title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: With the issuance of Proclamation No. 922 declaring the entire Philippines under state of public health emergency, all LGUs in the Philippines, including the other two island groups in the Philippines, namely the Visayas and Mindanao, must undertake measures to cut the COVID-19 threat. According to the IATF-EID, LGUs in the Visayas and Mindanao have the freedom on the implementation of community quarantines or lockdowns in their jurisdiction but using the guidelines by the IATF-EID. The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) also said that the LGUs in the Visayas and Mindanao have the flexibility in evaluating their lockdown with the help of the DOH.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Under the Luzon ECQ setup, mass gatherings are completely prohibited and all means of public transport is no longer allowed limiting the movement of people. All schools in all levels are temporarily prohibited to conduct classes and activities until April 14. Remote work was permitted by government workers of the executive branch except for the skeletal workforce consisting of uniformed personnel (Philippine National Police, Armed Forces of the Philippines, and Philippine Coast Guard), those providing services in the frontline of health and emergency, and border control. For the private sector, companies are also advised to implement remote work policies.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: The populace's movement is restricted to their homes and they can only go outside to just buy basic needs such as food, medicines and other things needed for sustenance. Only a single person per household can go outside to buy basic necessities. In particular, the City of Manila, Bacoor, and other places issued quarantine passes to persons who were designated by their household would go out their homes to buy needed goods. The ECQ also directs stricter social distancing protocols where people going to public places must observe one meter distance apart from each other.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Non-essential businesses are not permitted to open and they will be forcibly closed if they do. In contrast, businesses who provide food and medicine are allowed to operate. In addition, gasoline stations and funeral services can continue their operations. Furthermore, financial institutions such as bank and money transfer services and utility providers are also not barred to open. Capital markets such as the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Philippine Stock Exchange, were permitted to open beginning March 18 only, provided that skeletal workforce are set up. Those industries who act as Business Process Outsourcing or call centers as well as export-oriented industries are also allowed to continue with their operations as long as they observe social distancing protocols, temporary shelter for their employees by March 18, and keep up with a skeletal workforce. Hotels and other businesses that provide accommodation are not operational and they are only allowed to lodge foreign guests who have bookings or guests who have long-term leases as of March 17.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Traveling through air, sea and land is restricted only to diplomats, uniformed workers (especially those who travel with medical supplies, specimens from the laboratory in relation to COVID-19), and those who do humanitarian work. People who were going outside the Philippines through Luzon were only limited to Overseas Filipino Workers and foreigners; and they must be escorted by only one person.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: On the other hand, only Filipino citizens and diplomats with visas issued by the government of the Philippines were the ones who have permission to enter the Philippines through international airports in Luzon provided that they undergo quarantine procedures. International travelers in transit were also allowed to enter but subject to quarantine procedures too. Foreigners who wish to come to the Philippines can go through Cebu but they must go undergo quarantine procedures. However, this was changed when Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr. announced on March 19 the suspension of visas and visa-free privileges of foreigners. Although, DFA clarified on March 20 that there are exceptions. Foreigners who are in the Philippines already or whose visas issued by other government agencies can stay until they depart from the Philippines. In addition, visas are still valid for foreigners who have Filipino spouses or foreigners who have Filipino parents.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Cargo forwarders, farmers, and other food producers are not covered by the travel prohibition but they must go through quarantine checkpoints. Those who are guarding or securing an establishment are only permitted to work and travel within the area of their responsibility. Media practitioners with their vehicles are allowed to go to the quarantine area as long as they get a media pass from the Presidential Communications Operations Office.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: From May 1 to 15, the ECQ in Luzon became limited only to Metro Manila, Central Luzon, Calabarzon (except Aurora province) and other areas deemed as high-risk for COVID-19. It followed the usual ECQ rules as stated in Executive Order 112 by President Duterte. The rest of Luzon was proclaimed to be under "general community quarantine" or GCQ where implementation of the quarantine is less strict.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Under GCQ, low-risk industries can let their employees work in phases as well as priority and vital projects in construction may continue with the guidance of the Department of Public Works and Highways. The populace can go outside their houses only to buy basic necessities as LGUs enforce night curfew to persons who are not workers. In addition, Mall stores or shopping centers under GCQ areas that are categorized as "non-leisure" can open to a limited degree and operation of public transportation are allow but with less volume. Universities and colleges in areas under GCQ can end the academic year and provide credentials to students. Similarly, airports and seaports can also operate to make the delivery of goods open.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: From May 16 to 31, only a limited number of places in Luzon (Metro Manila, Laguna, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga including Angeles and Zambales) are under modified ECQ or MECQ, which is a stage where ECQ areas are being transitioned to GCQ. More businesses that can operate under the MECQ are determined by the IATF-EID while government employees, accredited diplomatic missions and international organizations work in a skeletal workforce. Hotels and similar institutions are not allowed to open except those who are exempted by the IATF-EID guidelines.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: In general, unauthorized public gathering were still not permitted under MECQ but up to five people can gather for religious purposes. People can go outside to exercise but with safety measures still in place like social distancing and wearing of face masks. However, there are still certain people who are not allowed to go outside their homes such as those with health risks and pregnant women. Schools under MECQ are still nonoperational and public transport are still banned except for tricycles.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: The IATF-EID for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases that was created through Executive Order No. 168 in 2014 convened in January 2020 to address the growing viral outbreak in Wuhan, China. They made a resolution to manage the spreading of the new virus, which was known at the time as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and eventually renamed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. On March 9, 2020, President Duterte called the IATF-EID amidst the rising cases of COVID-19 in the Philippines.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Executive Secretary Medialdea issued a memorandum on March 16 regarding the implementation of the enhanced community quarantine of the entire Luzon addressing the heads of government agencies, offices and similar institutions as well as state universities and colleges and LGUs. On the following day, the IATF-EID approved and adopted operational guidelines for the Luzon ECQ. On March 18, Medialdea issued another memorandum about additional guidelines for the Luzon ECQ affirming the rules set by the IATF.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: On March 25, the IATF-EID revealed a National Action Plan (NAP) to slow down the spreading of COVID-19. The NAP was created to effectively and efficiently implement and decentralize the system of managing the COVID-19 situation. In addition, the IATF-EID created the COVID-19 National Task Force headed by Department of National Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana, which handles the operational command. At the same time, the IATF-EID became the "policy-making body of operations" while the National Incident Command administers the daily concerns and operations.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: On the first day of the implementation of the enhanced community quarantine or ECQ, President Duterte declared the entire Philippines under a state of calamity for a period of six months "unless earlier lifted or extended as circumstances may warrant," in order for the LGUs to act swiftly on emergency circumstances through getting funds fast. In addition, the President called all agencies that enforce the law, with the help of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, "to undertake all necessary measures to ensure peace and order in affected areas, as may be necessary." He also ordered the freezing of price of basic goods, emergency medicines and medical supplies through a memorandum. Agencies of the national government and the LGUs are responsible for making sure that prices are controlled.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Also on the first day of the ECQ, the DOH launched hotlines for COVID-19 emergencies. The hotlines (02-894-COVID or 02-894-26843 and 1555) were made possible through the DOH's partnership with the DILG's National Emergency Hotline and the Philippine Long Distance Telephone (PLDT) as well as Smart Communications, PLDT's mobile subsidiary. The numbers are available 24/7 throughout the Philippines.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: On March 18, 2020, the second day of the ECQ, Senate President Vicente Sotto III spoke to Department of Transportation (DOTr) Secretary Arthur Tugade and proposed the extension of the renewal of expiring licenses of drivers and franchises of public transport due to the inconveniences brought about the implementation of the ECQ. Tugade responded positively and directed the Land Transportation Office (LTO) and the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) to extend the deadline up to the end of April 2020. The Bureau of Internal Revenue also lengthen the deadline for filing income tax returns (ITR) from the original April 15 date to May 15. Nevertheless, the agency appealed to the public to file their ITR on the original April 15 date if they are already prepared, "in order to help the Duterte administration raise enough funds" for battling the economic impact of COVID-19. BIR is expecting a shortfall of about Php 145 billion tax collections because of the new deadline.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: On March 20, the fourth day of the ECQ, the DOTr announced that they will disallow the entry of foreigners to the Philippines in compliance with the order by the DFA to suspend visa issuance and visa-free privileges starting midnight of March 22. Exceptions to this rule include "foreign spouses and children (provided that the foreign spouse and children are traveling with the Filipino national), foreign government and international organization officials accredited to the Philippines." The Bureau of Immigration followed suit and applied the restrictions set by the DFA.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: President Duterte issued Proclamation No. 933 on March 21, calling the Philippine Congress to convene a special session to make a law that will authorize the President to execute necessary powers for handling the COVID-19 national emergency. The House of the Representatives convened on March 23 and approved House Bill No. 6616, also known as the "We Heal as One Act of 2020," which took them fourteen hours to pass it. The Philippine Senate passed Senate Bill 1418, a counterpart measure also known as "Bayanihan to Heal as One Act." President Duterte signed the combined bills on March 24, putting it into law as Republic Act 11469, having the same short name as the Senate bill. The law, which follows World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines in combating the spread of COVID-19 throughout the country, gives the President thirty special powers that will last for three months unless modified by Congress.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: In relation to the community quarantine, Republic Act 11469 grants the President to "immediately mobilize assistance in the provision of basic necessities to families and individuals affected by the community quarantine, especially indigents and their families." Low-income families of about 18 million affected by the implementation of the Luzon ECQ and other areas affected the COVID-19 are set to receive Php 5,000 to Php 8,000 subsidy a month for two months.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: In section 4 (aa) of the act, the President also has the power to direct banks and other similar institutions to provide a 30-day grace period on loans and credit card payments that falls within the ECQ period "without incurring interests, penalties, fees or other charges." Residential areas as well as commercial businesses under the micro, small and medium enterprises category also gets a 30-day grace period on rental payments falling under the ECQ period without also incurring any other penalties or charges. Furthermore, under section 4 (h) of the law, the President is authorized to run the operations of private hospitals and medical facilities to allow health workers in there and to make it as quarantine centers and quarantine areas among others. As Congress gave these powers to the President, the act also states that the President "shall submit a weekly report to Congress of all acts performed pursuant to this act during the immediately preceding week."


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Congressman Joey Salceda who is an economist and the House of the Representatives Committee chairman on Ways and Means said that the Philippines could go into recession if there is no implementation of a community quarantine, although, he admitted that the COVID-19 pandemic will affect the economy of the Philippines in a negative way. According to Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Governor Benjamin Diokno on March 18, 2020, the economic impact is still not known but "it will definitely have an impact." Two days later, on March 20, 2020, the BSP said that the shutdown of Luzon will slow down the economy of the Philippines with a disruptive impact. BSP further said the economic impact would last until the second half of 2020 but it is expected to rebound on 2021.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: In other forecast, the domestic output estimates by economic managers for the year 2020 are from 0.3 to 1.0 percentage point. The National Economic and Development Authority revised its 2020 economic growth forecast to 5.5 to 6.5 percent against the targeted 6.5 to 7.5 percent growth, assuming that the COVID-19 problem lasts until June 2020. It is expected that the prices of basic goods will go up to 2.2 percent only compared to 2.5 percent average in 2019. Nomura, a Japanese financial holding company, lowered its gross domestic product (GDP) estimates to the Philippines from 5.6% to 1.6%. The analysts from the holding company further said that the estimates assume a scenario where the Luzon lockdown ends on the middle of April as scheduled.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: When Congressman Salceda was interviewed by online stockbroker COL Financial, he said that in an optimistic scenario when the lockdown is very effective, flattens the curve, and provides a good stimulus, the GDP would rise to 3.3% in 2020 and 5.1% in 2021. In a mediocre or reasonable case where the lockdown is a little successful, the GDP would increase to 2.9% in 2020 and 4.0% in 2021. Lastly, in a pessimistic case where the economy is basically in recession, health emergency persists, and the lockdown is lengthen, there would be a −0.3% GDP in 2020 and 2.9% GDP in 2021.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: On March 6, 2020, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) issued a publication summarizing the economic effects of the COVID-19 outbreak as a whole on the developing countries in Asia, including the Philippines. According to graphical representation presented by ADB in the publication, the GDP impact of the outbreak in the Philippines would be about between 0.0 and -0.5 percentage of the GDP in a best-case scenario while in a worst-case scenario, it would be around slightly near −0.5 percentage of the GDP with a hypothetical worst-case impact of about near −1.5 percentage of the GDP. The publication also indicated that tourism and business travel are the important channels through which economies will be affected in developing countries of Asia as well as supply-side disruptions and economic effects in other important channels through health and health care.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: After the two-day closure of the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) due to the Luzon lockdown, the market crashed to about 24 percent reaching the 4,000 level, which is an eight-year low. The PSE reopened after submitting a position paper to the IATF-EID, requesting to be exempted from the lockdown. On April 1, about two weeks after the implementation of the lockdown, the PSE regained after the stock market made an upswing for two consecutive days due to the possibility of a more eased lockdown guidelines.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Banks remained open during ECQ providing their services through limited branches, skeletal workforce and shortened banking hours. A number of banks lengthen and modified deadlines on payment dues to help those people who are affected by the coronavirus pandemic.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: ADB predicted that due to prolonged COVID-19 woes, there are at least 87,000 jobless Filipinos in a best-case scenario, while in a worst-case scenario, 252,000 Filipinos would lose their jobs. Based on the data from the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) on March 23, 2020, there are 108,620 workers affected in the middle of the ECQ in Luzon, covering 2,317 establishments. Only 889 companies implemented flexible work that affected 41,331 workers. On the other hand, 600 companies closed down their business affecting 30,796 workers. According to DOLE's report, the affected industries are tourism-related, restaurants, manufacturing and hotel.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: On March 31, DOLE Secretary Silvestre Bello III said that the affected workers increased to more than 630,000, covering 15,213 establishments. He added that 169,232 of those workers belong to the informal sector. He pleaded the employers to register to the COVID-19 Adjustment Measures Program (CAMP), the financial assistance program of the government that will benefit their affected workers. The said financial assistance is separate from the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and other agencies, which give cash aid to affected people under the Bayanihan to Heal As One act.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: In a statement on March 13, 2020, ABS-CBN made public that the television network is halting the production of television series and the presentation of its live shows. Reruns of previously aired teleseryes or Philippine television dramas (such as "May Bukas Pa" and "On the Wings of Love") replaced ongoing series (such as "Ang Probinsyano" and "Make it With You"). ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs programs continued to deliver live news on their television and radio stations. On April 1, 2020, DZMM and DZMM TeleRadyo aired on ANC and suspended regular programming on DZMM due to the exposure of their workers to persons under investigation for COVID-19.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: During the reimposition of the ECQ in the Greater Manila Area, studio programs such as "It's Showtime" and "Magandang Buhay" suspended their live broadcast.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: GMA Network also temporarily suspended its own television production due to the lockdown that affected their entertainment programming while blocktimers and co-producers adhered to community quarantine guidelines. Reruns of concluded drama series (such as "Ika-6 na Utos" and the 2016 remake of "Encantadia") replaced ongoing series (such as "Prima Donnas" and the Philippine adaptation of the 2016 Korean drama series "Descendants of the Sun") that temporarily halted its production. Some GMA shows (such as "Magpakailanman" and "Sarap, 'Di Ba?") were able to broadcast their pre-taped episodes during the first week of the ECQ.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Upon the declaration of the public health emergency, GMA banned live audiences on their variety shows (such as "All-Out Sundays") and later aired reruns during the ECQ period. "Eat Bulaga!", a GMA blocktimer that airs live in APT Studios, was the first variety show that disallowed live audience. With regards to its news and public affairs television programming, GMA Network's news organization arm, GMA News and Public Affairs, continued to air live news. Its sister station, GMA News TV (now GTV as of February 22, 2021), went off air for a day at one point during the Luzon ECQ. Their sister radio stations, Barangay LS 97.1 and Super Radyo DZBB, also continued to broadcast.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: TV5 has also reorganized their television programming because of the ECQ. On March 15, 2020, the Film Development Council of the Philippines ordered the stopping of the production of film, television and other audio-visual content during the community quarantine. CNN Philippines stopped its operations for a moment on March 18 after a positive COVID-19 patient entered the building premises where their office is located.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Data that were released on March 25, 2020, by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology (IESM) at the University of the Philippines Diliman, and Airtoday.ph indicate a better air quality in Metro Manila since the implementation of the Luzon ECQ on March 16. PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter) was significantly decreased. At the same time, PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter) emissions were reduced significantly due to lessened utilization of machines that crush and grind as well as low dust exposure from roads.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Because of lowered air pollution during the Luzon lockdown, previously hazy skies can be seen clearly in Metro Manila. Some of the landscapes that are very visible in Metro Manila during the Luzon-wide lockdown include the Sierra Madre mountains and Mount Samat, which are rarely seen clearly due to smog.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: The Commission on Human Rights (CHR) stated that arrests due to disobeying the ECQ guidelines must be done in accordance with the law as the agency receives complaints regarding arrests. CHR spokesperson Jacqueline Ann de Guia noted that all arrests, including warrantless arrests, "must be strictly done within the legal standards inscribed in the law." She also added that the Luzon quarantine is not martial law, which President Duterte also stressed, but a safety measure. Department of Justice Secretary Menardo Guevarra earlier said that the arrests due to resisting and disobeying quarantine rules falls under Republic Act 11332 (law on reporting of communicable diseases) as well as the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines. Although, former Supreme Court spokesperson Ted Te opined that Republic Act 11332 is too broad to be a reason for the arrests.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: There were reports of violations of human rights (including children's rights violations) as the government implements ECQ and human rights advocates had taken note of this. Presidential spokesperson Roque who is a human rights lawyer himself said that the Philippine government does not allow human rights violations as LGUs implement ECQ rules. He further made an assurance that the DILG "is committed to uphold human rights at all times and will not tolerate any violation during this period of ECQ." Meanwhile, the CHR already investigated these human rights violations incidents. Despite these human rights concerns, there are 86% of people surveyed by Gallup International, through its partner Philippine Survey and Research Center Inc., saying that they are willing to give up some of their human rights if those "sacrifices" would help stop the virus from spreading.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: After more than a month of the implementation of the Luzon ECQ, on April 21, the Philippine National Police's (PNP) Chief Archie Gamboa said that they will right away perform arrests without warning to those who violate Luzon ECQ guidelines. This statement came amidst a reported 136,517 cases of quarantine violators after 35 days of the implementation of the Luzon ECQ. Human rights lawyers from the National Union of Peoples Lawyers (NUPL) reacted on Gamboa's statement; NUPL Secretary General Ephraim B. Cortez said that there is no particular law that makes someone a criminal for violating ECQ rules. Another group of lawyers from the Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG) asked the PNP tor reconsider its position regarding arrests and FLAG also said that arresting without warning "would mean disregarding the carefully calibrated general rule and exceptions in Rule 113 (of the Rules of Criminal Procedures that provides a person in authority to inform a person being arrested) and creating a new rule of arrests, which is not allowed in the Constitution."


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: One fatal incident that happened during the implementation of ECQ rules was when a retired soldier named Winston Ragos was gunned down by a police officer in Quezon City on April 21 at a quarantine checkpoint for an ECQ violation. Police Master Sergeant Daniel Florendo was charged with homicide for shooting Ragos. The CHR earlier said that the agency is investigating the incident and reiterated that "strict measures, such as community lockdowns, were set during the COVID-19 pandemic to ultimately save lives. The agency was alarmed "when these measures trigger allegations of human rights violations and, worse, result in any loss of lives."


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: In Metro Manila, it was reported that crime rates went down by 65.4% during the first five days of the ECQ, from March 15 to 20, according to National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO). The reason for the decrease was attributed to people staying at their homes as stated by NCRPO chief Police Major General Debold Sinas. After 24 days of the ECQ, the crime rate dropped to 62% in Luzon according to the PNP. Crimes in Luzon continued to decrease to 64.9% after 35 days of the ECQ, which is the biggest reduction recorded in Luzon.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: One of the pronouncement made by President Duterte related to the Luzon-wide lockdown is implementing a ceasefire with the CPP-NPA (Communist Party of the Philippines-New People's Army) rebels. Presidential Spokesperson Panelo said that the ceasefire starts on March 19, 2020, and will end on April 15, 2020. This is done for the forces of the state to focus its resources to stop the spread of the COVID-19. He also urged the rebels to help the government on their efforts against the COVID-19 threat. Jose Maria Sison, CPP's founding chairman, initially said that the CPP and NDFP (National Democratic Front of the Philippines) will study the ceasefire offer. He later responded and said that the NDFP "is not assured and satisfied that the reciprocal unilateral ceasefires are based on national unity against COVID-19." On March 25, 2020, the CPP declared a ceasefire with government troops from March 26 to April 15, 2020, citing a call from United Nations Secretary General António Guterres for a global ceasefire between warring parties during the pandemic. The CPP later extended the ceasefire for a further 15 days on April 16.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: In response to the prohibition of mass gatherings during the ECQ throughout Luzon, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) through its President, Archbishop Romulo Valles, said that the celebration of the Eucharist, other liturgical services and spiritual activities from every diocese under their jurisdiction have to be broadcast live through the internet, television or radio. All activities for the Lenten season are also canceled. Earlier during the Metro Manila partial lockdown, the Archdiocese of Manila through its Apostolic Administrator, Bishop Broderick Pabillo, already canceled the celebration of the Holy Mass with congregation and dispensed the faithful from attending it.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: As early as February, the Members Church of God International, supervised by Bro. Eli Soriano and Bro. Daniel Razon, have taken the necessary measures to see to it that the brethren in the congregation are prepared and properly oriented of the consequences that the pandemic will bring.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Other Christian churches such as a Baptist church in Quezon City also broadcast their religious service via live streaming amidst the COVID-19 threat. A spokesperson for Jehovah's Witnesses, Dean Jacek, said that they are doing virtual Christian meetings for their congregations. In different circumstances, the Iglesia ni Cristo announced the absence of worship services at their chapels. Instead, they advised their members to pray at home and they have given them lessons or guides that will be read by the head of the household. The Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches (PCEC), an organization composed of Evangelical and Protestant church member organizations, announced the suspension of regular Sunday worship services and other regular activities for a month and instead held its services via internet and social media.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: After consulting with the Ulama and Imam Association of the Philippines, and the Imam Council of the Philippines, the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos stated that religious activities are suspended and encouraged Filipino Muslims to pray and stay at home. This is done to limit the result of the COVID-19's continuous spread, given that people had died in a Muslim prayer hall in San Juan, Metro Manila due to COVID-19.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: According to the study by the COVID-19 Pandemic Response Team of the University of the Philippines (UP) released on April 13, 2020, the implementation of the Luzon-wide ECQ has been effective to slowing down the spread of the coronavirus even if they predicted that there would be around 9,000 to 44,000 cases by the end of April 2020. Using time-series analysis, the UP response team was able to estimate those possible cases through trends that came from the DOH data they gathered. Greatly relying on the work being done on finding new cases is the key to evaluating the effectiveness of the ECQ. Although, they added that the next courses of actions will not be solely dependent on the number of cases. The effectiveness can also be determined by fatality rate, which is 5.38% and the reproduction number is 0.6398; with those figures as of April 10, the study declared that the ECQ has been effective.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: Furthermore, the study provided a matrix for the LGUs that can be the basis of their decision on what quarantine methods they can use after the supposed end of the Luzon ECQ on April 30 for continued effectiveness. There are four proposed courses of action namely no quarantine, general community quarantine, enhanced community quarantine, and extreme enhanced community quarantine that would be dependent on the probability of outbreak and the ratio of confirmed cases to estimated outbreak threshold.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: The San Miguel Corporation, which is one of co-operators of the expressways in the Philippines, said on April 3 that during the first 14 days of the Luzon lockdown, the volume of vehicles dropped to 80% in the South Luzon Expressway (SLEx). However, on April 15, IATF spokesperson Nograles said that the number of private vehicles that ply over EDSA and other major thoroughfares got bigger after one month of the Luzon ECQ as the number of motorists defying the lockdown guidelines exceeded 108,000. Because of this, the PNP's Highway Patrol Group implemented a stricter imposition of quarantine rules on checkpoints along the SLEx, EDSA and other highways. Drivers of vehicles with non-essential business that are traveling on these roads were ticketed and their license confiscated.


title: Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon

text: It was reported on April 2 that people violating curfew rules reached around 20,000 according to PNP. Duterte warned the public that there would be martial law-like lockdown if people continues to disobey ECQ rules, specifically social distancing and curfew. Some of those violations include crowded markets in Metro Manila and holding of cockfighting and boxing events. In other quarantine rules, the imposition of window hours risked violating the social distancing guidelines since more people would go to the markets at the same time; thus, the DILG directed LGUs to discontinue observing the window hours (where people go out only on specific few hours during the day).


title: Julien Boisselier

text: Boisselier was born and raised in Nantes before moving to Paris to study comedy at Le Cours Florent. He dated acclaimed French actress Mélanie Laurent, though the two ended their relationship in February 2009. She dedicated her 2006 César Award for Most Promising Actress to him, which she won for "Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas".


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Paulo Renato Rebocho Ferreira (; born 18 January 1979) is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a full-back.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: After starting out at Estoril, he went on to spend the vast majority of his 16-year professional career with Porto and Chelsea, signing with the latter in 2004 for €20 million. He won several major titles with both clubs, including two Primeira Liga titles, three Premier League trophies and the 2004 and 2012 editions of the Champions League.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Ferreira earned 62 caps for the Portugal national team between 2002 and 2010, playing at two European Championships and two World Cups and finishing as runner-up at Euro 2004.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Born in Cascais, Lisbon District, Ferreira started his career in the Segunda Liga with G.D. Estoril Praia. In the following two seasons he was relatively played, representing the club in both that and the third divisions.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Ferreira signed with Vitória de Setúbal for 2000–01, scoring two goals in 33 games during the campaign to help his team promote to the Primeira Liga after finishing in third place. His first appearance in the competition took place on 13 August 2001, in a 3–1 away loss against C.S. Marítimo.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Ferreira moved to FC Porto in the summer of 2002, signed by coach José Mourinho who converted him from right midfielder to right-back. He only missed two league games over his two-year stint, as the club won back-to-back national championships.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Ferreira was also in the starting XI in the 2003 UEFA Cup Final against Celtic in Seville (which ended with a 3–2 win), that year's 1–0 defeat of U.D. Leiria in the Taça de Portugal which meant the conquest of the treble and the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final, won against AS Monaco FC.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: On 22 June 2004, Ferreira joined Chelsea for €20 million (£13.2 million), reuniting at Stamford Bridge with both Mourinho and former Porto teammate Ricardo Carvalho, both of whom were also signed in the off-season. He impressed greatly in his first year, appearing in 42 competitive matches and helping to the Premier League title after a 50-year wait.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Ferreira scored his first competitive goal for the Blues on 19 February 2006, in a 3–1 home victory over Colchester United in the FA Cup's fifth round. On 30 April, as his team wrapped up a second successive league title with a 3–0 win over Manchester United, his tackle on Wayne Rooney fractured the England striker's metatarsal and jeopardised his chance's of going to June's World Cup. Rooney admitted in 2022 that this injury was caused in part by his choice to wear longer studs on his boots, ironically in order to hurt others.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: In 2006–07, Ferreira lost his importance in the squad, first being overtaken in his position by Khalid Boulahrouz and then midfielders Lassana Diarra and Geremi; he did play the full 120 minutes of the 1–0 FA Cup win against Manchester United on 19 May 2007, the first final to be played at the new Wembley.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: In 2007–08, Ferreira played second-fiddle to Juliano Belletti and Michael Essien. He signed a new five-year deal with Chelsea on 18 February 2008, switching from jersey #20 to #19 at the start of the following season following Deco's arrival.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: On 23 September 2009, following a lengthy injury lay-off, Ferreira returned to action in a League Cup match against Queens Park Rangers. On 2 December, in the same competition, he netted his second and last goal for the Londoners, a late equaliser in extra time of the quarter-finals at Blackburn Rovers which ended in a penalty shootout loss.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Following physical problems that afflicted José Bosingwa, Ashley Cole and Branislav Ivanović, Ferreira was given a more consistent role as a starter as Yuri Zhirkov featured in the other defensive wing, most significantly in the 7–1 rout of Aston Villa and the 2–1 victory at Manchester United. He still contributed with 20 official appearances, helping his team win the double.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Ferreira appeared in his 200th game for Chelsea on 20 April 2011, playing the entire 3–1 home win against Birmingham City. He was once described by Mourinho as "a player who will never be "Player of the match" but will always score 7/10 for his individual display".


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Ferreira featured often under Carlo Ancelotti but, after his sacking and his replacement with André Villas-Boas, found it hard to find a place in the squad as the latter manager opted for a younger squad in detriment of several veterans. His first game of the 2011–12 campaign was on 21 September 2011, on a penalty shootout win over Fulham for the League Cup. His first league appearance occurred on 22 December, after coming on for injured Ivanović in a 1–1 draw away to Tottenham Hotspur; in the final minutes of that match, he suffered a fractured cheekbone in a clash with Gareth Bale.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: On 27 March 2012, in his first UEFA Champions League start of the season, Ferreira had another solid defensive performance to help Chelsea defeat S.L. Benfica 1–0 at the "Estádio da Luz". and eventually win the quarter-final tie 3–1. On 19 May, he was an unused substitute in the final against FC Bayern Munich.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Ferreira's contract ran through the summer of 2013, and both player and club confirmed that they would not renew it upon its expiration. He made his last appearance in a league fixture with Everton on 19 May 2013, coming on as a late substitute to a round of applause as the 2–1 win secured the hosts a spot in the Champions League group stage. Afterwards, teammate Frank Lampard addressed the crowd and praised the 34-year-old defender, who announced he was retiring from professional football and thanked the fans for their continued support; over nine seasons, he appeared in 217 official games.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: After retiring, Ferreira worked for Chelsea as an ambassador and assistant loan player technical coach.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Between the Portuguese under-20 and under-21 sides, Ferreira appeared in a total of 27 matches. He made his debut for the full side on 7 September 2002, playing the second half of a 1–1 friendly draw with England at Villa Park.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Ferreira was selected by coach Luiz Felipe Scolari for the UEFA Euro 2004 tournament. He started their opening match against Greece, but a series of mistakes in the 1–2 loss saw him dropped for Miguel for the rest of the tournament. Following an injury to the latter late into the first half of the final, however, he returned to action in another defeat to the same opponent, now 1–0.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Ferreira made two appearances for Portugal in the 2006 World Cup: in the 0–1 semi-final loss against France, he replaced injured Miguel during the second half, and started the third place play-off against the host country Germany (1–3 defeat). Subsequently, he faced competition from Bosingwa and Miguel for the right-back slot, and was often deployed at the opposite flank following the retirement of Nuno Valente.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: Ferreira was named in the squad for the Euro 2008. He started all four games as a left-back, in an eventual quarter-final exit.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: A regular in the 2010 World Cup qualifying phase, Ferreira would then be included in the 23-men squad to represent the "Selecção" in the finals. He only played the opening game in South Africa, a goalless draw to the Ivory Coast.


title: Paulo Ferreira

text: On 30 August 2010, Ferreira announced he would be also retiring from the national team, shortly after Simão Sabrosa did.


title: 2021–22 Chicago Bulls season

text: The 2021–22 Chicago Bulls season was the 56th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Bulls had not made the playoffs since the 2016–17 season, but on April 5, 2022, following the loss of the Cleveland Cavaliers to the Orlando Magic, the Bulls clinched a playoff berth, ending their five-year playoff drought. The Bulls fell to the defending NBA champion Milwaukee Bucks in the first round in five games.


title: Echogenicity

text: Echogenicity (misspelled sometimes as echogenecity) or echogeneity is the ability to bounce an echo, e.g. return the signal in ultrasound examinations. In other words, echogenicity is higher when the surface bouncing the sound echo reflects increased sound waves. Tissues that have higher echogenicity are called "hyperechogenic" and are usually represented with lighter colors on images in medical ultrasonography. In contrast, tissues with lower echogenicity are called "hypoechogenic" and are usually represented with darker colors. Areas that lack echogenicity are called "anechogenic" and are usually displayed as completely dark.


title: Echogenicity

text: Echogenicity can be increased by intravenously administering gas-filled microbubble contrast agent to the systemic circulation, with the procedure being called contrast-enhanced ultrasound. This is because microbubbles have a high degree of echogenicity. When gas bubbles are caught in an ultrasonic frequency field, they compress, oscillate, and reflect a characteristic echo- this generates the strong and unique sonogram in contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Gas cores can be composed of air, or heavy gases like perfluorocarbon, or nitrogen. Heavy gases are less water-soluble so they are less likely to leak out from the microbubble to impair echogenicity (McCulloch "et al.", 2000). Therefore, microbubbles with heavy gas cores are likely to last longer in circulation.


title: Echogenicity

text: During ultrasound examinations, sometimes echogenicity is higher in certain parts of body. Fatty liver could cause increased echogenicity in the liver, especially if the liver transaminases are elevated.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: Leo Hendrik Baekeland (November 14, 1863 – February 23, 1944) was a Belgian chemist. He is best known for the inventions of Velox photographic paper in 1893, and Bakelite in 1907. He has been called "The Father of the Plastics Industry" for his invention of Bakelite, an inexpensive, non-flammable and versatile plastic, which marked the beginning of the modern plastics industry.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: Leo Baekeland was born in Ghent, Belgium, on November 14, 1863, the son of a cobbler, Charles Baekeland, and a house maid, Rosalia Merchie. His siblings were: Elodia Maria Baekeland; Melonia Leonia Baekeland; Edmundus Baekeland; Rachel Helena Baekeland and Delphina Baekeland.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: He told "The Literary Digest": "The name is a Dutch word meaning 'Land of Beacons.'" He spent much of his early life in Ghent, Belgium. Proudly, he graduated with honours from the Ghent Municipal Technical School and was awarded a scholarship by the City of Ghent to study chemistry at the Ghent University, which he entered in 1880. He acquired a PhD "summa cum laude" at the age of 21. After a brief appointment as Professor of Physics and Chemistry at the Government Higher Normal School in Bruges (1887–1889), he was appointed associate professor of chemistry at Ghent University in 1889.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: Baekeland married (1868–1944) on August 8, 1889, and they had two children. One of their grandsons, Brooks (whose father was George Washington Baekeland) married the model Barbara Daly a.k.a. Barbara Daly Baekeland in 1942 and had one child, a boy named Anthony "Tony" Baekeland.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: In 1889, Baekeland and his wife Céline took advantage of a travel scholarship to visit universities in England and the United States. They visited New York City, where he met Professor Charles F. Chandler of Columbia University and Richard Anthony, of the E. and H.T. Anthony photographic company. Professor Chandler was influential in convincing Baekeland to stay in the United States. Baekeland had already invented a process to develop photographic plates using water instead of other chemicals, which he had patented in Belgium in 1887. Although this method was unreliable, Anthony saw potential in the young chemist and offered him a job.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: Baekeland worked for the Anthony company for two years, and in 1891, set up in business for himself working as a consulting chemist. However, a spell of illness and disappearing funds made him rethink his actions and he decided to return to his old interest of producing a photographic paper that would allow enlargements to be printed by artificial light. After two years of intensive effort, he perfected the process to produce the paper, which he named "Velox"; it was the first commercially successful photographic paper. At the time, the US was suffering a recession and there were no investors or buyers for his proposed new product, so Baekeland became partners with Leonard Jacobi and established the Nepera Chemical Company in Nepera Park, Yonkers, New York.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: In 1899, Jacobi, Baekeland, and Albert Hahn, a further associate, sold Nepera to George Eastman of the Eastman Kodak Co. for $750,000. Baekeland earned approximately $215,000 net through the transaction.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: With a portion of the money he purchased "Snug Rock", a house in Yonkers, New York, where he set up his own well-equipped laboratory. There, he later said, "in comfortable financial circumstances, a free man, ready to devote myself again to my favorite studies... I enjoyed for several years that great blessing, the luxury of not being interrupted in one's favorite work."


title: Leo Baekeland

text: One of the requirements of the Nepera sale was, in effect, a non-compete clause: Baekeland agreed not to do research in photography for at least 20 years. He would have to find a new area of research. His first step was to go to Germany in 1900, for a "refresher in electrochemistry" at the Technical Institute at Charlottenburg.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: Upon returning to the United States, Baekeland was involved briefly but successfully in helping Clinton Paul Townsend and Elon Huntington Hooker to develop a production-quality electrolytic cell. Baekeland was hired as an independent consultant, with the responsibility of constructing and operating a pilot plant. Baekeland developed a stronger diaphragm cell for the chloralkali process, using woven asbestos cloth filled with a mixture of iron oxide, asbestos fibre, and iron hydroxide. Baekeland's improvements were important to the founding of Hooker Chemical Company and the construction of one of the world's largest electrochemical plants, at Niagara Falls.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: Having been successful with Velox, Baekeland set out to find another promising area for chemical development. As he had done with Velox, he looked for a problem that offered "the best chance for the quickest possible results". Asked why he entered the field of synthetic resins, Baekeland answered that his intention was to make money. By the 1900s, chemists had begun to recognize that many of the natural resins and fibers were polymeric, a term introduced in 1833 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius. Adolf von Baeyer had experimented with phenols and formaldehydes in 1872, particularly Pyrogallol and benzaldehyde. He created a "black guck" which he considered useless and irrelevant to his search for synthetic dyes. Baeyer's student, Werner Kleeberg, experimented with phenol and formaldehyde in 1891, but as Baekeland noted "could not crystallize this mess, nor purify it to constant composition, nor in fact do anything with it once produced".


title: Leo Baekeland

text: Baekeland began to investigate the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde. He familiarized himself with previous work and approached the field systematically, carefully controlling and examining the effects of temperature, pressure, and the types and proportions of materials used.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: The first application that appeared promising was the development of a synthetic replacement for shellac (made from the secretion of lac beetles). Baekeland produced a soluble phenol-formaldehyde shellac called "Novolak" but concluded that its properties were inferior. It never became a big market success, but is still used to this day (e. g. as a photoresist).


title: Leo Baekeland

text: Baekeland continued to explore possible combinations of phenol and formaldehyde, intrigued by the possibility that such materials could be used in molding. By controlling the pressure and temperature applied to phenol and formaldehyde, he produced his dreamed-of hard moldable plastic: Bakelite. Bakelite was made from phenol, then known as carbolic acid, and formaldehyde. The chemical name of Bakelite is polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride. In compression molding, the resin is generally combined with fillers such as wood or asbestos, before pressing it directly into the final shape of the product. Baekeland's process patent for making insoluble products of phenol and formaldehyde was filed in July 1907, and granted on December 7, 1909. In February 1909, Baekeland officially announced his achievement at a meeting of the New York section of the American Chemical Society.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: In 1917, Baekeland became a professor by special appointment at Columbia University. The Smithsonian contains documents from the County of Westchester Courthouse in White Plains, New York, indicating that he was admitted to U. S. Citizenship on December 16, 1919.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: In 1922, after patent litigation favorable to Baekeland, the General Bakelite Co., which he had founded in 1910, along with the Condensite Co. founded by Aylesworth, and the Redmanol Chemical Products Company founded by Lawrence V. Redman, were merged into the Bakelite Corporation.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: The invention of Bakelite marks the beginning of the age of plastics. Bakelite was the first plastic invented that retained its shape after being heated. Radios, telephones and electrical insulators were made of Bakelite because of its excellent electrical insulation and heat-resistance. Soon, its applications spread to most branches of industry.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: Baekeland received many awards and honors, including the Perkin Medal in 1916 and the Franklin Medal in 1940. In 1978, he was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame at Akron, Ohio. He was inducted into the Plastics Hall of Fame in 1974.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: At the time of Baekeland's death in 1944, the world production of Bakelite was ca. 175,000 tons, and it was used in over 15,000 different products. He held more than 100 patents, including processes for the separation of copper and cadmium, and for the impregnation of wood.


title: Leo Baekeland

text: As Baekeland grew older he became more eccentric, entering fierce battles with his son and presumptive heir over salary and other issues. He sold the General Bakelite Company to Union Carbide in 1939 and, at his son's prompting, he retired. He became a recluse, eating all of his meals from cans and becoming obsessed with developing an immense tropical garden on his winter estate in Coconut Grove, Florida. He died of a stroke in a sanatorium in Beacon, New York, in 1944. Baekeland is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: Nikki Ann Sanderson (born 28 March 1984) is an English actress and former glamour model who is known for playing Candice Stowe in the television soap opera "Coronation Street", Dawn Bellamy in "Heartbeat" and Maxine Minniver in "Hollyoaks". During her time at "Coronation Street" and since, she has also been a television presenter on programmes such as "", "Junior Eurovision: The British Final" and "Ministry of Mayhem".


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: Sanderson was born in Blackpool, Lancashire and joined "Coronation Street" in 1999. She left in autumn 2005, when her character left Weatherfield to become a stylist for Status Quo. Prior to this, she had appeared in children's drama "Children's Ward" and in 2004, the hit fitness DVD "Coronation Street: Funk Fit".


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: Since leaving Coronation Street she has appeared in episodes of the BBC television series' "Holby City" and "New Street Law" alongside fellow "Coronation Street" alumni Chris Gascoyne and Chris Bisson. In 2006, Sanderson appeared in a touring production of "The Vagina Monologues" with Jerry Hall amongst others and an episode of Kay Mellor's "Strictly Confidential".


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: A keen singer, and karaoke enthusiast, Sanderson has made several television appearances singing, such as ITV's "Madonna Mania", "Discomania", "Abba Mania 2" and Celebrity "Stars in Their Eyes", where her impression of LeAnn Rimes, singing the theme from the film "Coyote Ugly", "Can't Fight the Moonlight" earned her the winner's spot. She has also appeared on "" in the solo 16–24 category, mentored by Sharon Osbourne where she was eliminated fifth. At the time, though, Sanderson was suffering from tonsillitis and was straining her voice to sing.


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: For 2006 and 2007, she was signed by sports fashion footwear brand "KangaROOS" for their new print advertising campaign.


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: In June 2007, it was reported that Sanderson would make a brief return to Coronation Street in autumn 2007, when her character, Candice Stowe, turns up during the build up to Sarah Platt's (Tina O'Brien) wedding. However these reports were later dismissed by Sanderson during an appearance on ITV's "Loose Women".


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: She appeared in the "Tuareg Productions" play "Living Under One Roof" at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham from 26–30 June 2007.


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: Sanderson appeared in the second series of "All Star Family Fortunes" which aired on 25 December 2007. She made a second appearance on the first edition of the quiz's fourth series, on 20 September 2009, as part of a team representing "Heartbeat".


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: In 2008, she joined the cast of the ITV1 series, "Heartbeat", set in the 1960s, to play the part of Dawn Bellamy. She plays the part of Audrey in the horror film Boogeyman 3 released in 2009. She plays the character Gee Gee, a dance teacher, in the 2008 film Clubbed, an underworld drama set in the early 1980s.


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: In September 2012, it was announced that Sanderson had joined the cast of "Hollyoaks" as Maxine Minniver. Sanderson's first episode was aired on 5 November 2012.


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: In December 2012, Sanderson appeared in pantomime as Peter Pan at the Gracie Fields Theatre in Rochdale.


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: In late 2013, Sanderson, along with her "Hollyoaks" co-star and on-screen boyfriend Jeremy Sheffield, appeared in character as their "Hollyoaks" characters Maxine and Patrick in a series of government "This is Abuse" adverts, highlighting the issues of domestic violence.


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: For her portrayal of Maxine, Sanderson received nominations for the "Best Actress" award at the British Soap Awards 2014 and 2015. She was also nominated for "Beat Serial Performance" at the National Television Awards 2015.


title: Nikki Sanderson

text: Nikki Ann Sanderson was born on 28 March 1984 in Blackpool, England. Sanderson dated her former "Coronation Street" co-star Danny Young from 2005 to February 2009.


title: Great Freedom

text: Great Freedom () is a 2021 drama film directed by . In June 2021, the film was selected to compete in the "Un Certain Regard" section at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival. At Cannes, the film won the Jury Prize in the "Un Certain Regard" section. It won the Golden Giraldillo at the Seville European Film Festival. It was selected as the Austrian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 94th Academy Awards, and on 22 December 2021, it was shortlisted for the award ceremony.


title: Great Freedom

text: The film was released theatrically on 18 November 2021 in Germany by Piffl Medien and the following day in Austria by Filmladen Filmverleih.


title: Great Freedom

text: In post-World War II Germany, Hans is imprisoned for being gay and develops a relationship with his cellmate Viktor, a convicted murderer.


title: Sony Pictures Classics

text: Sony Pictures Classics Inc. is an American film production and distribution company that is a division of Sony Pictures. It was founded in 1992 by former Orion Classics heads Michael Barker, Tom Bernard and Marcie Bloom. It distributes, produces and acquires specialty films such as documentaries, independent and arthouse films in the United States and internationally. As of 2015, Barker and Bernard are co-presidents of the division.


title: Sony Pictures Classics

text: Sony Pictures Classics was formed in 1992, by Michael Barker, Tom Bernard, and Marcie Bloom, set up as an autonomous division of Sony Pictures. The model of the company is to produce, acquire and/or distribute independent films from the United States and internationally.


title: Sony Pictures Classics

text: Sony Pictures Classics has released prestigious films that have won 37 Academy Awards and garnered 155 Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture nominations for "The Father", "Call Me By Your Name", "Whiplash", "Amour", "Midnight in Paris", "An Education", "Capote", "Howards End", and "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon".


title: Sony Pictures Classics

text: Sony Pictures Classics has a history of making reasonable investments for small films, and getting a decent return. It has a history of not overspending. Its largest commercial success of the 2010s is Woody Allen's "Midnight in Paris" (2011), which grossed over $56 million in the U.S., becoming Allen's highest-grossing film ever in the United States.


title: Sony Pictures Classics

text: In 2001, Sony Pictures Classics championed foreign-language film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and it earned the most Oscar nominations ever for a non-English-language film going on to win the best foreign-language film Oscar and Golden Globe in 2001 — and at the box office, garnering more than $213 million worldwide on a $17 million budget, including $128 million in the U.S. as a Sony Pictures Classics release.


title: Sony Pictures Classics

text: In 2006, SPC promoted "The Lives of Others" to an Oscar and BAFTA, after the movie had been rejected by Cannes, Berlin, Venice and the New York Film Festival.


title: Sony Pictures Classics

text: Occasionally, Sony Pictures Classics agrees to release films for all other film studio divisions of Sony; however, under Sony Pictures Classics' structure within Sony, all other divisions of Sony (including the parent company) cannot force Sony Pictures Classics to release any film that the division does not want to release.


title: Serial rapist

text: A serial rapist is someone who commits multiple rapes, whether with multiple victims or a single victim repeatedly over a period of time. Some serial rapists target children. The terms "sexual predator", "repeat rape" and "multiple offending" can also be used to describe the activities of those who commit a number of consecutive rapes, but remain unprosecuted when self-reported in research. Others will commit their assaults in prisons. In some instances, a group of serial rapists will work together. These rapists can have a pattern of behavior that is sometimes used to predict their activities and aid in their arrest and conviction. Serial rapists also differ from one time offenders because "serial rapists more often involved kidnapping, verbally and physically threatening the victims, and using or threatening the use of weapons."


title: Serial rapist

text: Many times, the evidence that is collected from the physical examinations and testimony of those who were raped is in the possession of numerous law enforcement agencies and may impede the recognition that the rapist has committed the crime over a period of time. Conviction of the rapist can be delayed when victims do not cooperate in the investigation. Evidence can consist of DNA, saliva and fingerprints, hair, vaginal swabs, fingernail scrapings, and bed linens. Those investigating serial rapes often identify the rapist with a 'nickname' before an arrest is made by characterizing the tactics or patterns of the rapes.


title: Serial rapist

text: Serial rapists are more likely to be convicted than a rapist who is known by the victim. Unlike those convicted for a single case of rape, serial rapists often go unrecognized due to the slow process of analyzing the backlog of rape kits. It may take many years for a past rape to be identified as being committed by one person.


title: Serial rapist

text: Case Western Reserve University has identified the tendency of sexual offenders of being previously arrested. 26% percent had previously been arrested for sexual assault. 60% were arrested for at least one other sexual assault unrelated to the first one.


title: Serial rapist

text: A serial rapist can use online dating sites to identify potential victims. Threatening harm to the victim and their family is another tactic used. Drugging the victim is sometimes employed. Some serial rapists are specific in identifying their targets and their schedules. A serial rapist may describe their activities on websites, describing the tactics they use to commit the sexual assault. In 2014, an 18-year-old individual accused of serial rapes had used cell phone messaging apps Facebook, Kik, and Snapchat to establish a relationship with girls. Some serial rapists drive victims to remote locations.


title: Serial rapist

text: Perpetrators can be described as "highly manipulative, very charismatic and charming." Serial rapists differ from single-victim rapists. The distance traveled before the rape occurs was found to be further with the single-victim rapists. Single-victim rapists use a 'capture' method, sometimes using the tactic of being a hitch hiker, or a 'con' method by meeting at a bar or party and engaging in social interaction. Conversely, serial rapists have a tendency to ambush or use a 'blitz' approach of a victim. A serial rapist is more likely to target a stranger than a single-victim rapist.


title: Serial rapist

text: A serial rapist is more prone to exhibit "criminally sophisticated behaviors" such as using a condom and gloves. Serial rapists are more likely to control physical resistance by gagging, binding, blindfolding, and smothering. They are more likely to question the victim. Awareness of investigative, forensic methodology characterizes a serial rapist rather than a single-victim rapist and may be used by law enforcement as an investigative aid. Serial rapists are more likely to target sex workers than are single-victim rapists.


title: Serial rapist

text: Serial rapists have been described as being able to improve their ability and expertise to commit their assault through 'study' of serial rape. This includes rehearsal by viewing films, pornography, and reading relevant literature, using sexual fantasies, growth in knowledge in assault-related skills, learning from the examples of other serial rapists, and their own past experiences of physical or sexual abuse.


title: Serial rapist

text: Investigation of the offender instead of the crime has been proposed to prevent serial rapes. The backlog of analyzing rape kits impedes the identification of serial rapists. Hundreds of thousands of rape kits remain untested across the US. Most law enforcement agencies do not track or count them. The process is complicated, invasive, time-consuming and may re-traumatize victims. The FBI maintains a DNA database and comparisons between cases can be made. Unfortunately, the backlog of analyzing rape kits can allow the perpetrator to continue their crime before being identified with other assaults.


title: Serial rapist

text: Though no victim of a serial rapist can be blamed for the crime, reducing the risk of becoming raped by a serial rapist is possible, according to law enforcement organizations.


title: Serial rapist

text: College officials are developing strategies that target men with education on rape prevention and the responsibility to step in to prevent risky circumstances for their friends who may have impaired judgement after drinking.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: Alessandro "Sandro" Pertini (; 25 September 1896 – 24 February 1990) was an Italian socialist politician who served as the president of Italy from 1978 to 1985.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: Born in Stella (Province of Savona) as the son of a wealthy landowner, Alberto, he studied at a Salesian college in Varazze, and completed his schooling at the ""Chiabrera"" lyceum (high school) in Savona.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: His philosophy teacher was Adelchi Baratono, a reformist socialist who contributed to his approach to socialism and probably introduced him to the inner circles of the Ligurian labour movements. Pertini obtained a law degree from the University of Genoa.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: Aged 19 when Italy entered World War I on the side of the Triple Entente, Pertini opposed the war, but nonetheless enlisted in the army where he served as a lieutenant and was decorated for bravery. After the armistice in 1918, he joined the Unitary Socialist Party, PSU, then he settled in Florence where he also graduated in political science with a thesis entitled "La Cooperazione" ("Cooperation"; 1924). While in the city, Pertini also came into contact with people such as Gaetano Salvemini, the brothers Carlo and Nello Rosselli, and Ernesto Rossi. Pertini was physically beaten by Fascist squads on several occasions, but never lost faith in his ideals.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: After the assassination of PSU leader Giacomo Matteotti by Fascists in 1924, Pertini became even more committed to the struggle against the totalitarian regime. In 1926, he was sentenced to internment but managed to go into hiding. Later, together with Carlo Rosselli and Ferruccio Parri, he organized and accompanied the escape to France of Filippo Turati, who was the most prominent figure of the PSU. Pertini remained in the country until 1926 working as a mason. According to the Italian historian of Freemasonry Aldo Alessandro Mola, during that period Pertini had relationships with exponents of the Grand Orient of Italy who were in exile in France. This hypothesis seems unsupported by known documents from archives. On his return to Italy, he was arrested in Pisa, tried, and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: In 1935 he was interned on Santo Stefano Island, Ventotene (LT), Pontine Islands, an island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, where he remained through Italy's entry into World War II and until 1943. There he saved the famous diaries of Antonio Gramsci. Although he had begun suffering from severe illness, Pertini never demanded pardon. He was released a month after Benito Mussolini's arrest and joined the Italian resistance movement against the Nazi German occupiers and Mussolini's new regime – the Italian Social Republic. Arrested by the Germans, he was sentenced to death but freed by a partisan raid. Pertini then traveled north to organize partisan war as an executive member of PSI (alongside Rodolfo Morandi and Lelio Basso). He had a primary role in the Milan uprising of 25 April 1945, which led to the execution of Mussolini.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: After the war ended in Italy on 25 April 1945 and the monarchy was abolished through the 1946 Italian constitutional referendum, Pertini was elected to the Constituent Assembly ("La Costituente"), the body that prepared the new republican Italian Constitution. In the postwar era he was a prominent member of the directive board of the Italian Socialist Party (the PSI, which the PSU had rejoined).


title: Sandro Pertini

text: In spite of his intransigent attitude toward the Italian Communist Party, Pertini was suspicious of many policies enforced by the PSI. He criticized all forms of colonialism, as well as corruption in the Italian state and within the socialist party, where he kept an independent political position.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: In 1978, the 81-year-old Pertini was elected President of the Italian Republic, the highest office in the nation. Despite his advanced age, he displayed considerable energy and vigor, playing a major role in helping restore the public's faith in the government and institutions of Italy, as well as maintaining an active schedule of traveling and meeting foreign dignitaries. During the Brigate Rosse terrorism period of the "Anni di piombo", Pertini openly denounced the violence. He also opposed organized crime in Italy, South African apartheid, Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and other dictatorial regimes, as well as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: In 1981, Pertini presided over the formation of the government by Giovanni Spadolini, the first non Christian Democratic Italian government since the time of De Gasperi.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: In 1985, he stepped down from the presidency, becoming automatically senator for life. The only official role he accepted in his retirement was President of the "Filippo Turati" Foundation for Historical Studies of Florence inaugurated in 1985 and dedicated to recording and preserving the history of the socialist movement in Italy. In December 1988 Pertini was the first person to be awarded with the Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold by the United Nations Association of Germany (Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen, DGVN) in Berlin, "for outstanding services to peace and international understanding, especially for his political ethics and practical humanity." Pertini died in February 1990 at the age of 93 and was mourned across the nation.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: Pertini attended the 1982 World Cup Final in Madrid for a match between Italy and West Germany just two days after the fourth anniversary of his inauguration. After Italy scored their third goal, he wagged his finger to either the German delegation or King Juan Carlos I, and said "they [the German team] will not catch us any more". Memorable images from the event are Pertini standing on his chair at Santiago Bernabeu stadium, exulting in the Italian victory, and the card game on the return flight, between the president and three team members (trainer Bearzot and players Causio and Zoff), the world cup trophy next to them on the table.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: Paolo Rossi, Italy's and the tournament's top scorer, later said: "I remember that when he welcomed us at the Presidential Palace after our win, he rose and said: 'This is my best day as President.'"


title: Sandro Pertini

text: Sandro Pertini had a close friendship with Pope John Paul II, with whom he met often both for official and private occasions, and had frequent phone conversations. In "Accanto a Giovanni Paolo II", he is known to have referred to his mother looking over him in heaven, moved that her atheist son was friends with the Pope.


title: Sandro Pertini

text: On 13 May 1981 he went to the Gemelli Hospital as soon as he heard that the Pope had been shot, and stayed until late in the night when he was told that the Pope was not in danger anymore. He recalled the event later that year in the annual New Year's Eve Presidential Address to the Italian People.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: Aeroflot Flight 821 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight operated by Aeroflot-Nord in a service agreement with Aeroflot and as its subsidiary. On 14 September 2008, the aircraft operating the flight crashed on approach to Perm International Airport at 5:10 local time (UTC+06). All 82 passengers and 6 crew members were killed. Among the passengers who were killed was Russian Colonel General Gennady Troshev, an adviser to the President of Russia who had been the commander of the North Caucasus Military District (including Chechnya) during the Second Chechen War. A section of the Trans-Siberian Railway was damaged by the crash. Flight 821 is the deadliest accident involving a Boeing 737-500, surpassing the 1993 crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 733, and was the second-deadliest aviation incident in 2008, behind Spanair Flight 5022.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: The primary cause of the crash was that both pilots had lost spatial orientation due to their inexperience with the Western type of attitude indicator on the aircraft. Lack of adequate rest, poor crew resource management, and alcohol consumption by the captain also contributed to the accident.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: This air disaster led to Aeroflot-Nord rebranding as Nordavia, effective on 1 December 2009, and later to Smartavia in 2019.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: The Boeing 737-505, registration VP-BKO, an aircraft belonging to the Aeroflot subsidiary Aeroflot-Nord but operating as Aeroflot flight SU821 from Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport to Perm (Russia) crashed into a railway line southwest of Perm 5:10 AM local time (or 13 September 2008, 23:10 UTC). The weather at the time of accident was rainy (unbroken clouds at , light rain).


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: According to an interview given by the air traffic controller shortly after the disaster, the crew did not respond correctly to ATC commands: after going around, it turned eastward instead of turning westward. However, the crew reported no emergency onboard and confirmed all commands given by ATC. At 5:10 AM, radio contact with the plane was lost; minutes later it crashed on the outskirts of Perm.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: Aeroflot-Nord officially stated that: "The Boeing-737 carried 82 passengers on board – including 7 children – and 6 crew. All passengers and crew were killed. As the plane was coming in for landing, it lost communication at a height of and air controllers lost its blip. The airplane was found within Perm's city limits completely destroyed and on fire." Investigator Vladimir Markin said that "there were 82 passengers plus a baby and 5 crew on board, and by preliminary information, they are all dead as the airplane fell into a ravine near the city limits." RIA Novosti however reported that "it was possible that three people who bought a ticket for the ill-fated flight 821 to Perm did not get on board."


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: Both flight recorders were found and successfully decoded. The airline stated "it pledged to pay compensation on obligatory accident insurance in full, which would make up to 2 million rubles per victim." The crash damaged and shut down a section of the Trans-Siberian Railway; rail traffic was temporarily re-routed via Chusovaya station, and was restored by the evening of 14 September. The aircraft was leased by Aeroflot-Nord from Dublin-based Pinewatch Limited from July 2008 to March 2013.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: It was reported that its engines caught fire at an altitude of . Eyewitness reports stated that the plane was visibly on fire prior to crashing, and hit the ground at a 30–40-degree angle. However, the low clouds (at ) must have prevented any witnesses from seeing the plane for more than a few seconds and the report was subsequently discounted by the accident enquiry (see below).


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: The final enquiry report stated that "after the base turn, approaching the landing course at with both autopilot and autothrottle disengaged, the aircraft started climbing up to , rolled 360° over the left wing and collided with the ground".


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: The aircraft involved in the crash was originally ordered by Braathens, but never operated by them and was quickly sold shortly after delivery to China Southwest Airlines, whose subsidiary Xiamen Airlines operated it from September 1992 to March 1993. The 737 was then operated by China Southwest Airlines itself until the airline merged with Xiamen Airlines, who operated the aircraft from 2003 until it was stored in March 2008 and was returned to Pinewatch Limited. Aeroflot-Nord then leased the aircraft and had operated the airframe from 29 May 2008 until its hull loss.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: According to early claims of Aeroflot-Nord representatives, the crew was described as very experienced and one of the best in the company. Captain Rodion Mikhailovich Medvedev (; age 34) had a flight record of 3,689 hours (including 1,190 hours on the Boeing 737) while First Officer Rustam Rafailovich Alaberdin (; age 43) had 8,713 hours, though only 219 of them were on the Boeing 737. Later it was revealed that Medvedev's flight record as a captain was 452 hours along with Allaberdin's low experience of piloting the Boeing 737. For the most part of their careers Medvedev and Allaberdin had piloted the Tupolev Tu-134 and Antonov An-2 respectively.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: Gennady Kurzenkov, head of the State Aviation Inspection Service, stated that the flight crew submitted falsified documents to the airline showing that they had passed preflight courses.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: Russia's Air Accident Investigation Commission of the Interstate Aviation Committee led the investigation, with US assistance from the National Transportation Safety Board, the Federal Aviation Administration, and Boeing. As the aircraft was registered in Bermuda, that government was represented by the UK's Air Accidents Investigation Branch, with two senior inspectors sent to participate under the Memorandum of Agreement. The AAIB team had representatives from the Bermudian Department of Civil Aviation as advisors. The engines were made in France, so that state was represented by the Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA).


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: According to the data in flight recorders, the engines did not catch fire and continued working until the impact. The latest official reports are published in Russian on the Air Accident Investigation Commission website. An English translation of the final report is available at the United Kingdom Air Accidents Investigation Branch website; the AAIB states that it is not an official English translation.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: On 1 October 2008, the mother of a 27-year-old female passenger who died in the accident sued Aeroflot and Moskva Insurance Company for 7.7 million rubles (approximately US$300,000) in punitive damages.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: A recording of the conversation between ATC and Flight 821 was published online. According to the final investigation report, the captain, who was making the communications, was 'mildly intoxicated', and this can be heard in the audio.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: Irek Birbov, the air traffic controller on duty at the time of the incident, said that on final approach the aircraft was too far right of the localizer. He advised the captain to change heading. Furthermore, instead of descending to land, the plane then went up.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: The controller requested Flight 821 to check the altitude: "According to my data, you are climbing. Confirm current altitude ." The aircraft should have been at an altitude of at that time to descend further . The pilot replied "Roger, we are descending" and initiated a climb to about 1200 m, at which point he could no longer catch the glideslope. The controller instructed the pilot to turn right and go around. The captain acknowledged but failed to comply. Instead, he turned left and asked to continue his approach. The controller asked whether everything was all right with the crew; the pilots confirmed that it was.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: The controller then insisted on a go-around, instructing them to switch to another ATC frequency. The pilots, however, never contacted the other ATC and started to descend quickly. When they were at about , the controller radioed the plane to maintain . In response, the pilots' final radio transmission was "Aaa (expletive)!" A moment later the controller saw an explosion.


title: Aeroflot Flight 821

text: The accident was featured in the 19th season of the TV series "Mayday". The episode is titled "Lethal Limits".


title: Alexander Polinsky

text: Alexander "Alex" Polinsky is an American actor. He is known for his role as Adam Powell on "Charles in Charge". He is also the voice of Control Freak on "Teen Titans" (2003) and "Teen Titans Go!" (2013), Argit in the "Ben 10" franchise, Dennis Lee on "The Life and Times of Juniper Lee" and Darington in "Blaze and the Monster Machines".


title: Alexander Polinsky

text: In 2018, he accused former costar Scott Baio of physically assaulting and verbally abusing him on the set of "Charles in Charge".


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee is an American late-night talk and news satire television program that aired on TBS from 2016 to 2022. The show was hosted by comedian Samantha Bee, a former correspondent on "The Daily Show".


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: Samantha Bee served as a correspondent on "The Daily Show" for 12 years, becoming its longest tenured correspondent. She was not approached about succeeding Jon Stewart as the show's host when Stewart announced he would leave the show. Bee and her husband, Jason Jones, pitched television shows to networks, and their scripted series, called "The Detour", was picked up by TBS in February 2015. TBS then decided to extend their relationship with Bee to develop a late-night talk show to pair with "Conan".


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: Bee hired Jo Miller and Miles Kahn, formerly producers on "The Daily Show", as executive producers for her new show. They set up a blind process for hiring writers that hid the gender and experience level of the applicants, resulting in a writing staff that was approximately half female and 30% non-white. The show hired Winter Miller to help develop a mentorship program to help diversify the writing room.


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: Before the show's format was finalized, Bee indicated that she would have segments that focus on news headlines, field pieces, and "grab bag" segments. She filmed a segment about how the Veterans Health Administration was not prepared to treat female soldiers, and filmed a segment in Jordan. Showrunner Jo Miller indicated that the show would be more interested in injustice than in hypocrisy. There are no interview guests on the series, but a number of guest actors have appeared in various segments. For example, the May 9, 2016 episode featured both the singer Michelle Branch and comedian Patton Oswalt.


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: "Full Frontal" shared a studio with "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver". Bee's offices previously housed Stephen Colbert and his staff while renovations were taking place at the Ed Sullivan Theater for "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert". At the time of its debut, "Full Frontal" was the only late-night talk show airing in the United States which was hosted by a woman.


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: In January 2017, Bee announced that the show would be hosting a gala to counter the White House Correspondents' Dinner. The event, titled "Not the White House Correspondents’ Dinner", was held at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on April 29, 2017, and aired the same evening at 10:00 p.m. EST on TBS, followed by an encore uncensored broadcast at 11:00 p.m. on Twitter. The event raised $200,000 for the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ).


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: A portion of the proceeds from the show's merchandise benefits the Karam Foundation, Distributing Dignity, Planned Parenthood, the Committee to Protect Journalists, and Hispanic Federation. In July 2017, Bee's "Nasty Woman Shirt" campaign raised over $1 million for Planned Parenthood. On August 9, 2017, Bee announced that thanks to Turner and Penguin Books, the show was able to send 10,000 books and coloring books to the Kurdish displaced person camp (Khazir) that they have visited. "Full Frontal" frequently supports other organizations and causes, including: 2017 Women's March, Girl Scouts of the USA, New Brunswick Today, miamirights.com, Life After Hate, Affordable Care Act (ACA), #MeToo, Time's Up, RAICES, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: On March 11, 2020, Bee announced on that night's episode of "Full Frontal" that future tapings would proceed without an in-studio audience due to the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 affected episodes were subtitled "Little Show in the Big Woods" and were filmed in the woods, with Bee's husband Jason Jones acting as cameraman. When the show returned to studio taping, it began to originate instead in Norwalk, Connecticut; the Connecticut office of Film, Television and Digital Media was credited at the end of each episode.


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: Bee served as host and the show had four contributors who appear in field pieces: Michael Rubens (senior field producer), Allana Harkin (co-producer), Amy Hoggart, and Mike Brown. Past contributors include Ashley Nicole Black (writer).


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: The show was written by Samantha Bee, Kristen Bartlett (episodes 82–present), Pat Cassels, Sean Crespo (episodes 112-present), Mike Drucker (episodes 69–present), Mathan Erhardt, Joe Grossman, Miles Kahn (episodes 41–present), Sahar Rizvi (episodes 112-present), Nicole Silverberg (episodes 66–present), and Melinda Taub. In December 2017, Taub was promoted to head writer of the show (episode 67–present). Former writers include: Ashley Nicole Black (episodes 1–103), Eric Drysdale (episodes 12–41, 43–105), Travon Free (episodes 41–69), Jo Miller (episodes 1–55), and Jason Reich (episodes 1–31).


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: In the United States, the first season of "Full Frontal with Samantha Bee" aired weekly on Mondays at 10:30 p.m. EST on TBS. On November 16, 2016, it was announced that TBS renewed the show for a second season, as well as moving it to Wednesdays at 10:30 p.m. EST, starting January 11, 2017.


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: In Canada, the show aired on The Comedy Network. In Australia, "Full Frontal" was broadcast on SBS Viceland. In New Zealand, the show was broadcast on DUKE. In Germany, the show was broadcast on TNT Comedy with German subtitles.


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: "Full Frontal with Samantha Bee" was met with critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 100% based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Full Frontal with Samantha Bee" adds a female perspective to late-night TV – and one that's fresh and funny enough to deserve more than just one show a week." On Metacritic, the first season holds a score of 84 out of 100, based on 16 critics, which constitutes "universal acclaim".


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: "TheWrap"s Diane Gordon praised the show, saying "With "Full Frontal", TBS truly has a comedy show that's sure to become part of the cultural conversation and possibly fill the void felt by Jon Stewart‘s departure. There's so much scathing, insightful, intelligent funny packed into "Full Frontal" and Bee's ability to land a joke is beyond impressive." Vulture called "Full Frontal" "a formidable force of political satire. It demands your attention," and the blog named Bee's "Trump Conspiracy Theory" segment as its #1 clip on its list of "The 10 Most Important Late-Night TV Moments in 2016." In March 2017, "Wired"'s cultural critic Virginia Heffernan called "Full Frontal" "the most mercilessly feminist show (ever) (in history)".


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: "Full Frontal" aired a segment on March 8, 2017, filmed at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), in which the narrator, correspondent Michael Rubens said Kyle Coddington, a writer for "OUTSET" magazine, had "Nazi hair". At the time, Coddington was undergoing chemotherapy for brain cancer. The show apologized the next day, saying they were unaware of his condition, and donated to his medical expenses on GoFundMe. Coddington refuses to accept their apology.


title: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: On May 30, 2018, Bee ran a segment about the Trump administration's policy of separating children from families of undocumented immigrants at the border. Bee then criticized Ivanka Trump for hypocrisy after Trump tweeted a photo of herself and her child, saying, "Let me just say, one mother to another, do something about your dad's immigration practices, you feckless cunt!" The segment generated controversy. As a result, both Autotrader.com and State Farm pulled their advertising from the show. White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders called on both Turner and TBS to take action. Both Bee and TBS apologized. Accepting a Television Academy Honors award later for "Full Frontal"’s #MeToo coverage, Bee said, "Every week I strive to show the world as I see it, unfiltered. Sometimes I should probably have a filter. I accept that. Stories about 1,500 missing unaccompanied migrant children flooded the news cycle over the weekend. So last night we aired a segment on the atrocious treatment of migrant children by this administration and past administrations. Our piece attracted controversy of the worst kind... We spent the day wrestling with the repercussions of one bad word when we all should have spent the day incensed that as a nation we are wrenching children from their parents and treating people legally seeking asylum as criminals. If we are O.K. with that, then really, who are we?"


title: Ketubah

text: A ketubah (; ) is a Jewish marriage contract. It is considered an integral part of a traditional Jewish marriage, and outlines the rights and responsibilities of the groom, in relation to the bride. In modern practice, the "ketubah" has no agreed monetary value, and is seldom enforced by civil courts, except in Israel.


title: Ketubah

text: According to the Babylonian Talmud, the "ketubah" was enacted by Simeon ben Shetach so that it might not be a light thing for a man to divorce his wife. The enactment provides for a man's wife to receive a fixed sum of money, usually accruing from his property, in the event of his divorcing her or of his predeceasing her. Thirteenth-century rabbi, Aharon HaLevi, adds a different reason, writing: "Of the logic behind this one commandment, [we find] that the Torah has commanded us to perform an act before taking a wife, a matter that is intended to show that they are a couple united in wedlock before he lies down with her carnally, and that he not come upon her as one would do to a harlot, where there is no other act that precedes what goes on between them..."


title: Ketubah

text: At any rate, the rabbis in ancient times insisted on the marriage couple entering into the "ketubah" as a protection for the wife. It acted as a replacement of the biblical "mohar" – the price paid by the groom to the bride, or her parents, for the marriage (i.e., the bride price). The "ketubah" served as a contract, whereby the amount due to the wife (the bride-price) came to be paid in the event of the cessation of marriage, either by the death of the husband or divorce. The biblical "mohar" created a major social problem: many young prospective husbands could not raise the "mohar" at the time when they would normally be expected to marry. So, to enable these young men to marry, the rabbis, in effect, delayed the time that the amount would be payable, when they would be more likely to have the sum. The mechanism adopted was to provide for the "mohar" to be a part of the "ketubah". Both the "mohar" and the "ketubah" amounts served the same purpose: the protection for the wife should her support by her husband (either by death or divorce) cease. The only difference between the two systems was the timing of the payment. A modern secular equivalent would be the entitlement to alimony in the event of divorce.


title: Ketubah

text: The "ketubah" amount served as a disincentive for the husband contemplating divorcing his wife: he would need to have the amount in order to be able to pay to his wife. Unless the husband pledged otherwise, the minimum obligation towards a man's virgin bride is 200 silver "denaria" (), known as the principal (or dower's price), and 100 silver "denaria" () for a man who married a widow or divorced woman. This was paid in full from a man's property in the event of his divorcing her during her lifetime, or of his pre-deceasing her. This same sum, according to Mishnaic exegete Obadiah Bartenura, who cites Maimonides, is always the weight of the 'Shekel of the Sanctuary' (Tyrian coinage), which for every 200 shekels in Tyrian coinage, only 25 were required to be pledged in a virgin's "ketubah", a sum equivalent to 200 provincial silver "denaria". Based on the anatomical weight of 25 shekels in Tyrian coinage, the minimum amount vouched in a virgin's "ketubah" amounted to 504 grams of fine silver.


title: Ketubah

text: Monies pledged in a woman's "ketubah" can be written in local currencies, but must have the transactional market-value of the aforementioned weight in silver. Most "ketubot" also contain an additional liability, known as the "additional jointure" (Heb. = increment), whereby the groom pledges addition money to his bride. In Ashkenazi tradition, the custom is to consolidate these different financial obligations, or pledges, into one single, aggregate sum. In other Jewish communities, the custom was to write out all financial obligations as individual components.


title: Ketubah

text: The "ketubah" of Babatha, a 2nd-century woman who lived near the Dead Sea, was discovered in 1960 in the Cave of Letters.


title: Ketubah

text: Over two hundred "ketubot" were discovered, among other manuscripts, in the Cairo Geniza. They date between the 6th and 19th centuries and, whilst many consist of plain text, there are examples that use decorative devices such as micrography and illumination to elaborate them.