title: Dipak Misra

text: Misra led the bench which rejected the 1993 Mumbai serial blasts convict Yakub Memon's appeal to stop his execution. He then received a death threat in writing, an anonymous letter which says "irrespective of the protection you may avail, we will eliminate you." In an unprecedented overnight hearing at 3:20 am on 30 July 2015, a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court led by Justice Misra dismissed Yakub Memon's last-minute petition for a stay on his death warrant. The bench said: "if we have to stay the death warrant it would be a travesty of justice. We do not find any merit in the writ petition". Few hours later, Memon was hanged.


title: Dipak Misra

text: A three judge bench led by Justice Misra has upheld the death sentence awarded to the four convicts of the Nirbhaya rape case on 5 May 2017. Justice Misra authored the landmark judgement confirming the death penalty of four convicts in the brutal 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder case which shook the nation and spurred the genesis of a stringent anti-rape law. In his verdict, Justice Misra termed the convicts as those who “found an object for enjoyment in her... for their gross, sadistic and beastly pleasures... for the devilish manner in which they played with her dignity and identity is humanly inconceivable”.


title: Dipak Misra

text: It was a bench of the Supreme Court headed by Justice Misra that settled the 120 year old dispute over the Cauvery river, also called the Ganga of the South and considered to be the lifeline for Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The judgment laid down important principles to the effect that rivers are a national resource and not the property of any State and the sharing of waters must be on equitable basis and further placed the requirement of drinking water at the highest pedestal.


title: Dipak Misra

text: The first progress in the Ayodhya dispute occurred during Justice Misra’s tenure when the Bench led by him restricted the dispute only to the title suit and rejected third party interventions. The Bench led by him rejected the plea to refer the <nowiki>"Ismail Faruqui"</nowiki> judgment to a Constitution Bench thereby upholding that a mosque was not integral to the Muslim way of worship, which has an important bearing on the dispute.


title: Dipak Misra

text: In a historic unanimous ruling on Section 377 IPC, while presiding over a Constitution Bench, Chief Justice Misra partially struck down Section 377 of IPC citing it to be irrational, indefensible and manifestly arbitrary. Justice Misra observed quoting Goethe : “I am what I am, so take me as I am” and emphasised on the universal concepts of individuality, liberty and dignity of the individual, right to privacy, equality of rights and freedom of expression, and highlighted the constitutional principles of transformative constitutionalism and constitutional morality and the doctrines of progressive realisation and non-retrogression of rights.


title: Dipak Misra

text: Hailing the right to freedom of speech and expression while staying the ban on the movie “Padmavaat” by certain States, Justice Misra held that cinemas as an art form are an inseparable part of right to free speech and expression.


title: Dipak Misra

text: While upholding the marriage of Kerala Muslim convert girl Hadiya with Shafin Jahan in the Hadiya court case, he observed that the right to marry a person of one's choice is integral to right to life and liberty and further, choosing a faith is the substratum of individuality and sans it, the right of choice becomes a shadow.


title: Dipak Misra

text: In Shakti Vahini v. Union of India, deprecating honour killing and honour crimes, Justice Misra wrote that honour killing guillotines individual liberty and freedom of choice and that assertion of choice is an insegregable facet of liberty and dignity. He further wrote : “any kind of torture or torment or ill-treatment in the name of honour that tantamount to atrophy of choice of an individual relating to love and marriage by an assembly, whatsoever nomenclature it assumes, is illegal and cannot be allowed a moment of existence”. He also observed, “class honour, howsoever perceived, cannot smother the choice of an individual which he or she is entitled to enjoy under our compassionate Constitution.”


title: Dipak Misra

text: Justice Misra, in his judgment on mob vigilantism and lynching, condemned the horrendous acts of mobocracy and observed that it cannot be allowed to become the “new normal”. He stated that it has to be curbed with an iron hand and that no citizen can be allowed to take the law into his own hands or become law unto himself and further issued a slew of directions, including preventive, punitive and remedial measures, to deal with the crime.


title: Dipak Misra

text: He had upheld the constitutionality of the criminal defamation as a reasonable restriction on free speech under Article 19 (2) of the Constitution stating that reputation cannot be allowed to be sullied on the anvil of free speech which is not absolute.


title: Dipak Misra

text: He was also part of the Bench of the Supreme Court's seven senior-most judges who convicted then Calcutta High Court judge C. S. Karnan of contempt of court and sentenced him to six months' imprisonment.


title: Dipak Misra

text: He was part of the bench that ordered playing of the National Anthem in the beginning of a film in theatres as mandatory, which requires the audience to stand up when it is played. Later, he modified the order to clarify with regard to differently abled people and further relaxed it while stating that if a cinema chose to play the National Anthem, people would have to stand up as a mark of honour and respect.


title: Dipak Misra

text: He was part of the bench that ruled out Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code dealing with adultery. On 27 September 2018, Misra read the judgment that adultery will no longer be a criminal offence, but can serve as a reason for other civil issues, such as divorce.


title: Dipak Misra

text: He is hailed as a 'warrior of gender equality' as he led various constitutional benches which passed historic judgements that upheld equal rights for women and the LGBT community, like the scrapping of Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code, legalising homosexuality by partially striking down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code and allowing entry for women of menstruating age group into the Sabarimala temple in Kerala.


title: Dipak Misra

text: On 12 January 2018, four senior judges of the Supreme Court; Jasti Chelameswar, Ranjan Gogoi, Madan Lokur and Kurian Joseph addressed a press conference criticising Misra's style of administration and allocation of cases. However, people close to Misra refuted these allegations. Legal experts like Soli Sorabjee and Ujjwal Nikam said that this rebellion of the four judges against the Chief Justice of India is going to hurt the judiciary by eroding public faith in it.


title: Dipak Misra

text: On 20 April 2018, seven opposition parties submitted a petition seeking impeachment of Misra to the Vice-President Venkaiah Naidu, with signatures from seventy-one parliamentarians. On 23 April 2018, the petition was rejected by Venkaiah Naidu, primarily on the basis that the complaints were about the internal administration and not misbehaviour, and that impeachment would seriously interfere with the constitutionally protected independence of the judiciary.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, (13 April 1593 (N.S.)12 May 1641), was an English statesman and a major figure in the period leading up to the English Civil War. He served in Parliament and was a supporter of King Charles I. From 1632 to 1640 he was Lord Deputy of Ireland, where he established a strong authoritarian rule. Recalled to England, he became a leading advisor to the King, attempting to strengthen the royal position against Parliament. When Parliament condemned Lord Strafford to death, Charles reluctantly signed the death warrant and Strafford was executed. He had been advanced several times in the Peerage of England during his career, being created 1st Baron Wentworth in 1628, 1st Viscount Wentworth in 1629, and, finally, 1st Earl of Strafford in January 1640. He was known as Sir Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baronet, between 1614 and 1628.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Wentworth was born in London. He was the son of Sir William Wentworth, 1st Baronet, of Wentworth Woodhouse, near Rotherham, a member of an old Yorkshire family, and of Anne, daughter of Sir Robert Atkins of Stowell, Gloucestershire. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, became a law student at the Inner Temple in 1607, and in 1611 was knighted. He married firstly Margaret, daughter of Francis Clifford, Earl of Cumberland and Grisold Hughes.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: The young Sir Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baronet, entered the English Parliament in 1614 as Yorkshire's representative in the "Addled Parliament", but it was not until the parliament of 1621, in which he sat for the same constituency, that he took part in a debate. His position was ambivalent. He did not sympathise with the zeal of the popular party for war with Spain, favoured by George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, James I's foremost advisor and favourite, but James's denial of the rights and privileges of parliament seems to have caused Wentworth to join in the vindication of the claims of the House of Commons, and he supported the protestation which dissolved the third parliament of James.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: In 1622 Wentworth's first wife Margaret Clifford died. Wentworth, according to his friends, was deeply grieved by her death; but in February 1625 he married Arabella Holles, daughter of John Holles, 1st Earl of Clare and Anne Stanhope: a marriage which was generally believed to be a true love affair on both sides. He represented Pontefract in the Happy Parliament of 1624, but appears to have taken no active part. He expressed a wish to avoid foreign complications and "do first the business of the commonwealth".


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: In the first parliament of Charles I, in June 1625, Wentworth again represented Yorkshire, and showed his hostility to the proposed war with Spain by supporting a motion for an adjournment before the house proceeded to business. He opposed the demand for war subsidies made on Buckingham's behalf—after the death of James I, Buckingham had become first minister to Charles—and after Parliament was dissolved in November he was made High Sheriff of Yorkshire, a position which excluded him from the parliament which met in 1626. Yet he had never taken up an attitude of antagonism to the King. His position was very different from that of the regular opposition. He was anxious to serve the Crown, but he disapproved of the King's policy.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: In January 1626 Wentworth asked for the presidency of the Council of the North, and was favourably received by Buckingham. But after the dissolution of the parliament, he was dismissed from the justiceship of the peace and the office of "custos rotulorum" of Yorkshire—which he had held since 1615—probably because he would not support the court in forcing the country to contribute money without a parliamentary grant. In 1627, he refused to contribute to the forced loan, and was subsequently imprisoned.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: In 1628, Wentworth was one of the more vocal supporters of the Petition of Right, which attempted to curb the power of the King. Once Charles had grudgingly accepted the Petition, Wentworth felt it appropriate to support the crown, saying, "The authority of a king is the keystone which closeth up the arch of order and government". He was consequently branded a turncoat.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: In the parliament of 1628, Wentworth joined the popular leaders in resistance to arbitrary taxation and imprisonment, but tried to obtain his goal without offending the Crown. He led the movement for a bill which would have secured the liberties of the subject as completely as the Petition of Right afterwards did, but in a manner less offensive to the King. The proposal failed because of both the uncompromising nature of the parliamentary party and Charles's stubborn refusal to make concessions, and the leadership was snatched from Wentworth's hands by John Eliot and Edward Coke. Later in the session, he quarrelled with Eliot because Wentworth wanted to come to a compromise with the Lords, so as to leave room for the King to act unchecked in special emergencies.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: On 22 July 1628, not long after the prorogation, Wentworth was created Baron Wentworth, and received the promise of the presidency of the Council of the North at the next vacancy. This implied no change of principle. He was now at variance with the Parliamentary Party on two great subjects of policy, disapproving both of the intention of Parliament to take the powers of the executive and also of its inclination towards Puritanism. When once the breach was made it naturally grew wider, partly from the energy each party put into its work, and partly from the personal animosities which arose.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: As yet Wentworth was not directly involved in the government of the country. However, following the assassination of Buckingham, in December 1628, he became Viscount Wentworth and not long afterwards president of the Council of the North. In the speech delivered at York on taking office, he announced his intention, almost in the words of Francis Bacon, of doing his utmost to bind up the prerogative of the Crown and the liberties of the subject in an indistinguishable union. "Whoever", he said, "ravels forth into questions the right of a king and of a people shall never be able to wrap them up again into the comeliness and order he found them". His tactics were the same as those he later practised in Ireland, leading to the accusation that he planned to centralise all power with the executive at the expense of the individual in defiance of constitutional liberties.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: The parliamentary session of 1629 ended in a breach between the King and Parliament, which made the task of a moderator hopeless. Wentworth had to choose between either helping the House of Commons dominate the King or helping the King to dominate the House of Commons. He chose the latter course, throwing himself into the work of repression with characteristic energy and claiming that he was maintaining the old constitution and that his opponents in Parliament were attempting to alter it by claiming supremacy for Parliament. From this time on, he acted as one of two principal members (the other being Archbishop William Laud of Canterbury) in a team of key royal advisors (the "Thorough Party") during an 11-year period of total monarchical rule without parliament (known both as "the Personal Rule" and the "eleven-year tyranny").


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: The 1st Viscount Wentworth, as he had become, became a privy counsellor in November 1629. On 12 January 1632 he was made Lord Deputy of Ireland, arriving in Dublin in July the following year. He had recently suffered the loss of his beloved second wife Arabella in childbirth. Despite his genuine grief for Arabella, his third marriage to Elizabeth Rhodes in 1632 was also a happy one; but through a strange lapse of judgement, he did not announce it publicly for almost a year, by which time damaging rumours about the presence of a young woman in his house (who was reputed to be his mistress) had gained wide circulation. Wedgwood remarks that it was typical of Wentworth to be oblivious to the bad impression which actions like this might make on the public. Gossip later linked his name with that of Eleanor Loftus, daughter-in-law of The 1st Viscount Loftus, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, but although a warm friendship existed between them, and her death in 1639 caused him much grief, there is no evidence that their relationship went beyond friendship.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: In his government here he proved to be an able ruler. "The lord deputy of Ireland", wrote Sir Thomas Roe to Elizabeth of Bohemia, "doth great wonders and governs like a king, and hath taught that kingdom to show us an example of envy, by having parliaments and knowing wisely how to use them." He reformed the administration, summarily dismissing the inefficient English officials. He succeeded in so manipulating the parliaments that he obtained the necessary grants, and secured their cooperation in various useful legislative enactments. He started a new victualling trade with Spain, promoted linen manufacture, and encouraged the development of the resources of the country in many directions. The Court of Castle Chamber, the Irish counterpart of the Star Chamber, which up to that time had only operated intermittently, was transformed into a regular and efficient part of the Irish administration.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Customs duties rose from a little over £25,000 in 1633–34 to £57,000 in 1637–38. Wentworth raised an army, put an end to piracy, imposed Arminian reforms onto the Calvinist-dominated Church of Ireland, and launched a campaign to win back Church lands lost during the Reformation. His strong administration reduced the tyranny of the wealthy over the poor. Yet these measures were all carried out by arbitrary methods which made them unpopular. Their aim was not the prosperity of the Irish but the benefit to the English exchequer, and Wentworth suppressed the trade in cloth "lest it should be a means to prejudice that staple commodity of England." Castle Chamber, like its model Star Chamber, was accused of brutal and arbitrary proceedings. Individual cases of unfairness included those of Robert Esmond, a ship's captain, and cousin of Laurence Esmonde, Lord Esmonde, accused of customs evasions, whom Wentworth was alleged to have assaulted, so causing his death, Lord Chancellor Loftus and Lord Mountnorris, the last of whom Wentworth caused to be sentenced to death to obtain the resignation of his office, and then pardoned. Promises of legislation such as the concessions known as 'The Graces' were not kept.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Wentworth ignored Charles' promise that no colonists would be awarded land, to the detriment of Catholic landholders, in Connaught. In 1635 he raked up an obsolete title—the grant in the 14th century of Connaught to Lionel of Antwerp, whose heir Charles was—and insisted upon the grand juries finding verdicts for the King. One county only, County Galway, resisted, and the confiscation of Galway was effected by the Court of Exchequer, while Wentworth fined the sheriff £1,000 for summoning such a jury, and cited the jurymen to the Castle Chamber to answer for their offence. In Ulster the arbitrary confiscation of the property of the city companies aroused dangerous animosity against the government. His actions in Galway led to a clash with the powerful Burke family, headed by the ageing Richard Burke, Earl of Clanricarde. Clanricarde's death was said by some to have been hastened by the clash: Wentworth, on hearing these reports, said he could hardly be blamed for the fact that Clanricarde was nearly seventy. It was, however, unwise to have made an enemy of the new Earl, Ulick Burke, 5th Earl of Clanricarde, who through his mother Frances Walsingham had powerful English connections: Clanricarde's half-brother, Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, by 1641 was to become one of Wentworth's (who became Earl of Strafford in 1640) most implacable enemies.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Wentworth made many enemies in Ireland, but none more dangerous than Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork, the most powerful of the "New English" magnates. A more diplomatic man than Wentworth would no doubt have sought Cork's friendship, but Wentworth saw Cork's great power as a threat to the Crown's central authority, and was determined to curb it. He prosecuted Lord Cork in Castle Chamber for misappropriating the funds of Youghal College; and ordered him to take down the tomb of his first wife in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. Cork, a patient and implacable enemy, worked quietly for Wentworth's downfall, and in 1641 recorded calmly in his diary that Wentworth (by then Earl of Strafford) had been beheaded "as he well deserved".


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Toward the native Irish, Wentworth had no notion of developing their qualities by a process of natural growth; his only hope for them lay in converting them into Englishmen as soon as possible. They must be made English in their habits, in their laws and in their religion. "I see plainly ... that, so long as this kingdom continues popish, they are not a people for the Crown of England to be confident of", he wrote. Although staunchly Protestant, he showed no desire to persecute Catholics: as J.P. Kenyon remarks, it was understood that so long as Catholics remained the great majority of the population, there would have to be a much larger degree of toleration than was necessary in England. He was prepared to give tacit recognition to the Catholic hierarchy, and even gave an interview to Archbishop Thomas Fleming of Dublin, whose homely face, plain dress and lack of ostentation made a poor impression on him.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Under Wentworth's patronage, the Werburgh Street Theatre, Ireland's first theatre, was opened by John Ogilby, a member of his household, and survived for several years despite the opposition of Archbishop James Ussher of Armagh. James Shirley, the English dramatist, wrote several plays for it, one with a distinctively Irish theme, and "Landgartha", by Henry Burnell, the first known play by an Irish dramatist, was produced there in 1640.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Wentworth's heavy-handed approach did yield some improvements, as well as contribute to the strength of the royal administration in Ireland. His hindrance in 1634 of 'The Graces', a campaign for equality by Roman Catholics in the Parliament of Ireland, lost him goodwill but was based on fiscal and not religious principles. Wentworth regarded the proper management of Parliament as a crucial test of his success, and in the short term, his ruthless methods did produce results. Having settled on Nathaniel Catelyn as the most suitable Speaker, he coerced the voters of Dublin into returning him as member, and ordered the Commons to elect him Speaker. The Parliament of 1634/5 did pass some useful legislation: the Act against Fraudulent Conveyances remained in force into the 21st century. His second Parliament, however, having paid him abject compliments, began to attack his administration as soon as Wentworth left for England.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: The future Duke of Ormond became Wentworth's chief friend and supporter. Wentworth planned large-scale confiscations of Catholic-owned land, both to raise money for the crown and to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry, a policy which Ormonde supported. Yet it infuriated Ormonde's relatives and drove many of them into opposition to Wentworth and ultimately into armed rebellion. In 1640, with Wentworth having been recalled to attend to the Second Bishops' War in England, Ormonde was made commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland. Wedgwood concludes that whatever his intentions Wentworth/Strafford in Ireland achieved only one thing: to unite every faction in Ireland in their determination to be rid of him.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Wentworth's rule in Ireland made him more high-handed at court than ever. He had never been consulted on English affairs until February 1637 when King Charles asked Wentworth's opinion on a proposed interference in the affairs of the Continent. In reply, Wentworth assured Charles it would be unwise to undertake even naval operations till he had secured absolute power at home. He wished that Hampden and his followers "were well whipped into their right senses". The judges had given the King the right to levy ship-money, but, unless his majesty had "the like power declared to raise a land army, the Crown" seemed "to stand upon one leg at home, to be considerable but by halves to foreign princes abroad". When the Scottish Covenanters rebelled he advocated the most decided measures of repression, in February 1639 sending the King £2000 as his contribution to the expenses of the coming war, at the same time deprecating an invasion of Scotland before the English army was trained, and advising certain concessions in religion.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Wentworth apparently intended to put down roots in Ireland: in the late 1630s he was much occupied with building a mansion, Jigginstown Castle, near Naas, County Kildare. He is thought to have intended it to be his official residence where he could entertain the King, should he visit Ireland. The castle, which was to be built partly of red brick and partly of Kilkenny marble, would, had it been completed, have been probably the largest private house in Ireland, but after Wentworth's death, it quickly fell into ruin, although the ground floor still exists.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: He made some efforts also to build up a network of family alliances in Ireland: his brother George, to whom he was close, married Anne Ruish, sister of Strafford's great friend Eleanor Loftus, and his sister Elizabeth married James Dillon, Earl of Roscommon. Roscommon, unlike most of the Anglo-Irish nobility, remained staunchly loyal to the King during the Civil War. His son Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon, was named for his distinguished uncle, and grew up to be a poet of some distinction. Strafford seems to have taken some interest in his nephew's education, and he spent part of his childhood at his uncle's Yorkshire home.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Wentworth was recalled to England in September 1639. He was expected to help sort out the problems that were growing at home: namely, bankruptcy and war with the Scottish Covenanters, and became the King's principal adviser. Unaware how much opposition had developed in England during his absence, he recommended the calling of a parliament to support a renewal of the war, hoping that by the offer of a loan from the Privy Councillors, to which he contributed £20,000, he would save Charles from having to submit to the new parliament if it proved truculent.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: The King created him Earl of Strafford in January 1640 (the Wentworth family seat of Wentworth Woodhouse lay in the hundred of Strafford (Strafforth) in the West Riding of Yorkshire) and in March he went to Ireland to hold an Irish parliament, where the Catholic vote secured a grant of subsidies to be used against the Presbyterian Scots. An Irish army was to be levied to assist in the coming war. When Strafford returned to England, he found that the Commons were holding back from a grant of supply, so he tried to enlist the peers on the side of the King, and persuaded Charles to be content with a smaller grant than he had originally asked for.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: From April to August 1640, on his return from Ireland, Stratford occupied the newly built Leicester House, Westminster, in the absence of its owner Lord Leicester.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: The Commons insisted on peace with the Scots. Charles, on the advice of—or perhaps by the treachery of—Henry Vane the Elder, returned to his larger demand of 12 subsidies; and on 9 May, at the privy council, Strafford, though reluctantly, voted for a dissolution. The same morning the Committee of Eight of the privy council met again. Vane and others were for a mere defence against invasion. Strafford's advice was the contrary. "Go on vigorously or let them alone ... go on with a vigorous war as you first designed, loose and absolved from all rules of government, being reduced to extreme necessity, everything is to be done that power might admit ... You have an army in Ireland you may employ here to reduce this kingdom". He tried to force the citizens of London to lend money, and supported a project for debasing the coinage and seizing bullion in the Tower of London (the property of foreign merchants). He also advocated the purchase of a loan from Spain by the offer of a future alliance. Strafford was now appointed to command the English army, and was made a Knight of the Garter, but he fell ill at a crucial moment. In the great council of peers, which assembled on 24 September at York, the struggle was given up, and Charles announced that he had issued writs for another parliament.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: By late 1640, there was no option but to call a new Parliament. The Long Parliament assembled on 3 November 1640, and Charles immediately summoned Strafford to London, promising that he "should not suffer in his person, honour or fortune". One of Parliament's first actions was to impeach Strafford for "high misdemeanours" regarding his conduct in Ireland. He arrived on 9 November and the next day asked Charles I to forestall his impeachment by accusing the leaders of the popular party of treasonable communications with the Scots. The plan having been betrayed, John Pym immediately took up the impeachment to the House of Lords on 11 November. Strafford came in person to confront his accusers, but was ordered to withdraw and taken into custody. On 25 November his preliminary charge was brought up, whereupon he was sent to the Tower of London, and, on 31 January 1641, the accusations in detail were presented. These were that Strafford had tried to subvert the fundamental laws of the kingdom. Much stress was laid on Strafford's reported words: "You have an army in Ireland you may employ here to reduce "this kingdom"".


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: However tyrannical Strafford's earlier conduct may have been, his offence was outside the definition of high treason. Although a flood of complaints poured in from Ireland, and Strafford's many enemies there were happy to testify against him, none of them could point to any act which was treasonable, as opposed to high-handed. The copy of rough notes of Strafford's speech in the committee of the council, obtained from Sir Henry Vane the Younger, were validated by councillors who had been present on the occasion, including Henry Vane the Elder, who did ultimately corroborate them (but nearly disowned his own son for having found and leaked them in the first place), and partially by Algernon Percy, Earl of Northumberland. This was not evidence which would convict in a court of law, and all parties knew this. Strafford's words, particularly the crucial phrase "this kingdom", had to be arbitrarily interpreted as referring to the subjection of England and not of Scotland, and were also spoken on a privileged occasion. Strafford took full advantage of the weak points in his attack on the evidence collected. Over and over Strafford pointed to the fundamental weakness in the prosecution: how could it be "treason" to carry out the King's wishes? The lords, his judges, were influenced in his favour. The impeachment failed on 10 April 1641. Pym and his allies increased public pressure, threatening members of Parliament unless they punished Strafford.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: The Commons, therefore, feeling their victim slipping from their grasp, dropped the impeachment, and brought in and passed a bill of attainder on 13 April by a vote of 204 to 59. Owing to the opposition of the Lords, and Pym's own preference for the more judicial method, the procedure of impeachment was adhered to. Few of the Lords felt much personal liking for Strafford, but there were a fair number of "moderates", notably Francis Russell, Earl of Bedford, who thought that barring him from ever serving the King again was sufficient punishment. The families of his first two wives, the Cliffords and Holleses, used all their influence to gain a reprieve: even Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, who was implacably hostile to the King, put aside political differences to plead for the life of his favourite sister's husband. Strafford might still have been saved but for Charles I's ill-advised conduct. A scheme to gain over the leaders of the parliament, and a scheme to seize the Tower of London and to liberate Strafford by force, were entertained concurrently and were mutually destructive. The revelation of the First Army Plot on 5 May 1641 caused the Lords to reject the submissions in defence of Strafford by Richard Lane and to pass the attainder. Strafford's enemies were implacable in their determination that he should die: in the Earl of Essex's phrase "stone dead hath no fellow", while the view of Oliver St. John was that Strafford should be regarded not a man, but as a dangerous animal who must be "knocked on the head". Nothing now remained but the King's signature.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Still, Strafford had served Charles with what the King felt was a high degree of loyalty, and Charles had a serious problem with signing Strafford's death warrant as a matter of conscience, especially as he had explicitly promised Stafford that, no matter what happened, he would not die. However, to refuse the will of the Parliament on this matter could seriously threaten the monarchy. When he summoned the bishops to ask for their advice, they were divided. Some, like James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh argued that the King could not in conscience break his promise to Strafford to spare him; others, like Bishop John Williams of Lincoln, took the contrary view that reasons of State permitted the King to break his word where a private citizen could not.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Charles had, after the passing of the attainder by the Commons, for the second time assured Strafford "upon the word of a king, you shall not suffer in life, honour or fortune". Strafford now wrote releasing the King from his engagements and declaring his willingness to die to reconcile Charles to his subjects. "I do most humbly beseech you, for the preventing of such massacres as may happen by your refusal, to pass the bill; by this means to remove ... the unfortunate thing forth of the way towards that blessed agreement, which God, I trust, shall for ever establish between you and your subjects". Whether Strafford was now resigned to death, or whether he thought that the letter, if circulated, might move his enemies to mercy, is still debated. The King did not release the letter to Parliament. Meanwhile, violent mobs threatened the palace with harm to the queen and her children. The King's inept efforts to overpower Parliament with military force were revealed by Pym and caused irresistible pressure. Charles gave his assent on 10 May, remarking sadly "My Lord Strafford's condition is happier than mine". Accounts of Strafford's reaction when he was told that he must die differ: by one account he took the news stoically; according to another he was deeply distressed, and said bitterly "Put not your trust in princes". Archbishop Laud wrote that the King's abandonment of Strafford proved him to be "a mild and gracious prince, that knows not how to be, or be made, great".


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Strafford met his fate two days later on Tower Hill, receiving the blessing of Archbishop Laud (who went on to be likewise imprisoned in the Tower, and executed on 10 January 1645). He was executed before a crowd estimated, probably with some exaggeration, at 300,000 on 12 May 1641 (as this number was roughly the population of London at the time, the crowd is likely to have been a good deal smaller).


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Following news of Strafford's execution, Ireland rose in sanguinary rebellion in October 1641, which led to more bickering between King and Parliament, this time over the raising of an army. Any hope that Strafford's death would avert the coming crisis soon vanished: Wedgwood quotes the anonymous protest "They promised us that all should be well if my Lord Strafford's head were off, since when there is nothing better". Many of Strafford's Irish enemies, like Lord Cork, found that his removal had put their estates, and even their lives, at risk. When Charles I himself was executed eight years later, among his last words were that God had permitted his execution as punishment for his consenting to Strafford's death: "that unjust sentence which I suffered to take effect". In 1660, the House of Lords voted to expunge the record of Strafford's attainder from its official Journal, with the intention of repudiating its legal validity.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: In the course of his career, he made many enemies, who pursued him, with a remarkable mixture of fear and hatred, to his death. Yet Strafford was capable of inspiring strong friendships in private life: at least three men who served him in Ireland, Christopher Wandesford, George Radcliffe and Guildford Slingsby, remained his loyal friends to the end. Wentworth's last letter to Slingsby before his execution shows an emotional warmth with which he is not often credited. Sir Thomas Roe speaks of him as "Severe abroad and in business, and sweet in private conversation; retired in his friendships but very firm; a terrible judge and a strong enemy". He was a good husband and a devoted father. His appearance is described by Sir Philip Warwick: "In his person he was of a tall stature, but stooped much in the neck. His countenance was cloudy whilst he moved or sat thinking, but when he spoke, either seriously or facetiously, he had a lightsome and a very pleasant air; and indeed whatever he then did he performed very gracefully". He himself jested on his own "bent and ill-favoured brow", Lord Exeter replying that had he been "cursed with a meek brow and an arch of white hair upon it, he would never have governed Ireland nor Yorkshire". Despite his terrifying manner, there is no real evidence that he was physically violent: even the most serious charge against him, that he ill-treated Robert Esmonde, causing his death, rests on disputed testimony.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Strafford's honours were forfeited by his attainder, but his only son, William, who was born on 8 June 1626, received them all by a fresh grant from Charles I on 1 December 1641. In 1662 Parliament reversed his father's attainder, and William, already 1st Earl of Strafford of the second creation, became also 2nd earl of the first creation in succession to his father.


title: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: In addition to William, Strafford and Arabella had two daughters who outlived him: Anne, born October 1627, who married Edward Watson, 2nd Baron Rockingham; and Arabella, born October 1630, who married Justin McCarthy, Viscount Mountcashel. Through his daughter Anne, Strafford was the ancestor of the prominent eighteenth-century statesman Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham. Strafford had a daughter, Margaret, with his third wife. The hatred felt by so many for Strafford did not extend to his widow and children, who were generally regarded with compassion: even at the height of the Civil War Parliament treated "that poor unfortunate family" with consideration.


title: Starting Over (Chris Stapleton album)

text: Starting Over is the fourth studio album by American musician Chris Stapleton. The album was released on November 13, 2020, by Mercury Nashville. At the 64th Grammy Awards it won the award for Best Country Album.


title: Starting Over (Chris Stapleton album)

text: The singer-songwriter's fourth recording project consists of fourteen tracks produced with Dave Cobb, and features writing by John Fogerty, Mike Henderson, Mike Campbell, Susanna Clarke and Guy Clark. Interviewed by "Vulture Magazine", Stapleton said: «There’s a lot on this record that I’m finding out, as I’m starting to talk about it a bit, was very reactionary and in the moment. On previous records, there was songwriting that probably took place in a working songwriter vacuum, that sat around for a number of years and found a purpose when it was time to make a record. [...] This project is much more about my current day-to-day life.»


title: Starting Over (Chris Stapleton album)

text: "Starting Over" received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 81, which indicates "universal acclaim", based on 10 reviews.


title: Starting Over (Chris Stapleton album)

text: Jonathan Bernstein of Rolling Stone reports that ""Starting Over" feels comfortable experimenting with whatever its author throws at it" as Stapleton "digs deep into familiar territory, spinning a fiery tale of liberation", finding it a "sincere tale".


title: Starting Over (Chris Stapleton album)

text: Chris Willman of "Variety" finds that ""Starting Over" is not intended to live up to its title; if anyone is so solid in his musical convictions that he could never try to reinvent himself, it's Stapleton. But it would be hard to consider an album that contains not just one but two Guy Clark covers that pay homage to one of Stapleton's songwriting heroes as banal".


title: Starting Over (Chris Stapleton album)

text: Jeremy Winograd of "Slant Magazine" finds the arrangements of the songs "sparse and uncluttered" leaving the singer-songwriter's voice "raw". Although he finds the vocal presence of his wife Morgane a testament to the songs' authenticity, he writes that "predictably, it only shifts his focus from love and tenderness to mild hedonism" finding them "largely limited".


title: Starting Over (Chris Stapleton album)

text: "Starting Over" debuted at number three on the US "Billboard" 200 selling 103,000 units in its first week.


title: Winger (ice hockey)

text: Winger, in the game of ice hockey, is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play is along the outer playing areas. They typically flank the centre forward. Originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink. Wingers generally have the least defensive responsibilities out of any position on the ice, however they are still tasked with defensive duties such as forechecking duties or covering the point in the defensive zone.


title: Winger (ice hockey)

text: Nowadays, there are different types of wingers in the game — out-and-out goal scorers, checkers who disrupt the opponents, and forwards who work along the boards and in the corners. Often a winger's precise role on a line depends upon what type of role the other winger plays; usually lines will have one more goal-scoring oriented winger and one winger more focused on playing the boards, checking and passing the puck to others to take shots (if a larger player, he will sometimes be called a "power forward").


title: Winger (ice hockey)

text: This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes, i.e. "left wing" or "right wing." The side of the rink the player played on traditionally related to the side of their body they take a shot from (i.e. left-shooting playing left wing) but in recent decades more wingers have played the "off wing" meaning the opposite side of the direction they shoot, which enables faster release shots if receiving a pass while standing stationary in the offensive zone.


title: Winger (ice hockey)

text: Wingers often will be playing high in the zone (close to the blue line), typically covering the defensemen of the opposing team, meaning they block passes from going to the defencemen and block shots from the defenceman. Wingers should always be vigilant for a breakout pass or a chance to chip the puck past the defenceman of the opposing team across the blue line. When wingers receive a pass along the boards, they can exercise a number of options:


title: Winger (ice hockey)

text: Wingers are typically the last players to backcheck out of the offensive zone. On the backcheck, it is essential that they cover the last free opposing player rushing in. Once the puck is controlled by the opposing team in the defensive zone, however, wingers are responsible for covering the defenceman on their side of the ice.


title: Winger (ice hockey)

text: Prior to the puck being dropped for a face-off, players other than those taking the face-off must not make any physical contact with players on the opposite team, nor enter the face-off circle (where marked). After the puck is dropped, it is essential for wingers to engage the opposing players to prevent them from obtaining possession of the puck.


title: Winger (ice hockey)

text: Once a team has established control of the puck, wingers can set themselves up into an appropriate position.


title: Marc McClure

text: Marc McClure (born March 31, 1957) is an American actor known for playing Jimmy Olsen in the "Superman" series of feature films released between 1978 and 1987 and Dave McFly in the "Back to the Future" films.


title: Marc McClure

text: He was in the 1977 Brigham Young University church video "The Phone Call" as Scott, who works at Ripples Drive-In. In 1978 he appeared in the film "I Wanna Hold Your Hand" and in 1980 appeared in the film "Used Cars", both of which were written by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale.


title: Marc McClure

text: McClure's best known role is as Jimmy Olsen in the 1978 film "Superman", and its sequels, "Superman II", "Superman III", "", and in the 1984 spinoff film "Supergirl". He is the only actor to appear in the same role in all four Christopher Reeve-era "Superman" films and "Supergirl". McClure also played Jimmy Olsen in a 1985 commercial for the Kenner Super Powers Collection action figure line.


title: Marc McClure

text: McClure played Dave McFly, Marty McFly's older brother in the 1985 film "Back to the Future", reuniting him with his "I Wanna Hold Your Hand" co-star Wendie Jo Sperber, and with writers Bob Gale and Robert Zemeckis, who wrote and directed that film, respectively. McClure reprised the role of Dave McFly in the sequels, "Back to the Future Part II" (though his only scene was not included in the theatrical version) and "Back to the Future Part III".


title: Marc McClure

text: He has made appearances in many television series, including "Once an Eagle", "Happy Days", "Hunter", "The Shield" and "Cold Case".


title: Marc McClure

text: In a nod to his "Superman" feature film work, McClure appeared on the CW's "Smallville". McClure appeared as Dax-Ur, a Kryptonian scientist who has been living on Earth for over 100 years. He also appeared in a cameo role as a prison security officer in the film "Justice League" in 2017. He also appears in the 2021 director's cut "Zack Snyder's Justice League", as a police officer who befriends Lois Lane and is later saved by Cyborg during the teams battle with an amnesiac Superman.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: Grigori Petrovich Grabovoi (, ) (born November 14, 1963 in the region of Shymkent, Kazakhstan) is a qualified mechanic and paramedic and is the founder and leader of the Russian sect "Обучение всеобщему спасению и гармоничному развитию" ("Teaching Universal Salvation and Harmonious Development"). He has claimed to be the second coming of Jesus Christ, to be able to resurrect the dead, teleport, cure AIDS and cancer at any stage, diagnose and solve problems of electronic devices remotely, to be clairvoyant and to be able to change reality.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In 2008, he was sentenced to 11 years in prison after promising to the mothers of victims of the 2004 Beslan school siege that he could resurrect their children. He was released early in 2010 and now lives in Serbia, from where he promotes his pseudoscientific project "Universe Hacking Codes", which has gained special popularity due to the coronavirus epidemic, mostly through the social network TikTok.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: Grabovoi was born on November 14, 1963 in the village of Kirovo, in the Shymkent region of Kazakhstan, into a family with Ukrainian roots. In 1986, he graduated from the Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at Tashkent State Polytechnic University, majoring in mechanics. After graduation, he worked in the design office of general engineering in Tashkent.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In December 1991, the Uzbek Civil Aviation Administration (UzUGA) signed an agreement with the Uzbek-American company Askon, under which the ministry paid for Grabovoi's services for "developing methods for heuristic analysis, diagnosis and prediction of aviation failures." In July 1992, UzUGA entered into a further agreement for Grabovoi's development of "unconventional methods of technical analysis, diagnosis, and prediction of aviation failures".


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In January 1993, UzUGA sponsored Grabovoi for "a study of the effect of aeronautical electronic equipment on pilots in flight to increase safety." In June 1994, the national airline, Uzbek Havo Yollari (Uzbekistan Airlines) entered into a long-term agreement in which Grabovoi would perform "work on the non-sensory diagnosis of aircraft used for flights by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and members of the Government". The results of Grabovoi's work on extrasensory diagnostics of aircraft are reflected in his three-volume book ""The Practice of Control. The Way of Salvation.""


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In January 1996, Grabovoi entered into the last contract in Uzbekistan to "manage the company's employees through contactless psychological work."


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: According to Grabovoi, in October 1995 he met the Bulgarian "clairvoyant" Baba Vanga in the village of Rupite, Bulgaria and Valentina Genkova, the editor of the Bulgarian national television service, acted as translator. According to her, issues related to nuclear and ecological risks for the planet, the prolongation of human life, the possibility of not dying and the unification of religions were discussed at the meeting. Vanga expressed her opinion that "Grigori Petrovich, who has phenomenal qualities, must necessarily continue to work with people and expand the areas of application of his abilities. He should work in Russia, from where he will spread his knowledge and art to all countries of the world."


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: Lyudmila Kim (a traditional healer from Moscow) said in an interview with the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper on October 13, 2005, that she was present at a meeting between Grabovoi and Vanga. According to Kim, Vanga's views on Grabovoi's abilities were sharply critical, and Grabovoi was expelled from the meeting. On April 7, 2006, Komsomolskaya Pravda wrote about a meeting of a "young "sesibila" from Russia" in Bulgaria in 1995 in which the famous clairvoyant Vanga imposed a test on Grabovoi, but she was dissatisfied with the self-proclaimed "healer" and literally kicked Grabovoi out, as many Bulgarian newspapers recounted. In July 2006, Latvian/Russian editor and journalist Andrei Levkin told Vzglyad newspaper that a documentary on the Central Television network showed the filming of the meeting of Vanga and Grabovoi, which ended in Vanga's very emotional reaction and expulsion of Grabovoi.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: Bulgarian journalist Valentina Genkova then protested against the illegal use on Russian television of her copyrighted material, the filming of a meeting between Vanga and Grabovoi. Genkova stated that the significance of Vanga's conversation with Grabovoi was completely distorted in the fragment of the filmed material which was used.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In 1995, Grabovoi moved to Russia where he was allegedly assisted by Georgy Rogozin, Deputy Chief of the Security Service of the President of the Russian Federation. In the same year Grabovoi registered non-profit organization "Фонд Григория Грабового - внедрение и распространение Учения Григория Грабового "О спасении и гармоничном развитии"" (Grigory Grabovoi Foundation - implementation and dissemination of the Teachings of Grigory Grabovoi "On salvation and harmonious development"), later known as the "DRUGG Foundation". Until 2006, it had regional branches in more than 50 regions of Russia.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In 1999, Grabovoi lectured at the Center for Education and Training of Specialists in Modern Technologies for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations Agency - Emergency Monitoring and Prediction. The Ministry of Emergency Situations also confirmed that Grabovoi had contacted them in 2001 for further cooperation.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In 2000, he introduced the program "Grigori Grabovoi, The Formula of Health" to Russian television channel TV-6. In the same year, the newspaper "Variant Management - Forecast" was founded under the DRUGG Foundation. It ran for 10 issues and was terminated in 2005.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In 2001, E. P. Kruglyakov, from the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RANS), published a report at the symposium "Science, Pseudoscience and Paranormal Phenomena", which also mentions the "crystal module" developed by Grabovoi. According to Grabovoi, this module, as Kruglyakov explains, halves the force of a nuclear explosion and can be used in nuclear power plants to protect against disasters.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In a 2003 report by the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on pseudoscience, Kruglyakov, sharply criticized Grabovoi's activities:


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In 2002, the Cinematography Fund of the Russian Ministry of Culture financed the film "The Mission of Grigori Grabovoi". In the same year, Grabovoi served as vice president of the Russian Financial Union, a fund to support state programs.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In 2004, Grabovoi became a member of the Public Academy for Security, Defense and Law Enforcement. He was later expelled after questions were raised about his credentials.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: Grabovoi claims the ability to abolish death, resurrect the dead, cure cancer and AIDS, teleport, and pinpoint and resolve at distance mechanical and electronic problems on airplanes, space stations, atomic electric power stations and any other technical constructions.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: On June 5, 2004, Grabovoi held a press conference at which he declared himself to be the second coming of Jesus Christ:


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: Grabovoi's doctrine is called "On salvation and harmonious development" and the goal of this doctrine is "universal salvation and redemption for each person, ensuring the eternal creative harmonious development." Its primary aim is to "prevent a global catastrophe, and the opportunity to achieve solutions to personal tasks and general resurrection."


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: According to the conclusion of a comprehensive socio-psychological forensic examination carried out as part of criminal proceedings, Grabovoi's teachings were defined as follows:


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: Grabovoi describes his abilities in his three-part book "The Practice of Adjustment. The Way of Salvation (Management practice. The Way to Salvation)". He writes that the goal of his teaching is to pass on knowledge from God to mortals, thus providing both physical (immortality, resurrection of the dead) and spiritual benefits.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: Grabovoi met with the mothers of children killed during the siege of a school in Beslan, southern Russia, in 2004 and promised them that he would resurrect their children for a fee.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: On July 16, 2004 a photo of Grabovoi with the then-President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, appeared on Grabovoi's website along with a statement granting him permission to spread his teachings. In response, the Embassy of Kazakhstan stated that the documents supporting Grabovoi's teachings in the republic all had signs of forgery. After the affair with the mothers of Beslan, a correspondent for the daily newspaper "Izvestia" managed to meet Grabovoi, who at the time referred to himself as the second coming of Jesus Christ and announced that he would become Russian president in 2008. He tried to solve his problems with the press by offering a bribe of $25,000.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: The issue of "Izvestia" following the meeting provoked an international scandal: Grabovoi forged Nazarbayev's signature on a document that showed that the president of Kazakhstan was a member of his sect and had chosen Grabovoi's teachings as state ideologies. The Moscow Public Prosecutor's Office subsequently launched an investigation into these facts. Journalists from NTV, the BBC, Radio Liberty, the Tribuna newspaper, the Regnum news agency and dozens of other media outlets in the regions of Russia and Kazakhstan subsequently joined the investigation into the activities of the Grabovoi sect.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In a March–April 2007 Susanna Dudieva, leader of Mothers of Beslan committee, told reporter Larisa Bochanov that Grabovoi had fallen victim to a smear campaign aimed at diverting attention from the authorities' poor handling of the Breslan hostage-taking. Dudieva named some journalists who she claimed spread false information, often the opposite information that she had reported to them. Among those named were Vladimir Vorsobin of "Komsomolskaya Pravda" , Dmitri Sokolov of "Izvestia", and Alexey Pimanov of the TV show ""Man and Order"". However Dudieva lost her job at the time because she joined Grabovoi's sect and promised resurrections.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: According to Jelena Milashina from "Novaya Gazeta", the authorities arrested Grabovoi on charges of fraud. Milashina wrote that the Ostankino department of the Prosecutor General of Russia threatened to sue the television show "Man and Order" for incitement of religious hatred. According to Milashina, Evgeny Saurov, who had filed charges against Grabovoi two years earlier, was prosecuted himself on an unrelated charge. Milashina claimed that Grabovoi was arrested on the orders of Vladimir Putin. Grabovoi sued the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" for 1.2 billion rubles but lost in the Savelovsky Court in Moscow.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: On 7 July 2008, the Tagansky Court in Moscow found Grabovoi guilty of 11 counts of large-scale fraud and sentenced him to 11 years of imprisonment. According to the court sentence, Grabovoi organized a pyramid scheme, franchising his "followers" to practice within the cult provided that they remit 10% of receipts to Grabovoi. The court considered the money received from the relatives of deceased people (an average of 40 thousand Russian roubles for resurrection of the dead) as proceeds derived from fraud. Relatives saw neither the resurrected dead nor the money. In October 2008, Grabovoi's sentence at the new trial was reduced to 8 years and a fine of 750 thousand rubles. He started serving his sentence at Valdajin prison in the Novgorod region and in January 2009 he was transferred to a prison in Berezniki. In May 2010, Grabovoi was released early for good behavior. The regional prosecutor's office appealed against Grabovoi's early release in May 2010. Russian lawyers, including Mikhail Trepashkin, have sued Vladimir Putin and President Dmitry Medvedev for ordering the prosecution of Grigori Grabovoi.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: On the eve of Grabovoi's release, his wife Jelena Yegereva said her husband had been wrongly called the sect's creator, while he was the organizer of the DRUGG political party (now interpreted as the Volunteer Party, which spreads the teachings of Grabovoi). "It's not a sect, it's a political party registered with the Ministry of Justice," Jeregeva said. However, the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation stated that no DRUGG party was registered with them. In 2006, the Ministry of Justice refused to register it. Grabovoi's lawyer, Vyacheslav Makarov, said that it existed and that it was registered only as a social and religious organization with the same name - DRUGG. After Grabovoi's release, his wife Yegereva said that he would no longer participate in public activities, would pursue legal education, and intended to raise his children and wait for grandchildren.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: On 22 September 2016, the European Court of Human Rights ruled on financial compensation of €2,500 for Grabovoi for an unreasonably long pre-trial detention period (more than two years).


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: Olga Saburova, a journalist for the newspaper "Sobesednik", reported that since January 2020, Grabovoi has been the owner of the online store "Grigori Grabovoi PR Consulting Technologies of Eternal Development", which "acts on the basis of Grigori Grabovoi's individual state registration certificate 21 September 2015 by the Business Registration Agency of the Republic of Serbia”. He notes that he is currently selling PRK-1U - "concentration-building devices" that are claimed to be able to stop aging and start rejuvenation, and treat HIV and cancer. Saburova notes that the price is €9,700 (with delivery) or €1,212 (in the case of remote access) ”(prices valid in May 2021), and also suggests that “for those who do not know how and where to use the equipment, the 'healer' is ready to explain the principle of the magical mechanism within the webinars, for a fee...".


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: The designation PRK-1U means "universal development education facility for the concentration of eternal life”. It is claimed to be a "quantum device" with optical systems, which "significantly accelerates the development of consciousness through the concentration of ideas". The device is claimed to operate on the principle that an idea has a certain physical activity, and this activity then allegedly acts as a "biosignal", which optically interacts with the PRK-1U, becomes amplified and then "materializes". To increase the effectiveness of the educational program accompanying the PRK-1U device, Grabovoi recommends focusing on certain number series.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: Olga Saburova also drew attention to Grabovoi's Facebook page where he is once again promoting his ideas of "treating any disease", including COVID-19 based on ideas from his 1999 book ""Restoring the Human Body by Focusing on Numbers"", in which he states that “every disease of an individual is a deviation from the normal cells, organs or the whole organism as a whole. The treatment of the disease then means a return to the norm", which can be achieved with the help of two numerical series invented by him - 4986489 and 548748978.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: In addition, journalists from the TV show "Man and Law" reported that Grabovoi used the social network TikTok to support these ideas. These and other "miracle codes" have been appearing since 2016 on Pinterest; books on codes could be purchased on Amazon as early as 2011 and in February 2020 the tabloid "Daily Star" mentions Hong Kong actor Julian Cheung, who wrote such a number on his forearm and called it a "code for epidemic prevention". Cheung's fans then began to imitate him, and the whole thing began to spread quickly through the Weibo social network.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: These "codes" began to spread on other social networks using the hashtags #LawOfAttraction and #Manifestation. People often share these "codes" as "cheat codes", i.e. as an opportunity to hack reality, so-called "manifest" their wishes and easily gain wealth, health, or anything else. Rows of numbers are said to be recited, focused on during meditation, written on the body (the inner wrists and arms are popular), or drawn in the air. There is no clear guide on how to use them or how long to use them and therefore, they cannot actually be used incorrectly. Russian bloggers are said to share numbers that are believed to have the power to negatively affect reality, i.e. to cause, for example, migraines, cardiac arrest, high fevers, or poisoning.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: According to clinical psychiatrist Andrej Efremov, many bloggers and youtubers make posts about these numbers mainly to get more views on their channel or blog. Similarly used on TikTok, such contributions generate monetary gains.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: According to the images of certificates and diplomas on Grabovoi's personal website in 1986 he qualified as a mechanic and in 1996 he qualified as a paramedic. In 1998 he was appointed a full member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences in the "Noospheric knowledge and technologies" section and, in the same year, worked as a consultant to the United Nations Economic and Social Council, was appointed an honoured member of the Russian Academy of Astronautics, received the Memorial Medal of the International Academy of Sciences of Nature and Society for "services in the cause of the revival of Russia’s science and economy”, received a silver medal from the International Academy of Authors of Scientific Discoveries and Inventions for "services in inventiveness", was appointed a squire of the Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem and Knights of Malta, was granted the title Doctor of the Russian Federation of Natural Sciences in the specialty “Noospheric knowledge and technologies”, was awarded the memorial medal of the International Academy of Sciences of Nature and Society for "Development of Culture and Arts”, was granted the title "International Competition Laureate - Elite Informationaologists of the World", and was presented with the title "Count" by the Russian society of nobility and gentry - New elite of Russia.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: On the same day 1999 he obtained the titles "Grand Doctor of Philosophy" and "Full Professor" from the "World Distributed University, Bruxelles". Also in 1999 he received the "Diploma of Professor" for "Safety of objects of extreme complexity" from the Russian federation, a Doctor of Engineering Sciences diploma from the Russian federation, the "Star of Verdansky" (2nd degree) from the International Inter-academic Union for "Supporting the sciences and promoting training of scientific personnel", a Diploma of Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences from the Russian Federation, the Doctor of Information Science and Management from the International Academy for Integration of Science and Business, a Professorship in “Analytical and structural-analytical instruments and systems” from the Russian federation, a Professorship of "System information science" from the International Academy for Integration of Science and Business, and a Doctor of science in "Technical Services" from the European University, Russia.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: He also claims to be a member of the Italian Academy of Economic and Social Development, The New York Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, the Russian Professional Psychotherapeutic League, and The Russian Academy of Medical Technical Sciences.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: According to E. P. Kruglyakov, from the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RANS), Grabovoi did not defend his dissertation but still claims to be a doctor of technical sciences, physics and mathematics. Kruglyakova further states that the diploma of the Italian Academy of Sciences is made with spelling errors and is fake. The RANS Commission for Combating Pseudoscience requested information on Grabovoi from academies in Belgium, Bulgaria and Italy (in connection with Grabovoi's claim that he was a member of the academies of these countries) and received official replies that nothing was known about Grabovoi in these academies. He was a probationary member of the Russian Professional Psychotherapeutic League for 4 years, but was deprived of membership due to non-payment of membership fees.


title: Grigori Grabovoi

text: According to the daily newspaper "Versiya", the "Higher Interacademic Attestation and Qualification Commission", from which Grabovoi has several diplomas, publishes titles for a reasonable fee to anyone and the scientific community does not recognize these titles and the only real diploma on Grabovoi's website is the graduation from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Tashkent State University. As Kruglyakov emphasizes: "All other important titles and titles of doctor of science, professor, great professor, academic of many public academies can be freely purchased for a not too high fee ($100-150)."


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The GSDP at constant (2011–12) Prices for the year 2018-19 (Advance Estimates) is estimated at 850,000 crores as against 490,134 crores for 2015-16 (First Revised Estimates) indicating a growth of 11.61%. Per Capita Income at current prices increased to 122,376 from 108,163 in 2015-16 registering a growth of 13.14%.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The economy is primarily dependent on agriculture, which directly and indirectly employs 62% of the population. The state has been ranked the best state in ease of doing business in the country by the World Bank.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: In 2014–15, the state ranked eighth in GSDP at current prices, which stood at . It recorded 12.03% growth compared to previous fiscal which was . While, at constant prices, the GSDP of the state for 2014–15 was , compare to of 2013–14.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: In 2012–13, the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Andhra Pradesh at constant prices stood at and the Gross State Domestic Product


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: at current prices for the same fiscal year stood at . The per capita income of the state increased by 6.26% from (2004–05) to (2012-13).


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Andhra Pradesh at market prices by "Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation" with figures in billions of Indian rupees.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The per capita income figure gives a better idea of the standard of living of the people. In 2019-20, the state is ranked eighteenth with 1,69,519 in terms of GDP per capita at current prices. It recorded a growth of 11.17% compared to previous fiscal which was 1,51,173.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Agriculture has been the main source of income and main occupation for the state with 60% of population engaged in agriculture and related activities. Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the state. Other important crops are sugarcane, cotton, mango, tobacco, Maize, pulses etc. Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Tungabhadra flow through the state, providing irrigation. Recently, crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Andhra Pradesh was among the very few states in the country which went in for the Green Revolution in rice cultivation in the 1970s. Agricultural income in the state was at constant prices (2012–13).


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Given below is a table of 2015 national output share of select agricultural crops and allied segments in Andhra Pradesh based on 2011 prices


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Aquaculture such as cultivating fish, crustaceans, molluscs, Shrimp production etc., are the major occupations of coastal areas. Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of shrimp in the country, with 70% of the production from the state itself. The geographical location of the state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production. Cyclones may do less damage to aquaculture than to crop production. Hence, farmers are getting attracted towards this industry. It grew from to . The Waterbase Limited is an aquaculture unit located at Nellore, it encourages scientific shrimp farming. Most exported marine exports include "Vannamei shrimp".


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Andhra Pradesh has made significant contributions to India's traditional Horticulture crops cultivation. Increased area and production under Horticultural crops has put Andhra Pradesh in a stronger position in terms of attracting investments from private sector.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Given that area and production of fruits and vegetables have been increasing steadily, Andhra Pradesh has the potential to increase its contribution towards the economy by way of exports There is a voluntary shift in the cropping pattern, as returns from Horticulture per unit of land are higher in comparison to Agriculture. The Horticulture is climate resilient, therefore assures higher income to farmers. Due to changing Socioeconomic profile and increasing middle class coupled with higher per capita income this sector has more potential as food habits are changing and people are becoming more health conscious.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The State has 17.48 Lakhs Ha. Under Horticulture crops with an annual production of 301.73 Lakhs metric tons.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: AREA and PRODUCTION:In Andhra Pradesh area under Horticulture crops is 17.48 lakhs Hectors with a production of 301.73 lakh MTs. Andhra Pradesh stands at 1st position in Chillies, Cocoa, Lime, Oil Palm, Papaya and Tomato, 2nd in Cashew, Mango and Sweet Orange in India. A.P. Ranks 1st in area and production of fruits and spices and 2nd in Micro Irrigation area coverage


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Andhra Pradesh Fisheries contribute 10% of total fish and shrimp production of India. Accordingly, the government is focussed on developing this huge industry on a large scale. The convenient geographical location of this South Indian state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production in Andhra Pradesh.The Value of marine products exports from India in 1998 was Rs. 4710 Crores among which the state alone contributed products of Rs. 2000 Crores.This data in itself explains the importance of fisheries in Andhra Pradesh.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Andhra Pradesh constantly tries to increase fish seed production and stocking.For this they are using modern equipments like including the use of satellite data for forecasting movement of Fish shoals. Fishery Rights have been implemented and the government is trying to inspire the labourers to follow scientific fishing techniques that would be promote sustainable development and would be beneficial to all concerned. Issue of separate licenses for fisherman in inland waters and marine fishing crafts are in process.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: By 2020, Andhra Pradesh wishes to be a major exporter and provider of highly nutritious food. The central coastal districts of the state have been concentrating on advanced methods of fish production and the farmers are getting encouraged to convert agricultural lands into fresh water fishponds to obtain better yields and also to make full use of fresh water.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Apart from fishing, Andhra Pradesh government is also inspiring to develop economically in other ways. Accordingly, the fisheries are developing as sites for recreation amidst the scenic beauty. Activities like boat riding in lakes and reservoirs, establishment of Angling clubs, ornamental fish and aquariums and construction of marine parks are upcoming for additional income.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: In order to improve the productivity of the existing livestock, a massive programme of Breed Improvement through door step Artificial insemination is launched by Government of India under the scheme of NPCBB Restructuring of Breeding Operations.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Andhra Pradesh is one of the pioneer states which has taken up "Restructuring of Breeding Operations" by involving farmers organizations by establishing state level autonomous body. APLDA is formed in April 2000, to provide quality inputs and for channelizing inputs to the AI practitioners to take up doorstep AI on self-employment basis. It has taken up a gigantic task to expand AI facilities, to cover entire breedable population aiming at Productivity optimization. APLDA provides animal breeding services at farmer's doorstep, on cost recovery basis, covering total breedable population of 105.83 lakhs cattle and buffaloes belonging to 30 lakh farmers spread over 28245 revenue villages in the state. APLDA is an autonomous organization with specialized objectives.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: APLDA was registered under AP Societies Registrations Act, 1350 Fasli with registration No: 7146 of 1999 dated: 13 October 1999. The Government have appointed the Chairman & Executive Committee (EC) members vide G.O Ms No: 85, dated: 2 August 1999. As per AP Reorganization Act 2014, APLDA has been included in Tenth Schedule and the Executive Committee & General Body resolved for division into two separate entities with the names APLDA which started functioning separately since 2 June 2014. APLDA is now extending its operations in thirteen (13) Districts of A.P. State.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: To expand Artificial Insemination to cover entire breedable population at farmer's doorstep aiming at productivity optimization through improved breeding and through a system of recycling of revenue, making it self-sustainable.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Production and procurement of quality inputs like Frozen Semen, Liquid Nitrogen, equipment and their timely supply.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Crossbreeding of cattle, up-gradation of buffaloes, maintenance and development of indigenous Germplasm in breeding tracts and assessing the breeding needs.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Applying the latest technologies & presenting the benefits of advanced research programmes at the doorstep of farmers.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The domestic product of Industrial sector accounts for . The state has also started to focus on the fields of information technology and biotechnology. Several major heavy industries are in operation in Visakhapatnam. The state still has to make its mark in Hi-tech engineering. Automobiles and Auto components Industry, spices, mines and minerals, Textiles and apparels, IT industry, Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals, horticulture, poultry farming are the main industries in Andhra Pradesh.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The software industry in Andhra Pradesh is conveniently spread out to different cities, namely Visakhapatnam, Tirupati and capital city of Amaravati, and not clustered just in the capital, leading to so many social, economic and political problems. Most software companies in Andhra Pradesh are out of state or foreign companies which are also called multinational corporations. Domestic software industry in Andhra Pradesh seems to be at its beginning stages.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: In May 2021 the Government of Andhra Pradesh released the Andhra Pradesh IT Electronics Policy 2021–24, aimed at creating a world-class electronics manufacturing infrastructure. In a release, Principal Secretary (Information Technology, Electronics and Communications) said that the policy is envisioned to transform Andhra Pradesh into a hub of IT and Electronics.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The Government of AP plans to convert Vizag city into an IT hub made many new investments from multinational companies. Many firms such as Google, Tata Consultancy Services, Microsoft, Uber, Pulsus Group, Adani Data Center, Capgemini, Accenture etc. have accepted to set their office locations in Vizag.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The ITES and IT sector is growing at its pace in the city of Visakhapatnam, the generated revenue from these sectors are a boon to the economy. The IT special economic zone and incubation center exists at Rushikonda Hills, of the city. There are many national and multi–national IT/ITes and banking firms such as Mahindra Satyam, Pulsus Group, Wipro, Kenexa, Infotech, IBM, Sutherland, and HSBC etc. Software exports from Visakhapatnam have increased by nearly 90% each year.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The IT exports from the city for 2012 were 1,200 crore and 16,000 people were employed. According to data released by the state IT department for the financial year 2012–13, IT industry registered an impressive in IT/ITES revenues, that generated , an increase of 20%, compared to the previous financial year. The same year saw an increase in employment, generated by the IT/ITeS industry, with 20000 jobs as compared to 16,000 in 2011–12 period. The Information Technology Investment Region (ITIR) project, planned by the Government of Andhra Pradesh, may generate employment to approximately, up to IT professionals and also the it can generate revenue for the economy, of up to .


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Govt of AP plans to convert Vizag city into an IT hub made many new investments from Multi-National Companies. Many firms such as Google, Tata Consultancy Services, Microsoft, Uber, Pulsus Group, Adani Data Center, Capgemini, Accenture etc. have accepted to set their office locations in Vizag.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: There are many national and multi–national IT/ITes and fintech firms such as IBM, Wipro, Pulsus Group, Tech Mahindra, Kenexa, Infotech, Conduent, Cyient, Paytm, Concentrix, Sutherland, HSBC, etc. Some more investments are in line, like Google x, Lalith Ahuja's ANSR Consulting, Franklin Templeton, Innova Solutions, etc. at Fintech Valley in the city. Conduent has highest employees in India, third largest outside United States and operating from NCR (Noida and Gurgaon), Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kochi and majorly from Visakhapatnam.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The IT/ITES in Vijayawada is increased very well in recent times there are software companies in and around Vijayawada. HCL as a campus in Gannavaram Vijayawada which the fastest growing campus and TechMahindra started its operation in Medha it Park Gannavaram. There is another it park in Mangalagiri which is home to PI Data Center, VSoft,KJ Systems, KPMG has a satellite office etc.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Sri Venkateshwara Mobile and Electronics Manufacturing Hub is a dedicated mobile handset and electronics manufacturing facility located at Tirupati. The hub is spread over out of which Celkon is established in , Micromax in , Karbonn in and Lava in with a total investment of rupees 2000 crores. Dixon Technologies has a manufacturing unit in this hub, where they are producing Smart TVs for Xiaomi.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: and is the hub for several software companies including Zoho Corporation, Software Technology Parks of India has its regional office at Tirupathi to monitor local software industry.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Startup Village is a not-for-profit business incubator based out of Kochi has set up a similar incubation facility in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh with the name "Sunrise startup village." The organisation aimed to launch 1,000 technology startups over the next ten years and start the search for the next billion-dollar Indian company. It focusses primarily on student startups and telecom innovation. It is India's first incubator that is funded jointly by the public and private sectors.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The state has 39 operational special economic zones (SEZs). There are 272 Industrial estates and industrial development areas in the State, covering an area of 14700 hectares. The State Government is in the process of developing Industrial Parks at different places, for specific groups of industries like Visakhapatnam Export Processing Zone.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Food parks, one each in the two regions of coastal Andhra (value added rice products, dairy, horticultural, marine etc.); and in Rayalseema region (processing of vegetables, edible oils and export oriented industry). Agri Export Zones for the following produce are proposed at the places mentioned against them:


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: This state, located towards the southern part of India, is pivot for the prosperity of the industrial sector in the region. The state is quite rich in mineral resources, which in turn helps in the economical growth of this south Indian state. With its vast and varied mineral resources, Andhra Pradesh ranks 2nd in the nation regards to mineral wealth. This state is famous for its engagement in the mining activities of different industrial minerals.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: To name a few of the most important minerals found in the state are barytes (97%), calcite (75%), garnet (23%), feldspar (5%), fuller's earth (6%), limestone (44%) and vermiculite (27%). Apart from these, the other minerals, which the state is rich in, are apatite, beach sands, bauxite, corundum, chromite, dolomite, granite, green quartz, kyanite, limekankar, limeshell, manganese, marble, mica, ochre, pyrophyllite, quartz, shale, slate, steatite, tungsten and many more.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Andhra Pradesh occupies the 2nd rank in the deposit and production of mica in India. Stretching over an area of around 1,000 km, the mica belt of this state is said to be the 2nd largest mica belt of the country. This state on the south east coast of the Indian Republic, has got immense potential for under tapped as well as untapped minerals such as bauxite, dolomite, limestone, coal, oil, diamonds, natural gas, semi-precious stones, tungsten, beach sands, base metals, iron ore, gold, granite and clay. The Government of Andhra Pradesh invites and encourages offers to be taken on all of these potential minerals.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Road transport remains the primary mode of transport in the state. The state is criss-crossed by 5,293.43 km of National Highways and 15,406 km of State Highways. The National Highway 16, which is a part of the Golden Quadrilateral passes through the state from north to south and is at the centre of the road network. The National Highways are developed and maintained by NHAI while the state highways and other roads are maintained by the Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation. The state has a road density of 32.82 km/km, higher than the national average of 30.45 km/km. Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation operates buses that form the primary mode of transport across the state. As of March 2017, there are 11,962 buses in operation.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The roadway network of the state of Andhra Pradesh covers an overall span of 91,313 miles or 146,954 km. The state public works department has the responsibility of looking after the roadway transportation system of the state of Andhra Pradesh. The road transportation network of Andhra Pradesh is made up of the following:


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The development rate for car proprietorship in the state is the maximum in India and stands at 16 percent.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Andhra Pradesh has a total broad gauge railway route of 3703.25 km and has no metre gauge railway. The rail density of the state is 16.59 per , compared to an all India average of 20. The Howrah–Chennai main line which runs through the state is proposed to be upgraded into a high-speed rail corridor through the Diamond Quadrilateral project of the Indian Railways.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: There are three A1 and twenty three A-category railway stations in the state. Visakhapatnam railway station has been declared the cleanest railway station in the country. The railway station of Shimiliguda was the first highest broad gauge railway station in the country.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Three iconic bridges that span the river Godavari - the decommissioned Old Godavari Bridge, the Godavari bridge and the new Godavari Arch bridge are widely regarded as architectural and engineering marvels of the state.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: There are three international airports in the state at Tirupati, Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada. There are domestic airports at Kadapa, Rajamuhndry and Puttaparti. The government is planning to develop a new international airport at Bhogapuram and two new domestic airports at Dagadarthi and Orvakallu to serve the growing needs of the state.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Andhra Pradesh has the second longest coastline in the country and the longest coastline on the eastern coast. Vishakapatnam Port, a major port operated by the central government is the fifth busiest port in the country. Keeping in mind shift of trade towards India's eastern coast, the government is developing 14 non-major ports in the state, out of which five are operational. There is a huge scope for inland water transportation in the state through the network of river interlinking canals that are being developed. However, the current status of it is minimal.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The latest available statistics (as in 2001) show that there were 3003 Telephone exchanges, 3140948 telephone connections, 118 telegraph offices (excluding extension counters, telecom centres, and combined offices) and 78218 public telephones. As at November 2020, According to Telecom Regulatory Authority of India it is estimated that there are 87.47 Million Wireless Subscriber Base and 1.38 Million Wireline Subscriber Base in the state with a tele density of 98.31%. According to Department of Telecommunication as on 31 August 2020 The State has a share of 7.53% in All India cell phone subscribers.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: APSFL is a whole owned government of andhra pradesh enterprise which provides telephone, internet and television to residents in Andhra pradesh.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The banking and finance sector of Andhra Pradesh constitute the key commercial activities that enhance the growth and stability of the state's economy. The spectrum of the sectors range from core Banking transactions like deposit and withdrawal to financial operations like retail Banking, loans and investments schemes.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The banking sector comprises a widespread network of branches and counters from where the facilities of monetary transactions are offered to the people. From commercial companies to individuals, the government recognized and private Banks of the place provide prompt, efficient and accurate services to all. Some of the important Banking institutions that dominate the fiscal structure of Andhra Pradesh are:


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The finance sector of Andhra Pradesh is involved in improvement of the poor financial scenario of the rural corners of the place. The State Financial Corporation comprises a number of Finance companies that offer convenient monetary services especially to the less privileged section of the society. With diverse range of flexible deposit schemes, these financial institutions also provide wide array of fiscal services to the local people.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The co-operative financial organizations set up in both the urban as well as rural parts of the state helps in strengthening the core base of the economic infrastructure. The sole aim of all the banks and financial institutions is to promote the existing industries and improve the living standards of individuals of the place.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Collectively, the banking and finance industry of Andhra Pradesh work towards the betterment of the economic viability of the state.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Tentative estimates reveal that the total exports from AP during the year 2003–04 were to the tune of 15,306 crore. The share of software was 30%, and that of food products was 20%. The value of exports during 2002–03 was 13,614 crore and that during 2001–02 was 12,400 crore.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Gross state domestic product(GSDP) of industries was estimated at US$137.3 billion for 2012–13. Andhra Pradesh is one of the store houses of mineral resources with large deposits of Chrysotile, mica Asbestos, barytes and limestone in India. It accounts for about 93% of total production of Barytes in India.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Andhra Pradesh has varied geological formations with a rich variety of industrial minerals and building stones. Other important minerals in the state are copper ore, manganese, mica, coal and limestone. Minerals like coal, oil and Natural gas, barytes, Limestone, diamond, gold beach sand bauxite, ball clay fire clay, dolomite, dimensional stones etc. are still under tapped or untapped. The wide variety of minerals from the State is being traded or consumed in Power, Metals, Alloys, Cement, Chemicals, Paint, Cosmetic, Glass, Ceramics, Refractory, Refinery and manufacture of various down stream industries.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Minerals found in the state include limestone, reserves of Oil and Natural Gas, Manganese, Asbestos, Iron Ore, Ball Clay, Fire Clay, Gold Diamonds, Graphite, Dolomite, Quartz, Tungsten, Steatitic, Feldspar, Silica Sand etc. It has about one third of India's limestone reserves and is known for large exclusive deposits of Barytes and Galaxy granite in the international market.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Mining is identified as one of the growth engines for the overall development of industry and infrastructure. The Tummalapalle Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000 tonnes of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totaling three times its current size. 700 million tonnes of metal grade Bauxite deposits in close proximity to Visakhapatnam Port.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The Government of Andhra Pradesh is keen to utilize large deposits of KG Basin (Krishna Godavari Basin) gas for power production to overcome the energy shortage, create employment opportunities and contribute to economic value and exports.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The state is a pioneer nationwide in hydro electricity generation, encouraging privates sector in power generation and efficient use of its coal based thermal power stations. The state has become power surplus with excess power generation being exported to other states.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Thermal (natural gas and coal based) and renewable power plants totalling to 21,000 MW are installed in the state by the year 2015. Thermal power plants with total capacity of 9,155 MW are situated in the state which includes Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant (2000 MW) of NTPC, Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station (1050 MW), Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station (1600 MW), Vijayawada Thermal Power Plant (1760 MW), etc. Hydel power plants are having a capacity of 1798 MW.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The state provides a budget for tourism, financially supporting various projects. The state has helped develop religious tourism via the State Tourism Department (APTDC). Some of the famous destinations are Tirumala, Srisailam, Sri Kalahasti, etc. Tirupathi is one of the major source of income in the tourism segment because of the abode of Sri Venkateswara (Lord Balaji). The temple is one of the richest in the world in terms of donations received. Other important sources of income come from the developing tourism centres at Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: This can be called the 29-year era of 12 centrally nominated chief ministers List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh. Excluding Kasu Brahmananda Reddy term (7 years), average tenure of a chief minister was less than two years. The cumulative growth during this 30-year period for Indian economy is 311%, and for Andhra Pradesh it was 138%.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: An academic study of Andhra's economic activity using official data collected by the state government of Andhra Pradesh, Govt of India and World Bank reveal the following highlights.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: Since the backbone of economy of Andhra pradesh is Agriculture, any drastic changes in Monsoon would affect GDP of the state.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The state of Andhra pradesh has a total public debt created by Government of Andhra Pradesh which is equal to 3,73,140 crores as of Nov 2020 as per the CAG report.This is approximately equal to a public debt of Rs.7175 per citizen assuming a population of 5.2 crores or 52 million in year 2021. The public debt per citizen accumulated because of Union of India is approximately Rs. 32371.61 for total external debt of India of about $570 billion for a population of 130 crores (1.3 billion) of all states and union territories in year 2021.


title: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

text: The economy of Andhra Pradesh badly hit due to coronavirus. For the first quarter of current financial, only Rs 6,095 cr revenue achieved out of the expected Rs 13,425 cr. This is a big shortfall. The revenue achieved up to June 2020 is only around 45.39%, according to the officials in the Finance Department Secretariat.


title: Dimapur

text: Dimapur () is the largest city in the Indian state of Nagaland. As of 2011, the municipality had a population of 122,834. The city is the main gateway and commercial centre of Nagaland. Located near the border with Assam along the banks of the Dhansiri River. Its main railway station is the second busiest station in Northeast India.


title: Dimapur

text: The name Dimapur is derived from the Dimasa words; "Di" means "water", "ma" means "large" and "pur" (sanskrit word) means "city", translating to "Big-river-city", associated with the meaning of "Kachari" which is "people of the river valley" and after the river which flows through it (Dhansiri).