title: Night of the Demon

text: Under hypnosis, the suspect Hobart reveals to Holden that he was "chosen" to die by having a runic parchment passed to him, but avoided death by passing it back to the person who had given it to him. When Holden shows Hobart the parchment he had received from Karswell, Hobart thinks he is trying to give it to him. He becomes hysterical and jumps through a window to his death.


title: Night of the Demon

text: Holden learns Karswell is taking a train to Southampton, and on the train discovers that he has kidnapped and hypnotised Joanna. As the time for Holden's predicted death draws near, the train stops at the next station, and Karswell tries to leave. Holden manages to sneak the parchment into Karswell's coat pocket, and when Karswell finds it, it flies from his hand. He chases it down the tracks, but as he reaches it the parchment combusts. As an oncoming train approaches, the demon manifests and attacks Karswell. When his corpse is found by the tracks, the police believe that he was struck and dragged by the train. Holden, instead of going to inspect the body, departs with Joanna.


title: Night of the Demon

text: Screenwriter Charles Bennett owned the rights to the original story "Casting the Runes" and wrote a screenplay loosely based on it, using the title "The Haunted". He sold his script to independent producer and former child actor Hal E. Chester shortly before going to America. Bennett later regretted selling the script, because on arrival in America he was approached by RKO, who wanted to purchase it and allow Bennett to direct the film. Actors Robert Taylor and Dick Powell had been in line for the leading roles if this production had taken place.


title: Night of the Demon

text: Despite having acquired the project from Bennett, Chester decided the Bennett screenplay was too tame, or as Tony Earnshaw described it, "too British". He hired blacklisted writer Cy Endfield to create the final screenplay. Despite his contribution, which Earnshaw said was "significant", Endfield was ultimately uncredited.


title: Night of the Demon

text: Jacques Tourneur was brought in by Chester on the recommendation of Ted Richmond, the producer of Tourneur's previous film, "Nightfall" (1957). However, Tourneur and Chester had serious disagreements during filming. One argument was about the wind scene; Tourneur tried to convince Chester to replace two electric fans with two aeroplane engines. When Chester hesitated, star Dana Andrews threatened to leave the picture if Chester did not let "the director direct the picture". Locations for the film include Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire (as Lufford Hall), Stonehenge, Bricket Wood railway station and the Reading Room of the British Museum.


title: Night of the Demon

text: Producer Chester and his British co-producer, Frank Bevis, had decided to show the demon at the beginning and end of the film. Tourneur later said that he was against the addition: "The scenes where you see the demon were shot without me...the audience should never have been completely certain of having seen the demon". Stop motion master Ray Harryhausen was requested by Columbia Pictures to create the demon for the production, but he was already committed to his Dynamation film "The 7th Voyage of Sinbad" with producer Charles H. Schneer. Author Tony Earnshaw's book "Beating the Devil: The Making of Night of the Demon" argues that showing the demon was planned early on in the production (despite Tourneur's protests to the contrary), in order to heighten the tension in the film by letting the audience know the demonic powers were real. Bennett, also angry at the script changes, said "If [Chester] walked up my driveway right now, I'd shoot him dead".


title: Night of the Demon

text: "Night of the Demon" was released in November 1957 in the United Kingdom. It was shown on a double feature with the American film "20 Million Miles to Earth". In the United States, it was released as "Curse of the Demon". According to Charles Bennett, the title was changed because the studio did not want it confused with the similarly titled "The Night of the Iguana". It had the same reduced length of 82 minutes for its June 1958 American release. The scenes removed included a visit to the Hobart family farm, a trip to Stonehenge, and snippets of the séance scenes and conversations between Karswell and his mother. The visit to the British Library scene was rearranged in the film's viewing continuity. In the United States "Curse of the Demon" toured drive-ins and theatres as a double feature with either "The True Story of Lynn Stuart" or "The Revenge of Frankenstein".


title: Night of the Demon

text: In the United States, the film was released on VHS in 1986 by Columbia TriStar Home Video with a run time of 83 minutes. A second VHS with the Continental 96-minute running time was released by Goodtimes Home Video Corp in 1988. In the same year, the film was released on LaserDisc by Image Entertainment/Columbia Pictures with an 81-minute running time. Including both the Continental version ("Night of the Demon") and the 83-minute US version ("Curse of the Demon"), the film was released on DVD in August 2002.


title: Night of the Demon

text: In the United Kingdom, "Night of the Demon" was released on VHS in 1995 by Encore Entertainment/Columbia TriStar Home Video. The film was released on DVD in the United Kingdom for the first time on 18 October 2010. This release also includes both the Continental and US versions of the film. A Blu-ray edition from Powerhouse Films' Indicator label, featuring four different cuts of the film, was released as a UK all-region release on 22 October 2018.


title: Night of the Demon

text: In a contemporary review, the "Monthly Film Bulletin" commented that Tourneur's direction was "handled with much of the assurance the same director brought to "Cat People"" and that the film was "way above average". The review commented on the image of the demon, stating whenever the demon takes on a visible form, "especially the ending", it seemed more like a product of "a child's nightmare than an adult's imagination".


title: Night of the Demon

text: In the early 2010s, "Time Out" conducted a poll with several authors, directors, actors and critics who have worked within the horror genre to vote for their top horror films. "Night of the Demon" placed at number 52 on their top 100 list. Director Martin Scorsese placed "Night of the Demon" on his list of the 11 scariest horror films of all time.


title: Night of the Demon

text: At the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100%, based on , with an overall weighted average rating of 8.2/10.


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: Big Trouble is a 2002 American black comedy film based on the novel "Big Trouble" by Dave Barry. It was directed by Barry Sonnenfeld and featured a large cast including Tim Allen and Rene Russo with Dennis Farina, Zooey Deschanel, Sofia Vergara and Jason Lee in supporting roles. Like much of Dave Barry's fiction, it follows a diverse group of people through a series of extremely strange and humorous situations against the backdrop of Miami. The film was a bomb at the box office, and received mixed critical reception.


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: In a high-school game of "" (in which a student must shoot another with a squirt gun), Matt Arnold has to "kill" classmate Jenny Herk, so sneaks up on her at home. By coincidence, hitmen are also there to assassinate Arthur Herk, who has embezzled money from his company, Penultimate Corp.


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: As the fake assassination attempt coincides with the real one, police officers Monica Romero and Walter Kramitz are called out to the resulting disturbance. During the chaos, Matt's friend Andrew calls Eliot Arnold, Matt's father. Picking up Matt, Eliot immediately feels a mutual attraction to Anna Herk, Jenny's mother, and Matt and Jenny are attracted to each other too. Meanwhile, their housemaid Nina falls for Puggy, a young homeless man who lives in a tree on their property. She runs from the shootings and he saves her from the hitmen.


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: Realizing he is the intended victim, Arthur visits arms dealers to buy a rocket but is sold a suitcase nuclear bomb as the dealer is out of rockets and doesn't tell him what it is. Escaped convicts Snake and Eddie, previously kicked out of the bar for disorderly conduct, hold it up, kidnapping Arthur and Puggy (an employee there) and taking the suitcase, not knowing its contents.


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: Meanwhile, when Matt tries to "kill" Jenny in a mall parking lot, a security guard thinks his gun is real and opens fire on them. Matt and Jenny run away and eventually return to the Herks', followed by officers Monica and Walter, who stumble across the confusion. Eliot is called over again.


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: The convicts force Arthur to return home, capture everyone and tie them up. Taking Puggy and Jenny, they leave (with the suitcase) for the airport. Nina, who was hiding in her room, frees everyone but Monica and Arthur (who are handcuffed). Shortly after, the house is visited by two FBI agents tracking the bomb. They free Monica and have her lead them to the airport (Arthur is left tripping on a hallucinogenic toad, believing Martha Stewart has possessed the dog).


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: The criminals, Puggy and Jenny pass through security, where the bomb is inadvertently triggered and its 45-minute timer begins; Puggy escapes in the confusion of boarding. The FBI agents tell everyone that unless the bomb is retrieved soon, the plane must be shot down. Puggy leads them to the criminals' plane, which Eliot sneaks onto. Meanwhile, the two hitmen get out of the traffic jam (caused by Snake and Eddie) and reach the airport. Bumping into Officer Romero, and Special Agents Greer and Seitz, they knock the hitmen's rifle out of their golf bag in the process. Romero grabs it, renders it useless, and returns it.


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: Eliot, having sneaked onto the plane, attacks Eddie and Snake with a fire extinguisher. Hearing the case is a bomb, Eliot hurls it out of the open rear door, only for Snake to leap after it. In a feat of dumb luck, Snake manages to cling onto the door's steps. Despite Eliot's insistence that the case is a bomb, Snake opens fire on him, prompting Eliot to pull the emergency lever decoupling the door. Snake plunges into the ocean with a defiant smile, still clinging to the bomb, which explodes safely in the water. Eliot is congratulated by the FBI, promised presidential cowboy boots and a hat, and told the events that took place are strictly top secret.


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: In the last scene: after chasing down a plane, subduing two criminals, and saving Miami from a nuclear disaster, Eliot finally wins Matt's respect. Anna and Eliot marry a week after she divorces Arthur. Walter, after a forced strip search by the airport guards, becomes a male stripper and marries. The hitmen escape Miami after a series of very weird events. They claim their Miami job was the lowest point in their careers. They were surrounded by the fans of Florida Gators on their plane home (a running joke in the film). Eddie goes back to jail in a prison outside of Jacksonville, becoming friends with another dimwitted inmate who has the same affinity for crude jokes. Arthur is last seen still handcuffed and tormented by his dog.


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: "Big Trouble" was originally scheduled for release on September 21, 2001, and had a strong advertising push. The September 11 attacks of that year made the film's comedic smuggling of a nuclear device onto an airplane unpalatable. Consequently, the film was pushed back until April 2002, and the promotion campaign was toned down almost to the point of abandonment.


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: "Big Trouble" came quietly to American theaters and left quickly afterwards, receiving mixed reviews and being generally ignored by audiences, becoming a box office bomb. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 48% based on 111 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's consensus is "With its large cast and frantic comic pacing, "Big Trouble" labors for slapstick-style hilarity, but it never really gains steam." On Metacritic it has a score of 47% based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Big Trouble (2002 film)

text: Joe Leydon of Variety called it "A genially amusing ensemble farce that doesn't quite achieve enough momentum for liftoff."


title: Russell Kirk

text: Russell Amos Kirk (October 19, 1918 – April 29, 1994) was an American political theorist, moralist, historian, social critic, and literary critic, known for his influence on 20th-century American conservatism. His 1953 book "The Conservative Mind" gave shape to the postwar conservative movement in the U.S. It traced the development of conservative thought in the Anglo-American tradition, giving special importance to the ideas of Edmund Burke. Kirk was considered the chief proponent of traditionalist conservatism.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Russell Kirk was born in Plymouth, Michigan. He was the son of Russell Andrew Kirk, a railroad engineer, and Marjorie Pierce Kirk. Kirk obtained his B.A. at Michigan State University and a M.A. at Duke University. During World War II, he served in the American armed forces and corresponded with a libertarian writer, Isabel Paterson, who helped to shape his early political thought. After reading Albert Jay Nock's book, "Our Enemy, the State", he engaged in a similar correspondence with him. After the war, he attended the University of St Andrews in Scotland. In 1953, he became the only American to be awarded the degree of Doctor of Letters by that university.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Kirk "laid out a post-World War II program for conservatives by warning them, 'A handful of individuals, some of them quite unused to moral responsibilities on such a scale, made it their business to extirpate the populations of Nagasaki and Hiroshima; we must make it our business to curtail the possibility of such snap decisions.'"


title: Russell Kirk

text: Upon completing his studies, Kirk took up an academic position at his alma mater, Michigan State. He resigned in 1959, after having become disenchanted with the rapid growth in student number and emphasis on intercollegiate athletics and technical training at the expense of the traditional liberal arts. Thereafter he referred to Michigan State as "Cow College" or "Behemoth University." He later wrote that academic political scientists and sociologists were "as a breed—dull dogs". Late in life, he taught one semester a year at Hillsdale College, where he was distinguished visiting professor of humanities.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Kirk frequently published in two American conservative journals he helped found, "National Review" in 1955 and "Modern Age" in 1957. He was the founding editor of the latter, 1957–59. Later he was made a Distinguished Fellow of the Heritage Foundation, where he gave a number of lectures.


title: Russell Kirk

text: After leaving Michigan State, Kirk returned to his ancestral home in Mecosta, Michigan, where he wrote the many books, academic articles, lectures, and the syndicated newspaper column (which ran for 13 years) by which he exerted his influence on American politics and intellectual life. In 1963, Kirk converted to Catholicism and married Annette Courtemanche; they had four daughters. She and Kirk became known for their hospitality, welcoming many political, philosophical, and literary figures in their Mecosta house (known as "Piety Hill"), and giving shelter to political refugees, hoboes, and others. Their home became the site of a sort of seminar on conservative thought for university students. Piety Hill now houses the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal. After his conversion to Catholicism Kirk was a founding board member of Una Voce America.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Kirk declined to drive, calling cars "mechanical Jacobins", and would have nothing to do with television and what he called "electronic computers".


title: Russell Kirk

text: Kirk did not always maintain a stereotypically "conservative" voting record. "Faced with the non-choice between Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Thomas Dewey in 1944, Kirk said no to empire and voted for Norman Thomas, the Socialist Party candidate." In the 1976 presidential election, he voted for Eugene McCarthy. In 1992 he supported Pat Buchanan's primary challenge to incumbent George H. W. Bush, serving as state chair of the Buchanan campaign in Michigan.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Kirk was a contributor to "Chronicles". In 1989, he was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Ronald Reagan.


title: Russell Kirk

text: "The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot", the published version of Kirk's doctoral dissertation, contributed materially to the 20th century Burke revival. It also drew attention to:


title: Russell Kirk

text: "The Portable Conservative Reader" (1982), which Kirk edited, contains sample writings by most of the above.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Biographer Bradley J. Birzer argues that for all his importance in inspiring the modern conservative movement, not many of his followers agreed with his unusual approach to the history of conservatism. As summarized by reviewer Drew Maciag:


title: Russell Kirk

text: Harry Jaffa (a student of Leo Strauss) wrote: "Kirk was a poor Burke scholar. Burke's attack on metaphysical reasoning related only to modern philosophy's attempt to eliminate skeptical doubt from its premises and hence from its conclusions."


title: Russell Kirk

text: Russello (2004) argues that Kirk adapted what 19th-century American Catholic thinker Orestes Brownson called "territorial democracy" to articulate a version of federalism that was based on premises that differ in part from those of the founders and other conservatives. Kirk further believed that territorial democracy could reconcile the tension between treating the states as mere provinces of the central government, and as autonomous political units independent of Washington. Finally, territorial democracy allowed Kirk to set out a theory of individual rights grounded in the particular historical circumstances of the United States, while rejecting a universal conception of such rights.


title: Russell Kirk

text: In addition to bringing public attention to Anglo-American conservative principles, Kirk described his perception of liberal ideals in the first chapter. Kirk identified these ideals as the perfectibility of man, hostility towards tradition, rapid change in economic and political systems, and the secularization of government.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Kirk said that Christianity and Western Civilization are "unimaginable apart from one another" and that "all culture arises out of religion. When religious faith decays, culture must decline, though often seeming to flourish for a space after the religion which has nourished it has sunk into disbelief."


title: Russell Kirk

text: Kirk grounded his Burkean conservatism in tradition, political philosophy, "belles lettres", and the strong religious faith of his later years, rather than libertarianism and free market economic reasoning. "The Conservative Mind" hardly mentions economics at all.


title: Russell Kirk

text: In a polemic, Kirk, quoting T. S. Eliot's expression, called libertarians "chirping sectaries," adding that conservatives and libertarians share opposition to "collectivism," "the totalist state," and "bureaucracy," but otherwise have "nothing" in common. He called the libertarian movement "an ideological clique forever splitting into sects still smaller and odder, but rarely conjugating." He said a line of division exists between believers in "some sort of transcendent moral order" and "utilitarians admitting no transcendent sanctions for conduct." He included libertarians in the latter category. Kirk, therefore, questioned the "fusionism" between libertarians and traditional conservatives that marked much of post-World War II conservatism in the United States. Kirk also argued that libertarians "bear no authority, temporal or spiritual" and do not "venerate ancient beliefs and customs, or the natural world, or [their] country, or the immortal spark in [their] fellow men."


title: Russell Kirk

text: However, Kirk's view of classical liberals is positive. He agrees with them on "ordered liberty" as they make "common cause with regular conservatives against the menace of democratic despotism and economic collectivism."


title: Russell Kirk

text: Tibor R. Machan defended libertarianism in response to Kirk's original Heritage Lecture. Machan argued that the right of individual sovereignty is perhaps most worthy of conserving from the American political heritage, and that when conservatives themselves talk about preserving some tradition, they cannot at the same time claim a disrespectful distrust of the individual human mind, of rationalism itself.


title: Russell Kirk

text: In a column in "The National Review" on 9 March 1965 entitled "'One Man, One Vote' in South Africa," Kirk wrote that the U.S. Supreme Court's jurisprudence on voting "will work mischief—much injuring, rather than fulfilling, the responsible democracy for which Tocqueville hoped," but in the case of South Africa "this degradation of the democratic dogma, if applied, would bring anarchy and the collapse of civilization." Kirk wrote that "the 'European' element [makes] South Africa the only 'modern' and prosperous African country." He added that "Bantu political domination [of South Africa] would be domination by witch doctors (still numerous and powerful) and reckless demagogues" and that "Bantu and Coloreds and Indians must feel that they have some political voice in the South African commonwealth."


title: Russell Kirk

text: Late in life, Kirk grew disenchanted with American neoconservatives as well. As "Chronicles" editor Scott Richert describes it:


title: Russell Kirk

text: [One line] helped define the emerging struggle between neoconservatives and paleoconservatives. "Not seldom has it seemed," Kirk declared, "as if some eminent Neoconservatives mistook Tel Aviv for the capital of the United States." A few years later, in another Heritage Foundation speech, Kirk repeated that line verbatim. In the wake of the Gulf War, which he had opposed, he clearly understood that those words carried even greater meaning.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Midge Decter, Jewish director of the Committee for the Free World, called Kirk's remark "a bloody outrage, a piece of anti-Semitism by Kirk that impugns the loyalty of neoconservatives." She told The New Republic, "It's this notion of a Christian civilization. You have to be part of it or you're not really fit to conserve anything. That's an old line and it's very ignorant."


title: Russell Kirk

text: Samuel T. Francis called Kirk's "Tel Aviv" remark "a wisecrack about the slavishly pro-Israel sympathies among neoconservatives." He described Decter's response as untrue, "reckless" and "vitriolic." Furthermore, he argued that such a denunciation "always plays into the hands of the left, which is then able to repeat the charges and claim conservative endorsement of them.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Toward the end of his life, Russell Kirk was highly critical of Republican militarism. President Bush, Kirk said, had embarked upon "a radical course of intervention in the region of the Persian Gulf".


title: Russell Kirk

text: Kirk's other important books include "Eliot and his Age: T. S. Eliot's Moral Imagination in the Twentieth Century" (1972), "The Roots of American Order" (1974), and the autobiographical "Sword of the Imagination: Memoirs of a Half Century of Literary Conflict" (1995). As was the case with his hero Edmund Burke, Kirk became renowned for the prose style of his intellectual and polemical writings.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Beyond his scholarly achievements, Kirk was talented both as an oral storyteller and as an author of genre fiction, most notably in his telling of consummate ghost stories in the classic tradition of Sheridan Le Fanu, M. R. James, Oliver Onions, and H. Russell Wakefield. He also wrote other admired and much-anthologized works that are variously classified as horror, fantasy, science fiction, and political satire. These earned him plaudits from fellow creative writers as varied and distinguished as T. S. Eliot, Robert Aickman, Madeleine L'Engle, and Ray Bradbury.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Though modest in quantity—it encompasses three novels and 22 short stories—Kirk's body of fiction was written amid a busy career as prolific nonfiction writer, editor, and speaker. As with such other speculative fiction authors as G. K. Chesterton, C. S. Lewis, and J. R. R. Tolkien (all of whom likewise wrote only nonfiction for their "day jobs"), there are conservative undercurrents—social, cultural, religious, and political—to Kirk's fiction. Kirk stated in 1984 that the purpose of his stories as: "The political ferocity of our age is sufficiently dismaying: men of letters need not conjure up horrors worse than those suffered during the past decade by the Cambodians and Ugandans, Afghans and Ethiopians. What I have attempted, rather, are experiments in the moral imagination. Readers will encounter elements of parable and fable...some clear premise is about the character of human existence...a healthy concept of the character of evil..."


title: Russell Kirk

text: His first novel, "Old House of Fear" (1961, 1965), as with so many of his short stories, was written in a self-consciously Gothic vein. Here the plot is concerned with an American assigned by his employer to a bleak locale in rural Scotland—the same country where Kirk had attended graduate school. This was Kirk's most commercially successful and critically acclaimed fictional work, doing much to sustain him financially in subsequent years. "Old House of Fear" was inspired by the novels of John Buchan and Kirk's own Scottish heritage. The story of "Old House of Fear" concerns an young American, Hugh Logan, a World War II veteran who is both brave and sensitive, sent to buy Carnglass, a remote island in the Hebrides. Upon reaching the island, he discovers that the island's owner, Lady MacAskival and her beautiful adopted daughter Mary are being held hostage by foreign spies, who are presumably working for the Soviet Union, out to sabotage a nearby NATO base. The leader of the spies is Dr. Jackman, an evil genius and nihilist intent upon wrecking a world that failed to acknowledge his greatness and whom reviewers noted was a much more vividly drawn character than the hero Logan. Dr. Jackman appears to be a prototype of Kirk's best known character, Mandred Arcane, with the only difference being the former has no values while the latter does.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Later novels were "A Creature of the Twilight" (1966), a dark comedy satirizing postcolonial African politics; and "Lord of the Hollow Dark" (1979, 1989), set in Scotland, which explores the great evil inhabiting a haunted house.


title: Russell Kirk

text: "A Creature of the Twilight" concerns the adventures in Africa of a reactionary, romantic mercenary Mandred Arcane, a self-proclaimed mixture of Machiavelli and Sir Lancelot, who is an anachronistic survival of the Victorian Age who does not belong in the modern world and yet defiantly still exists, making him the "creature of the twilight". Kirk has Arcane write his pseudo-memoir in a consciously Victorian style to underline that he does not belong in the 1960s. Arcane is both a dapper intellectual and a hardened man of action, an elderly man full of an unnatural vigor, who is hired by the son of the assassinated Sultan to put down a Communist rebellion in the fictional African nation of Hamnegri, which he does despite overwhelming odds. In 1967, Kirk published a short story "Belgrummo's Hell" about a clever art thief who unwisely tries to rob the estate of the ancient Scottish warlock, Lord Belgrummo, who is later revealed to be Arcane's father. In another short story published in the same collection, "The Peculiar Demesne of Archvicar Gerontion" concerned a wizard, Archvicar Gerontion, who tries to kill Arcane by casting deadly spells.


title: Russell Kirk

text: The "Lord of the Hollow Dark" is set at the same Belgrummo estate first encountered in "Belgrummo's Hell" where an evil cult led by the Aleister Crowley-like character Apollinax have assembled to secure for themselves the "Timeless Moment" of eternal sexual pleasure by sacrificing two innocents, an young woman named Marina and her infant daughter in an ancient warren called the Weem under the Belgrummo Estate. Assisting Apollinax is Archvicar Gerontion, who is really Arcane in disguise. Inspired by the novels of H.P. Lovecraft, Kirk in the "Lord of the Hollow Dark" has Arcane survive a "horrid chthonian pilgrimage" as he faces dark supernatural forces, confront his own family's history of evil, and refuse the appeal of a "seductive, hubristic immorality". The novel concludes with Arcane's own definition of a true "Timeless Moment" which he states: "it comes from faith, from hope, from charity; from having your work in the world; from the happiness of the people you love; or simply as a gift of grace". During his lifetime, Kirk also oversaw the publication of three collections which together encompassed all his short stories. (Three more such collections have been published posthumously, but those only reprint stories found in the earlier volumes. One such posthumous collection, "Ancestral Shadows: An Anthology of Ghostly Tales", was edited by his student, friend, and collaborator Vigen Guroian, and includes both an essay by Kirk on 'ghostly tales' and Guroian's own analysis of the stories as well as Kirk's motives in writing them.) Many of Kirk's short stories, especially the ghost stories, were set in either Scotland or in the rural parts of his home state of Michigan.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Among his novels and stories, certain characters tend to recur, enriching the already considerable unity and resonance of his fictional canon. Though—through their themes and prose-style—Kirk's fiction and nonfiction works are complementary, many readers of the one have not known of his work in the other.


title: Russell Kirk

text: Having begun to write fiction fairly early in his career, Kirk appears to have stopped after the early 1980s, while continuing his nonfiction writing and research through his last year of life. For a comprehensive bibliography of his fiction, see the fiction section of his bibliography.


title: Ordos City

text: Ordos (Mongolian: "Ordos"; ), also known as Ih Ju, is one of the twelve major subdivisions of Inner Mongolia, China. It lies within the Ordos Plateau of the Yellow River. Although mainly rural, Ordos is administered as a prefecture-level city. Its population was 2,153,638 as of the 2020 census and its built-up (or metro) area made up of Ejin Horo Banner and Kangbashi District was home to 366,779 inhabitants, as Dongsheng District (574,442 inhabitants) is not a conurbation yet.


title: Ordos City

text: Ordos is known for its recently undertaken large scale government projects including most prominently the new Kangbashi District, an urban district planned as a massive civic mall with abundant monuments, cultural institutions and other showpiece architecture. It was the venue for the 2012 Miss World Final.


title: Ordos City

text: When it was newly built, the streets of the new Kangbashi district did not have much activity, and the district was frequently described as a "ghost city" by several Western media outlets. However, by 2017, Kangbashi had become more populated with a resident population of 153,000 and around one-third of apartments occupied. In a "Forbes" article, Wade Shepard noted that "...of the 40,000 apartments that had been built in the new district since 2004, only 500 are still on the market.


title: Ordos City

text: The area was known as the Ih Ju League, also spelled Ikh Juu () "Yeke Juu ayimaγ"; ), from 1649 to 2001. It was redesignated a prefecture-level city and renamed to Ordos on 26 February 2001. "Ordos" means "palaces" in the Mongolian language. "Ordos" originally referred to a tribe belonging to the "Yeke Juu" ("Ike Chao" ‘great monastery’, i.e. Ih Ju or Guanghui Monastery) league and later included the tribe's area, hence the Ordos, or Ordus, the area within the big bend of the Yellow River. Mongolian "ordu"("n"), "ord" ‘court, residence of a ruler; palace; camp’, also for 'camp bodyguards'. According to Ramstedt -"s" is a plural suffix; further: "ordu", "orda"; Turkic "orta" ‘a center’; Mongolian > Turkish "orda" ‘camp’ > Hindi "urdū" > English "horde."


title: Ordos City

text: The name is sometimes claimed to be related to the eight white yurts of Genghis Khan. Linguistically, the Ordos dialect of Mongolian is quite different from neighboring Chakhar Mongolian.


title: Ordos City

text: At the southern end of the Ordos grassland, there is a river originating from Dingbian County in northwestern Shaanxi, flowing through the Otog Banner and Uxin Banner in Inner Mongolia, and then flowing from the east of Batuwan Village into the territory of northern Shanxi, after converging with Xiangshui River. It flows into the Wuding River, a tributary of the Yellow River, to the southeast. In the loose Mu Us desert, a “U” shaped river valley is washed out. This river is known as the Sarawusu River. Sara Wusu in Mongolian means "thick yellow stream" after the eponymous perennially yellow-colored local river; on both sides of the river is covered with swaying red willows, so people also call this river "Hongliu River". In 1923, French Jesuit Émile Licent first discovered a fossil of the Hetao people here. Since then, Chinese archaeologists have visited the site many times. The site is known today as part of the Shuidonggou site complex. A large number of cultural relics have been excavated from this site, some reportedly dating back as far as 100,000 years; however, the chronology of the site remains debated. The material culture created by the Hetao people is now called "Salawusu" or "Shuidonggou" culture. After a comprehensive analysis of geology, animal fossils and stone tools, this culture was identified as the late Paleolithic culture.


title: Ordos City

text: Hetao civilization is the product of the integration of grassland culture and Yellow River civilization. Its long-term development and complex transmutation process, especially the relationship with Urad and Ordos Mongolian culture, also illustrates the relationship between Hetao civilization and Yellow River civilization. Hetao culture is one of the important components of the mainstream culture of the northern grasslands. In the grassland culture, the Hetao culture is both a source and a stream. As a source, Hetao culture has a historical accumulation of symbiosis with the northern grassland culture. As a stream, it is different from the Mongolian classic culture in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, such as Hongshan culture and Khorchin Mongols culture. It has its unique development trend. In the origin of grassland culture, it is a source of the late Paleolithic period, which originated from the prosperity of ancient ethnic minorities. It was formed in the Qin, Han, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is a cultural system of modern and contemporary civilization. It is an independent unit culture circle of grassland culture and a complete regional cultural system, which plays an important role in the composition of grassland culture.


title: Ordos City

text: Before the Zhou Dynasty, it was a nomadic area such as the Guifang and Lin Hu. In the Warring States Period, it was the Yunzhong County of the state of Zhao, and later belonged to the state of Qin. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it was the front line of the Han–Xiongnu War. Emperor Wu of Han set up Shuofang County here. When Emperor Xuan of Han called the Huxie Chanyu to come, he became the residence of the Southern Xiongnu. Later, Hu Han lived in harmony, and the Uprising of the Five Barbarians broke out in the Western Jin Dynasty. Sixteen Kingdoms were the pre-Qin and post-Qin territory. The Northern Dynasties belonged to the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, they were all territories. In the Tang Dynasty, they were placed in the party, and the famous General Guo Ziyi once held this position. During the Anshi Rebellion, Emperor Suzong of Tang fled to this place.


title: Ordos City

text: Qin Zhidao was an important military road for Qin Shihuang to be supervised by Meng Tian from 212 BC to 210 BC. Qinzhidao starts from Yunyang Linguang Palace in the Xianyang military site, and goes to Jiuyuan County in the north. Qinzhidao passes through Ordos City, three Banners and one district, the Qinzhidao site protection unit is established in Ordos City. One of the northern border counties of the Han Dynasty, the Sufang County was set up in the Western Han Dynasty. In 127 BC (Yuanshou two years), Emperor Wu sent Wei Qing and Li Xi to send troops to attack the Xiongnu. Soldiers from Yunzhong County, west of Gaochun, and then westward to Fuli (now northern Gansu), regained the Hetao. The jurisdiction of the original Qin Dynasty (commonly known as "New Qinzhong"), and the Sufang County in the south of the Yin Mountain, has been identified in the northwestern part of the current Otog Banner.


title: Ordos City

text: Tongwan City is located at the junction of Ordos City and Jingbian, Shaanxi Province. It was the capital of the Daxia Kingdom during the Northern Dynasties and Sixteen Kingdoms 1500 years ago, In 407 AD, the Xiongnu leader Helian Bobo called himself “Tianwang, Great Chan Yu, occupied and located in the desert. The first year of Helian Bobo's kingdom called "Fengxiang", the 100,000 people of all ethnic groups, used the "steaming dust to build the city" method to build the capital in the south of the black water in the north of the SuFang (now Hongliu River). The city was built in 7 years. The city is 25 meters thick, with a height of 23.33 meters and a width of 11.16 meters.


title: Ordos City

text: The legend says that when Genghis Khan passed through the present-day Ordos area on his way to conquer the Western Xia Kingdom, he accidentally dropped his whip. Genghis Khan proclaimed on the spot that the water is good and grass is rich here, and he would like to be buried here. In August 1227, Genghis Khan died while waging campaign against the Tangut people of Western Xia. Ögedei Khan placed the relics of Genghis Khan in eight white felt tents for worship, collectively known as the Eight White Palaces. When the time came to Kublai Khan, he stipulated the ceremonies and ritual rules of the Eight White Palaces, and promulgated the sacred ceremonies. He held sacrifices throughout the year and became a great sacrifice for the Mongol Empire. In the Eight White Palaces, Genghis Khan and several ladies' coffins formed three white rooms. Genghis Khan used saddles, bows and arrows, milk buckets, historical materials books and reincarnation white horses that had been sealed by Genghis Khan to form the other five white palaces. And ordered the Darwinites to be guarded by the generation and generation, the Eight White Palaces is the holy place for the Mongolian people to worship. The Chagaan Sureg sacrifice is the big ritual of the Eight White Palaces in a year. Genghis Khan used the 981 horses to send to the heavens. And reincarnation of the white god horse with white satin hanging and offering. The Eight White Palaces is a movable hall and a symbol of the power of the Genghis Khan gold family.


title: Ordos City

text: Kublai Khan moved the Eight White Palaces to Khanbaliq (current day Beijing), the capital of the Mongol empire. In the 1750s, Mandulu Khan led the Ordos people into the area south of the Yellow River. Eight white rooms moved to Ordos. Soon, the son of Mandulu Khan came to dominate the grasslands, betrayed the golden family of Genghis Khan, and controlled the eight white rooms in their hands. Until the beginning of the sixteenth century, Genghis Khan's fifteenth generation of Sun Batu Mengke unified Mongolian ministries, and the eight white rooms were re-owned in the Genghis Khan gold family.


title: Ordos City

text: In the sixth year of Qing Shunzhi (AD 1649), the Qing dynasty divided the Mongolian Ordos tribe into six Banners: the Ordos left-wing middle Banner (formerly the county king Banner), Ordos Left-wing front Banner (now Jungar Banner), the Ordos left-wing Banner (now the Dalat Banner), Ordos right-wing middle Banner (now Otog Banner), Ordos right-wing front Banner (now Uxin Banner), Ordos right wing Banner (now Hanggin), later, the addition of Ordos right wing before the Banner (formerly Zhasak Banner). Later, the Ordos' Six Banners have allied at Wang Ai Zhao, and named the Ikezhao League(Former name of Ordos city).


title: Ordos City

text: The Qing Dynasty was an important period in the history of China's population development. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, through the restoration and development of Kangxi, YongZheng, and Qianlong, three emperors, the population of the Qianlong Dynasty broke through the 300 million mark. The contradiction between people and land is sharp, and a large number of the poor in the Mainland are forced by life pressure. They migrated to the West(Ordos), the Guandong, and the Nanyang(South sea and island of China). "Zou Xi Kou" means that thousands of people from Shanxi, Shaanxi and other places have migrated to Ordos, Guihua(Hohhot), Tumut, and Chahar since the Qing Dynasty. "Zou Xi Kou" changed Mongolia's social structure, economic structure and way of life. Shanxi people account for a relatively high proportion of immigrants, bringing Shanxi's Jin culture to the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia.


title: Ordos City

text: After the Republic of China, the special zone of Suiyuan was established, and later it was changed to Suiyuan Province, and Ikezhao League was established. After the Lugou Bridge Incident in 1937, Japan occupied most of northern China. In 1938, Inner Mongolia Bailing Temple, Guisui, Baotou and other places were successively lost. After the Japanese invaders occupied Baotou, they went to Ordos to coerce the princes of all ethnic groups and moved the eight white rooms of Genghis Khan to Baotou. At that time, the Iqzhao League leader Shagdur Zab and the flag princes vowed never to move east. Because the Genghis Khan eight white room is the god of all Mongolian beliefs. At that time, the situation was forced, but in desperation, the eight white room had to move west to the Xinglong Mountain in Gansu. On June 9, 1939, the Eight White Room embarked on a long road to the west. On June 21, the Eight White Room passed through Yan'an, and the Chinese Communist Party presented a wreath to the bier. On the couplet of the mourning hall, the two major ethnic groups of Mongolia and Han are more closely united, inheriting the spirit of Genghis Khan and fighting against the war, and the banner is the world giant. On June 25, the Eight White Room arrived in Xi'an, and along the street, the 200,000 people were welcome. The National Government held a grand national festival in accordance with the customs of the Mongolian nation. On July 1, 1939, the Eight White Room was placed in Xinglong Mountain, Gansu Province. In 1949, due to the chaos of the current situation, the government of the Republic of China moved the Eight White Room to the Qinghai Kumbum Monastery.


title: Ordos City

text: After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has been transferred to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In 1954, the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China moved the Eight White Room back to Ejin Hollow. [5]


title: Ordos City

text: In 2001, the State Council approved the withdrawal of Ikezhao League and the establishment of the prefecture-level Ordos City.


title: Ordos City

text: On June 8, 2016, the State Council approved the “Request for the Establishment of Kangbashi District in Ordos City” of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: agreed to set up Kangbashi District, and will be the Habagesh Street, Qingshan Street and Binhe Street in Dongsheng District of Ordos City. It is placed under the jurisdiction of the Kangbashi district.


title: Ordos City

text: Ordos's prefectural administrative region occupies and covers the bigger part of the Ordos Desert, although the urban area itself is relatively small. It borders the prefecture-level divisions of Hohhot to the east, Baotou to the northeast, Bayan Nur to the north, Alxa League to the northwest, Wuhai to the west, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region to its southwest, and the provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi to the south. The maximal north-south extent is , while from east to west it stretches for .


title: Ordos City

text: The most populous municipality is Dongsheng which had a population of 582,544 inhabitants as of the 2010 census. Another urban area is the conglomeration of Kangbashi District and the adjacent township of Altan Xire. Kangbashi is to the north of the Wulan Mulun River, a tributary of the Yellow River, while Altan Xire is to the south of the same river.


title: Ordos City

text: The area of Ordos can roughly be divided into a hilly area in the east, high plateaus in the west and center, sandy deserts in the north and south, and plains at the southern bank of the Yellow River. The highest elevation, at , is located in the west, and the lowest point, at , is in the east.


title: Ordos City

text: There are two large deserts in the territory of Ordos: Kubuqi Desert in the north and the Mu Us (Maowusu) Desert in the south. The Kubuqi Desert occupies 19.2% of Ordos, or , while the Maowusu Desert takes up 28.8% of the area, or .


title: Ordos City

text: Ordos features a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSk"), marked by long, cold and very dry winters; very warm, somewhat humid summers; and strong winds, especially in spring. The annual precipitation is in the eastern part of the city and in the western part. Most of the rain falls between July and September, with very little snow in winter; average annual evaporation reaches . In the city proper, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, while the annual mean is . Sunshine duration averages 2,700 to 3,200 hours annually.


title: Ordos City

text: Ordos is one of the most prosperous regions of China when measured by GDP figures. With a nominal per-capita GDP of US$34,352 and ppp per capita GDP of $65,192 in 2016, it ranks first among prefecture-level divisions in the entire Chinese mainland, and second in the PRC (including Hong Kong & Macau), behind Macau (Nominal GDP per capita: US$67,079; GDP (PPP) per capita: $96,148). It is extremely rich in natural resources, having one sixth of the national coal reserves. The pillars of its economy are textiles (wool), coal mining, petrochemicals, electricity generation, production of building materials, and bitcoin mining. An industrial park in Dalad Banner is home to one of the world's largest bitcoin 'mines' - really a massive server farm - owned by Beijing-based Bitmain.


title: Ordos City

text: China is building a third ICBM site near Hanggin Banner, Ordos City, in Inner Mongolia. It will hold more than 100 new DF-41 intercontinental ballistic missiles. It joins two other ICBM fields at Yumen and Hami.


title: Ordos City

text: A large, sparsely inhabited urban real estate development has been constructed from Dongsheng District. Intended to house a million people, it originally remained mostly uninhabited. Intended to have 300,000 residents by 2010, government figures stated it had 28,000. By 2017, Kangbashi had a resident population of 153,000 and around one-third of apartments occupied. It has been the subject of several speculative publication, including an illustrated feature series conducted by Al Jazeera in 2010.


title: Ordos City

text: In 2011, a 49,400-square-meter museum, entitled Ordos Museum (), was opened in Kangbashi. The museum, designed by China-based architectural practice MAD Studio, focuses upon the history of the Ordos area, as well as on the culture and traditions of Inner Mongolia.


title: Ordos City

text: Travel within Ordos City is primarily made by car or bus, using the city's network roads. Two tolled expressways, the G18 Rongcheng–Wuhai Expressway and the G65 Baotou–Maoming Expressway, provide connections with other towns and cities including Dongsheng.


title: Ordos City

text: In 2016, the Ordos railway station in the city opened. The station is on the Beijing-Baotou railway, the Hohhot-Ordos high-speed railway line, and the Baotou-West railway. High speed trains to the provincial capital of Hohhot are run on a daily basis. As well as slower speed trains directly to and from Beijing West railway station.


title: Kenny Stills

text: Kenneth Lee Stills Jr. (born April 22, 1992) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He played college football at Oklahoma and was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the fifth round of the 2013 NFL Draft.


title: Kenny Stills

text: Stills attended La Costa Canyon High School in Carlsbad, California, where he was a three-sport star in football, basketball, and track. In his sophomore year, he had 30 catches for 627 yards and six touchdowns. As a junior, he snatched 62 passes for 1,500 yards and 17 touchdowns. As a senior in 2009, he was named CIF first-team at wide receiver after hauling in 45 receptions for 914 yards and 10 touchdowns. His career totals of 3,041 yards receiving established a San Diego area career-record.


title: Kenny Stills

text: As a standout track and field athlete, Stills competed as a sprinter. At the 2009 Avocado League Finals, he earned third-place finishes in both the 100-meter dash (10.84 s) and 200-meter dash (21.76 s).


title: Kenny Stills

text: Stills attended the University of Oklahoma, where he played for coach Bob Stoops's Oklahoma Sooners football team from 2010 to 2012. He started all 14 games for the Sooners as a true freshman in 2010. As a freshman, he had 61 receptions for 786 yards and five touchdowns. In the 2011 season, he had 61 receptions for 849 yards and eight touchdowns. In 2012, he had 82 catches for 959 yards and 11 touchdowns. Overall, in his three years at Oklahoma, he had 204 receptions for 2,594 yards and 24 touchdowns. After the 2012 season, Stills decided to forgo his final year of college eligibility and enter the NFL Draft.


title: Kenny Stills

text: The New Orleans Saints selected Stills in the fifth round (144th overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft. Stills was the 16th wide receiver drafted in 2013.


title: Kenny Stills

text: On May 10, 2013, the New Orleans Saints signed Stills to a four-year, $2.35 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $194,452.


title: Kenny Stills

text: Throughout training camp, Stills competed against Joe Morgan, Nick Toon, and Andy Tanner to be the third wide receiver on the Saints’ depth chart. Head coach Sean Payton named Stills the fourth wide receiver on the depth chart to begin the regular season, behind Marques Colston, Lance Moore, and Nick Toon.


title: Kenny Stills

text: Stills made his NFL debut in the season-opener against the Atlanta Falcons and caught two passes for 86 yards in a 23-17 victory. In Week 2, Stills earned his first NFL start and caught a ten-yard pass during a 16-14 win at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. During Week 6, Stills made three catches for 64 yards and caught his first NFL touchdown during the Saints’ 30-27 loss at the New England Patriots. Stills caught a 34-yard touchdown pass from Saints’ quarterback Drew Brees during the fourth quarter. On October 27, 2013, Stills made three receptions for a season-high 129 receiving yards and caught two touchdown passes as the Saints defeated the Buffalo Bills 35-17 in Week 8. In Week 15, he caught a season-high four passes for 47 receiving yards in a 27-16 loss at the St. Louis Rams.


title: Kenny Stills

text: Stills finished his rookie year with 32 receptions for 641 receiving yards and five touchdowns in 16 games and ten starts. In 2014, Stills recorded career-highs in receptions with 63 and receiving yards with 931 and three touchdowns in 15 games and seven starts.


title: Kenny Stills

text: On March 13, 2015, Stills was traded to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for linebacker Dannell Ellerbe and a third round pick in the 2015 NFL Draft. In the 2015 season, Stills finished with 27 receptions for 440 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns. In 2016, he started all 16 regular season games recording 42 receptions for 726 yards and nine touchdowns.


title: Kenny Stills

text: On September 11, 2016, Kenny Stills began kneeling during the national anthem to protest police brutality along with teammates Jelani Jenkins, Arian Foster, and Michael Thomas.


title: Kenny Stills

text: On March 8, 2017, Stills signed a four-year, $32 million contract extension with the Dolphins. During Week 7 against the New York Jets, Stills made a miraculous catch where the ball ricocheted between him and a defender, and came back to Stills for the catch. He finished the game with 85 yards and two touchdowns as the Dolphins won by a score of 31–28. During Week 11 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Stills finished with 180 yards and a touchdown in the 30-20 loss. Overall, Stills finished the 2017 season with 58 receptions for 847 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns.


title: Kenny Stills

text: In the 2018 season opener against the Tennessee Titans, Stills had four receptions for 106 yards and two touchdowns, including a 75-yard reception, in the 27–20 victory. During Week 14 against the New England Patriots, he had eight receptions for 135 yards and a touchdown in the "Miracle in Miami" game. Trailing by five points with seven seconds left, the Dolphins had the ball at their own 31-yard line. Quarterback Ryan Tannehill threw a pass over the middle that was caught by Stills, who lateraled the ball to the right side of the field that was caught by DeVante Parker at midfield. Parker then tossed the ball to running back Kenyan Drake, who ran the ball for a 52-yard touchdown to win the game by a score of 34–33.


title: Kenny Stills

text: On August 31, 2019, the Miami Dolphins traded Stills, Laremy Tunsil, and a fourth-round pick to the Houston Texans in exchange for two first-round picks, a second-round pick, Johnson Bademosi, and Julien Davenport. Stills made his debut with the Texans in the season-opener against his former team, the New Orleans Saints. In the game, he caught three passes for 37 yards and a touchdown in the narrow 30-28 road loss. During Week 15 against the Tennessee Titans, Stills caught three passes for 35 yards and two touchdowns in the 24-21 road victory. In the 2019 season, Stills finished with 40 receptions for 561 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns in 13 games. In the of the playoffs against the Kansas City Chiefs, Stills caught three passes for 80 yards, including a 54-yard touchdown, during the 51–31 road loss.


title: Kenny Stills

text: Stills was placed on the active/non-football illness list at the start of training camp on August 7, 2020. He was activated on August 16, 2020. Stills was waived by the Texans on November 27, 2020. He had 11 receptions for 144 yards and a touchdown prior to his release.


title: Kenny Stills

text: On January 4, 2021, Stills was signed to the Buffalo Bills' practice squad. He was elevated to the active roster on January 23 for the against the Kansas City Chiefs, and reverted to the practice squad after the game.


title: Kenny Stills

text: Stills was signed to the Saints' practice squad on September 15, 2021. He was promoted to the active roster on October 9, 2021. In Week 9, against the Atlanta Falcons, he scored his first touchdown as a Saint on a eight-yard reception from Trevor Siemian. He was released on December 7. Stills was re-signed to the Saints' active roster on December 10, 2021. He appeared in 13 games and recorded six receptions for 68 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in the 2021 season.


title: Kenny Stills

text: Kenneth Lee Stills Jr. is the son of Annette Delao and Ken Stills, who played in the National Football League from 1985 to 1990. His uncle, Gary Stills, also played in the NFL, as a linebacker from 1999 to 2008. His cousins Dante Stills and Darius Stills played on the defensive line together for West Virginia.


title: Kenny Stills

text: On July 14, 2020, Stills was among 87 other protesters who were arrested outside the home of Kentucky Attorney General Daniel Cameron. Stills was calling for Cameron to arrest the killers of Breonna Taylor. After law enforcement warned that staying on Cameron's property was unlawful, he, along with the rest of the group, was charged with intimidating a participant in a legal process, disorderly conduct and criminal trespass.


title: Ró-Ró

text: Pedro Miguel Carvalho Deus Correia (; born 6 August 1990), known as Ró-Ró (), is a professional footballer who plays for Al Sadd SC and the Qatar national team as a right-back or a central defender.


title: Ró-Ró

text: Having played lower-league football in Portugal, he appeared for Al Ahli and Al Sadd in the Qatar Stars League after arriving in the country in January 2011. He won several honours with the latter, including three league titles.


title: Ró-Ró

text: Born in Portugal, Ró-Ró represented Cape Verde and Qatar at under-21 and senior levels, respectively. He was part of the squads at the 2019 Asian Cup, 2019 Copa América, 2021 Gold Cup and 2022 World Cup, winning the first of those tournaments.


title: Ró-Ró

text: Born in Algueirão–Mem Martins, Sintra, Portugal of Cape Verdean descent, Ró-Ró received his nickname in tribute to his idols, the Brazilian internationals Ronaldo and Romário. He played for several clubs as a youth, including Benfica where he spent nearly six seasons, and made his senior debut with Farense in the fourth division in 2009; he switched the following season to another team in that tier, Aljustrelense.


title: Ró-Ró

text: In January 2011, Ró-Ró left his country of birth and signed for Al Ahli in Qatar. He scored his first goal against Al Kharaitiyat on 7 January 2012, but in a 2–4 loss.


title: Ró-Ró

text: Ró-Ró appeared in only six matches in his first full season, and the Doha-based side was also relegated from the Stars League. He joined Al Sadd of the same league in 2016 and, upon his arrival, revealed his interest in playing for the Qatar national team. He netted for the first time in the league for the Jesualdo Ferreira-led squad on 12 December of that year, contributing to an 8–0 home demolition of Umm Salal.


title: Ró-Ró

text: At the 2019 FIFA Club World Cup on home soil, Ró-Ró scored in extra time as Al Sadd won 3–1 against New Caledonia's Hienghène Sport in the first round. Playing in an attacking formation under former teammate Xavi, he was a league winner again in 2020–21, in addition to winning two national cups.


title: Ró-Ró

text: Ró-Ró appeared for the Cape Verde national under-21 team on 24 March 2009, playing entirely in a 2–0 friendly away loss to Portugal. He also represented the nation at the 2009 Lusofonia Games tournament, where his team won the gold medal.


title: Ró-Ró

text: On 29 March 2016, Ró-Ró made his debut for Qatar, starting in a 2–0 away loss to China for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. On 23 December 2017, he scored his first goal to conclude a 4–0 victory over Yemen at the 23rd Arabian Gulf Cup; the side exited in the group stage in Kuwait. He played all the matches at the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, as the tournament ended in triumph in the United Arab Emirates.


title: Ró-Ró

text: Ró-Ró was also called up for the country's guest appearances at the 2019 Copa América and the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup, reaching the semi-finals of the latter. At the inaugural FIFA Arab Cup, in which Qatar came third on home turf that December, his campaign ended with a first-half injury against Oman in the second group game.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: Jordan William Palmer (born May 30, 1984) is a former American football quarterback and the current Director of Quarterback Development for the XFL. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the sixth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at UTEP.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: Palmer was also a member of the Arizona Rattlers, Jacksonville Jaguars, Cincinnati Bengals, Sacramento Mountain Lions, Chicago Bears, Buffalo Bills, and Tennessee Titans. He is the younger brother of former NFL quarterback Carson Palmer.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: During his freshman year at UTEP, Palmer threw seven touchdowns and 13 interceptions while completing 49.5% of his passes for 1,168 yards. During his sophomore year he threw for 26 touchdowns and 18 interceptions while completing 58.2% of his passes for 2,618 yards. In his junior year in 2005, he led UTEP to the 2005 GMAC Bowl against Toledo. He threw for a career-high 29 touchdowns and 19 interceptions while completing 59.4% of his passes for 3,503 yards. In his senior season, Palmer threw for 26 touchdowns and 14 interceptions. He completed 65.7% of his passes while his team went 5–7 and did not qualify for post-season play.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: The Washington Redskins drafted Palmer in the sixth round of the 2007 NFL Draft with the 205th pick overall.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: On August 4, 2007, the Baltimore Ravens hosted the Redskins in a pre-season game in Baltimore. Their only score of the scrimmage was on a 24-yard touchdown pass from Palmer to rookie wide receiver Burl Toler.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: On November 6, 2007, Palmer signed with the Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League for the 2008 season.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: On January 30, 2008, Palmer signed a two-year contract with the Cincinnati Bengals. The Palmer brothers became the first brothers in NFL history to hold a quarterback position on the same team at the same time; brothers Koy and Ty Detmer were both on the Philadelphia Eagles roster at the same time, but Ty was on injured reserve.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: After the release of back-up quarterback J. T. O'Sullivan, Palmer was promoted to the backup quarterback of the Bengals behind his older brother Carson for the 2010 season.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: On November 21, 2010, the Palmer brothers became the first pair in NFL history to play quarterback in the same game for the same team, in a loss to the Buffalo Bills.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: Palmer signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars on May 7, 2012 and spent the preseason with the team until being released on August 31.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: He was re-signed on November 21, 2012 after starting quarterback Blaine Gabbert was placed on injured reserve. He was later released again.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: Palmer signed with the Chicago Bears on August 16, 2013 after third-string QB Matt Blanchard broke his hand. Palmer had previously worked out with the Bears during the 2013 offseason. He was released on August 30, 2013. After the Bears lost Jay Cutler to an injury in week 7 against the Washington Redskins on October 20, the Bears reported they would bring back Palmer to back up Josh McCown. Palmer was officially signed on October 28. Two days before the start of the 2014 free agency period, Palmer re-signed with the Bears on a one-year deal. The Bears released Palmer on August 24, 2014.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: On December 15, 2014, Palmer signed with the Tennessee Titans for the remainder of the 2014 season after Jake Locker was placed on IR. Palmer made just over $67,000 for his month with the Titans.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: Palmer worked as a quarterbacks coach at EXOS, an NFL Draft training center in Carlsbad, California, in early 2014.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: As the founder of QB Summit, an in-person Orange County, California, quarterback consulting program and online digital platform, Palmer tutored players including Patrick Mahomes, Deshaun Watson, Josh Allen, Sam Darnold, Joe Burrow, Kyle Allen, and Bo Nix, among others.


title: Jordan Palmer

text: He is the younger brother of former NFL quarterback Carson Palmer, who was the first overall pick in the 2003 NFL Draft by the Cincinnati Bengals. The two spent three seasons together as teammates with the Bengals, with him being Carson's backup.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue. A PPG is often obtained by using a pulse oximeter which illuminates the skin and measures changes in light absorption. A conventional pulse oximeter monitors the perfusion of blood to the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the skin.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: With each cardiac cycle the heart pumps blood to the periphery. Even though this pressure pulse is somewhat damped by the time it reaches the skin, it is enough to distend the arteries and arterioles in the subcutaneous tissue. If the pulse oximeter is attached without compressing the skin, a pressure pulse can also be seen from the venous plexus, as a small secondary peak.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: The change in volume caused by the pressure pulse is detected by illuminating the skin with the light from a light-emitting diode (LED) and then measuring the amount of light either transmitted or reflected to a photodiode. Each cardiac cycle appears as a peak, as seen in the figure. Because blood flow to the skin can be modulated by multiple other physiological systems, the PPG can also be used to monitor breathing, hypovolemia, and other circulatory conditions. Additionally, the shape of the PPG waveform differs from subject to subject, and varies with the location and manner in which the pulse oximeter is attached.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: While pulse oximeters are commonly used medical devices, the PPG derived from them is rarely displayed and is nominally only processed to determine heart rate. PPGs can be obtained from transmissive absorption (as at the finger tip) or reflection (as on the forehead).


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: In outpatient settings, pulse oximeters are commonly worn on the finger. However, in cases of shock, hypothermia, etc., blood flow to the periphery can be reduced, resulting in a PPG without a discernible cardiac pulse. In this case, a PPG can be obtained from a pulse oximeter on the head, with the most common sites being the ear, nasal septum, and forehead. PPG can also be configured for multi-site photoplethysmography (MPPG), e.g. by making simultaneous measurements from the right and left ear lobes, index fingers and great toes, and offering further opportunities for the assessment of patients with suspected peripheral arterial disease, autonomic dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial stiffness. MPPG also offers significant potential for data mining, e.g. using deep learning, as well as a range of other innovative pulse wave analysis techniques.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: Motion artifacts have been shown to be a limiting factor preventing accurate readings during exercise and free living conditions.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: Because the skin is so richly perfused, it is relatively easy to detect the pulsatile component of the cardiac cycle. The DC component of the signal is attributable to the bulk absorption of the skin tissue, while the AC component is directly attributable to variation in blood volume in the skin caused by the pressure pulse of the cardiac cycle.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: The height of AC component of the photoplethysmogram is proportional to the pulse pressure, the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure in the arteries. As seen in the figure showing premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), the PPG pulse for the cardiac cycle with the PVC results in lower amplitude blood pressure and a PPG. Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation can also be detected.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: Respiration affects the cardiac cycle by varying the intrapleural pressure, the pressure between the thoracic wall and the lungs. Since the heart resides in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, the partial pressure of inhaling and exhaling greatly influence the pressure on the vena cava and the filling of the right atrium.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: During inspiration, intrapleural pressure decreases by up to 4 mm Hg, which distends the right atrium, allowing for faster filling from the vena cava, increasing ventricular preload, but decreasing stroke volume. Conversely during expiration, the heart is compressed, decreasing cardiac efficiency and increasing stroke volume. When the frequency and depth of respiration increases, the venous return increases, leading to increased cardiac output.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: Much research has focused on estimating respiratory rate from the photoplethysmogram, as well as more detailed respiratory measurements such as inspiratory time.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: Anesthesiologists must often judge subjectively whether a patient is sufficiently anesthetized for surgery. As seen in the figure, if a patient is not sufficiently anesthetized, the sympathetic nervous system response to an incision can generate an immediate response in the amplitude of the PPG.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: Shamir, Eidelman, et al. studied the interaction between inspiration and removal of 10% of a patient’s blood volume for blood banking before surgery. They found that blood loss could be detected both from the photoplethysmogram from a pulse oximeter and an arterial catheter. Patients showed a decrease in the cardiac pulse amplitude caused by reduced cardiac preload during exhalation when the heart is being compressed.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: The FDA reportedly provided clearance to a photoplethysmography-based cuffless blood pressure monitor in August 2019.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: While photoplethysmography commonly requires some form of contact with the human skin (e.g., ear, finger), remote photoplethysmography allows physiological processes such as blood flow to be determined without skin contact. This is achieved by using face video to analyze subtle momentary changes in the subject's skin color which are not detectable to the human eye. Such camera-based measurement of blood oxygen levels provides a contactless alternative to conventional photoplethysmography. For instance, it can be used to monitor the heart rate of newborn babies, or analyzed with deep neural networks to quantify stress levels.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: Remote photoplethysmography can also be performed by digital holography, which is sensitive to the phase of light waves, and hence can reveal sub-micron out-of-plane motion. In particular, wide-field imaging of pulsatile motion induced by blood flow can be measured on the thumb by digital holography. The results are comparable to blood pulse monitored by plethysmography during an occlusion-reperfusion experiment. A major advantage of this system is that no physical contact with the studied tissue surface area is required. The two major limitations of this approach are (i) the off-axis interferometric configuration that reduces the available spatial bandwidth of the sensor array, and (ii) the use of short-time Fourier transform (via discrete Fourier transform) analysis that filters-off physiological signals.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: Principal component analysis of digital holograms reconstructed from digitized interferograms acquired at rates beyond ~1000 frames per second reveals surface waves on the hand. This method is an efficient way of performing digital holography from on-axis interferograms, which alleviates both the spatial bandwidth reduction of the off-axis configuration and the filtering of physiological signals. A higher spatial bandwidth is crucial for larger image field of view.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: A refinement of holographic photoplethysmography, holographic laser Doppler imaging, enables non-invasive blood flow pulse wave monitoring in blood vessels of the retina, choroid, conjunctiva, and iris.


title: Photoplethysmogram

text: In particular, laser Doppler holography of the eye fundus, the choroid constitutes the predominant contribution to the high frequency laser Doppler signal. It is however possible to circumvent its influence by subtracting the spatially averaged baseline signal, and achieve high temporal resolution and full-field imaging capability of pulsatile blood flow.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Uncyclopedia is a satirical online encyclopedia that parodies Wikipedia. Its logo, a hollow "puzzle potato", parodies Wikipedia's globe puzzle logo, and it styles itself "the content-free encyclopedia", parodying Wikipedia's slogan of "the free encyclopedia". Founded in 2005 as an English-language wiki, the project spans more than 75 languages as well as several subprojects parodying other wikis. The English version has approximately 37,000 pages of content, second only to the Portuguese. Uncyclopedia's name is a portmanteau of the prefix "un-" and the word "encyclopedia".


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Various styles of humor are used as a vehicle for parody, from pointed satire to light sarcasm, along with structured in-jokes and frequent non sequiturs. The site has attracted media attention for its articles on controversial subjects including religion, prominent people, places, politics, and pseudoscience.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Many Uncyclopedia articles contain graphics with a link to the corresponding Wikipedia article. A typical caption reads, "For those "without" comedic tastes, the so-called experts at Wikipedia have an article about [subject in question]." Some also have a link to the corresponding Conservapedia article. A typical caption for one of these is "The faux patriot snake handlers at Conservapedia have an even funnier article about [subject in question]." Some even have a link to the corresponding RationalWiki article. A typical caption for these is "The truth-debunking doctors at RationalWiki have an even funnier article about [subject in question]."


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Uncyclopedia was launched on January 5, 2005, by Jonathan Huang, known online as "Chronarion", and a partner known online as "Stillwaters". It was originally situated at codice_1. In July 2006 it was acquired by Fandom, then known as Wikia.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: In January 2013, some Uncyclopedia editors and administrators set up a fork of Uncyclopedia at codice_2, in response to Wikia's censorship, insertion of advertising, and the imposition of content warnings. Fandom ceased hosting its version of Uncyclopedia on May 14, 2019, and the Fandom site (colloquially known as the "spoon", a play on "fork") moved to codice_3, and in September 2021 to codice_4. The Fandom version of the site now shows only a "Not a valid community" landing page.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: A third site, at codice_5, functions only as a mirror website with backup copies of some Uncyclopedia pages.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Uncyclopedia is built on the same MediaWiki software that Wikipedia uses. However, during Fandom's (Wikia's) hosting of Uncyclopedia, Fandom extensively modified its version of MediaWiki version 1.19, making the Fandom Uncyclopedia site incompatible with later MediaWiki versions. In May 2018, Fandom dropped support for the Monobook skin that its Uncyclopedia site had used to mimic Wikipedia, claiming this was necessary to achieve GDPR compliance, and warned that local work-arounds could not be extended to new visitors and editors by default. Since all Uncyclopedias split off or were removed from Fandom, they mostly switched to using instead (with on mobile), in order to continue parodying Wikipedia.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Foreign-language Uncyclopedia-like projects are described below. Some of these are independent domains: In 2007, 58.8% (or 20 out of 34) of the Uncyclopedia collection was hosted by Wikia. Six dedicated non-Wikia servers host "Uncyclopedia Babel" content in various languages. To coordinate these projects (collectively, the "Uncyclomedia Babel Project") an Un-Meta wiki was created in 2006.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Uncyclopedia projects are run independently by their own members, though some users have accounts on multiple Uncyclopedias. They contain interlanguage links to each other, but there is no global governing organization comparable to the Wikimedia Foundation that oversees Wikipedia as well as its sister projects.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Uncyclopedia's content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) license, although some content, notably images, is copyrighted. Different Uncyclopedias sometimes have different licenses; for example, dÉsencyclopédie (French Uncyclopedia) is dual-licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 and the GFDL. As of March 2022, the English-language Uncyclopedia contains approximately 36,800 articles.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Uncyclopedia encourages satire that is close to or resembles the truth. However, many articles employ absurdist humor and little, if any, factual accuracy remains. For example, Uncyclopedia's article about Wikipedia claims that Wikipedia is a parody of Uncyclopedia, not the reverse. Many articles on the site contradict each other, even articles on the same subject.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Like Wikipedia's "Five pillars", Uncyclopedia has "Five pliers", including "Satirical point of view". Its code of conduct follows from three main rules: "Be funny and not just stupid", "Don't be a dick", and "Dance like you've never danced before!"


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Parodying Wikipedia's article review service , Uncyclopedia has a "Pee Review" where authors seek review by other Uncyclopedians on humor, grammar, spelling, use of images, and overall presentation. Users can post to other wiki pages to solicit coding help and review or request user-edited images. Like Wikipedia, Uncyclopedia features articles and images on its front page. A system of user voting decides which articles and images to feature, usually deciding based on humour and writing quality. The site also welcomes audio contributions such as narration of articles.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Uncyclopedia's articles often begin with quotations, usually misquoted, fictitiously attributed or entirely fabricated. Among the most recurrent themes is the invention of quotes attributed to Oscar Wilde, prompted by an article stating that inventing Wilde quotes was the "national sport of England", and themes such as "kitten huffing" (the inhalation of the souls of cats as a form of drug abuse).


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Much like Wikipedia, Uncyclopedia has policies concerning vanity articles, which are articles written by an individual associated with the subject of the page. Vanity articles were disallowed after many of them produced flame wars. Uncyclopedia does not police but may delete submissions as non-notable on a case-by-case basis, using an -like system called "Votes for deletion" (VfD) and a -like system called "QuickVFD".


title: Uncyclopedia

text: One of Uncyclopedia's most popular articles, , is a nonsensical page, with its content completely consisting of the upper case letter A with images and some punctuation marks.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Some jokes involve the entire website, sometimes including a re-skin of the main page, such as with holiday themes. In 2012, as a parody of Wikipedia's black-out protest against the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) "et al.," Uncyclopedia blocked all content for a day with a notice claiming to support the bills. A tradition of April Fool's Day front page pranks occurs on the wiki, including a "blood donation" plea banner to spoof wiki donation banners on April 1, 2014. For one week in 2013, the Wikia fork interrupted viewing with a claim that the site was unavailable, spoofing a notice on the NASA website during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Each year, Uncyclopedia writers create a list of "100worst reflections" of that year, marking website milestones or simply news. Most years, the creators of the list reveal that they have once again put off the list until the last second, and simply skip a large chunk to get to a hundred in time. Other Uncyclopedia traditions include creating a "top10" list of articles for each year, chosen by popular vote.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: As well as housing many articles designed to satirize Wikipedia-style content, Uncyclopedia contains several secondary projects (known as "UnProjects"). As of 2017, there were sixteen such subprojects, each of which specializes in parody of a different information style. Many of these are directly analogous to Wikipedia's sister projects, while others such as UnTunes and HowTo parody projects completely unrelated to Wikipedia.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Uncyclopedia has been referenced in several well-known news publications from around the world, in addition to numerous local and regional newspapers and periodicals. In 2005 the Flying Spaghetti Monster entry from Uncyclopedia was mentioned in a "New York Times" column reporting the spread of "Pastafarianism", the religion that worships the Flying Spaghetti Monster. The column was then reprinted in other newspapers, including the "Taipei Times". The magazine ".net" featured an interview with Huang about Uncyclopedia in May 2007. A number of other articles have been centred on specific entries on Uncyclopediamost notably the article in the "Arizona Daily Star", which focused on the Tucson, Arizona parody, and the article in the "Cyprus Mail", which focused on the Cyprus article.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: In addition to articles about specific entries on the wiki, several papers speak of the website in generalusually in a section devoted to technology or the Internet. This was the case when Uncyclopedia was referenced in the "Boston Herald" and "The Guardian". Although most articles mentioning Uncyclopedia are specific to the site, there are other articles about Wikia or Wikipedia that just mention its name briefly. These include the editorial in "The Register" discussing the Seigenthaler incident, in which Uncyclopedia was named only once. It has also been listed as one of the "Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites" in "PC Magazine", as well as among the "101 most useful websites" on the internet by "The Sunday Telegraph". "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" considers Uncyclopedia to be the wiki site equivalent of "The Onion".


title: Uncyclopedia

text: At various times, articles on Uncyclopedia have been subject to criticism from King's College (School, Auckland) the "North-West Evening Mail", Northern Irish politician James McCarry, civic leaders of Telford, Shropshire, UK, the "Sioux City Journal", "Hawke's Bay Today", and "Lochaber News".


title: Uncyclopedia

text: In January 2008 the Malaysian Internal Security Ministry issued a directive alerting newspaper editors not to trust Uncyclopedia. It said the article concerning Malaysia contained "untruths, insults and ridicule" and was demeaning to the country.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: The site uses a layout that looks similar to Wikipedia's, which may confuse inexperienced users who misinterpret the content as factual.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: In November 2012 the page "HowTo:Commit suicide" on the Russian-language Uncyclopedia: Absurdopedia; was legally prohibited by the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor). Absurdopedia administrator Edward Chernenko unsuccessfully sued them under his right to science and culture guaranteed by the Russian Constitution. During the proceedings, the Russian government and its experts claimed that Absurdopedia is intentionally trying to increase the number of child suicides in Russia by providing children with instructions for killing themselves. , the case is currently in the ECHR.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: In 2014 the page "HowTo:Make a bomb at home" on Absurdopedia was included in the Russian list of extremist materials.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: In 2017 two pages of Absurdopedia were banned in Russia: "HowTo:Bathe a cat" for "calls to violence against animals" and "HowTo:Make a nuclear bomb" for "information on manufacturing weapons".


title: Uncyclopedia

text: In August 2014 the logo displayed for Greggs on its Google profile was mistakenly temporarily switched to the logo used on Uncyclopedia's article on the subject at the Wikia site due to a caching issue, causing a PR crisis for the company.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: The Uncyclopedia concept has been adapted to wikis in more than fifty other languages. The UnNews project has similarly been replicated, under various localised names, in eighteen other languages. The websites also invoke various parody languages such as "Portuñol" and "English But Louder". The first Uncyclopedias in languages other than English were created in June 2005, beginning with a French-language version. On February 20, 2008, the 50th language, Welsh, was added to the Uncyclopedia series.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Each language wiki is free to establish its own unique community identity, but most of the logos and names in use retain some semblance to those of the English-language version. For instance, as an "un-" encyclopedia, the encyclopedia is named "Uncyclopedia" in both English and German.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Spademanns Leksikon was established in 2006 by the user Lhademmor. The name lacks the "pedia" of most Uncyclopedias, and the website does not use the jigsaw-potato logo but resembles the logo of the largest newspaper in Denmark, "Ekstrabladet."


title: Uncyclopedia

text: In 2012 the website contained more than six thousand articles. Together with the Norwegian Ikkepedia, it accuses Swedes of having no sense of humor because of their poor Uncyclopedia. Website memes include use of Chuck Norris as a cult hero; writing in the style of Hans Christian Andersen, here claimed to be homosexual; and fictitious characters Omboo Hankvald, Hermod Spademann, Gubernichte Hankvald (Omboo's mother) and Troels Hartmann. Their image of God is very close to Barry White.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: The Dutch version started in June 2006. Within half a year the number of articles grew to about 350. Though the number of pages in March 2007 was around 500, 150 short articles moved to the new daughter project, the "OnWoordenboek der Nederlandse Taal" (literally, "UnDictionary of the Dutch Language"), almost doubling the number of new contributions. In February 2007, a second project started: OnNieuws (UnNews), a newspaper full of nonsense. This can be either fictional news or real news told in a funny way. Around March 15, 2007, the decision was made to change the name. The Onziclopedie was renamed to Oncyclopedia (Neerlandica). Later more projects started: OnZinnen (Unquotable), OnBoeken (UnBooks)


title: Uncyclopedia

text: which is available only on the weblog of Oncyclopedia. The Oncy has become well known mostly because of the articles about emo, Tokio Hotel, and suicide. These articles have gotten a lot of criticism in the past, but the admins mostly did not do anything with it, because as they say, it is mostly destructive commentary. Sometimes blocks follow, although this happens only in the case of swearing. At the end of May 2011, the Oncyclopedia had more than 2,150 articles.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Finally there is the "Oncyclopolis Project". This gives the Oncyclopedia a fictional city-state, Oncyclopolis and its own ranking system (based on number of articles, user rights and user duty) comparable with the system of the Uncyclopedia.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Hikipedia (from Finnish "hiki" "sweat" and encyclo"pedia", a parody of the name "Wikipedia") is a Finnish-language nonsense wiki founded in April 2005. Hikipedia was originally intended as an independent nonsense wiki and was added to the Uncyclopedia project only later. In 2011 Hikipedia had more than seven thousand articles and over thirty-eight thousand pages.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: The Désencyclopédie was set up on June 30, 2005, by Quebec bloggers. The administration gradually abandoned the site before it was taken over by French-speaking volunteers around 2007.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: On April 20, 2019, Fandom (ex-Wikia) closed access to the Désencyclopédie in French. The articles which are not in opposition to the conditions of use of Fandom can, however, always be consulted on another site where they are lodged and can still be edited.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Stupidedia (from "stupid" and encyclop"edia") is an Austrian wiki featuring satirically themed articles. It was created on December 17, 2004, by David Sowka, making it the first known humor wiki. In 2010 it joined the Uncyclopedia family, becoming one of the site's German-language wikis. Stupidedia is the largest German-language wiki of this kind with more than 22,412 articles . Its slogan is "Wissen Sie Bescheid? Nein? Wir auch nicht!" (English: Do you know the score? No? Neither do we!)


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Frikipaideia (from φρίκη + εγκυκλοπαίδεια, read Frikipedia) is the Greek version of Uncyclopedia. It was created on 28 February 2006 with the title Ανεγκυκλοπαίδεια (the Greek variant of the name Uncyclopedia) from a proposal by Greek Wikipedians led by the user Dada, who is still an admin of the Greek Wikipedia. After a proposal it was renamed on 20 September 2006 to Frikipaideia. Today it has more than 3,200 articles and 2,083 registered users (as of 26 December 2021), while in the past it was stating more than eleven million registered users, although it was hundred times larger than in reality. It was most active in the period 2006 to 2010, although it retained significant activity until 2019, when the transfer of Uncyclopedia wikis to independent sites took place. After 2019 there was a period of large inactivity that lasted for some months, but since 2020 Frikipaideia is fairly active, thanks to a new generation of contributors. It has subprojects as well, including the Frikivivlia and Frikinea (the Greek counterparts to UnBooks and UnNews).


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Nonciclopedia, the Italian-language version, was founded on November 3, 2005, and features more than 14,000 articles. Like Uncyclopedia, it has many secondary projects, like "Manuali", a collection of fake or humorous tutorials about strange arguments (like "How to conquer England in 4 steps"), the "Horroscopo", a fake horoscope, "NonNotizie", a parody of Wikinews, and the "Walk of Shame", a parody of the "Walk of Fame", which collects the best articles. Like most of the other languages' editions, there is a space for the "Article of the Week", and some pages have related audio files containing a vocal narration of the page's content. Typical subjects of humour are Wikipedia, Chuck Norris, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Silvio Berlusconi, emo subculture, Nietzsche, Germano Mosconi, the fictional state of "Svervegia" (literally Swederway), and people who vandalize Nonciclopedia in response to being offended by an article. Since Chuck Norris, "Svervegia", and emo topics were abused, especially by newbie writers, they are not used anymore, if not on very rare occasions. In October 2011 Nonciclopedia was closed for a short while by the administrators after legal threats were issued by Vasco Rossi. This has generated a strong protest movement on Facebook and other social networks.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Uncyclopedia (, ), fourth-largest with just over ten thousand pages, takes its name from the katakana transliteration of the word "Uncyclopedia". It was founded in December 2005. Its "UnNews" section is known for posting stories that closely resemble real news stories, which has caused rumors and angry reactions on Twitter.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Nonsensopedia is a Polish project that was initially just a Polish version of Uncyclopedia, but has since diverged from other projects in the family. It was founded on September 14, 2005 and has since grown to over 17,000 pages. It was hosted on Wikicities (later Wikia), but has since moved to an independent host on nonsa.pl in March 2019. Contrary to other Uncyclopedias, it puts a larger focus on following copyright law and actively encourages users to upload only free content.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Desciclopédia, the Portuguese-language version with more than 60,000 pages, is the largest Uncyclopedia. Founded in August 2005, it purports to be the brainchild of the largely fictional Doutor Roberto (Portuguese for "Doctor Robert") a satire upon the late powerful owner of TV Globo, Roberto Marinho. This humour routinely targets regional Brazilian notables such as centenarian comedy actress Dercy Gonçalves, depicted as a cover model posed for a Playboy-like magazine "Playold". Actress Cláudia Raia is portrayed as a stingray (). Political leaders such as Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ("squid") also often fall victim to Desciclopédia's parodies, along with singers, athletes and other public figures.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Desciclopédia uses various domain hacks for individual secondary projects, which include Desnotícias ("notícias" is "news"), Descionário (with "dicionário" meaning "dictionary"), Deslivros (for books, "biblioteca" means "library"), and Desentrevistas ("entrevistas" meaning "interviews"). In English these would correspond to "UnNews", "UnDictionary", "UnBooks", and the exclusive-to-Desciclopédia "UnInterviews".


title: Uncyclopedia

text: The Russian-language Uncyclopedia, Absurdopedia, was originally hosted by Wikia at "absurdopedia.wikia.com" on February 24, 2006. In October 2010 a fork site was established at "absurdopedia.net" In March 2019 the original Absurdopedia moved to the address "absurdopedia.wiki" as the "Olbanian" version of the project.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: The Spanish-language Inciclopedia was established in February 2006 to accommodate content displaced by the closure of Spanish humour wiki Frikipedia. Frikipedia was shut down after being sued by the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores, a Spanish organization for copyright who were angered by Frikipedia's entry on them. Frikipedia was eventually relaunched.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: Notables such as Chilean folk singer El Monteaguilino and Senator Pedro Muñoz have expressed their discontent with Inciclopedia and the site's mockery of the Chilean flag and other national symbols. Noche Hache, a television program on Spain's TV Cuatro, also mentioned Inciclopedia among supporters of Eva Hache's joke candidacy to the presidency of Spain.


title: Uncyclopedia

text: In January 2005 an article in Czech, dedicated to Ross Hedvíček, was published on Uncyclopedia. Necyklopedie by itself was launched a few months later in August. It experienced a huge growth as it reached fourteen thousand articles the very next month, and more than twenty-three thousand by August 2007. In September 2015 Necyklopedie consisted of more than thirty thousand, making it the second-largest Uncyclopedia at the time. However, that number greatly decreased during 2016 as the admins deleted all the poorly written articles.


title: Avro Manchester

text: The Avro 679 Manchester was a British twin-engine heavy bomber developed and manufactured by the Avro aircraft company in the United Kingdom. While not being built in great numbers, it was the forerunner of the famed and vastly more successful four-engined Avro Lancaster, which was one of the most capable strategic bombers of the Second World War.


title: Avro Manchester

text: Avro designed the Manchester in conformance with the requirements laid out by the British Air Ministry Specification P.13/36, which sought a capable medium bomber with which to equip the Royal Air Force (RAF) and to replace its inventory of twin-engine bombers, such as the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, Handley Page Hampden and Vickers Wellington. Performing its maiden flight on 25 July 1939, the Manchester entered squadron service in November 1940, just over twelve months after the outbreak of the war.


title: Avro Manchester

text: Operated by both RAF and the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), the Manchester came to be regarded as an operational failure, primarily as a result of its Rolls-Royce Vulture engines, which were underdeveloped and hence underpowered and unreliable, and production was terminated in 1941. However, the Manchester was redesigned into a four-engined heavy bomber, powered by the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine instead, which became known as the Lancaster.


title: Avro Manchester

text: The Manchester has its origins in a design produced by Avro in order to fulfil the British Air Ministry's Specification P.13/36. This was the same specification to which Handley Page had also produced their initial design for what would become the Halifax bomber. Issued in May 1936, Specification P.13/36 called for a twin-engine monoplane "medium bomber" for "worldwide use", which was to be capable of carrying out shallow (30°) dive bombing attacks and carry heavy bombloads (8,000 lb/3,630 kg) or two 18 in (457 mm) torpedoes. Additionally, it had to feature provisions to conduct catapult assisted takeoffs, which would permit the carriage of the maximum payload, was also a stated requirement, although this provision was explicitly removed in July 1938. The envisioned cruising speed of the bomber was to be a minimum of 275 mph at 15,000 feet. The Air Ministry had expectations for an aircraft of similar weight to the B.1/35 specification, but smaller and faster.