text: In the spring of 1927, while playing roulette at a casino in Monte Carlo, Rothermere met the Princess Stephanie von Hohenlohe, who soon became his mistress. The meeting at the roulette table was not an accident as the princess von Hohenhohe had gone to Monte Carlo with the aim of seducing Rothermere, and had done extensive research on Rothermere's love life before she had even met him. Honenlohene bribed a former mistress of Rothermere's, Annabel Kruse, to ensure that she had a seat at the same roulette table with him. At the time he met her, Rothemere was barely aware that Hungary even existed and was unable to find it on a map, requiring Hohenlohne to show him where Hungary was. When Hohenlohne showed him Hungary's location, he revealingly remarked: "You know, my dear, until today I had no idea that Budapest and Bucharest are two different cities". Under the influence of his mistress, Rothermere took up the cause of Hungarian revanchism against the Treaty of Trianon as his own.


title: Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere

text: The Hungarian leaders were determined to undo the Treaty of Trianon, but the weakness of the Hungarian military made war impossible as an option. In the 1920s, the Royal Hungarian Army consisted of 9 brigades with no tanks, no heavy artillery and no aircraft whose potential opponents were a total of 60 divisions from Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Moreover, Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia all had alliances with France. As such, the Hungarians had turned to other means to advance their desire to undo the Treaty of Trianon such as seeking the support of more powerful states. Hohenhole, a beautiful woman known for her charm and greed, had been hired by Hungarian intelligence with orders to win over influencers of British public opinion, which led to the assignment to seduce Rothermere. Rothermere strongly supported revision of the Treaty of Trianon in favour of Hungary. On 21 June 1927, he published an editorial in the "Daily Mail", "Hungary's Place in the Sun", in which he supported a detailed plan to restore to Hungary large pieces of territory that it had lost at the end of the First World War. That bold pro-Hungarian stance was greeted with ecstatic gratitude in Hungary.


text: In "Hungary's Place in the Sun", Rothermere wrote with approve that Hungary was dominated both politically and economically by its "chivalrous and warlike aristocracy", whom he noted in past centuries had battled the Ottoman Empire, leading him to conclude that all of Europe owned a profound debt to the Hungarian aristocracy which had been "Europe's bastion against which the forces of Mahomet [the Prophet Mohammed] vainly hurled themselves against". Rothemere argued that it unjust that the "noble" Hungarians should be under the rule of "cruder and more barbaric races", by which he meant the peoples of Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Rothermere also took up the cause of the Sudeten Germans in his leader, writing that the Sudetenland should go to Germany. Rothermere used the same racial argument that he used in favor of the Magyars, writing that the Slavic Czechs should not allowed to rule over "noble" peoples such as the Sudeten Germans. He accused the Czechs of "sowing the dragon's teeth" as he argued that it was inevitable that Czechoslovakia would fail as it was only natural for the "superior" peoples such as the Magyars and Sudeten Germans to assert themselves.


text: However, Rothermere's main interest was in Hungarian revanchism. Rothermere ended his article with the statement "Return Everything!", which translated into Magyar as ""mindent vissza!"" became a popular slogan in Hungary. Despite the slogan "return everything!", which implied that Hungary should retake all of the lands lost under the Treaty of Trianon, Rothermere actually only advocated the Hungarian annexing what is now southern Slovakia and the extreme western end of Ukraine together with parts of Transylvania and Vojvodina to Hungary. Rothermere followed up "Hungary's Place in the Sun" with another leader "Europe's Poweder Keg", predicating that the continuance of the Treaty of Trianon would cause another world war. Rothermere explained his support for Hungary in racial terms, arguing that it was only "natural" for "superior" peoples to dominate "inferior" peoples, and liked the situation with Magyars under Czechoslovak, Yugoslav and Romanian rule as being alike to the situation that would occur if people from Britain's colonies were ruling over the British people.


text: Many in England were caught off-guard by Rothermere's impassioned endorsement of the Hungarian cause, and it was rumoured that the press baron had been convinced to support it by the charms of a Hungarian seductress, who was later identified as the Austrian Stephanie von Hohenlohe, a princess by marriage. Rothermere's leader caused immense concern in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Romania, where it was believed that his leader reflected British government policy. The Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Edvard Beneš was so concerned that he visited London to meet King George V, a man who detested Rothermere and used language that was so crude, vulgar and "unkingy" that Beneš had to report to Prague that he could not possibly repeat the king's remarks in print.


text: In fact, Rothermere's "Justice for Hungary" campaign, which he continued until February 1939, was a source of disquiet for the Foreign Office, which complained that British relations with Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania were constantly stained as the leaders of those nations continued to harbor the belief that Rothermere was in some way speaking for the British government. One man who was better informed was one of Rothermere's principle opponents, the Czechoslovak minister-plenipotentiary in London, Jan Masaryk. Masaryk reported to Prague that Rothermere was not acting on behalf of Whitehall, but rather on behalf of Princess von Hohenlohe. Masaryk described Rothermere as dominated both emotionally and sexually by Hohenlohe, writing that he would do anything to please her. Masaryk cynically predicated that Rothermere would lose interest in Hungarian revanchism the moment he found himself a new mistress. In a letter dated 30 April 1928, Rothermere admitted to the Princess von Hohenohe: "As I have already told you on several occasions, my interest in Hungary was aroused principally by you. I had no idea that the enumeration of Hungary's woes and her unfair treatment would trigger off such worldwide sympathy". Sir Austen Chamberlain, the Foreign Secretary told Count István Bethlen, the Hungarian Prime Minister, during a visit to Geneva to attend the sessions of the League of Nations: "He [Rothermere] always writes in his paper what is popular, but he is often mistaken in that...But Lord Rothermere is the sort of person who will embrace something today, only to drop it tomorrow just as easily". Hungarian diplomats in London noted that the most of the readers in "Daily Mail" wanted to read about crime, scandal and sensationalism. As such the Hungarian legation staff in London reported that most "Daily Mail" readers were not interested in revising the Treaty of Trianon, no matter much Rothermere hammered at the subject. Hohenlohe later said of Rothermere that: "...he was erratic, a creature of rapidly changing moods, able to back the idlest of impulses with his millions, open to any suggestion, and perfectly ruthless in carrying out any scheme that might bring him journalistic fame or personal prestige".


text: Despite having never visited it, Rothermere became a national hero in Hungary with every Hungarian newspaper sending a correspondent to London with a request to interview Rothermere. In the aftermath of "Hungary's Place in the Sun", Rothermere received 200,000 letters, telegrams and postcards from Hungary, which forced him to hire two translators to translate all of the mail from Magyar into English. Rothemere found himself bombarded with gifts from Hungary such as the 18th century sword of General Hadik, wood-carvings, embroideries, a golden pen from the city fathers of Budapest, and an old flag from the Revolution of 1848. The wine growers of Tokay sent Rothermere a free Balthazar (ten liters) of their best "aszú" wine. Over 1.2 million Hungarians signed a public letter of thanks to Rothermere for "Hungary's Place in the Sun". The Hungarian journalist Jenö Rákoski in an editorial in the Budapest newspaper "Pesti Hirlap" wrote: "Rothermere will have a full chapter of Hungarian history to himself". Another Hungarian journalist, Ferenc Herczeg, wrote: "Ever since Gutenberg invented printing, no other writing had such effect on the human hearts as Rothermere's articles on Hungary!" Rothermere became a revered figure in Hungary and his Christmas message sent from his villa in Palm Beach, Florida in 1928 was printed on the front page of every Hungarian newspaper. From Palm Beach, Rothermere issued a statement: "The day of liberation will come. My meetings here with representatives of public opinion here has convinced me that the sympathy of world will be on Hungary's side, if Hungary were to make a demand for the revision of the Treaty of Trianon". As he came to learn more about Hungary, Rothermere became infatuated with the Hungarians as he discovered that Hungarian society was dominated by the Magyar nobility and gentry. In particular, Rothemere was impressed by the fact that Hungarian women were not allowed to vote or hold office while franchise requirements ensured that only well-off Hungarian men were allowed to vote and hold office. Rothemere came to have very romantic ideas of Hungarian life, which described in very idealised terms as a society where the Magyar "chivalrous and warlike aristocracy" still ruled.


text: Rothermere's son Esmond was received with royal pomp during a visit to Budapest in 1928, and some political actors in Hungary later went so far as to inquire about Rothermere's interest in being placed on the Hungarian throne. Although Rothermere later insisted he did not invite those overtures and that he quietly deflected them, his private correspondence indicates otherwise. Rothermere very much wanted his family to become royalty, writing to his mistress in 1928: "If they want to save the monarchy in Hungary, then there is only one man able to do so-Esmond Harmsworth. No Habsburg or a royal prince from somewhere can accomplish it". Mussolini declared his support for making a Harmsworth the king of Hungary, seeing it as a way to bring British support for Hungarian revisionism. The plan to make Esmond a king was vetoed by the Magyar nobility. The ancient aristocratic families of Hungary were unwilling to accept a "parvenu" family as their royal family as it was noted that Rothermere had born a commoner, making the Harmsworths unsuitable as a royal family in their view.


text: In 1927, the American-Hungarian Transatlantic Committee started raising funds for a non-stop transatlantic flight as a way of publicising criticism of the Treaty of Trianon. By 1930, the committee had raised only $5,000 in donations in the United States and Canada plus $45 in Hungary, which were quite insufficient to buy a modern aeroplane capable of crossing the Atlantic. At point, Rothermere stepped in to donate the necessary funds. In 1931, Rothermere paid for a nonstop 3200-mile flight by a Royal Hungarian Air Force Fiat BR. 3 named "Justice for Hungary" from Harbour Grace in the Dominion of Newfoundland to Budapest on 15 July 1931, which set a record for longevity at the time. The radio navigation equipment on "Justice for Hungary", which cost £4,000, were also paid for by Rothermere. At the time, crossing the Atlantic ocean non-stop was highly risky, and the flight attracted much attention. Rothermere purchased estates in Hungary in case Britain fell to a Soviet invasion. There is a memorial to Rothermere in Budapest.


text: Rothermere was very strongly opposed to the decision of the Baldwin government to lower the age of female voters from 30 to 21 as he used the "Daily Mail" and his other newspapers to argue that allowing young women the right to vote would swing the 1929 election to the Labour party. Besides for his opposition to female voters in general, Rothermere used the issue as a way to undermine Baldwin's leadership, arguing that by lowering the voting age that had just given Labour victory in the 1929 election. Rothermere's campaign against the "flapper vote" resounded very strongly with much of the Conservative base, and a number of Conservative riding associations passed along messages to the Conservative central office stating their opposition to the lowering the voting age for women. The popular image of "flappers" was as frivolous insipid, sex-obsessed young women who were both silly and selfish. Rpthermere's "stop the flapper vote" campaign of 1927-1929 greatly appealed to the prevailing images of "flappers" as simply not intelligent and responsible enough to be allowed to vote.


text: After the Conservatives lost the 1929 election, Rothermere's feud with Baldwin reached its height. As the Labour Party under Ramsay MacDonald had only won a minority, a general election was expected at any moment. Rothermere demanded that Baldwin submit to him a list of potential cabinet ministers with him having the power of veto in exchange for his support of his newspapers, a demand that Baldwin rejected. One of the major themes of "The Daily Mail" during Rothermere's proprietorship was support for the continuance of the Raj and much of Rothermere's opposition to Baldwin was based upon the belief that Baldwin was not sufficiently opposed to Indian independence. In November 1929, when MacDonald proposed Dominion status for India, the "Daily Mail" ran a frontpage article by Churchill condemning the Dominion status for India as the beginning of the end of the British empire. In a leadership vote in early 1930, Baldwin rejected the demands of the media moguls in a famous speech that accused Rothermere and Beaverbrook of attempting to hijack the Conservative Party as he declared: "We are told that unless we make peace with these noblemen, candidates are to be run all over the country. The Lloyd George candidates at the last election smelt; these will stink. The challenge has been issued...I accept, just as I accepted the challenge of the TUC".


text: To apply further pressure, Rothermere and his ally Lord Beaverbrook founded a new party, the United Empire Party. Rothermere had criticised Baldwin as a "semi-socialist" and "intoxicated with excitement" founded the United Empire Party in February 1930. Both Rothermere and Beaverbrook threw the full support of their newspapers behind the United Empire Party in an attempt to wreck the Conservative party with the aim of bringing down Baldwin. As both their newspapers were mostly read by Conservative voters, the attacks on Baldwin's had considerable effect, all the so as many Tory voters were deeply dissatisfied with Baldwin's leadership. The intention of the two "press lords" was to have the United Empire Party split the right-wing vote to such an extent that it would be impossible for the Tories to ever win an election again, and in this way impose such pressure as to force Baldwin's resignation or have him deposed by the MPs. After Baldwin was deposed, Beaverbrook and Rothermere intended to impose a puppet leader upon the Conservative Party who would serve their interests, an aspiration which generated much opposition within the Conservative ranks. In a speech at Caxton Hall in June 1930, Baldiwn read out the letter from Rothermere demanding the right to veto members of a potential Conservative cabinet and commented that: "There is nothing more curious in modern evolution than the effect of an enormous fortune rapidly made and the control of newspapers of your own...It goes to your head like wine, and you'll find in all these cases attempts have been made outside the province of journalism to dictate, to dominate, to blackmail...A more preposterous and insolent demand has never been made on the leader of any political party. I repudiate it with contempt and I will fight that attempt at domination to the end". Baldwin won the support of the Conservative MPs, but only with 150 MPs voting for him and 80 against.


text: The MacDonald government brought forward a conference known as the Round Table, which for the first time proposed giving the Indians at least some say in the ruling of India, a policy that Baldwin was prepared to support with reservations. Much to Rothermere's glee, the proposal for Dominion status for India fell through largely because the Indians could not agree on terms for Dominion status. Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim League demanded that Indian Muslims have the special status of a "state-within-the-state" together with a certain number of seats reserved for Indian Muslims in the projected Indian Parliament in the proposed Dominion to protect them against the perceived threat of Hindu domination, a demand that Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi of the Congress Party rejected. At the Round Table talks, a consensus emerged that the Raj would hence forward control defense, foreign policy, high finance, internal security, and the civil service along with the ultimate supremacy of London over India with other responsibilities such as health, transportion and education to be assigned to Indians. Through this was far short of independence, it was widely believed at the time that this was the first step towards Indian independence and generated much opposition from the "die-hards" opposed to the Indians having any role in ruling India. In 1930, Rothermere wrote a series of leaders under the title "If We Lose India!", claiming that granting India independence would be the end of Britain as a great power. In addition, Rothermere predicted that Indian independence would end worldwide white supremacy as inevitably, the peoples of the other British colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas would also demand independence. The decision of MacDonald to open the Round Table Talks in 1930 was greeted by "The Daily Mail" as the beginning of the end of Britain as a great power. As part of its crusade against Indian independence, "The Daily Mail" published a series of articles portraying the peoples of India as ignorant, barbarous, filthy and fanatical, arguing that the Raj was necessary to save India from the Indians, whom "The Daily Mail" argued were not capable of handling independence. Rothermere took a "no surrender" line in regards to India, using his newspapers and the United Empire Party to advocate no concessions to the Indians. Besides for his support for the Raj, Rothermere believed that the issue of India was Baldwin's "Achilles heel" that would bring him down as Conservative leader. By contrast, Beaverbrook was more interested in promoting a protectionist policy of imperial preference for the British empire as the best way of resolving the Great Depression and while opposed to Indian independence was open towards the Indians having a say in ruling India. Baldwin responded to Rothermere's attacks by citing numerous false statements made about his views of India in "The Daily Mail".


text: Beaverbrook was hesitant about the precise purpose of the United Empire Party as he could never quite decide if he wanted to depose Baldwin or just be afforded the respect he felt he deserved within the Conservative Party. Beaverbrook felt that his origins as a self-made millionaire Canadian businessman made him an outsider in the Conservative party. Rothermere by contrast was committed to deposing Baldwin and replacing him with a more right-wing leader. Baldwin greatly detested both Rothermere and Beaverbrook, saying to "call them swine was to libel a very clean, decent animal". In a speech, Baldwin charged that the way that Beaverbrook and Rothermere were attempting to use their vast fortunes to alter the Conservative party to their liking was "the most obvious peril to democracy". Despite his dislike of Beaverbrook, Baldwin met with him several times to promise that the Conservatives might change their polices on protectionism if he would cease his support of the United Empire Party. Baldwin refused to have any talks with Rothermere, whom he regarded as a megalomaniac with whom it was pointless to negotiate with. Beaverbrook temporarily abandoned his support of the United Empire party in March 1930, but resumed his alliance with Rothermere in May 1930.


text: In a risky move, Baldwin ordered a number of Conservative MPs holding safe Tory seats to resign to cause by-elections with the aim to "expose the real weakness of the press lords". The Conservative Central Office advised against this strategy, warning that many ordinary Conservative voters were deeply unhappy with Baldwin's leadership and the by-elections might have "disastrous results-even break up the party altogether". Baldwin made rejecting "the preposterous and insolent demands" of the "press lords" his signature issue. Through Baldwin was unpopular within his party, the campaign by Rothermere and Beaverbrook to depose him and replace him with a puppet leader who would do their bidding was even more unpopular. Most Conservative MPs and party members did not relish the prospect of their party being turned into a vehicle for Rothermere and Beaverbrook, which proved to be Baldwin's strongest card. In July 1930, Neville Chamberlain of the Conservative Research Office met with Rothermere and Beaverbrook in an attempt to broker a compromise, and the demands of the two media moguls were widely seen as causing the failure of the talks. in a speech, Baldwin exclaimed that "the disgusting one-sided alliance with the lunatics has ended". Many Conservative voters and MPs wanted to replace Baldwin with Chamberlain, who was seen as a rising star within the Tory ranks. Through many urged Chamberlain to challenge Baldwin, he refused despite having excellent chances as he felt that to depose Baldwin at this point would be seen as the "revolting" triumph of Rothermere and Beaverbrook and to win the Conservative leadership at this time would made him the hostage of the two "press barons". Rothermere's reputation as a megalomaniac with erratic tendencies helped to win Baldwin a measure of sympathy despite the widespread belief that he was an incompetent leader with many Conservatives seeing him as "too timid, weak and pacifist". Baldwin was also helped by the fact that Winston Churchill, one of the Conservative "die-hards" opposed to any devolution of power to the Indians, chose not to co-ordinate his campaign to depose him with Rothermere and Beaverbrook. The fear of accepting "press dictation" as it was called at the time with policies for the Conservative Party to be decided by leaders in "The Daily Mail" and "The Daily Express" was very strong within the ranks of the Conservative leaders and MPs. Despite a general dislike of Baldwin, the possibility of "press dictation" was disliked even more.


text: In September 1930, the Rothermere newspapers campaigned hard for the United Empire Party candidate in the Bromley by-election, who came close to defeating the Conservative candidate. Through most Conservative leaders were determined not to see Baldwin replaced with a puppet of Rothermere and Beaverbrook, there was a deep dissatisfaction with Baldwin's leadership amongst the Conservative rank-and-file, and by the fall of 1930 a number of local Conservative party associations were on the brink of revolt. In October 1930, Baldwin called another leadership vote, which he won with the support of 462 MPs with 116 MPs voting against him. In a by-election in Islington East in February 1931, the United Empire candidate pushed the Conservative candidate into third place, which led to demands that Baldwin resign as Conservative leader. However, the way that the United Empire party candidate had divided the right-way vote in Islington East to give a normally safe Tory seat to Labour generated a strong reaction within the Conservative ranks. Both Rotheremere and Beaverbrook were considered to be useful to the Conservative party because of their vast wealth and newspaper empires, but at the same time, their efforts to threaten MPs via unfavorable newspaper coverage was considered to be a form of crass backmail.


text: In March 1931, an by-election was called for the riding of St. George's. The by-election was widely seen as a sort of referendum on Baldiwn's leadership, and both Rothermere and Beaverbrook aggressively used their newspapers to campaign for the United Empire Party candidate. Sensing defeat, the Conservative candidate dropped out, and for a time Baldwin considered running. Alfred Duff Cooper volunteered instead and ran as a Conservative loyal to Baldwin. It was believed that if Duff Cooper lost the by-election, Baldwin would have to resign and as such the by-election attracted much more media attention than usual for a by-election. Through most of the Conservative party leaders wanted Baldwin to resign by this point, the fear of the party being taken over by the "press lords" proved even more stronger. Baldwin campaigned for Duff Cooper and in a speech denounced Beaverbrook and Rothermere, saying: "What the proprietorship of these papers is aiming at is power, and power without responsibility-the prerogative of the harlot throughout the ages...this contest is not a contest as to who is to lead the party, but as to who is to appoint the leader of the party". Baldwin's dignified speech which stood in stark contrast to the often hysterical and shill claims of the Beaverbrook and Rothermere newspapers made a very favorable impression. Duff Cooper won the St. George's by-election by a comfortable margin, which marked the failure of the United Empire party and saved Baldwin's leadership.


text: In the 1930s Rothermere used his newspapers to try to influence British politics, particularly reflecting his strong support of the appeasement of Nazi Germany; historian Martin Pugh considers him "perhaps the most influential single propagandist for fascism between the wars". In 1937, the "Daily Mail" had a daily circulation of 1,580,000 subscribers and was the only popular broadsheet newspaper with a predominantly middle-class readership, making Rothermere into an influential media mogul. The British historian Richard Griffiths made a distinction between "enthusiasts" for fascism, which were a group of mostly upper class British people who favoured closer ties with Nazi Germany and usually (but not always) also favoured having Britain adopt fascism vs. the "appeasers" who were government officials favoured concessions to the Third Reich for a variety of economic and strategical reasons. Griffiths noted it was possible to be both an "enthusiast" and an "appeaser", but that the two groups were not one and the same, and it was unhelpful to lump the two groups together as one. Griffiths wrote that Rothermere-whose newspapers he described as being "consistently pro-Nazi" from 1930 onward-was an 'enthusiast' for fascism as his views were those of a private individual outside of the government.


text: Rothermere visited and corresponded with Hitler on multiple occasions, such as after the 1930 elections that saw the Nazi Party dramatically increase the number of its seats in the Reichstag, which Rothermere welcomed. Shortly after the Nazis scored their breakthrough in the "Reichstag" elections on 14 September 1930, winning 107 seats, Rothermere went to Munich to interview Hitler. In an article published in "Daily Mail" on 24 September 1930, Rothermere wrote: "These young Germans have discovered, as I am glad to note that the young men and women of England are discovering, that is no good trusting the old politicians. Accordingly, they have formed, as I should like to see our British youth form, a parliamentary party of their own...We can do nothing to check this movement [the Nazis], and I believe it would be a blunder for the British people to take up an attitude of hostility towards it". Rothermere expressed the hope that Hitler would soon become German chancellor. He praised Hitler's foreign policy goals as he wrote that wanted to see the Germans establishing a "great national combination under German hegemony" in Eastern Europe in order for "a strong, sane government to set against the pressure of Soviet lunaticism". In gratitude for this foreign support, Hitler granted Rothermere an exclusive interview. In response to criticism of his article, Rothermere used his usual gendered language, praising the Nazis as "manly" while dismissing his critics as "the old women of three countries-France, Germany and our own." Rothermere wrote that Hitler was a man who was changing the world for the better and his critics were motivated only by jealousy as he wrote: "A new idea invariably produces this effect upon the pompous pundits who pontificate in our weekly reviews and those old-fashioned morning newspapers whose sales and influence alike steadily sink month by month towards the vanishing point".


text: On 5 October 1930, Rothermere published an article in "The Daily Mail" where he denied being anti-semitic, bur wrote: "I freely admit that the Jewish race has shown conspicuous political unwisdom since the War. Prominent British Jews have brought great unpopularity upon their community because of clamorous persistence in pressing for maintenance, at the expense of the hard-driven taxpayers, of the Jewish National Home in Palestine, which no Jews above the charity line want at all...Those on the inside of public affairs feel furthermore a good deal of resentment against the activities of wealthy Jewish individuals and organizations who try by every means financial, social, political and personal to influence British Government Departments and members of parliament for ends serviceable to Jewish interests...Tactlessness always has been one of the outstanding defects of the children of Israel. British Jews do not err in this respect nearly as much as their kinsmen of the Continent. Nevertheless, they would do well to remember that the fact of leadership of the Bolshevist campaign against civilization and religion being almost entirely in the hands of men of their blood has done inevitable and incalculable harm to the reputation of the Hebrew race in every country of its adoption."


text: Starting in December 1931, Rothermere opened up talks with Oswald Mosley under which terms the "Daily Mail" would support his party. The talks were drawn out largely because Mosely understood that Rothermere was a megalomaniac who wanted to use the New Party for his own purposes as he sought to impose terms and conditions in exchange for the support of the "Daily Mail" such as placing former leaders of the United Empire Party in key positions in the BUF and abandoning his plans for an Italian style "corporate state", demands that Mosely rejected. Mosely who was equally egoistical wanted Rothermere's support, but only on his own terms. The talks required the intervention of the Italian ambassador in London, Dino Grandi, who served as a mediator between Mosely and Rothermere. Grandi in his reports to Mussolini about the talks compared Rothermere to playing a role analogous to the Italian conservatives and liberals who wanted to use the Fascist movement to crush Socialism in Italy and abolish democracy while he compared Mosely to "Il Duce", reporting that Mosely was a right-wing revolutionary who planned to use Rothermere to obtain power and then disregard him..


text: In 1932, Rothermere sent the Princess von Hohenlohe to contact the deposed emperor, Wilhelm II, to discuss a scheme to effect a restoration of the monarchy once Hitler came to power. Rothermere believed that Hitler was a monarchist who was committed to restoring the House of Hohenzollern and volunteered his services as a conduit. In July 1933, Rothermere visited Germany and defended the new regime in his article "Youth Triumphant". Writing "from somewhere in Naziland", Rothermere stated: "Our 'parlor Bolsheviks' and 'cultural Communists' have started a campaign of denunciation against Nazi 'atrocities', which as anyone who visits Germany quickly discovers for himself, consist merely of a few isolated acts of violence such are inevitable among a nation as half as big as ours...In the last days of the pre-Hitler regime, there twenty times as many Jewish government officials in Germany as had existed before the war. Israelites of international attachments were insinuating themselves into key positions of the German administrative machine...It is from such abuses that Hitler has freed Germany". By this point, Rothermere had abandoned any support for democracy as he was disgusted by the National Government, which he saw as a result of an "unholy alliance" between MacDonald and Baldwin. Rothermere was furious that the government kept giving the Indians more power, which he believed to be the first steps towards independence. Finally, Rothermere believed that the Conservative Party that he joined as an young man no longer existed as he regarded the modern Conservative party as a hollowed out shell.


text: Through the United Empire Party had proved to be a failure, Rothermere continued his campaign against Baldwin and the government of India act. The campaign against the India act was regionalised in terms of support, being limited to South Lancashire, the Home Counties and the resort towns along the English Channel. In South Lancashire opposition to the India Act was strong out of fears that the textile mills would lose access to the Indian market. In the Home Counties and in the resort towns, a disproportionate number of the members of the executive boards of the local Conservative riding associations were either former civil servants of the Raj or retired Indian Army officers, both of whom had strong fears about the potential loss of "the jewel in the crown of the Empire" as India was often called. A recurring memory for the Conservative MPs in such areas was being "hustled by their constituents who read the Rothermere press"..


text: Starting in 1933, Rothermere used his newspapers to produce vivid, dramatic and apocalyptic accounts of strategical bombing, which vastly exaggerated the power of bombing. In November 1933, in an article under his name appeared in "The Daily Mail" which warned: "If we fail to fill this vital gap in our national defense it is quite possible that many of us will live to see our country confronted at a few hours notice between the acceptance of a humiliating ultimatum and virtual annihilation from the air". Rothermere agreed with Baldwin's famous statement that "the bomber will always get through", arguing there was no way possible to stop bombers once the aircraft had taken off and the only way to avert war was to build a gigantic bombing fleets to deter anyone who might wish to bomb Britain by threatening similar devastation on the nation that might wish to bomb Britain, hence the title of his article "We Need 5,000 Planes".


text: For a time in 1934 the Rothermere papers championed the British Union of Fascists (BUF), and were again the only major papers to do so. On 15 January 1934 the "Daily Mail" published a Rothermere-written editorial entitled "Hurrah for the Blackshirts", praising Oswald Mosley for his "sound, commonsense, Conservative doctrine". Rothermere's support for the BUF was a gambit to push the Conservative Party further to the right. The "Daily Mail"'s coverage of the BUF tended to focus on issues that Rothermore about cared the most such as holding together the British Empire, especially in regard to India. For an example, when William Joyce gave a speech at a BUF rally in Nottingham in 1934, the "Daily Mail" devoted most of its coverage of the rally to Joyce's condemnation of a recently released White Paper relating to the Government of India act, which proposing giving more power to the Indians, as weakening the Raj. The implication of the article in "The Daily Mail" was that Conservative voters were switching their loyalty from the Conservative-dominated National Government to the BUF because of the Government of India White Paper. By contrast, "Action", the newspaper of the BUF, in its coverage of the same speech by Joyce gave devoted of its attention to his condemnation of democracy and praise for Nazism.


text: On 7 June 1934, violence erupted at a BUF rally at Olympia Park when Communist hecklers who attempted to disrupt a speech by Mosley were beaten up. The Olympia Park rally was not the first time the BUF had engaged in violence, but it was the first time the violence was recorded by the film cameras, and in the week that followed the newsreel footage of the Olympia Park rally was widely shown in cinemas all over Britain. The newsreel footage of the hecklers being assaulted by the Blackshirts while Mosley clearly approved of the violence did much to turn public opinion against the BUF, which acquired a thuggish image. The newsreels showed Mosely from his place on the podium expressing his thanks as the hecklers were beaten bloody before his very eyes, which showed the BUF violence was not the work of a few overzealous members, but instead sanctioned by him. In July 1934, Rothermere ended his support of the BUF. The reasons for Rothermere's turn against the BUF have much debated. Pugh argued the most likely explanation was that Rothermere had wanted to use the BUF as a wedge to pull the Conservative Party further to the right, and after the violence at the Olympia Park it was evident that the BUF could not play that role. Pugh argued that it was very unlikely that Rothermere was opposed to violence "per se", noting the way in which he and his newspapers always found a way to justify Nazi violence as his newspapers portrayed the Night of Long Knives on 30 June 1934 as a justified move. Pugh further noted that the Rothermere newspapers had praised the BUF in the winter and spring of 1934 precisely for engaging in violence, which made the claim that Rothermere was disgusted by the violence at Olympia Park very unlikely.


text: In 1932, Newfoundland went bankrupt under the impact of the Great Depression, and in 1933 Newfoundland reverted from being a Dominion to a colony again as the condition of a British bail-out. In 1934, the governing British commission appointed a royal commission under Gordon Bradley to examine how the Rothermere-owned Anglo-Newfoundland Corporation treated its workers in Grand Falls. The chief commissioner for Newfoundland, Sir John Hope Simpson, wrote in his diary: "It is the Congo all over again, so we are putting a commission of inquiry into the labour situation in the forests. Lord Rothermere and the "Daily Mail" are likely to have something to howl about, and we are going to be most unpopular in high quarters." Bradly reported that the workers at the Anglo-Newfoundland company were "grossly underpaid" with the loggers and their families being "reduced to a standard of living below even tolerable existence". Rothermere was outraged by the report, and threatened to shut down the Anglo-Newfoundland company's operations as he observed that there were other places in the world where it was possible to buy paper and pulp. There were also fears that the publication of the report would set off a strike in Grand Falls. The commission brokered a compromise under which the loggers were to be paid 25 Newfoundland dollars per month, but the compromise was a negotiated instead of legislated settlement, which left open the option that the Anglo-Newfoundland company could always rescind the wage increases.


text: Rothermere was an advocate of British rearmament, especially with the Royal Air Force. The Rothermere newspapers were in the words of Reid Gannon "almost obsessional" in their demands for more spending on the RAF, which reflected Rothemere's belief that air power was the technology of the future that would decide wars. However, the principle enemy Rothermere envisioned as the most likely enemy was the Soviet Union, not Germany. Rothermere believed that was a serious possibility of the Soviet Union conquering Great Britain, which led him to purchase an estate in Hungary, to which he might escape to if such an event occurred. In the 1930s Rothermere fought for increased defence spending by Britain. He wrote about it in his 1939 book "My Fight to Rearm Britain". He seemed to regard the Fascist movement chiefly as a bulwark against Bolshevism, while apparently remaining blind to some of the movement's dangers. In regards to Asia, Rothermere used his newspapers to advocate a new Anglo-Japanese alliance against both the Soviet Union and China. Likewise, Rothermere used his newspapers to urge British recognition of the Japanese sham state of Manchukuo, and several times had his correspondents visit Manchukuo to write laudatory accounts of life in Manchukuo.


text: In 1934, Rothermere ordered a Mercury-engined version of the Bristol Type 135 cabin monoplane for his own use as part of a campaign to popularise commercial aviation. First flying in 1935, the Bristol Type 142 caused great interest in Air Ministry circles because its top speed of 307 mph was higher than that of any Royal Air Force fighter in service. Lord Rothermere presented the aircraft (named "Britain First") to the nation for evaluation as a bomber, and in early 1936 the modified design was taken into production as the Blenheim Mk. I.


text: Rothermere felt there was a possibility of Germany going to war with Britain because of the colonial issue. Rothermere was well aware that Hitler wanted the return of all of Germany's former African colonies, and was equally aware that Britain had no intention of returning any of the former colonies. Rothermere was often privately depressed as he feared that the colonial issue would one day lead to a new Anglo-German war. In October 1934, Rothermere wrote in a letter to J. C. C. Davidson: "I have the belief that this war will start sometime next year when it is least expected." In a letter to the War Secretary, Rothemere wrote "it looks as through the blow may fall next year" while in a letter to the First Lord of the Admiralty he warned of "Hitler war against the West". In May 1935, another ghost-written article under Rothermere's name appeared in the "Daily Mail" with the title "Wanted: 10,000 Planes". Addison noted that before the First World War, Northcliffe had run articles depicting in vivid terms a German conquest of Britain as a way to pressure the Liberal government to spend more on the Royal Navy and increase the circulation of his newspapers, and Rothermere's dire predications about the power of the Luftwaffe to inflict catastrophic damage on British cities were in the same vein. However, there was a crucial difference in that Northcliffe used his "invasion scare" articles to criticise the government for being too willing to appease Germany while Rothermere used his "bombing scare" articles as a reason for the appeasement of Germany. In 1935, Rothermere founded the National Air League to campaign for more spending on the RAF, especially Bomber Command. Collin Brooks, the "Daily Mail" journalist whom Rothermere hired to write his biography noted he was often "gloomy" as he noted that successive British governments kept rejecting the German demand for the return of the former African colonies. As one of the richest men in Britain, Rothermere supported fascism as the best way of preserving the social order, but as an old-fashioned imperialist whose formative years were spent opposing German bid for "world power status", he always feared the possibility of a colonial conflict between Germany and Britain.


text: On 7 June 1935, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitler's ambassador-at-large, had a lunch with Rothermere in London and complained about a speech he had given in the House of Lords calling for more spending on the RAF. Brooks who was present at the meeting as part of his duties as Rothermere's biographer wrote in his diary: "To this, Lord Rothermere replied that the speech was not directed against Germany. It's one and only purpose had been to awaken the people of Great Britain to the dangers of air warfare. No real friendship, said Lord Rothermere, was possible between a heavily armed nation and a nation relatively unarmed. To this, von Ribbentrop replied by saying that nothing would give Germany greater satisfaction than a heavily armed Britain. For Britain he declared Germany had nothing, but friendliness"..


text: The break with the BUF did not change Rothermere's views of Nazi Germany. The Rothermere newspapers were the only mainstream British newspapers to advocate an alliance with Germany against the Soviet Union. The British historian Franklin Reid Gannon wrote that Rothermere was "was very near to being unbalanced" in his thinking with regards to the Soviet Union. Rothermere managed to convince himself that there was a real possibility of the Soviet Union invading and subjecting Britain. Despite having sharply differing views of the Third Reich, Rothermere allowed Churchill to write articles in the "Daily Mail" criticising the National Government for insufficient spending on the Royal Air Force with a special focus on the need to build more bombers. Both Rothermere and Churchill had an unlimited faith in the power of strategical bombing to win wars, which led both to argue that Bomber Command have the pride of place in regard to rearmament spending. Through Churchill was paid well for his articles, in a letter to his wife in August 1934, he wrote he was "disgusted" by the pro-Nazi tone of the "Daily Mail", writing Rothermere wanted the Unitd Kingdom to "be strongly armed and frightfully obsequious at the same...it was a more practical attitude than our socialist politicians. They wish us to remain disarmed and exceedingly abusive".


text: In December 1934, Rothermere visited Berlin as the guest of his friend Joachim von Ribbentrop. During his visit, Rothermere was publicly thanked in a speech by Josef Goebbels for the "Daily Mail"s pro-German coverage of the Saarland referendum, under which the people of the Saarland had the choices of voting to remain under the rule of the League of Nations; join France; or rejoin Germany. On 19 December 1934 Rothermere, his son Esmond, his favorite reporter George Ward Price and the merchant banker Sir Ernest Tennant all had dinner with Hitler at the Reich Chancellery. Rothermere came away from his meeting with Hitler convinced that the major problems in Anglo-German relations was the British refusal to return Tanganyika, Togoland, and Cameroons to Germany. To show his thanks for the dinner at the Reich Chancellery, Rothermore hosted a dinner for Hitler at the Hotel Adlon, the most expensive and prestigious hotel in Germany. In an account of his German visit in the "Daily Mail", Rothermere waxed elegant that: "Their interests, our own, and those of the entire civilised world will be best served by close and friendly co-operation between us". Rothermere held the belief that the Foreign Office was not committed to improving Anglo-German relations and started to work as an amateur diplomat as his own. A Hungarian lawyer who worked for Rothermere wrote: "Rothermere conducted his own foreign policy...At even later day, his Lordship [Rothermere] found that the Anglo-German diplomatic service does not work well and acting on his own accord employed her [Hohenlohe] to act as a substitute for the official agents until he came to the conclusion in early 1938 that the British and German diplomatic services are on excellent terms". Upon his return from Germany, Churchill criticised Rothermere, saying he could not understand how Rothermere had been able to shake hands with "those murderous Nazis".


text: In March 1935, impressed by the arguments put forward by Ribbentrop for the return of the former German colonies in Africa, Rothermere published a leader entitled "Germany Must Have Elbow Room". In his leader, Rothermere argued that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh towards the "Reich" and claimed that the German economy was being crippled by the loss of the German colonial empire in Africa as he argued that without African colonies to exploit that the German economic recovery from the Great Depression was fragile and shallow. Robert Vansittart, the permanent undersecretary at the Foreign Office, was outraged by Rothermere's article, writing that it was not helpful to have a British press baron championing the German demand that Britain return the former German African colonies. In a memo, Vansittart wrote that it was best to let the article "past in stony silence" as Rothermere "flew from topic to topic" and "it would be a waste of time and not very dignified to follow him with denials". In 1935, President Edvard Beneš of Czechoslovakia signed a defensive alliance with the Soviet Union. Taking a claim straight from Nazi propaganda, Rothermere had the "Daily Mail" attack Czechoslovakia as the aggressor, claiming that Germany was now threatened by the potential for Soviet forces to be in Czechoslovakia.. In October 1935, Rothermere supported the Italian invasion of Ethiopia and was opposed to the government's half-hearted policy of imposing sanctions on Italy via the League of Nations. Rothermere sent Brooks to Geneva to write an article calling for the end of the League of Nations as Brooks wrote the League would "make our sons into the hirings of some unworthy race". He had the "Daily Mail" support the Hoare-Laval pact of December 1935 that would had essentially rewarded Italy for invading Ethiopia.


text: In 1936, Rothermere took an increasingly apocalyptic and hysterical tone in his writings as he became convinced that Western civilization was on the brink of destruction. The victory of the "Front populaire" led by the Socialist Léon Blum in the elections for the French National Assembly in May 1936 followed by the outbreak of the Spanish civil war in July convinced Rothermere that Communists were taking over Europe. The Soviet intervention in the Spanish civil war greatly upset Rothermere who wrote that a "Red victory" in Spain would mean the loss of Portugal, which in turn "would mean the destruction of all that splendid work of national development which has done by the strong and enlightened government of Dr. Salazar." Rothermere believed that a Communist government would grant the Soviet Navy bases, which allow the Soviet Union to threaten British shipping on the Western approaches. In an article entitled "Get Together with Germany" published in July 1936, Rothermere praised the Nazi regime as a force for order in a world that depicted as descending into chaos as he wrote: "...this powerful, patriotic and superbly organised country constitutes an element of stability amid those rising tendencies of disorder and disruption, which are becoming increasingly and seriously manifest in Europe". At Rothermere's urging, George Ward Price, the "extra-special correspondent" of the "Daily Mail" wrote an article on 21 September 1936 in "The Daily Mail" that called "Bolshevism" the main danger to the British empire and wrote that "if Hitler did not exist, all of Western Europe might soon be clamoring for such a champion". In 1936, Rothermere was an ardent supporter of the new king, Edward VIII, whom he believed was sympathetic towards his policies. During the Abdication crisis of 1936, the Rothermere newspapers supported the king against Baldwin, arguing for his right to keep the throne and marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson. Rothermere only allowed letters to the editor supporting Edward to be published in his newspapers to convey the impression that the British people were overwhelmingly on the side of king.


text: From 5 to 8 January 1937, Rotheremere stayed with Hitler and Goebbels at the Berghof high up in the Bavarian Alps. Hitler and Rothermere talked about the desirability of an Anglo-German alliance against the Soviet Union, and Rothermere did not challenge Hitler's claims that Winston Churchill worked for Jewish businessmen and that with the exception of the Rothermere Jews owned all of the neswspapers in Britain. Goebbels wrote in his diary: "Lord Rothermere, a real Englishman. John Bull. Very generous views. If all Englishmen thought like him! Against Versailles, for our rearmament, for our colonies, friendship between Berlin and London. Against the diplomats. Philps almost fainting. I talked with him non-stop. At the end he calls me 'the greatest propagandist in the world. If you don't want to work in Germany anymore, I will hire you for a salary ten times what you are earning'. We both laugh. I think I have won his heart. It is worth talking to such people". Goebbels wrote in his diary after having dinner with Rothermere that "he is totally with us". Goebbels described Rothermere in his diary as "strongly anti-Jewish" and complained that Hohenlohe who was also staying at the Berghof with him was "very pushy". In the evening, Rothermere watched a film "Stosstrupp 1917" ("Shock Troop 1917") with Hitler in the Berghof's private cinema. Goebbels described Rothermere as deeply moved by the film. After Rothermere left the Berghof, Hitler and Goebbels had a private meeting about him. It was agreed that Rothermere's support for an Anglo-German alliance in his newspapers made him useful to the "Reich", and everything should be done to continue to cultivate him. To further assist with Rothermere's word, Goebbels ordered the Germans newspapers not to mention Rothermere's visit to the Berghof, which thus passed unnoticed at the time.


text: In an article in February 1937, Rothermere called Czechoslovakia "a sham" and wrote that the Czechs "were a crafty race" who would soon "rue their evil-doings" now that Hitler ruled Germany. In an article in May 1937, Rothermere called for Britain, France, Belgium and South Africa to return the former German African colonies, writing this was the best way to prevent another world war. In regard to the Sino-Japanese war, Rothermere used the "Daily Mail" to attack the British policy of supporting China and urged that the British government should make a deal accepting China as being in the Japanese sphere of influence in exchange for a promise from Japan to not to seize any of the British colonies in Asia. In the Sudetenland crisis of 1938, Rothermere used "The Daily Mail" to attack Beneš, whom Rothermere noted disapprovingly in a leader in July 1938 had signed an alliance with the Soviet Union in 1935, leading him to accuse Beneš of turning "Czechoslovakia into a corridor for Russia against Germany". Rothermere concluded his leader: "If Czechoslovakia becomes involved in a war, the British nation will say to the Prime Minister with one voice: 'Keep out of it!'" On another occasion, on 1 October 1938, Rothermere sent Hitler a telegram in support of Germany's occupation of the Sudetenland, and expressed the hope that "Adolf the Great" would become a popular figure in Britain. In November 1938, Rothermere went to Hungary to attend the celebrations that followed the annexation of Czechoslovakia following the First Vienna Award.


text: Numerous secret British MI5 papers relating to the war years were declassified and released in 2005. They show that Rothermere wrote to Adolf Hitler in 1939 congratulating him for the annexation of Czechoslovakia, and encouraging him to invade Romania. He described Hitler's work as "great and superhuman". Despite the way that Hitler had just violated the Munich Agreement by turning the Czech part of Czechoslovakia into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Rotheremere warmly supported the annexation and reflecting his pro-Hungarian views urged a German invasion of Romania, which he reminded Hitler was rich in oil. The British journalist John Simpson noted that Rothermere was somewhat unusual in supporting the German violation of the Munich Agreement, which turned many of the other British 'enthusiasts' for fascism against the Third Reich.


text: The MI5 papers also show that at the time Rothermere was paying an annual retainer of £5,000 to Stephanie von Hohenlohe (suspected by the French, British and Americans of being a German spy) as he wanted her to bring him closer to Hitler's inner circle. Rothermere also encouraged her to promote Germany to her circle of influential English contacts. She was known as "London's leading Nazi hostess". MI5 had been monitoring her since her arrival in Britain in the 1920s and regarded her as "an extremely dangerous person". As the Second World War loomed, Rothermere stopped the payments and their relationship deteriorated into threats and lawsuits, which she lost. The lawsuit greatly damaged Rothermere's reputation as his secret dabbling as an amateur diplomat all through the 1920s-1930s came to light and Hohenlohe produced letters by him where he declared: "You know I have always been a fervent admirer of the Fuhrer".


text: Rothermere was opposed to the "guarantee" of Poland given by Chamberlain in the House of Commons on 31 March 1939. Given his long-standing support of Hungarian claims to Transylvania, Rothermere was outraged by the decision of the Chamberlain government on 13 April 1939 to "guarantee" Romania. During the Danzig crisis, Rothermere played the role of an amateur diplomat, attempting to avert a war as he wrote to both Nazi leaders and British politicians. Rothermere wanted the Danzig crisis to end with a Munich-type deal under which Poland would allow the Free City of Danzig (modern Gdańsk, Poland) to "go home to the "Reich"" in exchange for which Germany would not invade Poland. The support offered by the Rothermere newspapers together with the Beaverbrook newspapers to the German claim to the Free City of Danzig helped to persuade Hitler that Britain would not go to war for Poland.


text: On 27 June 1939, Rothermere sent a telegram to Hitler appealing to him not to invade Poland that read: ""My Dear Führer, I have watched with understanding and interest the progress of your great and superhuman work in regenerating your country." He sought to rebut the Nazi claim of British "encirclement" of Germany as he wrote that there was: "no policy which involves the encirclement of Germany, and that no British government could exist which embraced such a policy. The British people, now like Germany strongly rearmed, regard the German people with admiration as valorous adversaries in the past, but I am sure that there is no problem between our two countries which cannot be settled by consultation and negotiation." He appealed to Hitler to renew the "old friendship", saying he would be regarded as a national hero like Frederick the Great if he took such a step and stated: "I have always felt that you are essentially one who hates war and desires peace." Rothermere appealed to Hitler to call for an international conference to resolve "the Danzig problem"."


text: On 6 July 1939, Rothermere sent another telegram to the deputy Führer Rudolf Hess asking him to help organise an international conference to resovle "all outstanding problems"." Rothermere concluded: "Could I ask you to use your influence in this direction. There is really no cleavage between the interests of Germany and Britain. This great world of ours is big enough for both countries."" On 7 July 1939, Rothermere sent a telegram to Joachim von Ribbentrop, now serving as the German foreign minister that read: "Our two great Nordic countries should pursue resolutely a policy of appeasement for, whatever anyone may say, our two great countries should be the leaders of the world." In his telegram to Ribbentrop, Rothermere was supportive of the Nazi claims, writing about what he called "the grave iniquities" of the Treaty of Versailles. Rothermere believed that such a conference would resolve the Danzig crisis as he wrote: "I am optimistic enough to believe that even before the end of this year, glaring grievances can be redressed."


text: When Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, Rothermere in public supported the war. However, Brooks noted in his diary on 9 September 1939: "He has sent a window-dressing telegram to Winston [Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty] pleading with him to bomb, torpedo or capture the "Bremen" [a German ocean liner], but on the phone this morning he was positively exultant about the alleged German seizure of Poland, which he called "the quickest thing on record". He is still englamoured of Hitler and cannot believe that a nation which has not employed R. or Esmond in its counsels can possibly be in any way prepared". Brooks who supported the war effort often wrote with disgust in his diary about Rothermere's barely veiled admiration of Hitler and his equally ill concealed glee at the German victories of 1939-1940.


text: Rothermere's pro-Nazi views made him extremely unpopular after war had been declared, and in the winter of 1939-1940, he left Britain, never to return. Beaverbrook as Minster of Aircraft Productiojn arranged for Rothermere to be the task of inspecting the aircraft industry of Canada and the United States, but this was a merely a sop to his ego. Adding to his unpopularity was that Hohenlohe in an act of spite introduced as evidence in the lawsuit in the fall of 1939 several of Rothermere's pro-Nazi letters to her. To defend his reputation, Rothermere had Brooks and Ward-Price ghost-write a book "Warnings and Predications" defending his views towards Hungary and Germany. Aware of his unpopularity, Rothermere was a deeply depressed man in his last days. His grandchildren who met him in a hotel in Quebec City in May 1940 recalled that Rothermere had told them that he was convinced that Nazi Germany was destined to win the war, and that he felt that Churchill who just became prime minister on 10 May 1940 was foolish in not seeking peace. Rothermere spent his last days attempting to retroactively erase his history of pro-Nazi views. To recover from stress, Rothermere went on holiday to Bermuda, where he died in 1940.


text: A fictional version of Lord Rothermere appears in Dennis Wheatley's 1934 novel "Black August" about an attempted Communist takeover of Britain, under the name of "Lord Badgerlake" ("mere" is another word for "lake"). Badgerlake supports a paramilitary force called the "Greyshirts", which backs the government during the uprising. Any connection with Fascism is disclaimed, and the novel does not end with a dictatorship. (In fact, the new Government repeals the 1914 Defence of the Realm Act in order to guarantee the liberty of the subject.)


text: Lord Rothermere married Lilian Share, daughter of George Wade Share, on 4 July 1893. They had three sons, the two elder of whom were killed in the First World War:


title: Great Loop

text: The Great Loop is a system of waterways that encompasses the eastern portion of the United States and part of Canada. It is made up of both natural and man-made waterways, including the Atlantic and Gulf Intracoastal Waterways, the Great Lakes, the Rideau Canal, and the Mississippi and Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. The entire loop stretches about .


title: Great Loop

text: There is no single route or itinerary to complete the loop. To avoid winter ice and summer hurricanes, boaters generally traverse the Great Lakes and Canadian waterways in summer, travel down the Mississippi or the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway in fall, cross the Gulf of Mexico and Florida in the winter, and travel up the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway in the spring. Depending on speed of travel, the route may take as little as two months, although more often people take a year to complete the trip. The route may also be completed in segments.


title: Great Loop

text: Loopers can begin at any point along the route, and when they return to their starting point they are said to have "crossed their wake" and to have finished the Great Loop.


title: Great Loop

text: Beginning in the Chicago, Illinois area, "Loopers" have the option to take the Chicago River and Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal or the Cal-Sag Channel to the Des Plaines River. This passes Joliet and soon becomes the Illinois River. The Illinois River travels west, through several locks, then southward, through Peoria. Near Grafton the Illinois joins the Mississippi River.


title: Great Loop

text: Passing through the Chain of Rocks Lock, a Looper travels past St Louis, Missouri. Boaters continue down the Mississippi River to Cairo, Illinois and then decide whether to continue down the Mississippi to New Orleans, Louisiana or on the more typical Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway route.


title: Great Loop

text: Because of logistical issues such as lack of marinas and fuel sources on the Mississippi, most Loopers turn up the Ohio River at Cairo and travel to Paducah, Kentucky. Soon after, boats take a lock past either the Kentucky Dam or Barkley Dam to reach Kentucky Lake.


title: Great Loop

text: Traversing the 184 mile length of Kentucky Lake, Looper boats continue up the Tennessee River and turn off onto the Ten-Tom Waterway near Iuka, Mississippi. A series of locks lower boats to the Lower Tombigbee River. The Alabama river systems eventually reach Mobile, which is a major port on the Gulf of Mexico.


title: Great Loop

text: Continuing eastward using the Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) along the Florida Panhandle, Looper boats eventually cross the Gulf of Mexico to the main part of Florida. The ICW continues from St. Petersburg southward. Loopers may choose to either cross South Florida via Lake Okeechobee or around it via the Florida Keys.


title: Great Loop

text: The route continues up the ICW along Florida's Atlantic Coast, through coastal Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. To reach Chesapeake Bay, boats have a choice of either the Dismal Swamp Canal or the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal. Cruising north through Chesapeake Bay, Loopers eventually reach the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and travel through it to Delaware Bay. After crossing Delaware Bay to Cape May, New Jersey all but the smallest boats have to travel in the Atlantic Ocean to New York City.


title: Great Loop

text: Entering the Hudson River in New York, boats travel up it to Waterford, NY. Here, some Loopers keep going north on the Champlain Canal and do a side-loop through Montreal. Most Loopers traverse all or part of the Erie Canal. Shorter height boats can choose to travel the entire canal, then through Lake Erie, past Detroit, and eventually reaching Lake Huron. Many others (and all with height issues) take the Oswego Canal north to Lake Ontario. This option allows Loopers to either take the Welland Canal up to Lake Erie or to cruise along the Trent-Severn Waterway in Ontario, Canada.


title: Great Loop

text: Lake Huron is the ultimate destination for all Looper boats, regardless of route and any side-trips. The Trent-Severn Waterway terminates in Georgian Bay and the cruising there is particular scenic. Boats taking the all-USA route travel up Michigan's Lake Huron Coast. Regardless of options, all boats have to transit the Straits of Mackinac at the top of Michigan's Lower Peninsula and enter Lake Michigan.


title: Great Loop

text: Headed to Chicago on Lake Michigan, Loopers have the option to follow either the Wisconsin or Michigan coasts.


title: Great Loop

text: Those boaters who are on the loop often fly a white burgee and those who have completed the loop fly a gold one.


title: Great Loop

text: The America's Great Loop Cruisers' Association (AGLCA) assists Great Loop cruisers by sharing safety and navigational and cruising information, while providing a networking platform for Loopers through its members-only discussion forum. Boaters can exchange information about topics such as marinas, locking through, water depth, hazards, repairs, fuel prices or dinner reservations and sight seeing. The AGLCA also hosts twice-yearly gatherings for Loopers currently on the Loop and those planning a Great Loop trip.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City is a city located on the Colorado River in Mohave County, Arizona, United States, south of Las Vegas, Nevada, and directly across the Colorado River from Laughlin, Nevada, whose casinos and ancillary services supply much of the employment for Bullhead City. Bullhead City is located at the southern end of Lake Mohave. Feeding homeless people in parks is banned in Bullhead City.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: As of the 2020 census, the population of Bullhead City was 41,348. The nearby communities of Laughlin, Needles, California, Fort Mohave and Mohave Valley bring the Bullhead area's total population to over 77,000, making it the largest economic region in Mohave County.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: In 2011, the Laughlin/Bullhead International Airport was named Airport of the Year by the Arizona Department of Transportation. "More than 115,000 people flew into Laughlin/Bullhead International Airport on casino-sponsored charters in 2010." In the 1980s the airport was home to the helicopters of the TV show "Airwolf".


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: In 2022, in an incident described internationally as “criminalising kindness”, 78-year-old local resident Norma Thornton was arrested and accused of violating an ordinance against sharing food for "charitable purposes" at public parks. The charges were later dropped in July. But the Arizona grandmother said she was warned that if she began sharing food in the park again, she would go to jail.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The earliest inhabitants of the Colorado River Valley were the Mojave people. The rich soil and plentiful water provided the valley's natives with the necessities to create a prosperous farming community. According to Mojave legend, life began on Spirit Mountain, the highest peak visible from the Bullhead City area.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The first account of European contact was with Spanish explorer Melchor Díaz, who in 1540 documented his travels in what is now northwestern Mohave County. He recounts meeting a large population of natives who referred to themselves as the Pipa Aha Macav, meaning "People by the River". From "Aha Macav" came the shortened name "Mojave" (also spelled "Mohave"). While Mohave County uses the modern English spelling, the tribe retains the traditional Spanish spelling "Mojave". Both are correct, and both are pronounced "Moh-"hah"-vee".


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Father Francisco Garces, a Franciscan missionary and explorer, crossed the Colorado River in the Bullhead City area in 1774.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: In March 1864, the current site of Bullhead City was the location of a settlement called "Hardyville". It was named for early resident and politician William Harrison Hardy. A New York native and an entrepreneur, Hardy established, with the support of George Alonzo Johnson's steamboat company, a ferry service and steamboat landing where the Mojave Road crossed the Colorado River. He also built and owned the Hardyville–Prescott Road, a toll road from Hardyville to the new Arizona territorial capital of Prescott, and raised Angora goats. He was a colorful and somewhat controversial figure. He was the town's first postmaster from January 17, 1865, and is credited with the invention of the riveted mail sack. He was also a Mohave County supervisor and a member of the Arizona Territorial Legislature. In 1864 his personal worth was over $40,000, making him the second-richest man in Arizona.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: From 1864 to 1883, steamboats made regular trips up the Colorado River from Port Isabel in Mexico and, after the arrival of the railroad from Yuma, Arizona, stopping at Hardyville regularly to deliver supplies to the mines of the surrounding mining districts and those to the east in the interior of Arizona and carry out their ore for processing and sale. These stern-wheeler riverboats played an important part in the early development of the areas bordering the Colorado River, and Hardyville was considered the low water limit of navigation for the steamboats. Steamboat travel above that point to places in like El Dorado Canyon, Callville and later Rioville was possible only during the few months of the late spring to early summer flood caused by snowmelt in the upper Colorado River watershed. Hardyville was the starting point for wagon roads and pack trails to the mines and other settlements in the upper region of the river. It was also the port for flatboats that ascended the river as far as Callville in the extreme low water time of the year.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: In April 1866, Brevet Brigadier General James Fowler Rusling visited the settlement and described it:


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Hardyville received a boost in 1867, when it became the county seat of Mohave County and the mills at Eldorado Canyon began operating, stimulating trade up river again. Hardyville had a population of 20 in 1870. The 1870s saw a population boom in Hardyville as mining became more profitable. With the end of hostilities with the Native Americans in Mohave County, mines in the interior boomed again, and the small town later grew with the construction of a general store, a saloon, a blacksmith shop, a billiard hall, and a respectable public hall.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: However, in 1873, the county seat was moved to the mining boomtown of Cerbat. In 1877, the Southern Pacific Railroad arrived at Yuma. It bought out Johnson's Colorado Steam Navigation Company, and by 1878 had built rails into Maricopaville, resulting in wagon traffic moving to that railhead that was closer to the mines in the northern interior than Hardyville. Traffic on the road to the interior mines of the east from Hardyville waned except for that to Cerbat, Mineral Park, and Chloride. In May 1881, Issac Polhamus, captain of one of the Southern Pacific-owned Colorado Steam Navigation Company steamboats, went into competition with Hardy for the trade to those mines, establishing Polhamus Landing, a rival landing five miles up river, closer to the mines, taking away most of its river trade. Worse yet, the construction of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad to its bridge crossing on the Colorado River near Needles, in May 1883, saw the remaining interior mining trade move away from the Colorado River and Hardyville. The Hardyville post office was discontinued in favor of the one in Mohave City on February 19, 1883. As the silver price declined in the late 1880s and early 1890s, the Hardyville mill, its only remaining economic resource, became idle and the remaining population of the town left, leaving it to become a ghost town. Hardyville still appears with that name on a September 1911 reprint of a U.S. Geological Survey Reconnaissance Map, Arizona, Nevada, California, Camp Mohave Sheet, Edition of March 1892.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Hardyville Pioneer Cemetery, a small cemetery, now a historic landmark at , is the most significant existing remnant of Hardyville. An unofficial historical marker for the town is in the parking lot across Highway 95 from the cemetery at . The Hardyville Mill ruins appeared on a USGS topographic map, at .


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Decades later, Hardyville would be resurrected as Bullhead City with the construction of Davis Dam between 1942 and 1953. The dam was originally called Bullhead Dam after "Bull's Head Rock", a well-known rock formation along the Colorado River. Steamboats on the river used the rock as a navigation point. After the construction of Davis Dam, the water level rose and now almost completely covers the landmark. The community that arose during the construction of Bullhead Dam was nicknamed Bullhead. Bullhead City became the headquarters for the construction project, which was completed in 1953. Thus the name Bullhead City was born. As the nearby Lake Mohave developed into a major tourism destination, and as the casino and resort town of Laughlin, Nevada, sprouted up across the river, Bullhead City grew rapidly.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: In 1970, Bullhead City was the name of the six blocks that ran north–south along Highway 95 across the river from Don Laughlin's casino. About a thousand people lived in the original Bullhead City at that time, with about 3,000 people in Riviera. In 1984, the small communities of Bullhead City, Riviera, and Holiday Shores voted to incorporate, choosing the name "Bullhead City" for its historical significance.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City and the neighboring town of Laughlin, Nevada, have grown in popularity as tourist destinations, and so has the population. Today, tourism is by far the main economy in Bullhead City. In the summer months, tourists from all over come for water recreation on Lake Mohave and the Colorado River. Starting in the fall, tourists from colder states flock by the thousands in their motor homes because of the mild winters.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City is home to an international airport, two full-service hospitals, and a community college. The city has a stabilizing housing market. It also serves as the shopping hub of the tri-state area.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City is in western Mohave County on the east side of the Colorado River, which forms the Arizona–Nevada state line. It is west of Kingman, the Mohave county seat, north of Needles, California, south of Las Vegas, Nevada, and northwest of Phoenix. According to the United States Census Bureau, Bullhead City has a total area of , of which are land and , or 1.30%, are water.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City first appeared on the 1980 U.S. Census as the census-designated place (CDP) of Bullhead City-Riviera. It incorporated in 1984 as Bullhead City and has appeared on every successive census.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City and the neighboring communities of Laughlin, Nevada, Fort Mohave, Mohave Valley, Arizona, and Needles, California, make up what is referred to as the "Tri-State Area". This is an economically interdependent group of communities, all geographically connected within a radius. The population of the tri-state area, including Bullhead City, is about 100,000. The catchment area of Laughlin/Bullhead International Airport, according to its own statistics, includes 110,000 residents.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 33,769 people, 13,909 households, and 9,110 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 18,430 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 85.6% White, 1.0% Black, 1.3% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 8.3% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. 20.2% of the population were Hispanic.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: There were 13,909 households, out of which 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.86.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The median income for a household in the city was $30,221, and the median income for a family was $33,914. Males had a median income of $23,617 versus $19,564 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,250. About 11.3% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.2% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 39,540 people, 16,761 households, and 7,472 families. The Arizona Office of Employment and Population Statistics adjusted the population of Bullhead City to 40,088 in March 2016. The population density was , and was divided as 50.9% male and 49.1% female. There were 23,464 total housing units.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The racial makeup of the city was 81.9% White, 1.3% Black, 1.1% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 11.2% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. 23.7% of the population were Hispanic.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The median income for a household in the city was $37,492, and the median income for a family was $45,269. The per capita income for the city was $21,366. About 14.1% of families and 20.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.2% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over. (All figures in 2013 inflation-adjusted dollars.)


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City has a desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with several inches of precipitation year-round. 2014 was the last year with recorded snowfall, but no snow depth has been recorded.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Summers are very hot, with temperatures frequently exceeding in July and August, and winters are mild with days typically seeing temperatures between degrees in January and February. It is one of the hottest cities nationwide during the summer. There are on average 185 days with a high reaching , and can be seen on 135 days. Heat waves involving temperatures reaching over are not unusual.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City has hundreds of acres of city-operated parks. Ken Fovargue Park features lighted basketball courts, a bike trail, ball fields, a playground, and a public swimming pool with a water slide. Rotary Park, the largest city park, covers of riverfront land. It features maintained beaches with ramadas and barbecues, a large skate park, fishing jetty, fish cleaning station, boat launching ramps, a dog park, a disc golf course, and a complete lighted sports complex that hosts regional tournaments and local competitions. The proposed Arizona Peace Trail would serve Bullhead City.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City citizen Norma Thornton, 78, was cited on March 8, 2022 for distributing food to a group of homeless people within Community Park. The novel citation and nature of the case has created notoriety for city. It is a criminal offense to feed the homeless within the park as the city council do not want to encourage homelessness. You can hold a party and feed up to 100 people at the park as long as they are not homeless.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City hosts many annual events, the most notable being a river regatta. On the weekend of August 13, 2016, the 10th annual Bullhead City River Regatta, with a "Pirates of the Colorado" theme, attracted 30,158 registered participants. The local economic impact of the event was estimated at $20 million in 2015, although the city made just $208,000.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Other events take advantage of Bullhead City's climate in the fall and winter months, in particular sports tournaments. Every February, A.Y.S.O. Region 397 hosts the annual Colorado River Invitational Tournament at Rotary Park. The annual youth soccer tournament draws thousands of young soccer players and their supporters. Bullhead City also sponsors two senior softball tournaments every year, one in the spring and one in the fall. Participants come from as far away as Canada.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Just a few miles south of the city limits, in Fort Mohave, is the Mojave Crossing Event Center, an arena with a seating capacity of 5,000. As the largest stadium/arena in Mohave County, it is frequently used for large events such as graduation ceremonies, circuses, indoor extreme motocross, monster truck rallies, and concerts.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City is home to several educational institutions, the largest of which is the Bullhead City Campus of Mohave Community College. The campus also houses Northern Arizona University's Bullhead City campus, which offers four-year degree programs. Recently, MCC Bullhead City received a donation of $1.8 million from the BHHS Legacy Foundation to build a 14,000 sq. ft. Health Sciences Building. Arizona governor Jan Brewer attended the groundbreaking ceremony in January 2012. Construction of the Health Sciences building was completed in August 2012.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City's elementary and junior high schools are operated by the Bullhead City Elementary School District. These schools include Sunrise Elementary School, Coyote Canyon Elementary School, Desert Valley Elementary School, Diamondback Elementary School, Bullhead City Middle School, and Fox Creek Junior High School. Bullhead City's high schools, Mohave High School and River Valley High School, are operated by the Colorado River Union High School District. Other nearby high schools are Laughlin High School and Needles High School. Additionally, Mohave Accelerated Elementary School and Mohave Accelerated Learning Center are public charter schools serving K-12 students in Bullhead City and the surrounding area. The Academy of Building Industries [AOBI] High School in Fort Mohave is a public vocational charter school, teaching the building industries trades alongside core academic classes. Other schools in nearby communities include Young Scholar's Academy, Mohave Valley Junior High, Camp Mohave Elementary, and Fort Mohave Elementary. Laughlin and Needles also have public elementary schools.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The Bullhead City area is home to four public libraries: Two Mohave County Libraries (Bullhead City and Fort Mohave), one Clark County Library (Laughlin) and one San Bernardino County Library (Needles). Bullhead City's library recently reopened after a major expansion to include a teen section, children section, 11,000 sq. ft. adult section, public computers, sound-proof rooms, and conference rooms for the community. The new "green" building was partially paid for by an environmental grant. Its innovative design comes from architect Will Bruder, which features energy saving technologies and special skylights that take advantage of the desert sun.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The locally organized Colorado River Concert Association is a group of local citizens who attract performing artists to the community. Their purpose is to provide entertainment to the community while offering opportunities to local students who are interested in the performing arts. The association usually attracts three to five artists per year to perform in local high school auditoriums. In the past, the association has brought such artists as John Davidson, The Celtic Tenors, Presidio Brass, Alpin Hong, the Montana Mandolin Society, and QuatroCelli.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Located in Bullhead City, just north of the Laughlin Bridge, the Colorado River Museum includes replicas of area landmarks, Native American artifacts and displays of historical items, from early settlers to the first slot machines. The museum is operated by the non-profit Colorado River Historical Society. It is open from September through May.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The Bullhead City area is accessible by Interstate 40 (via Needles or Kingman), Amtrak (via Needles BNSF), Greyhound, and Arizona State Routes 95 and 68. Bullhead City also operates a public transit system, the Bullhead Area Transit System (BATS). Sister cities Needles and Laughlin also operate their own small public transit systems.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City is served by the bus companies Greyhound and TUFESA. Several private shuttle companies connect Bullhead City with McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas. The city is also home to several cab companies.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The Laughlin/Bullhead International Airport is the only international airport in Mohave County, although there are currently no commercial international flights. American Airlines provides daily flights to and from Phoenix. Recently, the airport's runway was extended to to accommodate larger aircraft.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: In 2011, the Laughlin/Bullhead International Airport was named Airport of the Year by the Arizona Department of Transportation.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The Bullhead City area is also home to two smaller airports. Eagle Airpark is a rural airport south of the city limits. Sun Valley Airport is a public use airport with a residential airpark. Neither of these airports offer commercial air service.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The Bullhead City area is home to several local newspapers, the most widely read being the "Mohave Valley Daily News". Others include "The Laughlin Times" and "The Mohave County Standard".


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City is part of the Las Vegas television market. However, based in neighboring Laughlin, Nevada, tv2/KLBC, has been in business since 1989, and provides local television programming to Bullhead City and adjoining communities in Arizona. Bullhead City, Mohave County and for many years, Arizona officials were routine guests on the popular tv2/KLBC-produced program "The Morning Show", hosted by the television station's general manager, Bruce Clark. In March 2016, "The Morning Show" celebrated its 5,000th episode. Clark died on June 15, 2019. Since his passing, tv2 now calls their news program "Take 2: The Morning Show" Hosted by: Tara Marie Haywood. The Bullhead City Police Department is also prominently featured on the locally produced show, "Tri-State on Patrol", which is also exclusively shown on tv2/KLBC.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The City of Bullhead City operates a public service channel on Cable Channel 4 for Suddenlink subscribers. Over a dozen other regional network affiliates originate from Las Vegas and Phoenix.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The Bullhead City tri-state area is home to dozens of religious organizations. Among them are two Churches of Christ (non-instrumental), three Roman Catholic churches, four Lutheran churches, three Methodist churches, over a dozen Baptist churches, two LDS Churches, the Bullhead Islamic Center, two Jehovah's Witness Kingdom Halls, two Episcopal churches, two Seventh-day Adventist churches, Unity Church of the Mohave Valley, two Assemblies of God, Foursquare (Spirit Life Church), Anointed Word Church, Calvary Chapel, various Pentecostal churches (including The Potter's House), and Harvest Bible Church (non-denominational) in Mohave Valley. A Temple Israel Ba Midbor (Jewish services in Laughlin), and active Neo-Pagan (Coven of the Canyon and River) and Buddhist communities (Soka Gakkai Colorado River District).


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Bullhead City is also home to many special interest groups and social clubs. Among them are The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Bullhead 4-Wheelers, Kiwanis, River Cities Players and Community Theater, Lions Clubs International, Shriners, the Colorado River Historical Society, and Moose International.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The Fort Mojave Indian Reservation covers almost in the tri-state area, and the local history is rich with Native American Culture. Currently, the tribe operates two casinos, one full-service hotel, and the Mojave Resort PGA Championship Golf Course.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: In 2013, a 1,200 megawatt solar generating facility was built on over , just over outside Bullhead City. In 2005, the decades-old Mohave Generating Station Coal Slurry Power Plant was closed to reduce air pollution and excessive river water use.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The Bullhead City Elementary School District has accepted a federal grant to convert a portion of their electricity to solar power.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The stretch of the Colorado River between Hoover Dam and Lake Mohave is mostly tame but offers a few white water rafting opportunities. If you decide not to hire a guide, permits are required to launch below Hoover Dam and can be obtained through the United States Bureau of Reclamation. Rafting supplies, canoes, kayak rentals and guided kayaking tours are available in Bullhead City.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: On Lake Mohave, scuba divers can explore Black Canyon, which has excellent diving conditions. Advanced divers can check out Ringbolt Rapids, where swift water makes for an additional challenge. Work Barge on the Arizona side has a tow barge that sank in 1946. Cabinsite Point has two boat wrecks to view.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: Fishing is popular on Lake Mohave and the Colorado River, which is plentiful with several species of fish, including Rainbow trout, Largemouth bass, Striped bass, crappie, sunfish, catfish (channel), and carp. There are dozens of coves and inlets that are well known among fishing enthusiasts.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: The recreation area around Lake Mohave includes dozens of designated hiking trails, camp sites, and bicycle trails.


title: Bullhead City, Arizona

text: There are two resorts on Lake Mohave: Cottonwood Cove and Lake Mohave Resort. Both resorts have lodging, campgrounds, restaurant, store, and a marina with a gas dock. There are also off-road vehicle roads and hiking trails around Lake Mohave. Supplies and equipment for off-roading, hiking, boating, scuba diving, and fishing are locally available. There are sporting goods stores, scuba diving instructors, guided kayaking tours, and watercraft rentals available throughout Bullhead City.


title: Maribel Guardia

text: Maribel Guardia (; born Maribel Del Rocío Fernández García on May 29, 1959, in San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican-Mexican actress, model, singer and TV hostess. She was winner of Miss Costa Rica 1978 and contestant in Miss Universe 1978.


title: Maribel Guardia

text: Guardia was elected Miss Costa Rica in 1978, going on to represent her country at the Miss Universe 1978 beauty pageant (did not place but was selected as Miss Photogenic), and the Miss World 1978 beauty pageant (placed as a top 15 semi-finalist). The Miss Universe pageant had been held in Acapulco, and she received offers by Televisa producer Sergio Bustamante to develop a career there, but she returned to her country. Months later she accepted the offer and returned to Mexico, leaving her mother and boyfriend.


title: Maribel Guardia

text: Guardia moved to Mexico in 1980; this move proved to be crucial for her show business career. In 1980, she appeared in her first television show, alongside Manuel "El Loco" Valdés.


title: Maribel Guardia

text: Guardia went on to make multiple telenovelas (soap operas) and release a series of albums in the Norteño music genre. She has been signed to three different labels since her debut album was released in 1988: first with Musart Records, then from the late-1990s until the mid-2000s with Fonovisa Records, and in recent years with EMI Televisa Music in Latin America and Capitol Records in the United States.


title: Maribel Guardia

text: Guardia has acted alongside important actors, including Andrés García, Saul Lisazo, and Joan Sebastian. One of her major soap opera hits was alongside Sebastian. Together, they filmed "Tú y yo". One film where she acted alongside Andrés García was "Pedro Navaja", where she played the main character's wife. She also did a film called "El Rey de Los Taxistas" alongside Luis de Alba. She and another "El Rey de Los Taxistas" co-star, Aida Pierce, would work together again in the telenovela "Serafin."


title: Maribel Guardia

text: Recently she has done telenovelas for children. She has also done a comedy in 2006 that is called "Que Madre, Tan Padre" as well as the variety show, "Muévete". In 2007, she was included in the book "Televisa Presenta," which commemorated fifty years of network television in Mexico.


title: Maribel Guardia

text: In 2008, she released a new album, the main single is "De Pecho A Pecho" ("From Chest To Chest") written by the Nicaraguan composer, songwriter and singer Hernaldo Zúñiga. Apart from her jobs as an actress and singer, she has also modeled for various calendars and magazines, which are sold to her fans. Guardia also dated Jose Trujillo in the late 1970s.


title: Maribel Guardia

text: Since late 2010 she married with Marco Chacón and lived with her son in Mexico City. Guardia has been inducted into the Paseo de las Luminarias in Mexico City.


title: Maribel Guardia

text: In January 2010, she announced that she had worked all of 2009 on a new studio album, set to be released on February 13, 2010, under EMI Music, titled "Move You On – Muévete", which contained 12 tracks recorded in Mexico City, Texas & Colombia, eight tracks were in Spanish, the other four were in English.


title: David's Mighty Warriors

text: David's Mighty Warriors (also known as David's Mighty Men or the Gibborim; "hagGībōrīm", "The Mighty Ones") are a group of 37 men in the Hebrew Bible who fought with King David and are identified in , part of the "supplementary information" added to the Second Book of Samuel in its final four chapters. The International Standard Version calls them "David's special forces".


title: David's Mighty Warriors

text: A similar list is given in 1 Chronicles 11:10–47 but with several variations, and sixteen more names.


title: David's Mighty Warriors

text: The text divides them into the "Three", of which there are three, and "Thirty", of which there are more than thirty. The text explicitly states that there are 37 individuals in all, but it is unclear whether this refers to The Thirty, which may or may not contain The Three, or the combined total of both groups. The text refers to The Three and The Thirty as though they were both important entities, and not just an arbitrary list of three or 30-plus significant men.


title: David's Mighty Warriors

text: Some textual scholars regard the passages referring to The Three and The Thirty as having come from either a source distinct to the main sources in the Books of Samuel, or being otherwise out of place. Since parts of the text have distinct stylistic differences from other portions—appearing as a list, as a series of character introductions, or as a flowing narrative—Some suspect that the passages may themselves be compiled from multiple source documents. Further, as 2 Samuel 23:23–24 reads "... David put him in command of his bodyguard, Asahel, brother of Joab. Among the thirty were...", the text is regarded as corrupted, and the middle of verse 23:24 (between the words "Joab" and "Among") is generally presumed to have been lost (some translations move "Among the thirty were" to be before "Asahel", which smooths over the issue).