title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: On December 14, 2020, it was announced that Rosen would become acting Attorney General on December 24, the day after William Barr's resignation took effect. According to a January 21, 2021, report in "The New York Times", even before Barr had left, Rosen was summoned to the Oval Office and pressured by President Donald Trump to aid him in his attempts to reverse the results of the 2020 election. Trump asked him to file Justice Department legal briefs supporting lawsuits against the election results, and to appoint special prosecutors to investigate unfounded allegations of voter fraud and accusations against Dominion Voting Systems. Rosen declined, saying that the department had already investigated and had found no evidence of widespread voter fraud. However, Trump continued to press him and acting Deputy Attorney General Richard Donoghue. In late December, Trump phoned Rosen "nearly every day" to tell him about claims of voter fraud or improper vote counts. Trump also asked Rosen to appoint a special counsel to look into allegations of voter fraud, and another special counsel to investigate Joe Biden's son Hunter. Rosen rejected these requests.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: In late December Jeffrey Clark, the acting head of the Justice Department's Civil Division, told Rosen and other top Justice Department officials that the department should announce it was investigating serious election fraud issues. He asked them to sign a letter to Georgia officials claiming the DOJ had "identified significant concerns that may have impacted the outcome of the election in multiple States" and urging the Georgia legislature to convene a special session for the "purpose of considering issues pertaining to the appointment of Presidential Electors." Rosen and Donoghue rejected the proposal, as the department had previously determined and announced that there was no significant fraud. Rosen told the president that the DOJ could not "flip a switch and change the election," to which Trump replied, “I don’t expect you to do that, just say the election was corrupt and leave the rest to me and the Republican congressmen.” The president urged Rosen to “just have a press conference.” Rosen refused. “We don’t see that, We’re not going to have a press conference.”


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: Another effort to pressure Rosen to investigate the results of the 2020 presidential election was led by William J. Olson, a Virginia and D.C. lawyer, who represents Mike Lindell, CEO of MyPillow. In a December 28, 2020 memo to Trump, titled “Preserving Constitutional Order,” Olson advised Trump to fire or demote Rosen if Rosen refused to interfere with election results.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: In early January, Clark reportedly met with Trump and suggested that he replace Rosen with Clark himself, who would then promote Trump's allegations of election fraud. Trump decided against removing Rosen only after learning from Donoghue and Steven Engel that they and all the other Justice Department senior officials would resign if he did.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: In testimony before Congress in May 2021, Rosen reported that "During my tenure, no special prosecutors were appointed, whether for election fraud or otherwise; no public statements were made questioning the election; no letters were sent to State officials seeking to overturn the election results; [and] no DOJ court actions or filings were submitted seeking to overturn election results." In early August 2021, Rosen told the Justice Department inspector general and members of the Senate Judiciary Committee that Clark had tried to get the DOJ to help Trump subvert the election.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: On January 6, 2021, in response to the attack on the United States Capitol, Rosen denounced the “intolerable attack on a fundamental institution of our democracy” and he urgently sent hundreds of DOJ law enforcement agents to the Capitol to help restore order, enabling Congress to complete its electoral vote certification that evening. Rosen also announced that DOJ would pursue investigations and criminal charges against the rioters, and approximately 150 were charged by the time he left DOJ two weeks later.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: In August 2021, Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Dick Durbin, said, "It's a good thing for America we had someone like Rosen in that position." He later said, "History is going to be very kind to Mr. Rosen when it's all over. . . [W]hen he was initially appointed, I didn't think that was the case. I was wrong."


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: On June 23, 2022, Rosen testified in the fifth public hearing of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack.


title: Honda Accord (Japan and Europe eighth generation)

text: The eighth generation Honda Accord for Japanese and European markets is a mid-size car. It went on sale in mid-2008 for the 2009 model year. The Japanese-built Accord is also sold in Australia and New Zealand as the Accord Euro. It is also available in US, Canada, and Mexico as the second-generation Acura TSX. From late 2009, it is available as Honda Spirior in China. While not as large as the North American Accord, sold in Japan as the Honda Inspire, this generation Accord is not in compliance with Japanese Governments regulations concerning exterior dimensions, and is not classified as a compact sedan in Japan.


text: Honda revealed some detail shots and a teaser video of the European-spec Accord in January 2008, before debuting it at the Geneva Motor Show in March. The new Accord comes in both sedan and wagon forms, offering a host of engine and transmission options. Available engines are the 2.0-litre i4, 2.4-litre i4, and 3.5-litre V6 i-VTEC petrol engines, as well as the 2.2-litre i-DTEC diesel engine. All engines come with a 6-speed manual transmission, while the petrol engines get in addition to that a 5-speed automatic transmission. Dimensionally, the Accord has become longer, wider, and lower for a sleek, sporty look, along with sharper body lines and slightly redesigned headlights. Honda has built the Accord on its new ACE body structure, available with a host of new safety features.


text: In Australia, the Euro variant of this model won the prestigious Wheels Car of the Year award for 2008.


text: It also won the South African CAR OF THE YEAR for 2009. In March 2012, Wheels magazine Australia compared 11 mid-sized sedans, and the Accord Euro won top position.


text: Production ended at the end of February 2015 for Australian and New Zealand spec models, however there should be enough cars built to last until the end of 2015. Sales also ended in Europe, Israel and Turkey as well.


text: Production version included 2.4 L DOHC i-VTEC engine rated , 5-speed automatic transmission with paddle shifters.


text: The vehicle went on sale on December 5, 2008 in Japan. The Tourer was also released in the US as the Acura TSX Sport Wagon in Fall 2010 as a 2011 model.


text: The Type S is available in both Saloon and Tourer. The Type S has 18" alloy wheels, a front spoiler, and a rear diffuser (Saloon only) which differentiate it from the other models.


text: The Type S runs with the beefed-up iDTEC 2.2 diesel engine which now has . The increased power is due to a modified turbo, cylinder head and larger intercooler. Also, the radiator has grown in size. In addition, the clutch has been updated to handle the increased torque of 380 Nm over the standard 350 Nm.


text: The front brake discs on the Type S are larger in diameter than the saloon versions being 320 mm Ø the 150ps versions have 300 mm Ø Front discs.


text: Other Type S additions are red lighting in the dash and in the courtesy lights in the footwells and in the map lighting binnacle.


text: It is a concept car with a supercharged K24A inline four engine, 6-speed manual transmission, 245/35R19 tires. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2009 Tokyo Auto Salon.


text: The Accord Euro, which had been selling along the larger US-designed Accord in Australia and New Zealand since 2003, was launched in Australia in June 2008 as the second generation. Beginning at A$32,990, the Euro's base model contained a plethora of equipment, including dual-zone climate control, power windows, and an auxiliary jack. Serving as the central model, the "Luxury", starting from A$39,990 added a sunroof, leather interior, fog-lights, front/rear parking sensors, and rain-sensing windscreen wipers, (among others). The flagship model, the "Luxury Navi" started at A$42,990 added a navigation system and a rear parking camera.


text: All models carried the 2.4 engine, which had been refined, resulting in improved outputs of 148kW, (compared to 140kW previously), and better fuel economy, reducing from 9.1L/100KM to 8.9L/100KM, among other things.


text: All models came with side/curtain airbags, front active head restraints as well as ABS and Honda's Vehicle Stability Assist program.


text: In October 2014, it was announced by Honda Australia's director, Stephen Collins, that the Accord Euro would be pulled from the market in July 2015 due to cessation of production in Japan. The second generation Euro had amassed approximately 25,000 sales within Australia, making it a strong competitor within Australia's mid-size class.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: Matteo Pessina (born 21 April 1997) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder. He is captain of club Monza, on loan from Atalanta, and plays for the Italy national team.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: Coming through the youth system, Pessina started his career at Monza. He joined AC Milan in 2015, who sent him on loan to Lecce, Catania and Como. In 2017, he moved to Atalanta, and was loaned out to Spezia and Hellas Verona. Pessina became a starter for Atalanta upon his return from loan in 2020. He returned to his hometown club Monza in 2022 and was made club captain.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: Pessina represented Italy internationally at under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels, before making his senior debut in 2020. He was part of Italy's squad at UEFA Euro 2020, where he scored two goals to help his side win the competition.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: Born in Monza, Italy, Pessina began his youth career at local club La Dominante aged five. In 2007, aged 10, Pessina joined Monza's youth sector. He made his senior debut for Monza on 2 October 2013, in a Coppa Italia Lega Pro game against AlbinoLeffe.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: Pessina was made a permanent member of the first team in the 2014–15 season; he made his league debut on 6 January 2015, in which he also scored a goal, against Pro Patria. Pessina finished the season with three goals in 20 appearances in the regular season of the Lega Pro, as well as three goals in two games in the relegation play-outs, won against Pordenone.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: Despite avoiding relegation, Monza was forced to restart from the Serie D due to a bankruptcy: Pessina became a free agent, and was signed by AC Milan on 30 June 2015.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: Pessina was promptly sent on loan to Lecce in the Lega Pro in August 2015. During the 2015–16 season, Pessina was used infrequently: he only made one appearance in the Coppa Italia Lega Pro and three in the league.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: In January 2016, the loan was interrupted and Pessina was loaned out to Catania. Even in his second loan spell, he was used infrequently, playing only one league game in the second half of the season.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: In summer 2016, Pessina was loaned out to Como. He played as a starter in the 2016–17 season, making two appearances in the Coppa Italia, three in the Coppa Italia Lega Pro, 35 in the league (scoring nine goals) and one in the promotion play-offs.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: On 7 July 2017, Pessina signed a contract with Atalanta, as part of a swap deal involving Andrea Conti moving the other way.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: On 25 August 2017, Pessina was signed on loan by Serie B side Spezia. He scored his first Serie B goal against Salernitana on 23 February 2018. Due to his performances, having scored two goals in 38 appearances, Pessina was nominated Best Young Player of the Serie B at the Serie B Gran Galà Top 11.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: In summer 2018, Pessina returned to Atalanta. He made his debut on 26 July, playing the first leg of the second qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League as a starter, in a 2–2 home draw against Sarajevo; it was also his debut in UEFA club competition. He made his Serie A debut on 20 August 2018, aged 21, replacing Mario Pašalić in the second half of the first matchday, a 4–0 home win against Frosinone. He made 19 appearances in all competitions, including five in the preliminary rounds of the Europa League and two in the Coppa Italia.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: In August 2019, Pessina joined newly-promoted Serie A side Hellas Verona on loan with an option to buy. On his debut, six days later, he scored his first Serie A goal in a 1–0 win against Lecce in the second matchday. Pessina ended the 2019–20 season with seven goals in 35 league appearances.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: After returning from loan in summer 2020, Pessina made his UEFA Champions League debut with Atalanta on 21 October, in a 4–0 win against Midtjylland. Starting from November, Pessina started finding more space in Atalanta's starting lineup; on 3 January 2021, he scored his first goal with Atalanta, in a 5–1 home win over Sassuolo. In the second leg of the Coppa Italia semi-final, he scored a brace in a 3–1 win against Napoli, which allowed Atalanta to progress to the final.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: On 29 September 2021, he scored the sole goal in a win against Young Boys on the second matchday of the Champions League group stage: it was his first goal in a UEFA competition.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: On 6 July 2022, Pessina returned to his former club Monza, who had been promoted to the Serie A for the first time in their history; he joined on a one-year loan, with an option and conditional obligation for purchase, and was made club captain. He made his debut on 26 August, as a substitute in a 2–1 home defeat to Udinese. On 2 October, Pessina scored his first Serie A goal for Monza in a 3–0 away win to Sampdoria.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: Pessina was a member of the Italy U20 side that finished in third place at the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He made his debut with the U21 team on 5 October 2017, in a 6–2 friendly win against Hungary in Budapest.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: Pessina was called up to the Italy senior squad by manager Roberto Mancini in November 2020, and made his senior debut for Italy on 11 November, featuring as a substitute in a 4–0 friendly win against Estonia in Florence. On 28 May 2021, Pessina scored his first goal for Italy in the 75th minute of a 7–0 home win in a friendly against San Marino; he scored a second goal in the 87th minute.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: In June 2021, he was included in Italy's preliminary squad for UEFA Euro 2020 by manager Roberto Mancini, but he was initially left out of the final 26-man squad for the tournament. However, following an injury to Stefano Sensi, Pessina was called up to the tournament in his place.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: He made his first appearance in the tournament as a late substitute in Italy's group match against Switzerland on 16 June, a 3–0 win for Italy. He then started in the match against Wales on 20 June, scoring the only goal of the match in the team's 1–0 victory in Rome; the result allowed them to top their group. On 26 June, after coming off the bench for Nicolò Barella, Pessina scored the match-winning goal in a 2–1 win in extra-time over Austria in the round of 16, which allowed Italy to progress to the quarter-finals. On 11 July, Pessina won the European Championship with Italy following a 3–2 penalty shoot-out victory over England at Wembley Stadium in the final, after a 1–1 draw in extra-time.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: On 20 November 2022, Pessina came on as a substitute in a 2–0 friendly defeat to Austria, becoming Monza's first-ever player to play for the Italy national team.


title: Matteo Pessina

text: Primarily an offensive-minded central midfielder, known as the "mezzala" role in Italian football jargon, Pessina is also capable of playing as an attacking midfielder or even as a winger. A left-footed player, he possesses good technique, and is known for his ability to create chances for teammates or make late attacking runs off the ball into the penalty area; he is also known for his defensive qualities and work-rate. In his position, he has been likened to midfielders Steven Gerrard and Frank Lampard for his surging runs and eye for goal. He has cited both English midfielders among his idols growing up.


title: Under the Boardwalk

text: "Under the Boardwalk" is a pop song written by Kenny Young and Arthur Resnick and recorded by the Drifters in 1964. It charted at number four on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart on August 22, 1964. The song has since been covered by many other artists, with versions by Bette Midler, Sam & Dave, the Tom Tom Club, the Rolling Stones, Billy Joe Royal, The Beach Boys, Bruce Willis, Bad Boys Blue, John Mellencamp and Lynn Anderson all charting in the United States or overseas. The song ranked number 487 on "Rolling Stone" list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004 and number 489 in 2010.


title: Under the Boardwalk

text: The lyric describes a tryst between a man and his beloved in a seaside town, who plan to privately meet "out of the sun" and out of sight from everyone else under a boardwalk. The instrumentation includes güiro, triangle and violins. The song's chorus switches from a major to minor key. The opening line of the song references the Drifters' prior hit "Up on the Roof", showing the occasional thermal weakness of the rooftop getaway and setting the stage for an alternate meeting location, under the boardwalk.


title: Under the Boardwalk

text: The song was set to be recorded on May 21, 1964, but the band's lead singer, Rudy Lewis, died of a suspected heroin overdose the night before. Lewis had sung lead on most of their hits since the 1960 departure of Ben E. King, including "Up on the Roof". Rather than reschedule the studio session, the lead on "Under the Boardwalk" was given to the group's other lead vocalist, Johnny Moore, who had returned to the group in April 1963. The personnel on that recording included Ernie Hayes on piano, Everett Barksdale, Bill Suyker and Bob Bushnell on guitar, Milt Hinton on bass, Gary Chester on drums and George Devens on percussion. The last-minute move was a success, as the single, released on Atlantic Records, went to number four on the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts and number one for three non consecutive weeks on "Cashbox" magazine's R&B chart.


title: Under the Boardwalk

text: A cover of this song by the Rolling Stones was released the same year as the original version. Their version was released as a single only in Australia, South Africa and Rhodesia, and peaked at No. 1 in the first two (the song was the band's first No. 1 hit in Australia) and at No. 2 in Rhodesia. It appeared on their albums "12 X 5" and "The Rolling Stones No. 2". In 2007, it was included on the album "Rhythms del Mundo Classics".


title: Under the Boardwalk

text: In 1966, Los Apson released a Spanish-language version titled "Fue en un Café", which was a hit in Latin America, reaching the top 5 in Mexico.


title: Under the Boardwalk

text: "Under the Boardwalk" has since been covered by many artists, including Bette Midler (number 26 in Australia), and the Tom Tom Club (whose version reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart in 1982, becoming the first version of the song to chart in Britain). Versions by Billy Joe Royal, Bruce Willis (a number 2 success in the UK), and Lynn Anderson (number 24 on the Country chart) all reached the "Billboard" charts.


title: Under the Boardwalk

text: John Mellencamp released the track as the B-side of his single "R.O.C.K. in the U.S.A.". In Australia, the single effectively became a double-A side when the B-side "Under the Boardwalk" received significant airplay and both tracks were listed together on the singles chart, reaching number 18. The track also reached number 19 on the "Billboard" Top Rock Tracks chart.


title: Under the Boardwalk

text: In 2001, children’s music artist Bill Harley parodied the song as “Down in the Backpacks” for his 2001 preschool music album of the same name and this track was frequently played on SiriusXM’s Kids Place Live radio station


title: Kitchen Debate

text: The Kitchen Debate () was a series of impromptu exchanges through interpreters between U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon, then 46, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikita Khrushchev, 65, at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow on July 24, 1959.


title: Kitchen Debate

text: An entire house was built for the exhibition which the American exhibitors claimed that anyone in the United States could afford. It was filled with labor-saving and recreational devices meant to represent the fruits of the capitalist American consumer market. The debate was recorded on color videotape, and Nixon made reference to this fact; it was subsequently broadcast in both countries.


title: Kitchen Debate

text: In 1959, the Soviets and Americans agreed to hold exhibits in each other's countries as a cultural exchange to promote understanding. This was a result of the 1958 U.S.–Soviet Cultural Agreement. The Soviet exhibit in New York City opened in June 1959, and Vice President Nixon was on hand the following month to open the US exhibit in Moscow. Nixon took Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev on a tour of the exhibit. There were multiple displays and consumer goods provided by more than 450 American companies. The centerpiece of the exhibit was a geodesic dome that housed scientific and technical experiments in a facility. The Soviets purchased the dome at the end of the Moscow exhibition.


title: Kitchen Debate

text: William Safire was the exhibitor's press agent, and he recounted that the Kitchen Debate took place in a number of locations at the exhibition, but primarily in the kitchen of a suburban model house that was cut in half for easy viewing. This was only one of a series of four meetings that occurred between Nixon and Khrushchev during the 1959 exhibition. Nixon was accompanied by President Eisenhower's younger brother Milton S. Eisenhower, former president of Johns Hopkins University.


title: Kitchen Debate

text: Khrushchev surprised Nixon during the first meeting in the Kremlin when he protested the Captive Nations Resolution passed by the US Congress, which condemned the Soviet Union for its "control" over the "captive" peoples of Eastern Europe and called upon Americans to pray for those people. After protesting the actions of the US Congress, he dismissed the new technology of the US and declared that the Soviets would have all of the same things in a few years and then say "Bye bye" as they surpassed the U.S.


title: Kitchen Debate

text: Khrushchev criticised the large range of American gadgets. In particular, Khrushchev saw that some of the gadgets were harder to use than the traditional way. One of these devices was a handheld lemon juicer for tea. He criticized the device, saying that it was much easier to squeeze the juice out by hand and the appliance was unnecessary. Khrushchev asked Nixon if this device was standard in American kitchens. Nixon admitted some of the products had not hit the US market, and were prototypes. Khrushchev satirically asked "Don't you have a machine that puts food into the mouth and pushes it down?", a reference to Charlie Chaplin's 1936 film "Modern Times". Nixon responded that at least the competition was technological rather than military. Both men agreed that the United States and the Soviet Union should seek areas of agreement.


title: Kitchen Debate

text: The second visit occurred in a television studio inside the American exhibit. In the end, Khrushchev stated that everything that he had said in their debate should be translated into English and broadcast in the US. Nixon responded, "Certainly it will, and everything I say is to be translated into Russian and broadcast across the Soviet Union. That's a fair bargain." Khrushchev vigorously shook hands to this proposal.


title: Kitchen Debate

text: Nixon argued that the Americans built to take advantage of new techniques, while Khrushchev advocated for Communism by arguing that the Soviets built for future generations. Khrushchev stated, "This is what America is capable of, and how long has she existed? 300 years? 150 years of independence and this is her level. We haven't quite reached 42 years, and in another 7 years, we'll be at the level of America, and after that we'll go farther." Safire reported that Leonid Brezhnev was present and attempted to obstruct his photos.


title: Kitchen Debate

text: The third visit occurred inside the kitchen on a cutaway model home that was furnished with a dishwasher, refrigerator, and range. It was designed to represent a $14,000 home that a typical American worker could afford ().


title: Kitchen Debate

text: The three major American television networks broadcast the Kitchen Debate on July 25, 1959. The Soviets subsequently protested, as Nixon and Khrushchev had agreed that the debate should be broadcast simultaneously in America and the Soviet Union, with the Soviets threatening to withhold the tape until they were ready to broadcast. The American networks, however, had felt that the delay would cause the news to lose its immediacy. The debate was broadcast on Moscow television on July 27, albeit late at night and with Nixon's remarks only partially translated.


title: Kitchen Debate

text: American reaction was mixed. "The New York Times" called it "an exchange that emphasized the gulf between east and west but had little bearing on the substantive issue" and portrayed it as a political stunt. The paper also declared that public opinion seemed divided after the debates. "Time" magazine, on the other hand, praised Nixon, saying that he "managed in a unique way to personify a national character proud of peaceful accomplishment, sure of its way of life, confident of its power under threat."


title: Kitchen Debate

text: Nixon gained popularity because of the informal nature of the exchange, improving upon the lukewarm reception that he previously had with the American public. According to William Safire, he also impressed Khrushchev: "The shrewd Khrushchev came away from his personal duel of words with Nixon persuaded that the advocate of capitalism was not just tough-minded but strong-willed."


title: Kitchen Debate

text: The trip raised Nixon's profile as a public statesman, greatly improving his chances of receiving the Republican presidential nomination the following year. Khrushchev in a 1961 meeting with Nixon's opponent in the ensuing election, John F. Kennedy, would joke that he had voted for Kennedy.


title: Kitchen Debate

text: In the Kitchen Debate, Khrushchev claimed that Nixon's grandchildren would live under communism and Nixon claimed that Khrushchev's grandchildren would live in freedom. In a 1992 interview, Nixon commented that at the time of the debate, he was sure Khrushchev's claim was wrong, but Nixon was not sure that his own assertion was correct. Nixon said that events had proven that he was indeed right because Khrushchev's grandchildren (Khrushchev's son Sergei Khrushchev was a naturalized American citizen) now lived in freedom, referring to then recent collapse of the Soviet Union.


title: Kitchen Debate

text: Secret Service records declassified by the National Security Archive (Washington D.C.) on September 22, 2022 reveal that the Soviets exposed Vice President Richard Nixon and his wife, Pat, to ionizing radiation during their visit to Moscow in July 1959. The Nixon couple was slightly exposed when residing in the Spaso House, the U.S. ambassador's residence in Moscow. The U.S. Secret Service special agent James O. Golden and another agent John T. Sherwood accidentally detected the radiations when checking their instruments in the Spaso House near the Vice President room for preparing a visit at an ""atomic city"" near Sverdlovsk, foreseen later in the Nixon tour of industrial cities. After denouncing the fact, the radiations stopped. Two teenager students, Michael Gill and Richard Berke, family friends of James Golden, rapidly published the story to a limited audience in their school newspaper called ""Black & White"" at the Walt Whitman High School in Bethesda, Maryland. In 1976, The Washington Post confirmed the story in a document declassified later in 2012.


title: Bill Smitrovich

text: William Stanley Zmitrowicz Jr. (born May 16, 1947), known professionally as Bill Smitrovich ( ), is an American actor.


title: Bill Smitrovich

text: Smitrovich was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the son of Anna (née Wojna) and Stanley William Zmitrowicz, a tool and die maker. He is of Polish descent. Bill is a graduate of the University of Bridgeport (1972) and holds an MFA from Smith College (1976). He is married to Shaw Purnell from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They have a son, Alexander John, and a daughter Maya Christina, four years younger.


title: Bill Smitrovich

text: Smitrovich has starred in a number of television series. His first prominent TV series role was in the 1980s series "Crime Story" as Det. Sgt. Danny Krychek. He went on to star in the hit drama series "Life Goes On" (1989–93). Smitrovich was the lead guest star in the pilot film of the 1980s crime drama hit series "Miami Vice". He also appeared in the final episode of "NYPD Blue". He has also been seen in "The Henry Lee Project" with Danny Glover. In 1996, Smitrovich was cast as Seattle police lieutenant Bob Bletcher in "Millennium", created and produced by Chris Carter, the creator of "The X-Files". He is perhaps best known for his roles on the A&E series "A Nero Wolfe Mystery" (based on the Nero Wolfe detective stories by Rex Stout) as Inspector Cramer, and on the ABC hit series "The Practice" as Assistant District Attorney Kenneth Walsh and then went on to "Without a Trace", where he played the recurring character of Chief Alex Olcyk. In 2010 he starred in the NBC series "The Event" as Vice President Raymond Jarvis.


title: Bill Smitrovich

text: Smitrovich has also played a number of characters in military roles. These include "Independence Day" (1996), "Air Force One" (1997), "Thirteen Days" (2000), "Fail Safe" (2000), and "Eagle Eye" (2008).


title: Bill Smitrovich

text: He has made many guest appearances on various television shows. His best-known appearances include the two-part "" third-season episode "Past Tense," "24", "Numb3rs", "NYPD Blue", "Touched by an Angel", "", "Criminal Minds", "Castle", and the "Dynasty" reboot.


title: Bill Smitrovich

text: Smitrovich has also starred in several television movies, playing Alexander Haig in the 2003 biographical TV miniseries "The Reagans", as well as filling roles in "Futuresport" (1998) and in "The '60s" miniseries (1999). On film, Smitrovich's roles include the Stephen King adaptation "Silver Bullet" (1985), "Renegades" (1989), "The Trigger Effect" (1996), "Gridiron Gang" (2006), and the Marvel Comics superhero movie "Iron Man" (2008).


title: Bill Smitrovich

text: Bill played the role of Mr. Zimburger in the Johnny Depp film "The Rum Diary". He also appeared as the head of the CIA, Hanley, in Pierce Brosnan's movie "The November Man".


title: Boar–pig hybrid

text: Boar–pig hybrid is a hybridized offspring of a cross between the Eurasian wild boar ("Sus scrofa scrofa") and any domestic pig ("Sus scrofa domesticus"). Feral hybrids exist throughout Eurasia, the Americas, Australia, and in other places where European settlers imported wild boars to use as game animals. In many areas, a variable mixture of these hybrids and feral pigs of all-domesticated original stock (even environmental, agricultural, hunting, and other regulatory agencies often do not bother to distinguishing between them) have become invasive species. Their status as pest animals has reached crisis proportions in Australia, parts of Brazil, and parts of the United States, and the animals are often freely hunted in hopes of eradicating them or at least reducing them to a controllable population.


title: Boar–pig hybrid

text: When bred intentionally, the hybrid is intended to visually re-create – to "back-breed" – the look of pigs represented in prehistoric artworks of the Iron Age and earlier in ancient Europe. A project to create them, under the name Iron Age pig, started in the early 1980s by crossing a male wild boar with a Tamworth sow to produce an animal that looks like the pig from long ago. Iron Age pigs are generally only raised in Europe for the specialty meat market, and in keeping with their heritage are generally more aggressive and harder to handle than purebred domesticated pigs.


title: Boar–pig hybrid

text: Feral pigs in general are considered to be the most important mammalian pest of Australian agriculture (a difficult title to hold, given the country's long-running invasive rabbit problem). However, it is unclear to what extent they are hybrids. Known hybridization between wild and domesticated pigs has occurred naturally in the country for a long time, with populations of the wild boar (imported by European settlers for hunting) freely interbreeding with domestic pigs, either where the latter escaped and became feral, or where there is reasonable access by wild boars to penned pig populations. The appearance and temperament of the wild boar is dominant, and after three generations of interbreeding, most domesticated characteristics disappear. Prior to closure of the meat export market, Australian hunters with the appropriate qualifications and certificates sold hybrid and feral pig meat to be exported to specialty meat markets in Russia and Italy.


title: Boar–pig hybrid

text: In Sweden, farmers have reported wild boars breaking into pens and mating with pig sows, even going through electric fences to do so. One pig farmer, Oskar Ohlson, claimed to have over 100 hybrid piglets. These he described as not being aggressive, but jumping when stressed unlike regular pigs.


title: Boar–pig hybrid

text: Suine hybrids, known as razorbacks, range throughout the United States and Canada as feral populations. Their genetic makeup varies widely from area to area, from being all-domestic to a mix of recent domestic with long-feral pigs that have partially reverted to wild traits to an interbreeding of both with wild boars that, as in Australia, were apparently imported for hunting during the colonial era and in the southern United States were definitely re-introduced from Russia for hunting as recently as the 1990s. Razorbacks have been hunted for sport for centuries. Because of their increasing numbers (at least 6 million in 2014, having approximately tripled since 1990), in more recent decades they have been hunted more programmatically to reduce their impact as an invasive species; they have become a pest animal responsible for significant agricultural and property damage and environmental harm, especially in the U.S. Deep South from Florida to Texas; "The Southwestern Naturalist" estimated about 2.6 million free-roaming porcines in Texas in 2013, which may cast doubt on the 6-million nationwide estimate. A 2014 "Outdoor Alabama" article termed them "wildlife enemy number one" in that state. They have become problematic even in cooler, forested northern states (and into Canada); a particular conservation problem is that they strip plant life in woodland areas of their berries and other nutrients needed by the native American black bear. Wisconsin, for example, imposes no hunting restrictions of any kind on them to promote their elimination. Only a few animals are large enough to prey on hybrid and feral pigs, and are too few in individual numbers to control their population.


title: Boar–pig hybrid

text: Free-ranging Eurasian pigs that have also been problematic in Hawaii, a U.S. state in the Pacific Ocean and far from the mainland, are apparently of all-domesticated stock (simply feral pigs, not hybrids) and were brought by early European visitors.


title: Boar–pig hybrid

text: Domesticated pigs were introduced to the Americas and allowed to become feral from the 16th century onward, beginning with Christopher Columbus in the West Indies. Actual wild boars were introduced in the early 20th century into Uruguay, again for hunting, and have since spread into Brazil, where they have been deemed an invasive species since at least 1994, especially in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo. Since 2005, Brazil has issued hunting licenses for hybrid and feral pigs, and expanded this hunting program in 2008.


title: Boar–pig hybrid

text: Unrelated, smaller, and entirely wild suids, known as peccaries or javelinas, range throughout Latin America into the U.S. Southwest, are native to western hemisphere, and are not pest animals, though they compete with resources with hybrid and feral pigs. The dynamics between these populations are not yet well studied. Jaguars appear to prefer boar/pig over peccary prey when available.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: The Canadian Alliance (), formally the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance (), was a centre-right to right-wing federal political party in Canada that existed under that name from 2000 to 2003. The Canadian Alliance was the new name of the Reform Party of Canada and inherited many of its populist policies, as well as its position as the Official Opposition in the House of Commons of Canada. The party supported policies that were both fiscally and socially conservative, seeking reduced government spending on social programs and reductions in taxation.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: The Alliance resulted from the United Alternative initiative launched by the Reform Party of Canada and several provincial Tory parties as a vehicle to merge with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. The federal Progressive Conservative Party led by Joe Clark in the late fall of 1998 rejected the initiative to "unite the right." After the Alliance led by Stockwell Day was defeated and a third consecutive Liberal majority government was won in the 2000 federal election, talks reopened and in December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties finally voted to merge into the Conservative Party of Canada.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: The Canadian Alliance's origins were in the Reform Party of Canada, which was founded in 1987 as a populist party supporting Western Canadian interests. However, soon after its formation it was taken over by fiscal and social conservatives and became a right-wing populist party. Initially, the Reform Party was motivated by the perceived need for democratic reforms and by growing Western discontent with the Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney. Led by its founder Preston Manning, the Reform Party rapidly gained momentum in western Canada and sought to expand its base in the east. Manning, son of longtime Alberta Premier Ernest Manning, gained support partly from the same political constituency as his father's old party, the Alberta Social Credit Party. Its platform and policies emphasized, "inter alia", the rights and responsibilities of the individual, Senate and other democratic reforms, and smaller more fiscally responsible government.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: With the unraveling of Mulroney's fragile coalition of westerners, Red Tories from Ontario and Quebec nationalists, the Reform Party's fortunes rose. It first entered Parliament in 1989 when Deborah Grey won a by-election in an Edmonton-area riding. The party achieved major success in the 1993 federal election. Almost all of the Tories' western support bled to Reform, allowing it to replace the Tories as Canada's major centre-right party. However, the party was virtually nonexistent east of Manitoba. Notably, despite finishing second in the popular vote, it was nosed out by the Bloc Québécois for official opposition status due to being completely shut out of Quebec and winning only one seat in Ontario. While the party did manage to become Canada's official opposition, inadequate support in eastern Canada prevented it from posing a true challenge to the Liberal government. Ontario and Quebec are guaranteed 59 percent of seats in the Commons under both Constitution Acts, making it politically impossible to form even a minority government without a significant base of support in either province.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: Demand for unity by the right encouraged Manning to promote a new movement, the "United Alternative", to create a small-c conservative alternative to the Liberals. Manning blamed "conservative" vote-splitting for keeping the Liberals in power, although some polls showed that the Liberals were the second choice of many PC voters (especially in Ontario). Manning's efforts created a strong debate in the Reform party, and he would even write a letter to the effect that he didn't want to lead Reform anymore, but would only lead the new party. The opposition died down after Manning won a leadership review with 74.6 per cent support at the January 2000 UA convention.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: In 2000, following the second of the two United Alternative conventions, the party voted to dissolve in favour of a new party: the "Canadian Conservative Reform Alliance." After the convention, the Reform Party applied to change its name, short name, and logo; this application was granted by the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada, retroactive to March 27, 2000. As of that date, what used to be the Reform Party of Canada was registered as the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance. The newly-named party's platform was a mixture of the PC and Reform platforms. However, it was in fact a renamed and enlarged Reform Party. Former Reform members dominated the new party; with few exceptions, the Reform caucus in the Commons essentially became the Alliance caucus. Mulroney called the party "Reform in pantyhose", and some opponents referred to the party as the "Reform Alliance" to enforce this perception.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: Media covering the convention quickly pointed out that if one added the word "Party" to the end of the party's name, the resulting initials were "CCRAP" (humorously pronounced "see-crap" or just "crap") even though it, like the Bloc, didn't actually have the word "party" in its name. One day later, the party changed its official name to the "Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance". However, it was almost always called simply "the Canadian Alliance" (which was accepted on first reference in most media outlets) or "the Alliance". However, the "CCRAP" nickname was still used by its opponents. Deborah Grey, the deputy leader of Reform, was chosen as the new party's interim leader, becoming the first female Leader of the Opposition in Canadian history.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: The federal Progressive Conservatives under Joe Clark refused to participate in these talks, but there was strong support from many provincial Tories, especially in Ontario and Alberta. Subsequently, at the new party's first leadership convention, Manning was defeated by Stockwell Day, longtime Treasurer (finance minister) of Alberta. One Progressive Conservative senator, Gerry St. Germain, joined the new party in October 2000, becoming the Alliance's only member of the Senate.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: In the fall of 2000, the Liberals called a snap election that caught the Alliance off-guard. Nonetheless, the party went into the election with great hopes, campaigning on tax cuts, an end to the federal gun registration program, and their vision of "family values". Day was expected to have greater appeal to Ontario voters. At one point, the Alliance was at 30.5 per cent in the polls, and some thought they could win the election, or at least knock the Liberals down to a minority government. However, the Liberals responded by accusing the Alliance of having a "hidden agenda" (e.g., to introduce two-tier health care, and threatening gay rights and abortion rights), which the party denied.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: Though disappointed with the election results in Ontario, the Alliance increased its presence to 66 MPs, including two MPs from Ontario. Nationally, the party increased its popular vote to 25 per cent. The Alliance remained the Official Opposition in the House of Commons. The Liberals increased their large majority mostly at the expense of the NDP, and the Tories under Joe Clark lost many seats and remained in fifth place, but Clark was elected in Calgary Centre in the middle of Alliance country, so the overall political landscape was not significantly changed. Like Reform, the Alliance was perceived mostly as a Western protest party.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: However, the Alliance's failure to win more seats east of Manitoba, along with residual resentments from the Alliance leadership contest and questions about Day's competence, led to caucus infighting. In the spring of 2001, eleven MPs who either voluntarily resigned or were expelled from the party formed the "Independent Alliance Caucus". The group was led by Chuck Strahl and included Grey. Day offered the dissidents an amnesty at the end of the summer, but seven of them, including Grey and Strahl, turned it down and formed their own parliamentary grouping, the Democratic Representative Caucus. The DRC formed a coalition with Clark's Tories in the House, which was widely seen as an attempt by Clark to reunite the Canadian right on his terms. The split forced Day to call a new leadership convention, and, in April 2002, former Reform MP Stephen Harper defeated Day at the subsequent leadership election.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: Once Harper assumed the leadership, most of the rebellious MPs rejoined the Alliance. Two MPs did not rejoin, however: Inky Mark chose to remain outside of caucus, and eventually joined the Tories, and the scandal-plagued Jim Pankiw was rejected when he applied for readmission to the Alliance caucus.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: During its short history, the Canadian Alliance never seriously entertained the prospect of forming provincial wings or forging formal links with existing provincial parties. The vast majority of Alliance supporters in most provinces supported, and continued to support, their provincial Progressive Conservative parties, while most supporters in Saskatchewan remained loyal to the Saskatchewan Party and in BC supported the conservative BC Liberals.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: However, an attempt to form a provincial party with clear, if unofficial links with the Alliance was made in Alberta, where the Alberta Alliance was formed in 2002. Under the leadership of Reform/Alliance activist Randy Thorsteinson, the new party never sought a formal link with the Alliance, and if it had done so the overture would likely have been rebuffed since many Albertan Alliance members continued to support the Alberta Progressive Conservatives. However, the Alberta Alliance copied the colours of the Alliance and many of its logos bear a striking resemblance to those of the federal party. The Alberta Alliance continued to grow following the federal party's merger, and the provincial party fielded a full slate of candidates for the 2004 provincial election, on November 22, 2004, and won one seat in the Legislature.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: On October 15, 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party (under its new leader Peter MacKay) announced that they would merge to form a new party, called the Conservative Party of Canada. The union was ratified on December 5, 2003, with 96 per cent support of the membership of the Canadian Alliance, and on December 6, 90.04 per cent support of elected delegates in the PC Party. On December 8, the party was registered with Elections Canada, and on March 20, 2004, former Alliance leader Stephen Harper was elected as leader of the party with MacKay serving as deputy leader. The new party was dubbed "the Alliance Conservatives" by critics who considered the new party a "hostile takeover" of the old Progressive Conservatives by the newer Alliance. However, some grassroots Alliance supporters who had adhered to the old populist ideas of the Reform Party feared that the merger would signal a return to what they saw as indifference to Western Canadian interests. The Alliance also subsequently shed some of its populist and socially conservative policies during the merger.


title: Canadian Alliance

text: The new Conservative Party formed the Canadian government on February 6, 2006, and won two additional elections (2008 and 2011) under the leadership of Stephen Harper; of these, the 2006 and 2008 votes resulted in the party governing only as a minority; only in 2011 was a majority mandate achieved. The party was defeated in 2015, by the Liberals, and became the official opposition party in the House of Commons.


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: Sergio Lorenzo "Serge" Pizzorno (born 15 December 1980) is a British guitarist, singer and songwriter, best known for his work with the rock band Kasabian. He is Kasabian's primary songwriter since the departure of co-composer Christopher Karloff in 2006, and also the band's co-lead singer, and later being the sole lead singer following the 2020 sacking of Tom Meighan. He is also a member of Loose Tapestries alongside Noel Fielding and fellow Kasabian member Tim Carter, a group put together to produce music for Fielding's TV series "Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy".


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: Pizzorno's paternal grandfather emigrated from Genoa, Italy, to England and settled in Leicester. Despite being brought up in the city, Pizzorno was born in Newton Abbot, Devon because his mother liked the hospital. He originally had intentions to start a career in football, and said that "I told my careers adviser I wanted to be centre forward for Leicester City". He also supports Genoa CFC, as his uncle Gianni, born in Genoa, took him to the Luigi Ferraris Stadium when he was a child.


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: Pizzorno is not fond of Kasabian being compared to similar, older bands, including Oasis and The Stone Roses. He says "The foreign fans listen to the music more and don't call us The Stone Roses or anything. I think they get us for who we are, especially in France and places like that. There's no baggage like in the UK." Pizzorno has also expressed admiration for Damon Albarn, the frontman of Oasis' rival Britpop band Blur.


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: Despite this, Pizzorno is an admirer of Oasis, in particular former lead guitarist Noel Gallagher. He has said that "at our school, if you played guitar you got beat up for being a ponce. Then Oasis came along and suddenly playing guitar was cool. They inspired a whole generation of bands. When we started out as kids, it was Noel Gallagher who inspired me more than any teacher or historical figure I'd heard about." "For Oasis to ask us to go with them is an honour and a pleasure. I imagine they see a lot of themselves in us and I don't imagine they'd go on tour with a band they didn't like."


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: Kasabian are consistently referred to as an indie rock band, but, Pizzorno has said "We've never been an indie band, you know, and I sort of fucking hate indie bands." He has referred to the band's music as "future rock".


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: Following Pizzorno's decision to become the band's frontman after parting ways with Tom Meighan, he prepared for the role by studying his favorite artists such as Tyler, the Creator, Iggy Pop, Björk, PJ Harvey, Liam Howlett and Liam Gallagher.


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: Pizzorno has also worked with former Kasabian lead guitarist and songwriter Chris Karloff on the DJ Shadow track "The Tiger" from the album "The Outsider". He notably scored a fabulous volley in the "Road to Wembley" segment on "Soccer AM".


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: Pizzorno was at Wembley Stadium in November 2010 to make the draw for the FA Cup Third Round Proper, along with former Oasis guitarist and good friend Noel Gallagher.


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: In 2010, he composed the music for the movie "London Boulevard", starring Colin Farrell, Ray Winstone and Keira Knightley.


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: In 2011, Pizzorno joined forces with friend Noel Fielding to create music for his new E4 sketch show "Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy". They formed a project called Loose Tapestries. Together, they also wrote the music for the second series of the show, which aired in 2014.


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: Pizzorno was one of the celebrities to take part in the 2012 edition of Soccer Aid, a charity football match played by celebrities and ex-footballers, on 27 May. He played for the Rest of the World team against England and scored the opening goal of the game, lobbing former England international goalkeeper David Seaman from a tight angle. Although the Rest of the World went on to lose 3–1, Pizzorno won the Man of the Match award.


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: In May 2019, Pizzorno launched a solo project under the name The S.L.P.; his first single was called "Favourites" and it featured British rapper Little Simz.


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: Pizzorno has described suffering symptoms suggestive of Synesthesia, namely how seeing magician's equipment on television would cause him to experience foul odours to the extent that they would trigger his gag reflex and cause him to lose his appetite.


title: Serge Pizzorno

text: Pizzorno has played a red Rickenbacker 481 guitar in nearly all of Kasabian's music videos (excluding the video for "Switchblade Smiles"), and nearly all their live performances. He also uses another rare guitar, a red 1966 Fender Coronado II with a golden pickguard, notable for unique guitar sound from their 2009 single "Underdog" despite the Rickenbacker 481 being shown in the music video. The Fender Coronado is used for their live performances of the song. The Fender Coronado is also used during live performances of their 2009 song "Where Did All the Love Go?".


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: Odeon, stylised as ODEON, is a cinema brand name operating in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Norway, which along with UCI Cinemas and Nordic Cinema Group is part of the Odeon Cinemas Group subsidiary of AMC Theatres. It uses the famous name of the Odeon cinema circuit first introduced in Great Britain in 1930.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: The first Odeon cinema was opened by Oscar Deutsch in 1928, in Brierley Hill, Staffordshire (now West Midlands), although initially called "Picture House". The first cinema to use the Odeon brand name was Deutsch's cinema at Perry Barr, Birmingham in 1930. Ten years later Odeon was part of the Rank Organisation who continued their ownership of the circuit for a further sixty years. Through a number of sales and acquisitions in the early 2000s the company was purchased by Terra Firma, which merged Odeon and UCI Cinemas to form Odeon UCI Cinemas Group. Most UCI cinemas then took the Odeon brand name in 2006. Terra Firma/UCI sold the company to AMC Theatres in November 2016. Ironically, UCI was originally formed through the merger of AMC UK and Cinema International Corporation in 1989.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: As of 2016, Odeon is the largest cinema chain in the United Kingdom by market share (although the Irish cinemas were also included within this figure).


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: On 17 March 2020, Odeon temporarily closed its cinemas across the UK and Ireland due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: Odeon Cinemas was created in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch. Odeon publicists liked to claim that the name of the cinemas was derived from his motto, "Oscar Deutsch Entertains Our Nation", but it had been used for cinemas in France and Italy in the 1920s, and the word is actually Ancient Greek ᾨδεῖον, Ōideion, meaning "a place for singing". The word "Nickelodeon" was coined in 1888 and was widely used to describe small cinemas in the United States starting from 1905.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: The first cinema opened by Deutsch was located in Brierley Hill, Staffordshire, England in 1928. The building has long since been demolished, but as of 2006, the former UCI cinema (built in the 1980s as an AMC multiplex) at the Merry Hill Shopping Centre in Brierley Hill was refurbished as an Odeon cinema. However, its style is more functional than that of original Odeon cinemas.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: The first cinema that opened under the Odeon brand was in 1930, located in Perry Barr, Birmingham. It was designed by Harry Weedon using maritime-inspired Art Deco architecture. The frontage was remodelled following damage sustained during the Second World War and, having been a bingo hall, has since been converted into a conference venue.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In 1932, Deutsch acquired more sites and planned construction of a chain of cinemas; commissioning Weedon to design his future buildings, with five opening in 1933. Each Odeon cinema had a character different from most other cinemas in the UK, often having a unique and spectacular interior.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: George Coles was also one of their principal architects, remodelling a partially complete assembly hall in Portslade and designing his first purpose-built cinema in Upper Wickham Lane, Welling, Kent which opened on 22 October 1934 and closed on 22 October 1960. It is currently a bingo club in the Mecca chain. It featured central linear lighting, a feature that became characteristic of his work. 15 other Odeon cinemas opened in 1934.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In 1935, Deutsch commissioned John Maltby (1910–80), a professional photographer, to photograph every cinema in the Odeon chain at that time. The resulting collection, of internal and external photographs, is held in the public archive of English Heritage and can be seen online. 13 more Odeon cinemas opened in 1935. The same year, United Artists took a stake in the company for a nominal sum plus the supply of its films to the chain. UA eventually owned 50% of Odeon Cinema Holdings.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In 1936, 35 more Odeons opened and in 1937, the Odeon Leicester Square opened in Leicester Square, London, which became the chain's flagship cinema. Another 35 Odeons also opened in 1937, with the chain concentrating on bigger cities. They also took over County Cinemas and George Singleton Cinemas in Scotland. Odeon Theatres Limited was formed to consolidate the chain of 250 cinemas into one public company.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In 1938, Deutsch sold an interest in the business to J. Arthur Rank, who was in the process of forming the Rank Organisation. In 1939, they acquired most of the small UK cinema operations of Paramount Pictures, including key sites in Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool and Newcastle upon Tyne.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: By the time of Deutsch's death in December 1941, the chain had 258 cinemas throughout Britain, including 142 specially built. After his death, his wife sold his shares to Rank, giving Rank control of both Odeon and the rival Gaumont-British chain, which the Rank Organisation had acquired earlier in the year. In July 1942, Odeon acquired a second tranche of the Paramount chain, including the Paramount Theatre in Tottenham Court Road, later renamed the Odeon Tottenham Court Road.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In 1953, Odeon brought 3D films, widescreen and CinemaScope to the UK. The Odeon Marble Arch showed "Bwana Devil" in 3D in March 1953. Later in the year, Odeon showed "Tonight We Sing" in widescreen at the Odeon Leicester Square and demonstrated CinemaScope at the Odeon Tottenham Court Road to the trade and to the public with "The Robe" at the Odeon Leicester Square.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In January 1959, Rank restructured its exhibition operation and combined the best Gaumonts and the best Odeons for a new "Rank" release, while the rest of their cinemas were given a new "National" release. With the continuing decline in attendance and cinema numbers, the National release died on its feet and henceforth there were two release patterns, Rank and ABC. There was no reason to perpetuate the Gaumont name, and in towns that lost their Odeon, the Gaumont was usually renamed Odeon within a couple of years of the latter's closure. Even so, the Gaumont name continued to linger until, in January 1987, the last Gaumont, in Doncaster, was renamed Odeon.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: A smaller number of Odeon cinemas opened in the post-war years (Odeon Marble Arch and Odeon Elephant & Castle being notable instances), but many single-screen cinemas either closed, sub-divided into smaller screens or were converted into other uses, such as bingo. In 1965, Odeon opened their first multiplex converting their site in Nottingham into a twin-screened cinema. In 1989, they built their first multiplex with an 8-screen site in Stoke-on-Trent.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In 1944, Rank acquired a 50% interest in a Canadian chain and built Odeon cinemas there. It partnered with Hoyts in Australia in 1945, and bought chains in Ireland, New Zealand and South Africa in 1946. By 1956, Rank Odeon had expanded to the West Indies, British Malaya and Ceylon and had interest in 585 cinemas overseas. In 1957, they opened a cinema in New York City.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: Odeon eventually operated a wholly owned Canadian subsidiary, Odeon Theatres (Canada) Ltd., with more than a hundred cinemas in Canada, coast-to-coast. The head office of Odeon Theatres of Canada was in Toronto, and later, the north Toronto suburb of Willowdale. This business was sold in 1978 to the Canadian Theatres chain and became Canadian Odeon Theatres, then was sold again in 1984 to Cineplex Corporation, forming Cineplex Odeon, then later became known as Loews Cineplex Entertainment.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: It also owned fifty percent of an Australian subsidiary, Greater Union Organisation, based in Sydney, with dozens of cinemas across Australia. The Rank Organisation's share of Greater Union Organisation was sold to Amalgamated Holdings Ltd., an Australian company, also in 1984. Greater Union is now known as Event Cinemas.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: Since the turn of the century, Odeon has undergone a series of sales after the Rank Group needed cash injections to reduce their debt, firstly to Cinven which merged Odeon with Cinven's ABC Cinemas. In 2004, the chain was purchased by Terra Firma and merged with United Cinemas International to produce the largest cinema chain in Europe. As a condition of the merger (imposed by the Office of Fair Trading), Odeon's Newcastle upon Tyne, Sutton Coldfield, Poole, Quinton, Hemel Hempstead and Bromley cinemas were sold to Empire Cinemas. Many smaller, older cinemas such as Odeon Grimsby on Freeman Street were closed to keep market-share within legal limits. The remaining UCI cinemas, including Thefilmworks brands, were rebranded as Odeon from 4 November 2005.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In February 2007, the UK became home to Europe's first DCI-compliant fully digital multiplex cinemas with the launch of Odeon Hatfield and Odeon Surrey Quays (in London), with a total of 18 digital screens.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: UCI cinemas in Ireland have also joined the Odeon chain, and while they initially retained the UCI brand name, evidence of the merger became apparent, for example when booking tickets by credit card, the name "Odeon" appeared. The Odeon in-house film review magazine, "Onscreen", was now also distributed in the UCI cinemas, retaining the Odeon logo font throughout. In August 2007, UCI launched a new Irish website with an identical layout to odeon.co.uk. This website stated that the Irish cinemas were sold to an Irish group, Entertainment Enterprises, in September 2006. This transaction went unreported in the Irish media. It also stated that the cinemas remained part of the Odeon chain under a management contract. Rank/Odeon previously ran cinemas in Ireland (including the flagship, the Savoy Cinema in O'Connell Street) until 1982, when they were purchased by Ward Anderson. In April 2008, Entertainment Enterprises announced that it purchased the Irish assets of Storm Cinemas, and as with the existing UCI chain, would be contracting the running of the cinemas to Odeon. On 31 May 2011, Odeon announced that it had bought back the UCI chain in Ireland (including the Storm Cinemas-branded locations) from Entertainment Enterprises. Odeon rebranded all of its Irish cinemas under the Odeon brand during 2012; the first rebranded cinema reopened on 27 March 2012.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In 2007 Odeon acquired ten cinemas in Italy. It is now the largest cinema chain in Europe. In March 2012, the Odeon and UCI Cinemas Group under Terra Firma's control reported a £70 million loss for the year 2011, as posted on Companies House.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: Terra Firma announced in February 2015 that it planned to sell Odeon and UCI Cinemas for around £1 billion.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In April 2015, the company agreed to sell its cinemas in Gerrards Cross, Esher, Muswell Hill and Barnet to its smaller rival Everyman Cinemas for £7.1 million.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In July 2016, the company was bought for $921 million by the American company AMC Theatres, which is owned by Chinese conglomerate Wanda Group. The deal received approval from the European Commission on 17 November 2016, and was completed on 30 November 2016.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: On 11 December 2020, Odeon reveals they are losing $125 million a month and emergency funds are slowly running out.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: On 29 April 2020 Odeon Cinemas announced a ban of all films distributed by Universal Pictures after the latter announced that it would skip releasing some films in cinemas and distribute them directly on streaming and on demand services. Adam Aron, chief executive of AMC Theatres, said that the ban would apply to all 1,000 outlets worldwide after the coronavirus lockdown.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: They also ran their own advertising company, called Rank Screen Advertising, in competition with the UK market leader Pearl & Dean, which it eventually overtook. Rank Screen Advertising was later rebranded as Cinema Media before being taken over by Carlton Communications and became Carlton Screen Advertising. In 2008, Odeon, along with rival chain Cineworld, bought back the company and today it is known as Digital Cinema Media.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: The company operates a website and mobile apps for iOS and Android, allowing customers to book tickets in advance of performances. They ceased a telephone booking service in 2014. They run their own Guest Service Centre, based in Stoke-on-Trent, sharing the building with the cinema, but operated separately. The company has a support office in Manchester, and a smaller office in London.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: "Limitless" is a nationwide scheme, where, on a twelve-month contract basis, allows members to see regular (not 3D) screenings as often as they want for a monthly fee.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: Odeon offers premium services for customers who are 18 years or older. It provides a fine dining experience and a gallery, offering a premium service, at six locations.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: In 2008, Odeon made a controversial move by refusing to screen "Rambo" on any of its UK screens, blaming it on "commercial differences". In 2010 Odeon proposed a boycott of Tim Burton's "Alice in Wonderland" at its cinemas in the UK, Ireland and Italy, over a plan by Disney to show the film for a shorter period to allow it to release the film on DVD earlier. Following individual negotiations with Disney; Odeon, Cineworld and Vue reached agreements.


title: Odeon Cinemas

text: On 24 August 2012, a customer named Matt Pledger posted a complaint on Odeon's Facebook wall about his experience with the cinema, citing high ticket prices, high food prices, inattentive staff, sound bleeding through from the cinema next door, and displaying adverts on how piracy was killing film. The complaint eventually went viral, with over 275,000 'Likes' and over 23,000 comments as of 3 September 2012, as well as receiving attention from the national media, including a programme feature on BBC Radio 4.


title: Rocawear

text: Rocawear (Stylized Roc-A-Wear) is an American Clothing Brand founded in 1999 by Roc-A-Fella Records Co-Founders Damon Dash and Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter. The brand has had annual sales of $700 million. Rocawear expanded through licensing to sell affordable clothes for children and juniors; socks and sandals; leather, suede, and fur outerwear; handbags and belts; lounge wear; big and tall; headwear; jewelry; and sunglasses; as well as co-branded product with Pro-Keds, State Property, and Team Roc.


title: Rocawear

text: R&B singer Ciara signed to be the new face of Rocawear in 2007 for the 'I Will Not Lose' campaign. Chris Brown, Memphis rap collective Three 6 Mafia, radio personality Ebro Darden, Toccara and Rich Boy were amongst the other celebrities who were part of the campaign.


title: Rocawear

text: In March 2007, Jay-Z sold the rights to the Rocawear brand to Iconix Brand Group for $204 million. Jay-Z will retain his stake in the company and will continue to oversee the marketing, licensing, and product development. In May 2018, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sought out Jay-Z's testimony in relation to possible security law violations made by Iconix.


title: Rocawear

text: In March 2009, Rocawear launched its first social networking site, offering style news, music, fashion, and cultural connections.


title: Rocawear

text: In August 2011, Jay-Z confirmed via Twitter that Rocawear had partnered with Pharrell Williams' clothing label, Billionaire Boys Club.


title: Rocawear

text: In November 2018, Jay-Z successfully halted a $204 million lawsuit between Roc Nation and Iconix over the lack of black arbitrators in the US.


title: Angela Winbush

text: Angela Lisa Winbush (born January 18, 1955) is an American R&B/soul singer-songwriter, musician and record producer who rose to fame first in the 1980s R&B duo René & Angela, also scoring hits as a solo artist. To date, Winbush has sold over 10 million albums and singles worldwide.


title: Angela Winbush

text: Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Angela began singing in church. She grew up in a middle-class area of St. Louis. Angela is a graduate of Northwest High School. She did not initially aspire to a career in music, instead studying architecture at Howard University, singing only to earn extra money. She continued to sing in church while at Howard as well as with gospel legend Richard Smallwood. She also performed as a singer with a group called "Hot Tea" while she attended Howard University. They opened for various well-known performers during shows and also did background singing for recording artists. One of the other members of "Hot Tea" was Tawatha Agee, who later did a lot of background singing on the albums of several well-noted recording artists, eventually joining the funk/soul band Mtume.


title: Angela Winbush

text: By 1977, Angela had changed her major to music education and recorded a demo. She shopped it to various record labels with no success but, through a personal introduction furnished by respected industry veteran, Wayne K. Garfield, the demo was heard by New York disc jockey Gary Byrd, who made the call that landed Angela a spot in Stevie Wonder's backing vocal group, Wonderlove. Becoming Wonder's protégé, she learned a great deal about writing and arranging songs.


title: Angela Winbush

text: While in Los Angeles with Wonder, Angela met singer Rene Moore. The two formed the duo René & Angela later that year. They soon came to the realization that they could be successful as duo music writers and producers for others as well, and began pursuing that goal. René & Angela released their self-titled debut album in 1980, followed by "Wall to Wall" in 1982 and "Rise" in 1983. During this period they scored two top 20 R&B hit singles, "I Love You More" and "My First Love.”


title: Angela Winbush

text: During Rene & Angela's early years, Moore and Winbush were asked to write and produce four songs for Janet Jackson's 1982 self-titled debut album, "Janet Jackson." One of the songs, "Young Love," became Jackson's first top ten US R&B hit reaching number six on the chart. They also had songs recorded by the likes of Rufus & Chaka Khan, Lamont Dozier and Odyssey.


title: Angela Winbush

text: In 1985 they scored a US number one hit with "I Have Learned to Respect the Power of Love" by Stephanie Mills, with whom Angela had forged a close friendship (an earlier version of the song had been recorded by Alton McClain & Destiny). Having signed with Mercury Records, the duo released their breakthrough album, "Street Called Desire" the same year. Among the hit singles included on the album was their first R&B number one with the dance single, "Save Your Love (For #1)," which included guest vocals from rapper Kurtis Blow, making it besides Chaka Khan's "I Feel For You," one of the first songs to prominently feature a rapper. Other hit singles included "I'll Be Good", the mostly Winbush-led "Your Smile" – another number one hit – and the subsequent "You Don't Have to Cry" which hit number two in the beginning of 1986. Eventually "Street Called Desire" sold over a million copies, going platinum, but on the brink of their greatest success, tensions between Winbush and Moore had grown. After their split, Moore would continue to find success as a songwriter and producer, most notably for Michael Jackson.


title: Angela Winbush

text: In 1986, Winbush was introduced to Ronald Isley, lead singer of the influential Isley Brothers after Benny Medina had agreed to ask Winbush to be involved with the Isleys' next record when Isley proposed plans to work with Winbush on a future project. Producing, writing and arranging the Isleys' "Smooth Sailin'" album, Winbush helped the group, now featuring just Ronald and Rudolph (eldest brother O'Kelly had died the previous year), score a top 10 R&B hit with the title track.


title: Angela Winbush

text: In turn, Isley opted to manage Winbush and he helped in the process of releasing her debut solo album, "Sharp," which was also released in 1987. The album included the hit, "Angel" which showcased Winbush's four-octave range. The song reached the No. 1 R&B position for two weeks in 1987. Other notable hits include the dance track, "Run to Me," "C'est Toi (It's You)" and the Ron Isley duet, "Hello Beloved." The album spent 28 weeks on the "Billboard" 200 album chart and 51 weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.


title: Angela Winbush

text: In 1988, she wrote and produced two tracks for Sheena Easton's gold album "The Lover in Me" – "Without You" and "Fire and Rain," both of which showcased Easton's lower range and soulful vocals. In 1989, Winbush released her second solo album "The Real Thing." The title track "It's The Real Thing" reached number two on the R&B chart while subsequent hits "No More Tears" and "Lay Your Troubles Down" continued Winbush's top 40 success on the R&B charts where she was now a fixture on despite failed attempts to cross her over to pop audiences. The album also included her version of "I Have Learned To Respect The Power of Love"). The same year, Winbush wrote and produced another US R&B number one for Stephanie Mills with "Something in the Way (You Make Me Feel)" for Mill's album "Home", as well as the album cut "So Good, So Right" (previously recorded by D'atra Hicks).


title: Angela Winbush

text: In 1989, Winbush oversaw all songwriting and production on The Isley Brothers' 25th album "Spend the Night" including the US R&B number three hit "Spend the Night (Ce Soir)". The following year, she scored more top 20 R&B hits as a writer/producer for R&B girl group Body ("Footsteps In The Dark") and newcomer Lalah Hathaway ("Baby Don't Cry") as well as contributing cuts to their respective albums. In 1992, Winbush co-wrote and co-produced with longtime manager/collaborator/lover Ronald Isley another album for The Isley Brothers, "Tracks of Life", featuring the R&B hit "Sensitive Lover".


title: Angela Winbush

text: On June 26, 1993, Winbush and Isley, 13 years Angela's senior, married. A year later Winbush released her third self-titled solo album, which included the R&B hit, "Treat U Rite." Produced by Chuckii Booker, the song peaked at number six on the R&B chart making it Winbush's ninth top ten R&B hit altogether in her career. In 1996, Winbush produced the bulk of The Isley Brothers' "Mission to Please" album, which included the hit "Floatin' On Your Love," a duet between Angela and Ron Isley. The song was later remixed by Sean "Puffy" Combs and featured guest vocals from Lil' Kim and the group 112 in backgrounds. The video for it showcased Winbush serenading Isley's Mr. Biggs character. Winbush continued to collaborate with the Isley Brothers until 2001's "Eternal" with Angela notably only contributing one track ("Warm Summer Night") as their marriage began to cool off. In 2002, Winbush and Isley quietly divorced. In 2003, Winbush made news when it was found out she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Eventually after a successful surgery, the cancer was in remission and Winbush returned to perform on the road.


title: Angela Winbush

text: Since starting out with Rene & Angela, Winbush and Moore have played an influence on various R&B and hip-hop acts. In the latter genre, their music has been sampled by acts such as The Notorious B.I.G. (who featured her and Jay-Z on his Rene & Angela-sampled "I Love You More" for the song "I Love the Dough"), Foxy Brown (who sampled her "I'll Be Good" for her 1997 top ten hit, "I'll Be," Rapper Sylk-E. Fyne's 1998 hit "Romeo and Juliet" that samples Rene and Angela's "You Don't Have to Cry," and last but not least singer Avant re-recorded the Rene & Angela ballad, "My First Love," with singer Keke Wyatt in 2000. In appreciation during Avant's performance of the song on BET's "106 & Park", in 2001, Winbush surprised the audience by singing alongside Avant on the song. As a singer, Winbush is well noted by her gospel-influenced musical humming during her songs. She has influenced the likes of Syleena Johnson and Chante Moore. Winbush and former partner Rene Moore also shared the distinction for being one of the first R&B acts to prominently feature a rap act in a R&B song sharing that distinction with Jody Watley, Chaka Khan and funk band Cameo. Winbush also carries the distinction of being one of the few female artists to find success as a songwriter, arranger, producer and session musician (Winbush also is an avid musician playing piano and keyboards).


title: Angela Winbush

text: During a 2006 interview on the Christian TV show, Gospel of Music with Jeff Majors, Winbush disclosed that she had overcome Stage 3 ovarian cancer after six months of chemotherapy in 2003. During the interview she revealed that her undying faith in God got her through having a cyst (benign) removed from her breast, the ending of her marriage to Isley in divorce, and her struggle with depression.


title: Angela Winbush

text: After years of absence from mainstream TV, in March 2010, Winbush performed "Angel", live on the late night talk show "The Mo'Nique Show". She was also featured on the TV One documentary "Unsung", which first aired in October 2010. It was revealed that Rene Moore became violent with Winbush, in latter years, which led Winbush to cease her musical journey with Moore because she was no longer interested in being a member of "Rene & Angela." Moore declined to be interviewed for "Unsung."


title: Hum Paanch (TV series)

text: Hum Paanch () is an Indian sitcom that first aired from 1995 to 1999. The series returned for a second season from 2005 to 2006. The show starred Ashok Saraf, Vidya Balan, Rakhee Tandon, Bhairavi Raichura, and Vandana Pathak.


title: Hum Paanch (TV series)

text: "Hum Paanch" is the story of a middle-class white-collar worker, Anand Mathur, who always finds himself in trouble because of his five daughters — Meenakshi, Radhika, Sweety, Kajal, and Chhoti. The three elder daughters are Anand and his first wife's children. The last two are Anand and Bina's daughters.


title: Hum Paanch (TV series)

text: Together, the five girls plan to do something new in every episode. Anand's first wife, who is dead, speaks to him through her portrait on the living room wall; his second wife, Bina, generally supports the daughters' ideas. The show was a runabout success, helping to establish Zee TV.


title: Hum Paanch (TV series)

text: When the show returned for a second season, Anand had returned from a long stay in the United States. Meenakshi and Radhika were married, Meenakshi was married to Purush whom she treats like a servant and shouts at. Radhika is married to Daljeet Singh whom the other sister's call 'Pape'. He is a scientist and invents many things which get the girls into trouble. He has a forgetfulness problem — he forgets people's names and basic things. Meenakshi's daughter is known as Damini, and Radhika's daughter's name is Gudiya.


title: Hum Paanch (TV series)

text: The series was Balaji Telefilms' first, back when its office was in a garage. The show thus marked the debut of Ekta Kapoor as a producer, at the age of 16. She personally made sure that the actors did their rehearsals and improvisations. The script of the first season was written by Imtiaz Patel. According to Ashok Saraf, who played the lead role of Anand Mathur in the series, "He has written the characters so well, people got hooked with each of them. Imtiaz's work was the height of improvisation. Imtiaz Patel was so talented that he could write one episode on a single line that he read in a newspaper." The show was mainly shot in Mumbai, with huge crowds assembling whenever there were scenes shot on the streets.


title: Hum Paanch (TV series)

text: The series was the debut for many of the actors, including Vandana Pathak, Vidya Balan, and Rakhi Vijan. The show was the first comedy role of Shoma Anand.


title: Hum Paanch (TV series)

text: It was aired on Zee TV every Tuesdays 8pm , leading to its success as a series loved by the whole family. The first season ran from 1995 to 1999, while the second from 2005 to 2006.


title: Hum Paanch (TV series)

text: A Reboot, "Hum Paanch Phir Se", aired on Big Magic from 19 June 2017 to 1 March 2018 with a new cast and produced by Essel Vision Productions. The cast includes Sooraj Thapar as Anand Mathur, Seema Pandey as Bina Mathur, Vaishnavi Mahant as Priya, Jayashree Venkataramanan as Kajal, Ambalika Sapra as Radhika, Sylvia Chadha as Sweety, Ruchi Tripathi as Meeenakshi and Rimmi Srivastava as Chhoti. The series was not produced by Ekta Kapoor.


title: Shani Wallis

text: Shani Wallis (born 14 April 1933) is a British actress and singer, who has worked in theatre, film, and television in both her native United Kingdom and in the United States. A graduate of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, she is perhaps best known for her roles in the West End, and for the role of Nancy in the 1968 Oscar-winning film musical "Oliver!"


title: Shani Wallis

text: Wallis was born 14 April 1933 in Tottenham, London, and made her first stage appearance at the age of four. She later studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art(RADA) She made her theatrical debut in a lead role as young princess Maria in "Call Me Madam" at the London Coliseum in March 1952. Wallis sprung to global fame when appearing as Nancy in the oscar winning musical film "Oliver!" in 1968, starring alongside Oliver Reed as Bill Sykes, Ron Moody as Fagin, Jack Wild as the Artful Dodger, and Mark Lester as Oliver. Afterwards Wallis received an offer to star in the television series The Brady Bunch, but turned it down because she wanted to do more musicals.


title: Shani Wallis

text: Wallis is a naturalised citizen of the United States where she has lived for more than forty years. She married her agent, Bernie Rich, on 13 September 1968; the couple have one daughter and two grand-daughters. Wallis is a patron of the theatre charity the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America.


title: Roman Carthage

text: After the destruction of Punic Carthage in 146 BC, a new city of Carthage (Latin "Carthāgō") was built on the same land in the mid-1st century BC. By the 3rd century, Carthage had developed into one of the largest cities of the Roman Empire, with a population of several hundred thousand. It was the center of the Roman province of Africa, which was a major breadbasket of the empire. Carthage briefly became the capital of a usurper, Domitius Alexander, in 308–311.


title: Roman Carthage

text: Re-conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire in 533–534, it continued to serve as an Eastern Roman regional center, as the seat of the praetorian prefecture of Africa (after 590 the Exarchate of Africa). The city was sacked and destroyed by Umayyad Arab forces after the Battle of Carthage in 698 to prevent it from being reconquered by the Byzantine Empire. A fortress on the site was garrisoned by Muslim forces until the Hafsid period, when it was captured by Crusaders during the Eighth Crusade. After the withdrawal of the Crusaders, the Hafsids decided to destroy the fortress to prevent any future use by a hostile power. Roman Carthage was used as a source of building materials for Kairouan and Tunis in the 8th century.


title: Roman Carthage

text: By 120–130 BC, Gaius Gracchus founded a short-lived colony, called "Colonia Iunonia", after the Latin name for the Punic goddess Tanit, "Iuno Caelestis". The purpose was to obtain arable lands for impoverished farmers. The Senate abolished the colony some time later to undermine Gracchus' power.


title: Roman Carthage

text: After this ill-fated attempt, a new city of Carthage was built on the same land by Julius Caesar in the period from 49 to 44 BC, and by the first century, it had grown to be the fourth largest city of the empire, with a population in excess of 100,000 people.


title: Roman Carthage

text: It was the center of the province of Africa, which was a major breadbasket of the Empire. Among its major monuments was an amphitheater, built in the 1st century, with a capacity of 30,000 seats.


title: Roman Carthage

text: Carthage also became a center of early Christianity. Tertullian rhetorically addressed the Roman governor with the fact that the Christians of Carthage that just yesterday were few in number, now "have filled every place among you—cities, islands, fortresses, towns, market-places, the very camp, tribes, companies, palaces, senate, forum; we have left nothing to you but the temples of your gods." ("Apologeticus" written at Carthage, c. 197).


title: Roman Carthage

text: Tertullian later broke with the mainstream that was represented more and more by the bishop of Rome, but a more serious rift among Christians was the Donatist controversy, which Augustine of Hippo spent much time and parchment arguing against. In 397 the Biblical canon for the western Church was confirmed at Carthage.


title: Roman Carthage

text: The Christians of Carthage conducted persecutions against the pagans, during which the pagan temples, sanctuaries and holy sites, notably the famous Temple of Juno Caelesti, were destroyed.


title: Roman Carthage

text: The Vandals under their king Gaiseric crossed to Africa in 429, either as a request of Bonifacius, a Roman general and the governor of the Diocese of Africa, or as migrants in search of safety. They subsequently fought against the Roman forces there and by 435 had defeated the Roman forces in Africa and established the Vandal Kingdom.


title: Roman Carthage

text: As an Arian, Gaiseric was considered a heretic by the Catholic Christians, but a promise of religious toleration might have caused the city's population to accept him.


title: Roman Carthage

text: The Vandals during their conquest are said to have destroyed parts of Carthage by Victor Vitensis in "Historia Persecutionis Africanae Provincia" including various buildings and churches.


title: Roman Carthage

text: After two failed attempts by Majorian and Basiliscus to recapture the city in the 5th century, the Eastern Roman Empire finally subdued the Vandals in the Vandalic War of 533–534. Using the deposition of Gaiseric's grandson Hilderic by his cousin Gelimer as a "casus belli", the Romans dispatched an army to conquer the Vandal kingdom. On Sunday, October 15, 533, the Roman general Belisarius, accompanied by his wife Antonina, made his formal entry into Carthage, sparing it a sack and a massacre.


title: Roman Carthage

text: Thereafter, the city became the seat of the praetorian prefecture of Africa, which later became the Exarchate of Africa during the reign of the emperor Maurice. Along with the Exarchate of Ravenna, these two regions were the western bulwarks of the Roman Empire, all that remained of its power in the west. In the early seventh century, Heraclius the Elder, the Exarch of Africa, rebelled against the usurper Phocas, and his son in turn became the emperor Heraclius.


title: Roman Carthage

text: The Exarchate of Africa first faced Muslim expansion from Egypt in 647, but without lasting effect. A more protracted campaign lasted from 670 to 683. Captured by the Muslims in 695, it was recaptured by the Byzantines in 697, but was finally conquered in 698 by the Umayyad forces of Hassan ibn al-Nu'man.


title: Roman Carthage

text: Fearing that the Eastern Roman Empire might reconquer it, the Umayyads decided to destroy Roman Carthage in a scorched earth policy and establish their center of government further inland at Tunis. The city walls were torn down, the water supply cut off, the agricultural land ravaged and its harbors made unusable.


title: Roman Carthage

text: The destruction of the Roman Carthage and the Exarchate of Africa marked a permanent end to Roman rule in the region, which had largely been in place since the 2nd century BC.


title: Roman Carthage

text: It is visible from archaeological evidence that the town of Carthage continued to be occupied, particularly the neighborhood of Bjordi Djedid. The Baths of Antoninus continued to function in the Arab period and the historian Al-Bakri stated that they were still in good condition. They also had production centers nearby. It is difficult to determine whether the continued habitation of some other buildings belonged to Late Byzantine or Early Arab period. The Bir Ftouha church might have continued to remain in use though it is not clear when it became uninhabited. Constantine the African was born in Carthage.


title: Roman Carthage

text: The fortress of Carthage continued to be used by the Muslims until the Hafsid era and was captured in 1270 by Christian forces during the Eighth Crusade. After the withdrawal of the Crusaders, Muhammad I al-Mustansir decided to completely destroy it to prevent a repetition.


title: 44th Academy Awards

text: The 44th Academy Awards were presented April 10, 1972, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. The ceremonies were presided over by Helen Hayes, Alan King, Sammy Davis Jr., and Jack Lemmon. One of the highlights of the evening was the appearance of Betty Grable who made one of her last public appearances. She appeared along with one of her leading men from the 1940s, singer Dick Haymes, to present the musical scoring awards. Grable died the following year. This was the first time in the history of the Awards in which the nominees were shown on superimposed pictures while being announced.


title: 44th Academy Awards

text: Nominations announced on February 22, 1972. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger ().


title: 44th Academy Awards

text: Charlie Chaplin received an honorary award at this ceremony, for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century". Chaplin, who had been living in self-imposed exile in Switzerland for twenty years, came back to the United States to re-market his older films and to receive this award. When introduced to the audience, Chaplin received a twelve-minute standing ovation, the longest in Academy Awards history.


title: Turnspit dog

text: The turnspit dog was a short-legged, long-bodied dog bred to run on a wheel, called a turnspit or dog wheel, to turn meat. The type is now extinct. It is mentioned in "Of English Dogs" in 1576 under the name "Turnespete". William Bingley's "Memoirs of British Quadrupeds" (1809) also talks of a dog employed to help chefs and cooks. It is also known as the Kitchen Dog, the Cooking Dog, the Underdog and the "Vernepator". In Linnaeus's 18th-century classification of dogs it is listed as (also used as Latin name for the Dachshund). The breed was lost, since it was considered to be such a lowly and common dog that no record was effectively kept of it. Some sources consider the Turnspit dog a kind of Glen of Imaal Terrier, while others make it a relative of the Welsh Corgi.


title: Turnspit dog

text: The Vernepator Cur was bred to run on a wheel in order to turn meat so it would cook evenly. Due to the strenuous nature of the work, a pair of dogs would often be worked in shifts. According to John George Wood in "The Illustrated Natural History (Mammalia)" (1853):


title: Turnspit dog

text: The dogs were also taken to church to serve as foot warmers. One story says that during service at a church in Bath, the Bishop of Gloucester gave a sermon and uttered the line "It was then that Ezekiel saw the wheel...". At the mention of the word "wheel" several turnspit dogs, who had been brought to church as foot warmers, ran for the door.


title: Turnspit dog

text: Turnspit dogs were described as "long-bodied, crooked-legged and ugly dogs, with a suspicious, unhappy look about them". Delabere Blaine, a 19th-century veterinarian (and self-described "father of canine pathology"), classified the Turnspit dog as a variety of spaniel. Often they are shown with a white stripe down the center of their faces. According to Bingley's "Memoirs of British Quadrupeds" (1809):


title: Turnspit dog

text: The turnspit dog is again described by H.D. Richardson in his book "Dogs; Their Origin and Varieties" (1847):


title: Turnspit dog

text: The crooked leg is most likely owed to very distant ancestors as noted in "Dogs And All About Them" (1910), by Robert Leighton:


title: Turnspit dog

text: The gene for chondrodysplasia in various short-legged breeds has been confirmed to trace back to a single ancestral mutation.


title: Raï

text: Raï (, ; , , ), sometimes written rai, is a form of Algerian folk music that dates back to the 1920s. Singers of Raï are called "cheb" (Arabic: شاب) (or "shabab," i.e. young) as opposed to "sheikh" (Arabic: شيخ) ("shaykh", i.e. old), the name given to Chaabi singers. The tradition arose in the city of Oran, primarily among the poor. Traditionally sung by men, by the end of the 20th century, female singers had become common. The lyrics of Raï have concerned social issues such as disease and the policing of European colonies that affected native populations.


title: Raï

text: Raï is a type of Algerian popular music that arose in the 1920s in the port city of Oran, and that self-consciously ran counter to accepted artistic and social mores. It appealed to young people who sought to modernize the traditional Islamic values and attitudes. Regional, secular, and religious drum patterns, melodies, and instruments were blended with Western electric instrumentation. Raï emerged as a major world-music genre in the late 1980s.


title: Raï

text: In the years just following World War I, the Algerian city of Oran—known as "little Paris"—was a melting pot of various cultures, full of nightclubs and cabarets; it was the place to go for a bawdy good time. Out of this milieu arose a group of male and female Muslim singers called chioukhs and cheikhates, who rejected the refined, classical poetry of traditional Algerian music. Instead, to the accompaniment of pottery drums and end-blown flutes, they sang about the adversity of urban life in a raw, gritty, sometimes vulgar, and inevitably controversial language that appealed especially to the socially and economically disadvantaged. The cheikhates further departed from tradition in that they performed not only for women but also and especially for men.


title: Raï

text: The music performed was called raï. It drew its name from the Algerian Arabic word raï ("opinion" or "advice"), which was typically inserted—and repeated—by singers to fill time as they formulated a new phrase of improvised lyrics. By the early 1940s Cheikha Rimitti el Reliziana had emerged locally as a musical and linguistic luminary in the raï tradition, and she continued to be among the music's most prominent performers into the 21st century.


title: Raï

text: In the early 20th century, Oran was divided into Jewish, French, Spanish, and Native Algerian quarters. By independence in 1962, the Jewish quarter (known as the Derb), was home to musicians like Reinette L'Oranaise, Saoud l'Oranais and Larbi Bensari. Sidi el Houari was home to Spanish fishermen and many refugees from Spain who arrived after 1939. These two-quarters had active music scenes, and the French inhabitants of the city went to the Jewish and Spanish areas to examine the music. The Arabs of Oran were known for al-andalous, a classical style of music imported from Southern Spain after 1492. Hawzi classical music was popular during this time, and female singers of the genre included Cheikha Tetma, Fadila D'zirya and Myriam Fekkai. Another common musical genre was "Bedoui" ("Bedouin") (or "gharbi" ("Western")), which originated from Bedouin chants. Bedoui consisted of Melhun poetry being sung with accompaniment from guellal drums and gaspa Flutes. Bedoui was sung by male singers, known as "cheikh"s, who were dressed in long, white jellabas and turbans. Lyrics came from the poetry of people such as Mestfa ben Brahim and Zenagui Bouhafs. Performers of bedoui included Cheikh Hamada, Cheikh Mohammed Senoussi, Cheikh Madani, Cheikh Hachemi Bensmir and Cheikh Khaldi. Senoussi was the first to have had recorded the music in 1906.