title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: The series was created by Momina Duraid, Humayun Saeed and Shehzad Naseed of Six Sigma Plus Productions and aired on Hum TV as part of night programming under Duraid's production company.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: "Gul-e-Rana" was known as one of the popular series during its run. It received negative reviews and has been criticized for its misogynistic, sexist and regressive approach. Aly's performance in the title role was however praised which earned her her first ever award, Hum Award for Best Actress and a nomination of Best TV Actres at 16th Lux Style Awards.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: The series revolves around a girl who struggles for women's rights after being abused by the people of her society, whom have a poor mentality, as after marriage, men don’t respect women and treat them badly. Gul-e-Rana (Sajjal Ali) tries her best to transform Adeel's mentality about women and faces many problems. In the end, Adeel has an accident and transforms into a good person. It is shown in the drama that Gul-E-Rana leaves Adeel for some time and becomes an ordinary teacher. But it is hinted in the end that both of them reconcile after some time.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: Gul-e-Rana's father dies in a car accident, and consequently her rich uncle, takes Rana, her sister, and her mother under his wings. Rana's both Aunts hate her and warn her that all her uncle's money is for them. Meanwhile, Maria and Laila, daughters of Gul-e-Rana's aunts, are willing to do anything to marry Adeel who is the only son of Raana's uncle. Gul-e-Rana is very different from her cousins, as Rana exhibits the traits of a well-groomed and modest girl. Unlike Gul-e-Rana, her cousin Adeel is egotistic and narcissistic. To him, girls are merely a means of passing time and pleasure. He considers Gul-e-Rana perfect to marry as she wouldn’t have a say in his personal life and tries every way to trick her but she pays no heed. Meanwhile, Zafri, Rana's cousin is interested in her and wants to marry her to ensure that Maria and Adeel can marry without any hurdles. One night, Adeel misbehaves with Rana. She slaps him hard on his face. Adeel knits a sinister plan i.e. the very next morning he apologises to Raana and ask for her forgiveness for his last night's misbehaviour. That afternoon he picks Raana from college and lies that her mother is very ill and is admitted in the hospital. He takes Raana to a faraway deserted house, arranges for a Maulvi and his friends help to organize a Nikaah, leaving her with a choice to choose between him and her honour. She decides to marry Adeel but vows to get revenge. Rana's mother finds out about their 'supposed love' and is shell-shocked. Eventually, Adeel and Rana get married while everybody assumes that they love each other; Adeel and Rana torture each other. Rana disobeys and ignores everything Adeel tells her in order to show him where he stands in her life. Adeel suspects that something is going on between Gul-e-Rana and Ashar (Rana's cousin) while Rana just sees Ashar as a friend. Adeel goes to Islamabad. Then Adeel brings Rana to Islamabad with him by lying to his father that he wants Rana to take care of him while he is sick. Adeel and Rana continue to play Tom and Jerry with each other. Adeel's friend Mona comes to stay with them. Adeel enters her room at night, grabs her arm and tries to force himself on her. Gul-e-Rana hears Mona's protests and walks into the room, Adeel runs out embarrassed and guilty at being caught.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: Rana calls Adeel an animal and Adeel slaps her. Adeel feels guilty but still doesn't make amends or change his behaviour. He continues to call and flirt with Maria and other girls to make Rana jealous. She repeatedly tells him that she is not bothered by his affairs and would appreciate him leaving her alone. She calls Asher Bhai and says she misses him. Adeel and Kamal walk in at this moment and Adeel acts as if Rana has been having an affair with someone else. Kamal gets angry at Rana and asks her to explain but she doesn't try to prove her innocence as she believes that her Taya Abu will not believe her word against his own son. This marks a psychological breaking point for Rana. The next morning Kamal asks Rana to compromise and to make sacrifices for the sake of her marriage with Adeel. He also counsels Adeel unaware that he has been manipulated by him. He heads back to Karachi without taking Rana with him who was supposed to attend Ashar's wedding. A few days later Maria visits Murree with underlying motives. Adeel goes to pick her up. On their way back they enjoy the scenery and take pictures. When they return it is quite late. Adeel discovers that Gul-e-Rana has moved into the guest room. He mocks her and tells her that he plans on marrying Maria to fill up that empty space. Rana congratulates him on this and realises that her marriage is over. Against Gul Bibi's advice, she leaves Murree and returns to Karachi. Meanwhile, Ashar's father meets with an accident and dies. Maria speaks with her mother and reveals that she plans on arm twisting Adeel into marrying her. She calls one of her cousins and asks her to spread the news in the family that she and Adeel are together alone in Murree even though Adeel had moved into a hotel when Gul-e-Rana left. When Adeel's father, Kamal, discovers this, he heads to Murree and is furious with him.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: Maria and her mother believe they have succeeded in conspiring to get Adeel married to Maria by falsely alleging that Adeel slept with Maria and claiming that he made promises of marrying her. Adeel visits Ashar's house to take back Rana forcefully. Ashar shows courage and supports Rana. Rana goes into the house with Ashar and Adeel is flabbergasted. Kamal gives Adeel an ultimatum, to marry Maria or to be disinherited. Adeel flees to Murree and Kamal finally begins to suspect Maria and her mother's plans and how strongly Adeel is opposed to this marriage.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: Adeel has an accident and is badly injured. Kamal encourages Gul-e-Rana to go to Murree and take care of Adeel as a wife would do. Gul-e-Rana goes to Murree and takes good care of Adeel. She makes sure that Adeel takes all his medicines and eats properly. Adeel's attitude towards Rana begins to change day by day. At first, he makes Rana do all his chores. He even says the difference between a wife and a maid is that a maid takes payment but immediately repents. He finally begins to self reflect about all his past behaviours and deeds.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: In time, he asks Rana to stop doing his chores and to spend time with him instead. He asks her to sit and talk to him. Rana replies she has nothing to talk to about and that all his past words have only hurt her. Adeel and Rana’s attitude towards each other slowly begins to change. Adeel finally begins to care for Gul-e-Rana and stops treating her like someone he owns. Meanwhile, Ashar passes away due to cancer and Gul-e-Rana rushes back to Karachi. Gul-e-Rana leaves Adeel for some time and becomes an ordinary teacher. In the end, Adeel becomes a humble and kind guy who often sees Gul-e-Rana in his imaginations and anxiously waits for her to come back. Since Gul-e-Rana and Adeel are still legally married, it is hinted in the end that Gul-E-Rana will eventually come back to Adeel.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: "Gul-e-Rana" was created by the Six Sigma Plus productions and M.D production's partnership. It was produced by Hum TV's chairman Momina Duraid, and actor and producer Humayun Saeed. Producers hired Farooq Rind for direction, who was the director of channel's famous series "Laa".


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: The screenplay for the serial was written by Samra Bukhari, and the series is based on her novel "Hasti ke Ahang". In July 2015, Humayun Saeed and Shehzad Naseeb came on board as a co-producers.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: The series was given the 20:00 (PST) time slot and aired on Saturday evenings as a part of Duraid's night programming. It was previously decided that the series would replace "Jugnoo" but post-production delays were held and it was decided that the series would instead replace Duraid's TV series "Mol".


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: Producers mutually chose the cast which includes Sajjal Ali, Feroz Khan, Behroze Sabzwari, Mehmood Akhtar, Sundas Tariq and Farah Shah. Sajjal Ali was selected to portray the leading role of Gul-e-Rana opposite Feroz Khan, who was chosen to portray the role of Adeel. The couple marked their second appearance after their series "Chup Raho". Behroze Sabzwari and Rubina Ashraf played Aziz and Muneera, Rana's parents, while Farah Shah, Mehmood Akhtar performed the roles of Adeel's parents. Samina Ahmad finalised to portray a negative role along with Saleem Mairaj and Jinaan Hussain. Saadia, who portrayed the role of Laila, was given a role of bold girl first time in her life.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: Shooting began in June 2015 and finished in October 2015, with a total of 21 episodes. Teasers were released in October along with the soundtrack. Shooting was extensively done in hilly areas of Pakistan. The production house divided the filming with half the episodes being shot in Karachi and half being shot in Murree and Nathia Gali. Six Sigma Plus Productions chose scenic areas for posters, teasers and drop back scenes to make the serial more attractive and unique. In early October, Hum TV released promos for the serial which were heavily praised for their shooting locations and cast.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: It aired on 7 November 2015 on Hum TV. It was also aired in Middle East on Hum Mena, in Europe on Hum Europe and in North America, New Zealand etc. on Hum World. All International broadcasting aired the series in accordance with their standard times. On Hum Mena and Hum Europe, it was broadcast twice. It was also aired on the Hum tv's sister channel Hum Sitaray from 5 February 2017 to 25 June 2017


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: Besides airing on television, its episodes were also uploaded on YouTube which were later deleted. It was also released on iflix as a part of channel's contract with the platform but later on, on terminating the contract in 2019, all the episodes were pulled off and thus had no digital availability to stream. Furthermore, it was also released on the Indian OTT platform Eros Now and in August 2019, it was uploaded on Starzplay to stream online.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: The title song of "Gul-e-Rana" was composed by musician Waqar Ali who also did the background music. The soundtrack consists of songs in Urdu language. Lyrics were written by Sabir Zafar. The lines of the song are frequently used during the course of the show. The original soundtrack was released on 6 November 2015 with the teaser trailer of the serial. The song along with production was produced by Momina Duraid under her production company M.D Productions.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: It gathered mostly negative reviews due to its misogynistic, regressive and sexist approach but praised for acting performances of the lead cast.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: "The Nation" criticised the misogynistic approach including a scene when Aly's character blamed a victim of sexual abuse because of her sense of dressing. Buraq Shabbir of "The News" criticised the women portrayal in the series but praised the performances in the words, "Had the performances not been as strong as they were, the play wouldn’t probably have been such a great success." While reviewing for "Aaj News", Aruba Adil praised the Aly's character and said that her character which is damsel in distress is written with a fresh perspective. Reviewers from "Express Tribune" also criticised the series' regressive and misogynistic plotline elements.


title: Gul-e-Rana (TV series)

text: The drama series became popular soon after it released due to its story-line and cast. It made Hum TV the slot leader on Saturdays. "Gul-e-Rana" achieved record ratings after achieving a TRP of 7.2 as its highest rating (over the 15-minute time slot of 8:30–8:45 pm) on 19 December 2015. Coincidentally, "Chup Raho", the first show of Sajal Aly and Feroze Khan, achieved its highest rating of 7.3 TRPs. Gul-e-Rana achieved a TRP of 6.4 (over the 10-minute time slot of 8:50–9:00 pm) on 2 January 2016. Over the 70-minute time slot (8:00–9:10 pm) on the same day, Gul-e-Rana achieved a TRP of 4.7. Once again, Gul-e-Rana achieved exceptional ratings as its 10th episode aired on 9 January 2016, grabbed 6.7 TRPs (over the 10-minute time slot of 8:50–9:00 pm). Over the 70-minute time slot (8:00–9:10 pm) on the same day, Gul-e-Rana achieved a TRP of 4.5. "Gul-e-Rana" achieved exceptional ratings as its 11th episode aired on 16 January 2016, grabbed 5.2 TRPs (over the 15-minute time slot of 8:45–9:00 pm). Over the 70-minute time slot (8:00–9:10 pm) on the same day, "Gul-e-Rana" achieved a TRP of 3.6. Then its 15th episode gained extremely high rating which was 7.2. Its 16th episode got a TRP of 6.2. In the last episode, people tweeted about the show so much that it trended on no. 1 spot in an hour. The last episode had a huge amount of ratings with a TRP of 8.8.


title: Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)

text: Daddy Longlegs is a 2009 American comedy-drama film directed by Josh and Benny Safdie. It stars Ronald Bronstein, Sage Ranaldo, and Frey Ranaldo. It tells the story of a divorced projectionist and his two sons. The film had its world premiere under the title Go Get Some Rosemary in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival on May 16, 2009. It was released in the United States on May 14, 2010.


title: Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)

text: Lenny, a divorced father and a projectionist at a Manhattan movie theater, gets custody of his sons Sage and Frey for two weeks of the year. During these two weeks he encourages a playful attitude in the boys while largely acting irresponsibly. Lenny behaves obnoxiously and argues openly with other adults—including their school principal and a homeless panhandling veteran—in front of his sons, often involving them in the conversations as he enjoys setting up various improvised "games" with them. Lenny is aided in caring for the boys by his similarly irresponsible on-and-off girlfriend Leni. Early in the two weeks, Leni brings the boys a gift of a salamander, which is promptly forgotten about and starves to death.


title: Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)

text: On his first weekend with the boys, Lenny goes out drinking and hooks up with a girl named Roberta. Learning that Roberta is about to travel upstate the next morning with her boyfriend, Lenny impulsively decides to accompany them, bringing his sons along as well. Back home, they are visited by Lenny's European friend Salvie, who is hard to understand and plays a dangerous game where he stands on the boys' stomachs. Lenny has a scheduling mixup at his job, working a shift when he was supposed to pick the kids up from school. He solves this problem by changing a reel then running on foot to the school and keeping the kids at the theater with him. There, they draw a comic about Lenny peeing in his boss's water cup and print 999 copies.


title: Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)

text: In order to make time for a date with Leni, Lenny hires his neighbor Jake to watch the kids for a night. The date ends badly when Leni decides to walk along the subway rails and Lenny refuses to join her. Meanwhile, Sage and Frey insert pee into a toy firetruck and shoot it at Jake, who tells Lenny he will no longer watch his kids when he gets back. Leni returns to Lenny's apartment to make up with him just as he gets a call from his boss, who needs him to work overnight and threatens to fire him for the incident with the printer. Lenny does not want the kids to wake up alone in the morning, and since Leni is unable to stay overnight he instead decides to drug them with smaller doses of a sleeping pill he uses. This causes Sage and Frey to sleep through the day and remain unresponsive into the next night. Lenny has a doctor friend diagnose them, learning that they will be unconscious for the next two days minimum.


title: Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)

text: While Sage and Frey remain unconscious, Lenny steers clear of the apartment as it is now a stressful environment for him. He stays overnight at Leni's apartment but leaves a spare key where it is easily found by a nosy neighbor the next morning. After this Leni cuts contact with Lenny. The next night, he meets up with some other friends, but gets all of them arrested by indiscreetly spray painting on a wall. After Lenny returns home from jail, Sage and Frey finally wake up. Lenny takes them to a park, then a museum where they see a large-scale model of a mosquito and he jokes about having killed a giant mosquito in his apartment. Later that night, the boys are frightened by the prospect of a giant mosquito and can't sleep, even though Lenny insists it's not real.


title: Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)

text: The next day, the boys return to their mother's custody. Lenny, now alone, grows increasingly discontent, throwing public temper tantrums around his friends and repeatedly calling Leni, who does not pick up. After having a surreal nightmare about the giant mosquito, Lenny abducts his sons from school, convincing their nanny that there was a scheduling mix-up. While cooking for the boys, he sends them to the grocery store with a shopping list. Upon returning they find all the furniture in the apartment packed up, and Lenny reveals they are moving, though the circumstances are left unclear. When Lenny irritates the hired movers enough that they kick him out onto the street, he and the boys carry their belongings around on the sidewalk and load them onto a Roosevelt Island tram.


title: Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)

text: The film was loosely based on Josh and Benny Safdie's own experiences with their divorced father. Ronald Bronstein was cast as the lead role Lenny. Sage and Frey Ranaldo, both of whom are Sonic Youth guitarist Lee Ranaldo's sons, portrayed the roles of Lenny's sons. The film was shot in 2008.


title: Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)

text: The film had its world premiere under the title "Go Get Some Rosemary" in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival on May 16, 2009. It also screened in the Spotlight section at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival. It was released theatrically in the United States on May 14, 2010, and was released in blu-ray by the Criterion Collection in 2022.


title: Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 6.99/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Raw, honest, and jarring, "Daddy Longlegs" sets a spellbinding new standard for DIY cinema." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying that "The film's directors, the Safdie brothers, Ben and Joshua, ... Their cinematic father is obviously John Cassavetes... If “"Daddy Longlegs"” is influenced by Cassavetes, well, that's not a bad thing. Few filmmakers have the nerve to travel that path." A. O. Scott of the "New York Times" remarked that "A risky, heartbreaking exercise in empathy toward a person who may not deserve it... He (Lenny) is completely appalling, and also completely himself, a kind of mad, disturbing integrity that is both matched and mitigated by the honesty of this lovely, hair-raising film." Chuck Bowen of "Slant Magazine" gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, writing, ""Daddy Longlegs" might have been something, a more original than usual treatment of what is basically abuse, if the earlier scenes had been more clearly worked out." Natasha Senjanovic of "The Hollywood Reporter" commented that the film "may not be wholly successful but it is a very good attempt, thanks especially to the script and acting."


title: Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)

text: At the Gotham Independent Film Awards 2010, Ronald Bronstein won the Breakthrough Actor Award for his performance in the film. The film won the John Cassavetes Award at the 26th Independent Spirit Awards.


title: Gum Wall

text: The Gum Wall is a brick wall covered in used chewing gum under Pike Place Market in Downtown Seattle. It is located on Post Alley near Pike Street, south of the market's main entrance off 1st Avenue. Parts of the gum coating alongside the walls are several inches thick, and the coating is high along a section. The Market Theater Gum Wall has become a tourist attraction and local landmark since it was unintentionally created in the 1990s.


title: Gum Wall

text: The wall is located in Post Alley adjacent to the box office for the Market Theater, a venue for comedy shows and other small performances. After it became the host of Unexpected Productions' Theatresports in 1991, the theater's walls were covered by patrons' pieces of used gum that had pennies pushed into them. The coins were later removed, but the gum remained amid several cleanings of the walls under orders from the Pike Place Market Preservation and Development Authority. The market's officials reversed course and allowed the gum wall to stay, deeming it to a tourist attraction around 1999.


title: Gum Wall

text: By the late 2000s, the gum wall had grown to long and included pieces as high as . Some contributors to the gum wall arranged their pieces to create small works of art.


title: Gum Wall

text: Since 1999, it has become one of the most recognizable tourist destinations in the Pike Place Market area and receives thousands of visitors annually. Visitors regularly add new gum to the wall. In 2015, the Pike Place Market Preservation and Development Authority removed all the gum from the wall and steam-cleaned it in order to prevent the degradation of the brick. 2,350 pounds of gum were removed. Visitors and local residents soon added a new layer of gum to the wall immediately after the cleanup was completed, and gum has continued to accumulate.


title: Gum Wall

text: It was named one of the top 5 germiest tourist attractions in 2009, second to the Blarney Stone. The Washington state governor, Jay Inslee, said it is his "favorite thing about Seattle you can't find anywhere else". The Gum Wall is located at the start of the Ghost Tour, and also a popular site with wedding photographers. Oftentimes, visitors create declarations of love out of gum, making for a comparison of the gum wall to other romantic spots such as the Pont des Art in Paris.


title: Gum Wall

text: On November 3, 2015, it was announced by the Pike Place Market Preservation & Development Authority that for the first time in 20 years the great attraction gum wall would be receiving a total scrub down for maintenance and steam cleaning, to prevent further erosion of the bricks on the walls from the sugar in the gum. Prior to this, it had only ever been spot-cleaned in areas where gum had been placed in prohibited areas.


title: Gum Wall

text: Because the announcement of the cleaning caused a lot of commotion amongst Seattle residents and fans of the tourist spot, Pike Place Market officials launched a photo contest in which fans were encouraged to share their own photos and memories with the wall online.


title: Gum Wall

text: Work began on November 10 and took 130 hours to complete, with over of gum removed and disposed of. The work, done by local company Cascadian Building Maintenance, was figured to cost about $4,000 for completion. The temperature of the steam machines reached up to 280 °F, essentially delaminating the gum pieces and ensuring that the low pressure would not harm the bricks. The gum was then disposed of in the garbage.


title: Gum Wall

text: After the cleaning was finished, gum began to be re-added to the wall almost immediately, as there were no preventative measures to prohibit sticking gum to the newly cleaned wall. Some of the new additions were memorials to the November 2015 Paris attacks.


title: Gum Wall

text: Some argue that the gum wall encourages litter as visitors usually stick items like cigarette butts or gum wrappers along the wall. There were also prior complaints that the gum was being tracked into nearby businesses and that it attracts rats in the alley. Bars and restaurants located on the opposite side of the attraction tried to keep the gum away from their properties by posting signs that read 'No Gum'. However, this tactic was not successful.


title: Gum Wall

text: Although officials of the Pike Place Market defined the concern around gum affecting the brick wall, some may see the participation in sticking up the substance as attributing to collective action. Many may classify the spot as a 'collective art' piece, where something colloquially bad has been transformed into artwork.


title: Gum Wall

text: The wall is also usually decorated with physical copies of some artists' work that they stick up. Given that the wall is rarely cleaned, many practice graffiti art on spots where there is less gum and more visibility.


title: Ko Shibasaki

text: Shibasaki debuted in 2000, when she portrayed Mitsuko Souma in "Battle Royale." Shibasaki also won critical acclaim for her role as Tsubaki Sakurai in the 2001 film "Go", which earned her several awards, including the Best Supporting Actress Award of Japanese Academy, the Hōchi Movie Award, and the Kinema Junpō Award.


title: Ko Shibasaki

text: In 2013, Shibasaki made her U.S. film debut in "47 Ronin", a Keanu Reeves-led adaptation of the "Chushingura" story of samurai loyalty and revenge. The film was billed as the first ever English-language adaptation of the legend, based on historical events in the early 18th century. In 2017, she played the main character Ii Naotora in the NHK Taiga drama TV series "". Before the series was filmed, Shibasaki visited the grave of Naotora.


title: Ko Shibasaki

text: Shibasaki has two musical groups: Koh+ (with Masaharu Fukuyama) and Galaxias! (with Deco*27 and TeddyLoid).


title: Ko Shibasaki

text: Shibasaki made her debut in the music industry in 2002 with her first single, "Trust My Feelings", but she became recognized for her second single, "Tsuki no Shizuku", which was used for the movie "Yomigaeri".


title: Ko Shibasaki

text: Although she does not compose her own music, Kō Shibasaki writes the lyrics for most of her songs. Many of her singles have become theme songs for various films, dramas, and commercials. Her single "Lover Soul" was the ending theme song for the live action drama "Otomen."


title: Ko Shibasaki

text: In June 2015, Shibasaki released her first cover album "Kou Utau", and in June 2016, she released her second cover album "Zoku Kou Utau".


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Michael Chertoff (born November 28, 1953) is an American attorney who was the second United States Secretary of Homeland Security to serve under President George W. Bush. Chertoff also served for one additional day under President Barack Obama. He was the co-author of the USA PATRIOT Act. Chertoff previously served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, as a federal prosecutor, and as Assistant U.S. Attorney General. He succeeded Tom Ridge as U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security on February 15, 2005.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Since leaving government service, Chertoff has worked as senior of counsel at the Washington, D.C. law firm of Covington & Burling. He also co-founded the Chertoff Group, a risk-management and security consulting company. He is also the Chair and a member of the board of trustees in the international freedom watchdog Freedom House. Chertoff also sits on the bipartisan advisory board of States United Democracy Center.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Michael Chertoff was born on November 28, 1953, in Elizabeth, New Jersey. His father was Rabbi Gershon Baruch Chertoff (1915–96), a Talmud scholar and the former leader of the Congregation B'nai Israel in Elizabeth. His mother is Livia Chertoff (née Eisen), an Israeli citizen and the first flight attendant for El Al. His paternal grandparents are Rabbi Paul Chertoff and Esther Barish Chertoff.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Chertoff attended the Jewish Educational Center in Elizabeth as well as the Pingry School. He graduated from Harvard College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1975. During his sophomore year, he studied abroad at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He then attended Harvard Law School, where he worked as a research assistant for John Hart Ely on his book "Democracy and Distrust." Chertoff received a Juris Doctor "magna cum laude" in 1978.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Following his law school graduation, Chertoff served as a law clerk to Judge Murray Gurfein of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and later for United States Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. from 1979 to 1980.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Chertoff worked in private practice with Latham & Watkins from 1980 to 1983 before being hired as a prosecutor by Rudolph Giuliani, then the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. Chertoff worked on Mafia and political corruption–related cases. In the mid-1990s, Chertoff returned to Latham & Watkins for a brief period, founding the firm's office in Newark, New Jersey.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: In September 1986, together with United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York Rudolph Giuliani, Chertoff was instrumental in the crackdown on organized crime in the Mafia Commission Trial.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: In 1990, Chertoff was appointed by President George H. W. Bush as United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey. Among his most important cases, in 1992 Chertoff achieved conviction of second-term Jersey City mayor Gerald McCann on charges of defrauding money from a savings and loan scam. McCann served two years in federal prison.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: In 1993, he was a prosecutor in the fraud case against Eddie Antar, founder of the Crazy Eddie electronics store chain.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Chertoff was asked to stay in his position when the Clinton administration took office in 1993, at the request of Democratic Senator Bill Bradley. He was the only United States Attorney who was not replaced due to the change in administrations. He continued to work with the U.S. Attorney's office until 1994, when he entered private practice, returning to Latham & Watkins as a partner.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Despite his friendly relationship with some Democrats, Chertoff was appointed as the special counsel for the Senate Whitewater Committee studying allegations against President Clinton and his wife in what was known as the Whitewater investigation. No charges were brought against the Clintons.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: In 2000, Chertoff worked as special counsel to the New Jersey Senate Judiciary Committee, investigating racial profiling in New Jersey. He also did some fundraising for George W. Bush and other Republicans during the 2000 election cycle. He advised Bush's presidential campaign on criminal justice issues.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Chertoff was appointed by Bush to head the criminal division of the Department of Justice, serving from 2001 to 2003. He led the federal prosecution's case against suspected terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui. In 2002 and 2003, Chertoff provided legal advice to the CIA on the use of coercive interrogation methods against terror suspects such as Abu Zubaydah.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Chertoff also led the prosecution's case against accounting firm Arthur Andersen for destroying documents relating to the Enron collapse. The prosecution of Arthur Andersen was controversial, as the firm was effectively dissolved, resulting in the loss of 26,000 jobs. The United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction, and the case has not been retried.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: On March 5, 2003, Chertoff was nominated by President Bush to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit vacated by Morton I. Greenberg. He was confirmed by the Senate 88–1 on June 9, 2003, with Senator Hillary Clinton of New York casting the lone dissenting vote; he received his commission the following day. Senator Clinton said that she had dissented to register her protest for the way Chertoff's staff mistreated junior White House staffers during the Whitewater investigation. Chertoff served as a federal judge from 2003 to 2005.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: In late 2004, Bernard Kerik was forced to decline President Bush's offer to replace Tom Ridge, the outgoing Secretary of Homeland Security. After a lengthy search to find a suitable replacement, Bush nominated Chertoff to the post in January 2005, citing his experience with post-9/11 terror legislation. He was unanimously approved for the position by the United States Senate on February 15, 2005.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Hurricane Katrina occurred while Chertoff was Secretary of Homeland Security. The Department was criticized for its lack of preparation in advance of the well-forecast hurricane; most criticism was directed toward the Federal Emergency Management Agency. DHS in general, and Chertoff in particular, were criticized for responding poorly to the disaster, ignoring crucial information about the catastrophic nature of the storm and devoting little attention to the federal response to what became the most costly disaster in American history.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Chertoff was the Bush administration's point man for pushing the comprehensive immigration reform bill, a measure that stalled in the Senate in June 2007.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Chertoff was asked by the Obama administration to stay in his post until 9 a.m. on January 21, 2009, (one day after President Obama's inauguration) "to ensure a smooth transition".


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Under Chertoff's leadership, the Department of Homeland Security constructed hundreds of miles of fencing along the border between the United States and Mexico. On April 8, 2008, Chertoff issued waivers allowing the Department of Homeland Security to "bypass environmental reviews to speed construction of fencing along the Mexican border". "The New York Times" reported that pursuant to the Secure Fence Act of 2006, "the department was authorized to build up to 700 miles of fencing along the 2,000-mile Southwest border, where most illegal immigrants cross". Congress had granted Chertoff waiver authority in 2005, but the "Times" described his actions as an expansion of his waiver authority. According to "Times" columnist Adam Liptak, Chertoff's action excluded the Department of Homeland Security from having to follow laws "protecting the environment, endangered species, migratory birds, the bald eagle, antiquities, farms, deserts, forests, Native American graves and religious freedom." In an editorial, the "Times" criticized Chertoff for his use of waiver authority, stating: "To the long list of things the Bush administration is willing to trash in its rush to appease immigration hard-liners, you can now add dozens of important environmental laws and hundreds of thousands of acres of fragile habitat on the southern border."


title: Michael Chertoff

text: A report issued by the Congressional Research Service, the non-partisan research division of the Library of Congress, said that the unchecked delegation of powers to Chertoff was unprecedented:


title: Michael Chertoff

text: After a review of federal law, primarily through electronic database searches and consultations with various CRS experts, we were unable to locate a waiver provision identical to that of §102 of H.R. 418—i.e., a provision that contains 'notwithstanding' language, provides a secretary of an executive agency the authority to waive all laws such secretary determines necessary, and directs the secretary to waive such laws.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: On June 23, 2008, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear a constitutional challenge to the 2005 law that gave Chertoff waiver authority.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: In September 2007, Chertoff told a House committee that the DHS would not tolerate interference by sanctuary cities that would block the "Basic Pilot Program," which requires some types of employers to validate the legal status of their workers.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: In 2008 it was reported that the residential housekeeping company Chertoff had hired to clean his house employed undocumented immigrants.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Since leaving government service, Chertoff has worked as senior of counsel at the Washington, D.C. law firm of Covington & Burling.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: He formed The Chertoff Group (TCG) on February 2, 2009, to work on crisis and risk management. The firm is also led by Chad Sweet; he served as the Chief of Staff of Homeland Security while Chertoff was Secretary and also had a two-year stint at the Directorate of Operations for the CIA. The firm also employs Charles E. Allen, Larry Castro, Jay M. Cohen, General Michael V. Hayden and other former high-ranking government employees and appointees.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Chertoff was also elected as Chairman of BAE Systems for a three-year term, beginning May 1, 2012. Chertoff co-chairs the Bipartisan Policy Center's Immigration Task Force.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Michael Chertoff and related firms have done relationship work on many levels regarding Russia and Ukraine business dealings, including government actions in Europe and the USA regarding Russia and Ukraine businesses and their own governments' formations of laws. In these capacities, Chertoff has had contact with several other relationship work firms and individuals, including Paul Manafort. Chertoff in some capacities supported Russian/Ukrainian Dmitro Firtash's defense against prosecution in the United States.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: From 2017 to 2019, Chertoff served as a member of the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace and was made a co-chair of the commission in its final year.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: In a July 2020 op-ed in "The New York Times", Chertoff claimed the Trump administration was hijacking the DHS for political purposes.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: At the Global Creative Leadership Summit in 2009, Chertoff described globalization as a double-edged sword. Although globalization may help raise the standard of living for people around the world, Chertoff claimed that it can also enable terrorists and transnational criminals.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Chertoff has been an advocate of enhanced technologies, such as full body scanners. His lobbying firm Chertoff Group (founded 2009) represents manufacturers of the scanners.


title: Michael Chertoff

text: Chertoff co-signed the preface to the report "National Security and the Accelerating Risks of Climate Change" published in 2014 where he stated that "projected climate change is a complex multi-decade challenge. Without action to build resilience, it will increase security risks over much of the planet. It will not only increase threats to developing nations in resource-challenged parts of the world, but it will also test the security of nations with robust capability, including significant elements of our National Power here at home."


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: Edgar Lawrence Doctorow (January 6, 1931 – July 21, 2015) was an American novelist, editor, and professor, best known for his works of historical fiction.


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: He wrote twelve novels, three volumes of short fiction and a stage drama. They included the award-winning novels "Ragtime" (1975), "Billy Bathgate" (1989), and "The March" (2005). These, like many of his other works, placed fictional characters in recognizable historical contexts, with known historical figures, and often used different narrative styles. His stories were recognized for their originality and versatility, and Doctorow was praised for his audacity and imagination.


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: A number of Doctorow's novels and short stories were also adapted for the screen, including "Welcome to Hard Times" (1967) starring Henry Fonda, "Daniel" (1983) starring Timothy Hutton, "Billy Bathgate" (1991) starring Dustin Hoffman, and "Wakefield" (2016) starring Bryan Cranston. His most notable adaptations were for the film "Ragtime" (1981) and the Broadway musical of the same name (1998), which won four Tony Awards.


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: Doctorow was the recipient of numerous writing awards, including the National Book Critics Circle Award for "Ragtime", National Book Critics Circle Award for "Billy Bathgate", National Book Critics Circle Award for "The March," and the American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Fiction. Former President Barack Obama called him "one of America's greatest novelists".


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: Doctorow was born January 6, 1931, in the Bronx, the son of Rose (Levine) and David Richard Doctorow, second-generation Americans of Russian Jewish extraction who named him after Edgar Allan Poe. His father ran a small music shop. He attended city public grade schools and the Bronx High School of Science where, surrounded by mathematically gifted children, he fled to the office of the school literary magazine, "Dynamo," which published his first literary effort. He then enrolled in a journalism class to increase his opportunities to write.


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: Doctorow attended Kenyon College in Ohio, where he studied with John Crowe Ransom, acted in college theater productions and majored in philosophy. While at Kenyon College, Doctorow joined the Middle Kenyon Association, and befriended Richard H. Collin. After graduating with honors in 1952, he completed a year of graduate work in English drama at Columbia University before being drafted into the United States Army. In 1954 and 1955, he served as a corporal in the signal corps in West Germany.


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: Back in New York after military service, Doctorow worked as a reader for a motion picture company; reading so many Westerns inspired his first novel, "Welcome to Hard Times". Begun as a parody of western fiction, it evolved into a reclamation of the genre. It was published to positive reviews in 1960, with Wirt Williams of "The New York Times" describing it as "taut and dramatic, exciting and successfully symbolic."


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: When asked how he decided to become a writer, he said, "I was a child who read everything I could get my hands on. Eventually, I asked of a story not only what was to happen next, but how is this done? How am I made to live from words on a page? And so I became a writer."


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: To support his family, Doctorow spent nine years as a book editor, first at New American Library working with Ian Fleming and Ayn Rand among others; and from 1964, as editor-in-chief at Dial Press, publishing work by James Baldwin, Norman Mailer, Ernest J. Gaines, and William Kennedy, among others.


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: In 1969, Doctorow left publishing to pursue a writing career. He accepted a position as Visiting Writer at the University of California, Irvine, where he completed "The Book of Daniel" (1971), a freely fictionalized consideration of the trial and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for giving nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was widely acclaimed, called a "masterpiece" by "The Guardian", and said by "The New York Times" to launch the author into "the first rank of American writers" according to Christopher Lehmann-Haupt.


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: Doctorow's next book, written in his home in New Rochelle, New York, was "Ragtime" (1975), later named one of the 100 best novels of the 20th century by the Modern Library editorial board. His subsequent work includes the award-winning novels "World's Fair" (1985), "Billy Bathgate" (1989), and "The March" (2005), as well as several volumes of essays and short fiction.


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: Novelist Jay Parini is impressed by Doctorow's skill at writing fictionalized history in a unique style, "a kind of detached but arresting presentation of history that mingled real characters with fictional ones in ways that became his signature manner". In "Ragtime", for example, he arranges the story to include Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung sharing a ride at Coney Island, or a setting with Henry Ford and J. P. Morgan.


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: Despite the immense research Doctorow needed to create stories based on real events and real characters, reviewer John Brooks notes that they were nevertheless "alive enough never to smell the research in old newspaper files that they must have required". Doctorow demonstrated in most of his novels "that the past is very much alive, but that it's not easily accessed," writes Parini. "We tell and retell stories, and these stories illuminate our daily lives. He showed us again and again that our past is our present, and that those not willing to grapple with 'what happened' will be condemned to repeat its worst errors."


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: In 1954, Doctorow married fellow Columbia University student Helen Esther Setzer while serving in the U.S. Army in West Germany. The couple had three children.


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: Doctorow also taught at Sarah Lawrence College, the Yale School of Drama, the University of Utah, the University of California, Irvine, and Princeton University. He was the Loretta and Lewis Glucksman Professor of English and American Letters at New York University. In 2001, he donated his papers to the Fales Library of New York University. In the opinion of the library's director, Marvin Taylor, Doctorow was "one of the most important American novelists of the 20th century".


title: E. L. Doctorow

text: Doctorow died of lung cancer on July 21, 2015, aged 84, in Manhattan. He is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.


title: Karl Howman

text: Karl Howman (born 13 December 1953) is an English actor and voice-over artist. He is best known for playing Jacko in the sitcom "Brush Strokes" from 1986 to 1991, Mulberry in "Mulberry" from 1992 to 1993 and Buster Briggs in "EastEnders" from 2014 to 2016. He also appeared as Jakey Smith in the final series of "Get Some In!" in 1978.


title: Karl Howman

text: Howman took over the role of Jakey Smith from Robert Lindsay (with whom he shares a birthday) in "Get Some In!" in its final series in 1978. He then starred in the episode "Shadow" in the BBC series "Blake's 7", in the "Minder" episode "All About Scoring, Innit?" playing Danny Varrow, and in "The Sweeney" episode "May," playing Davey Holmes.


title: Karl Howman

text: On 25 September 2014, it was announced that Howman had been cast in long running BBC soap "EastEnders". Howman appeared as the character Buster Briggs. In his time on the show, Buster's storylines included his relationship with Shirley Carter (Linda Henry), his relationship with his two sons Mick Carter (Danny Dyer) and Dean Wicks (Matt Di Angelo), running a fish stall and having an affair with Kathy Sullivan (Gillian Taylforth). In July 2016, it was announced that Howman would be leaving the show after nearly two years. Buster left the show after his relationship with Shirley and his affair with Kathy both ended with Howman's last episode airing on 23 September 2016.


title: Karl Howman

text: On the radio he also appeared in "King Street Junior" as Mr Philip Sims and in "Coming Alive" as Terry King.


title: Karl Howman

text: Howman married his wife, Clare Lightfoot, in 1976. They have two children, actresses Chloe Howman and Katy-Jo Howman, and six grandchildren.


title: Butterfly (1982 film)

text: Butterfly is a 1982 American independent crime drama film co-written and directed by Matt Cimber, based on the 1947 novel "The Butterfly" by James M. Cain. The starring cast includes Stacy Keach, Pia Zadora, Lois Nettleton, Ed McMahon, James Franciscus, Edward Albert, and Orson Welles. The original music score was composed by Ennio Morricone. The film was financed by Zadora's husband, Israeli multimillionaire Meshulam Riklis, at an estimated cost of US$3.5 million.


title: Butterfly (1982 film)

text: It received 10 nominations for the 3rd Golden Raspberry Awards (including Worst Picture), with Zadora winning Worst Actress and Worst New Star, and McMahon winning Worst Supporting Actor. Nevertheless, Zadora won Best Female Newcomer at the 39th Golden Globe Awards for her role (over Elizabeth McGovern and Kathleen Turner). This occurred after her husband flew members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to Las Vegas to hear Zadora sing, producing accusations that the award had been "bought". Orson Welles' portrayal of Judge Rauch was nominated for both supporting actor categories at the Golden Globes Awards and at the Golden Raspberry Awards.


title: Butterfly (1982 film)

text: In 1937, in a small mining town on the Nevada–Arizona border, Jess Tyler is the caretaker of an unused silver mine. His wife, Belle Morgan, deserted him 10 years earlier and took their daughters, Janey and Kady, when she ran off with another man, Moke Blue. A 17-year-old Kady shows up at Jess's place, telling him her mother Belle is running a brothel, and one of the clients got Kady pregnant with a son, Danny. Danny's father is Wash Gillespie, the son of the wealthy mine owner, who refused to marry her. Kady is money hungry and has returned home to steal silver from the mine. Jess, initially opposed to stealing silver from the mine, relents and says they can take small scraps after she seduces him. They work in the mine together; afterwards, while Kady takes a bath, Jess ends up giving her a massage but stops short of having sex.


title: Butterfly (1982 film)

text: Soon after, Wash comes to town and proposes to Kady, and she accepts. Belle, suffering from severe tuberculosis, arrives with Blue and a mutual friend, Ed Lamey, ostensibly to celebrate the engagement. Blue insinuates that he knows about the theft, and while the others are out of the house, Belle stabs him with a hat pin, and he kills her in self-defence.


title: Butterfly (1982 film)

text: Jess realizes that Ed must have witnessed the theft and told Blue. Jess rushes to the mine, where Blue is frantically pillaging for silver and taunts him. Jess sees a "butterfly" birthmark near his navel, similar to one on baby Danny, and believes that Blue is Danny's father. Enraged, Jess shoots him. Before Jess leaves him to die, Blue reveals that Kady is his daughter.


title: Butterfly (1982 film)

text: Returning to the Gillespies, Jess lies and tells them that Danny is Blue's son. Wash decides to break off the engagement, but Jess stops him from talking to Kady about it himself. When Wash fails to arrive on the day of the wedding, she despondently resorts to her original plan to steal the silver. She goes to the mine with Jess, where the two have sex while Ed looks on. The police arrive with warrants for the arrests of Jess and Kady, and they are charged with incest.


title: Butterfly (1982 film)

text: At the hearing, Judge Rauch calls it "a crime against nature, shocking and repulsive to every basic sense of propriety, decency, and good citizenship." Jess pleads guilty, saying he forced her, so that Kady will not be punished. Jess is sentenced to 10 years in prison, and Kady objects, saying that their relationship was consensual. The judge threatens her with reform school, 10 years in prison, and Danny becoming a ward of the state. Jess reveals that Moke Blue is Kady's real father and the proof is the birthmark. Ed then reveals he is Moke Blue's half-brother and has the same birthmark and did not tell her because of the silver. The case is dismissed.


title: Butterfly (1982 film)

text: Wash is waiting outside the courthouse for Kady, who realizes what Jess did and is angry, but quickly forgives him. She says she loves him, but differently from how she loves Wash. She chooses Wash because of the life he can provide for Danny.


title: What Is to Be Done?

text: What Is to Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement is a political pamphlet written by Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin (credited as N. Lenin) in 1901 and published in 1902. Lenin said that the article represented "a skeleton plan to be developed in greater detail in a pamphlet now in preparation for print." Its title is taken from the 1863 novel of the same name by the Russian revolutionary Nikolai Chernyshevsky.


title: What Is to Be Done?

text: In "What Is to Be Done?", Lenin argues that the working class will not spontaneously become political simply by fighting economic battles with employers over wages, working hours, and the like. To educate the working class on Marxism, Lenin insists that Marxists should form a political party, or vanguard, of dedicated revolutionaries in order to spread Marxist political ideas among the workers. The pamphlet, in part, precipitated the split of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party between Lenin's Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.


title: What Is to Be Done?

text: Lenin first confronts the so-called economist trend in Russian social democracy that followed the line of Eduard Bernstein. He explains that Bernstein's positions were opportunist, a point expressed by the French socialist Alexandre Millerand as in taking a post in a bourgeois government. Against the economists' demand for freedom of criticism, Lenin advances the position that the orthodox Marxists had the same right to criticize in return. He stresses that in the struggle against the bourgeoisie, revolutionary social democrats would need to pay particular attention to theoretical questions, recalling Friedrich Engels' position that there were three forms of social democratic struggle, namely political, economic and theoretical.


title: What Is to Be Done?

text: Lenin hypothesizes that workers will not spontaneously become Marxists merely by fighting battles over wages with their employers. Instead, Marxists need to form a political party to publicize Marxist ideas and persuade workers to join. He argues that understanding politics requires understanding all of society, not just workers and their economic struggles with their employers. Class political consciousness can be brought to the workers "only from without"; that is, only from outside the economic struggle, from outside the sphere of relations between workers and employers. The sphere from which alone it is possible to obtain this knowledge is the sphere of relationships (of "all" classes and strata) to the state and the government, the sphere of the interrelations between "all" classes.


title: What Is to Be Done?

text: Reflecting on the wave of strikes in late 19th century Russia, Lenin writes that "the history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own efforts, is able to develop only trade-union consciousness"; that is, combining into trade unions and so on. However, socialist theory in Russia, as elsewhere in Europe, was the product of the "educated representatives of the propertied classes", the intellectuals or "revolutionary socialist intellectuals". Lenin states that Karl Marx and Engels themselves, the very founders of modern scientific socialism, belonged to this bourgeois intelligentsia.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Operation Peter Pan (or Operación Pedro Pan) was a clandestine exodus of over 14,000 unaccompanied Cuban minors ages 6 to 18 to the United States over a two-year span from 1960 to 1962. They were sent after parents feared that Fidel Castro and the Communist party were planning to terminate parental rights and place minors in communist indoctrination centers, commonly referred to as the "Patria Potestad".


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: The program consisted of two main components: the mass evacuation of Cuban children via airplane to the United States – Miami as a particularly common hub – and the programs set up to care for them once they arrived. Both were led by Father Bryan O. Walsh of the Catholic Welfare Bureau. The operation was the largest exodus of minor refugees in the Western Hemisphere at the time. It operated covertly out of fear that it would be viewed as an anti-Castro political enterprise.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Following the Cuban Revolution of 1959, but more importantly after the regime's October 1960 move to nationalize industries, the first wave of Cuban immigrants left for the United States. These upper and upper-middle classes were not tied to Batista's government (those left in the days following the overthrow of Batista) but had economic livelihoods incompatible with the regime's goals. Most, if not all, thought it to be a temporary departure, imagining a life where they would return to Cuba once the United States liberated the country from both Fidel Castro and the spreading Communist movement.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Another wave of Cubans left upon the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the subsequent announcement by Castro that he was a Marxist-Leninist.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: This proclamation of a new order acted as a catalyst to leave to those who had adopted a "wait and see" attitude to developments. This third wave of Cuban immigrants was predominantly middle class. This wave of Cuban immigrants included middle merchants and management, landlords, mid-level professionals and a significant representation of skilled unionized workers. The constituents of these different classes looked on warily at the closures of private universities and schools in 1961 since these actions played into their fears that the government would take over the education of their children.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: By 1960, the Cuban government began reforming education strategies. School children were taught military drills, how to bear arms, and anti-American songs. By 1961, the Cuban government would seize control of all private schools.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: As a result of the new social order, rumors began to swirl, originating from both inside the United States and other anti-Castro media. Various outlets, including the "Miami Herald" and "Time Magazine", reported that Castro and his followers intended to terminate parental rights, assume custody of all Cuban children, prohibit religion and indoctrinate them into communism. The CIA-backed Radio Swan station asserted that the Cuban government was planning to remove children from their parents and send them to the Soviet Union. These claims lacked evidence, but denials fell on deaf ears.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: These rumors, combined with the pre-existing worry instilled by the Spanish Civil War (during which children were evacuated to other countries), made the "patria potestad" hoax impossible to contain. It had already reached the Catholic church and the general public, and opponents of the now openly communist regime who did not migrate during the first wave of the exodus began sending their children off to safety.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Having been involved in a similar program that gained young Hungarians entrance to the US following Soviet repression of the 1956 uprising, Father Bryan O. Walsh of the Catholic Welfare Bureau, with the help of the U.S. government, developed the Cuban Children's Program in late 1960. Key players included Tracy Voorhees, Eisenhower Administration, James Baker and Father Walsh.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: An October meeting brought the influx of Cuban refugees in Miami to the attention of the White House, with particular focus on what appeared to be a high number of unaccompanied minors wandering the city. Shortly after, Tracy Voorhees – a veteran U.S. government official who was serving as the president's Personal Representative for Cuban Refugees – reported that, though the issue was not large in number, it had still been highly publicized and, therefore, the administration needed to be seen taking action.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Up until that time, the Catholic church had been the largest provider of aid. But, towards the end of 1960, President Eisenhower approved $1 million to help, with specific funds allocated to the creation of a Cuban emergency refugee center. To further their efforts, and ultimately further the smear campaign of Castro's Cuba, Vorhees recommended the administration further their involvement, this time taking specific interest in caring for the Cuban refugee children.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Simultaneously, James Baker (headmaster of an American school in Havana) met with Walsh (who was already invested in helping already arrived child refugees settle into their new life) to detail his efforts helping parents send their children to Miami. Baker's original goal was to establish a boarding school in the United States for Cuban refugee children. However, both later agreed professional social welfare agencies would be better equipped for the job. The Catholic Welfare Bureau, the Children's Services Bureau and Jewish Family and Children's Services were the agencies that ultimately agreed to care for the refugee children. Thus, in November 1960, they appealed for federal funding, and, following the earlier recommendation from Vorhees, it was granted.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Baker would arrange the children's transportation and facilitate visas, Walsh would arrange for accommodations in Miami. Underground organizations led by the involved parents helped spread information. Among those who helped alert parents about the program were Penny Powers, Pancho and Bertha Finlay, Drs. Sergio and Serafina Giquel, Sara del Toro de Odio and Albertina O'Farril. To maintain confidentiality, the program's leaders in the U.S. minimized communications with their contacts in Cuba.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: By January 1961, 6,500 Cuban children were enrolled in Miami and Miami-adjacent schools. By September 1962, that number had jumped to 19,000. And while Pedro Pans are often depicted as babies, infants or elementary-school-aged children, most of them were actually teenaged boys.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: A lack of limitations placed on how many were admitted coupled with federally-funded foster care made the Cuban Children's Program one unlike any other. It only continued to grow and get more complex.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: In January 1961, the U.S. embassy of Cuba closed, but Operation Peter Pan persisted. Instead of visas, children received waivers in the form of simple letters signed by Walsh effectively gaining them entrance into the country. Airlines were instructed to accept these letters as official documents and, as an added incentive, the U.S. government covered the cost of flights.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: From there, things continued to spiral. In September of that year, the State Department began allowing Cuban child refugees to apply for visa waivers on behalf of their parents. For many who could not otherwise afford it or did not already have other relatives in the United States, this became a fairly regular means of familial immigration.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: By late 1960, Castro had expropriated several companies that made up the American Chamber of Commerce in Havana, including Esso Standard Oil Company and Freeport Sulfur Company. The leaders of these companies moved to Miami while they analyzed the actions of Cuba's new government. Under the impression that Castro's rule would be brief, they agreed to aid the Cuban children by providing funding for Operation Peter Pan. Through collaborations with Baker, these business leaders agreed to help secure donations from multiple US businesses and send them to Cuba.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Because Castro was supervising all major monetary transactions, the businessmen were very careful in how the funds were transferred. Some donations were sent to the Catholic Welfare Bureau and others were written out as checks to citizens living in Miami. These individuals then wrote checks out to the W. Henry Smith Travel Agency in Havana, which helped fund the children's flights to the United States. It was necessary to send the funds in American currency because Castro had ruled that plane tickets could not be purchased with Cuban pesos.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: As the need for shelters grew as the children arrived in increasing numbers, several prominent locations were converted to house them, including Camp Matecumbe, the Opa-locka Airport Marine barracks. Special homes, authorized by state officials and operated by Cuban refugees, were formed in several hundred cities across the nation including Albuquerque, New Mexico; Lincoln, Nebraska; Wilmington, Delaware; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Jacksonville and Orlando, Florida.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Many children were placed in foster care, some were placed in positive living environments and others endured emotional and physical neglect. Laws prevented any relocated children from being housed in reform schools or centers for juvenile delinquents. Further, the minors were not made available for adoption.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: The Cuban Children's Program remained a secret until February 1962, when "The Plain Dealer" introduced its readers to the masses of unaccompanied Cuban minors who made their way across the country for three years unnoticed. On March 9 of the same year, the "Miami Herald"'s Gene Miller also ran a story about the event, in which he coined the term Operation Pedro Pan.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: The American portion of Operation Peter Pan ended when all air traffic between the United States and Cuba ceased in the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. Cuban immigrants were instead re-routed to Spain and other countries following the Cuban Missile Crisis, and Cuban immigrants would have to travel via Spain or Mexico to reach the United States until 1965.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: In December of 1965, the United States established a program of Freedom Flights ("los vuelos de la libertad") to unite Cuban parents with their children. The Catholic Welfare Bureau reported that, once the Freedom Flights began, nearly 90% of the minors still in its care were reunited with their parents.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Remnants of the program would continue up until 1981. An estimate of 25,000 children were affected by the program.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Nearing the end of this mass-exodus of children to the United States, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy approved funding for a propaganda film designed to assist migrant children’s understanding of why their parents had made this choice on their behalf. This film elaborates on the many things for children to do within their current situation, including but not limited to learning, playing, and attending religious ceremonies. However, this film is careful not mention the current events in Cuba. The film was directed by Cliff Solway, a Canadian director for CBC.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Titled "The Lost Apple", the (approximately) thirty-minute short film follows the life of Roberto and two other young children inside the Florida City Camp that was one of the main offloading sites for children. The film was produced by the United States Information Agency. Narrated by Carlos Montalbán, the short film explains to young Cuban children how and why they are in the United States. The narrator explains that camps such as the Florida City Camp is only a temporary place for the children to stay, as they are meant to find other opportunities through scholarships or be housed with foster parents.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: The American Museum of The Cuban Diaspora (shortened to The Cuban) hosted an installation recounting Operation Peter Pan for its 60th anniversary in 2021. The museum is located in Miami, Florida and was founded in 2004. The Cuban, working directly with Operation Pedro Pan Group, Inc. (OPPG), expanded on OPPG's 2015 exhibit by adding documents, objects, and images loaned by the historical committee of the organization.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Many Pedro Pans had trouble assimilating into American society. Many were sent to the United States on the instruction of their parents and felt alienated both from their homeland and their new home. Some found the United States an unwelcoming place gripped by racial segregation.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Those who felt uncomfortable in American society often participated in the growing Civil rights movement and anti-war movement, adopted the traits of the growing youth counterculture, or rejected the ideology of their parents. Many would desire to return to Cuba. In the same way, some others found professional success, and went on to become notable people. One of such examples is Maximo Alvarez, founder of the fuel distribution chain Sunshine Gasoline Distribution inc., who emigrated to the United States as a Pedro Pan child in 1961, at the age of 13.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Some Pedro Pan children would involve themselves in the Abdala organization, an organization of Cuban-American students dedicated to protesting the Cuban government and promoting Cuban-American pride.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Other Pedro Pan children would adopt leftist sympathies after becoming involved in social movements in the United States. In 1977, some Pedro Pan emigrants joined the Antonio Maceo Brigade that sympathized with the Cuban government and supported Cuban exiles' travel to Cuba. The brigade would make the first trip of Cuban exiles to Cuba.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: A study from Yale University investigated if the Pedro Pan population shows persistent differences in their physical and mental health, and attachment secondary to childhood separation from their family. These participants were compared against a control sample of Cuban immigrants who had traveled with their families to the US at the same time as the Pedro Pan children. 102 adults who were involved in the Operation Pedro Pan exodus participated in this study.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Within the survey, it was reported that no significant differences were found between the Pedro Pan group and the control group. However, the result of the study can be interpreted in many different ways. Since both groups were part of a larger exile, they could have similar mindsets about their familial ties and feelings towards the earlier time period.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: The United States government may have had other than humanitarian motives for allowing Cuban migration. The emigration of Cuba's middle class undermined its economic situation through a "brain drain". Stories of abandoned Pedro Pans deepened Anti-Castro sentiment within the Americas, connecting the rise of Communism and the separation of families.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: In 1978, El Grupo Areito and Casa de las Américas collaborated to publish "Contra viento y marea", a book of anonymous testimonies detailing alienation from both the Cuban community from which they fled and the American community to which they came. A direct contrast to the previous happy-go-lucky stories of Operation Pedro Pan, these accounts told stories of loneliness, poor conditions and mental, physical and sexual abuse.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: An ongoing political controversy developed around charges that Operation Peter Pan was not an effort of volunteers and charitable organization, but had been secretly funded by the U.S. government as a covert operation of the Central Intelligence Agency. Author Maria de los Angeles Torres filed a Freedom of Information Act suit to obtain government files on the program. In 1999, a ruling by the U.S. District Court for Northern Illinois determined that this "evacuation of Cuban children turned out not to be a CIA operation at all". The ruling was based in part on the court's review of 733 pages of documentation provided by the CIA for use in an earlier lawsuit.


title: Operation Peter Pan

text: Unaccompanied Cuban minors, known at the time as "Pedro Pans" or "Peter Pans", who participated in the operation include:


The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU; ) is a public university in Norway and the largest university by enrollment in the country. The university's headquarters campus is located in Trondheim, with regional campuses in Gjøvik and Ålesund.


title: Norwegian University of Science and Technology

text: NTNU in its current form was established by the King-in-Council in 1996 by the merger of the former University of Trondheim and other university-level institutions, with roots dating back to 1760, and has later also incorporated some former university colleges. NTNU is consistently ranked in the top one percentage among the world's universities, usually in the 400–600 range depending on ranking. As of November 2022, the university has about 9,000 employees and 42,000 students.


text: NTNU has the main national responsibility for education and research in engineering and technology, and is the successor of Norway's preeminent engineering university, the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), established by Parliament in 1910 as Norway's national engineering university. In addition to engineering and natural sciences, the university offers higher education in other academic disciplines ranging from medicine, psychology, social sciences, the arts, teacher education, architecture and fine art. NTNU is well known for its close collaboration with industry, and particularly with its R&D partner SINTEF, which provided it with the biggest industrial link among all the technical universities in the world. The university's academics include three Nobel laureates in physiology or medicine: Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser and John O'Keefe.


text: NTNU is a young institution with a long history. The university, in its current form, was established in 1996 by the merger of six research and higher education institutions in Trondheim, as follows:


text: Prior to the merger, NTH, NLHT, DMF, and VM together constituted the "University of Trondheim ", which was a much looser organization. However, the university's root goes back to 1760, with the foundation of "Det Trondhiemske Selskab (Trondheim Academy)", which in 1767 became the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters.


text: The engineering education in Trondheim began with "Trondhjems Tekniske Læreanstalt (Trondheim Technical College)" in 1870, and in 1910, Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) opened officially. In 2010, NTNU celebrated the 250th anniversary of Trondheim Academy. NTNU also celebrated the 100th anniversary of NTH in the same year. The centennial was also celebrated by the publication of several books, among them a history of the university, entitled "Turbulens og tankekraft. Historien om NTNU" which translates as "Turbulence and mindpower: The history of NTNU".


text: Det Trondhiemske Selskab (Trondheim Academy), Norway's first academic society, was founded in 1760. In 1767, it changed its name to the Royal Norwegian Society of Science and Letters (DKNVS) upon receiving recognition from the Danish-Norwegian king. DKNVS library – today known as NTNU Gunnerus Library – was founded in 1768, and is Norway's oldest library.


text: First proposal for a Norwegian Polytechnical Institute was made in 1833. "Trondhjems Tekniske Læreanstalt (Trondheim Technical College)" or "TTL" was founded in 1870. The newly formed school educated engineers of various fields. In 1898, TTL moved to a larger building in Munkegata. TTL was disbanded in 1900s, giving a way to a Norwegian Institute of Technology.


text: In 1900, the Norwegian Parliament passed a resolution supporting the establishment of "Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH)" in Trondheim. NTH was officially opened on September 15, 1910. Five academical departments were originally present in the parliament's resolution of 31 May 1900, such as Architecture and Urban Planning, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering (a. General and b. Naval, i.e. ship and ship engine construction), Electrical engineering, and Chemistry (a. General and b. Electro-chemistry).


text: In 1950, "Stiftelsen for industriell og teknisk forskning (Industrial and Technical Research Centre)" or SINTEF was founded as part of NTH and as its link to Norwegian industry.


text: The "University of Trondheim (UNiT)" was established in 1968, and the Department of Medicine (later the Faculty of Medicine) was established as part of UNiT in 1974. It was designed by the architect Henning Larsen. In 1984, NLHT also absorbed the "Norwegian College of General Sciences (AVH)" as part of UNiT.


text: On 1 January 1996, the University of Trondheim became the "Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)". As early as 1989, NTH Rector Karsten Jakobsen had broached the idea of a Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim. On March 21, 1995, the Parliament, with barely a majority after a long debate, decided to establish NTNU in Trondheim. In 2012 the popular trivia game Kahoot was founded in by Johan Brand, Jamie Brooker and Morten Versvik in a joint project with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. They teamed up with Professor Alf Inge Wang and were later joined by Norwegian entrepreneur Åsmund Furuseth.


text: In 2014, the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research asked the country's universities and university colleges to provide suggestions, observations, and ideas for rebuilding Norway's institutions of higher education. The context of the request was that the Norwegian government wanted to cut back on the number of institutions in the sector.


text: The NTNU board decided on 28 January 2015 to merge NTNU with the University Colleges of Sør-Trøndelag, Ålesund and Gjøvik to form a new university that would retain the university's current name, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The merger, which went into effect in January 2016, made NTNU Norway's largest single university.


text: NTNU has several campuses in Trondheim; Gløshaugen – for engineering and natural sciences – and Dragvoll – for humanities and social sciences – are the main two campuses. Other campuses include Tyholt for marine technology, Øya for medicine, Kalvskinnet for archaeology, Midtbyen for the music conservatory and Nedre Elvehavn for the art academy.


text: NTNU Gløshaugen is an artistic combination of historical NTH buildings and modern buildings. Combined, the campuses span a total area of 734,000 m.


text: In addition to NTNU, the following research institutes are located at Gløshaugen, and cooperate closely with NTNU in several areas of research and development:


text: SINTEF, since its establishment in 1950, has its main departments at Gløshaugen. SINTEF was originally founded by NTH, but since 1980 has been an independent research institute.


text: In 1998, the Paper and Fibre Research Institute (PFI), an independent research institute, moved into a new building at Gløshaugen, relocating from Gaustad in Oslo.


text: In April 2013, the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) moved into a new building south of the Natural Science building. NINA often works closely with SINTEF and NTNU.


text: NTNU has long considered the possibility of bringing the two largest campuses together at or near NTNU's Gløshaugen campus. In 2013, the Rector initiated a vision project and charged it with defining different perspectives on future development in a 50-year perspective. The same year, 2013, the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research initiated a "choice of concept study" for the future co-localization of NTNU's two main campuses in Trondheim. The reports were presented in 2014, and both recommended bringing Dragvoll and Gløshaugen together, and better integrating them with the city. A unanimous NTNU board endorsed the recommendations in the vision report.


text: On 1 January 2016, the merger between NTNU and the university colleges in Gjøvik, Ålesund, and Sør-Trøndelag officially entered into force, and NTNU consequently had campuses in Ålesund and Gjøvik, as well as in Trondheim. 2016 was also a transitional year in terms of NTNU's leadership. On November 24, 2015, the new Board met for the first time. It was then extended to include board members from each of the three former university colleges and an external representative appointed by the Ministry of Education.


text: NTNU is governed by a board of 11 members, in accordance with the provisions of the "Norwegian Act relating to universities and university colleges". Two of the members are elected by and from the students.


text: NTNU's overall budget in 2017 was 8.19 billion NOK, most of which came from the Norwegian Ministry of Education.


text: As a result of the university merger in 2016, the number of NTNU faculties increased from seven to nine – including the University Museum – with approximately 39,000 students and approximately 2,500 PhD students. The nine NTNU faculties are organized in 65 departments:


text: The Faculty is integrated with St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, and is located in Campus Øya in Trondheim. Its main areas of research are translational research, medical technology and health surveys, biobanks and registers. In 2016 the faculty had about 350 master's degree students, 250 bachelor's degree students, 720 medical students and more than 500 students attending other courses.


text: The NTNU University Museum forms part of the university at the same organizational level as the faculties. It has two departments:


text: NTNU's history of research in engineering goes back to the early 20th century, when Norway's first electric railway, known as Thamshavn Line, was developed and constructed in Trondheim as an AC powered tramway, with Trondheim-based technologies. The tramway was launched in 1908 and remained in operation until 1974.


text: Now, research is part of the ongoing activities at NTNU faculties as well as the University Museum. The university has 4377 scientific staff who conduct research in more than 120 laboratories, and are at any time running more than 2,000 research projects. Students and staff can take advantage of roughly 300 research agreements or exchange programs with 58 institutions worldwide.


text: NTNU has identified four Strategic Research Areas for 2014–2023: NTNU Energy, NTNU Health, NTNU Oceans and NTNU Sustainability, which were chosen on the basis of social relevance, professional quality and the potential for interdisciplinary cooperation.


text: The university hosts six National Centres of Excellence (SFF), 12 Centres for Research-based Innovation (SFI), and three Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research (FME), which are mainly funded by The Research Council of Norway. NTNU is also a partner in several centres with SINTEF.


text: The Trøndelag Health Study, with the HUNT Research Centre and HUNT Biobank located in Levanger, is organized under the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.


text: The fifteenth Kavli Institute was inaugurated at NTNU in 2007, as the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, which was the fourth Kavli Institute in neuroscience in the world and the first Kavli Institute in Northern Europe. In 2012, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg opened the Norwegian Brain Centre as an outgrowth of NTNU's Kavli Institute. It is one of the largest research laboratories of its kind in the world.


text: NTNU has funded the fundamental long-term research and infrastructure through three Enabling Technologies such as NTNU Biotechnology, NTNU Digital and Nano@NTNU.


text: NTNU Research Excellence is an initiative to develop elite researchers and research groups in international class, which was launched in 2013, and includes established and new initiatives. The established initiatives are financed by the Research Council of Norway, the EU, and private-sectors (R&D), while the new initiatives are funded by NTNU's own funds in light of strategic prioritization of NTNU's resources. These cover a number of research funding schemes including Outstanding Academic Fellows Programme, Onsager Fellowship Programme, K.G. Jebsen Centres, EU projects, and ERC grants. NTNU participates in about 218 projects in the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Program.


text: NTNU works closely with SINTEF, Scandinavia's largest independent research institute and one of the largest contract research organizations in Europe, which is integrated into NTNU Campuses. The cooperation of NTNU and SINTEF has been further developed through the project "Better Together", which was launched in 2014. The research collaboration includes a number of joint research laboratories, for example:


text: In 2008 NTNU's digital institutional repository was founded. The intention was to establish a full-text archive for the documentation of the scientific output of the institution, and to make as much as possible of the material available online, both nationally and internationally.


text: In addition to the research articles and books, intended for academics and researchers both inside and outside the university, NTNU disseminates news to the public about the institution and its research and results.


text: "Universitetsavisa", which translates to "The University Newspaper", is the news and discussion paper of the university, available only in Norwegian. It was established in 1991. For a period it existed in both printed and digital editions, but since 2002 it is only available online.


text: "GEMINI" publishes research news from NTNU and the independent research group SINTEF in both English and Norwegian. It is published in both a printed and a digital version.


text: The Norwegian University of Science and Technology publishes the "Nordic Journal of Science and Technology".


text: According to Times Higher Education World University Rankings published in March 2017, NTNU is ranked first in the world ranking of universities with the biggest corporate links, due to its research collaboration with SINTEF. Statistically, 9.1 percent of NTNU's total research output is generated in collaboration with SINTEF, which is the largest academic-industry partnership in the world.


text: NTNU was ranked 176th in the world 26 April 2022 in the CWUR World University Rankings, which is based on education, employability, faculty, and research.


text: NTNU was ranked 199th in the world 22 June 2022 in the CWTS Leiden Ranking, which is based on bibliometric indicators.


text: NTNU was ranked 59th in Europe and 202nd in the World in July 2022 in the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities for its presence on the web.


text: NTNU specializes in technology and the natural sciences, but also offers a range of bachelor's, master's and doctoral programmes in the humanities, social sciences, economics and public and business administration, and aesthetic disciplines. The university also offers professional degree programmes in medicine, psychology, architecture, the fine arts, music, and teacher education, in addition to technology.


text: According to the Norwegian Social Science Data Services, NTNU had 84,797 applicants in 2011 and a total student population of 19,054, of whom 9,062 were women. There were 6,193 students enrolled in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management, 3,518 students enrolled in the Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 3,256 students enrolled in the Faculty of Humanities, 3,090 students enrolled in the Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering, 2,014 students enrolled in the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, 1,071 enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine, and 605 enrolled in the Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art.


text: About 3,500 bachelor's and master's degrees are awarded each year, and more than 5,500 participate in further education programmes.


text: NTNU has more than 300 cooperative or exchange agreements with 60 universities worldwide, and several international student exchange programmes. There are, at any given time, around 2,600 foreign students at the university.


text: NTNU welcomes students from all over the world, and offers more than 60 international master programmes as well as PhD programmes, which all are taught in English. PhD vacancies are announced on the university website and are paid as academic staff, that offers one of the world's best PhD fellowships as well as employment benefits under Norwegian law. There are no tuition fees at NTNU, however students do pay "semesteravgift" every semester. However, the international students have to guarantee their living expenses if they are not offered a scholarship.


text: NTNU students have a clear presence in the city of Trondheim. The most famous student organization is the Studentersamfundet i Trondhjem, also known as "the red round house" after its architectural form; every other year it organizes a cultural festival UKA. Another festival organized by students is the International Student Festival in Trondheim ISFiT, which awards a student peace prize and draws internationally known speakers. EMECS-thon is a student driven embedded systems marathon competition, organized by students from NTNU and implemented in some of the top universities worldwide, where participants have 48 hours to develop an embedded project from scratch. The student sports organization, NTNUI, has roughly 10 000 members in its many branches, with the largest groups including orienteering, cross-country and telemark skiing, but there are also groups for sports less common in Norway, like American football, lacrosse and aikido. A cabin and cottage organization owns several cabins in the countryside, available for students wishing to spend a few days away. There are also student fraternities, some of which conduct voluntary hazing rituals, which provide contact with potential employers and for social interaction between students. There are also alumni associations; religious and political organizations; clubs devoted to various topics such as innovation, human rights, beer, oatmeal, anime and computers; and The Association for Various Associations, which is a parody of the university's large number of student organizations. University recently started to offer "roof over your head" guarantee to the new coming student to Trondheim until they find proper housing.


text: The Gløshaugen campus of the university has been filmed with a quadcopter and may be seen as YouTube video here.


text: NTNU is a pioneer with of the concept of "Student Cabins", the university offers its students access to cabins on the outskirts of the city of Trondheim in which they can enjoy on vacations and weekends.


text: In 2006, NTNU Alumni was founded, primarily as a meeting place and professional network for former students and staff of NTNU and its precursors. The network is now also open to current employees and students. In 2014 the number of members was around 30,000.


text: NTNU annually awards honorary doctorates to scientists and others who have made an extraordinary contribution to science or culture.


title: Krabbe disease

text: Krabbe disease (KD) (also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy or galactosylceramide lipidosis) is a rare and often fatal lysosomal storage disease that results in progressive damage to the nervous system. KD involves dysfunctional metabolism of sphingolipids and is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The disease is named after the Danish neurologist Knud Krabbe (1885–1961).


title: Krabbe disease

text: Symptoms in asymptomatic infantile-onset (<12 months after birth) and later-onset Krabbe disease present themselves differently. Of individuals with infantile-onset Krabbe disease, 85–90% display progressive neurologic deterioration in infancy and death before the age of two. Symptoms include irritability, fevers, limb stiffness, seizures, feeding difficulties (like GERD), vomiting, staring episodes, and slowing of mental and motor development. In the first stages of the disease, doctors often mistake the symptoms for those of cerebral palsy. Other symptoms include muscle weakness, spasticity, deafness, optic atrophy, optic nerve enlargement, blindness, paralysis, and difficulty when swallowing. Prolonged weight loss may also occur.


title: Krabbe disease

text: 10–15% of individuals with later-onset Krabbe disease have a much slower disease progression. These individuals may also display symptoms such as esotropia, slurred speech, and slow development or loss of motor milestones.


title: Krabbe disease

text: Krabbe disease is caused by mutations in the "GALC" gene located on chromosome 14 (14q31), which is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Mutations in the "GALC" gene cause a deficiency of an enzyme called galactosylceramidase. In rare cases, it may be caused by a lack of active saposin A (a derivative of prosaposin).


title: Krabbe disease

text: The buildup of unmetabolized lipids adversely affects the growth of the nerve's protective myelin sheath (the covering that insulates many nerves) resulting in demyelination and severe progressive degeneration of motor skills. As part of a group of disorders known as leukodystrophies, Krabbe disease results from the imperfect growth and development of myelin.


title: Krabbe disease

text: Galactosylceramidase deficiency also results in a buildup of a glycosphingolipid called psychosine, which is toxic to oligodendrocytes, a type of non-neuronal cell found in the nervous system, collectively termed neuroglia.


title: Krabbe disease

text: There are a few ways to help pinpoint the presence of Krabbe disease. Newborn screening for Krabbe disease includes assaying dried blood cells for GALC enzyme activity and molecular analysis for evidence of GALC enzyme mutations. Infants displaying low enzyme activity and/or enzyme mutations should be referred for additional diagnostic testing and neurological examination. 0-5% GALC enzyme activity is observed in all symptomatic individuals with Krabbe disease. High concentration of psychosine in dried blood spots may also be identified as a marker for Krabbe disease. A 2011 study discovered that individuals with Krabbe disease, more so in later-onset individuals, tend to have an abnormal increase in CSF protein concentration.


title: Krabbe disease

text: The disease may be diagnosed by its characteristic grouping of certain cells (multinucleated globoid cells), nerve demyelination and degeneration, and destruction of brain cells. Special stains for myelin (e.g., luxol fast blue) may be used to aid diagnosis.


title: Krabbe disease

text: New York, Missouri and Kentucky include Krabbe in the newborn screening panel. Indiana will start screening in 2020. Parents of newborns with a diagnosis of Krabbe disease can access online community support and resources below.


title: Krabbe disease

text: Although there is no known cure for Krabbe disease, bone marrow transplantation or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been shown to benefit cases early in the course of the disease. Generally, treatment for the disorder is symptomatic and supportive. Physical therapy may help maintain or increase muscle tone and circulation.


title: Krabbe disease

text: A 15-year study on the developmental outcomes of children with Krabbe disease who underwent HSCT in the first seven weeks after birth found that patients have a better prognosis for both lifespan and functionality, with a slower progression of the disease. Even symptomatic individuals with later-onset Krabbe disease may benefit from HSCT if diagnosed early enough. Umbilical-cord blood is typically used as the source for the transplant stem cells. Clinical trials for gene therapy are currently enrolling patients.


title: Krabbe disease

text: Symptom management can be particularly difficult for individuals with infantile onset, as symptoms tend to progress rapidly. Because there is no treatment for Krabbe disease, management of the condition is typically supportive and aimed at alleviating symptoms. Frequent evaluation is encouraged in order to anticipate the onset of, and preparation for, certain symptoms. Physical therapy can help to alleviate motor difficulties and increase strength, mobility, and flexibility.


title: Krabbe disease

text: Gastrostomy tubes are used to circumvent feeding difficulties and prevent aspiration. A simultaneous gastrostomy tube insertion and Nissen fundoplication procedure is commonly performed to prevent the need for a secondary surgical procedure. Individuals with Krabbe disease with severe motor deficits tend to be more susceptible to overfeeding, as they require less calorie consumption and thus consume fewer calories than what caretakers may expect. There is also evidence that routine vaccines may accelerate disease progression; many individuals with Krabbe disease tend to not follow traditional vaccination procedures.


title: Krabbe disease

text: In infantile Krabbe disease, death usually occurs in early childhood. A 2011 study found one-, two-, and three-year survival rates of 60%, 26%, and 14%, respectively, with a few surviving longer. Patients with late-onset Krabbe disease tend to have a slower progression of the disease and live significantly longer.


title: Krabbe disease

text: This disease does not only impact humans, but other animals such as monkeys, mice, and dogs have been observed to develop Krabbe disease as well. While certain gene deletions are more frequent than others, novel mutations resulting in Krabbe disease have been discovered worldwide. Most commonly, the underlying cause of the disease is a deletion of a GALC gene, which causes a deficiency in the GALC enzyme. This is the circumstance in 80% of patients who have European and Mexican origins. The mortality rate of early infantile Krabbe disease is 90% before the age of two. Later onset of symptoms is associated with longer life expectancy, with older children generally surviving two to seven years after the initial diagnosis.