zevi in the 17th century Ottoman Empire (precursor to Sabbateans), Jacob Frank in 18th century Europe, Shukr Kuhayl I and Judah ben Shalom in 19th century Ottoman Yemen. There are those who currently identify the 20th century Menachem Mendel Schneerson (the Lubavitcher Rebbe) as the Mashiach).


title: Messianism

text: Other denominations, such as Reform Judaism, believe in a Messianic Age when the world will be at peace, but do not agree that there will be a messiah as the leader of this era.


title: Messianism

text: In Christianity, the Messiah is called the Christ (; ; ), the saviour and redeemer who would bring salvation to the Jewish people and mankind. "Christ" is the Greek translation of "Messiah", meaning "Anointed one". The role of the Christ, the Messiah in Christianity, originated from the concept of the messiah in Judaism. Though the conceptions of the messiah in each religion are similar, for the most part they are distinct from one another due to the split of early Christianity and Judaism in the 1st century. Christians believe Jesus to be the Jewish messiah (Christ) of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.


title: Messianism

text: Christians believe that the messianic prophecies were fulfilled in his mission, death, resurrection, and ascension to his Session on the heavenly throne, where "he sat down at the right hand of God, where he is now waiting until his enemies are made a footstool for his feet" (Heb 10:12–13 NET, quoting the Davidic royal Psalm 110:1). Christians believe that the rest of the messianic prophecies will be fulfilled in the Second coming of Christ. One prophecy, distinctive in both the Jewish and Christian concept of the messiah, is that a Jewish king from the Davidic line, who will be "anointed" with holy anointing oil, will be king of God's kingdom on earth, and rule the Jewish people and mankind during the Messianic Age and World to come.


title: Messianism

text: In Islam (Shia and Sunni), the Mahdi is considered as the promised one [6] but there is a difference in who the Mahdi is, the Shiites of the Twelve Imams believe that the Mahdi is Muhammad, the son of Hassan Askari, the twelfth Imam and the Imam of their time, who was born before and now He is hidden from most people by Allah/god's will for more than a thousand years and appears at the appointed time. But according to some people of the Sunnah, Mahdi is someone from the Prophet's generation (probably Sadat's dynasty) who has not yet been born. He will be born in the future and become the savior of mankind. Also, most of the followers of Sunnah consider Mahdi as an ordinary and very pure person, which is in contradiction with other prophecies of Abrahamic religions. Most of the Abrahamic religions have emphasized that the savior of the end of time is a divine messenger for humanity. According to Shiites, Mahdi is a divine chosen one, the proof of God and infallible. Also, they have mentioned many signs about the appearance of Mahdi. Shiites consider Mahdi an imam, and unlike Sunnis, according to their claim, relying on hadiths, traditions and verses of the Qur'an, especially the affliction of Abraham in Surah Baqarah, they consider Imamate to be a divine position and it is the highest position in the system of previous creation. They know Muhammad's status as the highest of creations. Shiites emphasize the imams' formative authority and consider them to be the manifestation of God, and they have repeatedly mentioned in their works the superhuman powers given to imams by God. In fact, Shiites are not the first ones who have proposed the savior of the apocalypse as a manifestation of God. In Hindu religion, the savior of the end of time is called Avatar, which means manifestation, Avatar comes from the word Avatarai, which means the manifestation of a superior power. Some groups of Muslims, especially the Wahhabis, consider this claim of Shiites to be completely polytheistic and superstitious. While in the Torah, the book of Genesis, 12 kings from Ismael's generation are mentioned, and Shiites consider these 12 kings to be their 12 imams. In the Sunni hadith books, 12 caliphs are mentioned after the Prophet of Islam, the last of whom is the promised Mahdi. All Muslims agree on the return of Jesus Christ, and some Sunnis and all Shiites of twelve Imams believe in the return of Christ at the time of the appearance of the Mahdi and consider him one of the special helpers of the promised Mahdi.


title: Messianism

text: In Islam, Isa ibn Maryam is the "al-Masih" ("Jesus son of Mary, the Messiah") who is believed to have been anointed from birth by Allah with the specific task of being a prophet and a king. In Islam, the Mahdi is believed to hold the task of establishing the truth and fighting against divisions of Islam, uniting all sects before the return of Jesus who will kill the false messiah "Al-Masih ad-Dajjal" (similar to the Antichrist in Christianity), who will emerge shortly before him in human form in the end of the times, claiming that he is the messiah. Then Jesus will pray for the death of Gog and Magog (Yajuj Majuj) who are an ancient tribe sealed away from humanity who will rise to cause destruction. After he has destroyed al-Dajjal, Mahdi's final task will be to become a just king and to re-establish justice. After the death of Mahdi, Jesus' reign of the messianic King will begin bringing eternal peace and monotheism in the world ending all religions besides Islam.


title: Messianism

text: The Ahmadiyya Muslim community believes that the prophecies regarding the advent of the Messiah and Mahdi have been fulfilled in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian. He claimed to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi, the metaphorical second coming of Jesus of Nazareth and the divine guide, whose advent was foretold by the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad.


title: Messianism

text: In the Druze faith, Jesus is considered the Messiah and one of God's important prophets, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history. According to the Druze manuscripts Jesus is the Greatest Imam and the incarnation of Ultimate Reason (Akl) on earth and the first cosmic principle (Hadd), and regards Jesus and Hamza ibn Ali as the incarnations of one of the five great celestial powers, who form part of their system. Druze doctrines include the beliefs that Jesus was born of a virgin named Mary, performed miracles, and died by crucifixion.


title: Messianism

text: Druze believe that Hamza ibn Ali was a reincarnation of Jesus, and that Hamza ibn Ali is the true Messiah, who directed the deeds of the messiah Jesus "the son of Joseph and Mary", but when messiah Jesus "the son of Joseph and Mary" strayed from the path of the true Messiah, Hamza filled the hearts of the Jews with hatred for him - and for that reason, they crucified him, according to the Druze manuscripts. Despite this, Hamza ibn Ali took him down from the cross and allowed him to return to his family, in order to prepare men for the preaching of his religion.


title: Messianism

text: He whom God shall make manifest (, ) is a messianic figure in the religion of Bábism. The messianic figure was repeatedly mentioned by the Báb, the founder of Bábism, in His book, the Bayán. The Báb described the messianic figure as the origin of all divine attributes, and stated that his command was equivalent to God’s command. The Báb stated that once the messianic figure had arrived, the perusal of one of his verses was to be greater than a thousand perusals of the Bayán. The prediction is widely recognized as being fulfilled by Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith.


title: Messianism

text: Maitreya is a bodhisattva who in the Buddhist tradition is to appear on Earth, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure dharma. According to scriptures, Maitreya will be a successor of the historic Śākyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. The prophecy of the arrival of Maitreya is found in the canonical literature of all Buddhist sects (Theravāda, Mahāyāna, Vajrayāna) and is accepted by most Buddhists as a statement about an actual event that will take place in the distant future.


title: Messianism

text: Although Maitreya Buddha appears in the canonical literature shared by many sects of Buddhism, Buddhists in different historical contexts have conceived of Maitreya Buddha in different ways. In early medieval Chinese Buddhism, for example, Taoist and Buddhist ideas combined to produce a particular emphasis on the messianic role of a Bodhisattva called "Prince Moonlight." Furthermore, the Chinese Maitreyan traditions were themselves marked by considerable diversity. Erik Zürcher has argued that a certain "canonical" Maitreyan cult from the fourth to sixth centuries believed Maitreya to inhabit the Tushita heaven where Buddhists might be reborn in the very distant future. Another rival tradition, however, believed that Maitreya would appear in the imminent future in this world to provide salvation during a time of misery and decline. This latter form of Maitreyan belief was generally censored and condemned as heretical to the point that few manuscripts survive written by Buddhists sympathetic to this tradition.


title: Messianism

text: Maitreya Buddha continued to be an important figure in millenarian rebellions throughout Chinese history such as in the rebellions associated with the so-called White Lotus Society.


title: Messianism

text: John Frum is a figure associated with cargo cults on the island of Tanna in Vanuatu. He is often depicted as an American World War II serviceman who will bring wealth and prosperity to the people if they follow him. He is sometimes portrayed as black, sometimes as white. Quoting David Attenborough's report of an encounter: "'E look like you. 'E got white face. 'E tall man. 'E live 'long South America."


title: Messianism

text: There has been significant literature on the potential religious aspects of Nazism. Wilfried Daim suggests that Hitler and the Nazi leadership planned to replace Christianity in Germany with a new religion in which Hitler would be considered a messiah. In his book on the connection between Lanz von Liebenfels and Hitler, Daim published a reprint of an alleged document of a session on "the unconditional abolishment of all religious commitments ("Religionsbekenntnisse") after the final victory ("Endsieg") ... with a simultaneous proclamation of Adolf Hitler as the new messiah."


title: Messianism

text: Romantic Slavic messianism held that the Slavs, especially the Russians, suffer in order that other European nations, and eventually all of humanity, may be redeemed. This theme had a profound impact in the development of Pan-Slavism and Russian and Soviet imperialism; it also appears in works by the Polish Romantic poets Zygmunt Krasiński and Adam Mickiewicz, including the latter's familiar expression, ""Polska Chrystusem narodów"" ("Poland is the Christ of nations"). Messianic ideas appear in the "Books of the Genesis of the Ukrainian People" (Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius Manifesto), in which universal equality and democracy in the Zaporizhian Sich, recognized as a revival of human society initially planned by God and faith in its future revival, associated with faith in the death and resurrection of Christ. Reborn Ukraine will expand universal freedom and faith in all Slavic countries and, thus designed by God, an ideal society will be restored.


title: Messianism

text: Sebastianism () is a Portuguese messianic myth, based on the belief that King Sebastian of Portugal, disappeared in the battle of Alcácer Quibir, will return to Portugal and create the Fifth Empire. The belief gained momentum after an interpretation by priest António Vieira of Daniel 2 and the Book of Revelation. In Brazil the most important manifestation of Sebastianism took place in the context of the Proclamation of the Republic, when movements emerged that defended a return to the monarchy. It is categorised as an example of the King asleep in mountain folk motif, typified by people waiting for a hero. The Portuguese author Fernando Pessoa wrote about such a hero in his epic "Mensagem" ("The Message").


title: Messianism

text: It is the longest-lived and most influential millenarian legends in Western Europe, having had profound political and cultural resonances from the time of Sebastians death till at least the late 19th century in Brazil.


title: Messianism

text: Around the 3rd century CE, religious Taoism developed eschatological ideas. A number of scriptures predict the end of the world cycle, the deluge, epidemics, and coming of the saviour Li Hong 李弘 (not to be confused with the Tang personalities).


title: Messianism

text: Aradia is one of the principal figures in the American folklorist Charles Godfrey Leland's 1899 work "Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches", which he believed to be a genuine religious text used by a group of pagan witches in Tuscany, a claim that has subsequently been disputed by other folklorists and historians. In Leland's "Gospel", Aradia is portrayed as a Messiah who was sent to Earth in order to teach the oppressed peasants how to perform witchcraft to use against the Roman Catholic Church and the upper classes.


title: Messianism

text: Since the publication of Leland's "Gospel", Aradia has become "arguably one of the central figures of the modern pagan witchcraft revival" and as such has featured in various forms of Neopaganism, including Wicca and Stregheria, as an actual deity.


title: Messianism

text: Raven Grimassi, founder of the Wiccan-inspired tradition of Stregheria, claims that Aradia was a historical figure named "Aradia di Toscano", who led a group of "Diana-worshipping witches" in 14th-century Tuscany.


title: Messianism

text: Saoshyant, the Man of Peace, battles the forces of evil. The events of the final renovation are described in the "Bundahishn" (30.1ff): "In the final battle with evil, the "yazata"s Airyaman and Atar will 'melt the metal in the hills and mountains, and it will be upon the earth like a river' (Bundahishn 34.18), but the righteous ("ashavan") will not be harmed."


title: Messianism

text: Eventually, Ahura Mazda will triumph, and his agent Saoshyant will resurrect the dead, whose bodies will be restored to eternal perfection, and whose souls will be cleansed and reunited with God. Time will then end, and truth/righteousness ("asha") and immortality will thereafter be everlasting.


title: Harry Stockwell

text: Stockwell made his film debut in the 1935 film "Here Comes the Band". However, his claim to fame came in 1937, when he provided the voice of The Prince (seen at the beginning and again in the finale) in Walt Disney's animated classic "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Stockwell was also a noted Broadway performer. In 1943, he succeeded Alfred Drake as Curly, the lead role in Broadway's "Oklahoma!" He remained in the role until 1948. His final role was in "The Werewolf of Washington" in 1973. He was the father of actors Dean Stockwell and Guy Stockwell with first wife Elizabeth Veronica. In 1950, he married actress and performer Nina Olivette.


title: Harry Stockwell

text: Stockwell was born on April 27, 1902, in Kansas City, Missouri, to Cora Ellen Teter and her husband William Henry Stockwell. He studied at the Eastman School of music in Rochester, New York. He made his Broadway debut in 1929 in "Broadway Nights". The following year he appeared in the 1930 edition of "Earl Carroll's Vanities" Stockwell started a yearlong run in another musical revue on the Great White Way, "As Thousands Cheer".


title: Harry Stockwell

text: Harry made his first film "Broadway Melody of 1936" and "Here Comes the Band". He later lent his voice to the unnamed prince in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs".


title: DJ Subroc

text: Dingilizwe Dumile (August 3, 1973 – April 23, 1993), known professionally as DJ Subroc, was an American hip-hop artist and a member of KMD and Constipated Monkeys.


title: DJ Subroc

text: Dumile was born on August 3, 1973 at Nassau County Medical Center in Long Island, and was "raised primarily in Long Beach, NY."


title: DJ Subroc

text: Dumile's first group, KMD was formed by him and his brother Zev Love X (MF Doom), along with Jade 1, who would later be known as Rodan, but who was eventually replaced by Onyx the Birthstone Kid. Their first release was the LP "Mr. Hood", on Elektra Records, in 1991.


title: DJ Subroc

text: KMD also did further production for artists like 3rd Bass, MF Grimm, Megalon (aka Tommy Gunn), Kurious Jorge, and Zev Love X, who would later be known as MF Doom.


title: DJ Subroc

text: DJ Subroc died April 23, 1993 after being hit by a car while attempting to cross the Nassau Expressway. His death brought production of the KMD album "Black Bastards" to a halt and marked the end of KMD, although "Black Bastards" was later released. The MF Doom track "Kon Karne" is dedicated to DJ Subroc. The track "Leave Ya' with This" from the album "A Constipated Monkey", by Kurious, is dedicated to DJ Subroc.


title: The Cave (2019 Thai film)

text: The Cave (known in Thai as Nang Non, ) is a 2019 Thai action-drama film about the 2018 Tham Luang cave rescue in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, written and directed by Tom Waller and co-produced by Waller and Allen Liu. The story is written from the points of view of several individuals involved in the rescue operation, and features cave diver Jim Warny and others as themselves. The film premiered at the 2019 Busan International Film Festival, and was released in Thailand on 21 November. It had a re-edited release in 2022 as Cave Rescue.


title: The Cave (2019 Thai film)

text: The film covers events of the 2018 cave rescue, focusing in turn on several individuals who contributed to the rescue effort, including water pump manufacturer Nopadol Niyomka, retired Thai Navy SEAL Saman Kunan, and especially, Ireland-based cave diver Jim Warny.


title: The Cave (2019 Thai film)

text: The film was produced by Waller's Bangkok-based De Warrenne Pictures. Waller began working on the film soon after the actual events of June–July 2018, and decided on the story after meeting Warny in Ireland. He co-wrote the script with Don Linder and Katrina Grose, focusing on "the unsung heroes—how they first heard what was happening, how they reacted and dropped everything to help." Several individuals involved in the effort portrayed themselves in the film. Most of the filming took place from October 2018 to January 2019, but it was not until February that Waller was allowed to film at the Tham Luang Nang Non cave. The majority of cave scenes were filmed in other caves in Thailand as well as on a set built over a swimming pool. The film was the first about the rescue to be released, while exclusive rights over the boys' stories had been sold to Netflix.


title: The Cave (2019 Thai film)

text: The film premiered at the Busan International Film Festival on 5 October 2019, and was shown at the Vancouver International the BFI London film festivals before its release in Thailand on 21 November. It made 1.1 million baht (US$36,000) on its opening day, and was the second-largest opening that week, following "Frozen 2", which earned $9.92 million.


title: The Cave (2019 Thai film)

text: Critical reception to the film was mostly muted. Writing for "The Hollywood Reporter", Elizabeth Kerr described the film as "a technically proficient but unemotional rescue drama." Wendy Ide wrote in "Screen International", "Like the cave rescue itself, the film isn't the disaster it easily could have been. But it's far from achieving an equivalent triumph." According to the "Bangkok Post" Kong Rithdee, the story "feels thin and depthless at times," but ultimately, the film "justifies its existence quite sufficiently."


title: The Cave (2019 Thai film)

text: In Thailand, a minor plot point, where pump manufacturer Nopadol's efforts were initially hampered by bureaucratic requirements, generated heated online discussion. Also, Governor Narongsak Osottanakorn, who led the rescue operation, criticized Waller for not representing the entire operation, as well as for making "jokes that attack the works of Thai civil servants". Waller countered that the Governor should not have criticized without first seeing the film.


title: The Cave (2019 Thai film)

text: A re-edited version of the film, under the title "Cave Rescue", received a limited theatrical and digital release by Lionsgate on 5 August 2022.


title: Yutyrannus

text: Yutyrannus (meaning "feathered tyrant") is a genus of proceratosaurid tyrannosauroid dinosaur which contains a single known species, Yutyrannus huali. This species lived during the early Cretaceous period in what is now northeastern China. Three fossils of "Yutyrannus huali" —all found in the rock beds of Liaoning Province— are currently the largest-known carnivorous dinosaur specimens that preserve direct evidence of feathers.


title: Yutyrannus

text: "Yutyrannus huali" was named and scientifically described in 2012 by Xu Xing "et al." The name is derived from Mandarin Chinese "yǔ" (羽, "feather") and Latinised Greek "tyrannos" (τύραννος, "tyrant"), a reference to its classification as a feathered member of the Tyrannosauroidea. The specific name consists of the Mandarin "huáli" (华丽 simplified, 華麗 traditional, "beautiful"), in reference to the perceived beauty of the plumage.


title: Yutyrannus

text: "Yutyrannus" is known from three nearly complete fossil specimens (an adult, a subadult and a juvenile) acquired from a fossil dealer who claimed all three had their provenance in a single quarry at Batu Yingzi in Liaoning Province, China. They were thus probably found in a layer of the Yixian Formation, dating from the Aptian, approximately 125 million years old. The specimens had been cut into pieces about the size of bath mats, which could be carried by two people.


title: Yutyrannus

text: The holotype, ZCDM V5000, is the largest specimen, consisting of a nearly complete skeleton with skull, compressed on a slab, of an adult individual. The paratypes are the two other specimens: ZCDM V5001 consisting of a skeleton of a smaller individual and part of the same slab as the holotype; and ELDM V1001, a juvenile estimated to have been eight years younger than the holotype. The fossils are part of the collections of the Zhucheng Dinosaur Museum and the Erlianhaote Dinosaur Museum but have been prepared by the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, under the guidance of Xu.


title: Yutyrannus

text: "Yutyrannus" was a large bipedal predator. The holotype and oldest-known specimen has an estimated length of and an estimated weight of about . In 2016, Gregory S. Paul gave lower estimations of and . Its skull has an estimated length of . The skulls of the paratypes are and long and their weights have been estimated at and , respectively.


title: Yutyrannus

text: The describers established some diagnostic traits of "Yutyrannus", in which it differs from its direct relatives. The snout features a high midline crest, formed by the nasals and the premaxillae and which is covered by large pneumatic recesses. The postorbital bone has a small secondary process, jutting into the upper hind corner of the eye socket. The outer side of the main body of the postorbital is hollowed out. In the lower jaw, the external mandibular fenestra, the main opening in the outer side, is mainly located in the surangular.


title: Yutyrannus

text: According to a 2018 study, "Yutyrannus" had a simple hyoid structure, indicating it had a flat tongue, like a crocodile. Based on hyoid bone comparisons between living and extinct archosaurs, it was determined that all archosaurs would have had fixed tongues, with the exception of birds, pterosaurs and certain ornithischians.


title: Yutyrannus

text: The described specimens of "Yutyrannus" contain direct evidence of feathers in the form of fossil imprints. The feathers were long, up to , and filamentous. Because the quality of the preservation was low, it could not be established whether the filaments were simple or compound, broad or narrow. The feathers covered various parts of the body. With the holotype they were present on the pelvis and near the foot. Specimen ZCDM V5000 had feathers on the tail pointing backwards under an angle of 30 degrees with the tail axis. The smallest specimen showed filaments on the neck and feathers at the upper arm. While it has been known since 2004, upon the description of "Dilong", that at least some tyrannosauroids possessed filamentous "stage 1" feathers, according to the feather typology of Richard Prum, "Y. huali" is currently the largest-known species of dinosaur with direct evidence of feathers, forty times heavier than the previous record holder, "Beipiaosaurus".


title: Yutyrannus

text: Based on the distribution of the feathers, they may have covered the whole body and served in regulating temperature, given the rather cold climate of the Yixian with an average annual temperature of . Alternatively, if they were restricted to the regions in which they were found, they may have served as display structures. In addition, the two adult specimens had distinctive, "wavy" crests on their snouts, on both sides of a high central crest, which were probably used for display. The presence of feathers on a large basal tyrannosauroid suggests the possibility that later tyrannosaurids were also feathered, even when adult, despite their size. However, scaly skin impressions have been reported from various Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurids (such as "Gorgosaurus", "Tarbosaurus" and "Tyrannosaurus") on parts of the body where "Yutyrannus" was feathered. Since there is no positive evidence for plumage in tyrannosaurids, some researchers have suggested they may have evolved scales secondarily. If scaly skin was the dominant epidermal trait of later genera, then the extent and nature of the integumentary covering may have changed over time in response to body size, a warmer climate, or other factors.


title: Yutyrannus

text: It's possible that the integumentary structures of "Yutyrannus" might not represent true feathers and represent filamentous structures, being ancestral state to feathers.


title: Yutyrannus

text: To date, all phylogenetic analyses of "Yutyrannus" relationships have classified it in the group Tyrannosauroidea. An initial analysis of its relationship to other tyrannosauroids showed that it was more primitive than "Eotyrannus" in the evolutionary tree, but more advanced than tyrannosauroids such as "Dilong", "Guanlong" and "Sinotyrannus". Primitive traits relative to advanced tyrannosaurs included long forelimbs with three fingers and a short foot which was not specialized for running. Advanced traits included a large and deep skull, the outer side of the premaxilla having rotated upwards, a large cuneiform horn on the lacrimal in front of the eye socket, a postorbital process on the back rim of the eye socket, the squamosal and the quadratojugal forming a large process on the back rim of the infratemporal fenestra, short dorsal vertebrae, an ilium with a straight upper rim and an appending lobe, a large pubic foot and a slender ischium.


title: Yutyrannus

text: In 2016, a phylogenetic analysis conducted by Thomas Carr and Stephen Brusatte re-examined the evolutionary relationships of the Tyrannosauroidea. Their analysis found "Yutyrannus" to be more basal than "Dilong", placing it within the family Proceratosauridae. Their cladogram is shown below:


title: Yutyrannus

text: The knowledge of specimens representing various different ages has allowed paleontologists to determine the ontogeny, or change during growth, of this species. During growth the lower legs, feet, ilia and forelimbs became relatively smaller. The skull, on the other hand, grew more robust and deeper.


title: Yutyrannus

text: Because the three known individuals of "Yutyrannus" were allegedly found together, some paleontologists, including Xu Xing, have interpreted the animal as a pack hunter. Based on the presence of sauropod material in the quarry in which the three specimens were found, Xu has further speculated that "Yutyrannus" may have hunted sauropods, and that the three known individuals may have died while doing so. In addition, other sauropod hunting theropods such as "Mapusaurus" are known to have exhibited pack hunting behaviour. The true cause of their death, however, remains unknown. If "Yutyrannus" did prey on sauropods, it would have been one of two predatory animals known from the Yixian formation capable of doing so, the other being an as-of-yet undescribed large theropod known from a tooth embedded in the rib of a "Dongbeititan".


title: Yutyrannus

text: Because the locality of "Yutyrannus" is uncertain, it is unknown what fauna it coexisted with. Age estimates point towards "Yutyrannus" originating from the Lujiatun or the Jianshangou beds of the Yixian, meaning it would have been contemporaneous of such dinosaurs as "Psittacosaurus", "Dongbeititan", "Sinosauropteryx", and "Caudipteryx". Fish such as "Lycoptera" would also have been prevalent. Volcanic eruptions and forest fires appear to have been common in the Yixian, and the environment would have been littered with bodies of water and coniferous plants. The environment would have been comparable to the modern day temperate rainforests of British Columbia, and would have experienced significant seasonal changes in temperature.


title: Ruska Roma

text: The Ruska Roma (), also known as Russian Gypsies () or "Xaladitka Roma" (, "i.e." "Roma-Soldiers"), are the largest subgroup of Romani people in Russia and Belarus. Initially known as "Ruska Roma", they live mostly in Russia and Belarus, but also in Eastern and Central Ukraine, the United States, France, and Canada. Formed in the Northwestern part of the Russian Empire from Polska Roma who immigrated to the country in the 18th century.


title: Ruska Roma

text: Ruska Roma are divided into territorial subgroups, the name of which comes from the name of the locality. For example: Pskovska Roma (from Pskov), Smolyaki (from Smolensk), Siberyaki (Siberian), Zabaykaltsi (Transbaikalian), Bobri (beavers).


title: Ruska Roma

text: Ruska Roma are related to Belaruska Roma, they have a common origin and were traditionally called "Xaladitka Roma".


title: Ruska Roma

text: The Ruska Romani language contains some Russian, Polish, and German words, as well as a small amount of Russian and Ukrainian grammar. Most Ruska Roma are Orthodox Christians.


title: Ruska Roma

text: Judging by the language of Russian Roma, their ancestors spent some time in Germany and Poland before coming to the East Slavic territories. The existing sources start mentioning Roma


title: Ruska Roma

text: population on the territory of Russia from the beginning of the 18th century. For instance, the Scottish traveler John Bell writes about Roma people coming from Poland, sent away from the Tobolsk region in 1721.


title: Ruska Roma

text: Soon after their arrival in Russia, ancestors of Russian Roma became involved in entertainment, playing and singing at large celebrations. During the 19th century, Russian Roma living in large cities such as Moscow and Saint Petersburg started creating Romani choirs, which soon became very popular among the Russian urban population. Nomadic Russian Roma were engaged in horse dealing and fortune telling.


title: Ruska Roma

text: A drastic change in the life of nomadic Russian Roma took place in 1956 when a special decree issued by the Soviet government banned Roma from leading a nomadic life. Russian Roma had to start living in houses permanently, although they are still more mobile than non-Roma population and can easily change their place of residence. Nowadays Russian Roma often live dispersed, but they do tend to look for a house or flat in the area where other Roma are also present. Russian Roma prefer to live in private houses, but it is not uncommon for a Russian Romani family to live in a flat.


title: SilverHawks

text: SilverHawks is an American animated television series developed by Rankin/Bass Productions and distributed by Lorimar-Telepictures in 1986. The animation was provided by Japanese studio Pacific Animation Corporation. In total, 65 episodes were made. It was created as a space-based equivalent of their previous series "ThunderCats".


title: SilverHawks

text: As was the case with "ThunderCats", there was also a "SilverHawks" comic book series published by Marvel Comics under the imprint Star Comics.


title: SilverHawks

text: A bionic space enforcer called Commander Stargazer recruited the SilverHawks, heroes who are "partly metal, partly real", to fight the evil Mon*Star, an escaped alien mob boss who transforms into an enormous armor-plated creature with the help of Limbo's Moonstar. Joining Mon*Star in his villainy is an intergalactic mob: the snakelike Yes-Man, the blade-armed Buzz-Saw, the "bull"-headed Mumbo-Jumbo, a weather controller called Windhammer, a shapeshifter known as Mo-Lec-U-Lar, a robotic card shark called Poker-Face, the weapons-heavy Hardware, and "the musical madness of" Melodia who uses a "keytar" that fires musical notes.


title: SilverHawks

text: Quicksilver (formerly Jonathan Quick) leads the SilverHawks, with his metal bird companion Tally-Hawk at his side. Twins Emily and Will Hart became Steelheart and Steelwill, the SilverHawks's technician and strongman respectively. Country-singing Bluegrass piloted the team's ship, the Maraj (pronounced "mirage" on the series, but given that spelling on the Kenner toy). Rounding out the group is a youngster "from the planet of the mimes", named "The Copper Kidd" and usually called "Kidd" for short, a mathematical genius who spoke in whistles and computerized tones. Their bionic bodies are covered by a full-body close-fitting metal armor that only exposes the face and an arm, the armor is equipped with a retractile protective mask, retractable under-arm wings (except Bluegrass), thrusters on their heels, and laser-weapons in their shoulders.


title: SilverHawks

text: They appear in many episodes and are friendly to Melodia and Poker-Face, though the three are usually betrayed by the Mon*Star's minions. They are often seen playing cards on the planet Fence:


title: SilverHawks

text: Despite being in outer space, Limbo has breathable air and characters are seen to fall off their vehicles as if in a gravity field. During the series various planets are shown:


title: SilverHawks

text: Rankin/Bass followed up their successful "ThunderCats" series with this series about a team of heroes in the 29th century who were given metal bodies and wings to stop organized crime in the Galaxy of Limbo. "SilverHawks" featured many of the same voice actors who had worked on "ThunderCats", including Larry Kenney, Peter Newman, Earl Hammond, Doug Preis and Bob McFadden. The series cost $15 million to make.


title: SilverHawks

text: Lorimar-Telepictures was purchased by Warner Bros. in 1989, and the rights to "SilverHawks" are now held by Warner Bros. Television Distribution.


title: SilverHawks

text: In October 2008, Warner Home Video released "SilverHawks: Volume 1" on DVD in Region 1 for the first time. The 4-disc set contains the first 32 episodes of the series.


title: SilverHawks

text: In October 2011, Warner Bros. released "SilverHawks: Volume 2" on DVD in region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection. This is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. The 4-disc set contains the remaining 33 episodes of the series.


title: SilverHawks

text: The SilverHawks action figure collection based on the animated series was produced by Kenner and first released in 1987. LJN, the makers of the ThunderCats figures, originally were to produce the SilverHawks figures but decided to pass on the project at the last minute. Each figure was packaged with a companion bird and, similar to Kenner's Super Powers Collection toyline, had an action feature of some type. The second series of figures is harder to find than the first with Ultrasonic Quicksilver being the most difficult. The MonStar with Laser Lance, Copper Kidd with Laser Discs, and the Copper Racer vehicle were not produced but were shown in the 1988 Kenner toy catalog. The Hawk Haven Fortress was also never released, due to the high production costs it would incur. Many recurring characters were never made, including Yes-Man, Melodia and Poker-Face.


title: SilverHawks

text: The weapon-birds are cyborg animal companions released with most of the action figures. While Tally-Hawk appeared in almost all of the episodes in the series, all other "weapon-birds" only appeared in a handful of episodes. In the episode "The Fighting Hawks", the weapon-birds for the Steel Twins were accidentally switched from the toy versions. The weapon-birds are listed below, with their toy partner's name in parentheses.


title: SilverHawks

text: Several other pieces of SilverHawks merchandise were released in the 1980s, including a board game, puzzles, bed sheets, and a plastic pencil pouch with the main characters on one side. Pajamas were also produced, which included wing flaps under the arms to more resemble the characters.


title: SilverHawks

text: Marvel Comics' kid-friendly imprint Star Comics (which also published "ThunderCats") released a seven-issue series. Writers included Steve Perry, who also wrote for the animated series.


title: SilverHawks

text: In the 2011 "ThunderCats" remake, Mon*Star briefly appears in a cameo in the episode "Legacy". He was seen on a monitor on the bridge of Mumm-Ra's ship.


title: I spy

text: I spy is a guessing game where one player (the "spy" or "it") chooses an object within sight and announces to the other players that "I spy with my little eye something beginning with...", naming the first letter of the object. Other players attempt to guess this object. It is often played as a car game.


title: I spy

text: One player is chosen to be the Spy, and they silently select an object that is visible to all the players. They do not announce their choice, and instead say, "I spy with my little eye something beginning with ...", naming the letter the chosen object starts with (e.g. "I spy with my little eye something beginning with C" if the chosen object is a cow).


title: I spy

text: Other players then have to guess the chosen object. Traditionally players ask directly about particular possibilities ("Is it a tree?"). Once a guesser has correctly identified the object, they become the Spy for the next round and the game starts again. If younger children are playing who are not so good at guessing, the role of Spy can be passed around in a set order.


title: I spy

text: The Spy cannot change the object once it has been chosen. The game relies on trust as the Spy is the only person who knows whether the guessers are correct or not.


title: I spy

text: In situations where players are traveling from place to place through the course of the game, such as a car journey, players may agree that any chosen object should remain visible, rather than an item such as a particular street sign which will only be visible for a few moments when the game begins. Players may also agree to decide if the objects will be all outside or all inside the vehicle.


title: I spy

text: Some versions of the game allow players to narrow down the search with yes-or-no questions such as "Is it on your left?" or "Is it an animal?". The Spy can also offer clues if the guessers are stumped, such as saying ‘Hot’ when a guess is close or ‘Cold’ if it is not.


title: I spy

text: An alternative version is substituting the initial letter for an adjective such as the colour of the object (e.g. "I spy with my little eye something blue"), while another is to say "I Spy with my little eye something that sounds like". Some sites such as About Parenting describe the letter version as the variant to the colour-based game. This site has the form "I spy something, and it's blue" as the traditional version, deeming "I spy with my little eye..." as an alternative. Having clues based on an object's shape is another alternative, while quick thinkers can deliberately choose objects that can only be seen for a limited amount of time. Howcast notes that looking at an object when announcing its colour is a "dead giveaway" so this should be avoided.


title: I spy

text: Another variation that encourages language development involves the Spy giving various descriptive clues, such as describing a watch as "something made of metal and glass that makes a quiet noise".


title: I spy

text: "About Parenting" notes, "I Spy is one of the first games that most children learn to play", and recommends the game for "doctor's offices, restaurants and other places where you sometimes have to wait with kids", but discourages its use in moving cars. The game "requires no equipment and can be played almost anywhere and with as many people as you want", both with adults and children, though a minimum of 2 players is required. I spy is often played with young children as a means to avert boredom in long journeys. A survey by British insurance company Direct Line found that 58% of families played I spy, and 65% of the parents consulted had played it on journeys as a child. Raising Children Network recommends a colour-based variation of the game for pre-schoolers, and a variation encouraging the learning of sounds for school age kids ("I spy with my little eye something beginning with f-f-f. What do you think I’m looking at that starts with that sound?") The fun comes with trying to discover the identity of a mysterious object. The game allows kids to practice their oral/aural skills.


title: I spy

text: Mary Tomczyk argues I Spy is a clever reasoning game that allows kids to solve puzzles, and gives them an opportunity to "'stump' Mom or Dad". She says children "learn to be more observant about the world around them, learn about colours, shapes, and textures, and use logic and reasoning to draw conclusions". She recommends it for preschool and kindergarten kids. Despite its simplicity and repetitiveness, the game grows a child's vocabulary and can also serve as a distraction for an impatient child. Howcast argues " It will keep their minds occupied just about anywhere." The game can be played in almost any environment, indoors or outdoors, including indoors on a rainy day.


title: I spy

text: The game I Spy originated in the early 20th century. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines it, under "Spy" giving the earliest citation as a mention in Rosamond Lehmann's 1946 work "The Gipsy's Baby". A "Brief Manual of Games for Organized Play" lists a game named "I See" which is similar to "I Spy". One etymological website though reports an earlier mention in a 1937 Canadian publication. The concept likely originated from the spy-mania that occurred during and after World War II. In a 1985 The Free Lance-Star article "Games to play on the road", I Spy is described as a variant of The Detective Game, and has the player say "I spy something, the color _____. Can you guess what I spy"? Detective involves the player telling one of their children they are looking for a certain object and giving them clues until they get it right. After succeeding, the child becomes the clue giver. This version can only be played with two people.


title: I spy

text: Phrase Finder notes "The guessing game was preceded by another children's game called I Spy (or Hy Spy), a variant of what is now called Hide and Seek and was known in the UK from the 18th century." A 1931 edition of The Age describes I Spy (literally "Eye Spy") as a dynamic variant of Hide and Seek. Another variant was played at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1972 where children heard a tape and watched slides that gave them hints to certain art pieces. One 19th century children's book is titled "I Spy With My Little Eye".


title: I spy

text: There are many games that are based on this concept, examples being the "I-Spy" series of gamebooks that ask players to find objects in a "Where's Wally?"-esque setting, and an I Spy computer game.


title: I spy

text: The game and its wording are well known in western popular culture, for example the title of the 2002 horror film "My Little Eye" uses part of the wording from the game.


title: I spy

text: A US short film directed by Alexander Nebel titled "I Spy" has the following synopsis: "Full of imagination, Mia convinces bored Ingo to play the game of ‘I Spy’. More and more the game dissolves the ordinary kitchen into a wildly animated sea-adventure dream reality."


title: I spy

text: In 2007, The Wiggles: a popular children's music brand included the song "I Spy" based on the game. The song is available on The Wiggles' "Getting Strong (Wiggle and Learn)" DVD and audio CD.


title: I spy

text: There's also a "John Cleese on How to Irritate People" sketch in which two bored airline pilots are playing I Spy as a pastime while on cruise flight.


title: I spy

text: The term 'I spy with my little eye' has been used by singer Robbie Williams in his song "Love Supreme".


title: I spy

text: The video game "Minecraft" has an in-game achievement that is named "Eye Spy". The horror video game "Andy's Apple Farm" also features a minigame where the player plays some rounds of "I spy".


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The Behavioral Science Unit (BSU) is the original name of a unit within the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Training Division at Quantico, Virginia, formed in response to the rise of sexual assault and homicide in the 1970s. The unit was usurped by the Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG) and renamed the Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit (BRIU) and currently is called the Behavioral Analysis Unit (5) (BAU-5) within the National Center for Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC). The BAU-5 currently works on developing research and then using the evidence-based results to provide training and improve consultation in the behavioral sciences—understanding who criminals are, how they think, why they do what they do—for the FBI and law enforcement communities.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The FBI establishes the Behavioral Science Unit. The agents Patrick Mullany and Howard Teten form the unit, which was originally made of 10 agents, in response to the rising wave of sexual assault and homicide during the early 1970s.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: members of the Behavioral Science Unit, begin work on compiling a centralized database on serial offenders. Douglas and Ressler traveled to prisons across the United States in order to interview serial predators and obtain information about:


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: After interviewing thirty-six incarcerated serial predators, Agent Douglas and Agent Ressler complete their database on serial offenders.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The Behavioral Science Unit split into two units, one remaining the Behavioral Science Unit (BSU) and the Behavioral Science Investigative Support Unit (BSISU). The BSU is responsible for training cadets in behavioral science at the FBI National Academy in Quantico, VA, while the BSISU is responsible for in-field investigation and consultations.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC) is established in the Behavioral Science Unit at the FBI Academy. The NCAVC replaces the Behavioral Science Investigative Support Unit (BSISU), and works to give behavioral-based investigative and operational support, in regards to research and training, to federal, state, local, and international law enforcement agencies which are conducting investigations of unusual or repetitive violent crimes, terrorism, and other serious crimes.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The FBI creates the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP). VICAP is a system of records, containing Agents Douglas and Agent Ressler's completion of data of serial offenders, containing:


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: VICAP data consists of cases involving homicides, missing persons, unidentified victims, and sexual assault. This information is collected to help profilers identify and match violent crime cases based on modus operandi, signature, and disorganization or organization of the crime scenes to then help investigators understand, track, and apprehend serial offenders.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) created as part of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC).


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The Behavioral Science Unit opens the Evil Minds Research Museum, where the FBI houses artifacts from serial killers and other offenders.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The Behavioral Science Unit remains a part of the FBI Academy under the official name of Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit is made up of agents with advanced degrees in the behavioral science disciplines of psychology, criminology, sociology, and conflict resolution. Today, members of the Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit provide programs of research, training courses, and consultation services in the behavioral sciences.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit conducts specialized and applied training in behavioral-based topics for new FBI agents at the FBI Academy in Quantico, VA, including:


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit offers training in the behavioral sciences to domestic and international law enforcement officers, U.S. military officers, and other governmental and academic personnel. Any such law enforcement officers or agencies must submit a written request to their local FBI field office in order to set up a training session, which depends on The Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit's resource availability and FBI training priorities.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit develops and facilitates relevant programs of training, research, and consultation in the behavioral sciences for the FBI workforce, military intelligence, and law enforcement.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: A necessary resource for this job is a central body of information and applied research in specialty areas on significant behavioral science issues. The Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit compiles research programs (such as VICAP) containing evidence to help improve behavior analyses; this evidence is reviewed by an outside board of scientific and academic experts to ensure that research is valid and is scientifically and academically accepted. These structured professional judgment tools are used to identify and measure human belief states, cognitive behavior, potential threat, or deception.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: These research databases are used by the Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit for specialized and applied training courses and by intelligence analysts for in-field services.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The Evil Minds Research Museum, located in the FBI Academy, collects items and artifacts that were owned, created, or used by serial killers–ideally their personal possessions–that were seized through search warrants or donated by their families. All access to the museum is restricted to FBI agents, police personnel, and special guests of the Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: These personal possessions give FBI profilers a different perspective into a criminal's mindset. In this research, the FBI intends to develop a better understanding of offender motivation, personality, and intent in order to assist and enhance profiling investigative techniques.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: FBI agent Ressler, a member of the original Behavioral Science Unit, is credited with coining the term "serial killer" in the year 1974.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: Ressler was lecturing at a British police academy in Bramshill, England, when he overheard an officer describing some crime (sexual assaults, robberies, arsons, burglaries, and homicides) as occurring in a series. Ressler said that the police officer's description reminded him of a movie-industry term “serial adventures”—short episodic films featured in theaters on Saturday afternoons during the 1930s and 1940s which relied on cliffhanger endings to draw audiences back each week. Cliffhanger endings ensure that a single "serial adventure" never has a satisfactory conclusion, and as Ressler said each ending built off of the previous episode's tension.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: Ressler believed that, similar to "serial adventures," the conclusion of each crime in the series only increased the criminal's tensions and desires. The crime never satisfies the criminal's ideal fantasy, so serial criminals are instead agitated toward repeating their crimes in an unending “serial” cycle, hence the terms "serial killer" and "serial rapist".


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: Criminal profiling, also known as offender profiling, is the process of viewing a crime from a behavioral perspective in order to identify behavioral tendencies, personality traits, geographic location, demographics, and biographical features of an offender.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: One of the earliest recorded criminal profiles was assembled by Metropolitan Police in Whitechapel, London, during the Jack the Ripper case. Upon request from the Police Department, the Police surgeon Thomas Bond offered a basic profile of Jack the Ripper based on his post mortem examination of the canonical victims. Based on the killer's anatomical understandings, the surgical skill of the brutal mutilations, as well as the sexual nature of the murders, Bond surmised that the serial killer (who later came to be known as Jack the Ripper) was a male with basic medical knowledge harboring misogynistic rage.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: The first known successful (though only semi-accurate) criminal profile was the one compiled by the psychiatrist James Brussel on New York City's Mad Bomber in 1956. After 16 years of fruitless investigation into bombings cases, the New York Police Department (NYPD) requested the assistance of Brussel. Though the media dubbed Brussel "The Sherlock Holmes of the Couch," many of Brussel's predictions related to physical and biological descriptors—that he wore a buttoned-up double-breasted suit or that he was a foreigner—had been inaccurate. Some psychological aspects of Brussel's profile that were based on Brussel's experience and expertise were accurate—that the suspect suffered from paranoia for example—and assisted the NYPD in their investigation.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: Though criminal profiling dates further back than the Behavioral Science Unit, it was the unit's adoption of psychological profiling techniques along with Agents Ressler and Douglas' work interviewing serial killers across the United States and compiling a database holding this information that established criminal profiling as an acceptable investigative tool. Prior to their work, criminal profiling had never been used during an active investigation; instead it was often a last resort in cold cases.


title: Behavioral Science Unit

text: Today, there are multiple techniques and methods of criminal profiling. The FBI's method of criminal profiling, used by the Behavioral Analysis Unit and taught by the Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit at the FBI Academy, is known as criminal investigative analysis (CIA). There are 6 steps involved in the process of creating a criminal profile with the method of criminal investigative analysis:


title: The A Word

text: The A Word is a BBC television drama series, based on the Israeli series "Yellow Peppers". The series follows a young boy and how his family cope with the revelation that he has autism spectrum disorder. Following filming in the Lake District from October 2015, a six-part series began airing on 22 March 2016. On 26 May 2016, the BBC announced that a second series of "The A Word" had been commissioned. It premiered in the UK on 7 November 2017. The third series began airing on 5 May 2020.


title: The A Word

text: Five-year-old Joe Hughes displays clear signs of communication problems and consistently isolates himself by listening to pop music through large blue and black headphones. He has encyclopaedic knowledge of the songs he listens to and accurately sings along with the lyrics. His parents, Alison and Paul, seem oblivious to the disorder and wonder why Joe is ostracised by other children of the same age. However, it is later discovered by Joe's grandfather, Maurice, that Alison and Paul have been taking him to hospital for his communication problems. Other family members know there is a problem, however, their attempts to intervene are met with obstruction from Joe's parents. After originally believing Joe had hearing problems, their Ear, Nose and Throat consultant refers Joe to a specialist who diagnoses him as autistic.


title: The A Word

text: The story then follows how the dysfunctional family, including Rebecca (who feels invisible), Eddie and Nicola (who are coping with their own relationship problems) and tactless grandad Maurice cope with Joe's situation and their own apparent social disorders.


title: The A Word

text: Bowker drew on his own experiences and observations as a teacher and with his family to write "The A Word".


title: The A Word

text: Filming took place from October 2015 at locations in the Lake District, including Keswick, Broughton-in-Furness, Coniston, Thirlmere Reservoir, and at The Space Project studios in Manchester.


title: The A Word

text: On 24 May 2019, it was announced by the BBC, and then subsequently via press and social media publications, that a third series was in production. Returning cast members included Christopher Eccleston, Morven Christie, Lee Ingleby, Max Vento, Molly Wright, Greg McHugh, Pooky Quesnel, Matt Greenwood and Leon Harrop. Joining the cast as newcomers were Julie Hesmondhalgh, Sarah Gordy and David Gyasi.


title: The A Word

text: BBC One began airing the first six-part series in a Tuesday 9pm slot, replacing "Happy Valley", on 22 March 2016. SundanceTV acquired rights for broadcasting the show in America, and it premiered there on 13 July 2016. A second series began in the UK on 7 November 2017 remaining in its Tuesday 9pm slot. A third series was filmed in May 2019 and the entire series was released on BBC iPlayer on 5 May 2020. On the same day it also began broadcasting in its usual weekly slot on BBC One. BBC First airs the series in Australia. Disney+ picked up the programme for all three series across all of Europe, except the UK.


title: The A Word

text: Overnight figures revealed the first episode was watched by 4.7 million viewers and had a 23% share of the audience. BARB later reported a consolidated figure of 5.91 million. Reaction to the first episode was mostly positive among viewers. Many people have praised the show on social media, partly for the quality of the acting but also for the way it dealt with the subject of autism.


title: The A Word

text: In August 2020 it was announced that a spin-off series "Ralph & Katie", following the married life of the protagonists, had been commissioned by the BBC. The six-part series, which included a writing team made up predominantly of people with disabilities, was broadcast in October and November 2022, with all episodes available as a boxset on BBC iPlayer. The series will also be available on Disney+ in some regions.


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: The Rolls-Royce Spey (company designations RB.163 and RB.168 and RB.183) is a low-bypass turbofan engine originally designed and manufactured by Rolls-Royce that has been in widespread service for over 40 years. A co-development version of the Spey between Rolls-Royce and Allison in the 1960s is the Allison TF41.


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: Intended for the civilian jet airliner market when it was being designed in the late 1950s, the Spey concept was also used in various military engines, and later as a turboshaft engine for ships known as the Marine Spey, and even as the basis for a new civilian line, the Rolls-Royce RB.183 Tay.


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: Aviation versions of the base model Spey have accumulated over 50 million hours of flight time. In keeping with Rolls-Royce naming practices, the engine is named after the River Spey.


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: In 1954 Rolls-Royce introduced the first commercial bypass engine, the Rolls-Royce Conway, with 17,500 lbf (78 kN) of thrust aimed at what was then the "large end" of the market. This was far too large for smaller aircraft such as the Sud Caravelle, BAC One-Eleven or Hawker Siddeley Trident which were then under design. Rolls-Royce then started work on a smaller engine otherwise identical in design derived from the larger RB.140/141 Medway - which itself had been cancelled after British European Airways (BEA) had demanded the downsizing of the Trident, the RB.163, using the same two-spool compressor arrangement and a smaller fan delivering bypass ratios of about 0.64:1. Designed by a team under Frederick Morley, the first versions of what had become the 'Spey' entered service in 1964, powering both the 1-11 and Trident. Several versions with higher power ratings were delivered through the 1960s, but development was ended nearing the 1970s due to the introduction of engines with much higher bypass ratios, and thus better fuel economy.


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: In 1980, Turbomecanica Bucharest acquired the license for the Spey 512-14 DW version, which propelled the Romanian built BAC One-Eleven aircraft (Rombac One-Eleven).


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: Spey-powered airliners remained in widespread service until the 1980s, when noise limitations in European airports forced them out of service.


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: In the late 1950s the Soviet Union started the development of the Sverdlov-class cruisers that would put the Royal Navy at serious risk. The Naval Air Warfare Division decided to counter this threat with a strike aircraft which would fly at very high speed at very low level. The winning design was the Blackburn Buccaneer.


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: The first version of the Buccaneer, the S.1 powered by the de Havilland Gyron Junior, was underpowered in certain scenarios, although not in maximum speed, and the engine was unreliable. The Spey was chosen in 1960 as a re-engining option to give more thrust for a Buccaneer Mk.2. It was also predicted to increase range by 80%. The engine was a militarized version of the BAC 1-11 Spey, and called the RB.168-1. The Buccaneer S.2 served into the 1990s.


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: A Spey derivative, designed and developed jointly by Rolls-Royce and Allison for the LTV A-7 Corsair II, was produced under licence in the United States as the TF41.


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: The British versions of the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II (designated Phantom FG.Mk.1 and FGR.Mk.2) replaced the 16,000 lb wet thrust J79 turbojets with a pair of 20,515 lb wet thrust Spey 201 turbofans. These provided extra thrust for operation from smaller British aircraft carriers, and provided additional bleed air for the boundary layer control system for slower landing speeds. The air intake area was increased by twenty per cent, while the aft fuselage under the engines had to be redesigned. Compared to the original turbojets, the afterburning turbofans produced a ten and fifteen per cent improvement in combat radius and ferry range, respectively, and improved take-off, initial climb, and acceleration, but at the cost of a reduction in top speed because compressor outlet temperatures would be exceeded in an essentially subsonic civil design.


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: During its lifetime the Spey has achieved an impressive safety record. Its relatively low maintenance costs provide one of the major reasons it remained in service even when newer designs were available. With the need for a 10,000 to 15,000 lbf (44 to 67 kN) thrust class engine, with better specific fuel consumption and lower noise and emission levels, Rolls-Royce used Spey turbomachinery with a much larger fan to produce the Rolls-Royce Tay.


title: Rolls-Royce Spey

text: A fully updated version of the military RB.168 was also built to power the AMX International AMX attack aircraft.