title: African socialism

text: African conferences for national liberation and socialism saw great participation from feminist organizations, but very little attention given to feminist issues. Nonetheless, developments were made with the unity of eastern feminist groups, but discourse with their western counterparts. With socialism and anti-colonialism at the forefront of African feminist issues, the question of how male leaders would make economic development benefit all members of a household was paramount, but one that was not taken seriously in conferences. Instead, feminist organizations were forced to drive international change on their own, often starting with the double standards and hypocrisies that could be found in their relations with other feminist groups. While feminists in Egypt were criticized for undemocratic practices in their developing government, countries like Britain seemed to escape scrutiny for its imperialist tendencies and improper treatment of its territories.


title: African socialism

text: In the early 1960s, at the height of the Cold War, Soviet Union based Africanists grappled with the concept of African Socialism and its legitimacy within the Marxist–Leninist theory. Leading Soviet Africanist, Professor Ivan Potekhin argued that African Socialism could not exist because there could be no varieties of true Marxist–Leninist socialism. There was not one monolith perspective on whether socialism existed in Africa. It was commonly believed that Africa could have its unique road to socialism but not its own form.


title: African socialism

text: Soviet African Specialists recognized countries such as Guinea, Mali, and Ghana as closer to true Marxist–Leninist socialism. Ahmed Sékou Touré (1961), Modibo Keïta (1963) and Kwame Nkrumah (1962) were honored with Lenin Peace Prizes. Countries such as Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire were considered ‘reactionary’ and prone to collaboration with the imperialist powers.


title: African socialism

text: Policies that were generally viewed as favorable by the Soviets were: economic independence, the creation of a national monetary system, a strong state sector economy, a state bank, state control over exports and transports, mutual assistance programs and common land ownership.


title: African socialism

text: African Socialists argued in favor of a distinctive form of socialism because they believed that socialism had its roots in pre-colonial African society. According to them, African society was a classless society, characterized by a communal spirit and democracy on the basis of government through discussion and consensus. The main objective was to unite African people in this idealized image of the traditional pre-colonial society.


title: African socialism

text: African Socialist Kwame Nkrumah said, ‘African socialism is designed as an evolving African tradition. As such it is socialism of a special brand. And although African socialism may show some organizational resemblance to Communism, it differs from the Marxist socialist approach on vital points. Thus, African socialism rejects the doctrine of the economic class struggle and the inevitability of revolution. The economic class divisions of Europe thought parallel in African society, and the Marxist idea of a world-wide proletarian revolution is rejected in favour of peaceful national and international unification. Equally important, African socialism disapproves of the anti-religious sentiments of Marxism; after all, religion in traditional African society had been basic to social cohesion, and so religion should function today.’


title: African socialism

text: The concept, or political ideology of Ujamaa, formed the basis of Julius Nyerere's autarkic social and economic developmental policies in Tanzania after Tanganyika gained independence from its colonial power Britain in 1961 and its union with Zanzibar to form Tanzania in 1964. The word Ujamaa comes from the Swahili word for extended family or familyhood and is distinguished by several key characteristics, namely that a person becomes a person through the people or community. Julius Nyerere's perceived African socialism as being embedded within African culture largely due to its communitarian model, a feature of African lifestyle that had been severely changed during the period of colonisation, and therefore took it upon himself to reestablish it.


title: African socialism

text: Julius Nyerere went further in his idea of community living by rejecting the idea of multiparty politics for a young nation establishing itself like Tanganyika. His solution was single party rule because 'this unity is our greatest strength in the struggle against poverty, as well as against any outside enemies.


title: African socialism

text: In 1967, President Nyerere published his development blueprint, which was titled the Arusha Declaration, in which Nyerere pointed out the need for an African model of development. That formed the basis of Tanzania's political vision for the years to come. Julius Nyerere partly based his declaration on the People's Republic of China as he had close contacts with them. Inspired by the Chinese experience of collectivisation under Mao, Tanzania followed a strategy of social equality and autarky.


title: African socialism

text: Tanganyika was a very poor and rural country when it became independent in 1961. On Tanganyika's independence, Julius Nyerere declared that the country had three development problems: poverty, disease and ignorance. Nyerere also decided that rural development would take priority due to the fact that the country was largely rural.


title: African socialism

text: Tanzania's rural areas were reorganised in autonomous communities on the basis of voluntary adhesion wherein the distribution of goods and living conditions were aimed to be as equal as possible. All decisions had to be reached by consensus within the village. The economy was reorganised with the purpose of valuing agricultural output, on the other hand the economic model worked on the assumption that peasants were able to pay back their loans.


title: African socialism

text: The Ujamaa village policy was generalised in 1969, only to become obligatory in 1974 which broke the traditional principle of autonomous rule over the village. Nyerere's regime nonetheless remained less authoritarian than those of Nkrumah or Sékou Touré as for instance although a one-party system existed within Tanzania, elections could be disputed between two candidates. In spite of belonging to the same party this form of political confrontation allowed the direct competition of ideas within the party.


title: African socialism

text: By 1975 65% of the rural community had been regrouped in so-called Ujamaa villages. The economic targets set by the Arusha Declaration had not been met and living conditions for poor farmers had not improved in the meantime. To add to Julius Nyerere's concerns, bureaucratic inefficiencies hampered effective distribution of resources and clear directives. Ujamaa is ultimately considered to be a political failure and Nyerere himself retired from the political scene in 1985.


title: African socialism

text: According to the BBC, "while he united his nation and made major advances in the fields of health and education," Julius Nyerere's African socialist "Ujamaa" collectives "proved disastrous for Tanzania's economy".


title: African socialism

text: In 1977 when Nyerere took control of the Tanzanian economy, Nyerere realised that the economy had performed badly in agriculture and industry. Nyerere said 'the truth is that the agriculture results have been very disappointing' and that 'almost all our industry plants are running well below capacity; sometimes less than 50% of what could be produced with existing machinery is actually being manufactured and put to the market.'


title: African socialism

text: However, by the late 1970s, Ujamaa had been abandoned since there was no incentives for peasants to exert themselves so rewards could not be reaped from their labour. Nyerere's Ujamaa ideology unraveled further during the early 1980s as corruption, failings in maintaining social services and failing to provide basic consumer goods for the rural majority. This undermined Ujamaa's legacy.


title: African socialism

text: By the end of his political tenure, 96% of children had gone to primary school, 50% of them being girls. Female life expectancy had grown from 41 to 50.7 years between 1960 and 1980 and maternal mortality rates dropped from 450 per 100,000 births to under 200 by 1973.


title: African socialism

text: Julius Nyerere also wrote widely about Ujamaa in his essay entitled "The Basis of African Socialism". This essay was published in a TANU pamphlet in April 1962 and he argues that wealth distribution is the factor that separates capitalist and socialist countries. He also argues that the capitalist idea of gaining personal wealth has a wider community effect, because the pursuit of personal wealth indicates that one does not trust the social system of one's country. Nyerere believes that when a society cares about the people and that person wants to work, then the individual should not have to stress about their living situation.


title: African socialism

text: Traditional African society also plays a big role for Nyerere with the creation of Ujamaa. In traditional African society, both wealthy and poor people were treated equally. For example, when natural disasters such as famine occurred, everyone was affected regardless of personal wealth. This is because resources such as food were a community asset so, if they were a member of the community, food would be provided to them.


title: African socialism

text: Nyerere also acknowledges that capitalism was a product brought over by European nations through colonialism. Capitalism had a long-term impact on African society since the desire to compete and gain personal wealth increased in popularity amongst the general population. However, Nyerere believes that this only becomes a problem when this wealth is used to exploit people.


title: African socialism

text: Therefore, the rejection of capitalist attitudes is a necessary progress in the journey of rejecting colonial ideals and rule. At the top of the Nyerere's list is the rejection of individual ownership of land because the concept of buying a piece of land and charging rent is exploitative since landlords do not need to work to earn their living. He proposes that TANU government should revert to the traditional ways of landholding by providing everyone with a piece of land with the condition that the land is used.


title: African socialism

text: Finally, Nyerere ends the essay by emphasising the importance of unity to break from colonialism and the importance of merging traditional African living with African socialism.


title: African socialism

text: The ancient Ubuntu philosophy of South Africa recognizes the humanity of a person through their interpersonal relationships. The word comes from the Zulu and Xhosa languages. Ubuntu believes in a bond that ties together all of humanity and the fact that a human being is of a high value. According to Archbishop Desmond Tutu, A man with ubuntu is open and accessible to others, confirming of others, doesn't feel debilitated that others are capable and great, for he or she has a legitimate confidence that originates from realizing that he or she has a place in a more noteworthy entire and is decreased when others are mortified or reduced, when others are tormented or abused.


title: African socialism

text: "Harambee" is a term that originated among natives, specifically Swahili porters of East Africa; the word "harambee" traditionally means "let us pull together". It was taken as an opportunity for local Kenyans to self-develop their communities without waiting on government. This helped build a sense of togetherness in the Kenyan community but analysts state that it has brought about class discrepancies because some individuals use this as an opportunity to generate wealth.


title: African socialism

text: Nkrumahism was the political philosophy of Ghana's first post-independence president Kwame Nkrumah. As one of the first African political leaders, Nkrumah became a major figure in the left-wing pan-African movement. In his piece "A declaration to the colonial peoples", Nkrumah called on Africans to "...affirm the right of all colonial peoples to control their own destiny." and that "All colonies must be free from foreign imperialist control, whether political or economic.". His focus on economic and political freedom would prove to be a fundamental part of his overarching political philosophy, combining the nationalist independence movement in his home country of Ghana along with left-wing economic thought.


title: African socialism

text: A major figure in the Ghanaian independence movement, Nkrumah came to power shortly after Ghana gained its independence in 1957. Once in power, he began a series of infrastructural and economic development plans designed to stimulate the Ghanaian economy. $16 million was designated to be used to build a new town in Tema to be used as an open seaport for Accra and the eastern region of the country. The government designed a new plan to tackle issues surrounding illiteracy and lack of access to education, with thousands of new schools being built in rural areas.


title: African socialism

text: Determined to industrialize the country rapidly, Nkrumah set out to modernize Ghana's economy in order to better compete with the West. In turn, his government embarked on a strategy of slowly increasing the amount of government-controlled firms in the country while simultaneously putting restrictions on privately owned companies operating in Ghana. By 1965, the state-controlled 50% of the insurance industry within the country, 60% of all bank deposits were deposited at state-run banks, 17% of the country's sea-bound cargo was handled by state-run firms, 27% of all industrial production was either produced by state-run firms or firms in which the state-controlled a considerable portion and 35% of the country's total imports were handled by the government.


title: African socialism

text: Nkrumah also pushed for Ghana to become an international advocate for the spread of socialism and pan-Africanism throughout the newly independent African states. As the first African colonial state to be granted independence, Ghana became an inspiration to many of the nascent left-wing independence movements throughout the continent. In 1958, Nkrumah helped found the Union of Independent African States, a political union between Ghana, Mali, and Guinea. Though the union was short-lived, the proposed political organization marked the first attempt at regional unity among newly established African republics.


title: African socialism

text: Nkrumah was also instrumental in pushing Ghana towards the major Communist powers, including the USSR and the PRC. In 1961, he made his first official visit to Moscow, receiving an honorary degree from the University of Moscow. In a speech given in Accra given in front of a visiting Soviet delegation in 1963, Nkrumah said, "We in Ghana have formally chosen the socialist path and we will build a socialist society... Thus our countries, the Soviet Union and Ghana, will go forward together."


title: African socialism

text: Nkrumah also used the Eastern bloc to expand Ghana's economy by establishing state owned enterprises. In 1962, a Ghanaian newspaper reported that out of the sixty-three foreign agreements signed in 1961, forty-four of the agreements were with East European countries focusing on trade, payments and scientific, technical, and cultural co-operation. There was also five agreements with China and another five with Yugoslavia.


title: African socialism

text: Léopold Senghor was the founder of the Socialist Party of Senegal and the first President of the country. An important figure not only in the political development of the country, but Senghor was also one of the leading figures in the Négritude movement, which informed much of his political thought. Senghor would come to embody a new form of African socialism that rejected many of the traditional Marxist modes of thinking that had developed in post-independence Africa.


title: African socialism

text: Born into an upper-middle-class family, Senghor was able to take advantage of the French educational system that was afforded to many of Africa's educated colonial elite. However, these schools did little to teach African students about their native culture, instead favoring policies of assimilation into mainstream French life. As Senghor once put it the French wanted "bread for all, culture for all, liberty for all; but this liberty, this culture, and this bread will be French." Excelling in his primary education, Senghor enrolled in the University of Paris.


title: African socialism

text: After graduating and serving in the French Army during the Second World War, Senghor began a career as a poet in Paris, releasing his first book, "Chants d'ombre (Shadow Songs) " in 1945 and "Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malagache de lengue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry" in 1948. Both pieces were instrumental in developing the bulk of the emerging Négretude movement, which Senghor hoped would represent the "sum total of the values of the civilization of the African world.".


title: African socialism

text: His work highlighted the vast inequalities in French colonial society and looked at the unique experience of the thousands of Africans living under French rule. In his piece "The Challenge of Culture in French West Africa", Senghor called on Africans to "develop a culture based on the strengths of local tradition that was also open to the modern European world".


title: African socialism

text: Senghor was initially not a supporter of an independent Senegal, worrying that the small African country would have little chance as an independent nation. Instead, he advocated for an interconnected relationship similar to that of Paris and France's provinces. In his piece, "Vues sure l'Afrique noir, ou s'assumiler non être assimilés (Views on Black Africa, or To Assimilate, Not Be Assimilated)", Senghor advocated for popularly elected Senegelese representatives and an executive in Paris, French economic funds to help with Senegalese development, and the inclusion of African cultural and linguistic education in the French educational system.


title: African socialism

text: In 1958, referendums were held in all of the French African colonies on the future of the colonial possessions. The debate was between full on independence and joining the French community, a sort of association of former French colonies that would allow countries like Senegal to become independent, but still maintain an economic and diplomatic relations with the French government. Senghor supported the yes side of the vote and Senegal voted 97% in favor of the association.


title: African socialism

text: When Senegal became a fully independent country in 1960, Senghor was elected to the presidency. After a failed coup led by his Prime Minister in 1962, the Senghor government moved to abolish the post, which was approved by 99% in referendum. The vote substantially strengthened the power of the President, who no longer had to compete with the Prime Minister for executive power.


title: African socialism

text: The Socialist Party compounded its control of Senegalese politics in 1966 when it was declared the country's only legal party, with Senghor as its leader. The one-party system would stay in place until Senghor decided to liberalize the country's election laws by allowing for a 3 party system, with one socialist, one liberal, and one communist party being allowed to contest elections.


title: African socialism

text: As president, Senghor represented a moderated version of African Socialism that didn't align with the more radical interpretations seen in other newly independent African states. Unlike other ex-colonies, Senegal remained closely aligned with the French government. They retained the French Franc as the national currency and Senghor was known to consult the French government before making any major foreign policy decisions. He allowed French advisors and companies to remain in Senegal, including in government and educational posts. When asked about nationalizing French companies, Senghor responded that it would be to "kill the goose that laid the golden egg". His government invested heavily in both education and the public sector, investing 12-15 billion francs and 6 to 9 billion francs in both sectors respectively. He also sought to give more power to the underdeveloped Senegalese countryside which he did by instituting price protections on peanut crops and allowing for rural representation when making decisions on agricultural policy.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: The Truth () is a 2019 drama film, written and directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda. It stars Catherine Deneuve, Juliette Binoche, Ethan Hawke, Ludivine Sagnier, Clémentine Grenier, Manon Clavel, Alain Libolt, Christian Crahay and Roger Van Hool. It is Kore-eda's first film set outside Japan and not in his native language.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Venice on 28 August 2019. It was released in Japan on 11 October 2019, by GAGA Pictures, and in France on 25 December 2019, by Le Pacte.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: Fabienne Dangeville is a very famous French actress, giving an interview about work on her upcoming book. Her daughter, screenwriter Lumir, son-in-law actor Hank and granddaughter Charlotte arrive for her book launch. Lumir is surprised that the book has already been printed, as she expected to read it and approve content about her first, before publishing. Fabienne tells her that she sent her a manuscript to New York (though it's unclear if it's a lie, or it merely never delivered). Later that night, Lumir reads her mother's book and annotates it.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: Next day, Lumir confronts Fabienne about some lines in the book which depict her relationship with her mother as a fairy tale fabrication. Fabienne was very rarely there for Lumir as a child. Lumir also asks why she doesn't mention Sarah once in her book (Sarah Mondavan, being Fabienne's best friend, an accomplished actress in her own right, whom Fabienne betrayed), Fabienne simply replies it's her book her choice, that nobody reading it would want to know the truth, because being a famous actress, her fans would find the truth uninteresting. Later, Luc, Fabienne's manager, tells Lumir that Fabienne accepted her current film role only because it stars Manon Lenoir, the next big actress who reminds everyone of Sarah Mondavan. The film "Memories of My Mother" is a science fiction dealing with themes of time and ageing.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: Lumir goes to the film set, acting as Fabienne's assistant, and watches the film shoot. The film-within-a-film is about a mother who is dying, so she goes to live in space to arrest her aging and slow the effects of her terminal illness. She returns to Earth every seven years to visit her daughter, who gets older and older with each visit, whilst her mother remains youthful. Fabienne plays the daughter in her seventies. During a read-through rehearsal of the script, the room seems very impressed with Manon's talent, but Fabienne seems annoyed and threatened, believing Manon is being pretentious by overacting. Later, Luc tells Fabienne that Manon reminds him of Sarah Mondavan, while Lumir agrees and says they have the same sounding husky voice.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: Annoyed with Fabienne, Luc informs her that he plans to retire and go live with his son's family. Fabienne is surprised to be reminded that Luc had so many grandchildren. Lumir asks him why he is leaving, and he says that Fabienne didn't mention him even once in her memoir as if he never existed. He tells Lumir that she can manage Fabienne as they would make a good team. Pierre, Lumir's father and Fabienne's ex-husband, surprises everyone by arriving at the house. Lumir quickly surmises he wants money, which he thinks he deserves for Fabienne publishing a book including him. Lumir tells him that the book's single mentions of him is he being dead.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: Fabienne's current husband, Jacques, makes dinner for the whole family, including Pierre. When Pierre congratulates Hank on his acting successes, Fabienne downplays Hank's TV career, and very casually insults his acting ability while doing so as mere imitation. To get back at her mother for hurting Hank's feelings, Lumir abruptly brings up how Fabienne stole the award-winning role from Sarah by sleeping with the director, and that Sarah's suicide was Fabienne's fault. Fabienne insists that Sarah's death was an accident, in that she drowned while swimming after having drunk too much. Lumir still misses Sarah as she was kind. Fabienne says she should have been Sarah's daughter and she'd rather be a bad mother and bad friend and a good actress. Upset at her mother's insensitivity, Lumir leaves the table in tears. Hank, who had quit drinking, gets drunk with his mother-in-law.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: The next day, while shooting scenes with Manon and feeling threatened, Fabienne plays the complaining diva by messing up her lines and blaming being distracted by things, like ringing cell phones. During a later take she falls down, but then pulls out a great performance from it. Fabienne wants Luc back but doesn't know what to do. Lumir tells her to apologize, and Fabienne says that she's never apologized to a man before, then asks Lumir to write an appropriate apology script for her to memorize. Later, the family has dinner with Luc and his extended family, and Fabienne tells Luc that Lumir wants him back instead of apologizing using the script Lumir had written for her.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: Back on the set, Fabienne panics over Manon's youth and obvious talent, and leaves the set saying she's quitting acting and that Manon is mocking her. Lumir stops her, asks her to just admit Manon is a better actress and to quit always wimping out. Out of pride, Fabienne returns to the set. She tells Lumir that she sees Sarah sometimes and thinks she would be better at acting if Sarah were watching her. She asks her daughter to watch her instead, and finishes her scenes in the film.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: Lumir compliments her mother on her performance, and later Manon stops by to thank and compliment her as well. Fabienne admits that it was the kind of thing she would have done with Sarah, whom Manon reminds her of. She ends up giving Manon Sarah's favorite dress, which fits her perfectly. Manon asks Fabienne what Sarah was like, and she tells her how talented she was. Manon says the comparison being made between them is a burden. Fabienne asks why she doesn't try to be the new Fabienne, and Manon says that would be too heavy a weight, and they all laugh.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: Fabienne admits to Lumir that she was jealous of Sarah, because her stealing a mere role and award from Sarah doesn't compare with Sarah's stealing her daughter's affections. Lumir asks her why that wasn't in her book, and Fabienne says maybe she will include it in the second edition. Lumir hugs her mother, cries and tells her she must truly have magical powers because she's on the verge of forgiving her. Fabienne then suddenly gets upset that she should have played the scene with Manon like this and thinking that it was a waste to not use these emotions in scene.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: Charlotte goes to Fabienne and tells her that her greatest wish is to become an actress someday. Fabienne tells her magic is unnecessary for that to manifest, as she is her granddaughter. She tells Fabienne she wants her to go into a spaceship so that she can stop aging too, so she's able to watch her grow up to become an actress, which moves Fabienne. Charlotte then goes back to Lumir, and it's revealed it's a line that Lumir wrote for her to please her grandmother. Charlotte asks whether the sentiment is therefore real or not. Lumir, taken aback and unable to answer, simply smiles uneasily.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: Luc returns to work, where Fabienne has Charlotte present him with her homemade medal as a silent apology. She asks him to have a reshoot scheduled for "Memories of My Mother", since she thinks she can act the scene better now. Lumir asks Luc if he really ever intended to leave, but he doesn't say. The family heads out together as Fabienne, in an exalted mood, notes that she loves Parisian winters.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: In July 2018, it was announced Catherine Deneuve, Juliette Binoche and Ethan Hawke would join the film's cast. It is Kore-eda's first film set outside Japan and not in his native language.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: In January 2019, IFC Films and Curzon Artificial Eye acquired U.S. and U.K. distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on 28 August 2019. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2019.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: It was scheduled to be released in the United States and United Kingdom on 20 March 2020. However, it was pulled from the schedule due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Truth (2019 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads: ""The Truth" may not stand with Hirokazu Kore-eda's best work, but it finds the writer-director revisiting familiar themes with a typically sensitive touch." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 71 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Farley Mowat

text: Farley McGill Mowat, (May 12, 1921 – May 6, 2014) was a Canadian writer and environmentalist. His works were translated into 52 languages, and he sold more than 17 million books. He achieved fame with the publication of his books on the Canadian north, such as "People of the Deer" (1952) and "Never Cry Wolf" (1963). The latter, an account of his experiences with wolves in the Arctic, was made into a film of the same name released in 1983. For his body of work as a writer he won the annual Vicky Metcalf Award for Children's Literature in 1970.


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat's advocacy for environmental causes earned him praise, but his admission, after some of his books' claims had been debunked, that he "never let the facts get in the way of the truth" earned harsh criticism: "few readers remain neutral". Descriptions of Mowat refer to his "commitment to ideals" and "poetic descriptions and vivid images" as well as his strong antipathies, which provoke "ridicule, lampoons and, at times, evangelical condemnation".


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat was born May 12, 1921 in Belleville, Ontario and grew up in Richmond Hill, Ontario. His great-great-uncle was Ontario premier Sir Oliver Mowat, and his father, Angus Mowat, was a librarian who fought in the Battle of Vimy Ridge. His mother was Helen Lilian Thomson, daughter of Henry Andrew Hoffman Thomson and Georgina Phillips Farley Thomson of Trenton, Ontario. Mowat started writing, in his words "mostly verse", when his family lived in Windsor from 1930 to 1933.


title: Farley Mowat

text: In the 1930s, the Mowat family moved to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, where as a teenager, Mowat wrote about birds in a column for the "Saskatoon Star-Phoenix". During this time he also wrote his own nature newsletter, "Nature Lore". In the 1930s Mowat studied zoology at the University of Toronto but never completed a degree. He took his first collecting expedition in the summer of 1939 to Saskatoon with fellow zoology student Frank Banfield collecting data regarding mammals and Mowat focusing on birds. They sold their collections to the Royal Ontario Museum to finance their trip. Before enlisting Banfield published his field notes in the "Canadian Field-Naturalist". Mowat published his when he returned from World War II.


title: Farley Mowat

text: During World War II, Mowat joined the Canadian Army and was commissioned as a supernumerary second lieutenant into the Second Battalion, The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment (affectionately known as the "Hasty Ps") on 19 July 1940. He went overseas as a reinforcement officer for that regiment, joining the Canadian Army in the United Kingdom. On July 10, 1943, he was a subaltern in command of a rifle platoon and participated in the initial landings of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily.


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat served throughout the campaign as a platoon commander and moved to Italy in September 1943, seeing further combat until December 1943. During the Moro River Campaign, part of the Italian Campaign, he suffered from battle stress, heightened after an incident on Christmas Day outside of Ortona, Italy when he was left weeping at the feet of an unconscious friend, Lieutenant Allan (Al) Park, who had an enemy bullet in his head. He then accepted a job as Intelligence Officer at battalion headquarters, later moving to Brigade Headquarters. He stayed in Italy with the 1st Canadian Infantry Division for most of the war, and was eventually promoted to the rank of captain.


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat moved with the division to northwest Europe in early 1945. There, he worked as an intelligence agent in the Netherlands and went through enemy lines to start unofficial negotiations about food drops with General Blaskowitz. The food drops, under the codename Operation Manna, saved thousands of Dutch lives.


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat also formed the 1st Canadian Army Museum Collection Team, according to his book "My Father's Son", and arranged for the transport to Canada of several tons of German military equipment, including a V2 rocket and several armoured vehicles. Some of these vehicles are on display today at Canadian Forces Base Borden's tank museum, as well as the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa.


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat was discharged in 1945, at the conclusion of World War II, as a captain and was considered for promotion to major. However, he declined the offer as it would have required his volunteering to stay in the military until "no longer needed", which Mowat assumed meant duty with the Canadian Army Occupation Force (CAOF) (but might also have meant the conclusion of the war with Japan). He was entitled to the following medals as a result of his service: the 1939–1945 Star, the Italy Star, the France and Germany Star, the Defence Medal, the Canadian Volunteer Service Medal and the War Medal 1939–1945.


title: Farley Mowat

text: In 1947 Mowat was hired as field technician for American naturalist Francis Harper's study of the barren-ground caribou in the Nueltin Lake area—now Nunavut's Kivalliq Region, resulting in the publication of Harper's book entitled "Caribou of Keewatin." Two young Inuit were with them, including fifteen-year-old Inuk Luke Anoteelik (Luke Anowtalik) and his sister Rita, who were the sole survivors of starvation in an Inuit village. Luke Anowtalik went on to become well known for his distinctive carvings of antler and bone that are now in the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Canada. Due to a clash of personalities, Mowat undertook his own explorations. "Harper later extracted a promise that neither would mention the other in their respective future writing, a promise also extracted from Mowat by later field companions for their lifetimes."


title: Farley Mowat

text: In the late 1940s, Mowat was hired by Frank Banfield—then Chief Mammalogist of the newly formed Canadian Wildlife Service—as field assistant in Banfield's ambitious multi-year investigation of the barren-ground caribou,


title: Farley Mowat

text: After serving in World War II, Mowat attended the University of Toronto. Mowat's first book, "People of the Deer" (1952), was inspired by a field trip to the Canadian Arctic he made while studying at the University of Toronto. Mowat was outraged at the conditions endured by the Inuit living in Northern Canada. The book turned Mowat into a controversial, popular figure.


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat became a McClelland and Stewart author when they published his book entitled "The Regiment" in 1955. Jack McClelland, known for his promotion of Canadian authors, became his lifelong friend as well as his publisher. Mowat's next book, (a children's book) "Lost in the Barrens" (1956), won a Governor General's Award.


title: Farley Mowat

text: In 1963, Mowat wrote a possibly fictionalised account of his experiences in the Canadian Arctic with Arctic wolves entitled "Never Cry Wolf" (1963), which is thought to have been instrumental in changing popular attitudes towards the animals.


title: Farley Mowat

text: In 1985, Mowat started a book tour of the United States to promote "Sea of Slaughter". He was denied entry by customs agents at Pearson International Airport in Toronto, which was justified by laws that allowed American customs officials to deny entry to entrants they thought were "Communist sympathizers". Believing gun lobbyists were behind his denial, he came forward with his suspicion. The law was overturned in 1990, and Mowat wrote about his experience in "My Discovery of America" (1985).


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat became very interested in Dian Fossey, the American ethologist who studied gorillas and was brutally murdered in Rwanda in 1985. His biography of her was published in 1987, in Canada under the title "Virunga: The Passion of Dian Fossey", and in the United States as "Woman in the Mists: The Story of Dian Fossey and the Mountain Gorillas of Africa"—an allusion to Fossey's own recounting of her life and research "Gorillas in the Mist" (1983).


title: Farley Mowat

text: Many of Mowat's works are autobiographical, such as "Owls in the Family" (1962, about his childhood), "The Boat Who Wouldn't Float" (1969, one of three books about his time living in Newfoundland), and "And No Birds Sang" (1979, about his experience fighting in Italy in World War II).


title: Farley Mowat

text: In 1965 "Westviking" was published, followed 30 years later by "The Farfarers", which suggests a people he called the Albans preceded the Norse to the High Arctic and the Labrador and Newfoundland coasts.


title: Farley Mowat

text: In a 1964 book review published in "Canadian Field-Naturalist", Frank Banfield of the National Museum of Canada, a former Canadian Wildlife Service scientist, compared Mowat's 1963 bestseller to Little Red Riding Hood, stating, "I hope that readers of "Never Cry Wolf" will realize that both stories have about the same factual content". Mowat responded to Banfield's criticisms in a letter to the editor of the "Canadian Field-Naturalist", and signed it "Mowat's wolf Uncle Albert". L. David Mech, a wolf expert, is cited by Warner Shedd, a former regional executive of the National Wildlife Federation, as noting that no scientist, Mowat notwithstanding, has ever encountered a wolf population that primarily subsists on small prey, as claimed in Mowat's book. Mech additionally states, "...Mowat is not a scientist, and his book, although presented as truth, is fiction."


title: Farley Mowat

text: "The New York Times Book Review" published a dismissive review of "People of the Deer" on February 24, 1952. "The Beaver" was quite hostile in its first review. The second review, by A. E. Porsild, was equally hostile, questioning the existence of the Ihalmiut. Despite a few harsh reviews, however, "People of the Deer" was generally well received; published in the "Atlantic Monthly", and "showered with glowing international reviews."


title: Farley Mowat

text: Duncan Pryde, a Hudson's Bay Company trader who pioneered the linguistic study of Inuit languages, attacked Mowat's claim to have picked up the language quickly enough in two months to discuss detailed concepts such as shamanism, pointing out that the language is complex and required a year or more for Europeans to master the basics. Pryde said that when Mowat visited his post at Baker Lake in 1958, he could barely speak a single word in the Inuit language.


title: Farley Mowat

text: "Canadian Geographic" published excerpts from "The Farfarers" with the comment that it was "a highly speculative blend of history and archeology. In it, Mowat again draws upon Norse sagas, the chronicles of Irish monks, and accounts of Roman travellers, as well as the works of modern historians and archeologists. It is both detailed and, as with all early history, sketchy. The written record for much of the period covered is scant and the archeological record spotty. Still, such speculative writing can suggest avenues of exploration and study for future researchers. No professional archeologists are known to share Mowat's theories but that does not disturb him. A literary gadfly for much of his long career, Mowat is happy to stir up debate and challenge academics to match the visions that he champions and defends with such vigour and relish."


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1981. He had previously been awarded both the Canadian Centennial Medal (1967) and the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal (1977).


title: Farley Mowat

text: As an Order of Canada recipient, he automatically qualified for the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal (1992), the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002), and the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal (2012).


title: Farley Mowat

text: Farley is also the namesake of the lovable sheepdog in the comic strip by Lynn Johnston, "For Better or For Worse". Johnston and Mowat were long-time friends.


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat was a strong supporter of the Green Party of Canada and a close friend of the party's leader Elizabeth May. The Green Party sent a direct mail fundraising appeal in Mowat's name in June 2007, and that same year Mowat became a patron of the Nova Scotia Nature Trust by donating over of his land in Cape Breton Island to the Nature Trust. He was also an honorary director of the North American Native Plant Society. Mowat was described as "a life-long socialist."


title: Farley Mowat

text: In 2012, independent Canadian publisher Douglas & McIntyre announced they had created the Farley Mowat Library series and would be re-releasing many of his most popular titles, with new designs and introductions, in print and e-book format.


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat and his second wife Claire spent their later years together in Port Hope, Ontario and their summers on a farm on Cape Breton Island. They attended a local Anglican church in Port Hope about monthly, Claire emphasizing that Mowat was more spiritual than religious, and Mowat stating that he probably believed in God the same way his dog did, and that such ceremonies were important in tying people to each other and the world.


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat is considered a saint by the God's Gardeners, a fictional religious sect that is the focus of Margaret Atwood's 2009 novel "The Year of the Flood".


title: Farley Mowat

text: Mowat died on May 6, 2014, less than one week before his 93rd birthday. He maintained his interest in Canada's wilderness areas throughout his life and could be heard a few days before his death on the CBC Radio One program "The Current", speaking against the provision of Wi-Fi service in national parks. He is buried at the historic St. Mark's Anglican Church cemetery in Port Hope.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Nitin Sawhney , D.Mus (; born 1964) is a British musician, producer and composer. A recipient of the Ivor Novello Lifetime Achievement award in 2017, among multiple international awards throughout his career. Sawhney's work combines Asian and other worldwide influences with elements of electronica and often explores themes such as multiculturalism, politics, and spirituality. Sawhney is also active in the promotion of arts and cultural matters, is chair of the PRS Foundation, on the senate of the Ivor Novello Academy, on the board of trustees of theatre company Complicité, and is a patron of numerous film festivals, venues, and educational institutions. In 2021 he was an ambassador for the Royal Albert Hall.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney has scored for and performed with orchestras, and collaborated with and written for Paul McCartney, Sting, the London Symphony Orchestra, A. R. Rahman, Brian Eno, Sinéad O'Connor, Jacob Golden, Anoushka Shankar, Jeff Beck, Shakira, Will Young, Joss Stone, Taio Cruz, Ellie Goulding, Horace Andy, Cirque du Soleil, Akram Khan, Deepa Mehta, Mira Nair, Nelson Mandela, Ojos de Brujo, Hélène Grimaud, Natacha Atlas, Jools Holland, Jorja Smith, John Hurt and Pink Floyd. Performing extensively around the world, he has achieved an international reputation across multiple artistic mediums.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Often appearing as Artist in Residence, Curator or Musical Director at international festivals, Sawhney contributes to musical education, having acted as patron of the British Government's Access-to-music programme, the East London Film festival and, currently, Artis as well as acting as a judge for The Ivor Novello Awards, BAFTA, BIFA and the PRS foundation. He is a recipient of 7 honorary doctorates from British universities, is a fellow of LIPA and the Southbank University, an Associate of Sadler's Wells, sits on the board for British theatre company Complicite. In 2017, Sawhney received the Ivor Novello Lifetime Achievement award.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Having turned down an OBE in 2007, stating it was associated with "a colonial past", Sawhney accepted a higher-grade CBE in the 2019 New Year Honours. He accepted it for his father, who he said had died regretting that Sawhney had rejected the OBE.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Since 2014, the publishing interest of Nitin Sawhney's catalogue has been represented by Reservoir Media Management.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Nitin Sawhney was raised in Rochester, Kent, England, by first-generation British Indian parents. As a child he studied piano, classical and flamenco guitar, sitar and tabla. He has been quoted speaking about his early life as one of three brothers and his musical influences: "My mum and dad both listened to Indian classical music, but also flamenco, Cuban music, a lot of crooners and a lot of pop. My brothers listened to a lot of rock music. So, I was listening to everything from the Doors to Led Zeppelin and a lot of jazz."


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: He attended Sir Joseph Williamson's Mathematical School. Subsequently, he studied law at Liverpool University for a short time.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney moved to London, where he met up with old university friend Sanjeev Bhaskar; together they created the comedy team The Secret Asians. The pair were given a show on BBC Radio, which eventually grew into the award-winning BBC TV sketch show "Goodness Gracious Me". Refocusing on music, Sawhney's solo career began in 1993, when he released his debut album, "Spirit Dance" on his own label.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney has released over 20 studio albums. He has received 17 major national awards for his album work and is a recipient of the Ivor Novello Lifetime Achievement award.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: In 1999 Sawhney released his fourth Gold-selling album, "Beyond Skin", on London's Outcaste Records, which took a prestigious Mercury Music Prize nomination and won Sawhney the coveted South Bank Show Award. After a subsequent signing to Richard Branson's V2 Records, Sawhney released the Silver-certified "Prophesy" in 2001, winning a MOBO Award as well as a BBC Radio 3 Music Award. Sawhney's seventh album, "Philtre", was released in May 2005, taking yet another BBC Radio 3 Award and in 2008, his eighth album, "London Undersound", released on Cooking Vinyl, featured artwork by Antony Gormley and performances from Paul McCartney, Anoushka Shankar, Imogen Heap and Natty, amongst many others.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney's 2011 studio work, "Last Days of Meaning", previewed at the Royal Albert Hall in May 2011, centres on a character from actor, John Hurt, and follows the metaphorical, Dickensian journey of a lonely and intransigent man. His 2013 box-set release "One Zero" was recorded live-to-vinyl as a celebration of ten albums releases. Nitin's tenth studio album, "Dystopian Dream", was released in November 2015, and his eleventh "Immigrants" came out in March 2021.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: He produced Anoushka Shankar's 2013 Grammy nominated album "Traces of You", featuring Norah Jones, and also produced Jools Hollands' 2021 album "Pianola. Piano & Friends".


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: To date, Sawhney has scored over fifty films as well as many international TV programmes, ads and cinema trailers. Sawhney has written music for a wide variety of contexts, from dark, high-tension drama to light hearted animatronics.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney has been commissioned to write the scores for a number of different projects. His music for Channel 4's "Second Generation" received a nomination for the Ivor Novello Award for Film and TV Composition. He has also scored ads for Nike and Sephora. In 2006, Sawhney composed a new symphony to accompany Franz Osten's 1929 silent film, "A Throw of Dice", which premiered with the London Symphony Orchestra at the Barbican, London. Other notable works include scores for Oscar-nominated director Mira Nair's adaptation of Jhumpa Lahiri's, "The Namesake", as well as "Natural Fantasia" and "Human Planet" for the BBC.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: His work for film and television has led Sawhney to gain recognition within the world of classical music. In 2001, Sawhney composed "Neural Circuits" for the Britten Sinfonia In 2002, he worked with Akram Khan and Anish Kapoor, scoring the music to Khan's choreographed work "Kaash", which toured worldwide between 2002 and 2003. In 2004, Sawhney was commissioned by the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra to compose a new piece for their Harmony Project. His previous scores also include the new adaptation of "Mahabharata" by the Olivier Award- winning writer Stephen Clark, Simon McBurney's "A Disappearing Number" for Complicité, and first-time theatrical director Jonathan Holmes' "Fallujah". Sawhney has continued to work with Akram Khan on Bahok, Vertical Road and iTMOi (in the mind of Igor).


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney produced the music for the Ninja Theory video games "Heavenly Sword" and "" (both starring Andy Serkis).


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney again worked with the London Symphony Orchestra for the Network/BFI re-master of Alfred Hitchcock's "", performed live at The Barbican Centre on 21 July 2012. Sawhney also scored Oscar-nominated director Deepa Mehta's adaptation of Salman Rushdie's book, "Midnight's Children", released October 2012 (US) and "" and "Japan in a Day".


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney scored a five episode series for the BBC's Natural History Department called "Wonders of the Monsoon" which had its debut airing with the BBC in 2014. With other broadcasters and with its DVD release it has been re-titled "Lands of the Monsoon". The series earned Sawhney a Royal Television Society award for best composer in February 2015. He subsequently scored Andy Serkis' (whom he has previously worked with) directorial debut "Breathe", (featuring Andrew Garfield and Claire Foy) which went on general release in October 2017, and Serkis' interpretation of "The Jungle Book", titled "" for Netflix, released in November 2018.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney's album "Dystopian Dream" has been made into a full stage show with Sadler's Wells, co-devised with Honji Wang and Sébastien Ramirez, which premiered in Luxembourg on 29 September 2017. Sawhney's substantial theatre/dance credits include the scores for Complicite's Olivier Award-winning "A Disappearing Number" and Akram Khan's also Olivier Award-winning "Zero Degrees", for which Nitin received a New York Performance and Dance Award for best score. After scoring "Bahok" for the Royal Ballet of China, Sawhney's composition for Khan's "Vertical Road" received a best new work award in Melbourne. Sawhney worked again with Belgian choreographer Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui on a production based on the life of Manga creator, "Tezuka" and has worked with Akram Khan for "iTMOi" (in the mind of Igor) as part of the centenary "Rites of Spring" celebrations at Sadler's Wells. Sawhney directed and produced "Indelible" a multi-installation experience at Sadler's Wells as part of their "NoBody" programme.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney's acting credits include the award-winning radio and BBC TV series, "Goodness Gracious Me", for which he received a Sony Award as performer and writer, Meera Syal's Radio 4 mini-series, "Masala FM" and "Confluence" with Akram Khan. As a fledgling theatrical director, his work to date includes "Confluence" for Sadler's Wells and directing/writing workshops at London's National Theatre for his play, "Trust". He has also written articles for UK broadsheets and appeared as a commentator on the BBC's "Newsnight Review", "Newsnight" and "HardTalk". "Nitin Sawhney Spins the Globe" is Sawhney's BBC Radio 2 show. Its fourth series was broadcast in March 2015.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney appeared as an industry expert in two series of the TV series "Guitar Star" for Sky Arts, as well as appearing in and working as music director on the Sky Arts series "Tony Visconti's Unsigned Heroes", which aired in 2017.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney has remixed a wide variety of artists, including Sting, Natacha Atlas, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Jeff Beck, Julian Lloyd Webber, Tina Grace and Paul McCartney (for McCartney's The Fireman project). He also collaborated with McCartney on a song called "My Soul", which appeared on Sawhney's "London Undersound" album, and on various Robert Miles projects such as Miles Gurtu and Organik as well as with American singer-songwriter Jacob Golden. His own work has been remixed by 4hero, Talvin Singh, MJ Cole and Quantic. He produced several songs on Cheb Mami's album "Dellali". He co-produced the second album from songwriter Get Cape. Wear Cape. Fly entitled "Searching for the Hows and Whys" released through Atlantic Records. During 2006–2007, he wrote the music for Akram Khan and Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui's dance piece "Zero Degrees"; Antony Gormley created the set. He played keyboards on the 2022 Pink Floyd single, "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!".


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney also had his own BBC Radio 2 series: "Nitin Sawhney Spins the Globe," which was commissioned for three series. The series has seen him collaborate with the likes of Joss Stone, Bassekou Koyate, One Eskimo, Diana Yukawa and David Arnold. Sawhney also produced and co-wrote Anoushka Shankar's 2013 album – "Traces of You" which featured Norah Jones. He also co-produced an album by the semi-classical all female string quartet Bond.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney is an acclaimed flamenco guitarist and classical/jazz pianist. His musical ability to transcend cultural barriers has gained him much recognition from the classical and pop communities, leading to his unique claim to broadcasting and selling out as artist in his own right for both the BBC Traditional and Electric Proms at London's Royal Albert Hall and Roundhouse respectively. His band has toured the world for decades and Sawhney has performed and scored in recent years with international orchestras to silent films, most notably Alfred Hitchcock's "The Lodger", Franz Osten's "A Throw of Dice" and Naruse's "Yogoto No Yume" all for the London Symphony Orchestra.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Nitin has conducted both the London Symphony Orchestra and the Singapore Festival Orchestra and wrote his first choral piece for London Contemporary Voices Choir. He performed at London's Royal Albert Hall in September 2014 where he showcased tracks from his tenth studio album, "Dystopian Dream". Sawhney musically directed a tribute to the rock musician Jack Bruce at London's Roundhouse in October 2015, and was also musical director for the show "Tony Visconti: A Life in Music" at London's Union Chapel in 2017.


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Sawhney, given his classical background, is an experienced and established DJ, mixing styles from Afro-beat and Dubstep to Asian breakbeat and drum 'n' bass. Performing at London's tastemaking Fabric nightclub, Sawhney has DJed at The Big Chill, Womad, Womadelaide and across the world at numerous major festivals. Clubland has seen three international DJ album releases by Sawhney; "All Mixed Up – The Definitive Remix Collection"; "Fabriclive 15" and "In the Mind of... Nitin Sawhney".


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: Much of Sawhney's attention remains focused on the areas of education and community building, accepting the role of Artist in Residence for no less than five separate performing arts organisations across Great Britain and Asia. Sawhney joined Sir George Martin as a patron of the national music college Access to Music, and he is also patron of the Raindance East Film Festival and the British Independent Film Awards. Sawhney appears regularly as an arts and current affairs commentator on topical discussion and news programs such as the BBC's "Newsnight", "Newsnight Review", and "HARDtalk". He has also written for UK national broadsheet newspapers: "The Guardian", "The Daily Telegraph", "The Independent", and "The Observer".


title: Nitin Sawhney

text: In June 2019 Sawhney was the guest on BBC Radio 4's "Desert Island Discs". His favourite choice was Massive Attack's remix of "Mustt Mustt" by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: his book choice was "The Fabric of Reality" by David Deutsch.


title: Stan Lynch

text: Stanley Joseph "Stan" Lynch (born May 21, 1955) is an American musician, songwriter and record producer. He was the original drummer for Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers for 18 years until his departure in 1994.


title: Stan Lynch

text: Lynch was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S., and moved to Gainesville, Florida, in the early 1960s. He began playing music as a small child. As a teenager growing up near Gainesville, Lynch determined that he would find a way to make a living with music. "As a kid I had very little opportunity. I was a marginal student. I wasn't going to college. My parents didn't have money."


title: Stan Lynch

text: "I played guitar and piano, and I always thought I was going to be a guitar player," said Lynch. "The drums were sort of a happy accident. I didn't really think that they would be my ticket out of the ghetto. Choosing to be a musician back then was not like choosing a job, but an entire lifestyle. My father looked at me as if I were going to wear a dress and dance in the circus."


title: Stan Lynch

text: Lynch was always involved in fights at school so his friends reasoned that the high-strung youth might be able to rip the aggression with drums. His parents made him take lessons before they bought him a kit, and he recalls with a laugh, "as soon as I got my first set they took up tennis—they just split, and I don't blame them."


title: Stan Lynch

text: Lynch started to work with various Florida bands, among them Styrophoam Soule and Road Turkey, and when he was 15 he met Ron Blair, who was six years older than Lynch. "I remember he accused me of stealing an amp from him. Hell, I didn't steal it. I was roadieing for him!" Drums didn't absorb all of Lynch's feistiness as his parents had hoped, although he stayed in school long enough to graduate from P.K. Yonge School in 1973.


title: Stan Lynch

text: Lynch moved to Los Angeles, and hooked up again with fellow Floridian Ron Blair, during a recording session set up by Benmont Tench in 1976. The session also included Jacksonville native Mike Campbell. Benmont called Tom Petty, also from Gainesville, to ask for some help with some vocals. While they were taking a break Petty looked into the recording studio and thought to himself "this should be my band". Petty had come out to LA with his band Mudcrutch, which Tench and Campbell were originally a part of, and had a recording contract. But once in LA the producers decided they were not keen on the rest of the band, so it broke up, leaving Petty basically a solo act — something he was not happy about. But because he had the record deal already, after the break Petty went back into the studio and started his pitch. By the end of the evening, Lynch and the rest walked out as Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers.


title: Stan Lynch

text: After being with the Heartbreakers, Lynch calmed down. "Tom told me, 'Look man, you can call anybody anything you want...but you can't lay a hand on anyone in this band.' " Even though he was still in the band in 1989, Lynch did not perform on any songs on Petty's solo album "Full Moon Fever", even though Campbell, Tench and Epstein did.


title: Stan Lynch

text: For his part, Lynch felt that he had just begun to play well on the band's fourth and fifth albums, "Hard Promises" and "Long After Dark". "[I'd] gotten looser, more pliable over the years," he commented. "When I listen to our first couple of albums, I think that I sound stiff." As Lynch's ability increased, so did the offers to play with other artists, creating experience that covers a wide variety of musical territory. Lynch contributed to albums by the following artists:


title: Stan Lynch

text: Lynch left the group in 1994. His last gig with the Heartbreakers was on October 2, 1994, at the Bridge School Benefit Concert in Mountain View, California. It was immediately following this gig that Lynch left the band due to musical and personal differences with Petty. After his departure, Lynch moved back to Florida, where he partnered with longtime friend Don Henley to help put together the Eagles' reunion album "Hell Freezes Over". He also has toured with the Eagles.


title: Stan Lynch

text: Lynch gave away his drum sets and now works as a producer and songwriter in St. Augustine, Florida. He teaches children the drums a few times a week at a high school friend's music store in Gainesville.


title: Stan Lynch

text: Acts Lynch has produced include The Band, the Eagles, Don Henley, Jackopierce, Joe 90, Scotty Moore, and Sister Hazel.


title: Stan Lynch

text: As a songwriter, he has co-written with or written for numerous acts, including Matraca Berg, Meredith Brooks, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, The Jeff Healey Band, James House, June Pointer, Eddie Money, Toto, Tora Tora, Sister Hazel, Ringo Starr and the Mavericks.


title: Stan Lynch

text: Tim McGraw recorded "Back When", a song Lynch wrote with Stephony Smith and Jeff Stevens, for his album "Live Like You Were Dying". The song went to No. 1 in early December 2004.


title: Stan Lynch

text: Lynch reunited with his former bandmates in 2002 when they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, playing "American Girl" and "Mary Jane's Last Dance".


title: Stan Lynch

text: Tom Petty had the following to say about Lynch, included in his 2005 book, "Conversations with Tom Petty":


title: Stan Lynch

text: In 2022, Lynch accepted an invitation from Heartbreakers guitarist Mike Campbell to fill in for drummer Matt Laug for several shows on tour with Campbell's band The Dirty Knobs. The two had not previously met or spoken in twenty years, other than a brief phone call following Petty's death. Lynch stated he would be open to playing with the other three original members of The Heartbreakers in the future.


title: Stan Lynch

text: Lynch was involved in a five-year relationship with actress Louise "Wish" Foley whom he met while he and the rest of the band were on set shooting a production for the Tom Petty song "Don't Come Around Here No More". Foley played the main blond haired Alice in Wonderland character in the video. She was also in the video 'Make It Better (Forget About Me)'


!!! ( ), also known as Chk Chk Chk, is an American rock band from Sacramento, California, formed in 1996 by lead singer Nic Offer. Members of !!! came from other local bands such as the Yah Mos, Black Liquorice and Pope Smashers. They are currently based in New York City. The band's ninth album, "Let It Be Blue", was released in May 2022.


!!! was formed in the fall of 1996 by the merger of members of the groups Black Liquorice and Pope Smashers, while on tour. After a successful joint tour, the two bands decided to mix the disco-funk with more aggressive sounds and integrate the hardcore singer Nic Offer from the Yah Mos. The band's name was inspired by the subtitles of the movie "The Gods Must Be Crazy", in which the clicking sounds of the San people's Juǀʼhoan language were represented as "!". However, as the bandmembers themselves say, !!! is pronounced by repeating thrice any monosyllabic sound. "Chk Chk Chk" is the most common pronunciation, and the URL of their official website and the title of their Myspace page suggest it is the preferred pronunciation. Offer cites Depeche Mode and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) as influences.


The band's full-length debut record came out in 2000 as a self-titled album on the label Gold Standard Laboratories. This was followed in 2003 by the single "Me and Giuliani Down By the School Yard", a lengthy track combining house beats with sinewy basslines, psychedelic guitars, and simple lyrics which quote the title song of the musical "Footloose".


A second full-length, "Louden Up Now", was released on Touch and Go in America and on Warp Records in Europe in June 2004. In June 2005 !!! released a new EP covering "Take Ecstasy with Me" by The Magnetic Fields, and "Get Up" by Nate Dogg. The following December, the original drummer for the band, Mikel Gius, was struck and killed by a car while riding his bike.


!!! is composed of Mario Andreoni (guitar), Dan Gorman (horns/percussion/keys), Nic Offer (vocals), Rafael Cohen (bass/various electronic devices), Chris Egan (drums) and Meah Pace (vocals).


Vocalist and drummer John Pugh officially left the band in July 2007 to concentrate on his new band Free Blood.


Vocalist Shannon Funchess stood in for Pugh during much of their 2007 tour. The band also shared membership with the similar, defunct group Out Hud (including Tyler Pope, who has played with LCD Soundsystem and written music for Cake).


title: File URI scheme

text: The file URI Scheme is a URI scheme defined in , typically used to retrieve files from within one's own computer.


title: File URI scheme

text: Previously the file URI scheme was specified in and . The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) published RFC 8089, updating the latter RFC, with "a syntax based on the generic syntax of that is compatible with most existing usages."


title: File URI scheme

text: where host is the fully qualified domain name of the system on which the "path" is accessible, and path is a hierarchical directory path of the form "directory"/"directory"/.../"name". If "host" is omitted, it is taken to be "localhost", the machine from which the URL is being interpreted. Note that when omitting host, the slash is not omitted (while "<samp>file:///foo.txt</samp>" is valid, "<samp>file://foo.txt</samp>" is not, although some interpreters manage to handle the latter).


title: File URI scheme

text: There are two ways that Windows UNC filenames (such as codice_6) can be represented. These are both described in RFC 8089, Appendix E as "non-standard". The first way (called here the 2-slash format) is to represent the server name using the "Authority" part of the URI, which then becomes codice_7. The second way (called here the 4-slash format) is to represent the server name as part of the "Path" component, so the URI becomes codice_8. Both forms are actively used. Microsoft .NET (for example, the method codice_9) generally uses the 2-slash form; Java (for example, the method codice_10) generally uses the 4-slash form. Either form allows the most common operations on URIs (resolving relative URIs, and dereferencing to obtain a connection to the remote file) to be used successfully. However, because these URIs are non-standard, some less common operations fail: an example is the "normalize" operation (defined in RFC 3986 and implemented in the Java codice_11 method) which reduces codice_8 to the unusable form codice_13.


title: File URI scheme

text: Here are some examples which may be accepted by some applications on Windows systems, referring to the same, local file "c:"\"WINDOWS"\"clock.avi"


title: File URI scheme

text: On Microsoft Windows systems, the normal colon (:) after a device letter has sometimes been replaced by a vertical bar (|) in file URLs. This reflected the original URL syntax, which made the colon a reserved character in a path part.


title: File URI scheme

text: Since Internet Explorer 4, file URIs have been standardized on Windows, and should follow the following scheme. This applies to all applications which use URLMON or SHLWAPI for parsing, fetching or binding to URIs. To convert a path to a URL, use codice_14, and to convert a URL to a path, use codice_15.


title: File URI scheme

text: This is not the same as providing the string "localhost" or the dot "." in place of the hostname. The string "localhost" will attempt to access the file as UNC path codice_16, which will not work since the colon is not allowed in a share name. The dot "." results in the string being passed as codice_17, which will work for local files, but not shares on the local system. For example codice_18 will not work, because it will result in "sharename" being interpreted as part of the DOSDEVICES namespace, not as a network share.


title: File URI scheme

text: Use the provided functions if possible. If you must create a URL programmatically and cannot access SHLWAPI.dll (for example from script, or another programming environment where the equivalent functions are not available) the above outline will help.


title: File URI scheme

text: To aid the installed base of legacy applications on Win32 codice_15 recognizes certain URLs which do not meet these criteria, and treats them uniformly. These are called "legacy" file URLs as opposed to "healthy" file URLs.


title: File URI scheme

text: In the past, a variety of other applications have used other systems. Some added an additional two slashes. For example, UNC path codice_20 would become codice_21 instead of the "healthy" codice_22.


title: File URI scheme

text: File URLs are rarely used in Web pages on the public Internet, since they imply that a file exists on the designated host. The "host" specifier can be used to retrieve a file from an external source, although no specific file-retrieval protocol is specified; and using it should result in a message that informs the user that no mechanism to access that machine is available.


title: Shadow government (conspiracy theory)

text: The shadow government (cryptocracy, secret government, or invisible government) is a family of theories based on the notion that real and actual political power resides not only with publicly elected representatives but with private individuals who are exercising power behind the scenes, beyond the scrutiny of democratic institutions. According to this belief, the official elected government is subservient to the shadow government, which is the true executive power.


title: Shadow government (conspiracy theory)

text: Some of the groups proposed by these theories as constituting the shadow government include central banks, Freemasons, intelligence agencies, think tanks, organized Jewry, the Vatican, Jesuits, or Catholics in general, as well as secret societies, moneyed interests, and globalist elites and supranational organizations who seek to manipulate policy in their own interest or in order to serve a larger agenda that is hidden from the general public.


title: Shadow government (conspiracy theory)

text: Literature on the subject postulates the existence of a secret government which is the true power behind the apparent government. Examples of such literature include works by Dan Smoot, William Guy Carr, Jim Marrs, Carroll Quigley, Gary Allen, Alex Jones, Des Griffin, G. Edward Griffin, David Icke, and Michael A. Hoffman II. Some of these authors believe members of the secret government may represent or be agents for groups such as the Council on Foreign Relations, United Nations, the Royal Institute for International Affairs, Tavistock Institute, the Trilateral Commission, the Club of Rome, the Bilderberg Group, the World Health Organization, George Soros, and the Koch Brothers, in co-operation with international banks and financial institutions such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the Bank for International Settlements. Also popularizing the idea was the hit US television show, "The X-Files".


title: Shadow government (conspiracy theory)

text: Milton William Cooper claimed that the shadow government was in cooperation with extraterrestrial aliens. His 1991 book "Behold a Pale Horse", influential among "UFO and militia circles", describes "the doings of the secret world government" and "a variety of other covert activities associated with the Illuminati's declaration of war upon the people of America". Cooper claimed to have seen secret documents while in the Navy describing governmental dealings with aliens. Cooper linked the Illuminati with his beliefs that extraterrestrials were secretly involved with the US government, but later retracted these claims. He accused Dwight D. Eisenhower of negotiating a treaty with extraterrestrials in 1954, then establishing an inner circle of Illuminati to manage relations with them and keep their presence a secret from the general public. Cooper believed that aliens "manipulated and/or ruled the human race through various secret societies, religions, magic, witchcraft, and the occult", and that even the Illuminati were unknowingly being manipulated by them.


title: Shadow government (conspiracy theory)

text: During the American Revolution, Committees of Safety were different local committees of Patriots that formed a shadow government to take control of the Thirteen Colonies away from British royal officials.


title: United States congressional delegations from California

text: Since California became a U.S. state in 1850, it has sent congressional delegations to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Each state elects two senators to serve for six years, and members of the House to two-year terms.


text: These are tables of congressional delegations from California to the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives.


text: Beginning in the 118th Congress, California will send only 52 individuals to the United States House of Representatives, down from the current 53 due to redistricting following the 2020 census. This is the first time the number of Representatives from California will decline in American history.


text: California's current congressional delegation in the consists of its two senators, both of whom are Democrats, and its 53 representatives: 42 Democrats and 11 Republicans.


text: The current dean of the California delegation is Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi of , having served in the House since 1987.


text: Minority leader of the House Kevin McCarthy is also a member of California's congressional delegation, serving .


text: Following passage of , California was apportioned three seats. It retained the third seat following the 1860 census. For four years, the seats were elected at-large statewide on a general ticket. Since 1865, districts were used.


text: Following the 1880 census, California was apportioned six seats. From 1883 to 1887, the two new seats were elected at-large, statewide. Since 1887, the entire delegation was redistricted.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell () is a city in King and Snohomish counties in the U.S. state of Washington. It is part of the Seattle metropolitan area, situated near the northeast end of Lake Washington. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 48,161 residents.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: The Sammamish River valley from Lake Washington to Issaquah Creek was historically inhabited by the indigenous Sammamish people (also known as the "s-tah-PAHBSH", or "willow people"), a Coast Salish group with an estimated population of 80 to 200 by 1850. Among them were the "ssts'p-abc" ("meander dwellers"), who settled near the river's mouth at two villages—the larger of which was "tlah-WAH-dees" between modern-day Kenmore and Bothell. The Sammamish were removed from their lands in 1856 following the Puget Sound War and moved to the Port Madison and Tulalip indian reservations.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: The first American claims to the lower Sammamish River valley, then mostly a marshland, were filed in 1870 by Columbus S. Greenleaf and George R. Wilson. Eight families followed over the next six years. In 1876, Canadian George Brackett bought land and began commercial logging out of a camp located on the north bank of the Sammamish River in what is now the heart of downtown Bothell. A store, school, and sawmill followed over the next several years.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: In 1885, Brackett sold to David Bothell, a settler and American Civil War veteran from Pennsylvania. The town's first postmaster, who bought his property from Bothell, named the town in his honor when it was platted in 1888. Later that same year, a local railroad was built through the town to transport coal from Issaquah. Bothell was officially incorporated on April 14, 1909.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell continued to grow as logging expanded and boat traffic brought increasing amounts of goods and passengers up and down the river. As more people moved into the area, the Army Corps of Engineers decided to dredge and straighten the river in the years shortly after Bothell's incorporation. Most boat traffic came to an abrupt end only a few years later when Lake Washington was lowered in 1917. Water transport also shifted to trucks after a brick road was built from Seattle. The logging economy declined quickly around the same time, and the local economy shifted to farming.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: After World War II, better highways and a post-war boom brought suburban development to Bothell. These new neighborhoods and a series of annexations dramatically expanded Bothell's population from about 1,000 in 1950 to over 45,000 as of 2017. A failed attempt to annex part of the adjacent community of Woodinville in the 1980s led to them incorporating as a separate city in 1993. In 1992, the city annexed an area in southern Snohomish County, becoming a dual-county city and adding 11,400 people. During the decade, the city's population had increased by 144 percent to over 30,000. Bothell was mostly a bedroom community for people working in Seattle until the 1990s, when business development brought new jobs to create a regional employment center in Canyon Park with about 20,000 jobs, many in high technology sectors such as biotechnology and software development. In 1990, a campus of the University of Washington opened in Bothell.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: In 2010, the city of Bothell began a $150 million program to redevelop downtown, including the demolition of 15 buildings, moving State Route 522, expanding the Bothell–Everett Highway, expanding a city park, and expanding the city hall. The realigned State Route 522 was opened in August 2013 and was followed by a redesign of Bothell Way (formerly State Route 527) in 2017 that created a wide boulevard with separate laneways for parking. The projects were originally planned to be funded with a $42 million property tax proposition that was rejected by voters in November 2014.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: A major fire in downtown broke out at the Mercantile Building on July 22, 2016, damaging and closing more than 20 businesses. The fire hindered the redevelopment program and required state aid for rebuilding.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell is located along the Sammamish River near its mouth at the northeast end of Lake Washington. It straddles King and Snohomish counties, which cross Bothell at Northeast 205th Street / 244th Street Southwest. Bothell is one of six cities in Washington that are in multiple counties. The city is bordered to the west by Kenmore, to the north by unincorporated North Creek, to the east by Woodinville, and to the south by Kirkland (including Juanita). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Bothell has a total area of , all of it classified as land.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Because most streets in Bothell are numbered and not named, streets that cross the county line often change numbers. For example, 104th Avenue NE in King County becomes 23rd Avenue SE when it crosses into Snohomish County.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Most of the city drains into the Sammamish River or one of its tributaries, such as North Creek and Swamp Creek. The area has several wetlands that are home to large groups of crows, up to 16,000 at a time, that commute from the Seattle region to roost in Bothell.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: As part of the city's comprehensive plan, first published in 1996, Bothell organizes neighborhoods and districts into planning subareas for zoning regulation purposes. When the plan was last updated in 2015, Bothell recognized 17 subareas, four of which were outside the current city limits; they include:


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell has a temperate oceanic climate, with mild summers and cool winters. Winter sees much more rainfall than summer and winters in Bothell (much like those in the rest of the Pacific Northwest) are very cloudy and overcast. Summers are drier and cool to warm.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell is the 26th largest city in Washington, with a population of 48,161 people as of the 2020 U.S. census. The city grew significantly in the 1950s, 1990s, and 2000s from the annexation of surrounding areas and suburban development. Between 2010 and 2020, Bothell's population grew by 44 percent, faster than any other city in Snohomish County and among the fastest rates in the Puget Sound region.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: The city has a large concentration of Asian Americans, of which 33 percent identify as Indian and 29 percent identify as Chinese, and Hispanic/Latino Americans. Approximately 20 percent of Bothell residents were born outside the United States, an increase from 11 percent reported in 2000. The 2019 American Community Survey estimated that the median household income of the city's residents was $99,965. An evaluation by Public Health – Seattle & King County in 2016 found that residents of Bothell and Woodinville had lower prevalence of health issues and a high life expectancy of 83.4 years compared to King County and Washington state.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: As of the 2020 U.S. census, there were 48,161 people, 19,149 households, and 7,948 families residing in Bothell. The population density was . There were 19,149 occupied housing units and 989 vacant units. 60 percent of the city's population, 28,956 people, resided in the King County portion of Bothell, while the remaining 19,205 lived in Snohomish County. The racial makeup of the city was 65.0% White, 1.9% African American, 0.6% Native American, 17.7% Asian, 0.2% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 4.0% from other races, and 10.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.2% of the population.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: As of the 2010 U.S. census, there were 33,505 people, 13,497 households, and 8,779 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 14,255 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 79.7% White, 1.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 10.2% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 3.4% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.7% of the population.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: There were 13,497 households, of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.9% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.0% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.00.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: The median age in the city was 38.3 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.3% were from 25 to 44; 28.1% were from 45 to 64; and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: In its early years, Bothell's economy was tied to the logging industry, but it became an agriculture-based economy by the 1920s; after World War II, the post-war boom transformed the town into a bedroom community. Since 1984, development in the Canyon Park and North Creek business districts has transformed Bothell into a regional employment center.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Biotechnology is a key industry, with Achieve Life Sciences, Seagen, AGC Biologics (formerly CMC Biologics and Icos), Lundbeck Seattle Biopharmaceuticals, and Blue Heron Biotechnology all having headquarters or operations in Bothell. Medical device manufacturers based in the city include Philips Medical Systems and Lockheed Martin Aculight. Bothell is also home to medical device company Ventec Life Systems, which manufactures ventilators.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Computer technology, data, and telecommunications are well represented, and include companies such as AT&T, AVST, Kinesis, Leviton Voice & Data, Systems Interface, Silicon Mechanics, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, SonoSite (owned by Fujifilm), T-Mobile, Panasonic Avionics Corporation, Parity Corporation, Allocent, Teltone, and Google. Microsoft had a Canyon Park campus in the early 2000s


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Engineering firms, including electrical engineering, environmental engineering, and civil engineering, are well represented. Examples include SNC-Lavalin, RH2 Engineering, Romac Industries, North Creek Analytical, ECS Engineering, Emulex, and Path Engineers. MicroVision, Inc. was formerly headquartered in Bothell, but has since moved to Redmond.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: The US Army has a Reserve facility, the Staff Sgt. Joe R. Hooper Army Reserve Center, in the northwest part of the city. It opened in 1993 and also houses the Region X headquarters of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in a former bunker. National magazine publisher Scotsman Guide Media is headquartered in the city. Defunct retailer Pacific Linen was once based in Bothell until 1996.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell has several pieces of public art, primarily located in downtown or on the University of Washington Bothell and Cascadia College campus. The city government created an arts advisory committee and adopted a percent for art ordinance in 2009 to fund the creation of public artwork and other programs. The committee was replaced by a formal Arts Commission in 2017 with seven members appointed by the city council to manage and promote the public arts program. A gallery at the new city hall is curated by the Arts Commission with room for paintings, sculptures, and on-screen artwork.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: The city's downtown is home to an art walk, the Bothell Art Scene, with several participating businesses and art studios. Other pieces of public art in the city include a series of murals on downtown buildings that depict Bothell's history and pioneers. They were first painted in 1989 to honor the city's centennial, but some were lost in the late 1990s to redevelopment.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: From 1981 to 2019, Bothell was home to Country Village, a themed shopping center with stores that catered towards the arts community. It had 45 independent businesses in several historic buildings that were repurposed for use by artisan stores, antique shops, and restaurants. Country Village also hosted an annual driftwood sculpture contest and the Museum of Special Art, an art museum for works created by people with disabilities.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: The city's largest performing arts venue, the Northshore Performing Arts Center, opened in 2005 at Bothell High School and seats 600 people. It is operated by the Northshore School District and was funded with assistance from a volunteer organization that sought to build a regional theater at a cost of $5 million.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell hosts several annual events that are funded in part by private donations, sponsorships, and a hotel tax levied by the city government. Major annual events throughout the year in Bothell include:


title: Bothell, Washington

text: The Cup of Kindness day, held on May 10, was cited by "Reader's Digest" in its awarding of "Nicest Places in America" honors to Bothell and nine other cities in 2018.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell has one weekly newspaper, the "Bothell-Kenmore Reporter". It was first published in 1933 as the "Bothell Citizen" and became the "Northshore Citizen" in 1961 as its coverage grew outside the city's boundaries. The newspaper became a semimonthly publication in January 2002, receiving its current name in the process; the schedule change was reverted by the paper's current owner, Sound Publishing, two months after it bought the paper in November 2006. Local newspapers published before the establishment of the "Reporter" include the "Bothell Independent" and the "Bothell Sentinel".


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell is also part of the Seattle–Tacoma media market and is served by Seattle-based media outlets. The region's largest newspaper, "The Seattle Times", operated a production facility in the city's North Creek business district from 1992 to 2020, closing it amid an industry-wide decline in print revenue; the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" was also printed at the facility until it shifted to online-only publication in 2009. The Snohomish County side of the city is served by "The Everett Herald", a sister paper to the "Reporter". Broadcast-based media outlets that serve the city include television stations KOMO-TV, KING-TV, KIRO-TV, and KCPQ; as well as various radio stations.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell's public library is operated by the King County Library System (KCLS), which has provided library services for it since 1946. The library was established on January 19, 1925, but it traces its history to a private library that was established on Main Street in 1905. The city council voted to move it into the city hall in 1928; both relocated to a new building in 1936. A separate, library building was dedicated on July 6, 1969, but the library had outgrown it by 1986, when Bothell voters approved an annexation into KCLS. Initially intending to expand the 1969 building, KCLS elected to construct a building adjacent to it instead; the new building opened on September 18, 1995.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell has nine properties that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) due to their cultural, architectural, or historic qualities. Several properties are surviving homes from early city pioneers built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that were late moved to the Park at Bothell Landing. Other listed sites include the Bothell Pioneer Cemetery, Bates-Tanner Farm, and North Creek School at Centennial Park.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: In 1987, the city government established its own local register of historic places, which is managed by the Landmark Preservation Board appointed by the city council. It has 15 properties that include those on the NRHP and the Washington State Heritage Register, as well as additional sites that are over 50 years old. One site, the Harries House and Water Tower, was delisted following its demolition in 2015 despite plans to protect it from nearby housing development.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: The Bothell Historical Museum, a non-profit museum run by the local historical society, is located within the Hannan House on the grounds of the Park at Bothell Landing. It opened in 1969 and was relocated to the new park in 1978. The museum was open on Sundays until the COVID-19 pandemic suspended activities; it is furnished with contemporary artifacts from a late 19th century home and those related to the city's history. The historical society also funded several restoration projects, including work on the Beckstrom Cabin, built in 1883 and moved to the park grounds in 1979.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Pop Keeney Stadium in Downtown Bothell was built in 1920 and seats 4,438 spectators. It is primary used by high school football teams from the Northshore School District, having originally hosted only Bothell High School. The stadium was renamed during renovations in 1953 for Harold "Pop" Keeney, a local high school football coach. Its original stands were replaced in 1968 and the stadium was renovated again in 2010.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell is a non-charter code city with a council–manager government. The city council has seven members elected in non-partisan, at-large positions to four-year terms in staggered election years. The city council passes ordinances and resolutions, approves the budget, sets policies and adjudicates issues. A mayor and deputy mayor are elected to two-year terms by the council from within their own membership. Day-to-day affairs in the city are administered by a city manager, who is hired by the council and appoints the heads of eight departments.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: The city government has 387 employees and an operating budget of $266.2 million appropriated for the 2021–22 biennium, sourced primarily from property tax, service charges, and sales tax. It provides a range of municipal services, including police, fire services, emergency medical services, public works, zoning and planning, parks and recreation, and some utilities. The city's fire department has three fire stations and also contracts with Snohomish County Fire Protection District 10 for services north of the county line. Bothell City Hall, located downtown, opened in 2015; it replaced an earlier city hall built in 1938 and five other buildings in the city used by various municipal departments.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: At the federal level, Bothell is part of the 1st congressional district, represented by Democrat Suzan DelBene since 2012. At the state level, the city is part of the 1st legislative district alongside Mountlake Terrace and Kirkland. Bothell is also represented by three county council districts: King County Council's 1st district covers most of the city's King County side, while a small portion belongs to the 3rd district; the Snohomish County Council's 4th district represents all of the Snohomish County side of the city.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell has 26 parks, trails, and open spaces for public use that are maintained by the city government's Parks and Recreation Department. These comprise of city-owned open spaces and are supplemented by in other open spaces and parks owned by county governments and private entities. The Parks and Recreation Department also organizes recreational activities for residents at city parks and facilities, including sport leagues, concerts, yoga, and instructional classes; these programs were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Bothell is also home a YMCA branch, senior centers, and other community organizations that provide their own recreational programs.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: The Sammamish River corridor has several city parks that are connected to each other by the Sammamish River Trail, a regional hiking and bicycling trail that continues southeast for to Redmond. The Sammamish River Trail also connects to two other paved regional trails that converge in Bothell: the Burke–Gilman Trail, which runs southwest to Seattle; and the North Creek Trail, which travels to Canyon Park and is planned to reach Mill Creek and Everett in later phases. An unpaved corridor, the Tolt Pipeline Trail, runs southeast from Bothell towards Duvall and follows the route of the Tolt pipeline.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Blyth Park is the city's oldest park, sitting on of land facing the river that was donated in 1959 by the local Lions Club. It is adjacent to the former Wayne Golf Course, which was acquired for $3.8 million by the city government between 2017 and 2018 with assistance from Forterra. The property is the largest in Bothell's parks system and remains undeveloped except for an existing disc golf course that was retained. Connecting the river and trail to Downtown Bothell is the Park at Bothell Landing, a park with historic buildings and a footbridge.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: Bothell's largest nature preserve, North Creek Forest, was established in 2011 and sits on surrounding North Creek near Interstate 405. It is home to large forests as well as wetlands that host band-tailed pigeons, pileated woodpeckers, and salmon in streams. The forest is managed by a volunteer group and is adjacent to state-owned wetlands on the University of Washington Bothell and Cascadia College campus. The wetlands, the largest in the Pacific Northwest to undergo restoration, are home to habitats for deer, goats, coyotes, and other wildlife.


title: Bothell, Washington

text: In addition to parks in the downtown area, Bothell has several community parks in its outlying neighborhoods. The Doug Allen Sportsfields, named in 2008 for a former city worker, has several grass fields for soccer and a baseball diamond. The North Creek Sportsfields complex comprises four fields in the North Creek business park designated for soccer, baseball, softball, lacrosse, and American football. The city's northernmost park, Centennial Park, opened in October 2008 at the former site of a Snohomish County park in Thrasher's Corner.