title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The word created a maritime atmosphere in many songs which were composed after the period of the Tall ships, but without the traditional meaning of "ahoi". In 1934 the song Wir lagen vor Madagaskar was composed with the first line of the chorus "Ahoi Kameraden". This can be seen as a sailors' song. The Pop song "Schön ist die Liebe im Hafen" with the final line of the chorus "Auch nicht mit Fürsten und Grafen / Tauschen wir Jungens, ahoi!" is based on a waltz, which was also composed in 1934. The Edelweiss Pirates probably adopted "ahoi" from Czech teenagers and used it as a greeting even after the group was banned in 1933.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: People who sail as a hobby adopted ahoi from those who sail as a living. From 1884 to 1887 the publication "Ahoi!" initially appeared as "Zeitschrift für deutsche Segler" (Magazine for German sailors), later as "Zeitschrift für den Wassersport" (Magazine for Watersport)"." In 1892 the Berlin sailing club Ahoi was founded. There's evidence of ahoi as a "sailor's call" in the area of Lake Constance in the 1920s. With the watersport's increasing popularity it came back into existence in the 1960s. Since then "ahoi" is also used as a formal greeting to officials on board, e.g. "Käptn ahoi!", or without an additional element. The use is considered by professionals unseamenlike and you should completely avoid the cry ("ahoi!"). Its use is severely marked down on board and can destroy the whole level of newly formed, hard-earned trust. This already dying word has been revamped by lyricists once more. A rubber dinghy shipyard distributed from 1964 to 1992 their customer magazine Wiking ahoi (Viking ahoy).


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: "Ahoi", alongside "helau" and "alaaf", is a word used to make a fool of somebody during the Carnival period. After sailors, stevedores and inland fishermen adopted the expression from the coast, it was made popular by the Carnival societies. During the parades, the crews of the Ships of fools greet the people on the roadside with "Ahoi!", and they return the same greeting. It was also traditionally used in the former territory of the Palatinate, in Mannheim as "Monnem ahoi" or "Mannem ahoi!" and in Ludwigshafen, but also in bordering areas like northern Baden Altlußheim, as well as in southern Thuringian Wasungen, as "Woesinge ahoi!". The Carnival society Milka, foundend in 1908 in Upper Swabian Ravensburg, shouts the greeting "Milka - ahoi!". During the Backfischfest of the fishermen's guild in Worms, the greeting "ahoi" is employed as well. Also newer Carnival groups, for example one northern German association, and a new group in Cologne, refer to this call.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In the German and Austrian Marines, before World War I, the boats which approached a warship lain at anchor were called using the expression "Boot ahoi!", in order to find out who was on board. The answers from the warships depended on the most senior person on board: "Standarte!" was the reply if the boat was approaching with a royal on board; "Flagge!" with an Admiral; "Ja, ja!" with an Officer and "Nein, nein!" without any official. It worked in a similar way with "boat ahoy" in the U.S. Navy, where the procedure was established for the first time in 1893, and in the Royal Navy. In the German Navy the greeting "Ahoi" is no longer used. In its place the Northern German term "Moin" is used.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Amongst the German warships between 1815 and 1945 only one motorboat of the Kriegsmarine was called "Ahoi". It was adopted in 1940, so it probably already had that name, and it drove on the Kaiser-Wilhelm Canal. In June 1945 the former owner, J. Pieper & Co., took possession of it again. The catapult ship "Bussard," on duty in 1942, was sold in 1947 as USA spoils of war to the Belgian shipping company Heygen in Ghent, and renamed "Ahoy".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: From 1940 to 1943 the Phänomen-Werke Gustav Hiller company manufactured 125cc motor scooters for the German Wehrmacht in Zittau, under the name "Phänomen Ahoi."


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: "Nebel - ahoi!" is used by the ABC-Abwehrtruppe, a defence division of the Bundeswehr, and it belongs officially to the military tradition of the army. The expression originated among the Nebeltruppe, a Wehrmacht brigade group from 1935, whose job it was to create a chemical fog over a battlefield before destroying the target areas with mass fire. The expression originated in a moment of euphoria, after the fog successfully covered its target.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Ahoj is the name of a Sherbet brand developed in Stuttgart in 1925. Named after the term "ahoi" it has been advertised with the picture of a sailor and a flag since 1930. At this point there was a fashion for Sailor Suits for children. In the USA term is used for the popular cookie brand "Chips Ahoy!" produced by Nabisco, a play on the term "ships ahoy!".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In one particular case "Åhoi" is used as an instruction to the cattle to slow down. It was found before World War I in the Ore Mountains and it was used in the same way as "eha" and "oha, ooha(a)." It is possible that this is a combination of two interjections, as in Middle English, though "eha" might come from the typical Ore Mountain form "eh" "ein, inne", as "ee halten" "an-, ein-, innehalten". The new standard dictionary for this language area lacks an entry for "åhoi, ahoi" or "oho." In a valley in the Slovenian Triglav area shepherds use the call "Ohoi!" to communicate over long distances, according to a report from 1838.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: If the origin of "ahoi" is rooted in Dutch, then "hoy" originates from "hoie", which is the name of a sailorboat that today is known as a "Hoie" or "Heude".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: However, there is a lack of direct evidence that links the origin of "ahoi" to the particle "a" and the noun "hoie".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The relation of "ahoi" and "hoi", which is a common form of address in Dutch, is unclear. "Hoi", which had been proven to be an exclamation of joy as early as 1552, could also be a short form of "ahoi" or "ahoi" could be an extension of "hoi". Most likely "hoi" belongs to a group of calls such as "hó" and "hé" and is not closely related to "ahoi" at all.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The sources for earlier uses of the term are lacking, because "ahoi" did not get its own lemma in the "Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT)," even though this comprehensive dictionary includes interjections. In addition later editions of the "WNT" from recent decades lack this entry. The earliest entries of forms of "ahoi" in the "WNT"


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In the 1950s "ahoi" was considered outdated. However, the expression was still generally known. Evidence for the use of "ahoy" in Friesian are lacking in comprehensive dictionaries of that language.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: "Ahoy" also refers to the short form of the Rotterdam Ahoy, a big conference center in the Netherlands. It originally consisted of only one hall that was used for the exhibition "Rotterdam Ahoy!" in the 1950s. The exhibition was held as part of the reconstruction of the city after the war and was originally called "Ahoy’",


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Charlois is the place of origin of the "Tamboer- en Trompetterkorps Ahoy," the "Tambour- and Trumpetcorps Ahoy", founded in 1955. We do not know whether it was called this because the term "ahoy" expressed the sense of reconstruction in Rotterdam at the time and was already outdated in a maritime context.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: (Queens' Day) in 1956 and became more popularly known because of their innovative formations, their previously uncommon antiphonal singing and faster marching music. In 1962 they won first prize at the Wereld Muziek Concours in Kerkrade and later played at the Sanremo Music Festival. The group split up in 2003 because of a lack of successors. The "Show-Musikkorps Ahoy-Hamburg" was founded in Hamburg in 1975.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Scandinavian languages have adopted derivatives of the English form "ahoy" and "ohoy" in various different spellings. In Danish it is "ahoj" and "ohoj", also "ohøj", "aahøj" oder "ohej", in Norwegian "ohoi," in Swedish "ohoj" and "å-hoj". In Icelandic "ohoj" can be combined with the English word "ship"; which takes the form "Sjipp og hoj" (Ship ahoy). This is also used in Norwegian, as "Skip ohoi".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In 1837 the Danish novelist Andreas Nikolai de Saint-Aubain, who published under the pseudonym Carl Bernhard, used the phrase "‚Ahoi, en Sejler!‘ raabte Matrosen fra Mærset". In the same year Saint-Aubin's German translation "‚Ahoi, ein Segler!‘, rief der Matrose vom Mers", is an example of early evidence in the German-speaking world. The Swedish author Emilie Flygare-Carlén wrote in 1842: "Örnungen reddes till en ny färd på den klarnade böljan; manskabet skrek sitt muntra ‚å-hoj!‘" The German translator of 1843 avoided the use of "å-hoj"


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: and formulated it as such: "The young eagle was prepared for a new journey through the clear waves; the crew let out its cheerful shout of Hiaho." In the English translation of 1844 it was however, "The crew of the young Eagle […] shouted their cheerful ahoys." In 1846 Flygare-Carlén wrote "Båt, ohoj – hvarifrån, hvathän?", English "Ship, ahoy - where from, where to?" But in English-Danish dictionaries from 1863, "ahoy" is given as "Hey! Holla!" und "holla! heida!"


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In Finnish, a language which does not belong to the Germanic Language Family, the interjection is derived from the Swedish "ohoj" and becomes "ohoi". In a German-Finnish dictionary "ahoi" (German) is written as "hoi" (Finnish). A translation from the English "ahoy" into the related language of Estonian is called "ahoi".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In Czech Republic and Slovakia (former Czechoslovakia), "ahoj" (pronounced [aɦɔj], ) is an everyday greeting. The following are folk explanations for why ahoj is used in this part of Central Europe:


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The international call which is sometimes accredited to a Bohemian sailor in the 17th century has since been proven to be wrong.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: However the Institute for the Czech Language rejects all of the above, stating that it was first referred to in an 1888 (spelt Ahoi as in German) as a greeting used by sailors, and that by the time of a 1935 dictionary the use had spread from sailors to boaters and scouts (see also the German section for the boaters' magazine titled "Ahoi").


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The spread of "ahoj" mainly dates back to the 1920s, when Czech adolescents and students populised canoeing on the South Moravian and Bohemian rivers. The canoers formed a type of movement called Wandervogel, some called themselves "trampové", "Tramps", or "skauti", "Scouts." As early as the 1930s Czech linguists believed the "skauti" as the carriers and distributors of the word "ahoj".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: These groups formed a romantic opposition against the nationalistic Czech middle-class*. The Sokol movement with its preference for traditional gymnastics did not fit the adolenscent's spirit of optimism and progress, which cultivated an internationally and trendily* perceived sport with its own greeting. They positioned their form of "ahoj" from sailors, which possibly coming from the lower parts of Germany, against Sokol's "nazdar," Czech for "hail". "Nazdar" was used in general across the Czech and Czechoslovak society, but within a few decades, the modern-day "ahoj" replaced this old-fashioned expression.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The Czech and Slovak ironic love of language contributed to the distribution of "ahoj". In Slovakia "ahoj"-derivates are used in variety of different scenarios, such as the diminutive "ahojček", as a toast "ahojka", to a greater extent the plural-form "ahojte", as well as the grammatically correct we-form "ahojme sa". In Czech as well as in Slovak "ahoj" is being slowly replaced by the modern-day form "čau", which comes from the Italian greeting "ciao". This has been perceived to be the case since the Czechoslovak government allowed the Italian films to be shown in the 1960s.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The daily newspaper "České slovo" (English - Czech Word), which belongs to the publishing company Melantrich in Prague, called a humorous supplement "Ahoj na neděli" (English - Ahoy on Sunday), which appeared between 1933 and 1943. It was distributed on every Friday, "in order to provide the tramps in time with their weekend lecture." From 1969 until 1997 the leisure supplement "Ahoj na sobotu" (English - Ahoy on Saturday) appeared in "České slovo"'s successor "Svobodné slovo" (English - Free Word)"."


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Ahoj is the official name of a district in Nové Mesto which is a part of the Slovak capital city Bratislava. Adolescents met there before the Second World War, when the region was barely built.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The Simpsons character Mr. Burns uses the term ahoy-hoy as a greeting while Australian comedian duo Hamish and Andy has used the term ahoy as the shows preferred greeting after finding out Graham-Bell wanted the term to be used following the invention of the telephone.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In Theresienstadt concentration camp Czech-speaking Jews called jokingly non-believing inmates, who had assimilated to the Czech society, "Ahojista", (English - "ahoy-ers"). A Jewish, Czech, who had assimilated and posed opportunistically as a Zionist for the camp's Jewish administration centre, was called "Šahojista," which was composed of the greetings "Schalom" and "Ahoj".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: When Czechoslovakia, called the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, was occupied by Germany in the 1930s ahoj could be understood as an acronym for the watchword "Adolfa Hitlera oběsíme jistě", English - "We'll hang Adolf Hitler for sure." Under the communist government ahoj developed into an acronym in the Slovak part of the country. Since the struggle between the Church and the State from 1950 it was used as an acronym to console people in hardship "Aj hriešnych ochraňuje Ježiš," English "Jesus also protects the sinners", or for the Latin "ad honorem Jesu," English "For the glory of Jesus". Demonstratively catholic adolescents use it amongst themselves. Even priests used it to address the congregation from the pulpit.


title: Zoramthanga

text: Zoramthanga (born 13 July 1944) is an Indian politician who is the Chief Minister of Mizoram. He is the president of Mizo National Front (MNF) party. He had served as the Chief Minister of Mizoram from December 1998 to December 2008, for two consecutive terms. He was second-in-command to Laldenga during the secession movement of Mizo National Front, and became the successor as the party leader, after MNF was a recognised political party, following the death of Laldenga in 1990.


title: Zoramthanga

text: He joined the Mizoram Legislative Assembly as Minister of Finance and Education in 1987. His party lost the 2008 Assembly elections to the Indian National Congress. He contested from both North and South Champhai and lost in both constituencies. He tendered his resignation to Governor MM Lakhera on 8 December 2008 and left office three days later. He has cited anti-incumbency as reason for the loss of his party. He returned as Chief Minister after his party came back to power in the 2018 state assembly elections.


title: Zoramthanga

text: Zoramthanga was born to Darphunga and Vanhnuaichhingi on 13 July 1944 at Samthang village. He is the second youngest child of their eight children – five brothers and three sisters.


title: Zoramthanga

text: Zoramthanga entered primary school at Samthang in 1950. After completing class III, he studied at South Khawbung middle school in 1954, and completed class VI in 1956. In 1957, he moved to Champhai to enter Gandhi Memorial High School. His family joined him at Champhai in 1960. He completed matriculation in 1961. His family financial situation prevented him for further education since higher education was not available in Mizoram at the time. He instead became the Headmaster at Champhai Vengthlang Middle School. With his salary savings and much with self support, he went to Imphal, Manipur, and got enrolled for pre-university college (PUC, equivalent to higher secondary) at Dhanamanjuri (D.M.) College of Arts. He completed PUC in 1962, and continued to study B.A. He graduated in 1966 with honours in English. Recalling his struggle, he said: "During my college days I worked in a stone quarry, chiseling and carrying loads of boulders. To be precise, I chiseled my way to graduation. I think I earned enough to support myself then."


title: Zoramthanga

text: Zoramthanga officially joined the Mizo National Front freedom movement in 1965, while in his last year of college. When the MNF uprising started in 1966, he joined the guerrilla movement and went underground to Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) border. He was offered the position of a secretary for Run Bung Area, a responsibility he held for three years. In 1969, all the MNF cadres went down to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The President, Laldenga, engaged him as his Secretary. He held this job for seven years. In 1979, he was given the responsibility of the Vice President.


title: Zoramthanga

text: The MNF rebellion ended in 1986 with the signing of Mizo Peace Accord with the Government of India. MNF was offered to run an interim state government. With Laldenga as the Chief Minister, Zoramthanga was appointed as one of the Cabinet Ministers. Mizoram was declared a full state 20 February 1987. By then MNF became a recognised political party. The first election for the Mizoram State Legislative Assembly was held in the same month resulted in MNF winning the majority of assembly seats, 24 out of 40. Zoramthanga was elected from Champhai constituency.


title: Zoramthanga

text: In the first Mizoram State Legislative Assembly, Zoramthanga became Minister of Finance and Education. In 1990, when Laldenga died, he became the President of the Mizo National Front. In the 1993 election MNF lost to the Indian National Congress party, but Zoramthanga won the Champhai constituency. He was appointed Leader of the Opposition in the legislative assembly. When the assembly elections were held at the end of 1998, he led his party to victory and became the Chief Minister of Mizoram for the first time. He was re-elected in the 2003 election becoming Chief Minister for the second time. But his party lost the 2008 Assembly elections, overcame by the Congress party. He lost his candidature from two Champhai constituencies, Champhai North and Champhai South. He and his party again faced heavy defeat in 2013 election to the Congress party. In 2018, his party got the majority again. He was elected from the Aizawl East-I constituency and became the Chief Minister of Mizoram on 15 December 2018.


title: Zoramthanga

text: Zoramthanga is an eloquent debater. He won inter-college debating competition at New Delhi while in his B.A. class. He is member of the Mizoram Presbyterian Church. He married Roneihsangi on 2 February 1988. They have one son, Rothansiama, and a daughter, Milari.


title: Zoramthanga

text: In 2010, Zoramthanga was charged with several corruption cases. The main allegation was supply of fencing materials from the Department of Agriculture to his private farm at Aii Puk during his tenure as Chief Minister (1998 to 2008). The supply was made in the name of Aii Puk Zau Cooperative Farming Society owned by Zoramthanga. A Public Interest Litigation was submitted to Gauhati High Court by an anticorruption organization, People's Right to Information and Development Society of Mizoram (PRISM), in 2007, and again in 2009. Upon lack of action, PRISM submitted the charges to the Anti-Corruption Bureau of Mizoram Police that included disproportionate wealth with respect to his income, supply of fencing materials to Aii Puk, and extortion of funds from government contractors. The ACB filed corruption cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, on 16 September 2010, following which his residence was raided for evidences.


title: Zoramthanga

text: The ACB reported that Zoramthanga had amassed a total property value of ₹90.9 million in 2010 from the official declaration of ₹13.8 million in 2003. Zoramthanga declared that of his total capital, ₹44.9 million was his brother L. Nghakliana's and nephew Zoramchhana's which he managed on their behalf. On 8 November 2021, the court of Special Judge (Prevention of Corruption Act) of Mizoram dismissed the cases. Zoramthanga was acquitted of charges on misuse of power in the case of Aii Puk, and as to the disproportionate wealth, the court "did not find sufficient evidence to prove" the allegations.


title: Zoramthanga

text: In 2002, Zoramthanga's ministry created an agricultural development project largely to mitigate slash-and-burn system. The scheme called Mizoram Intodelhna Project (MIP) was designed as financial gratis to farmers who were pursuing alternative agriculture systems. In 2009, PRISM filed a case to the Anti-Corruption Bureau that Zoramthanga, H. Rammawi, then Agriculture Minister, and Lalhuapzauva, Adviser to Chief Minister, had given on loan basis large sums of money to private firms against the project guidelines. According to the allegation, ₹5 million rupees were given to Mizoram Venus Bamboo Product Pvt. Ltd., and ₹8.3 million rupees each to Hnahlan Grape Growers' Society and Champhai Grape Growers' Society. The ACB started investigation in 2009 and chargesheeted the case in 2013. The Gauhati High Court put the case before the Special Court under Prevention of Corruption in 2018. The first court hearing was called in 2019 but was cancelled due to absence of a witness. The three accused appeared before the court on 17 February 2021. The Special Judge acquitted them on 30 March 2021 on the grounds of lack of evidence.


title: Zoramthanga

text: Revd. Chanchinmawia, moderator of Mizoram Presbyterian Church Synod and Chairman of Mizoram People's Forum, was found dead in the morning of 1 October 2007 at his quarters-residence at Khatla, Aizawl, Mizoram. Lying on a pool of blood, his body showed several cut wounds and bruises. A hammer and a knife drenched in blood were on his side. The police report, upon which Additional District Magistrate (Judicial) of Aizawl made a judgement, declared in December 2007 that it was a case of suicide. His son Ramdinpuia, backed by the church, disagreed and believed that it was a homicide. The case was reopened in 2008 and the Central Bureau of Investigation was put on the task. The CBI made no further progress.


title: Zoramthanga

text: A decade later in 2018, an information was published in a newsletter "Congress Thlifim" that Chanchinmawia's death was a case of murder and the then Chief Minister Zoramthanga masterminded the assassination. The newsletter asserted that in the interrogation of criminal suspects, one, Muanhlua claimed that he knew six people who were paid by Zoramthanga to make the murder, and a voice record which mentioned that Muanhlua demanded Zoramthanga a huge sum of money for keeping silent. In March 2017, Mizo National Front and B. Zorampara, president of Peace Accord MNF Returnees Association, filed a case against Thansanga, an informer to the newsletter. Thansanga had also said that Zorampara was the one who recruited the murderers from Manipur. On 17 May 2017, Zoramthanga filed a defamation case against Thansanga, as well as James Thanghmingliana, the publisher, and David M. Thangliana, the editor.


title: Neil Fallon

text: Neil Fallon (born October 25, 1971) is an American musician, best known as the lead singer and occasional rhythm guitarist and keyboardist for the rock band Clutch. He is also the lead singer for The Company Band and Dunsmuir, and joined The Bakerton Group on guitar starting with their "El Rojo" album.


title: Neil Fallon

text: Fallon has provided guest vocals on the songs "Two Coins for Eyes" and "Empire's End" on the 2008 album "Beyond Colossal" by Swedish stoner rock band Dozer; "Crazy Horses" by Throat; "Slippin' Out" by Never Got Caught; "Mummies Wrapped in Money" by Lionize; and "Blood and Thunder" by Mastodon, on their 2004 album "Leviathan"; "Transistors of Mercy" by Polkadot Cadaver, on their 2013 album "Last Call in Jonestown"; "Ayatollah of Rock 'n' Rolla" by Soulfly, on their 2013 album "Savages"; and appears on the song "Die to Live" on Volbeat's seventh studio album "Rewind, Replay, Rebound".


title: Neil Fallon

text: Fallon's younger sister Mary Alice Fallon-Yeskey appears on the Food Network show "Ace of Cakes" as office manager of Charm City Cakes in Baltimore, Maryland.


title: Neil Fallon

text: In September 2013, Fallon announced that Clutch would have to postpone their September tour (except for a hometown show in Baltimore, Maryland at the Shindig Festival), due to personal health issues. Fallon released a statement through the band's Facebook page saying "Dear friends, this week I've learned that a childhood injury to the neck, a genetic predisposition for spinal disease, and 20 some years of head banging will exact a toll. I've been diagnosed with an ugly case of cervical spinal stenosis and two herniated discs." Fallon had surgery on September 17, 2013 and the band resumed their tour in October. This ordeal inspired Fallon's lyrics in "Decapitation Blues", a track on Clutch's eleventh studio album, "Psychic Warfare".


title: Neil Fallon

text: Fallon has a degree in English literature, as he graduated from the University of Maryland with a B.A. in English in 1993. He lives in Silver Spring, Maryland with his family.


title: Rosa Blasi

text: Rosa Blasi (born December 19, 1972) is an American actress, author, model and therapist. She is known for her roles as Luisa Delgado in the Lifetime medical drama series "Strong Medicine" and Barb Thunderman in the Nickelodeon series "The Thundermans".


title: Rosa Blasi

text: Blasi was born in Chicago, Illinois on December 19, 1972. Her parents, Rocco and Joyce Blasi, are of Italian, Irish, and Puerto Rican origin. Blasi is a classically trained mezzo soprano. She also comes from a strong theatre background; ranging from the esteemed Piven Performance Company, as well as The Second City, to starring in numerous musicals and touring with Kenny Rogers. Blasi has two sisters, Marina and Tasha, and two brothers, Michael and Rocky.


title: Rosa Blasi

text: Blasi's television debut was a recurring role in the CBS soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful". Soon to follow was a starring role in the MTV/UPN sitcom "Hitz". She soon found herself guest starring in numerous shows such as "Frasier", "Becker", "Caroline in the City", "V.I.P.", "Grown Ups", and "Beverly Hills, 90210." She later starred in the dramatic Showtime film "Noriega: God's Favorite". The film was directed by Roger Spottiswoode and co-starred Bob Hoskins.


title: Rosa Blasi

text: In her breakout role, Blasi starred in the Lifetime drama series "Strong Medicine" from 2000 to 2006 as a doctor in a medical drama with a focus on feminist politics, health issues, and class conflict. She made an appearance in "Shootout", a 2005 episode of "". Audiences saw Blasi in her first role in a major film as the wife of Bill Pullman's character in "The Grudge".


title: Rosa Blasi

text: Blasi appeared during "The Vagina Monologues" at the Apollo Theater and has also been a recurring performer at the "What a Pair" benefit concert for breast cancer research and has recorded numerous radio and television voice-overs. She was a repeat guest on talk shows such as "Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher" (where she admitted, in an appearance alongside Rev. Jerry Falwell, "No, my boobs aren't real—they're real paid for, though! No debt collectors trying to repo my boobs!") and "The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn". She played Ronnie Cruz in "Make It or Break It". She also played Barb Thunderman in Nickelodeon's "The Thundermans", as well as a recurring character in "General Hospital". She wrote a comedic memoir titled "Jock Itch: Misadventures of a Retired Jersey Chaser" (2011) published by HarperCollins.


title: Rosa Blasi

text: Blasi married New York Giants fullback Jim Finn on February 14, 2004. Blasi gave birth to her first child, a daughter, on September 20, 2006. The couple divorced in 2008.


title: Rosa Blasi

text: On May 3, 2014, Blasi married Todd William Harris, a mortgage broker. They married 16 months after they first connected on Match.com. She has a stepdaughter from Harris's previous relationship.


title: Rosa Blasi

text: In 2019, Blasi earned her master's degree in clinical psychology and is a registered associate marriage and family therapist with a specialization in addiction and recovery.


title: Lee Yu-ri

text: Lee first became known for her role in the teen drama series "School 4", and subsequently gained popularity with her role in the family drama "Precious Family" (2005). In recent years, she became known for her role as the antagonist in television drama series "Twinkle Twinkle" (2011) and "Jang Bo-ri is Here!" (2014). She most recently starred in "Spring Turns to Spring" (2019) and "Lie After Lie" (2020).


title: Lee Yu-ri

text: In 2014, Lee won the Grand Prize at MBC Drama Awards, gaining 385,434 (about 54%) out of 712,300 votes sent in by the viewers. She was also ranked in the top five of Gallup Korea's "Actor of the Year", climbing to second place just behind Kim Soo-hyun.


title: Lee Yu-ri

text: Lee Yu-ri met her husband, a missionary theologian, through bible study in 2008. They started dating in 2009 and married in September 2010.


title: Smart device

text: A smart device is an electronic device, generally connected to other devices or networks via different wireless protocols (such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, near-field communication, Wi-Fi, LiFi, or 5G) that can operate to some extent interactively and autonomously. Several notable types of smart devices are smartphones, smart speakers, smart cars, smart thermostats, smart doorbells, smart locks, smart refrigerators, phablets and tablets, smartwatches, smart bands, smart keychains, smart glasses, and many others. The term can also refer to a device that exhibits some properties of ubiquitous computing, including—although not necessarily—machine learning.


title: Smart device

text: Smart devices can be designed to support a variety of form factors, a range of properties pertaining to ubiquitous computing and to be used in three main system environments: physical world, human-centered environments, and distributed computing environments. Smart homes indicate the presence of sensors and some detection devices, appliances, and a database to control them.


title: Smart device

text: These three forms proposed by Weiser are characterized by being macro-sized, having a planar form and by incorporating visual output displays. These were also envisioned more as information appliances. If each of these three characteristics is relaxed, this range can be expanded into a much more diverse and potentially more useful range of ubiquitous computing devices.


title: Smart device

text: Smart devices are typically composed of a hardware layer (including a radio that transmits signals), a network layer (through which devices communicate with each other), and an application layer (through which end users deliver commands). These layers often include the following characteristics:


title: Smart device

text: It is proposed that there are two additional core types of properties for ubiquitous computing systems:


title: Smart device

text: However, it is hard to fix a closed set of properties that define all ubiquitous computing devices because of the sheer range and variety of ubiquitous computing research and applications. Rather than to propose a single definition for ubiquitous computing, a taxonomy of properties for ubiquitous computing has been proposed, from which different kinds or flavours of ubiquitous systems and applications can be composed and described.


title: Smart device

text: The term "smart device environments" has two meanings. First, it can refer to a greater variety of device environments. Three different kinds of environments for devices can be differentiated:


title: Smart device

text: Second, the term "smart device environments" can also refer to the concept of a smart environment which focuses more specifically on the physical environment of the device. The physical environment is smart because it is embedded or scattered with smart devices that can sense and control part of it.


title: François Fillon

text: François Charles Armand Fillon (; born 4 March 1954) is a retired French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 2007 to 2012 under President Nicolas Sarkozy. He was the nominee of the Republicans (previously known as the Union for a Popular Movement), the country's largest centre-right political party, for the 2017 presidential election where he ranked third in the first round of voting.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon became Jean-Pierre Raffarin's Minister of Labour in 2002 and undertook controversial reforms of the 35-hour working week law and of the French retirement system. In 2004, as Minister of National Education he proposed the much debated Fillon law on Education.


title: François Fillon

text: In 2005, Fillon was elected senator for the Sarthe department. His role as a political advisor in Nicolas Sarkozy's successful race for president led to his becoming prime minister in 2007. Fillon resigned upon Sarkozy's defeat by François Hollande in the 2012 presidential elections.


title: François Fillon

text: Running on a platform described as conservative, he won the 2016 Republican presidential primary, defeating Alain Juppé. Following his victory in the primary, opinion polls showed Fillon as the frontrunner for the 2017 presidential election. But in March 2017, he was formally charged in an embezzlement investigation in a case that became known as "Penelopegate" due to the involvement of his wife. In April, he finally came third in the first round with 20%, and was therefore excluded from the run-off between the top two finishers.


title: François Fillon

text: In 2020, he was convicted of fraud and misuse of funds, and sentenced to five years in prison (three of them suspended). He has appealed against the sentence. In May 2022, the sentence was shortened to four years in prison (three of them suspended).


title: François Fillon

text: In December 2021, Fillon was named as a member of the Board of Directors of SIBUR Holding, the largest integrated petrochemical company in Russia. He resigned from this position in February 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon was born on 4 March 1954 in Le Mans, Sarthe, France. His father, Michel, is a civil law notary, while his mother, Anne Soulet Fillon, is a history professor of Basque descent. His youngest brother, Dominique, is a pianist and jazz musician.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon received a baccalauréat in 1972. He then studied at the University of Maine in Le Mans where he received a master's degree in public law in 1976. He subsequently received a master of Advanced Studies ("diplôme d'études approfondies") in public law from Paris Descartes University.


title: François Fillon

text: The day after Nicolas Sarkozy became President he appointed Fillon as Prime Minister of France, charging him with the task of forming a new cabinet, which was announced on 18 May 2007. By appointing as Secretary of State André Santini, who had been indicted in the "Fondation Hamon" affair on charges of corruption, Fillon made the first break since 1992 with the so-called "Balladur jurisprudence", according to which an indicted governmental personality should resign until the case is closed. On 13 November 2010, Fillon resigned, paving the way for a cabinet reshuffle. One day later Sarkozy reappointed Fillon as Prime Minister, allowing Fillon to formally name a new cabinet.


title: François Fillon

text: Following the defeat of Nicolas Sarkozy to François Hollande in the 2012 presidential election, Fillon resigned on 10 May. Following the inauguration of Hollande as president on 15 May 2012, Jean-Marc Ayrault, Mayor of Nantes, was appointed to succeed Fillon as Prime Minister.


title: François Fillon

text: Aiming at building consensus within the diverging views at the UMP after Francois Hollande's victory in the French presidential elections in 2012, Fillon declared his candidacy to become the President of the UMP party. On the day of the vote, both candidates (Fillon and Jean-François Copé) claimed victory and accused the other of cheating. This led to a major political crisis within the party with votes being recounted twice and Copé finally being declared winner.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon threatened to split from UMP unless new elections were organised. He formed a new parliamentary faction, the Rassemblement-UMP group.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon entered the 2016 Republican presidential primary, held on 20 November 2016, and seemed a likely third as late as a week before the vote. In early counting, Fillon emerged as the clear frontrunner, with Alain Juppé in second place. Third place Sarkozy conceded, bringing his support to Fillon, and Fillon and Juppé went into the run-off on 27 November 2016. Juppé conceded to Fillon, pledging his support for him as the Republican nominee in the 2017 presidential election.


title: François Fillon

text: As of November 2016, Fillon was seen as the frontrunner for the Presidency against the Socialist candidate Benoît Hamon, Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen. However, revelations of series of political scandals at the end of January shattered his presidential bid, with polls rapidly showing him behind both Marine Le Pen and Emmanuel Macron and out of the runoff. Fillon's visits on the ground attracted protesters who further destabilised his campaign. The news provocated consternation in Germany where Fillon was seen as a serious and trusted candidate.


title: François Fillon

text: On 23 April 2017, he secured 20.0% of the votes at the first round of the French presidential election, arriving third, and therefore failing to enter the runoff.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon has been described as economically liberal and fiscally conservative. For many observers, he is more liberal than his mentor Philippe Séguin. A few months after taking office as prime minister, he declared that he was "at the head of a state that is bankrupt financially, [...] which for 15 years has been in chronic deficit, [...] that has not voted a balanced budget for 25 years." He then committed publicly to "bring the state budget to balance by the end of the five-year", and reiterated this promise in 2012 and proposed a referendum on registration of the fiscal golden rule in the Constitution. In defending a policy of controlling the deficit, Fillon is in favour of abolishing the wealth tax, which he considers one of the causes of the debt of France. According to him, this tax discourages foreign entrepreneurs. This tax would be offset by the creation of a top slice of income tax to 50%, which would be included in the CSG.


title: François Fillon

text: As a presidential candidate, Fillon aims to reduce the public sector and cut 500,000 civil-service jobs. Fillon has been compared to Margaret Thatcher due to his ambition to reduce the size of the state. He says in 2016 that he wants the state healthcare program ("securité sociale") to work better with fewer payments.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon is in favour of increasing the retirement age to 65. During the 2012 presidential election, he proposed that each job seeker should be offered vocational training and be forced to accept the employment offered to them after training.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon' stances on domestic and social issues are mostly perceived as conservative. As member of the National Assembly, he voted against the equalisation of the age of consent for homosexual relations in 1982, against civil solidarity pacts in 1999, and against the legalisation of same-sex marriage in 2013. However, he says he will not ban the same-sex marriage law if elected president. He opposes adoption by same-sex couples.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon blamed the 2017 social unrest in French Guiana on President Hollande's policies, which he said had failed.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon is an advocate of cracking down on Salafism and Muslim Brotherhood-linked groups and has stridently warned against the threat of "Islamic totalitarianism". He has called for dialogue with Syria under Bashar al-Assad and with the Russian Federation, under Vladimir Putin. Putin has been described as a friend of Fillon, although Fillon himself rejects that description.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon lives with his wife, Penelope, and five children, Marie, Charles, Antoine, Édouard and Arnaud, in the 12th-century Manoir de Beaucé, set in 20 acres (8 ha) of woodland on the banks of the River Sarthe 4 km east of the monastery village of Solesmes, near Sablé-sur-Sarthe, and about halfway between Le Mans and Angers. They had lived in various other properties, always in the Sarthe, throughout their marriage, before buying Beaucé in 1993.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon has a reputation as an Anglophile. His wife Penelope Kathryn Fillon, "née" Clarke, was born in Llanover in Wales, the daughter of a solicitor. They met while she was teaching English during her gap year in Le Mans, and they were married in the bride's family church in June 1980.


title: François Fillon

text: François Fillon has spoken at a wide variety of universities in Britain, notably King's College London and the London School of Economics. On 1 September 2017, Fillon became a partner at asset manager Tikehau Capital.


title: François Fillon

text: Fillon's younger brother, Pierre, an ophthalmic specialist (and now President of the Automobile Club de l'Ouest), later married Penelope Fillon's younger sister, Jane.


title: François Fillon

text: In January 2017, "Le Canard enchaîné" published an article in which Penelope Fillon was accused of alleged fictitious employment, as her husband's ""assistante parlementaire"" for a total salary of €500,000 over eight years on the one hand, and as a "literary adviser" of "Revue des deux Mondes" on the other, with a monthly salary of €5,000, amounting to a total of another €100,000. A preliminary hearing immediately opened. The public outcry around this so-called "Penelopegate" was such that doubts were voiced about François Fillon himself, who was the frontrunner for the 2017 presidential election, with an immediate sharp decline in the opinion polls.


title: François Fillon

text: On 31 January, new reporting by "Le Canard enchaîné" found that Penelope Fillon was actually paid €300,000 more than previously reported, for a total sum of €831,440 for 15 years of her parliamentary assistant work. It also reported that Fillon had paid two of his children €84,000 for little apparent actual work. On 6 February 2017 Fillon held a press conference. He said "It was a mistake and I apologize to the French [people]" but also said that the salary of his wife was "perfectly justified".


title: François Fillon

text: On 3 March 2017, the (Central office for the fight against corruption and financial and fiscal crime) executed a search at the Manoir de Beaucé where François and Penelope Fillon reside in the Sarthe department. This followed a search by the same agency on 2 March 2017 at the Fillons' Paris residence in the 7th arrondissement. On 6 March 2017, the inner circle of Fillon's party had a crisis meeting. Beforehand, Alain Juppé had definitively excluded becoming a replacement candidate. Fillon continues his candidacy, despite his promise (given on 26 January on TV) to withdraw from the race if subjected to criminal prosecution. On 23 March, Fillon said on national television that "Bienvenue Place Beauvau", a book co-authored by Didier Hassoux of "Le Canard enchaîné", suggested President François Hollande ran a shadow cabinet to spread rumours about his opponents. Hassoux denied this was the case.


title: François Fillon

text: On 24 February 2020, Fillon became one of the few Prime Ministers to ever go on trial. On 29 June 2020, he was convicted of fraud and misuse of funds, and sentenced to five years in prison - three of them suspended. Their lawyers appealed against the sentence and he remains free pending the outcome of the appeal. On 9 May 2022, a French appeals court reduced Fillon's prison sentence shortened to four years with three years suspended. His wife Penelope would be given a suspended two-year prison sentence for the embezzlement charge, down from three years suspended. The court maintained fines of €375,000 for each of them.


title: François Fillon

text: In its 22 March 2017 issue, satirical weekly "Le Canard enchaîné" reported that Fillon had introduced a Lebanese billionaire to Russian President Vladimir Putin at a business forum in St. Petersburg in 2015 as part of a $50,000 contract for Fillon's 2F Conseil consulting firm.


title: François Fillon

text: Having lived his whole life in the Le Mans area and having represented it politically, Fillon is an enthusiastic supporter of the city's 24-hour sportscar race, which he has attended nearly every year since he was a small child. He is a member of the Automobile Club de l'Ouest, which stages the event, and is on the race's organisation committee. He has also competed in the Le Mans Legend historic sportscar races on the full 24-hour circuit and in a number of other classic road rallies. Fillon's younger brother Pierre currently serves as the President of the ACO, having been elected in 2013.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Structuralism in psychology (also structural psychology) is a theory of consciousness developed by Wilhelm Wundt and his student Edward Bradford Titchener. This theory was challenged in the 20th century.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Structuralism as a school of psychology seeks to analyze the adult mind (the total sum of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences as well as how they correlate to physical events. To do this, psychologists employ introspection, self-reports of sensations, views, feelings, and emotions.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Edward B. Titchener, along with Wilhelm Wundt, is credited for the theory of structuralism. It is considered to be the first "school" of psychology. Because he was a student of Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzig, Titchener's ideas on how the mind worked were heavily influenced by Wundt's theory of voluntarism and his ideas of association and apperception (the passive and active combinations of elements of consciousness respectively). Titchener attempted to classify the structures of the mind, like chemists classify the elements of nature, into the nature.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Titchener said that only observable events constituted that science and that any speculation concerning unobservable events has no place in society (this view was similar to the one expressed by Ernst Mach). In his book, "Systematic Psychology", Titchener wrote:


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Titchener believed the mind was the accumulated experience of a lifetime. He believed that he could understand reasoning and the structure of the mind if he could define and categorize the basic components of mind and the rules by which the components interacted.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: The main tool Titchener used to try to determine the different components of consciousness was introspection. Titchener writes in his "Systematic Psychology.":


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: The state of consciousness which is to be the matter of psychology ... can become an object of immediate knowledge only by way of introspection or self-awareness.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: ...within the sphere of psychology, introspection is the final and only court of appeal, that psychological evidence cannot be other than introspective evidence.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Titchener had very strict guidelines for the reporting of an introspective analysis. The subject would be presented with an object, such as a pencil. The subject would then report the characteristics of that pencil (color, length, etc.). The subject would be instructed not to report the name of the object (pencil) because that did not describe the raw data of what the subject was experiencing. Titchener referred to this as stimulus error.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: In his translation of Wundt's work, Titchener illustrates Wundt as a supporter of introspection as a method through which to observe consciousness. However, introspection only fits Wundt's theories if the term is taken to refer to psychophysical methods.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Introspection literally means 'looking within', to try to describe a person's memory, perceptions, cognitive processes, and/or motivations.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Titchener's theory began with the question of what each element of the mind is. He concluded from his research that there were three types of mental elements constituting conscious experience: Sensations (elements of perceptions), Images (elements of ideas), and affections (elements of emotions). These elements could be broken down into their respective properties, which he determined were quality, intensity, duration, clearness, and extensity. Both sensations and images contained all of these qualities; however, affections were lacking in both clearness and extensity. And images and affections could be broken down further into just clusters of sensations. Therefore, by following this train of thinking all thoughts were images, which being constructed from elementary sensations meant that all complex reasoning and thought could eventually be broken down into just the sensations which he could get at through introspection.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: The second issue in Titchener's theory of structuralism was the question of how the mental elements combined and interacted with each other to form conscious experience. His conclusions were largely based on ideas of associationism. In particular, Titchener focuses on the law of contiguity, which is the idea that the thought of something will tend to cause thoughts of things that are usually experienced along with it.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Titchener rejected Wundt's notions of apperception and creative synthesis (voluntary action), which were the basis of Wundt's voluntarism. Titchener argued that attention was simply a manifestation of the "clearness" property within sensation.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Once Titchener identified the elements of mind and their interaction, his theory then asked the question of why the elements interact in the way they do. In particular, Titchener was interested in the relationship between the conscious experience and the physical processes. Titchener believed that physiological processes provide a continuous substratum that give psychological processes a continuity they otherwise would not have. Therefore, the nervous system does not cause conscious experience, but can be used to explain some characteristics of mental events.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Wilhelm Wundt instructed Titchener, the founder of structuralism, at the University of Leipzig. The 'science of immediate experience' was stated by him. This simply means that the complex perceptions can be raised through basic sensory information. Wundt is often associated in past literature with structuralism and the use of similar introspective methods. Wundt makes a clear distinction between pure introspection, which is the relatively unstructured self-observation used by earlier philosophers, and experimental introspection. Wundt believes this type of introspection to be acceptable since it uses laboratory instruments to vary conditions and make results of internal perceptions more precise.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: The reason for this confusion lies in the translation of Wundt's writings. When Titchener brought his theory to America, he also brought with him Wundt's work. Titchener translated these works for the American audience, and in so doing misinterpreted Wundt's meaning. He then used this translation to show that Wundt supported Titchener's own theories. In fact, Wundt's main theory was that of psychological voluntarism ("psychologische Voluntarismus"), the doctrine that the power of the will organizes the mind's content into higher-level thought processes.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Wundt proposed a theory of human psychological perception and consciousness. He drew a parallel from what his contemporaries studying physics and chemistry were doing, that is breaking down substances into chemical elements (atoms); attempting to do the same for human psychology, Wundt proposed that a complex human perceptual experience could be decomposed into elementary sensations. He proposed introspection (self-examination) as the guide to source the information on what is going on in a perception experience, and to break it down into sensory components.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Because Wundt's (and later Titchener's) ideas centered on viewing consciousness as a structure (composed by the building blocks of the elementary sensations into which it could be broken down into), their approach was labeled structuralism. Edward Titchener brought and developed Wundt's ideas into the United States. Titchener spoke in 1898 of "structural standpoint", defining structuralism as a neutral observational approach based on introspection, and also adopting the elementaristic approach of building up a whole from its basic elements.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Structuralism has faced a large amount of criticism, particularly from the school of psychology, functionalism which later evolved into the psychology of pragmatism (reconvening introspection into acceptable practices of observation). The main critique of structuralism was its focus on introspection as the method by which to gain an understanding of conscious experience. Critics argue that self-analysis was not feasible, since introspective students cannot appreciate the processes or mechanisms of their own mental processes. Introspection, therefore, yielded different results depending on who was using it and what they were seeking. Some critics also pointed out that introspective techniques actually resulted in retrospection – the memory of a sensation rather than the sensation itself.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Behaviorists, specifically methodological behaviorists, fully rejected even the idea of the conscious experience as a worthy topic in psychology, since they believed that the subject matter of scientific psychology should be strictly operationalized in an objective and measurable way. Because the notion of a mind could not be objectively measured, it was not worth further inquiry. However, radical behaviorism includes thinking, feeling, and private events in its theory and analysis of psychology. Structuralism also believes that the mind could be dissected into its individual parts, which then formed conscious experience. This also received criticism from the Gestalt school of psychology, which argues that the mind cannot be broken down into individual elements.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Besides theoretical attacks, structuralism was criticized for excluding and ignoring important developments happening outside of structuralism. For instance, structuralism did not concern itself with the study of animal behavior, and personality.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Titchener himself was criticized for not using his psychology to help answer practical problems. Instead, Titchener was interested in seeking pure knowledge that to him was more important than commonplace issues.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: One alternative theory to structuralism, to which Titchener took offense, was functionalism (functional psychology). Functionalism was developed by William James in contrast to structuralism. It stressed the importance of empirical, rational thought over an experimental, trial-and-error philosophy. James in his theory included introspection (i.e., the psychologist's study of his own states of mind), but also included things like analysis (i.e., the logical criticism of precursor and contemporary views of the mind), experiment (e.g., in hypnosis or neurology), and comparison (i.e., the use of statistical means to distinguish norms from anomalies) which gave it somewhat of an edge. Functionalism also differed in that it focused on the how useful certain processes were in the brain to the environment you were in and not the processes and other detail like in structuralism.


title: Structuralism (psychology)

text: Researchers are still working to offer objective experimental approaches to measuring conscious experience, in particular within the field of cognitive psychology and is in some ways carrying on the torch of Titchener's ideas. It is working on the same type of issues such as sensations and perceptions. Today, any introspective methodologies are done under highly controlled situations and are understood to be subjective and retrospective. Proponents argue that psychology can still gain useful information from using introspection in this case.


title: 2018–19 Golden State Warriors season

text: The 2018–19 Golden State Warriors season was the 73rd season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and its 57th in the San Francisco Bay Area. The Warriors entered the season as the two-time defending NBA champions, having won back-to-back NBA championships. The Warriors attempted their first "three-peat" in franchise history, but were defeated by the Toronto Raptors in the 2019 NBA Finals. This was the Warriors' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland, before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco, beginning with the 2019–20 NBA season. The Warriors won the Pacific Division title and Western Conference Championship for the fifth consecutive season. They finished with the best record in the Western Conference, with a record of . Golden State made the playoffs for the seventh consecutive season, a new franchise record. The previous record was six, in the team's first six years of existence between 1947 and 1952. Golden State recorded 50 wins for the sixth consecutive season, a franchise record. In the postseason, the Warriors defeated the Los Angeles Clippers 4–2 in the First Round, the Houston Rockets 4–2 in the Western Conference Semi-finals, and swept the Portland Trail Blazers 4–0 in the Western Conference Finals. The Warriors' run ended in the NBA Finals, where they lost 4–2 to the Toronto Raptors. Golden State made their fifth consecutive Finals appearance and are the second team in NBA history to achieve this feat after the Boston Celtics made ten straight between 1957–1966. The Warriors playoff run was riddled with injuries, with DeMarcus Cousins (quadricep tear in the First Round), Stephen Curry (dislocated finger in the Semi-finals), Kevin Durant (calf strain in the Semi-finals, ruptured achilles in the Finals), Andre Iguodala (calf strain in the Western Conference Finals), Klay Thompson (hamstring strain and a torn ACL in the Finals), and Kevon Looney (fractured collar bone in the Finals) all missing a combined total of 26 games.


title: 2018–19 Golden State Warriors season

text: Thompson broke the NBA record for three-pointers made in a game with 14, surpassing the 13 made by teammate Curry in the 2016–17 season. Curry broke the NBA record for most three-pointers made in the playoffs with 470. The record was held by Ray Allen, who had 385. This season Curry also moved into third on the all-time career three-point scoring list with 2,483; only Allen and Reggie Miller having made more three-pointers during the regular season in NBA history. Curry, Durant, and Thompson were all named to the All-Star Game. Durant was named MVP of the game, the fourth time a Warrior player has won the award and first since 1967. Curry and Durant were named to the All-NBA Team. Green and Thompson were named to All-Defensive Team, it was Green's fifth consecutive selection which tied Nate Thurmond for the most selections in franchise history. With the addition of free agent DeMarcus Cousins in the off-season, the Warriors had five All-Stars on their roster that were named to the 2018 All-Star Game. This is the sixth time in NBA history a team has had five All-Stars from the previous season, and the first since the Boston Celtics in 1976. From November 15 to 21, the Warriors lost four games in a row for the first time since the 2012–13 season, and for the first time under the tenure of Steve Kerr.


title: 2018–19 Golden State Warriors season

text: Following the season, Durant signed with the Brooklyn Nets as a free agent, Iguodala was traded to the Memphis Grizzlies, Cousins signed with the Los Angeles Lakers as a free agent, and Shaun Livingston retired.


title: Nicholas Carpenter

text: Nicholas Andre Carpenter is an American film director. He worked as a set production assistant on TV and on films such as "Thank You for Smoking" (2005) before going on to direct the 2009 horror anthology "The Telling".


title: Nicholas Carpenter

text: Nicholas Carpenter is the son of Scott Carpenter, one of the original Mercury astronauts, and Maria Roach Carpenter, daughter of film producer Hal Roach. Carpenter has a brother, Matthew Scott; four half-siblings from his father's first marriage, Marc Scott, Kristen Elaine, Candace Noxon and Robyn Jay; and a half sibling from his father's third marriage, Zachary Scott. Carpenter grew up in Los Angeles, where his father made his home after retiring from NASA in 1969.


title: Lie derivative

text: In differential geometry, the Lie derivative ( ), named after Sophus Lie by Władysław Ślebodziński, evaluates the change of a tensor field (including scalar functions, vector fields and one-forms), along the flow defined by another vector field. This change is coordinate invariant and therefore the Lie derivative is defined on any differentiable manifold.


title: Lie derivative

text: Functions, tensor fields and forms can be differentiated with respect to a vector field. If "T" is a tensor field and "X" is a vector field, then the Lie derivative of "T" with respect to "X" is denoted formula_1. The differential operator formula_2 is a derivation of the algebra of tensor fields of the underlying manifold.


title: Lie derivative

text: Although there are many concepts of taking a derivative in differential geometry, they all agree when the expression being differentiated is a function or scalar field. Thus in this case the word "Lie" is dropped, and one simply speaks of the derivative of a function.


title: Lie derivative

text: The Lie derivative of a vector field "Y" with respect to another vector field "X" is known as the "Lie bracket" of "X" and "Y", and is often denoted ["X","Y"] instead of formula_3. The space of vector fields forms a Lie algebra with respect to this Lie bracket. The Lie derivative constitutes an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra representation of this Lie algebra, due to the identity


title: Lie derivative

text: Considering vector fields as infinitesimal generators of flows (i.e. one-dimensional groups of diffeomorphisms) on "M", the Lie derivative is the differential of the representation of the diffeomorphism group on tensor fields, analogous to Lie algebra representations as infinitesimal representations associated to group representation in Lie group theory.


title: Lie derivative

text: Generalisations exist for spinor fields, fibre bundles with connection and vector-valued differential forms.


title: Lie derivative

text: A 'naïve' attempt to define the derivative of a tensor field with respect to a vector field would be to take the components of the tensor field and take the directional derivative of each component with respect to the vector field. However, this definition is undesirable because it is not invariant under changes of coordinate system, e.g. the naive derivative expressed in polar or spherical coordinates differs from the naive derivative of the components in Cartesian coordinates. On an abstract manifold such a definition is meaningless and ill defined. In differential geometry, there are three main coordinate independent notions of differentiation of tensor fields: Lie derivatives, derivatives with respect to connections, and the exterior derivative of completely anti symmetric (covariant) tensors or differential forms. The main difference between the Lie derivative and a derivative with respect to a connection is that the latter derivative of a tensor field with respect to a tangent vector is well-defined even if it is not specified how to extend that tangent vector to a vector field. However a connection requires the choice of an additional geometric structure (e.g. a Riemannian metric or just an abstract connection) on the manifold. In contrast, when taking a Lie derivative, no additional structure on the manifold is needed, but it is impossible to talk about the Lie derivative of a tensor field with respect to a single tangent vector, since the value of the Lie derivative of a tensor field with respect to a vector field "X" at a point "p" depends on the value of "X" in a neighborhood of "p", not just at "p" itself. Finally, the exterior derivative of differential forms does not require any additional choices, but is only a well defined derivative of differential forms (including functions).


title: Lie derivative

text: The Lie derivative may be defined in several equivalent ways. To keep things simple, we begin by defining the Lie derivative acting on scalar functions and vector fields, before moving on to the definition for general tensors.


title: Lie derivative

text: Defining the derivative of a function formula_5 on a manifold is problematic because the difference quotient formula_6 cannot be determined while the displacement formula_7 is undefined.


title: Lie derivative

text: The Lie derivative of a function formula_8 with respect to a vector field formula_9 at a point formula_10 is the function


title: Lie derivative

text: where formula_12 is the point to which the flow defined by the vector field formula_9 maps the point formula_14 at time instant formula_15 In the vicinity of formula_16 formula_12 is the unique solution of the system


title: Lie derivative

text: of first-order autonomous (i.e. time-independent) differential equations in the tangent space formula_19, with formula_20


title: Lie derivative

text: For a coordinate chart formula_21 on the manifold formula_22 and formula_23 let formula_24 be the tangent linear map. The above system of differential equations is more explicitly written as a system


title: Lie derivative

text: in formula_26 with the initial condition being formula_27 It is easily verifiable that the solution formula_12 is independent from the choice of coordinate chart.


title: Lie derivative

text: If "X" and "Y" are both vector fields, then the Lie derivative of "Y" with respect to "X" is also known as the Lie bracket of "X" and "Y", and is sometimes denoted formula_30. There are several approaches to defining the Lie bracket, all of which are equivalent. We list two definitions here, corresponding to the two definitions of a vector field given above:


title: Lie derivative

text: The Lie derivative is the speed with which the tensor field changes under the space deformation caused by the flow.


title: Lie derivative

text: Formally, given a differentiable (time-independent) vector field formula_9 on a smooth manifold formula_22 let


title: Lie derivative

text: formula_33 be the corresponding local flow and formula_34 the identity map. Since formula_35 is a local diffeomorphism, for each formula_36 and formula_37 the inverse


title: Lie derivative

text: between the tensor algebras of the tangent spaces formula_41 and formula_42 Likewise, the pullback map


title: Lie derivative

text: For every formula_45 there is, consequently, a tensor field formula_46 of the same valence as formula_47's.


title: Lie derivative

text: If formula_47 is an formula_49- or formula_50-type tensor field, then the Lie derivative formula_51 of formula_47 along a vector field formula_9 is defined at point formula_10 to be


title: Lie derivative

text: We now give an algebraic definition. The algebraic definition for the Lie derivative of a tensor field follows from the following four axioms:


title: Lie derivative

text: If these axioms hold, then applying the Lie derivative formula_62 to the relation formula_63 shows that


title: Lie derivative

text: The Lie derivative acting on a differential form is the anticommutator of the interior product with the exterior derivative. So if α is a differential form,


title: Lie derivative

text: This follows easily by checking that the expression commutes with exterior derivative, is a derivation (being an anticommutator of graded derivations) and does the right thing on functions.


title: Lie derivative

text: Explicitly, let "T" be a tensor field of type . Consider "T" to be a differentiable multilinear map of smooth sections "α", "α", ..., "α" of the cotangent bundle "T""M" and of sections "X", "X", ..., "X" of the tangent bundle "TM", written "T"("α", "α", ..., "X", "X", ...) into R. Define the Lie derivative of "T" along "Y" by the formula


title: Lie derivative

text: The analytic and algebraic definitions can be proven to be equivalent using the properties of the pushforward and the Leibniz rule for differentiation. The Lie derivative commutes with the contraction.


title: Lie derivative

text: A particularly important class of tensor fields is the class of differential forms. The restriction of the Lie derivative to the space of differential forms is closely related to the exterior derivative. Both the Lie derivative and the exterior derivative attempt to capture the idea of a derivative in different ways. These differences can be bridged by introducing the idea of an interior product, after which the relationships falls out as an identity known as Cartan's formula. Cartan's formula can also be used as a definition of the Lie derivative on the space of differential forms.


title: Lie derivative

text: Let "M" be a manifold and "X" a vector field on "M". Let formula_69 be a -form, i.e. for each formula_10, formula_71 is an alternating multilinear map from formula_72 to the real numbers. The interior product of "X" and "ω" is the "k"-form formula_73 defined as


title: Lie derivative

text: is a formula_77-antiderivation where formula_77 is the wedge product on differential forms. That is, formula_79 is R-linear, and


title: Lie derivative

text: for formula_81 and η another differential form. Also, for a function formula_82, that is, a real- or complex-valued function on "M", one has


title: Lie derivative

text: The relationship between exterior derivatives and Lie derivatives can then be summarized as follows. First, since the Lie derivative of a function "f" with respect to a vector field "X" is the same as the directional derivative "X"("f"), it is also the same as the contraction of the exterior derivative of "f" with "X":


title: Lie derivative

text: For a general differential form, the Lie derivative is likewise a contraction, taking into account the variation in "X":


title: Lie derivative

text: This identity is known variously as Cartan formula, Cartan homotopy formula or Cartan's magic formula. See interior product for details. The Cartan formula can be used as a definition of the Lie derivative of a differential form. Cartan's formula shows in particular that


title: Lie derivative

text: In local coordinate notation, for a type tensor field formula_89, the Lie derivative along formula_9 is


title: Lie derivative

text: here, the notation formula_92 means taking the partial derivative with respect to the coordinate formula_93. Alternatively, if we are using a torsion-free connection (e.g., the Levi Civita connection), then the partial derivative formula_94 can be replaced with the covariant derivative which means replacing formula_95 with (by abuse of notation) formula_96 where the formula_97 are the Christoffel coefficients.


title: Lie derivative

text: The Lie derivative of a tensor is another tensor of the same type, i.e., even though the individual terms in the expression depend on the choice of coordinate system, the expression as a whole results in a tensor


title: Lie derivative

text: The definition can be extended further to tensor densities. If "T" is a tensor density of some real number valued weight "w" (e.g. the volume density of weight 1), then its Lie derivative is a tensor density of the same type and weight.


title: Lie derivative

text: Hence for the scalar field formula_106 and the vector field formula_107 the corresponding Lie derivative becomes


title: Lie derivative

text: For an example of higher rank differential form, consider the 2-form formula_109 and the vector field formula_9 from the previous example. Then,


title: Lie derivative

text: If formula_117 is the symmetric metric tensor, it is parallel with respect to the Levi Civita connection (aka covariant derivative), and it becomes fruitful to use the connection. This has the effect of replacing all derivatives with covariant derivatives, giving


title: Lie derivative

text: The Lie derivative has a number of properties. Let formula_119 be the algebra of functions defined on the manifold "M". Then


title: Lie derivative

text: Similarly, it is a derivation on formula_124 where formula_125 is the set of vector fields on "M" (cf. Theorem 6 from the article: Nichita, F.F. Unification Theories: New Results and Examples. Axioms 2019, 8, 60):


title: Lie derivative

text: where the tensor product symbol formula_128 is used to emphasize the fact that the product of a function times a vector field is being taken over the entire manifold.


title: Lie derivative

text: Additional properties are consistent with that of the Lie bracket. Thus, for example, considered as a derivation on a vector field,


title: Lie derivative

text: one finds the above to be just the Jacobi identity. Thus, one has the important result that the space of vector fields over "M", equipped with the Lie bracket, forms a Lie algebra.


title: Lie derivative

text: The Lie derivative also has important properties when acting on differential forms. Let "α" and "β" be two differential forms on "M", and let "X" and "Y" be two vector fields. Then


title: Lie derivative

text: A definition for Lie derivatives of spinors along generic spacetime vector fields, not necessarily Killing ones, on a general (pseudo) Riemannian manifold was already proposed in 1971 by Yvette Kosmann. Later, it was provided a geometric framework which justifies her "ad hoc" prescription within the general framework of Lie derivatives on fiber bundles in the explicit context of gauge natural bundles which turn out to be the most appropriate arena for (gauge-covariant) field theories.


title: Lie derivative

text: In a given spin manifold, that is in a Riemannian manifold formula_133 admitting a spin structure, the Lie derivative of a spinor field formula_134 can be defined by first defining it with respect to infinitesimal isometries (Killing vector fields) via the André Lichnerowicz's local expression given in 1963:


title: Lie derivative

text: where formula_136, as formula_137 is assumed to be a Killing vector field, and formula_138 are Dirac matrices.


title: Lie derivative

text: It is then possible to extend Lichnerowicz's definition to all vector fields (generic infinitesimal transformations) by retaining Lichnerowicz's local expression for a "generic" vector field formula_9, but explicitly taking the antisymmetric part of formula_140 only. More explicitly, Kosmann's local expression given in 1972 is:


title: Lie derivative

text: where formula_142 is the commutator, formula_143 is exterior derivative, formula_144 is the dual 1 form corresponding to formula_9 under the metric (i.e. with lowered indices) and formula_146 is Clifford multiplication.


title: Lie derivative

text: It is worth noting that the spinor Lie derivative is independent of the metric, and hence also of the connection. This is not obvious from the right-hand side of Kosmann's local expression, as the right-hand side seems to depend on the metric through the spin connection (covariant derivative), the dualisation of vector fields (lowering of the indices) and the Clifford multiplication on the spinor bundle. Such is not the case: the quantities on the right-hand side of Kosmann's local expression combine so as to make all metric and connection dependent terms cancel.


title: Lie derivative

text: To gain a better understanding of the long-debated concept of Lie derivative of spinor fields one may refer to the original article, where the definition of a Lie derivative of spinor fields is placed in the more general framework of the theory of Lie derivatives of sections of fiber bundles and the direct approach by Y. Kosmann to the spinor case is generalized to gauge natural bundles in the form of a new geometric concept called the Kosmann lift.


title: Lie derivative

text: If we have a principal bundle over the manifold M with G as the structure group, and we pick X to be a covariant vector field as section of the tangent space of the principal bundle (i.e. it has horizontal and vertical components), then the covariant Lie derivative is just the Lie derivative with respect to X over the principal bundle.


title: Lie derivative

text: Now, if we're given a vector field "Y" over "M" (but not the principal bundle) but we also have a connection over the principal bundle, we can define a vector field X over the principal bundle such that its horizontal component matches "Y" and its vertical component agrees with the connection. This is the covariant Lie derivative.


title: Lie derivative

text: Another generalization, due to Albert Nijenhuis, allows one to define the Lie derivative of a differential form along any section of the bundle Ω("M", T"M") of differential forms with values in the tangent bundle. If "K" ∈ Ω("M", T"M") and α is a differential "p"-form, then it is possible to define the interior product "i"α of "K" and α. The Nijenhuis–Lie derivative is then the anticommutator of the interior product and the exterior derivative:


title: Lie derivative

text: In 1931, Władysław Ślebodziński introduced a new differential operator, later called by David van Dantzig that of Lie derivation, which can be applied to scalars, vectors, tensors and affine connections and which proved to be a powerful instrument in the study of groups of automorphisms.


title: Lie derivative

text: The Lie derivatives of general geometric objects (i.e., sections of natural fiber bundles) were studied by A. Nijenhuis, Y. Tashiro and K. Yano.


title: Lie derivative

text: For a quite long time, physicists had been using Lie derivatives, without reference to the work of mathematicians. In 1940, Léon Rosenfeld—and before him (in 1921) Wolfgang Pauli—introduced what he called a ‘local variation’ formula_148 of a geometric object formula_149 induced by an infinitesimal transformation of coordinates generated by a vector field formula_150. One can easily prove that his formula_148 is formula_152.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: An open-hearth furnace or open hearth furnace is any of several kinds of industrial furnace in which excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce steel. Because steel is difficult to manufacture owing to its high melting point, normal fuels and furnaces were insufficient for mass production of steel, and the open-hearth type of furnace was one of several technologies developed in the nineteenth century to overcome this difficulty. Compared with the Bessemer process, which it displaced, its main advantages were that it did not expose the steel to excessive nitrogen (which would cause the steel to become brittle), was easier to control, and permitted the melting and refining of large amounts of scrap iron and steel.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: The open-hearth furnace was first developed by German-born engineer Carl Wilhelm Siemens. In 1865, the French engineer Pierre-Émile Martin took out a license from Siemens and first applied his regenerative furnace for making steel. Their process was known as the Siemens–Martin process or Martin–Siemens process, and the furnace as an "open-hearth" furnace. Most open hearth furnaces were closed by the early 1990s, not least because of their slow operation, being replaced by the basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: Whereas the earliest example of open-hearth steelmaking is found about 2000 years ago in the culture of the Haya people, in present day Tanzania, and in Europe in the Catalan forge, invented in Spain in the 8th century, it is usual to confine the term to certain 19th-century and later steelmaking processes, thus excluding bloomeries (including the Catalan forge), finery forges, and puddling furnaces from its application.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: The open-hearth process is a batch process and a batch is called a "heat". The furnace is first inspected for possible damage. Once it is ready or repaired, it is charged with light scrap, such as sheet metal, shredded vehicles or waste metal. The furnace is heated using burning gas. Once the charge has melted, heavy scrap, such as building, construction or steel milling scrap is added, together with pig iron from blast furnaces. Once all the steel has melted, slag-forming agents such as limestone are added. The oxygen in iron oxide and other impurities decarburizes the pig iron by burning excess carbon away, forming steel. To increase the oxygen content of the heat, iron ore can be added.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: The process is far slower than that of the Bessemer converter and thus easier to control and sample for quality assessment. Preparing a heat usually takes eight to eight and a half hours, and longer to finish the conversion into steel. As the process is slow, it is not necessary to burn all the carbon away as in the Bessemer process, but the process can be terminated at any given point when the desired carbon content has been achieved.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: The furnace is tapped in the same way a blast furnace is tapped; a hole is drilled in the side of the hearth and the raw steel flows out. Once all the steel has been tapped, the slag is skimmed away. The raw steel may be cast into ingots, a process called "teeming", or it may be used in continuous casting in the rolling mill.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: The regenerators are the distinctive feature of the furnace and consist of fire-brick flues filled with bricks set on edge and arranged in such a way as to have a great number of small passages between them. The bricks absorb most of the heat from the outgoing waste gases and return it later to the incoming cold gases for combustion.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: Carl Wilhelm Siemens developed the Siemens regenerative furnace in the 1850s, and claimed in 1857 to be recovering enough heat to save 70–80% of the fuel. This furnace operates at a high temperature by using regenerative preheating of fuel and air for combustion. In regenerative preheating, the exhaust gases from the furnace are pumped into a chamber containing bricks, where heat is transferred from the gases to the bricks. The flow of the furnace is then reversed so that fuel and air pass through the chamber and are heated by the bricks. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, but Siemens did not initially use it for that.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: In 1865, the French engineer Pierre-Émile Martin took out a license from Siemens and first applied his regenerative furnace for making steel. The most appealing characteristic of the Siemens regenerative furnace is the rapid production of large quantities of basic steel, used for example to construct high-rise buildings. The usual size of furnaces is 50 to 100 tons, but for some special processes they may have a capacity of 250 or even 500 tons.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: The Siemens–Martin process complemented rather than replaced the Bessemer process. It is slower and thus easier to control, allowing production of better product. It also permits the melting and refining of large amounts of scrap steel, further lowering steel production costs and recycling an otherwise troublesome waste material. One of its important drawbacks is that melting and refining a charge takes several hours. This was an advantage in the early 20th century, as it gave plant chemists time to analyze the steel and decide how much longer to refine it. But by about 1975, electronic instruments such as atomic absorption spectrophotometers had made analysis of the steel much easier and faster. The work environment around an open-hearth furnace is said to be extremely dangerous, although that may be even more true of the environment around a basic oxygen or electric arc furnace.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: On the one hand, the process achieves lesser economies of scale than the Bessemer, so its steel was costlier in former's heyday, but on the other, it was more suitable for countries which couldn't produce lots of steel anyway due to limitations of natural resources.


title: Open hearth furnace

text: Basic oxygen steelmaking eventually replaced the open-hearth furnace. It rapidly superseded both the Bessemer and Siemens–Martin processes in western Europe by the 1950s and in eastern Europe by the 1980s. Open-hearth steelmaking had superseded the Bessemer process in UK by 1900, but elsewhere in Europe, especially in Germany, the Bessemer and Thomas processes were used until the late 1960s when they were superseded by basic oxygen steelmaking. The last open-hearth furnace in the former East Germany was stopped in 1993. In the US, steel production using the Bessemer process ended in 1968 and the open-hearth furnaces had stopped by 1992. In Hunedoara steel works, Romania the last 420-tonne capacity open-hearth furnace was shut down on 12 June 1999 and demolished and scrapped between 2001 and 2003, but the eight smokestacks of the furnaces remained until February 2011. The last open-hearth shop in China was shut down in 2001. The nation with the highest share of steel produced with open-hearth furnaces (almost 50%), as of 2010s, was Ukraine. The process is still in use in India and some parts of Ukraine. Russia retired its last hearth furnace in March 2018, and was considering preserving it as a museum artifact.


title: Robin Koch

text: Robin Koch (; born 17 July 1996) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defender for Premier League club Leeds United and the Germany national team.


title: Robin Koch

text: Koch made his first-team debut for 1. FC Kaiserslautern after graduated from the club's youth system and also played in Bundesliga with SC Freiburg. He has previously played for Eintracht Trier II, Eintracht Trier, 1. FC Kaiserslautern II, 1. FC Kaiserslautern and SC Freiburg. He was included in the Germany U21 team before joining the first-team in November 2019. In August 2020, he signed for Leeds United ahead of their Premier League return and in 2021, represented them at UEFA Euro 2020.


title: Robin Koch

text: Koch was born in Kaiserslautern and joined 1. FC Kaiserslautern's academy at the age of five, but switched to SV Dörbach when his family moved to Salmtal. He joined Eintracht Trier's academy in 2009, and despite the fact that "he was never seen as a superstar talent" according to his childhood best friend, he was invited to regional trials by the German Football Association in 2011. He was promoted to Trier's first team in 2014, and made his debut on 22 September 2014 in a 0–0 draw with TuS Koblenz. He scored his first senior goal on 22 November 2014 in a 4–2 victory over SpVgg Neckarelz; A low shot in the 25th minute to put Eintracht Trier 1–0 up. He appeared in 23 league matches for Eintracht Trier across the 2014–15 season, scoring two goals, whilst he also appeared 6 times for their reserve side.


title: Robin Koch

text: In 2015, Koch moved to 1. FC Kaiserslautern, initially joining their reserve side. Though he was the son of Kaiserslautern legend Harry Koch, he "tried hard not to live on his father's reputation", living an "unglamorous lifestyle" and "staying off the grid" at Kaiserslautern. He scored once in 26 appearances for Kaiserslautern's reserves in the 2015–16 season. Koch signed his first professional contract with the club in September 2016, with the contract lasting until the summer of 2019. His debut for Kaiserslautern came on 2 October 2016, starting in a 0–0 draw against Arminia Bielefeld in the 2. Bundesliga. He made 24 appearances for Kaiserslautern during the 2016–17 season, and attracted the interest of multiple Bundesliga clubs according to his father Harry.


title: Robin Koch

text: On 22 August 2017, Koch moved to Bundesliga side SC Freiburg. The transfer fee paid to Kaiserslautern was reported as €3.5 million. He made his Bundesliga debut for Freiburg on 22 October 2017 against Hertha Berlin in a 1–1 draw. He scored his first goal for the club on 13 January 2018 in a 1–1 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt.


title: Robin Koch

text: On 29 August 2020, Koch joined newly-promoted Premier League club Leeds United on a four-year deal, for a transfer fee that was reported to be £13 million. He was signed as a replacement for former loanee Ben White, who was deemed to be too expensive to sign permanently. Koch made his Premier League debut for Leeds in the first match of the season against Liverpool on 12 September 2020, starting in the 3–4 defeat at Anfield to the reigning champions. Koch was described as having a 'rough debut', having given away the penalty resulting in Liverpool's first goal despite the fact that the ball deflected off his thigh, before failing to mark Virgil van Dijk for Liverpool's second. Koch was substituted in the ninth minute of a 3–1 defeat to Chelsea on 5 December after a recurrence of a knee injury suffered in the opening game of the season, and subsequently underwent knee surgery. He made his return to the first team as a late substitute against Fulham on 19 March 2021. Following the appointment of Jesse Marsch as manager at Leeds, and a switch to zonal marking, Koch appeared to take a step up in his game and became a regular starter in central defence towards the end of the 2021/22 season and into 2022/23.


title: Robin Koch

text: Having first been called up to Germany's under-21 squad in October 2018, he was part of the Germany U21's squad who finished runner up at the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship after losing the final to Spain in June 2019.


title: Robin Koch

text: Koch was first called up to the Germany national football team in October 2019, and he made his debut on 9 October 2019 in a friendly against Argentina in which he started the game and played the whole match. His competitive debut for Germany came in his next appearance for the senior national team on 16 November 2019, starting in the 4–0 UEFA Euro 2020 qualifier victory against Belarus. He was called up to the Germany squad on 26 August 2020 for the UEFA Nations League fixtures against Spain and Switzerland. On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.


title: Robin Koch

text: Koch plays mainly as a centre-back, but can also play as a defensive midfielder or as a central midfielder. He is described as a ball playing centre back and his style of play has been compared to that of Javi Martínez.


title: Robin Koch

text: He is the son of former professional footballer Harry Koch. His younger brother Louis plays for SV Alsenborn.


title: Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock

text: Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock (initially referred to as Guitar Hero 6 or Guitar Hero VI) is a 2010 music rhythm video game developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. The sixth main installment in the "Guitar Hero" series following "Guitar Hero 5". The game was released in September 2010 for PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360. Similar to previous entries in the franchise, it is geared towards playing in a four-person band experience, including lead and bass guitar, drums, and vocals. The game is available as a standalone title, allowing players to use existing compatible instrument controllers, and as a bundle that provides these controllers.


title: Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock

text: "Warriors of Rock" shares core gameplay elements with its predecessors, but introduced a new story mode in which the player must recruit eight characters—each with a unique ability that modifies the mechanics of the game—to help defeat an antagonist known as "The Beast". The storyline also incorporated Rush's seven-part "2112", as well as "Sudden Death", a new song performed by Megadeth to serve as its culmination (the song would later be included in Megadeth's following album, "TH1RT3EN"). "Warriors of Rock" carried over core gameplay and multiplayer functionality introduced by "Guitar Hero 5", including per-song bonus challenges, and the ability to use power-ups from the story mode in standard gameplay.


title: Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock

text: "Warriors of Rock" received mixed to positive reviews from gaming journalists: while critics felt that "Warriors of Rock" would appeal best to long-time fans of the "Guitar Hero" franchise, some felt that the overall soundtrack was weaker than that of past installments due to its lack of focus and use of lesser-known songs and artists. The game's "Quest Mode" was met with a similarly mixed reaction, with some critics considering it a notable change over the career modes of previous "Guitar Hero" games and praising certain highlights, such as the "2112" segment, but criticizing the pacing of the storyline and how its songs were organized.


title: Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock

text: Sales of "Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock" were weaker than those of "Guitar Hero 5", with combined sales of the game and "DJ Hero 2" through the end of 2010 being 63% lower than the sales of "Guitar Hero 5", "DJ Hero" and "Band Hero" through the end of 2009. Initial shipments of "Warriors of Rock" were also bundled with a copy of Soundgarden's compilation album "Telephantasm"; based on its distribution with copies of the game, "Telephantasm" became the first album to receive a Platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America based on distribution alongside a video game. As a result of the underwhelming sales, also credited to the oversaturation of the music game market, the "Guitar Hero" franchise was put on hiatus until the release of the 2015 reboot, "Guitar Hero Live".


title: Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock

text: As with previous games in the series, "Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock" is a rhythm game, allowing up to four people play in a band on vocals, lead and bass/rhythm guitar, and drums, to use special instrument controllers to simulate the playing of rock music. In general, the goal for each player is to match scrolling note gems that correspond to that instrument's part in the given song to score points; the guitar and bass player must hold down the appropriate colored buttons on the controller and then use the strum bar as the notes pass over a marked zone; the drummer must strike the matching drum pads on the controller when the notes pass, and the vocalist must match the relative pitch of the song's lyrics as guided by phrase markers. Successfully striking notes earns points and boosts the player's performance meter; missing notes will cause this meter to drop. When playing by one's self, if the performance meter should empty, the song will end and require the player to restart it; when playing in a band, the remaining band members must play well enough for a limited time to "revive" a player that has fallen out due to an empty performance meter, or else the whole band will fail the song. Prior to the start of a song, each player can select one of five difficulty levels: Beginner, Easy, Medium, Hard, and Expert, with a sixth difficulty of Expert+ available to some songs on the drums which introduces a double bass pedal. Harder difficulties have characters with high note densities and more difficult playing techniques; each player can select their own difficulty to play.


title: Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock

text: For guitar and bass players, the players are given the opportunity to play single notes or chords, both as single notes or sustained, during which the players must continue to hold down the fret button(s) for the extent of the sustain. Some charts provide the ability to hold down one sustained note via its fret button while strumming additional notes. "Warriors of Rock" also provides simulated hammer-ons and pull-offs, where, after striking one note, specifically marked notes can be played by fingering the correct buttons but without strumming. There are also note portions of some songs where notes appear semi-transparent relative to normal notes; these notes, introduced in "Guitar Hero World Tour", can be played simply by tapping the correct buttons on the controller without strumming or using a touch-sensitive "slider bar" below the fret buttons, if the player is using a "World Tour" controller. Bass players can play open chords by strumming without holding any fret buttons. "Warriors of Rock" introduces sustained open chords for bass players, although unlike other sustainable notes, does not require you to hold down the button required to execute the note initially. Drum players, when using velocity-sensitive drum kits, may be presented with both ghosted notes or notes with a shield icon over them; these represents drum notes that should be struck softer or harder than normal, respectively, to score more points. Drum players can also attach a second bass drum pedal, necessary for certain songs in the "Expert+" difficulty.