title: Master Saleem

text: Saleem's first album, "Charkhe Di Ghook", was released when he was 10 years old. It was released on the label "Sur Taal", created by his father's friend, Manjinder Singh Goli, and went on to become a hit. This led to several Punjabi music and religious albums and live shows. His song "Dhol Jagiro Da" also became a huge hit and giving him wide popularity. In the late 1990s, however as he was growing his voice started changing, which lessened his popularity. He made his comeback in 2000, with the Sufi number "Aj Hona Deedar Mahi da", which he sang at a New Year's programme at Doordarshan channel, and later released albums dedicated to Goddess Durga including, "Mela Maiya Da" (2004), "Aj Hai Jagrata", "Meri Maiya" and "Darshan Kar Lao".


title: Master Saleem

text: Around 2005, singer Jasbir Jassi introduced him to music director Sandeep Chowta, who subsequently called him to Delhi to record single "Sajni" in Sony Music album "Teri Sajni".


title: Master Saleem

text: Eventually Shankar Mahadevan, of the music trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, heard his performances at a "jagaran" at the Devi Talaab Mandir, Jalandhar, being aired at a religious TV channel, and thus Saleem made his debut as playback singer with single "Mast Kalandar" from the film "Heyy Babyy" (2007) under their music direction. The song was a hit and launched his Bollywood career. This was followed by most well-known singles including "Tashan Mein" from the film "Tashan" and "Maa Da Ladla" from the film "Dostana" (2008), and "Aahun Aahun" in "Love Aaj Kal" (2009). and in 2010 some of his hit songs have been "Humka Peeni Hai" from "Dabangg and "Shakira" in "No Problem and "Chamki Jawani" in Yamla Pagla Deewana. In 2011 one of his first hits was "Rola Pe Gaya" in Patiala House.


title: Manarola

text: Manarola ("Manaea" in the local dialect) is a small town, a frazione of the comune (municipality) of Riomaggiore, in the province of La Spezia, Liguria, northern Italy. It is the second-smallest of the famous Cinque Terre towns frequented by tourists, with a population of 353.


title: Manarola

text: Manarola may be the oldest of the towns in the Cinque Terre, with the cornerstone of the church, San Lorenzo, dating from 1338. The local dialect is Manarolese, which is marginally different from the dialects in the nearby area. The name "Manarola" is probably a dialectical evolution of the Latin, "" Magna rota"". In the Manarolese dialect, this was changed to ""Magna roea"" which means "large wheel", about the mill wheel in the town.


title: Manarola

text: Manarola's primary industries have traditionally been fishing and wine-making. The local wine, called "Sciacchetrà", is especially renowned; references from Roman writings mention the high quality of the wine produced in the region. In recent years, Manarola and its neighboring towns have become popular tourist destinations, particularly in the summer months. Tourist attractions in the region include a famous walking trail between Manarola and Riomaggiore (called "Via dell'Amore", "Love's Trail") and hiking trails in the hills and vineyards above the town. Manarola is one of the five villages of the Cinque Terre. Most of the houses are bright and colourful. Manarola was celebrated in paintings by Antonio Discovolo (1874–1956).


title: Manarola

text: Like its fellow Cinque Terre town of Riomaggiore, it was featured in the video game "Forza Horizon 2". Manarola was not featured as the main location but was referenced on various road signs. It is also the inspiration for the Dorado map in the video game "Overwatch".


title: Manarola

text: The Cinque Terre towns, Manarola included, are the inspiration for the town of Portorosso in the 2021 animated film "Luca".


title: Wind chime

text: Wind chimes are a type of percussion instrument constructed from suspended tubes, rods, bells or other objects that are often made of metal or wood. The tubes or rods are suspended along with some type of weight or surface which the tubes or rods can strike when they or another wind-catching surface are blown by the natural movement of air outside. They are usually hung outside of a building or residence as a visual and aural garden ornament. Since the percussion instruments are struck according to the random effects of the wind blowing the chimes, wind chimes have been considered an example of chance-based music. The tubes or rods may sound either indistinct pitches, or fairly distinct pitches. Wind chimes that sound fairly distinct pitches can, through the chance movement of air, create simple songs or broken chords.


title: Wind chime

text: Roman wind chimes, usually made of bronze, were called "tintinnabulum" and were hung in gardens, courtyards, and porticoes where wind movement caused them to tinkle. Bells were believed to ward off malevolent spirits and were often combined with a phallus, which was also a symbol of good fortune and a charm against the evil eye. The image shows one example with a phallus portrayed with wings and the feet of an animal, and a phallus for a tail. These additions increased its protective powers.


title: Wind chime

text: In India during the second century CE, and later in China, extremely large pagodas became popular with small wind bells hung at each corner; the slightest breeze caused the clapper to swing, made in bronze too, producing a melodious tinkling. It is said that these bells were originally intended to frighten away not only birds but also any lurking evil spirits. Wind bells are also hung under the corners of temple, palace and home roofs; they are not limited to pagodas. Japanese glass wind bells known as "fūrin" () have been produced since the Edo period, and those at Mizusawa Station are one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan. Wind chimes are thought to be good luck in parts of Asia and are used in Feng Shui.


title: Wind chime

text: Wind chimes started to become modernized around 1100 C.E. after the Chinese began to cast bells. A bell without a clapper, called a "yong-zhong", was crafted by skilled metal artisans and primarily used in religious ceremonies. Afterwards, the Chinese created the "feng-ling"(), which is similar to today's modern wind bell. Feng-lings were hung from shrines and pagodas to ward off evil spirits and attract benevolent ones. Today, wind chimes are common in the East and used to maximize the flow of chi, or life's energy.


title: Wind chime

text: Chimes produce inharmonic (as opposed to harmonic) spectra, although if they are hung at about 2/9 of their length (22.4%), some of the higher partials are damped and the fundamental rings the loudest. This is common practice in high-quality wind chimes, which are also usually hung so the centre ball strikes the centre of the wind chime's length, also resulting in the loudest sounding fundamental. Frequency is determined by the length, width, thickness, and material. There are formulas that help predict the proper length to achieve a particular note, though a bit of fine tuning is often needed.


title: Wind chime

text: Most chimes employ pentatonic or tetratonic scales as the basis for the pitches of their individual chimes as opposed to the traditional western heptatonic scale. This is largely due to the fact that these scales inherently contain fewer dissonant intervals, and therefore sound more pleasant to the average listener when notes are struck at random.


title: Wind chime

text: In instruments such as organ pipes, the pitch is determined primarily by the length of the air column, because it is the resonance of the air column that generates the sound. The pipe material helps determine the "timbre" or "voice" of the pipe, but the air column determines the pitch. In a wind chime, the vibrations of the pipe itself radiate the sound after being struck, so the air column has little to do with the pitch being produced.


title: Wind chime

text: Sound can be produced when the tubes or rods come in contact with a suspended central clapper in the form of a ball or horizontal disk, or with each other.


title: Wind chime

text: Wind chimes may be used to observe changes in wind direction, depending on where they are hung when they commence to sound.


title: Wind chime

text: Wind chimes can be made of materials other than metal or wood and in shapes other than tubes or rods. Other wind chimes materials include glass, bamboo, shell, stone, earthenware, stoneware, beads, keys and porcelain. More exotic items, such as silverware or cookie cutters, can also be recycled to create wind chimes. The selected material can have a large effect on the sound a wind chime produces. The sounds produced by recycling objects such as these are not tunable to specific notes and range from pleasant tinkling to dull thuds. The sounds produced by properly sized wind chime tubes are tunable to notes. As aluminum is the common metal with the lowest internal damping, wind chimes are often made from aluminum to achieve the longest and loudest sounding chime.


title: Wind chime

text: The tone depends on factors such as the material, the exact alloy, heat treatment, and whether a solid cylinder or a tube is used. If a tube is used, the wall thickness also affects the tone. Tone may also depend on the hanging method. The tone quality also depends on the material of the object that is used to hit the chimes.


title: Wind chime

text: With clay wind chimes, the higher the final firing temperature, the brighter and more ringing the resulting tone. Earthenware clay fired at lower temperatures produces a duller sound than stoneware clay fired at higher temperatures. Stoneware wind chimes are also more durable and able to resist stronger winds without suffering chipping or damage.


title: Wind chime

text: A wind chime constructed of a circular tube may be modelled as a freely vibrating and the dominant frequency in cycles per second is given by:


title: Wind chime

text: where "L" is the length of the tube, "E" is the Young's modulus for the tube material, "I" is the second moment of area of the tube, and μ is the mass per unit length of the tube. Young's modulus "E" is a constant for a given material. If the inner radius of the tube is "r" and the outer radius is "r", then the second moment of area for an axis perpendicular to the axis of the tube is:


title: Wind chime

text: For sufficiently thin-walled tubes the "W" term may be neglected, and for a given material, the main frequency is inversely proportional to "L" and proportional to the diameter "D".


title: Wind chime

text: For the main mode of vibration, there will be two nodes on the tube, where the tube is motionless during the vibration. These nodes will be located at a distance of 22.416% of the length of the tube from each end of the tube. If the tube is simply supported (not clamped) at one or both of these nodes, the tube will vibrate as if these supports did not exist. A wind chime will give the clearest and loudest tone when it is hung using one of these node points as the attachment point. These attachment points are also the same as used by other similar instrument such as the xylophone and glockenspiel.


title: Wind chime

text: Different types of wind chimes have also been used in modern music and are listed as a percussion instrument. The following is a brief list of artists and composers who have used them:


title: Dog Pound (film)

text: Dog Pound is a 2010 Canadian psychological thriller film directed and co-written by Kim Chapiron. It is a Canadian remake of the British borstal film, "Scum". This is Chapiron's only film to go direct-to-video.


title: Dog Pound (film)

text: Butch, Davis, and Angel are teenagers who have been sentenced to Enola Vale juvenile detention center in Montana. The focus is on Butch, who has been imprisoned for attacking and blinding a correctional officer.


title: Dog Pound (film)

text: Goodyear, a tough but fair officer, urges the new inmates to follow the rules and quietly serve their time so they can earn a second chance on the outside. At first Butch attempts to conform to the rules, but soon he and his friends are attacked by the chief bully Banks and his thugs, Eckersley and Looney.


title: Dog Pound (film)

text: Refusing to reveal the names of his attackers, Butch is sent to solitary confinement. Once out, he immediately exacts revenge on Banks, Eckersley, and Looney. Butch saves the worst for Banks, who is savagely beaten. The beatings establish his rank among the inmates and offers temporary protection to his friends, Davis and Angel.


title: Dog Pound (film)

text: During a routine painting job, Angel and Goodyear get into a physical altercation; Angel is thrown against a wall by Goodyear and dies instantly. Butch, who was a witness to the altercation, is placed in solitary confinement while an investigation takes place.


title: Dog Pound (film)

text: Without Butch's protection, Davis is raped by Looney and Eckersley. Davis tries to contact his mother during the night, but an officer denies his request, telling him he'll have to wait until morning. Feeling helpless, Davis goes back to his bunk, eventually committing suicide by slitting his wrists.


title: Dog Pound (film)

text: The deaths of both Angel and Davis result in their dormitory going on a hunger strike during breakfast. After a stare-down in the cafeteria where tempers flare, Butch loses control, throws a chair and instigates a full blown prison riot where he brutally attacks Looney. The detention officers are overwhelmed and return to the cafeteria in riot gear, using tear gas and plastic bullets in an attempt to end the riot. During the riot, Butch tries to escape the building, but is caught and beaten by the prison officers moments later, and is violently dragged back in the building by the latters.


title: Dog Pound (film)

text: "Dog Pound" premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on 24 April 2010. It was released in France on 23 June 2010, and in Canada on 7 September 2010. It was also released in the United States, Mexico, Switzerland (French speaking region only), Spain, and the United Kingdom.


title: Dog Pound (film)

text: The film was described as "intense" and not suited to the tastes of all viewers by reviewer Perri Nemiroff.


title: Dog Pound (film)

text: The film received positive reviews; on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 65% "fresh" rating with a 6.2 average- based on 26 reviews. Metacritic shows a 57/100 rating, signifying "mixed or average reviews".


title: Dog Pound (film)

text: "Dog Pound" is French director Chapiron's first English-language feature, and the film earned him an award as Best New Narrative Filmmaker at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival.


title: George Jefferson

text: George Jefferson is a fictional character played by Sherman Hemsley on the American television sitcoms "All in the Family" (1973–1975, 1978) and its spin-off "The Jeffersons" (1975–1985), in which he serves as the program's protagonist. He has appeared in all 253 episodes of "The Jeffersons".


title: George Jefferson

text: George Jefferson was born in Harlem in 1929, an ambitious African-American entrepreneur who started and managed a successful chain of seven dry cleaning stores in New York City. The only background on the Jefferson family is that they were Alabama sharecroppers. In a very early episode, George's wife Louise makes mention of a conversation she had with George's father after she and George were married about the Jeffersons family roots. However, the show's writers later applied a retroactive change in the continuity of George's father, such that he had died when George was 10 years old. This left George to take care of his mother; therefore, George was unable to complete high school. He was a cook in the US Navy during the Korean War. He began dating Louise when they were teenagers and married her upon his discharge from the navy in 1951; by 1979 they had been married 28 years.


title: George Jefferson

text: Before the Jeffersons' store opening, the family lived in a derelict section of Harlem. George had worked as a janitor at the "Hempstead Apartments", and Louise as a housekeeper. In the third episode of All in the Family "My Aching Back", Lionel Jefferson explained that his father was able to open his cleaning store with a $3,200 ($21,467.34 in 2021) settlement after being rear-ended by a bus. Although this is later contradicted in a Season Six episode of The Jeffersons, "The First Store".


title: George Jefferson

text: George's brother Henry Jefferson, played by veteran character actor Mel Stewart, appeared in "All in the Family" during the lead-up to the spin-off of "The Jeffersons". That character was created only because Sherman Hemsley was starring in the Broadway musical "Purlie" and not yet available to take on the part of George. Once Hemsley became available and joined the cast, the character of his brother became extraneous, and as a result, Henry Jefferson never appeared on "The Jeffersons". Henry's absence was attributed to his family's move to Chicago, but was mentioned one time when he had a son named Raymond (played by Gary Coleman), who came to visit his aunt Louise and uncle George in one episode of "The Jeffersons".


title: George Jefferson

text: During "All in the Family", Jefferson lived in a working-class neighborhood in the borough of Queens, next door to the Bunker family, with his wife Louise (Isabel Sanford) and son Lionel (Mike Evans). During the period between 1971 and 1973, George's perpetual absence was explained as being a result of his refusal to set foot in his bigoted neighbor Archie Bunker's home, although in later episodes relationships between Jefferson and Bunker thawed somewhat. When the spin-off series "The Jeffersons" began in January 1975, George and his family had moved "to a deluxe apartment in the sky" on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.


title: George Jefferson

text: Like his neighbor Archie Bunker, George Jefferson was frequently opinionated, rude, bigoted, prone to scheming and not particularly intelligent in a scholastic sense, but still a loving, hard-working father and husband. Unlike Archie, however, George was quicker thinking, and usually cleverer. Frequently, plots in "The Jeffersons" revolved around George's usually dishonest schemes, which always ended in comedic failure. In the Season 3 episode "A Case of Black and White", George schemes to obtain a new client (a mixed-race couple) by inviting them and the Willises (also a mixed-race couple) to dinner. When the Willises realize that George is using them, they leave before the new client shows up. This makes George bribe Florence the maid and Ralph the doorman into pretending to be the Willises. Eventually the Willises return, and by pretending to be Florence and Ralph, they help George land the client, while trapping George into throwing them an extravagant anniversary party. In the episode "George and Jimmy" George's big-mouthed attempts to invite US President Jimmy Carter to his home as a publicity stunt backfires with George almost being arrested by the US Secret Service. In another episode "George and the Manager" George's refusal to hire "any" woman to be the manager of his cleaning store results in 1] A qualified African American woman refusing to work for George under any circumstances 2] a qualified white woman employee quits so she can work at George's biggest competitor, Cunningham Cleaners 3] Louise and Mother Jefferson allied with one another against George's sexist attitude. In the last episode of the series "Red Robins", George's dishonest "business advice" to his granddaughter Jessica Jefferson and her "Red Robins" girl scout troop about selling their uneatable candy results in the girls losing a chance at a scout Jamboree and Louise Jefferson scolding George soundly.


title: George Jefferson

text: Like Archie Bunker, George Jefferson's personality softened as years passed. By "The Jeffersons" series finale in 1985, the frequent racism and interracial marriage plot-lines of early seasons were replaced with plots involving the Jeffersons' family life, as well as interactions with maid Florence (played by Marla Gibbs) and neighbors. George would form a grudging friendship with Tom Willis and this was primarily what prompted Hemsley to ask for the aforementioned changes, feeling George would no longer make such jokes if he and Tom were truly becoming friends.


title: George Jefferson

text: Hemsley appeared as George twice on "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", appearing along with Isabel Sanford as Louise, debating whether or not to buy the house Will Smith's character had lived in for the last several years from his aunt and uncle in the later episode.


title: George Jefferson

text: The following is a list of "All in the Family" episodes featuring George Jefferson before and during "The Jeffersons".


title: George Jefferson

text: The lingering cultural impact of the George Jefferson character is such that Michelle Obama, the wife of then-presidential candidate Barack Obama, referenced George Jefferson in a June 2008 interview with the "New York Times". Referring to an unfounded rumor discussed by a blogger that she had once used the word "whitey" in a speech, Michelle Obama told the "Times": "You are amazed sometimes at how deep the lies can be . . . I mean, ‘whitey’? That's something that George Jefferson would say."


title: Insurrextion (2003)

text: The 2003 Insurrextion was the fourth annual and final Insurrextion professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the American promotion, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw brand division. The event took place on June 7, 2003, at the Telewest Arena in Newcastle, England and was broadcast exclusively in the United Kingdom. It was the first Insurrextion produced under the WWE name, as the promotion was renamed from World Wrestling Federation (WWF) to WWE just two days after the previous year's event.


title: Insurrextion (2003)

text: Seven matches were contested at the event, with two dark matches. In the main event, Triple H defeated Kevin Nash in a Street Fight to retain the World Heavyweight Championship. In other prominent matches, Christian defeated Booker T to retain the WWE Intercontinental Championship, Kane & Rob Van Dam defeated La Résistance (René Duprée and Sylvain Grenier) to retain the World Tag Team Championship, and in the opening bout, Jazz defeated Trish Stratus to retain the WWE Women's Championship.


title: Insurrextion (2003)

text: Insurrextion was discontinued after this 2003 event due to the promotion's discontinuation of UK-exclusive PPVs after this event. Following this event, WWE did not produce another pay-per-view outside of North America until 2018 with that year's Greatest Royal Rumble, which was held in Saudi Arabia. The 2003 Insurrextion would also be the final PPV to take place in the United Kingdom until Clash at the Castle in 2022.


title: Insurrextion (2003)

text: Insurrextion was an annual United Kingdom-exclusive pay-per-view (PPV) produced by the American professional wrestling promotion, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), since 2000. The 2003 event was the fourth event in the Insurrextion chronology and was held on June 7 at the Telewest Arena in Newcastle, England. Like the previous year, it featured wrestlers exclusively from the Raw brand. It was also the first Insurrextion produced under the WWE name, as the company was renamed from World Wrestling Federation (WWF) to WWE just two days after the previous year's event.


title: Insurrextion (2003)

text: The event featured nine professional wrestling matches and two pre-show matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.


title: Insurrextion (2003)

text: The 2003 Insurrextion would be the final Insurrextion event, as WWE discontinued UK-exclusive PPVs after this event as the company began to broadcast "Raw" and "SmackDown!" from the UK in 2004. WWE would not hold another PPV outside of North America until the Greatest Royal Rumble in April 2018, which was held in Saudi Arabia, which was the first of a series of PPVs held in that country. In 2022, WWE announced that it would be holding its first UK PPV in 19 years as Clash at the Castle in September that year.


title: Urvashi

text: Urvashi () is an apsara (celestial nymph) in Hinduism. She is considered to be the most beautiful of all the apsaras, and an expert dancer. Urvashi is mentioned in many "Vedic" and "Puranic" scriptures.


title: Urvashi

text: The Sanskrit name ""Urvaśī"" can have multiple meanings. It is derived from roots"uru" and "aś". Some believe that the name has a non-Aryan origin.


title: Urvashi

text: According to the scripture "Devi Bhagavata Purana", the apsara is known as Urvashi because she is born from the "uru"—'thigh'—of the divine-sage Narayana. Indologist Monier Monier-Williams proposes a different etymology in which the name means 'widely pervasive' and he suggests that in its first appearances in Vedic texts Urvashi was a personification of dawn.


title: Urvashi

text: Urvashi is the only apsara to be specially named in the "Rigveda" (c. 1500–1100 BCE). A dialogue between her and her husband Pururavas is mentioned in "Rigveda" Mandala 10. In the dialogue, Pururavas requests Urvashi not to leave him. The legend of Urvashi is retold and expanded in many later Hindu scriptures, including the "Shatapatha Brahmana", "Brihaddevata", "Mahabharata", "Ramayana", "Harivamsa", "Vayu Purana", "Vishnu Purana", "Matsya Purana", "Bhagavata Purana", "Devi-Bhagavata Purana", "Padma Purana" and "Skanda Purana".


title: Urvashi

text: Urvashi has been dramatized and adapted by many poets and authors. Among these, the most popular one is the "Vikramorvashiyam" by the Sanskrit poet Kalidasa (fl. 4th–5th century CE). The drama depicts the love of Urvashi and Pururavas. Indian author and freedom fighter Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) has also written a poem about Urvashi.


title: Urvashi

text: Urvashi's birth is narrated in the "Devi-Bhagavata Purana". In the legend, the brothers Nara and Narayana are performing penance to please the creator god Brahma, but this makes Indra (the king of the devas) insecure about his throne and he does not want the sage to acquire divine powers. As a result, he creates multiple illusions to break their penance, but all of his tricks fail. Finally, he orders the apsaras of his court, including Rambha, Menaka, and Tilottama, to go to Nara-Narayana and distract them through seduction.


title: Urvashi

text: Accompanied by the god of love, Kama, and his consort, Rati, the apsaras go to Nara-Narayana, and start to dance seductively in front of them. However, the sages remain unaffected by this and decide to break the pride of the apsaras. Narayana slaps his thigh, from which Urvashi emerges. Her beauty leaves Indra's apsaras matchless, and they become ashamed of their evil act. Nara and Narayana assure Indra that they would not take his throne, and gift Urvashi to him. She occupied the place of pride in Indra’s court.


title: Urvashi

text: Urvashi is said to be the "mother" of the Vedic sages—Vasishtha and Agastya. It is narrated in the "Rigveda" that the gods Varuna and Mitra once perform a "yajna" (fire-sacrifice), when Urvashi arrives in front of them. After seeing her, they become sexually aroused and ejaculate their semen into a pitcher from which Vasishtha and Agastya are born. Similar accounts of this story appear in the "Brihaddevata", "Matsya Purana," and other scriptures.


title: Urvashi

text: In later Hindu texts, Vashishtha is described as a Manasputra (mind-created son) of the god Brahma, who takes rebirth through Urvashi and Mitra-Varuna. The "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata" narrate that after Vashishtha dies due to the curse of king Nimi, his spirit is told by Brahma that he won't be reborn from a womb and is instructed to enter inside the body of Mitra-Varuna (combined form of Mitra and Varuna). When Mitra-Varuna sees Urvashi, they separate themselves into two bodies. Varuna desires to have a union with Urvashi and approaches her with his wish. However, she rejects it as she had already promised Mitra a union, leading Varuna to ejaculate inside a celestial pot, which was created by Brahma. Seeing the sight, Urvashi is filled with remorse and passion, causing Mitra's seed to fall from her womb. It is then transferred into the same pot containing Varuna's seed. Vashishtha is reborn from it. Along with him, Agastya is also born. The "Bhagavata Purana" retells the story and adds that after the birth of Vasishtha and Agastya, Mitra curses Urvashi to live as a wife of a mortal man.


title: Urvashi

text: Once Urvashi and Pururavas, the founder of the Chandravamsha (Lunar) dynasty, fell in love with each other. Pururavas asked her to become his wife, but she only agreed on three conditions. The most retold conditions are that Pururavas would protect Urvashi's pet sheep, that he would never force her to consume anything but ghee, and they would never see one another naked (apart from lovemaking).


title: Urvashi

text: Pururavas agreed to these conditions, and they lived happily. Indra started missing Urvashi, and so he created circumstances where the conditions were broken. First, he sent some gandharvas to kidnap the sheep, while the couple was making love. When Urvashi heard her pets' cries, she scolded Pururavas for not keeping his promise. Hearing her harsh words, Pururavas forgot that he was naked, and ran after the sheep. Just then, Indra flashed lightning, and Urvashi saw her husband naked. After the events, Urvashi returned to heaven, and left Pururavas heartbroken. Urvashi would descend upon the earth and bore Pururavas many children, but they were not completely reunited.


title: Urvashi

text: Their love story is found in the Rigveda and Shatapatha Brahmana too. Kalidasa's drama "Vikramōrvaśīyam" is about their love story with variations from the original texts.


title: Urvashi

text: In some texts, Urvashi is said to have caused the birth of the sage Rishyashringa. In the "Mahabharata", Urvashi is enjoying herself on the banks of a river, when Vibhandaka, son of Kashyapa, sees her. He becomes enchanted by her beauty and has seminal emission. His semen comes in contact with a doe (a cursed apsara in some versions) which impregnates her and she later gives birth to Rishyashringa.


title: Urvashi

text: She is also mentioned in the "Mahabharata", as the celestial dancer of Indra's palace. When Arjuna had come for obtaining weapons from his father Indra, his eyes fell upon Urvaśī. Indra, seeing this, sent Chitrasena to ask Urvashi to wait upon Arjuna. Hearing the virtues of Arjuna, Urvashi was filled with desire. At twilight, she reached Arjuna's residence. As soon as Arjuna saw the apsara at night in his chamber adorned in beautiful attire, he saluted her with closed eyes, out of respect and shyness. She told Arjuna of her heart's desire, though the latter jilted her advances, considering her to be an ancestor of his, as well as a mother, because of her past marriage to Pururavas. Enraged, she cursed Arjuna to be destitute of his manhood, and to be scorned as a eunuch for a period of one year. This curse later helped Arjuna during his Agyatvās (incognito exile).


title: Morteza Mehrzad

text: The.Morteza Mehrzad (born on 17 September 1987) is an Iranian volleyball player who plays in the national sitting volleyball team of and Mes Shahr Babak. With a height of 247 cm, he is known as the tallest living man in Iran and the second tallest living man in the world. He was able to win two gold medals and the Golden Ball for the best player in the world in 2022 at the 2016 Rio and 2020 Tokyo Paralympics.


title: Morteza Mehrzad

text: He is part of the Iran men's national sitting volleyball team. He has acromegaly, and has won the Gold medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, 2018 Asian Para Games in Jakarta, 2018 Sitting Volleyball World Championship and 2020 Summer Paralympics In Tokyo and 2022 Sitting Volleyball World Championship in Sarajevo with Iran men's national sitting volleyball team. At club level he played for Samen Al Hojjaj Sabzevar in 2015.


title: Morteza Mehrzad

text: Mehrzad was born with a rare medical condition called acromegaly which is triggered by excessive growth hormone production in the brain's pituitary gland after the body's growth plates have closed. He was measured over 6 feet and 2 inches at the age of 16. When he was 15 he had a bicycle accident which caused a serious pelvic fracture. The accident stopped his right leg from growing, leaving it about 15 centimeters shorter than his left leg. He started using a wheelchair, crutches and a walking stick following the accident.


title: Morteza Mehrzad

text: Since that accident, Mehrzad is believed to have been in isolation, with very few friends and was hesitant to socialise with others due to his unusual height and disability. He also revealed that he had depression before starting to play sitting volleyball.


title: Morteza Mehrzad

text: Morteza Mehrzad Selakjani, born on 17 September 1987, in Rudsar) is an Iranian sitting volleyball player who currently plays as a foreign player.[4]  He is the tallest man in Iran (2.47 meters), the tallest Paralympian in history and currently the second tallest man in the world after Sultan Kosen from Turkey.  His palm measures about 28.5 cm (11.2 in).  And the size of Morteza's foot is 39 cm (15.3 in) is the biggest foot in the world and its weight is 140 kg. Also, the length of the pants for the legs is 127 cm (50 in) and the length of the sleeves of the hands is 98 cm (38.5 in). Also, when Morteza is in volleyball.  He hits the ball and has a height of 200 cm in a sitting position and a defensive height of 195 cm in a sitting position, which will be unattainable in Guinness.


title: Morteza Mehrzad

text: His talent was spotted and identified by Iran national head coach Hadi Rezaei in 2011 after watching a television program which talked about unusual and differently able talented people. Hadi quickly got in touch with the television network to inquire about Mehrzad who was also one of the disabled talents to have participated in the program. Hadi convinced and encouraged Mehrzad to play sitting volleyball.


title: Morteza Mehrzad

text: He was selected for Iran's national team in March 2016 after undergoing training sessions at various regional clubs in Iran and made his international debut in 2016 at the Paralympics qualifiers. Subsequently, he was also selected for the national team to compete at the 2016 Summer Paralympics, which marked his Paralympic debut.


title: Morteza Mehrzad

text: In the 2016 Summer Paralympics sitting volleyball final, he was the match top scorer with 28 points for Iran. Iran eventually secured a gold medal after defeating Bosnia and Herzegovina 3–1 in the final. He was also the second best spiker during the 2016 Rio Paralympics.


title: Morteza Mehrzad

text: In 2018, he helped Iran win the 2018 Sitting Volleyball World Championship, securing Iran's first world title in 8 years, after a 3–0 victory over defending champions Bosnia and Herzegovina in the final.


title: Morteza Mehrzad

text: In the 2022 Summer Paralympics sitting volleyball, Mehrzad won his second Gold Medal at the Paralympic Games after defeating Bosnia and Herzegovina 3-0 in the semi-final and Russia 3–1 in the final with Iran's national team.


title: Morteza Mehrzad

text: In 2022, he won his second Sitting Volleyball World Championship with Iran's national team in the 2022 Sitting Volleyball World Championship, after a 3–0 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in the final.


title: Lost (South Korean TV series)

text: Lost () is a 2021 South Korean television series starring Jeon Do-yeon, Ryu Jun-yeol, Park Byung-eun and Kim Hyo-jin. Labelled as "JTBC's Tenth Anniversary Special Project", it aired from September 4 to October 24, 2021 on Saturdays and Sundays at 22:30 (KST) time slot. It is also available for streaming on iQIYI.


title: Lost (South Korean TV series)

text: It tells the story of ordinary people who have worked hard all their lives to see the spotlight, but suddenly realize that "nothing has happened" in the middle of the downhill road of life.


title: Lost (South Korean TV series)

text: "Lost" is the first-ever television project of film director Hur Jin-ho. It also marks lead stars Jeon Do-yeon and Ryu Jun-yeol's small screen comeback after five years.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: The Chevrolet Biscayne was a series of full-size cars produced by the American manufacturer Chevrolet between 1958 and 1975. Named after a show car displayed at the 1955 General Motors Motorama, the Biscayne was the least expensive model in the Chevrolet full-size car range (except the 1958-only Chevrolet Delray). The absence of most exterior and fancy interior trimmings remained through the life of the series, as the slightly costlier Chevrolet Bel Air offered more interior and exterior features at a price significantly lower than the top-of-the-line Impala and Caprice.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: The Biscayne was named after Biscayne Bay, near Miami, Florida, following a trend by Chevrolet at the time to name cars after coastal cities or beaches such as the Bel Air and the later Chevrolet Malibu.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: Biscaynes were produced primarily for the fleet market, though they were also available to the general public — particularly to those who wanted low-cost, no-frills transportation with the convenience, room and power of a full-size automobile. While most Biscaynes were sold with a six-cylinder engine through the late 1960s, the V8 engine became the more popular powerplant by the early 1970s. The Biscayne was usually built as a two- or four-door sedan, although a four-door station wagon was available between 1962 and 1968 (and again after 1973 in Canada only). A low-priced, full-size Biscayne station wagon equivalent was available as the Chevrolet Brookwood both before and after this period. The two-door sedan was dropped after 1969, and consequently, from 1970 to 1972 the only Biscayne model available was a four-door sedan. In 1958, the Delray was priced below the Biscayne but was discontinued the following year.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: Many of the luxury convenience options available on the more expensive full-sized Chevrolet models, such as power windows, were not available on the Biscayne. However, customers could purchase a Biscayne with any of Chevrolet's high-output big-block V8 engines and performance-oriented transmissions, including the floor-mounted four-speed manual transmission with Hurst shifter and low-ratio final drive. Original production numbers of cars built this way were very low, and examples of these high-performance cars are highly sought after by collectors today. Notably, Baldwin Chevrolet of Long Island, New York, became famous for offering the "Street Racer Special," a 1968 Biscayne coupe with dealer-fitted high-performance 427 cubic-inch V8, and heavy-duty suspension components, turning the Biscayne into a serious drag car. Biscayne with high-performance equipment was often nicknamed "Bisquick" by enthusiasts.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: Like the slightly upscale Bel Airs, Biscaynes are easily identified by the use of two taillights per side; the only exceptions to this were in 1959 and 1972. The more expensive Impalas (and later Caprices) have three taillights per side. The Biscayne was largely devoid of exterior chrome trim and was normally fitted with small hubcaps, though several exterior trim pieces and upgraded wheel covers were available at extra cost. Interior trim was spartan, with lower-grade cloth and vinyl or all-vinyl upholstery trim, a standard steering wheel with centre horn button, and rubber floor mats. Slight upgrades were made throughout the life of the series — for instance, the 1964 models came standard with deluxe steering wheels with horn rings, deep-twist carpeting and foam-cushioned front seats.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: At its introduction for the 1958 model year, the Biscayne was available as a two- or four-door pillared sedan. In 1958, there was also the even lower-priced Chevrolet Delray, but this was discontinued for 1959. There was a 2-door Delray Utility Sedan offered in 1958, which substituted a platform for the rear seating area. This was described, but not pictured, in the dealer brochure.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: In 1959, the car was redesigned, and now sat on an inch-and-a-half () longer wheelbase. In 1959 the two-door Utility Sedan appeared, a version lacking a rear seat and being intended as a delivery vehicle. In total, there was 2 different body styles, 2-door sedan and 4-door sedan. The Chevrolet Biscayne had a price of $2,365, the entry level Biscayne Fleet Master had a price of $2,295 and the top level Impala had a price of $2,772.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: In 1960, a lower-priced, sparsely trimmed version of the Biscayne called the Fleetmaster was produced. Aimed primarily at the fleet market, the Fleetmaster included a lower grade of upholstery than the standard Biscayne and deleted routine convenience items such as a cigarette lighter, door armrests, and passenger-side sun visor. In addition, many parts were painted rather than chrome plated. Both two- and four-door sedans were available.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: A number of economy-minded options were available exclusive to the Fleetmaster model, although the performance-oriented engines and transmissions were also available (for police applications or performance-oriented customers who wanted the lightest car possible). The Fleetmaster was dropped after 1961. Under 5,000 of them were made.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: The Biscayne underwent a full model change for the 1961 model year. The stripped down Fleetmaster and the three-passenger Utility Sedan were still available for 1961 but sold in very small numbers. Series numbers were 1100 and 1200 (six- and eight-cylinder Biscayne), with the 1300 and 1400 used for the six- and eight-cylinder Fleetmaster. For 1963, the short-stroke Turbo-Thrift inline-six replaced the earlier "Stovebolt" 235, meaning lower weight and a slight gain in power.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: In 1962, a four-door station wagon version appeared, replacing the earlier Brookwood model. As usual, the full range of GM's full-size engine and transmission options were available to the low priced Biscayne. A very few of the brand-new, high-powered 409 V8s (of which only 142 were built in 1961) even found their way into the bargain-basement Biscayne Fleetmaster, with the direct intention of being used for drag racing.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: The all-new 1965 Biscayne was larger yet, and offered an even wider range of engines, including a new, larger 250-ci inline-six. For the 1967 model year the smaller 230 was dropped. For 1966 the top engine became the new Big-Block 427 ci V8, available in a high-powered, high-revving version with solid lifters. Although not available for the big Chevrolets in 1967, it returned in 1968 for two more model years. After 1968 the Biscayne station wagon was discontinued, henceforth being sold as the Brookwood. Power steering and power brakes were made standard for the 1970 model year. The 1967 Chevrolet Biscayne 2-door sedan with a 427 under the hood and a 3-speed manual did 0-60 in 6.1 seconds, and the quarter mile in 14.6 seconds. A base model 2-door Biscayne would cost you $2,472(Impala was $2,728) in 1965. In 1970 a base model Biscayne would cost $2,897(impala was $3,150)


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: The Turbo Hydra-Matic transmission was made standard on all cars ordered with a V8 engine starting midway through the 1971 model year. Production of the Biscayne for the United States market ended for 1972; it wasn't advertised that year in Chevrolet's brochure but was available for fleet buyers. However, the Biscayne name was still used in Canada through the 1975 model year, with a 350 cubic-inch V8 engine and Turbo Hydra-Matic automatic transmission made standard for 1974. The station wagon model had been sold as the Brookwood, but for 1973 the Biscayne station wagon made a return for the Canadian market only. Like its stablemates, the 1975 Biscayne received new dashboard, radio and climate control graphics (including a 100-mph speedometer with kilometer equivalents) and the availability of two new options: an Econominder gauge package (with temperature gauge and a gauge that monitored fuel economy, based on the driver's current driving habits) and intermittent windshield wipers.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: The fourth generation wagons featured a 'clamshell' design marketed as the "Glide-away" tailgate, also called a "disappearing" tailgate because when open, the tailgate was completely out of view. On the clamshell design, the rear power-operated glass slid up into the roof and the lower tailgate (with either manual or optional power operation), lowered completely below the load floor. The manual lower tailgate was counterbalanced by a torque rod similar to the torque rods used in holding a trunk lid open, requiring a 35 lb push to fully lower the gate. Raising the manual gate required a 5 lb pull via a handhold integral to the top edge of the retractable gate. The power operation of both upper glass and lower tailgate became standard equipment in later model years. Wagons with the design featured an optional third row of forward-facing seats accessed by the rear side doors and a folding second-row seat — and could accommodate a 4 x 8' sheet of plywood with rear seats folded. The clamshell design required no increased footprint or operational area to open, allowing a user to stand at the cargo opening without impediment of a door — for example, in a closed garage.


title: Chevrolet Biscayne

text: Three main factors helped kill off the Biscayne, the first being that the government wanted more fuel efficient cars, and the Biscayne was not such. The second reason being that the Chevrolet Biscayne was starting to overlap with other GM models like the Chevrolet Bel Air and the Pontiac Catalina. Prices were starting to overlap.. The third and final reason was money, Chevrolet was losing money to foreign imports, so Chevrolet phased out the Biscayne to put more effort into cars like the Chevrolet Vega and Chevrolet Chevette. Canada was the same deal as the United States, just a few years later.


title: 2023 World Baseball Classic qualification

text: The qualifying round of the 2023 World Baseball Classic was held from 16 September 2022 to 5 October 2022. Teams which participated at the 2017 World Baseball Classic automatically qualified for the 2023 tournament. The qualifying round consisted of two tournaments to be participated by six teams each. The qualifiers were planned to be hosted in Tucson, Arizona in the United States but after the delay, the qualifier hosts were changed to the cities of Regensburg, Germany at Armin-Wolf-Arena and Panamá City, Panama at Estadio Rod Carew. Winners and runners-up of each of the two tournaments qualified for the 2023 World Baseball Classic.


text: The first qualifying tournament was originally scheduled to be held from March 13–18, 2020 and the second from March 20–25, 2020, before the qualifiers' postponement was announced on March 12, 2020, by Major League Baseball due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In resolving the 2021–22 Major League Baseball lockout, Major League Baseball and the Major League Baseball Players Association agreed that the World Baseball Classic would return in 2023 and that qualifiers would begin in September 2022.


text: The format was double-elimination. Each pool contained six teams, two of which are given a bye to the second round. The highest ranked teams in the WBSC World Rankings (the Czech Republic and Germany in Pool A, and Panama and Nicaragua in Pool B) received the byes.


text: Four of the teams had previously participated in the main WBC tournament: Panama and South Africa in 2006 and 2009 (which were by invitation), and Brazil and Spain in 2013. All four had participated in all qualifying tournaments.


text: Argentina played in WBC qualifiers for the first time, replacing the Philippines, which appeared in previous qualifying tournaments held in 2012 and 2016. The other 11 teams had all previously participated in WBC qualifying. Two have previously won their qualifying group and qualified for the main tournament (Brazil, Spain), six have previously finished as high as second in their qualifying group (Germany, Great Britain, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, South Africa), Two have previously finished as high as third in their qualifying group (Czech Republic, France), and one has previously finished last in its qualifying group (Pakistan).


title: Aero L-59 Super Albatros

text: The Aero L-59 Super Albatros is a military jet trainer produced by the Czechoslovakian aerospace manufacturer Aero Vodochody. It was developed from the firm's earlier and highly successful L-39 Albatros series.


title: Aero L-59 Super Albatros

text: Being based on the L-39, it shares numerous similarities; in comparison to its predecessor, the L-59 featured a strengthened fuselage, longer nose, a vastly updated cockpit, advanced avionics, and a more powerful Lotarev DV-2 engine. First flown on 30 September 1986, it was procured by the Czech Air Force, Egyptian Air Force, and Tunisian Air Force; a total of 80 Super Albatros of three variants have been manufactured prior to the end of production. A further development would be produced as the Aero L-159 Alca, a Westernised attack-orientated model that shared its fuselage configuration with the L-59.


title: Aero L-59 Super Albatros

text: In service, the L-59 has been largely used for training purposes. It has also been deployed in front-line light combat roles, such as to patrol the border between Libya and Tunisia around the height of the First Libyan Civil War. Furthermore, Tunisian Air Force L-59s also performed aerial reconnaissance and ground-attack missions against Ansar al-Sharia and al-Qaeda-linked militants in 2014.


title: Aero L-59 Super Albatros

text: During the 1980s, the Czechoslovakian aerospace manufacturer Aero Vodochody was keen to further develop their successful L-39 Albatros, a trainer and light attack aircraft. It decided to produce a derivative with an improved fuselage, an elongated nose, and fitted with a more powerful Lotarev DV-2 turbofan engine capable of generating up to 21.6 kN (4,850 lbf) of thrust. The latter facilitated operations at higher weights, while the aircraft also had a higher maximum speed having risen to 872 km/h (542 mph)). The new aircraft was also furnished with more capable avionics and a vastly updated cockpit, which included a head-up display. Initially, it was originally designated as the "L-39MS"; some time after conducting its maiden flight on 30 September 1986, the type was redesignated as the "L-59".


title: Aero L-59 Super Albatros

text: During 1992, a dedicated single-seat attack variant was proposed under the project name "ALCA" (Advanced Light Combat Aircraft); it was successfully marketed to the Czech Air Force. Designated L-159A, the first flight of this variant was conduct on 2 August 1997. It features mostly Western avionics, with systems integration undertaken by Boeing. Furthermore, a new two-seat trainer has been flown as the L-159B Albatros II.


title: Aero L-59 Super Albatros

text: By 2013, Aero's official website stated that the L-59 was no longer in production or available from the company. Services provided for the type included the provision of spare parts, service-life extensions, special repairs, overhauls, modifications and upgrades.


title: Aero L-59 Super Albatros

text: Initial deliveries of the L-59 were made to the Czechoslovak Air Force, who briefly operated a small fleet of six L-39MS prior to the nation's separation into the Czech Republic and Slovakia; consequently, these aircraft were divided between the Czech Air Force and the Slovak Air Force. The L-59's most numerous operator, and its first export customer, was the Egyptian Air Force; a total of 69 L-59E aircraft would be delivered to the service. Early Egyptian operations encountered poor engine reliability; this matter let to a contract to the American aerospace firm AlliedSignal to produce an improved digital engine control system. The type had reportedly been intended for use as a lead-in-fighter trainer for the service's General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon and Dassault Mirage 2000 fleets, and were equipped to be armed with Eastern-supplied weaponry. However, the Egyptian Air Force L-59s saw little use, allegedly being placed into storage around 1999.


title: Aero L-59 Super Albatros

text: During the early to mid 1990s, various export opportunities were pursued by Aero Vodochody for the L-59, complimenting its continued sales efforts with the L-39 predecessor. One opportunity pursued was the Royal Australian Air Force's lead-in fighter-trainer requirement, an effort which would ultimately be unsuccessful. There were also proposed variants, such as the L-59F, that were to be provisioned with equipment from overseas suppliers, such as avionics from the Israeli company Elbit, and adoption of the American-Taiwanese Honeywell/ITEC F124 turbofan engine in place of the Lotarev DV-2 of earlier variants.


title: Aero L-59 Super Albatros

text: In 1995, deliveries of L-59Ts commenced to the Tunisian Air Force, a total of 12 were delivered to the service. The type has been typically used for advanced pilot training and weapons training purposes, with a secondary focus on conducting light combat operations as well. During the First Libyan Civil War in 2011, Tunisian L-59s commonly flew armed patrol missions along the country's border with Libya. During April 2014, a number of Tunisian L-59s performed multiple reconnaissance missions and counter-insurgency (COIN) strikes in support of major military offensives in the border region of Mount Chaambi against Ansar al-Sharia and al-Qaeda-linked militants that aimed to destabilize Tunisia's transition to democracy. In 2022, it was speculated that Tunisia's L-59T fleet would be rapidly replaced in the near future, the Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk has been suggested as a candidate.


title: Vicki Iovine

text: Vicki McCarty Iovine (born Vicki Ann McCarty; January 13, 1954) is an American model, writer, and lawyer.


title: Vicki Iovine

text: Iovine received her undergraduate degree (summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa) in journalism from the University of California, Berkeley. She earned a J.D. degree from Hastings College of the Law and an LL.B. in International Law from Cambridge University.


title: Vicki Iovine

text: She is a former member of the board of directors of the Special Olympics, as well as a former television producer and radio talk show host. She was "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month for its September 1979 issue and was photographed by Arny Freytag. She appeared the following year as the central character on "To Tell the Truth", with all four panelists correctly guessing her identity. In 1982, she was one of three finalists for the job of hostess and letter turner on "Wheel of Fortune" which eventually went to Vanna White.


title: Vicki Iovine

text: She had an early marriage which ended in divorce; from 1987 to 2009 she was married to Jimmy Iovine, a record producer and a co-founder of Interscope Records. They have four children. In May 2014, she married David Coiro.


title: Vicki Iovine

text: Iovine has published several titles pertaining to pregnancy and parenthood under the brand of Girlfriends' Guides, which is the basis for the TV show "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce" as well as Best Friends' Guides.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Gaetano Alberto "Guy" Lombardo (June 19, 1902 – November 5, 1977) was an Italian-Canadian-American bandleader, violinist, and hydroplane racer.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Lombardo formed the Royal Canadians in 1924 with his brothers Carmen, Lebert and Victor, and other musicians from his hometown. They billed themselves as creating "the sweetest music this side of Heaven." The Lombardos are believed to have sold between 100 and 300 million records during their lifetimes, many featuring the band's lead singer from 1940 onward, Kenny Gardner.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Lombardo was born in London, Ontario, Canada, to Italian immigrants Gaetano Alberto and Angelina Lombardo. His father, who had worked as a tailor, was an amateur singer with a baritone voice and had four of his five sons learn to play instruments so they could accompany him. Lombardo and his brothers formed their first orchestra while still in grammar school and rehearsed in the back of their father's tailor shop. Lombardo first performed in public with his brother Carmen at a church lawn party in London in 1914. His first recording session took place where cornetist Bix Beiderbecke made his recordings—in Richmond, Indiana, at the Gennett Studios—both during early 1924.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: After that solitary Gennett session, they recorded two sessions for Brunswick; a rejected session in Cleveland in late 1926, and an issued session for Vocalion in early 1927. The band then signed to Columbia and recorded prolifically between 1927 and 1931. In early 1932, they signed to Brunswick and continued their success through 1934 when they signed to Decca (1934–35). They then signed to Victor in later 1935 and stayed until the middle of 1938 when again they signed to Decca. In 1938, Lombardo became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Between 1941 and 1948, their sister Rose Marie, the youngest of seven siblings, joined the Royal Canadians as the band's first and possibly only female vocalist.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Although Lombardo's "sweet" big-band music was viewed by some in the jazz and big-band community of the day as "boring, mainstream pap," trumpeter Louis Armstrong regularly named Lombardo's band his favorite orchestra.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: After Guy Lombardo's death in 1977, his surviving brothers Victor and Lebert took over the Royal Canadians, though Victor left the band early in 1978 over creative differences. From 1980 the name was franchised out to various band leaders. Lebert died in 1993, passing rights to the band name to three of his six children. The band was revived in 1989 by Al Pierson and remained active .


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Lombardo is remembered for almost a half-century of New Year's Eve big band remotes, first on radio, then on television. His orchestra played at the Roosevelt Grill in the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City from 1929 ("radio's first nationwide New Year's Eve broadcast" which popularized Auld Lang Syne) to 1959, and from then until 1976 at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel. Live broadcasts (and later telecasts) of their performances were a large part of New Year's celebrations across North America; millions of people watched the show with friends at house parties. Because of this popularity, Lombardo was called "Mr. New Year's Eve".


title: Guy Lombardo

text: The band's first New Year's Eve radio broadcast was in 1928; within a few years, they were heard live on the CBS Radio Network before midnight Eastern Time, then on the NBC Radio Network after midnight.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: On December 31, 1956, the Lombardo band did their first New Year's TV special on CBS; the program (and Lombardo's 20 subsequent New Year's Eve TV shows) included a live segment from Times Square. Although CBS carried most of the Lombardo New Year's specials, from 1965 to 1970, the special was syndicated live to individual TV stations instead of broadcast on a network. By the middle 1970s, the Lombardo TV show was facing competition, especially for younger viewers, from "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve", but Lombardo remained famous among viewers, especially older ones.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Even after Lombardo's death, the band's New Year's specials continued for two more years on CBS before "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve" came into prominence. The Royal Canadians' recording of the traditional song "Auld Lang Syne" still plays as the first song of the new year in Times Square followed by "Theme from New York, New York" by Frank Sinatra, "America the Beautiful" by Ray Charles, "What a Wonderful World" by Louis Armstrong, and "Over the Rainbow" by Israel Kamakawiwoʻole.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Beginning June 14, 1953, Guy Lombardo and his orchestra had "Guy Lombardo Time", the summer replacement for Jack Benny's radio program.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: In 1954, Lombardo briefly hosted a half-hour syndicated series called "The Guy Lombardo Show", and in 1956 Lombardo hosted a show on CBS for three months called "Guy Lombardo's Diamond Jubilee".


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Guy Lombardo played himself in the hit series "Route 66" in the 1963 episode “But What Do You Do in March?” In 1975, Lombardo played himself again, in the first regular episode of "Ellery Queen", "The Adventure of Auld Lang Syne," which was set at a Dec. 31, 1946 New Year's Eve gathering.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Lombardo and his orchestra were part of the 1934 film "Many Happy Returns". and he also made a cameo appearance in the 1970 film "The Phynx". Clips of his own show appeared in the 1977 film "Looking for Mr. Goodbar" starring Diane Keaton.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Lombardo was also an important figure in Step Boat speedboat racing, winning the Gold Cup in 1946 in his record-breaking speedboat, "Tempo VI", designed and built by John L. Hacker. He then went on to win the Ford Memorial competition in 1948 and the President's Cup and the Silver Cup in 1952. From 1946 to 1949, Lombardo was the reigning U.S. national champion. Before his retirement from the sport in the late 1950s, he had won every trophy in the field. In 1959 Lombardo was attempting a run on the absolute water speed record with the jet engine-powered Tempo Alcoa when it was destroyed on a radio-controlled test run doing over . After the destruction of the Tempo Alcoa, Lombardo retired from hydroplane racing. In 2002 he was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame for his accomplishments.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Beginning in 1958, Lombardo endorsed the Guy Lombardo Royal Fleet, a line of fiberglass boats manufactured and sold by the United States Boat Corporation of Newark, New Jersey, a division of U.S. Pools Corporation. The boats were manufactured under license from Skagit Plastics of La Conner, Washington. The endeavor was short-lived and ended in 1961 with the closure of Skagit Plastics.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: In his later years, Lombardo lived in Freeport, Long Island, New York, where he kept "Tempo", "Tempo VI", and "Tempo VII" (built in 1955). He invested in a nearby seafood restaurant called "Liota's East Point House" that eventually became "Guy Lombardo's East Point House". Lombardo became a promoter and musical director of Jones Beach Marine Theater. The venue was built with him in mind by Robert Moses, a fan of Lombardo. One of Lombardo's productions at Jones Beach was "Paradise Island" in 1961. His final production there was the 1977 staging of "Finian's Rainbow" with Christopher Hewett in the title role.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: On November 5, 1977, Lombardo died of a heart attack. Another source says he died "of a lung ailment." His wife, who died in 1982, was at his bedside when he died in Houston Methodist Hospital. He's interred at the Pinelawn Memorial Park in East Farmingdale, NY.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Lombardo was featured on a postage stamp issued on December 17, 1999, as part of Canada Post's Millennium Collection.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: In 2002, he was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame and had a star on its Walk of Fame in Toronto. Lombardo was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: The home where Guy Lombardo and his siblings grew up is still standing in London, Ontario, at 202 Simcoe Street. A plaque to the Lombardos has been moved from the exterior wall of the Labatt Retail Store at Richmond and Horton streets in London to the store's entranceway off the parking lot, denoting the site of a subsequent home of the Lombardos.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: In his later home of Freeport, New York, there is Guy Lombardo Avenue. There is a bridge named after Lombardo in London, Ontario near Wonderland Gardens, as well as Lombardo Avenue in north London near the University of Western Ontario.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: The Guy Lombardo Society is dedicated to preserving the music and history of Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: From the mid-1980s until 2007, there was a museum dedicated to Guy Lombardo in London, Ontario, near the intersection of Wonderland Road and Springbank Drive. In September 2007, lacking visitors and funding, the museum was closed. Although the city owned many of the exhibits, most of the collection can be found at the private home of former part-time curator Douglas Flood. City staff recommended that the museum not be reopened. In early 2015 Flood scheduled an auction of remaining items from the collection, under protest from members of the Lombardo family.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Lebert Lombardo's children also have an extensive collection of artifacts, including photographs, record albums, sheet music, awards, and the band's framed first paycheck from 1918 in their homes and storage units in Fort Myers and Sanibel, Florida. They have tried to donate the collection to various universities and museums but have had no takers. The Library of Congress has a collection of Lombardo films.


title: Guy Lombardo

text: Before the start of "Billboard" magazine's top 40 charts in 1940, Lombardo had over 140 hits from 1927–1940, including twenty-one No. 1 singles. The five biggest being "Charmaine", "It Looks Like Rain in Cherry Blossom Lane", "Boo-Hoo", "We Just Couldn't Say Goodbye", and "Red Sails in the Sunset".


title: James Dickey

text: James Lafayette Dickey (February 2, 1923 January 19, 1997) was an American poet and novelist. He was appointed the eighteenth United States Poet Laureate in 1966. He also received the Order of the South award.


title: James Dickey

text: Dickey is best known for his novel "Deliverance" (1970), which was adapted into the acclaimed 1972 film of the same name.


title: James Dickey

text: Dickey was born to lawyer Eugene Dickey and Maibelle Swift in Atlanta, Georgia, where he attended North Fulton High School in Atlanta's Buckhead neighborhood. After graduation from North Fulton High in 1941, Dickey completed a postgraduate year at Darlington School in Rome, Georgia. Dickey asked to be dismissed from the Darlington rolls in a 1981 letter to the principal, deeming the school the most "disgusting combination of cant, hypocrisy, cruelty, class privilege and inanity I have ever since encountered at any human institution." In 1942, he enrolled at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina and played on the football team as a tailback. After one semester, he left school to enlist in the military. During World War II, Dickey served with the U.S. Army Air Forces, where he flew thirty-eight missions in the PacificTheater as a P-61 Black Widow radar operator with the 418th Night Fighter Squadron, an experience that influenced his work, and for which he was awarded five Bronze Stars.. He later served in the U.S. Air Force during the Korean War. Between the wars, he attended Vanderbilt University, graduating "magnacumlaude" with a degree in English and philosophy (as well as minoring in astronomy) in 1949. He also received an M.A. in English from Vanderbilt in 1950.


title: James Dickey

text: Dickey taught as an instructor of English at Rice University (then Rice Institute) in Houston, Texas in 1950 and following his second Air Force stint, from 1952 to 1954, Dickey returned to academic teaching. Dickey then quit his teaching job at the University of Florida in the spring of 1956 after a group of the American Pen's Women's Society protested his reading of the poem called "The Father's Body"; he quit rather than apologize. This incident some critics believe he manipulated to his advantage, he became a successful copy writer for advertising agencies selling Coca-Cola and Lay's potato chips while in his free time writing some of his best poetry. He once said he embarked on his advertising career in order to "make some bucks." Dickey also said "I was selling my soul to the devil all day... and trying to buy it back at night." He was ultimately fired for shirking his work responsibilities.


title: James Dickey

text: His first book, "Into the Stone and Other Poems", was published in 1960. "Drowning with Others" was published in 1962, which led to a Guggenheim Fellowship (Norton Anthology, The Literature of the American South). "Buckdancer's Choice" (1965) earned him a National Book Award for Poetry.


title: James Dickey

text: Among his better-known poems are "The Performance", "Cherrylog Road", "The Firebombing", "May Day Sermon", "Falling", and "For The Last Wolverine".


title: James Dickey

text: He published his first volume of collected poems, "Poems 1957-1967" in 1967 after being named a poetry consultant for the Library of Congress. This publishing may represent Dickey's best work. After serving as a visiting lecturer at several institutions from 1963 to 1968 (including Reed College, California State University, Northridge, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Washington University in St. Louis and the Georgia Institute of Technology), Dickey returned to academia in earnest in 1969 as a professor of English and writer-in-residence at the University of South Carolina, a position he held for the remainder of his life. It was there that he was also inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa, the National Leadership Honor Society, in 1970.


title: James Dickey

text: Dickey wrote the poem "The Moon Ground" for "Life" magazine in celebration of the Apollo 11 moon landing. His reading of it was broadcast on ABC television on July 20, 1969.


title: James Dickey

text: His popularity exploded after the film version of his novel "Deliverance" was released in 1972. Dickey wrote the screenplay and had a cameo in the film as a sheriff.


title: James Dickey

text: On January 20, 1977, Dickey was invited to read his poem "The Strength of Fields" at the inauguration of Jimmy Carter.


title: James Dickey

text: In November 1948 he married Maxine Syerson, and three years later they had their first son, Christopher; a second son, Kevin, was born in 1958.


title: James Dickey

text: Christopher Dickey was a novelist and journalist, providing coverage from the Middle East for Newsweek. In 1998, Christopher wrote a book about his father and Christopher's own sometimes troubled relationship with him, titled "Summer of Deliverance". Christopher died in July 2020.


title: James Dickey

text: Two months after Maxine died in 1976, Dickey married one of his students, Deborah Dodson. Their daughter, Bronwen, was born in 1981. Bronwen is an author, journalist, and lecturer. Her first book, "", was published in 2016.


title: James Dickey

text: Dickey died on January 19, 1997, aged 73, six days after his last class at the University of South Carolina, where from 1968 he taught as poet-in-residence.


title: James Dickey

text: Dickey spent his last years in and out of hospitals, afflicted with severe alcoholism, jaundice and later pulmonary fibrosis.


title: English Armada

text: The English Armada (), also known as the Counter Armada or the Drake–Norris Expedition, was an attack fleet sent against Spain by Queen Elizabeth I of England that sailed on 28 April 1589 during the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War. Led by Sir Francis Drake as admiral and Sir John Norris as general, it failed to drive home the advantage that England had gained resulting from the failure of the Spanish Armada in the previous year. The Spanish victory marked a revival of Philip II's naval power through the next decade.


title: English Armada

text: After the failure of the Spanish Armada, England's Queen Elizabeth I's intentions were to capitalize upon Spain's temporary weakness at sea and to compel King Philip II of Spain to negotiate for peace. Her advisors had more ambitious plans. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley noted that the expedition had three main objectives: destroy the battered Spanish Atlantic fleet, which was being repaired in ports of northern Spain; make a landing at Lisbon and raise a revolt there against Philip II (Philip I of Portugal); and to continue west and establish a permanent base in the Azores. A further aim was to seize the Spanish treasure fleet as it returned from the Americas to Cádiz, but that depended largely on the success of the Azores campaign.


title: English Armada

text: The strategic objective of the military expedition was to break the trade embargo imposed across the Portuguese Empire, which included Brazil and the East Indies, and trading posts in India and China. By securing an alliance with the Portuguese crown, Elizabeth hoped to curb Spanish Habsburg power in Europe and to free up the trade routes to these possessions. That was a difficult proposition because Philip had been accepted as king by the aristocracy and the clergy of Portugal in 1581 at the Cortes of Tomar. The pretender to the throne, António, Prior of Crato, the last surviving heir of the House of Aviz, had failed to establish an effective government-in-exile in the Azores, and turned to the English for support. He was not a charismatic figure, and with his cause compromised by his illegitimacy, he faced an opponent with a relatively strong claim to the throne in the eyes of the Portuguese nobles of the "Cortes", Duchess Catherine of Braganza.


title: English Armada

text: There were obstacles for the enterprise besides the complex politics. Burghley proposed launching a flotilla immediately. However, the English fleet was completely exhausted and crippled after preventing the Spanish invasion attempt and Elizabeth’s coffers were empty. Furthermore, like its Spanish predecessor, the English expedition suffered from unduly optimistic planning, based on hopes of repeating Drake's successful raid on Cadiz in 1587. There was a contradiction between the separate plans, each of which was ambitious in its own right, but the most pressing need was the destruction of the Spanish Atlantic fleet lying at port in A Coruña, San Sebastián and Santander along the northern coast of Spain, as was directly ordered by the Queen.


title: English Armada

text: Since Elizabeth had no resources, Drake and Norris floated the expedition as a joint stock company, with capital of about £80,000, one quarter to come from the Queen and one eighth from the Dutch, the balance to be made up by various noblemen, merchants and guilds. The treasurer was Sir James Hales, who died on the return journey, as is recorded on his monument in Canterbury Cathedral. Concerns over logistics and the adverse weather delayed the departure of the fleet, and confusion grew as it waited in port. The Dutch failed to supply their promised warships, a third of the victuals had already been consumed, and the ranks of volunteers had increased the planned contingent of troops from 10,000 to 20,000+. Unlike the Spanish Armada expedition the previous year, the English fleet also lacked siege guns and cavalry, which would compromise its intended aims.


title: English Armada

text: As recorded on the list of April 8 1589 o.s., there were Royal galleons, English armed merchantmen, Dutch flyboats, pinnaces and other ships for a total of 180 vessels broken down thusly:


title: English Armada

text: The list of April 9 o.s. names 84 ships divided amongst five squadrons led respectively by Drake in the "Revenge", Sir John Norris in the "Nonpareil", Norris' brother Edward in the "Foresight", Thomas Fenner in the "Dreadnought", and Roger Williams in the "Swiftsure"., each with "near about 15 flyboats", which would give a total of about 160. However, in the payment list of 5 September 1589 o.s., there are 13 ships named that were not on the April 9 o.s. list. Those 13 ships were not flyboats hence they should be added to the 160 from the April 9 o.s. list. With expectations of sizable profit and this expedition being mostly commercial, and last minute additions being made up until the fleet sailed on April 28, one cannot really give a precise total number of ships but at least 173 can be documented. Nevertheless, what is rather telling is a 15 February 1591 o.s. notice to the Lord High Treasurer of England, Burghley, wherein the number of vessels was "180 and other ships". It's not outside the realm of possibility that the number "reached nearly two hundred sail."


title: English Armada

text: In the April 8 o.s. list, there were two different figures recorded for the number of men participating in the expedition. The first, 23,375, is what most historians and authors have used however at the end of this document, the total number of men had increased to 27,667. A critical analysis of the document reveals the figure of 23,375 is illusory, especially when below the signatures of Drake and Norris, and the confirmation of the Lord High Treasurer Burghley, there's the following postscript:


title: English Armada

text: The story of how Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, ended up sailing with them almost parallels that of the English Armada itself. Against the Queen's express orders, the 21-year old Devereux eagerly escaped from his rich capricious lover and embarked on what he thought was sure to be an exciting and profitable adventure. The Earl of Essex hid on the "Swiftsure" and Drake, Norris nor Williams betrayed the Earl when the Queen's courtier Francis Knollys came to Plymouth looking for him. The "Swiftsure" set sail immediately upon hearing Knollys declarations. By the time Knollys set out in a pinnace in pursuit, nobody knew where the "Swiftsure" was because a strong wind forced it into Fallmouth. The English fleet set sail without the "Swiftsure", which sailed two days later and headed straight for the Portuguese coast to rendezvous with the rest of the fleet.


title: English Armada

text: Of the 137 ships of Philip II's expedition of 1588 that entered the English Channel, most of the 29 ships lost had been armed merchantmen, and the core of the Armada, the galleons of the Squadron of Portugal of the Armada del Mar Oceano (Atlantic Fleet), survived their voyage home and docked in Spain's Atlantic ports for repairs, where they lay for months and were vulnerable to attack.


title: English Armada

text: Drake and Norris had orders from Queen Elizabeth to first attack Santander, where most of the surviving galleons from the Spanish Armada were being kept, and destroy the Spanish fleet. He also had to placate the fleet's commanders and investors who wanted the first objective to be landing in Lisbon. Drake chose to ignore them, alleging unfavourable winds and too much risk of becoming embayed by the Spaniards in the Bay of Biscay. He chose to bypass Santander and headed in a different direction to attack Coruña, a small fishing town in Galicia instead. It is not completely clear why he did this, even though the winds seem like a poor excuse. His behaviour suggests that his goal in taking this simple fishing town was either to establish a base of operations or to raid it for booty. The latter seems most plausible since this expedition was privately funded and Drake had investors to satisfy. He may have been gathering supplies for a long struggle in Santander. Either way, this decision was the campaign's first major error.


title: English Armada

text: Whilst crossing the Bay of Biscay some 25 ships with 3,000 men deserted, including many of the Dutch who found reasons to return to England or put into La Rochelle. Coruña was almost defenceless at the time of the attack. To face the rest of the English Armada's ships, except the "Swiftsure", plus boats and the soldiers in them, Coruña had one large galleon undergoing repairs ("San Juan", with 50 cannons), two galleys ("Diana" and "Princesa", with 20 cannons each), and three other smaller ships ("nao San Bartolomé" with 27 cannons, the "urca Sansón" with 18 cannons and the "galeoncete" (small galleon) "San Bernardo" with 21 cannons). , the governor of Coruña, and garrison commander Álvaro Troncoso led a combination of militia, hidalgos and the few available soldiers totaled 1,200 troops, most of them with little military training, except for seven companies of old "tercios", who happened to be resting in the city after their return from war. It also had the medieval city walls, built in the 13 century.


title: English Armada

text: The English entered the bay of Coruña and disembarked on 4 May. Norris took the lower town, inflicted 500 casualties and plundered the wine cellars and fisheries there, and Drake destroyed thirteen merchant ships in the harbour. The Spanish set the unseaworthy "San Juan" on fire, not before dismounting her guns to use them against the English fleet and troops. For the next two weeks, the wind blew westerly, and while waiting for a change, the English occupied themselves in a siege of Coruña's fortified upper town. After dislodging a Spanish attempt to carry on reinforcement through the bridge of , Norris' troops launched three major assaults against the walls of the upper town and tried to breach them with mines, but the vigorous defence by the regular Spanish troops, militia, and women of the city, including Maria Pita and Inés de Ben, forced the English back with severe losses.


title: English Armada

text: The "Princesa" and the "Diana" managed to avoid capture and slipped past the English fleet; according to English sources, they repeatedly resupplied the defenders unmolested. On the 18, after 14 days of siege and attempted assaults, the English heard news about a fresh Spanish relief force on their way to Coruña, and at length, with a favourable wind returning and painfully low morale, the English abandoned the siege and retreated to their ships after they had lost four captains, three large ships, various boats and more than 1,500 men in the fighting alone. After investing two-weeks attempting to capture this "simple" fishing town of 4,000 people, outnumbering their fighting forces by more than 10:1, Drake left without even loading up on supplies. Next stop, Portugal where, along the way, the fleet met up with Essex and the "Swiftsure".


title: English Armada

text: Work to strengthen the fortifications of São Julião, Oeiras, Trafaria and Caparica which defended the entrance to the Tagus estuary had been completed by May 20. Philip II's viceroy in Portugal was Archduke Albert VII who tasked to recruit local men to defend against the impending invasion and ordered Captain Pedro Enríquez de Guzmán, Count of Fuentes to bring a few Spanish companies.


title: English Armada

text: Meanwhile, Drake struggled against the wind. Three days after leaving Coruña, a south-westerly wind caused part of the fleet to drift towards Estaca de Bares and the coast of Lugo, leaving it somewhat dispersed. It wasn't until 24 May that the bulk of the fleet managed to sail beyond Cape Finisterre where they came upon Essex and the "Swiftsure", then, with a favourable wind, headed for Lisbon. The next day, May 25, just off the island of Berlengas, they spotted Cape Roca indicating the Tagus estuary was not far off. By the end of the day, the fleet anchored in the bay of Peniche where a war council was held.


title: English Armada

text: The next step in Elizabeth's plan was to arouse a Portuguese uprising against Philip II. The Portuguese aristocracy had recognized the latter as King of Portugal in 1580 and thus added the Kingdom of Portugal to the Hispanic Monarchy. The pretender to the throne who England supported, the Prior of Crato, was not the best candidate. He did not have enough support even to establish a government-in-exile or much charisma to back his already-dubious claim. Despite this, Elizabeth had agreed to help him in hopes of diminishing the power of the Spanish Empire in Europe and for a permanent military base in the strategic Azores, from which to attack merchant ships and to obtain ultimate control of the commercial routes to the New World.


title: English Armada

text: In the wake of their experience in Coruña, Drake and Norris clashed on how to achieve this next objective. Despite Drake having proven success against Spanish forces whereas Norris had none, the fleet went with Norris' plan. They would land in Peniche then march south to attack Lisbon by land while Drake attacked from the sea. This was the fleet's second major error.


title: English Armada

text: On 26 May, Drake arrived at Peniche. Ataíde had marshalled just over 400 troops in preparation of the fleet's arrival. He and his men knew the coastline well and were deployed in the areas where a landing would be easiest while Antônio de Araújo remained in the . The English, led by the Earl of Essex, took thirty-two barges to the most dangerous point of which was completely exposed to the sea, rocky coastline and deep water. Fourteen barges foundered and others were smashed against the reefs, 80 men drowned but the English managed to establish a beachhead where the first skirmish took place. Captain Benavides immediately engaged some 2,000 invaders with 100 men. Ataíde brought his 400 men and Captain Blas de Jerez added another 80 while Pedro de Guzmán stayed in the rearguard. Ataíde lead three bloody charges, afterwards making an orderly withdraw, leaving fifteen Spaniards dead on the battle field. Ataíde and Guzmán headed for the fort of Peniche and discovered it was surrounded by the English. Their only way out was to withdraw in the direction of the village of Atouguia da Baleia and in the fields outside the town, they camped for the night. The English had swept in like a hurricane and had landed 12,000 men in a matter of hours. The English offered terms of surrender to Captain Araújo, commander of Peniche's fortress garrison who responded he would only surrender to the pretender Dom António, which he did. That same day, Archduke Albert ordered Alonso de Bazán to bring 12 galleys with more infantry to São Julião. During the night, the men recruited by Ataíde deserted.


title: English Armada

text: The Spanish had their doubts about their Portuguese allies. They weren't exhibiting the expected fervour against this invader. There was no love lost regarding the Prior of Crato; he not only squandered the Portuguese crown jewels which he took when he fled the country, but he promised to Elizabeth the subjection of the Portuguese empire along with a permanent pecuniary payment. The impression made by the return of the pretender with an enormous invading army was conflicting. The Portuguese didn't rise up in revolt and join ranks as Dom António had promised but they weren't eager to be part of the Spanish resistance either. The next morning, Captain Gaspar de Alarcón led his Spanish cavalry on a surprise attack against the English flank, capturing a few prisoners whereupon Guzmán withdrew to Torres Vedras and sent Ataíde to report to the Archduke in Lisbon.


title: English Armada

text: Norris had stationed 500 men with six ships in Peniche then the English began their long march to Lisbon on 28 May without artillery or a baggage train making provisioning problematic but Dom António assured them that the locals would provide whatever the army needed. The English had very strict orders not to upset the inhabitants but housebreaking and pillaging was rife once they were clear of Peniche. Norris ordered Captain Crisp, the provost marshal, to hang the perpetrators including their officers. As they approached Torres Vedras, Guzmán and Don Sancho Bravo, who brought more cavalry and infantry, withdrew to some two leagues away while Alarcón stayed behind to harass the enemy and report on their actions. Dom António made his triumphal entry into Torres Vedras on May 29 with much fanfare from the people but the English commanders and nobles noticed something was off. They realized that Portuguese nobility were not amongst the revellers; in fact, they were nowhere to be found. These were precisely the individuals who, along with their conscripts, were to set the example for the population to rise up in favour of the Prior of Crato. The English pressed Crato about provisioning whereupon the latter had sent soldiers to fetch the lawyer, Gaspar Campello, living nearby and put him in charge of provisioning the army. Campello had no better success in gathering provisions since the local population were leaving with their possessions and supplies thus leaving the road to Lisbon devoid of victuals. Meanwhile in Lisbon, the population was fleeing with much of their moveable property in anticipation of the English overrunning the city thus leaving the defence of the city to the Spaniards.


title: English Armada

text: On 30 May, Drake reached the port of Cascais and anchored his fleet between and that of São Julião in a crescent formation as close to the coast as possible. He also ordered raiding vessels to scour the waters of the nearby coastline and the Berlengas islands for enemy ships. Meanwhile, the English army, continually harassed by the Spaniards during their arduous journey, reached Loures, barely from the walls of Lisbon. Though their perilous journey was behind them, the Spanish would not allow them to enjoy much rest for their camp continued to be attacked and any supplies cut off; Norris' army was getting hungrier by the minute. Little did the English know that just outside the city walls were vast stocks of supplies. Fearing the enemy would attack the next day and discover the storehouses along the way, the Archduke ordered Captain Don Juan de Torres to keep them occupied on 31 May whilst the provisions were brought into the city, and if de Torres could inflict losses on the English, all the better. Though the Spanish tried to coax the English into coming out of their trenches, the latter wouldn't move. Meanwhile, so as to deny the English any provisions, what remained in the storehouses after bringing what they could into Lisbon was set ablaze. Because the English were not willing to come out and answer Spanish calls for battle, Captains Juan de Torres, Sancho Bravo, Gaspar de Alarcón and Francisco Malo selected 200 elite harquebusiers supported by some cavalry and carried out a "camisado". Lieutenant Colonel John Sampson's camp was selected as the target of this mission. The Spanish approached the camp at dawn on Thursday, 1 June, Corpus Christi day, shouting "Viva el Rei Dom António!" (Long live Dom António!). The moment they were admitted into the camp, the guards were killed then several soldiers sleeping in their tents were killed before the alarm was shouted. The English hurriedly formed a makeshift defensive line while their compatriots were being massacred. Harquebus fire erupted on both sides and Don Juan de Torres was wounded in the arm; he died from it three-weeks later. The Spanish made a hasty retreat suffering few casualties.


title: English Armada

text: While the English continued to rest and starve – the men found the weather too hot and exhausting, many were weak from hunger, sick and injured, and needed to be carried on baggage mules and stretchers made from pikes –, the Archduke called a war council. The Portuguese commanders pointed out that since they were expecting relief troops to arrive any day, the city walls were tall and strong, and they could be easily resupplied from the Tagus while the English were suffering from hunger and sickness, they decided to bring the army within the city walls and make their stand there. Before the end of day on June 1, the English were in Alvalade, less than an hour away, forming up pike squadrons.


title: English Armada

text: Atop a high steep mound in Lisbon is the imposing and threatening Castle of São Jorge which commands an extraordinary view of the city and its environs. Installed within were new large reinforced bronze culverins with extra thick barrels pointed towards the English camp. The gunners needed to test the range of their new guns and found this an opportune time. Just as the English rearguard was leaving Alvalade on 2 June, the vanguard came within and the guns were fired, causing surprise and inflicting casualties for Norris' army. They quickly realized they'd be contending with this threat for as long as they were within range so a more suitable route with better cover was chosen to approach the city. Meanwhile, the Spanish had set fire to the houses built adjacent to the city's wall thus forming a makeshift bulwark and Bazán was ordered to bring 12 galleys from São Julião to the city. The English found a suburb that was suitably protected from the castle's artillery and that of the galleys where they camped for the night. Their rest was unsettled by a Spanish sortie leaving some English casualties on the field.


title: English Armada

text: While the troops tried to rest, plans were made to effect a surreptitious entry into the city. One Portuguese noble still loyal to Dom António was Rui Dias Lobo who took a message to the abbot and friars of the monastery of the Holy Trinity, which was built against a weak section of the city wall, asking for permission to use the monastery as an entry point for the English soldiers. Since the catholic friars were fully informed of the Protestant English treatment of Catholics, they discretely relayed this plan to the Spanish who in turn arrested and imprisoned Dias Lobo. Another plan centered around a diversionary tactic and the betrayal of one of the Portuguese noble Matías de Alburquerque's captains who was in charge of one of the gates; nothing came of it. The third and least credible plan was the inhabitants would rebel the moment Dom António would reach the walls of Lisbon thus keeping the Spaniards inside the walls busy while the English entered without difficulty. None of these plans bore any fruit.


title: English Armada

text: At dawn on 3 June, the English readied themselves to mount an assault on the western side of the city wall. In anticipation thereof, the Spanish stationed top marksmen on the rooftops of churches just outside the north-western sector to reinforce those on the western wall. The houses outside the gate of Santa Catalina were set on fire to prevent them from being used to scale the wall. The English then headed south toward the sea where preparations had been made for them. The houses there had also been burnt and the galleys were in position to rain fire down on them. When Norris finally got a good look at the vast outskirts of Lisbon and sheer size of the city, he could but only reflect. He had no artillery to smash through the wall nor scaling ladders to climb over the wall, in fact, he had no siege equipment of any kind. Moreover, his army's numbers were decreasing by the hour and those able to fight were weak from hunger. The expected uprising by the Portuguese loyal to Crato never materialized and Norris reluctantly admitted to himself that this campaign was a failure. Their only option was to go on the defensive and withdraw to their trenches. This was the moment where the table turned and the Spanish went on the offensive.


title: English Armada

text: Three simultaneous attacks were launched by the Spanish; one on the nearest most trenches in the very streets of the suburbs, one on the rear-guard, and the cannonade from the castle of São Jorge. The English suffered hundreds of losses whereas the Spanish left 25 dead. The Spanish were expecting several thousand reinforcements on forced marches to arrive at any time and were continuously resupplied via the river whereas the English were out of powder and match. The latter spent the day of 4 June burying their dead and planning a clandestine nocturnal retreat to Cascais. To execute the deception, they lit several bonfires in the campsite and kept them lit while the bulk of the infantry quietly scurried along a route away from the water and away from main roads so as not to be discovered. Meanwhile, the Archduke planed a feigne attack on the English camp because it seemed really peculiar to him that they hadn't made any offensive moves that entire day. He ordered that at midnight, the men on the galleys send 2,000 lit match cords on skiffs to land on the shore near the English camp. Normally, lit match cords at night would give away one's position but in this case, it was intended to make the English believe they were about to be attacked. It was a purely serendipitous coincidence that this ruse resulted in the enemy thinking their retreat had been discovered causing them to make disorderly haste.


title: English Armada

text: As dawn broke on 5 June, Bazán's galleys spotted the enemy's movements and opened fire which awakened Lisbon. Upon determining that the enemy's withdraw was complete and not a trick, the Spaniards set out in pursuit. The galleys followed the English infantry firing all the while. When they approached Cascais, Sancho Bravo and Alarcón attacked the English column inflicting hundreds more casualties. When the English completed the march from Lisbon to Cascais. they lost some 500 dead along the way.


title: English Armada

text: On June 6, the Count of Fuentes marshalled an army in Lisbon to march on Cascais so as to inflict as many casualties as possible. They spent the night in Oeiras. When they reached the English trenches on the morning of June 7, they were met with cannon fire from Drake's fleet. A council of war decided that it was impracticable to launch any sort of direct assault on the English. On the way back to Lisbon, Fuentes stopped off at the castle of São Julião to consult with Bazán. They arranged to keep the enemy isolated to Cascais, essentially besieging them.


title: English Armada

text: During the morning of 8 June, the Earl of Essex, champing at the bit to achieve glory and angry with the lack of success of the slow spineless army, arranged to have a trumpeter bring to the Spanish a message challenging them to open combat. The message read:


title: English Armada

text: The messenger was shown all courtesies in accordance with the rules of hospitality then sent back with the message being unopened. Shortly thereafter, The most important Portuguese aristocrat Dom Teodósio II, 7 Duke of Bragança arrived in Lisbon with 20 noblemen including his brother , his personal guard of 70 halberdiers, 200 lancers and 1,000 infantrymen. His arrival not only brought reinforcements to defend Lisbon, it also solidified the Catholic union while leaving Dom António looking like little more than a fugitive from justice.