title: Arvanites

text: There is some uncertainty to what extent the term "Arvanites" also includes the small remaining Christian Albanophone population groups in Epirus and West Macedonia. Unlike the southern Arvanites, these speakers are reported to use the name "Shqiptarë" both for themselves and for Albanian nationals, although these communities also espouse a Greek national identity nowadays. The word "Shqiptár" is also used in a few villages of Thrace, where Arvanites migrated from the mountains of Pindus during the 19th century. However they also use the name "Arvanitis" speaking in Greek, while the "Euromosaic" (1996) reports notes that the designation "Chams" is today rejected by the group. The report by GHM (1995) subsumes the Epirote Albanophones under the term "Arvanites", although it notes the different linguistic self-designation, on the other hand, applies the term "Arvanites" only to the populations of the compact Arvanitic settlement areas in southern Greece, in keeping with the self-identification of those groups. Linguistically, the Ethnologue identifies the present-day Albanian/Arvanitic dialects of Northwestern Greece (in Epirus and Lechovo) with those of the Chams, and therefore classifies them together with standard Tosk Albanian, as opposed to "Arvanitika Albanian proper" (i.e. southern Greek-Arvanitika). Nevertheless, it reports that in Greek the Epirus varieties are also often subsumed under "Arvanitika" in a wider sense. It puts the estimated number of Epirus Albanophones at 10,000. Arvanitika proper is said to include the outlying dialects spoken in Thrace.


title: Arvanites

text: Arvanites in Greece originate from Albanian settlers who moved south from areas in what is today southern Albania during the Middle Ages. These Albanian movements into Greece are recorded for the first time in the late 13th and early 14th century. The reasons for this migration are not entirely clear and may be manifold. In many instances the Albanians were invited by the Byzantine and Latin rulers of the time. They were employed to re-settle areas that had been largely depopulated through wars, epidemics, and other reasons, and they were employed as soldiers. Some later movements are also believed to have been motivated to evade Islamization after the Ottoman conquest.


title: Arvanites

text: Groups of Albanians moved into Thessaly as early as 1268 as mercenaries of Michael Doukas. The Albanian tribes of Bua, Malakasioi and Mazaraki were described as "unruly" nomads living in the mountains of Thessaly in the early 14th century in Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos' 'History'. They numbered approximately 12,000. Kantakouzenos describes a pact they made to serve the Byzantine Emperor and pay tribute to him ca. 1332 in exchange for using the lowland areas of Thessaly in the summer months. Albanian groups were given military holdings Fanari in the 1330s and by the end of the 14th century and the Ottoman takeover of the region, they were an integral part of the military structures of Thessaly. Two of their military leaders known in Byzantine sources as Peter and John Sebastopoulos controlled the small towns of Pharsala and Domokos. Ottoman control began in the late 14th century with the capture of Larissa in 1392-93 and consolidated in the early 15th century. Nevertheless, Ottoman control was threatened throughout this era by groups of Greeks, Albanians and Vlachs who based themselves in the mountainous areas of Thessaly.


title: Arvanites

text: The main waves of migration into southern Greece started from 1350, reached a peak some time during the 14th century, and ended around 1600. Albanians first reached Thessaly, then Attica, and finally the Peloponnese. One of the larger groups of Albanian settlers, amounting to 10,000, settled the Peloponnese during the reign of Theodore I Palaiologos, first in Arcadia and subsequently in the more southern regions around Messenia, Argolis, Elis and Achaea. Around 1418, a second large group arrived, possibly fleeing Aetolia, Acarnania and Arta, where Albanian political power had been defeated. After the Ottoman incursion in 1417, other groups from Albania crossed western Greece and may have infiltrated into Achaea. The settled Albanians practiced a nomadic lifestyle based on pastoralism, and spread out into small villages.


title: Arvanites

text: In 1453, the Albanians rose in revolt against Thomas and Demetrios Palaiologos, due to the chronic insecurity and tribute payment to the Turks; they were also joined by the local Greeks, who by then had a common leader in Manuel Kantakouzenos. Following the Ottoman conquest, many Albanians fled to Italy and settled primarily in the Arbëreshë villages of Calabria and Sicily. On the other hand, in an effort to control the remaining Albanians, during the second half of the 15th century, the Ottomans adopted favorable tax policies towards them were adopted, likely in continuation of similar Byzantine practices. This policy had been discontinued by the early 16th century.


title: Arvanites

text: During the Greek War of Independence, many Arvanites played an important role on fighting on the Greek side against the Ottomans, often as national Greek heroes. With the formation of modern nations and nation-states in the Balkans, Arvanites have come to be regarded as an integral part of the Greek nation. In 1899, leading representatives of the Arvanites in Greece, including descendants of the independence heroes, published a manifesto calling their fellow Albanians outside Greece to join in the creation of a common Albanian-Greek state.


title: Arvanites

text: During the 20th century, after the creation of the Albanian nation-state, Arvanites in Greece have come to dissociate themselves much more strongly from the Albanians, stressing instead their national self-identification as Greeks. At the same time, it has been suggested that many Arvanites in earlier decades maintained an assimilatory stance, leading to a progressive loss of their traditional language and a shifting of the younger generation towards Greek. At some times, particularly under the nationalist 4th of August Regime under Ioannis Metaxas of 1936–1941, Greek state institutions followed a policy of actively discouraging and repressing the use of Arvanitika. In the decades following World War II and the Greek Civil War, many Arvanites came under pressure to abandon Arvanitika in favour of monolingualism in the national language, and especially the archaizing Katharevousa which remained the official variant of Greek until 1976. This trend was prevalent mostly during the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.


title: Arvanites

text: The 1460-1463 Ottoman taxation cadastre recorded the taxable population of the Peloponnese by households ("ḫâne"), bachelors, and widows. Specifically, there were 6,551 (58.37%) Greek and 4,672 (41.63%) Albanian households, 909 (66.25%) Greek and 463 (33.75%) Albanian bachelors, and 562 (72.05%) Greek and 218 (27.95%) Albanian widows. Greeks tended to live in large villages and cities, while Albanians in small villages. Specifically, out of the 580 inhabited villages, 407 are listed as Albanian, 169 as Greek, and four as mixed; however, Greek villages had on average 3.5 times more families than Albanian ones. Many of these settlements have since been abandoned, while others have been renamed. A Venetian source of the mid-15th century estimates that 30,000 Albanians lived in the Peloponnese at that time. Throughout the Ottoman–Venetian wars, many Albanians died or were captured in service to the Venetians; at Nafpaktos, Nafplio, Argos, Methoni, Koroni and Pylos. Furthermore, 8,000 Albanian stratioti, most of them along with their families, left the Peloponnese to continue their military service under the Republic of Venice or the Kingdom of Naples. At the end of the Ottoman–Venetian wars, a large number of Albanians had fled from the Peloponnese to Sicily. In the second half of the 19th century, out of the approximately 730,000 (per the Greek census of 1879) inhabitants of the Peloponnese, and the three neighboring islands of Poros, Hydra and Spetses, Arvanites numbered 90,253 (or 12.3%) in total according to Alfred Philippson; while in a critical response to Philippson's study the same year, Christos Koryllos supported 50,352 (or 6.9%) for the Peloponnese and 20,685 for the three aforementioned islands, totalling 71,037 (or 9.7%). In the mid-19th century, Johann Georg von Hahn had estimated their number throughout Greece to be between 173,000 and 200,000.


title: Arvanites

text: There are no official figures about the number of Arvanites in Greece today (no official data exist for ethnicity in Greece). The last official census figures available come from 1951. Since then, estimates of the numbers of Arvanites has ranged from 25,000 to 200,000. The following is a summary of the widely diverging estimates (Botsi 2003: 97):


title: Arvanites

text: Like the rest of the Greek population, Arvanites have been emigrating from their villages to the cities and especially to the capital Athens. This has contributed to the loss of the language in the younger generation.


title: Arvanites

text: Today, regions with a strong traditional presence of Arvanites are found mainly in a compact area in southeastern mainland Greece, namely across Attica (especially in Eastern Attica), southern Boeotia, the north-east of the Peloponnese, the south of the island of Euboea, the north of the island of Andros, and several islands of the Saronic Gulf including Salamis, Hydra, Poros, Agistri and Spetses. In parts of this area they formed a solid majority until about 1900. Within Attica, parts of the capital Athens and its suburbs were Arvanitic until the late 19th century. There are also settlements in some other parts of the Peloponnese, and in Phthiotis. Albanians also settled on the islands of Kea, Psara, Aegina, Kythnos, Skopelos and Samos. They would thereafter assimilate into the Greek population.


title: Arvanites

text: Arvanitika is a dialect of the Albanian language, sharing similar features primarily with other Tosk varieties. The name "Arvanítika" and its native equivalent Arbërisht are derived from the ethnonym "Arvanites", which in turn comes from the toponym Arbëna (Greek: Άρβανα), which in the Middle Ages referred to a region in what is today Albania. Its native equivalents ("Arbërorë, Arbëreshë" and others) used to be the self-designation of Albanians in general. While Arvanitika was commonly called "Albanian" in Greece until the 20th century, the wish of Arvanites to express their ethnic identification as Greeks has led to a stance of rejecting the identification of the language with Albanian as well. In recent times, Arvanites had only very imprecise notions about how related or unrelated their language was to Albanian. Since Arvanitika is almost exclusively a spoken language, Arvanites also have no practical affiliation with the Standard Albanian language used in Albania, as they do not use this form in writing or in media. The question of linguistic closeness or distance between Arvanitika and Albanian has come to the forefront especially since the early 1990s, when a large number of Albanian immigrants began to enter Greece and came into contact with local Arvanitic communities.


title: Arvanites

text: Since the 1980s, there have been some organized efforts to preserve the cultural and linguistic heritage of Arvanites. The largest organisation promoting Arvanitika is the "Arvanitic League of Greece" ().


title: Arvanites

text: Arvanitika is currently considered in danger of extinction due to it having no legal status in Greece. The language is also not available at any level of the educational system in Greece. Social changes, government policies, and public indifference have also contributed to the decline of the language.


title: Arvanites

text: Arvanites were regarded as ethnically distinct from the Greeks until the 19th century. Amongst the Arvanites, this difference was expressed in words such as "shkljira" for a Greek person and "shkljerishtë" for the Greek language that had until recent decades negative overtones. These words in Arvanitika have their related counterpart in the pejorative term "shqa" used by Northern Albanians for Slavs. Ultimately these terms used amongst Albanian speakers originate from the Latin word "sclavus" which contained the traditional meaning of "the neighbouring foreigner".


title: Arvanites

text: With participation in the Greek War of Independence and the Greek Civil War, this has led to increasing assimilation amongst the Arvanites. The common Christian Orthodox religion they shared with the rest of the local population was one of the main reasons that led to their assimilation. Although sociological studies of Arvanite communities still used to note an identifiable sense of a special "ethnic" identity among Arvanites, the authors did not identify a sense of 'belonging to Albania or to the Albanian nation'. Many Arvanites find the designation "Albanians" offensive as they identify nationally and ethnically as Greeks and not Albanians. Jacques Lévy describes the Arvanites as "Albanian speakers who were integrated into Greek national identity as early as the first half of the nineteenth century and who in no way consider themselves as an ethnic minority".


title: Arvanites

text: Relations between Arvanites and other Albanian speaking populations have varied over time. During the onset of the Greek war of Independence, Arvanites fought alongside Greek revolutionaries and against Muslim Albanians. For example Arvanites participated in the 1821 Tripolitsa Massacre of Muslim Albanians, while some Muslim Albanian speakers in the region of Bardounia remained after the war, converting to Orthodoxy. In recent times, Arvanites have expressed mixed opinions towards Albanian immigrants within Greece. Negative views are perceptions that Albanian immigrants are "communists" arriving from a "backward country", or an opportune people with questionable morals, behaviors and a disrespect for religion. Other Arvanites during the late 1980s and early 1990s expressed solidarity with Albanian immigrants, due to linguistic similarities and being politically leftist. Relations too between Arvanites and other Orthodox Albanian speaking communities such as those of Greek Epirus are mixed, as they are distrusted regarding religious matters due to a past Albanian Muslim population living amongst them.


title: Arvanites

text: Amongst the wider Greek speaking population however, the Arvanites and their language Arvanitika were viewed in past times in a derogatory manner. These views contributed toward shaping negative attitudes held by Arvanites regarding their language and thereby increasing assimilation. In post-dictatorial Greece, the Arvanites have rehabilitated themselves within Greek society through for example the propagation of the Pelasgian theory regarding Arvanite origins. The theory created a counter discourse that aimed to give the Arvanites a positive image in Greek history by claiming the Arvanites as the ancestors and relations of contemporary Greeks and their culture. The Arvanite revival of the Pelasgian theory has also been recently borrowed by other Albanian speaking populations within and from Albania in Greece to counter the negative image of their communities. However, this theory has been rejected by modern scholars and it is seen as a myth.


title: Arvanites

text: "Fara" (, means "seed", "descendants" in Arvanitika, from Proto-Albanian "*pʰarā") is a descent model, similar to the Albanian tribal system of "fis". Arvanites were organised in phares (φάρες) mostly during the reign of the Ottoman Empire. The "apical ancestor" was a warlord and the phara was named after him. In an Arvanitic village, each phara was responsible to keep genealogical records (see also registry offices), that are preserved until today as historical documents in local libraries. Usually, there were more than one phares in an Arvanitic village and sometimes they were organised in phratries that had conflicts of interest. Those phratries didn't last long, because each leader of a phara desired to be the leader of the phratry and would not be led by another.


title: Arvanites

text: Women held a relatively strong position in traditional Arvanitic society. Women had a say in public issues concerning their phara, and also often bore arms. Widows could inherit the status and privileges of their husbands and thus acquire leading roles within a "fara", as did, for instance, Laskarina Bouboulina.


title: Arvanites

text: Traditional Arvanite folk songs offer valuable information about social values and ideals of Arvanitic societies.


title: Arvanites

text: The traditional clothing of Arvanites included distinctive attire that sometimes identified them in past times as Arvanites from other neighbouring populations. Arvanite males on the Greek mainland wore the "fustanella", a pleated like skirt garment or kilt, while those who lived on some Aegean islands wore baggy breeches of the seafaring Greeks.


title: Arvanites

text: Arvanite women were known for wearing a chemise shirt that was heavily embroidered. They also wore a heavily embroidered "foundi" or gown like garment that was heavily embroidered in silk and on the mainland the "sigouni", a woolen thick white coat. On the Aegean islands, Arvanite women wore silk gowns with Turkish influences. Terms for Arvanite female clothing were in Arvanitika rather than in Greek.


title: Chaahat (1996 film)

text: Chaahat () is a 1996 Indian Hindi language romantic musical film by director Mahesh Bhatt. The cast of this film is Shah Rukh Khan, Pooja Bhatt, Naseeruddin Shah, Ramya Krishnan and Anupam Kher. Shah Rukh Khan acquired the rights of this film from Mahesh Bhatt in October 2013 under the banner, Red Chillies Entertainment. The film was remade in Odia as "Prem Rogi" in 2009.


title: Chaahat (1996 film)

text: Roop Singh Rathore is a singer in Rajasthan just like his father, who is now sick and needs immediate medical care in Bombay. One day, while he is singing at Ajay Narang's hotel, Ajay's sister Reshma falls in love with Roop. Reshma is a spoiled girl and Ajay sees through all of her wishes. Unfortunately, Roop is in love with a nurse named Pooja. Meanwhile, Reshma is obsessed with Roop, and asks her brother to call him again to sing in their hotel. But when she sees that all the girls are flattered over Roop, she gets very angry and asks him to sing only for her now onwards. However, Roop prefers to work for the rival, Patel than take this offer. Ajay's obsession with keeping his sister happy at all costs comes into play and Patel is brutally beaten by him until he agrees to throw Roop out of his hotel. Desperately in need of money for his father's operation, Roop has no option but to agree with Reshma. Roop breaks up with Pooja.


title: Chaahat (1996 film)

text: The operation of his father is successful, but his father is saddened by his situation and decides to leave Bombay. Roop later tries to leave Bombay himself, along with his father and Pooja, but his plans are interrupted when Reshma tries to commit suicide. Nevertheless, Pooja and Roop get married. Frustrated with such a turn of events, Reshma and her brother Ajay devise many plans to make their lives miserable. he puts Roop's father on a gallows with Roop on his feet, leaves with Pooja and asks Roop to save Pooja or his father. Roop's father kicks Roop, sacrificing himself so that he could save Pooja. Roop crashes into Ajay's party where Pooja is also held strapped. While in the fight, Reshma brings Pooja and threatens to kill Pooja if Roop won't stop fighting with her brother. Ajay tries to shoot Roop, but Pooja, who just sees him, pushes Roop and Reshma gets shot, getting killed. Narang is left in a shocked and catatonic state, while Roop and Pooja escape.


title: Chaahat (1996 film)

text: The music of the album was composed by Anu Malik. Songs like ""Chaahat Na Hoti"" and ""Nahi Lagta"" became famous.


title: Chaahat (1996 film)

text: "Chaahat" grossed in India and $250,000 (87.50 lakh) in other countries, for a worldwide total of , against its budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of , and grossed in its first week. It is the 14th-highest-grossing film of 1996 worldwide.


title: Chaahat (1996 film)

text: It opened on Friday, 21 June 1996, across 190 screens, and earned nett on its opening day. It grossed nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of nett. The film earned a total of nett, and was declared "Below Average" by "Box Office India". It is the 15th-highest-grossing film of 1996 in India.


title: Chaahat (1996 film)

text: It grossed $250,000 (87.50 lakh) outside India. Overseas, It is the 4th-highest-grossing film of 1996.


title: Nelumbo

text: Nelumbo is a genus of aquatic plants with large, showy flowers. Members are commonly called lotus, though the name is also applied to various other plants and plant groups, including the unrelated genus "Lotus". Members outwardly resemble those in the family Nymphaeaceae ("water lilies"), but "Nelumbo" is actually very distant to that family.


title: Nelumbo

text: There are only two known living species of lotus; "Nelumbo nucifera" is native to East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and probably Australia, and is better-known. It is commonly cultivated; it is eaten and used in traditional Chinese medicine.


title: Nelumbo

text: The other lotus is "Nelumbo lutea", which is native to North America and the Caribbean. Horticultural hybrids have been produced between these two allopatric species.


title: Nelumbo

text: The leaves of "Nelumbo" are highly water-repellent (i.e. they exhibit ultrahydrophobicity) and have given the name to what is called the lotus effect. Ultrahydrophobicity involves two criteria: a very high water contact angle between the droplet of water and the leaf surface, and a very low roll-off angle. This means that the water must contact the leaf surface at exactly one, minuscule point, and any manipulation of the leaf by changing its angle will result in the water droplet rolling off of the leaf. Ultrahydrophobicity is conferred by the usually dense layer of papillae on the surface of the "Nelumbo" leaves, and the small, robust, waxy tubules that protrude off each papilla. This helps reduce the area of contact between the water droplet and the leaf.


title: Nelumbo

text: Ultrahydrophobicity is said to confer a very important evolutionary advantage. As an aquatic plant with leaves that rest on the water's surface, the genus "Nelumbo" is characterized by its concentration of stomata on the upper epidermis of its leaves, unlike most other plants which concentrate their stomata on the lower epidermis, underneath the leaf. The collection of water on the upper epidermis, whether that be by rain, mist, or the nearby disturbance of water, is very detrimental to the leaf's ability to perform gas exchange through its stomata. Thus, "Nelumbo's" ultrahydrophobicity allows the water droplets to accumulate together very quickly, and then roll off of the leaf very easily at the slightest disturbance of the leaf, a process which allows its stomata to function normally without restriction due to blockage by water droplets.


title: Nelumbo

text: A unique property of the genus "Nelumbo" is that it can generate heat, which it does by using the alternative oxidase pathway (AOX). This pathway involves a different, alternative exchange of electrons from the usual pathway that electrons follow when generating energy in mitochondria, known as the AOX, or alternative oxidase pathway.


title: Nelumbo

text: The typical pathway in plant mitochondria involves cytochrome complexes. The pathway used to generate heat in "Nelumbo" involves cyanide-resistant alternative oxidase, which is a different electron acceptor than the usual cytochrome complexes. The plant also reduces ubiquitin concentrations while in thermogenesis, which allows the AOX in the plant to function without degradation Thermogenesis is restricted to the receptacle, stamen, and petals of the flower, but each of these parts produce heat independently without relying on the heat production in other parts of the flower.


title: Nelumbo

text: There are several theories about the function of thermogenesis, especially in an aquatic genus such as "Nelumbo". The most common theory posits that thermogenesis in flowers attracts pollinators, for a variety of reasons. Heated flowers may attract insect pollinators. As the pollinators warm themselves while resting inside the flower, they deposit and pick up pollen onto and from the flower. The thermogenic environment might also be conducive to pollinator mating; pollinators may require a certain temperature for reproduction. By providing an ideal thermogenic environment, the flower is pollinated by mating pollinators. Others theorize that heat production facilitates the release of volatile compounds into the air to attract pollinators flying over water, or that the heat is recognizable in the dark by thermo-sensitive pollinators. None have been conclusively proven to be more plausible than the others.


title: Nelumbo

text: After anthesis, the receptacle of the lotus transitions from a primarily thermogenic to a photosynthetic structure, as seen in the rapid and dramatic increase in photosystems, photosynthetically involved pigments, electron transport rates, and the presence of 13 in the receptacle and petals, all of which assist in increasing photosynthesis rates. After this transition, all thermogenesis in the flower is lost. Pollinators do not need to be attracted once the ovary is fertilized, and thus the receptacle's resources are better used when it is photosynthesizing to produce carbohydrates that can increase plant biomass or fruit mass.


title: Nelumbo

text: Other plants utilize thermoregulation in their life cycles. Among these is the eastern skunk cabbage, which heats itself to melt any ice above it, and push through the ground in early spring. Also, the elephant yam, which heats its flowers to attract pollinators. In addition, the carrion flower, which heats itself to disperse water vapor through the air, carrying its scent further, thus attracting more pollinators.


title: Nelumbo

text: The leaves of "Nelumbo" can be distinguished from those of genera in the family Nymphaeaceae as they are peltate, that is they have fully circular leaves. "Nymphaea", on the other hand, has a single characteristic notch from the edge in to the center of the lily pad. The seedpod of "Nelumbo" is very distinctive.


title: Nelumbo

text: The Cronquist system of 1981 recognizes the family Nelumbonaceae but places it in the water lily order Nymphaeales. The Dahlgren system of 1985 and Thorne system of 1992 both recognize the family and place it in its own order, Nelumbonales. The United States Department of Agriculture still classifies the lotus family within the water lily order.


title: Nelumbo

text: There is residual disagreement over which family the genus should be placed in. Traditional classification systems recognized "Nelumbo" as part of the Nymphaeaceae, but traditional taxonomists were likely misled by convergent evolution associated with an evolutionary shift from a terrestrial to an aquatic lifestyle. In the older classification systems it was recognized under the order Nymphaeales or Nelumbonales.


title: Nelumbo

text: "Nelumbo" is currently recognized as the only living genus in Nelumbonaceae, one of several distinctive families in the eudicot order of the Proteales. Its closest living relatives, the (Proteaceae and Platanaceae), are shrubs or trees.


title: Nelumbo

text: The APG IV system of 2016 recognizes Nelumbonaceae as a distinct family and places it in the order Proteales in the eudicot clade, as do the earlier APG III and APG II systems.


title: Nelumbo

text: There are several fossil species known from Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene aged strata throughout Eurasia and North America. Despite the ancient origins of this genus and the wide geographic separation of the two extant species ("N. nucifera" and "N. lutea"), phylogenetic evidence indicates that they diverged rather recently, during the early Pleistocene (about 2 million years ago).


title: Nelumbo

text: The entire plant can be eaten either raw or cooked. The underwater portion is high in starch. The fleshy parts can be dug from the mud and baked or boiled. The young leaves can be boiled. The seeds are palatable and can be eaten raw or dried and ground into flour. The stem fibers are also used to make lotus silk.


title: Nelumbo

text: The sacred lotus, "N. nucifera", is sacred in both Hinduism and Buddhism. It is the floral emblem of both India and Vietnam.


title: Linode

text: Linode, LLC () is an American cloud hosting provider that focuses on providing Linux powered virtual machines to support a wide range of applications. It was acquired by Akamai Technologies on March 21, 2022.


title: Linode

text: Back in 2003, at the time of its launch, Linode was considered ahead of its time with virtualization hosting. It has grown into a multinational corporation serving more than 800,000 customers from 196 countries. Linode server locations are optimized for serving a global audience in terms of reducing latency and improving UX.


title: Linode

text: Linode (a portmanteau of the words Linux and node) was founded by Christopher Aker, launching in mid 2003. Aker is a graduate of Full Sail University in Florida.


title: Linode

text: Linode transitioned from UML to Xen virtualization in March 2008, and then to KVM in mid-2015. It launched its data backup service in 2009. NodeBalancer, a load-balancing service, launched in July 2011. Linode released Linode Managed, an incident response service designed for businesses, in 2013.


title: Linode

text: Linode opened its first data centers in Fremont, and Dallas in 2003. It subsequently opened its regions in Atlanta in 2007, Newark in 2008, London in 2009, Tokyo in 2011 and 2016, Frankfurt and Singapore in 2015, and Toronto, Mumbai, and Sydney in 2019.


title: Linode

text: On February 15, 2022, Akamai Technologies announced that they will be acquiring Linode for approximately $900 million. It was acquired on March 21,2022.


title: Linode

text: Its flagship products are cloud-hosting services with multiple packages at different price points. As of November 2019, Linode offers five kinds of computing services geared towards specific needs of the customers like high memory requirements, dedicated CPU, or GPU, or general purpose usage. Linode Block Storage allows users to extend their server storage capacity with volumes on demand. Linode Backup allows customers to backup their servers on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis. Linode Manager and NodeBalancer both allow users to manage multiple server instances across a single system.


title: Linode

text: In September 2013, Linode launched Longview, an analysis package for Linux. Linode launched its S3-Compatible Object Storage service in late October 2019 to enable customers to store large unstructured data. On November 11, 2019, at CNCF KubeCon, Linode announced the availability of its managed Kubernetes engine service.


title: Linode

text: Linode is a recipient of the Stevie Award for Sales and Customer Service. In 2019, Linode was awarded a Top Workplaces honor by The Philadelphia Inquirer. Linode’s headquarters building received the 2019 Grand Jury Award from the Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia. The building, built-in 1902, is a Philadelphia landmark, named on Philadelphia’s registrar of historic places, and was once an MTV Real World house.


title: Linode

text: Linode operates 11 data centers around the world, connected by the company’s Next Generation Network and extensive peering arrangements. IPv6 is fully enabled on all of Linode’s supported operating systems and free DDoS protection is included on all of the company’s virtual machines.


title: Linode

text: As of Q2 2020, Linode Cloud is available in 11 regions leveraging 11 Data Centers. A region is a specific geographical location where users can deploy cloud resources.


title: Linode

text: The accounts of eight Linode customers that held Bitcoin electronic currency were compromised in March 2012. Roughly 40,000 bitcoins were stolen.


title: Linode

text: Hack The Planet (HTP) accessed Linode's web servers in 2013. The group exploited a technical vulnerability in Adobe's ColdFusion application server. Linode said that HTP could not decrypt any financially sensitive information and reset all account passwords. Linode announced plans to introduce two-step authentication for its services in May 2013.


title: Linode

text: Starting Christmas Day 2015 and continuing until January 10th, Linode was hit by large and frequent DDoS attacks, which were being caused by a "bad actor" purchasing large amounts of botnet capacity in an attempt to significantly damage Linode's business. Linode was the victim of another severe DDoS attack over the 2016 Labor Day weekend.


title: Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation

text: Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) was a process of assessment, mandated by the Right to Education Act, of India in 2009. This approach to assessment was introduced by state governments in India, as well as by the Central Board of Secondary Education in India, for students of sixth to tenth grades and twelfth in some schools. From this the smaller classes student would have a practice to face the exam of board in younger age. The Karnataka government introduced CCE for grades 1 through 9 later it was also introduced for 12th grades students. The main aim of CCE was to evaluate every aspect of the child during their presence at the school. This was believed to help reduce the pressure on the child during/before examinations as the student will have to sit for multiple tests throughout the year, of which no test or the syllabus covered will be repeated at the end of the year, whatsoever. The CCE method was claimed to bring enormous changes from the traditional "chalk and talk" method of teaching, provided it is implemented accurately.


title: Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation

text: As a part of this system, students' marks were replaced by grades which were evaluated through a series of curricular and extra-curricular evaluations along with academics. The aim was to decrease the workload on the student by means of continuous evaluation by taking number of small tests throughout the year in place of single test at the end of the academic program. Only grades were awarded to students based on work experience skills, dexterity, innovation, steadiness, teamwork, public speaking, behaviour, etc. to evaluate and present an overall measure of the student's ability. This helps the students who are not good in academics to show their talent in other fields such as arts, humanities, sports, music, athletics, and also helps to motivate the students who have a thirst of knowledge.


title: Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation

text: In 2017, the CCE system was cancelled for students appearing in the Class 10 Board Exam for 2017-18, bringing back compulsory Annual Board Exam and removing the Formative and Summative Assessments under the Remodeled Assessment Pattern.


title: Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation

text: Unlike CBSE's old pattern of only one test at the end of the academic year, the CCE conducts several. There are two different types of tests. Namely, the "formative" and the "summative". Formative tests will comprise the student's work at class and home, the student's performance in oral tests and quizzes and the quality of the projects or assignments submitted by the child. Formative tests will be conducted four times in an academic session, and they will carry a 40% weightage for the aggregate. In some schools, an additional written test is conducted instead of multiple oral tests. However, at least one oral test is conducted.


title: Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation

text: The summative assessment is a three-hour long written test conducted twice a year. The first summative or "Summative Assessment 1" (SA-1) will be conducted after the first two formatives are completed. The second (SA-2) will be conducted after the next two formatives. Each summative will carry a 30% weightage and both together will carry a 60% weightage for the aggregate. The summative assessment will be conducted by the schools itself. However, the question papers will be partially prepared by the CBSE and evaluation of the answer sheets is also strictly monitored by the CBSE. Once completed, the syllabus of one summative "will not" be repeated in the next. A student will have to concentrate on totally new topics for the next summative.


title: Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation

text: At the end of the year, the CBSE processes the result by adding the formative score to the summative score, i.e. 40% + 60% = 100%. Depending upon the percentage obtained, the board will deduce the CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average) and thereby deduce the grade obtained. In addition to the summative assessment, the board will offer an optional online aptitude test that may also be used as a tool along with the grades obtained in the CCE to help students to decide the choice of subjects in further studies. The board has also instructed the schools to prepare the report card and it will be duly signed by the principal, the student.


title: Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation

text: In addition to that, various assignments can be given such as projects, models and charts, group work, worksheet, survey, seminar, etc. The teacher will also play a major role. For example, they give remedial help, maintain a term-wise record and checklists, etc.


title: Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation

text: The outcome of the CCE system at the initial level varies. Though most of the schools implemented it quickly, teachers and students who were accustomed to the older system of evaluation and examination faced difficulties coping with the changes. The main aim of CCE is to reduce pressure on students who are unable to effectively participate in the educational system and leave it dejected and with low self-confidence. However, the system has also been criticized for focussing more on projects and activities than actual learning. Critics also state that students' workload has not actually gone down because even though exams have been reduced, stressed students wrestle with projects and oral tests all year-round. Students are required to participate in activities even if the syllabus is not covered. Despite these criticisms, the outcomes of this system were projected to be better than the rote learning of the previous system, which placed an undue emphasis on memory and facts instead of understanding and creating a learning environment.


title: Cengiz Coşkun

text: Cengiz Coşkun (born 29 April 1982) is a Turkish television and film actor. He is best known for his role as Turgut Alp in the TV show "".


title: Cengiz Coşkun

text: Coşkun was born on 29 April 1982 in Istanbul. His mother is a housewife and his father is a machine technician, they were ethnic Turks from Bulgaria who immigrated to Turkey.


title: Cengiz Coşkun

text: He started playing basketball in the first years of secondary school, and then won Ülkerspor's auditions. He played there for 7 years, then transferred to Erdemir Ereğli Spor where he remained for 2 years. Then he played for 1 year at Balıkesir DSİ Spor. In 2008, he graduated from Marmara University, sports department.


title: Cengiz Coşkun

text: During this time he also started modelling. Coşkun began his appearing and modelling profession after successful a modelling contest in 2002, which was held in London. In 2005, he started acting with the series "Rüzgarlı Bahçe". After starting acting, he got training from Şahika Tekand and joined her workshops. Later, he appeared in the series "Candan Öte" (2006), "Doktorlar" (2007) and "Hicran Yarası" (2009).


title: Cengiz Coşkun

text: Coşkun made his film debut in the "Fetih 1453" (2012) and appeared as Giovanni Giustiniani. It is said he did not get the main role as the Sultan as his eyes were blue. He competed in the reality show "" (2013) and was eliminated on the 94th day. He played the role of Turgut Alp in "" (2014). In 2020, Coşkun appeared in film "Malazgirt 1071" in lead role of Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan.


title: Ethereal wave

text: Ethereal wave, also called ethereal darkwave, ethereal goth or simply ethereal, is a subgenre of dark wave music that is variously described as "gothic", "romantic", and "otherworldly". Developed in the early 1980s in the UK as an outgrowth of gothic rock, ethereal wave was mainly represented by 4AD bands such as Cocteau Twins, This Mortal Coil, and early guitar-driven Dead Can Dance.


title: Ethereal wave

text: In the second half of the 1980s, the genre continued to develop in the United States and was primarily associated with C'est La Mort Records, which featured artists such as Area (later The Moon Seven Times) and Heavenly Bodies, a band formed by ex-members of Dead Can Dance and This Mortal Coil, as well as with Projekt Records, which featured groups like Black Tape for a Blue Girl.


title: Ethereal wave

text: Ethereal wave, especially the music of Cocteau Twins, was one of the key inspirations for the British dream pop/shoegazing scene of the late 1980s and early 1990s.


title: Ethereal wave

text: In the mid-1980s, several Cocteau Twins/This Mortal Coil records were described as "ethereal", "etherealism", and "ethereal romanticism". In September 1988, Staci Bonner of "Reflex" magazine described the music of British label 4AD as "gothically ethereal". Print media in the US, such as "Alternative Press", "Billboard", and "Option" music magazine, started using the term "ethereal goth" more frequently, whereas European music magazines, primarily German zines such as "Glasnost", "Aeterna", "Entry", "Black", and "Astan", had named the genre "ethereal wave" in the same vein as new wave, dark wave, and cold wave.


title: Ethereal wave

text: Historically, the term was mostly applied to the roster of 4AD label − not only referring to music, but also regarding aesthetics of the graphical visualization.


title: Ethereal wave

text: The "ethereal" designation has been taken over by authors such as Mick Mercer and Dave Thompson to delineate the same musical phenomenon in their books, while Simon Reynolds began using the term "goth-lite" (or "post-goth", a term he coined in 1987) to describe the music of Cocteau Twins, Dead Can Dance, and related 4AD artists.


title: Ethereal wave

text: "Goth-lite" first appeared in 1995 in magazines such as "CMJ New Music Monthly" (Douglas Wolk) and "SPIN" (Jody Press) as a retroactive description of Siouxsie and the Banshees' "Tinderbox" album, which heavily relies on the use of guitar pedals and studio effects in songs such as "92 Degrees" and "Land's End".


title: Ethereal wave

text: The defining characteristic of the style is the use of effects-laden guitar soundscapes, primarily based on minor key tonality (which unfolds a serious, dark and wistful atmosphere), frequently post-punk-oriented bass lines, restrained tempo (ranging from down- to midtempo) and high register female vocals (sometimes operatic and with hard-to-decipher lyrical content), often closely intertwined with romantic aesthetics and pre-Raphaelite imagery.


title: Ethereal wave

text: Another significant feature is the extensive use of drum machines, typical of many 4AD productions and initially established by Cocteau Twins' "Garlands" album and the first full-length work of Dead Can Dance. Acoustic guitars, often combined with electric guitars and bass guitars, are sometimes used to create a more folk-oriented feel (e.g. Love Spirals Downwards).


title: Ethereal wave

text: Aside from the genre's post-punk and gothic rock roots, some ethereal bands, namely Lycia and Soul Whirling Somewhere, were equally influenced by ambient and soundtrack-oriented music and/or by more traditional progressive rock textures.


title: Ethereal wave

text: The late 1970s to early 1980s was a period of innovation and diversification, in which punk rock explored new musical paths, interchangeably described as post-punk and new wave. Technical improvement and the rise of affordable equipment such as drum machines and multi-effects units helped define the sound of a new era. Seminal music artists such as The Cure, Siouxsie and the Banshees, The Chameleons, and The Durutti Column − who were able to expand and refine their style over the years − began to emerge from the darker strands of post-punk (see dark wave and gothic rock), and tended to "became more ethereal in the process." Most of those bands, especially Siouxsie and the Banshees, are often credited with building the fertile ground for a subsequent generation of ethereal wave performers (e.g. This Ascension). Hits like "Melt", released in 1982, rely on a time signature and an extensive use of digital delay, reverberation and modulation effects, accompanied by dark, unsettling lyrics, and have been described as languorous, seductive, and erotic.


title: Ethereal wave

text: During this time, ethereal was not solidified as a genre on its own until the appearance of the Cocteau Twins and their widely cited early works "Head over Heels" and "Treasure", which set the blueprint for a separate style in music. Peter Buckley wrote, "The band began to ditch the spikiness of "Garlands", as Robin Guthrie developed a lush cascading guitar technique, creating a rich texture and an otherworldly feel ... From this point on, music journalists found it impossible to describe the band's work without resorting to the word 'Ethereal'", while according to Rick Poynor, "... it was the Cocteau Twins, whose debut album, "Garlands", appeared on 4AD in 1982, who proved to be the label's first major artists and did much to crystallize 4AD's image in its early years as an other-worldly purveyor of Ethereal music by reclusive groups who preferred the shadows to the light."


title: Ethereal wave

text: In March 1986, journalist Sue Cummings of "SPIN" described the music as an "introspective reaction to the macho aggression of rock 'n' roll" and noticed "all those big black haircuts leaving [after] the Cocteau Twins' concert this past fall." Soon, the ethereal style that has been dismissed at times as ""swirly-girlie music"" became closely associated with a certain type of audience, occasionally referred to as "Ether(eal) goths" or "Romantigoths". Liisa Ladouceur, writing in the "Encyclopedia Gothica", said, "The Cocteau Twins remain ground zero for the Ethereal subgenre and ... gave Romantigoths a soundtrack for clubbing."


title: Ethereal wave

text: Other bands from the 1980s who spawned a similar sound were Dif Juz, Breathless, Lowlife, All About Eve, A Primary Industry, Vazz, and Drowning Pool (not to be confused with the metal band).


title: Ethereal wave

text: According to Heather Phares, arts editor at "The Michigan Daily", the genre reached its first high point in 1986/87. At that time, Siouxsie and the Banshees released their studio album "Tinderbox", followed by All About Eve's "In the Clouds", A Primary Industry's "Ultramarine", and Cocteau Twins' last ethereal E.P. "Love's Easy Tears". In 1987, US band Area debuted with "Radio Caroline" while Vazz from Scotland, a former new wave/synthwave band, brought out "Feverpitch" that follows the footsteps of the Cocteau Twins. In the same year, Robin Guthrie produced A.R. Kane's "Lollita" single that features Cocteau Twins' ethereal trademark, comparable to the band's early records. A.R. Kane themselves called their musical style "dreampop", which later became a descriptive term for gentle indie-pop music (cf. Bel Canto, Pale Saints, The Sundays).


title: Ethereal wave

text: Within the gothic/dark wave scene, the genre reached a higher level of popularity throughout the 1990s, especially in the first half of the decade. During this time, ethereal wave and rock genres such as shoegazing (aka dream pop) interacted with each other, with many artists being influenced by 4AD bands, such as the aforementioned Cocteau Twins and This Mortal Coil as well as early All About Eve, The Chameleons, and Siouxsie and the Banshees. The Portsmouth-based ethereal band Siddal, for example, described their musical output as a "product of influences such as the Cocteau Twins, Low, Slowdive, The Cure, and Dead Can Dance, use a blend of ambient music, shoegazer style guitars, synths and sequenced rhythms." Other examples of this cross-pollination (partly referred to as "ethereal pop") include Hugo Largo, Rose Chronicles, Miranda Sex Garden, Cranes, Chimera, An April March, Hex, Common Language, The Glee Club, Lovesliescrushing, and Rosewater Elizabeth. Members of British shoegazing group Slowdive have cited being heavily influenced by artists such as The Cure, Cocteau Twins, and Siouxsie and the Banshees.


title: Ethereal wave

text: Since the early 1990s, the "ethereal" tag is primarily associated with the Projekt label, which had already used the term in 1987. The label featured some of the most well-known acts of the US music scene such as Love Spirals Downwards, and Lycia. Similar record labels that harbored some of the leading lights of the movement were Tess Records (This Ascension, Trance to the Sun, and Autumn), Bedazzled (Strange Boutique, Siddal, Mistle Thrush, and An April March), and Ivy Records (Faith & Disease, Ninth Circle). Most of these record labels and artists have ceased their activities over the years or changed their musical direction, incorporating elements of other genres such as ambient, trip hop, and drum & bass.


title: Ethereal wave

text: In the early 2000s, two Cocteau Twins tribute compilations, "Dark Treasures" (Cleopatra) and "Half-Gifts" (Dewdrops Records), were released, underlining the band's significant influence on the ethereal gothic sound.


title: Ethereal wave

text: More recent bands who partly represent the genre are Autumn's Grey Solace, Tearwave, Ashrae Fax, Melodyguild, Mercury's Antennae, Faded Sympathy, Saigon Blue Rain, Scarlet Mother, and Broaddaylight − in co-operation with Robin Guthrie.


title: Ethereal wave

text: Although ethereal wave and shoegazing (also referred to as dream pop) share some similarities (e.g. the use of guitar effects such as flanger, chorus, echo, and delay), there are substantial differences between the genres.


title: Ethereal wave

text: Shoegazing emerged primarily from the 1980s' noise pop/indie rock scene and a conventional instrumentation based on guitars, bass and drums. Initially, drum machines were not a regular part of the shoegazing genre but a basic component of new wave, post-punk, and gothic rock music. In contrast to shoegazing, ethereal wave usually features a traditional early 1980s post-punk and gothic rock signature, devoid of any influences of the simultaneously existing noise pop movement. Most ethereal wave groups, such as Cocteau Twins, early Dead Can Dance, Area, Love Spirals Downwards, Lycia, Autumn, and Speaking Silence, employed drum machines and electronically generated rhythms.


title: Ethereal wave

text: Ethereal wave is predominantly a female-fronted style, whereas shoegazing is − apart from the popularity of acts such as Lush, Curve, and Medicine − largely male-dominated (A.R. Kane, Pale Saints, Ride, Chapterhouse, Blind Mr. Jones, The Boo Radleys, Kitchens of Distinction) or, more rarely, gender-balanced (My Bloody Valentine, Slowdive, Secret Shine, The Telescopes). According to Joshua Gunn, Assistant Professor of Rhetorical Studies at Louisiana State University, "Women have a much larger role in Darkwave and [...] the Ethereal subgenre that developed in Europe".


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: Green Line 4 of the Mumbai Metro, currently under construction, is part of the metro system for the city of Mumbai, India and is being developed by MMRDA and a consortium of international companies.


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The line is planned to be fully elevated, and is expected to consist of 32 stations from Wadala (Mumbai) to Kasarvadavali (Ghodbunder road, Thane) via Ghatkopar, Mulund and Teen Hath Naka, a popular traffic crossing in Thane. It is estimated to cost ₹14,549 crore. Its construction was expected to begin by June 2018.


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: It is expected to be completed in 2022 and is expected to provide interconnectivity among the existing Eastern Express Highway, Central Railway, Mono Rail, the ongoing Metro Line 2B (D N Nagar to Mandale), and the proposed Metro Line 5 (Thane to Kalyan), Metro Line 6 (Swami Samarth Nagar to Vikhroli) and Metro Line 11 (Wadala to CSMT). It will provide rail based access to the commercial, government bodies and geographical landmarks in Mumbai. Dedicated depots are planned in Owale land in up to an extent of 20 ha. and in Godrej Land in up to 15.50 ha. area. It will reduce the current travel time by between 50% and 75% depending on road conditions. Alstom awarded to provide rolling stock for this line, but the contract has been cancelled in March 2022 due to delays and uncertainties of the project.


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The Maharashtra Cabinet approved the Metro 4 corridor on 27 September 2016. Half of the project cost will be funded by the Centre and the State Government, while the remaining will be financed through loans from the AIIB and the World Bank. The foundation stone for Metro 4 was laid by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 24 December 2016. The Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority granted Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) to the project in February 2017. Over 1 km of the line passes over water bodies in Bhakti Park and Wadala, both areas classified as Coastal Regulation Zone II where CRZ rules limit construction activities. 48 piers are proposed to built in the CRZ II. The MMRDA will construct metro car depots for the line on a 30 hectare plot at Owala village in Thane district and another in Vikhroli.


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The MMRDA utilized a drone to carry out survey work for Metro 4. The drones were fitted with 360 degrees camera that provide up to 3 millimeter accuracy. The aerial survey takes less time than a regular survey, achieves greater accuracy and helps protect against false claims for compensation. In March 2017, the MMRDA stated that it was conducting a pre-feasbility study on extending the line from Wadala to Mumbai General Post Office in South Mumbai, via the Mumbai Port Trust. The proposed 8 km extension is estimated to cost 300 crore per km.


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: In October 2018, the MMRDA announced that it would construct Metro 4 along with three flyovers to ensure smooth flow of traffic, with the metro running on the upper deck of the flyover. The three flyovers will be built at Bhayander Pada, Kasarvadavli and Anandnagar near Ghodbunder.


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: In May 2019, MMRDA Metropolitan Commissioner R.A. Rajeev announced a modified plan to use Siddharth Colony as the interchange station with Line 2. The original plan had proposed to use the Eastern Express Highway station on Line 2B and Siddharth Colony on Line 4 as the interchange stations. However, the two stations are approximately 480 metres away from Siddharth Colony and the change was made to simplify passenger transfers.


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: A consortium of DB Engineering, Louis Berger and Hill International was awarded a project management and construction management services contract for the Metro 4 project in April 2018. The MMRDA invited bids for civil work on the corridor on 4 January 2017. The tenders for construction of viaducts and stations were divided into five packages - Wadala to Amar Mahal Junction, Garodia Nagar to Surya Nagar, Gandhi Nagar to Sonapur, Mulund Fire Station to Majiwada and Kapurbawdi to Kasarvadavali. Metro 4 was tendered alongside Metro 2B. L&T, Afcons Infrastructure, Tata, NCC and JMC, Reliance Infrastructure-RdE, Wenig Incorporation, JKumar Group, ITD Cementation, CHEC-TPL bid for packages on both Metro 2B and Metro 4. A total of 11 firms and/or consortia submitted bids for the two lines, two of whom (Simplex Infrastructures and a consortium of GHEC-RCC-JV-China) bid exclusively for Metro 2B packages.


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: The construction work was divided into five packages and awarded through the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) model in April 2018. A joint venture between Reliance Infrastructure and Italian firm Astaldi S.p.A. was awarded three packages between Kasarwadavali and Wadala worth . The contract for the remaining two packages, worth a combined , was awarded to a joint venture between Tata Projects Limited and China Harbour Engineering Company. The civil work is expected to be completed in 30 months.


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: Whereas, On the Metro 4A project, which is estimated to cost Rs 949 crore will have two stations Gowniwada and Gaimukh which is the extension Route. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) has today issued two contract orders to major infrastructure company J Kumar Infraprojects Limited for construction of Mumbai Metro Line 4A (Kasarwadavali-Gaimukh corridor). Design and construction of elevated viaducts and two stations from Kasarwadavali to Gowinwada and Gowinwada to Gaimukh for the corridor of Mumbai Metro Line 4A (extension of Metro line 4 Wadala to Kasarwadavali of Mumbai Metro Rail Project of MMRDA). The total contract value of the letter of acceptance is Rs 342 crore.


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: 32 stations are being planned on Line 4. Most of them were either in the stage of planning or under early stages of construction (as of November 2018)


title: Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)

text: 2 stations are being planned on Line 4A. Connected to word Gaimukh to Kasarvadavali also connect Metro 10


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: "Chapter 11: The Heiress" is the third episode of the second season of the American streaming television series "The Mandalorian". It was written by showrunner Jon Favreau and directed by Bryce Dallas Howard. It was released on Disney+ on November 13, 2020. The episode stars Pedro Pascal as the Mandalorian, a lone bounty hunter on the run with "the Child", in search of the latter's people, the Jedi. Katee Sackhoff guest stars as Bo-Katan Kryze, a character she previously voiced on the animated series "" and "". The episode received positive reviews.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: The "Razor Crest", severely damaged, crash lands on the moon of Trask. The Frog Lady is reunited with her husband, who directs The Mandalorian to an inn, where he learns three Mandalorians have been seen, and the captain of a trawler of Quarren offers passage to find the Mandalorians.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: Out at sea, the Captain shows them a Mamacore they are transporting. As he suddenly throws the Child's carrier into the beast's cage, the Mandalorian dives in after and is trapped inside. The captain promises to kill him for his armor. Mandalorians come to their rescue, killing the entire crew. The leader (Bo-Katan Kryze) and her teammates (Koska Reeves and Axe Woves) supposedly break taboo by taking off their helmets. The Mandalorian immediately distrusts them, but she explains her Mandalorian heritage and that he is a Child of the Watch, a group consisting of zealots who follow "the (ancient) Way (of the Mandalore)", which mainstream Mandalorian society does not. The Mandalorian leaves, stubbornly refusing Bo-Katan's help.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: The Mandalorian is attacked by the brother of the dead trawler captain. Again, Bo-Katan comes to his aid. She later explains that Imperial remnants still plunder Mandalore and her team is raiding cargo ships to steal weapons to retake their homeworld. She promises the information he needs in return for his help in their next raid. The Child stays with the Frog Lady.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: The team make short work of the stormtoopers on board the freighter and take control of the cargo. Bo-Katan alters the mission, deciding to take the whole ship. She also reveals she seeks a Mandalorian relic which had been stolen from her: the Darksaber. The Mandalorian is reluctant. Bo-Katan mocks him saying, "This is the Way." The Captain alerts Moff Gideon, but it is too late for help. Gideon tells the Captain to sacrifice the ship to kill them all. The Mandalorian makes a dangerous charge at a group of stormtroopers, allowing the rest of the group to take control of the ship in time. She presses the Captain to tell her the location of the Darksaber, but he tells her she must already know and commits suicide.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: Bo-Katan thanks the Mandalorian and invites him to join them in future missions, saying his bravery will be remembered. He declines, saying he must continue his own quest. While stating that the offer still stands, Bo-Katan directs him to the city of Calodan on the forest planet of Corvus, where he will find a Jedi called Ahsoka Tano.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: The episode was written by series creator Jon Favreau and directed by Bryce Dallas Howard. The character Bo-Katan Kryze was created by Dave Filoni and first appeared in 2011 in the animated series . Sackhoff found it challenging bringing Kryze to life. She wanted to make the character feel familiar but bigger and better than before. She said the experience felt as if she were the animated character Roger Rabbit exploring the real world. Sackhoff thought of Bo-Katan as regal and stoic and did not want her face to be too expressive, but also did not want her performance to be too stiff and wooden. Howard humorously compared her to Pinocchio and encouraged Sackhoff by saying "more real boy". There were extensive discussions about what the hair would look like. It needed to be realistic but also familiar. Since she was working on a series for Netflix, Sackhoff could not dye her hair and had to use a wig.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: Costume Designer Shawna Trpcic commissioned sculptor Jose Fernandez and his Ironhead Studios to build Mandalorian armor for Bo-Katan and Koska. Koska Reeves distinctive cross braid hairstyle was created by stylist Maria Sandoval.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: On May 12, 2020, it was announced that Katee Sackhoff had joined the cast of "The Mandalorian", and that she would be portraying Bo-Katan Kryze, a role she had previously voiced on the animated television series "" and "". Other co-starring actors cast for this episode are Misty Rosas returning as the Frog Lady, Mercedes Varnado as Koska Reeves, Simon Kassianides as Axe Woves, Titus Welliver as an Imperial Captain, and Giancarlo Esposito returning as Moff Gideon. Additional guest starring actors cast for this episode include John Cameron as the Frog Man, Norwood Cheek as a Mon Calamari server, Kevin Dorff as a deck officer, Alexander Wraith as a freighter pilot, and Philip Alexander as a security officer. Lateef Crowder, Barry Lowin and Brendan Wayne are credited as stunt doubles for the Mandalorian. Caitlin Dechelle, Lauren Kim and Caitlin Hutson, Kofi Yiadom, and Con Schell are credited as stunt doubles for Bo-Katan Kryze, Koska Reeves, Axe Woves, and the Imperial Captain, respectively. "The Child" was performed by various puppeteers.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: Jon Favreau saw Mercedes Varnado in an episode of "Hot Ones", and a casting agent reached out to her though Instagram. Varnado welcomed the opportunity but was worried about making it work with her WWE travel schedule, and also nervous about her first time doing this kind of acting. Favreau, Filoni, and Howard supported her and answered any questions she had. Favreau reassured her "you do WWE every single week and you do that live. You are amazing. There’s a reason why I wanted you to be a part of the show."


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: Actress Janina Gavankar, who previously voiced and performed motion capture for the game "Star Wars Battlefront II", assisted Frank Ippolito in the puppetry performance of a Mon Calamari dock worker.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: Ludwig Göransson composed the musical score for the episode. The featured tracks were released on November 20, 2020 in the first volume of the season two soundtrack.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: Göransson wanted to Bo-Katan's theme to be extremely energetic, because "shows up with such speed and energy" and gave her what he called an industrial heavily produced techno sound. He explains "With a lot of the show it's using all these different musical genres and combining them all through production techniques" and "With Bo-Katan it's a heavily distorted synthesizer sound running through a gate pattern effect."


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the episode received an approval rating of 98% based on reviews from 50 critics, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Bryce Dallas Howard returns behind the camera to deliver an action-packed installment that has enough Easter eggs to keep diehards happy, while setting up plenty of exciting things to come."


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: Noel Murray of "The New York Times" praised director Bryce Dallas Howard: "Both of Howard's Mandalorian episodes so far have balanced thrilling action sequences with quieter character moments. I've started to look forward to seeing her name in the credits."


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: Paul MacInnes of "The Guardian" wrote: "For me, the best bits of this week's episode were the descents. Two separate scenes of ships hurtling towards the ground looking very much like they were going to go splat—those were some high-octane TV thrills right there."


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: Huw Fullerton of the "Radio Times" gave the episode 4 out of 5 and wrote: "Considering how sparse the storytelling for "The Mandalorian" was in season one, it's interesting to see how much more complex—and tied into previous "Star Wars" lore—it's becoming in season two." Keith Phipps of "New York Magazine" gave it 4 out of 5, and praised the writing for connecting more deeply with the "Star Wars" lore while keeping those details purely optional for more casual viewers.


title: Chapter 11: The Heiress

text: Katie Rife of The A.V. Club gave the episode a grade B. Rife praised the episode for adding new dimensions to the character of The Mandalorian, and the joy of watching Stormtroopers getting taken down, "flying around like wood chips off a chainsaw". She was disappointed that the Imperial Captain played by guest star Titus Welliver spoke with an American rather than a British accent like previous Imperials. She called the Frog Lady subplot sweet and heartwarming.


title: Shunning

text: Shunning can be the act of social rejection, or emotional distance. In a religious context, shunning is a formal decision by a denomination or a congregation to cease interaction with an individual or a group, and follows a particular set of rules. It differs from, but may be associated with, excommunication.


title: Shunning

text: Social rejection occurs when a person or group deliberately avoids association with, and habitually keeps away from an individual or group. This can be a formal decision by a group, or a less formal group action which will spread to all members of the group as a form of solidarity. It is a sanction against association, often associated with religious groups and other tightly knit organizations and communities. Targets of shunning can include persons who have been labeled as apostates, whistleblowers, dissidents, strikebreakers, or anyone the group perceives as a threat or source of conflict. Social rejection has been established to cause psychological damage and has been categorized as torture or punishment. Mental rejection is a more individual action, where a person subconsciously or willfully ignores an idea, or a set of information related to a particular viewpoint. Some groups are made up of people who shun the same ideas.


title: Shunning

text: Social rejection was and is a punishment in many customary legal systems. Such sanctions include the ostracism of ancient Athens and the still-used "kasepekang" in Balinese society.


title: Shunning

text: Shunning can be broken down into behaviours and practices that seek to accomplish either or both of two primary goals.


title: Shunning

text: Shunning is usually approved of (if sometimes with regret) by the group engaging in the shunning, and usually highly disapproved of by the target of the shunning, resulting in a polarization of views. Those subject to the practice respond differently, usually depending both on the circumstances of the event, and the nature of the practices being applied. Extreme forms of shunning have damaged some individuals' psychological and relational health. Responses to the practice have developed, mostly around anti-shunning advocacy; such advocates highlight the detrimental effects of many of such behaviors, and seek to limit the practice through pressure or law. Such groups often operate supportive organizations or institutions to help victims of shunning to recover from damaging effects, and sometimes to attack the organizations practicing shunning, as a part of their advocacy.


title: Shunning

text: In many civil societies, kinds of shunning are practiced "de facto" or "de jure", to coerce or avert behaviours or associations deemed unhealthy. This can include:


title: Shunning

text: Stealth shunning is a practice where a person or an action is silently banned. When a person is silently banned, the group they have been banned from does not interact with them. This can be done by secretly distributing a blacklist announcing the person's wrongdoing.


title: Shunning

text: It can happen informally when all people in a group or email list each conclude that they do not want to interact with the person. When an action is silently banned, requests for that action are either ignored or refused with faked explanations.


title: Shunning

text: Shunning is often used as a pejorative term to describe any organizationally mandated disassociation, and has acquired a connotation of abuse and relational aggression. This is due to the sometimes extreme damage caused by its disruption to normal relationships between individuals, such as friendships and family relations. Disruption of established relationships certainly causes pain, which is at least an unintended consequence of the practices described here, though it may also in many cases be an intended, coercive consequence. This pain, especially when seen as unjustly inflicted, can have secondary general psychological effects on self-worth and self-confidence, trust and trustworthiness, and can, as with other types of trauma, impair psychological function.


title: Shunning

text: Shunning often involves implicit or explicit shame for a member who commits acts seen as wrong by the group or its leadership. Such shame may not be psychologically damaging if the membership is voluntary and the rules of behavior were clear before the person joined. However, if the rules are arbitrary, if the group membership is seen as essential for personal security, safety, or health, or if the application of the rules is inconsistent, such shame can be highly destructive. This can be especially damaging if perceptions are attacked or controlled, or certain tools of psychological pressure applied. Extremes of this cross over the line into psychological torture and can be permanently scarring.


title: Shunning

text: A key detrimental effect of some of the practices associated with shunning relate to their effect on relationships, especially family relationships. At its extremes, the practices may destroy marriages, break up families, and separate children and their parents. The effect of shunning can be very dramatic or even devastating on the shunned, as it can damage or destroy the shunned member's closest familial, spousal, social, emotional, and economic bonds.


title: Shunning

text: Shunning contains aspects of what is known as relational aggression in psychological literature. When used by church members and member-spouse parents against excommunicant parents it contains elements of what psychologists call parental alienation. Extreme shunning may cause traumas to the shunned (and to their dependents) similar to what is studied in the psychology of torture.


title: Shunning

text: Shunning is also a mechanism in family estrangement. When an adult child, sibling, or parent physically and/or emotionally cuts himself off from the family without proper justification, the act traumatizes the family.


title: Shunning

text: Some aspects of shunning may also be seen as being at odds with civil rights or human rights, especially those behaviours that coerce and attack. When a group seeks to have an effect through such practices outside its own membership, for instance when a group seeks to cause financial harm through isolation and disassociation, they can come at odds with their surrounding civil society, if such a society enshrines rights such as freedom of association, conscience, or belief. Many civil societies do not extend such protections to the internal operations of communities or organizations so long as an ex-member has the same rights, prerogatives, and power as any other member of the civil society.


title: Shunning

text: In cases where a group or religion is state-sanctioned, a key power, or in the majority (e.g. in Singapore), a shunned former member may face severe social, political, and/or financial costs.


title: Shunning

text: Passages in the New Testament, such as and , suggest shunning as an internal practice of early Christians and are cited as such by its modern-day practitioners within Christianity. However, not all Christian scholars or denominations agree on this interpretation of these verses. Douglas A. Jacoby interprets and as evidence that members can be excluded from fellowship for matters perceived within the church as grave sin without a religiously acceptable repentance.


title: Shunning

text: Prior to the Code of Canon Law of 1983, in rare cases (known as excommunication "vitandi") the Catholic Church expected adherents to shun an excommunicated member in secular matters.


title: Shunning

text: In 1983, the distinction between "vitandi" and others ("tolerandi") was abolished, and thus the expectation is not made anymore.


title: Shunning

text: Jehovah's Witnesses practise a form of shunning which they refer to as "disfellowshipping". A disfellowshipped person is not to be greeted either socially or at their meetings. Disfellowshipping follows a decision of a judicial committee established by a local congregation that a member is unrepentantly guilty of a "serious sin".


title: Shunning

text: Sociologist Andrew Holden's research indicates that many Witnesses who would otherwise defect because of disillusionment with the organization and its teachings retain affiliation out of fear of being shunned and losing contact with friends and family members.


title: Shunning

text: Cherem is the highest ecclesiastical censure in the Jewish community. It is the total exclusion of a person from the Jewish community. It is still used in the Ultra-Orthodox and Chassidic community. In the 21st century, sexual abuse victims and their families who have reported abuse to civil authorities have experienced shunning in the Orthodox communities of New York and Australia.


title: Shunning

text: Members of the Baháʼí Faith are expected to shun those that have been declared Covenant-breakers, and expelled from the religion, by the head of their faith. Covenant-breakers are defined as leaders of schismatic groups that resulted from challenges to legitimacy of Baháʼí leadership, as well as those who follow or refuse to shun them. Unity is considered the highest value in the Baháʼí Faith, and any attempt at schism by a Baháʼí is considered a spiritual sickness, and a negation of that for which the religion stands.


title: Shunning

text: The Church of Scientology asks its members to quit all communication with Suppressive Persons (those whom the Church deems antagonistic to Scientology). The practice of shunning in Scientology is termed disconnection. Members can disconnect from any person they already know, including existing family members. Many examples of this policy's application have been established in court. It used to be customary to write a "disconnection letter" to the person being disconnected from, and to write a public disconnection notice, but these practices have not continued. The Church states that typically only people with "false data" about Scientology are antagonistic, so it encourages members to first attempt to provide "true data" to these people. According to official Church statements, disconnection is only used as a last resort and only lasts until the antagonism ceases. Failure to disconnect from a Suppressive Person is itself labelled a Suppressive act. In the United States, the Church has tried to argue in court that disconnection is a constitutionally protected religious practice. However, this argument was rejected because the pressure put on individual Scientologists to disconnect means it is not voluntary.


title: Diabolik

text: One of the most popular series in the history of Italian comics, "Diabolik" was created in 1962 and consists of more than 900 volumes, and has led to the birth of the "fumetti neri" comic subgenre. The series is named after its protagonist, an anti-heroic thief, inspired by several previous pulp fiction characters from Italy and other countries. Its stories consist of monthly black-and-white, digest-sized volumes.


title: Diabolik

text: The series takes place in the fictional town Clerville and stars the titular Diabolik, initially represented as a ruthless and cruel thief who does not hesitate to murder anyone in order to accomplish his deeds, aided by his partner and lover Eva Kant. Over the time, the character evolved his personality, developing healthy roots and ethical principles such as honor, the sense of friendship and gratitude, and respect for noble souls, robbing and killing other criminals. Throughout his adventures, he is pursued mainly by the Inspector Ginko.


title: Diabolik

text: The series sold more than 150 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-known and best-selling comics series from Europe. Live-action movie adaptations were made: "" (1968) and a movie trilogy consisting in "Diabolik" (2021), "Diabolik - Ginko Attacks!" (2022) and an upcoming feature. Its success had also inspired a radio show, an animated television series, video games, novels, and countless parodies.


title: Diabolik

text: The idea for the character of Diabolik was born from seeing commuters every day. Co-creator Angela Giussani, who lived near Milano Cadorna railway station, thought of making comics in a format designed for travelling and carrying in one's pocket. To better understand the tastes of her potential readers, Angela made a survey of the market, from which she concluded that many commuters read mystery novels. Another version of the story claims that the very idea came from her finding a Fantomas novel abandoned in a train. Thus, was born the "Diabolik format" (a small 12 x book), which proved popular with other publications in the same genre. The pocketbook format contributed, in fact, to the success of the character.


title: Diabolik

text: Diabolik is a ruthless master thief. He typically steals from criminals (and has no issue with killing them if need be, but rarely, if ever, kills the innocent or the police), and has a set of lifelike masks which he uses to fool his opponents, assuming every identity at will. He seems to have a deep knowledge in many scientific fields, including chemistry, mechanics, and computers. In his first appearances, Diabolik was a more straightforward villain who did not hesitate to murder anyone in order to accomplish his deeds. He was later given a more "Robin Hood"-like persona and was shown stealing essentially from criminals, in order to soften the series’ violence and amorality.


title: Diabolik

text: He was raised as an orphan on a secret island hideout of a criminal combine, where he learned all his criminal skills, including developing his special masks, before killing the head of the combine. Diabolik's true name had never been revealed in the series, and he does not know it himself. Diabolik took his name from a dangerous black panther that the head of the combine killed on the secret island. From issue #3 of the series, Diabolik is aided by his "moll", Eva Kant, who has gained an increasing role as his partner and lover.


title: Diabolik

text: Diabolik always drives a black 1961 Jaguar E-type. Graphically inspired by the actor Robert Taylor, he usually wears a skintight black body suit that leaves only his eyes and eyebrows (very distinctive ones) exposed when going "into action". Diabolik does not use firearms: his main weapons are the daggers he throws with uncanny ability, as well as a small dart gun with knockout darts. Eva drives a white Jaguar, and unusually goes into action wearing a heavy sweater and pants, no mask and no revealing clothing. The stories are set in a fictional town, Clerville, loosely inspired by Geneva, Switzerland.


title: Diabolik

text: Diabolik's main opponent is Inspector Ginko, known only by his surname, a fierce and incorruptible police officer who is almost always thwarted by astute tricks devised by Diabolik. The only other recurring character is the noblewoman Altea, Ginko's fiancée.


title: Diabolik

text: Many of the Diabolik stories are set in the fictional city of Clerville, which is located in a state also named Clerville. However, in the first issues of the series, Diabolik carried out his heists in Marseilles, but the authors decided to invent a new city, so as to avoid having to do continual documentation on the city.


title: Diabolik

text: It is clear that Clerville is in Europe, since in 2002, it adopted the Euro as its currency; the city's previous currency had never been named, but had the same value as the Italian lira.


title: Diabolik

text: The state of Clerville also includes other cities, such as Ghenf (styled after the German name for Geneva: Genf), the second most important city in the state, which is situated on the sea (Clerville, the city, is located in the interior and is crossed by a river).


title: Diabolik

text: Diabolik uses a variety of gadgets and equipment which he uses as an aid in his robberies, to wiretap conversations and variety of weaponry.


title: Diabolik

text: The trademark of Diabolik is his black suit, which completely covers his body except for his eyes, eyebrows, and black running shoes. He uses it as an aid in his burglaries or robberies and to protect his identity. He has variety of gadgets and weapons stashed under it. His outfit can be used as a diving suit since it can keep him warm while underwater, and it's also fireproof. However, it cannot protect him from lethal harm (bullets and knives), but he relies on his fighting skills to cover that up.


title: Diabolik

text: Diabolik and Eva Kant use a variety of drugs to stun, kill, or force their enemies into submission. They mostly use Pentothal as a truth serum to force the victims into obeying and aiding the two in their burglaries or robberies. They also use scopolamine to cause amnesia and a variety of sedatives to stun their enemies. They also use cyanide to kill their enemies during a quick getaway, but mostly for their targets.


title: Diabolik

text: Diabolik uses a variety of weaponry and gadgets to stun or kill his enemies. He never uses firearms or owns one, and prefers stealth. He mostly uses stun gas if necessary, but avoids it when he can. He also uses daggers to kill his enemies in seconds. He has a variety of gadgets for quick usage, some of them momentarily as an aid in his robbery. Also, Diabolik carries various radio-controlled equipment, that trigger specific objects into helping him, placed over Clerville (traffic lights to create green waves, sprinklers that spray black paint onto incoming police cars, train ramps, etc.). He even once inserted a device in Ginko's car to activate his airbag during a police pursuit. He also has a variety of weapons inside his Jaguar to aid him, such as Gatling guns or heat-seeking missiles. He uses wiretap bugs and mini cameras to spy on others, and he communicates with Eva via a walkie-talkie hidden in his watch.


title: Diabolik

text: Another of Diabolik's trademarks is his photorealistic masks of a specially designed plastic that he uses to impersonate his victims or enemies, and he has used a multitude of them to help him. Diabolik uses the masks in almost every burglary he attempts, and Eva sometimes uses them while directly acting with him. He has used the masks to impersonate people that are of great use to him, and sometimes only to hide his looks. Diabolik and Eva also use them while going somewhere out in public to avoid being recognized (they used false looks once while going out to dinner).


title: Diabolik

text: Diabolik was published as a succession of series, most of them one year long. The Giussani sisters wrote many of the stories until the 1980s, passing them gradually to Patricia Martinelli’s - and others' - hands. The main bulk of the artwork is executed by Sergio Zaniboni, who has been drawing Diabolik since 1969 (lately sharing the role with Giorgio Montorio) until his death. Other artists working on the series include Brenno Fiumali, Franco Paludetti, Enzo Facciolo and Lino Jeva.


title: Diabolik

text: Diabolik was translated into Tamil and introduced to India in Dec 1987 by Prakash Publishers under their imprint Lion Comics. His very first adventure was aptly titled "Danger Diabolik". Though the story and the character got tremendous response, for various reasons, this was the only story that got published until 2013.


title: Diabolik

text: In June 2013, Diabolik made his comeback via the same publisher, but this effort had more impact. It was launched in the Comic Con 2013 in Bengaluru with the storyline titled "Kutra Thiru Vizha" ("A Carnival of Crime"). Based on the positive response for the story arc and the style, in December 2013, Diabolik made his third appearance in "Operation Tornado".


title: Diabolik

text: Diabolik was translated into Croatian on several occasions. First appearance was in "Superstrip biblioteka" #43 published by Vjesnik - 25 episodes were published (1968-1971). New episodes were published by Art Print - 1 episode in 1999, Slobodna Dalmacija - 18 episodes (2000-2002) and Ludens - 4 annuals (2007-2010), 4 episodes (2017-still in print).


title: Diabolik

text: On 1 January 2000, an animated series, animated by Ashi Productions and produced by Saban Entertainment and Saban International Paris, premiered in Europe and Latin America on Fox Kids, and lasted for 40 episodes before ending on 1 January 2001. The series featured Diabolik and his companion Eva, as they fought and gradually exposed the Brotherhood and Dane, while evading Inspector Ginko. It was directed by Jean Luc Ayach with Paul Diamond and Larry Brody as head writers.


title: Diabolik

text: In 2012, Sky TV in conjunction with Sky France and Sky Italy, started work on a TV version of "Diabolik". A teaser trailer was made for the production, but by 2015 the production had not been released and there was no further information released by the studio.


title: Diabolik

text: A total of 12 "Diabolik" games were developed and released in 1993 by Simulmondo for the Commodore 64 and Commodore Amiga line of computers. The games were in Italian and were made specifically for the Italian domestic market, seeing only limited distribution elsewhere.


title: Diabolik

text: "" is a 2009 video game developed by Artematica and published by Black Bean Games for Wii, PlayStation Portable, PC, Nintendo DS and PlayStation 2 systems.


title: Diabolik

text: The popularity of Diabolik spurred a long series of characters directly or indirectly inspired to him, generally noticeable by the "criminalizing K" in their name; some of them are a kind of satire.


title: Diabolik

text: In real life, Matteo Messina Denaro, a prominent figure in the Sicilian Mafia considered to be a candidate to become the next "capo di tutti capi", is nicknamed "Diabolik", after the comic book character.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: Ah Girls Go Army () is a 2022 Singaporean military comedy film. Directed by Jack Neo, the film follows the first batch of female recruits as they undergo and serve National Service in the fictional near future of Singapore.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: It is a spin-off of Jack Neo’s popular "Ah Boys to Men" film series. It was released on 1 February 2022 in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei during the Chinese New Year period.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: The film stars Apple Chan, Xixi Lim, Samantha Tan, Shirli Ling, Farah Farook, Eswari Gunasagar, Kelly Kimberly Cheong, Belle Chua Bei Er, Karyn Wong Shimin, Charlene Huang Xiang Lin, Veracia Yong, Juliet Hor, Glenn Yong, Yang Guang Ke Le, Yong Yu, Chloe Goh, Vanessa Tiara Tay, Debra Loi and Summer Loh, along with some cameos from the existing "Ah Boys to Men" film series.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: It was one of the five 2022 Malaysian and Singaporean Chinese New Year films, including "Reunion Dinner" (Singapore), "Nasi Lemak 1.0", "Kongsi Raya" and "Small Town Heroes" (Malaysia). On release, the film was panned by critics.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: The film is set in a theoretical future where, due to the declining birth rate in Singapore, there are not enough males to fulfil the National Service manpower requirements. The film focuses on the first batch of female SAF recruits, who are 14 Gen-Z girls from different socio-economic backgrounds. They undergo Basic Military Training, which pushes them to their physical and emotional limits. As they undergo their training, they begin to appreciate National Service, and also learn to manage their personal issues.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: Plans for the film were announced in September 2021. Neo had wanted to shoot this film as he wanted to explore the scenario where conscription of women for National Service is required to support Singapore's defence. Neo said that Singaporeans are fortunate to live in a relatively safe and stable world, but wanted to know what happens should the population of young people drop to levels below what is required for defence given the falling birth rate each year. He added that the film wishes to explore if women can step up for defence much like men are expected, mirroring the first batch of male recruits called up in 1967. mm2 Asia Chief Content Creator Ng Say Yong added that the film will be based on the iconic franchise Ah Boys to Men with topics like diversity and gender equality covered in it. The film is sponsored by companies like Holistic Way, Foodpanda, CARRO Group, Nippon Paint, Ogawa, Seng Choon, New York Skin Solutions and Livingcare.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: Casting began via online auditions in September 2021, the same time when plans were first announced. Those who participated were to send videos of themselves acting as a character they chose. The auditions attracted thousands of audition videos submitted for the film, thus increasing the number of female recruit roles from an initial 10 to 14. The cast was unveiled in October that year, with some prominent faces including Apple Chan, ex-Night Owl Cinematics talent Samantha Tan, founder/content creator of Double Up 欢迎光玲 (known for their viral Chinese comedy skits) Charlene Huang Xiang Lin, voice actress and martial arts content creator Kelly Kimberly Cheong, Miss Vasantham finalist Eswari Gunasagar, Farah Farook, Xixi Lim, Mediacorp artistes Yang Guang Ke Le and Glenn Yong among others.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: Filming is expected to last 25 days, with all scenes being completed by November 2021. Shooting only began on 12 November 2021, when the lensing ceremony was held. The scenes were finished in December 2021.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: An uproar ensued over one of the characters named "Amanda Man" by netizens raising concerns over offence potentially caused to the transgender community and perpetuating misconceptions, coming after actress Kelly Kimberly Cheong posted a picture of herself during the film's lensing ceremony. The post has since been taken down, and Cheong clarified that the character she plays is a "cisgender, biological girl" who is known for her fighting ability. Cheong later raised the issue to Neo, adding that the character is a tomboy and did not mean for the backlash to happen. Nonetheless, Neo still pledged to change the character's name, apologising for any distress caused. The character was eventually changed to "Amanda Ong".


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: Some criticism was also given to the naming of an obese character as 'Yuan Yuan Yuan' (meaning "Round Round Round" in Mandarin), which was slammed as fat-shaming and a lack of creativity. Neo refuted these criticisms, saying that people should watch the movie first before commenting and that the character did more things than they thought. Xixi added that the character's name was "cute" as it sounded like her double name, and hopes those watching will get the message that people who are large can do many things just like those who are small.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: The film was released in Singapore cinemas on 1 February 2022, the first day of Chinese New Year. Before the release, on 21 January, the producers of the film announced an exclusive giveaway of 8,888 non-fungible tokens via Cathay Cineplexes during advance ticket sales that began on 28 January.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: The movie received widespread criticism and scorn prior and after its release. "The Straits Times" film correspondent John Lui gave the film 2/5 stars, remarking that it was "as funny as a positive Covid test", that it "takes effort to be this terrible" - "where effort is made to make fun of women being women", that it was "making fun of people already made fun of in society". Douglas Tseng from "8 Days" gave it 1/5 stars, describing Jack Neo's directing and storytelling as "tone deaf", and full of pervasive product placements. Tseng also criticised the unflattering depiction of women in the movie, remaking "Seriously, do young women really behave like this? Jack, when was the last time you hung out with young women?". Lim Yian Lu from "Yahoo! Life" similarly criticised the product placement and incoherent plot, giving it 1/5 stars. Fasiha Nazren from "Mothership" pointed out that while the characters were easy to remember and reflect their traits, there were some hit-and-misses for the humour, where some of it is expected from a family-friendly movie with other jokes recycled from other past movies. Fasiha also pointed out the generous product placements with a hint of a future movie and that the theme song sounded like a nursery rhyme. Matthaeus Choo from "Sinema.SG" commented that though Jack Neo has previous movie successes by bringing to life emotions shared by Singaporeans, the film appeared to be disconnected from reality. Choo added that while "Ah Boys to Men" was able to scrape by as the characters are stand-ins for people being encountered in real life, the movie does not have that link, criticising the stereotypes that underpin the show. Amanda Tan from "Youthopia" said that the movie was a "slipshod" rendition of the original Ah Boys to Men film series, referencing previous criticisms made by previous reviewers including a poorly written story and characters not being fully developed with the only saving point being good-looking actors. Tan pointed that as a Gen-Z woman, she only took the message that it was a "misogynistic portrayal of women", being unable to comprehend the unrealistic plot. Delfina Utomo from Time Out said the movie is mostly a "chaotic Facebook Live video of someone selling me products", a film with low-brow humour that is characteristic of Neo's previous films, and the plot revolving around "taking initiative". Utomo also pointed out that the scriptwriters writing the film had no idea of "what it's like being woman", saying that the dialogue and plot appeared condescending even as it avoided objectifying women. This is emphasised by the fact that the film's characters acted or spoke in a childish manner, further elaborated with a film's character whose suicide attempt was treated rather insensitively.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: In response to these criticisms, "Ah Boys to Men" actor Tosh Zhang slammed those hating the film on Facebook, alluding to the silent majority who watched the movie and defending the cast, congratulating them for their effort. Several main and supporting cast members thanked Zhang for his support. Zhang also put up a more forceful post on Instagram. The Ministry of Defence also chimed in, asking anyone that wishes to really know what girls undergo in Basic Military Training to watch their 2015 series instead. Director Jack Neo justified product placements in the film by saying it is difficult to make money from movies. Quoting an example, Neo said that if a movie production cost $1 million, another $3 million is needed before it starts to earn profits.


title: Ah Girls Go Army

text: Despite negative reviews, the movie raked in S$1.15 million as of 3 February 2022, with the S$1 million mark achieved over the first six days. It reached the S$1.3 million mark a day later, then S$1.67 million on 7 February and eventually grossing over S$2 million as of 17 February 2022. In Malaysia and Brunei, the film had a grossing of RM1.5 million as of 17 February 2022. Despite high profits at the box office, mm2 Entertainment admitted that reception to the movie was "mixed". Plans for a sequel called "Ah Girls Go Army Part 2" were announced on 7 February 2022, with the release date tentatively set for June 2022. Some scenes have already been shot as part of the sequel, with additional scenes to be shot in March. The film, now known as Ah Girls Go Army Again, was released on 16 June 2022; this received mixed reviews.


title: Graph neural network

text: A Graph neural network (GNN) is a class of artificial neural networks for processing data that can be represented as graphs.