title: Sakshi Agarwal

text: Sakshi Agarwal is an Indian actress and model who has appeared in Tamil films and in a few Kannada and Malayalam films. After beginning her working career as a marketing consultant, she pursued acting and garnered attention through part time modelling commitments. Since then she has taken up various lead and supporting roles in South Indian films. She was also a contestant in the Tamil reality TV show Bigg Boss Tamil 3.


title: Sakshi Agarwal

text: A native of Nainital, Agarwal studied at Good Shepherd Convent, Chennai, completed a bachelor's degree in information technology at St. Joseph's College of Engineering and then an MBA degree at Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship She then pursued a career as a marketing consultant, first working with Tata Consultancy Services and then Infosys during 2010. After taking part in a charity fashion show for a friend, Sakshi was approached by a modelling recruiter who introduced her to advertisement directors. Sakshi subsequently started taking up commercial assignments during her weekends, appearing as a model on print, television and fashion shows. She appeared in Malabar Gold's advert alongside Suriya, and later chose to quit her job at Infosys in January 2013 to take up a career as an actress. Agarwal then shot for a video album titled "Jillinu Oru Kalavaram", learnt dance from Shiamak Davar and worked on acting skills with Ratan Thakore Theatre Group, to prepare herself for the film industry. She sought out acting opportunities in the Tamil and Kannada film industries, and signed her first film projects during early 2013.


title: Sakshi Agarwal

text: She was first cast by director Tejaswi in a Kannada film titled "Heddari", which she completed filming by August 2013. Her first release was a little known Tamil tele-film titled "No Parking", while her first theatrical release was Atlee's "Raja Rani" (2013), where she portrayed a small role in one scene. Among her early films, "Heddari" and another proposed Kannada-Tamil bilingual titled "Karaab Story" by Prathap Gowda did not eventually release. Her first film release in a leading role was the Kannada comedy drama, "Software Ganda" (2014), where she portrayed an office worker. In 2015 and 2016, she appeared in a series of low-budget Tamil films as the main lead featuring in a variety of roles. For one particular song in "Ka Ka Ka Po", she dressed up in nine different avatars, while in "Adhyan", she played a fashion student. Other films she was attached to in the period were the unreleased "Jeyikkira Kuthira", where she played a negative role, and "Brahma.com", which she later opted out from.


title: Sakshi Agarwal

text: In early 2017, Agarwal did a three-week intensive course at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute, and has since been attached to an indie English film titled "Cherubs". Sakshi then appeared in Pa. Ranjith's "Kaala" (2018) as a Hindi-speaking daughter-in-law of Rajinikanth's character. Agarwal auditioned for the role three times and noted her elation at being selected for the film. She later made her debut in the Malayalam film industry through the comedy drama, "Orayiram Kinakkalal" (2018), portraying the caring wife of Biju Menon's character.


title: Sakshi Agarwal

text: In 2021 Agarwal went to play the female lead role in Vinoo Venkatesh's "Cindrella", a Horror Thriller film, starring Raai Laxmi. The film opens high positive reviews from critics, Agarwal praises her performance in the film. Her second release was "Aranmanai 3", alongside Sundar C., received mixed reviews.


title: Sakshi Agarwal

text: In 2019, she took part in Star Vijay's "Bigg Boss Tamil 3" and was evicted on Day 49, following her being the contestant with the least vote count. She is also a part of Bagheera starring Prabhu Deva along with Gopinath Ravi who is Rubaru Mr. India 2021 winner as her boy friend.


title: Mao (manga)

text: Mao (stylized as MAO) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Rumiko Takahashi. It has been serialized in Shogakukan's "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" magazine since May 2019, with its chapters collected in fourteen "tankōbon" volumes as of October 2022. In North America, the series is licensed for English release by Viz Media.


title: Mao (manga)

text: Eight years ago, Nanoka Kiba was saved from the wreckage of a fatal accident at Gogyō Town Shopping Center. Drawn to the abandoned passage of storefronts on her walk home from school in present day, she becomes inexplicably transported to Japan's Taishō period where she meets the mysterious Mao, a fellow traveler whose arrival at a ghost-inhabited village is simultaneous with hers. Together, they investigate the bizarre events that begin to occur around them, and Nanoka soon pieces together her broken memories of the accident and how she and Mao may have something more sinister in common.


title: Mao (manga)

text: "Mao" is written and illustrated by Rumiko Takahashi and was announced in Shogakukan's "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" in December 2018. The manga started in "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" on May 8, 2019. A 2-part interview between Takahashi and Satoru Noda, author of "Golden Kamuy", was published in "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" and Shueisha's "Weekly Young Jump" to celebrate the then upcoming first volume of "Mao" and the new volume of "Golden Kamuy" in September 2019. Shogakukan has collected the manga chapters into individual "tankōbon" volumes. The first volume was published on September 18, 2019. A promotional commercial for the fifth volume release, narrated by "Inuyasha"s character Sesshomaru (Ken Narita), was posted in August 2020. A promotional commercial for sixth volume release, narrated by "Inuyasha"'s characters Inuyasha (Kappei Yamaguchi) and Kagome (Satsuki Yukino), was posted in October 2020. On July 7, 2021, the series reached 100 chapters and a promotional commercial, featuring Yuki Kaji as Mao (who previously expressed his interest to participate in an eventual anime adaptation of the series), Hiro Shimono as Hyakka and Toshiyuki Toyonaga as Kamon, was posted. As of October 12, 2022, fourteen volumes have been released.


title: Mao (manga)

text: In February 2021, Viz Media announced that they licensed the series for English release in North America and the first volume was published on September 14, 2021. The series has also been licensed in France by Glénat, in Italy by Star Comics and in Indonesia by Elex Media Komputindo.


title: Mao (manga)

text: As of July 2021, the manga had 1 million copies in circulation. In December 2019, "Brutus" magazine listed "Mao" on their "Most Dangerous Manga" list, which included works with the most "stimulating" and thought-provoking themes. The School Library Journal listed the first volume of "Mao" as one of the top 10 manga of 2021.


title: Mao (manga)

text: In her review of the first volume, Rebecca Silverman of "Anime News Network" ranked it as B−. Silverman called the series’ time period and its world building elements interesting, praising as well Takahashi's art. Silverman, however, criticized the series for its "reused" story elements and character designs, noting similarities to Takahashi's previous works like "Inuyasha" and "Rin-ne". Also reviewing the first volume, Nick Smith of ICv2 commented that "Mao" is "closest to "Inuyasha" in style", and while he stated that the series has "nothing new or innovative", he praised the story and its artwork, adding: "[t]his is the start of what could turn out to be another classic series, if the story develops from this starting point."


title: Assembly of the International Space Station

text: The process of assembling the International Space Station (ISS) has been under way since the 1990s. "Zarya", the first ISS module, was launched by a Proton rocket on 20 November 1998. The STS-88 Space Shuttle mission followed two weeks after "Zarya" was launched, bringing "Unity", the first of three node modules, and connecting it to "Zarya". This bare 2-module core of the ISS remained uncrewed for the next one and a half years, until in July 2000 the Russian module "Zvezda" was launched by a Proton rocket, allowing a maximum crew of three astronauts or cosmonauts to be on the ISS permanently.


text: The ISS has a pressurized volume of approximately , a mass of approximately , approximately 100 kilowatts of power output, a truss long, modules long, and a crew of seven. Building the complete station required more than 40 assembly flights. As of 2020, 36 Space Shuttle flights delivered ISS elements. Other assembly flights consisted of modules lifted by the Falcon 9, Russian Proton rocket or, in the case of "Pirs" and "Poisk", the Soyuz-U rocket.


text: The space station is located in orbit around the Earth at an altitude of approximately , a type of orbit usually termed low Earth orbit (the actual height varies over time by several kilometers due to atmospheric drag and reboosts). It orbits Earth in a period of about 90 minutes; by August 2007 it had completed more than 50,000 orbits since launch of "Zarya" on 20 November 1998.


text: A total of 14 main pressurized modules were scheduled to be part of the ISS by its completion date in 2010. A number of smaller pressurized sections will be adjunct to them (Soyuz spacecraft (permanently 2 as lifeboats – 6 months rotations), Progress transporters (2 or more), the "Quest" and "Pirs" airlocks, as well as periodically the H-II Transfer Vehicle).


text: The US Orbital Segment was completed in 2011 after the installation of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer during the STS-134 mission. The Russian Orbital Segment assembly has been on an indefinite hiatus since the installation of the "Rassvet" module in 2010 during the STS-132 mission. The "Rassvet" module on the ISS right now was originally supposed to be the on-ground dynamic testing mock-up of the now-cancelled Science Power Platform. The "Nauka" science laboratory module was originally supposed to be delivered to the ISS in 2007 but cost overruns and quality control problems have delayed it for over a decade. The current plan is for "Nauka" to be delivered in mid-2021 followed by the nodal module "Prichal" to be delivered in the third quarter of 2021. "Nauka" will have new crew quarters, life support equipment that can produce oxygen and water, and a new galley. The "Nauka" module finally launched in July 2021 and docked to the nadir port of Zvezda module after several days of free flight.


text: There are plans to add 2 or 3 more modules that would attach to "Prichal" during the mid-2020s. Adding more Russian modules in 2021-25 will help the "Zvezda" module greatly because "Zvezda's" originally installed central command computers no longer work (three ThinkPad laptops are now the "Zvezda's" central command computers) and its Elektron oxygen generators are not replaceable and are way past their expiration date. In Russian modules all the hardware is launched with the equipment permanently installed. It is impossible to replace hardware like in the US Orbital Segment with its very wide 51 inch (105 cm) hatch openings between modules. This potential problem with the "Zvezda" was made apparent when in October 2020 the toilet, oven, and Elektron all malfunctioned at the same time and the cosmonauts onboard had to make emergency repairs.


text: The ISS, when completed, will consist of a set of communicating pressurized modules connected to a truss, on which four large pairs of photovoltaic modules (solar panels) are attached. The pressurized modules and the truss are perpendicular: the truss spanning from starboard to port and the habitable zone extending on the aft-forward axis. Although during the construction the station attitude may vary, when all four photovoltaic modules are in their definitive position the aft-forward axis will be parallel to the velocity vector.


text: In addition to the assembly and utilization flights, approximately 30 Progress spacecraft flights are required to provide logistics until 2010. Experimental equipment, fuel and consumables are and will be delivered by all vehicles visiting the ISS: the SpaceX Dragon, the Russian Progress, the European ATV and the Japanese HTV, and space station downmass will be carried back to Earth facilities on the Dragon.


text: After the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster on 1 February 2003, there was some uncertainty over the future of the ISS. The subsequent two and a half-year suspension of the U.S. Space Shuttle program, followed by problems with resuming flight operations in 2005, were major obstacles.


text: The Space Shuttle program resumed flight on 26 July 2005, with the STS-114 mission of "Discovery". This mission to the ISS was intended both to test new safety measures implemented since the "Columbia" disaster and deliver supplies to the station. Although the mission succeeded safely, it was not without risk; foam was shed by the external tank, leading NASA to announce future missions would be grounded until this issue was resolved.


text: Between the "Columbia" disaster and the resumption of Shuttle launches, crew exchanges were carried out solely using the Russian Soyuz spacecraft. Starting with Expedition 7, two-astronaut caretaker crews were launched in contrast to the previously launched crews of three. Because the ISS had not been visited by a shuttle for an extended period, a larger than planned amount of waste accumulated, temporarily hindering station operations in 2004. However Progress transports and the STS-114 shuttle flight took care of this problem.


text: Many changes were made to the originally planned ISS, even before the "Columbia" disaster. Modules and other structures were cancelled or replaced, and the number of Shuttle flights to the ISS was reduced from previously planned numbers. However, more than 80% of the hardware intended to be part of the ISS in the late 1990s was orbited and is now part of the ISS's configuration.


text: During the shuttle stand-down, construction of the ISS was halted and the science conducted aboard was limited due to the crew size of two, adding to earlier delays due to Shuttle problems and the Russian space agency's budget constraints.


text: In March 2006, a meeting of the heads of the five participating space agencies accepted the new ISS construction schedule that planned to complete the ISS by 2010.


text: As of May 2009, a crew of six has been established following 12 Shuttle construction flights after the second "Return to Flight" mission STS-121. Requirements for stepping up the crew size included enhanced environmental support on the ISS, a second Soyuz permanently docked on the station to function as a second 'lifeboat', more frequent Progress flights to provide double the amount of consumables, more fuel for orbit raising maneuvers, and a sufficient supply line of experimental equipment. As of November 2020, the crew capacity has increased to seven due to the launch of Crew Dragon by SpaceX, which can carry 4 astronauts to the ISS.


text: Later additions included the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) in 2016, and numerous Russian components are planned as part of the in-orbit construction of OPSEK.


text: The ISS is made up of 16 pressurized modules: six Russian modules ("Zarya", "Zvezda", "Poisk", "Rassvet", "Nauka", and "Prichal"), eight US modules ("BEAM", "Leonardo", "Harmony", "Quest", "Tranquility", "Unity", "Cupola", and "Destiny"), one Japanese module ("Kibō") and one European module ("Columbus").


text: Although not permanently docked with the ISS, Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules (MPLMs) formed part of the ISS during some Shuttle missions. An MPLM was attached to "Harmony" (initially to "Unity") and was used for resupply and logistics flights.


text: Spacecraft attached to the ISS also extend the pressurized volume. At least one Soyuz spacecraft is always docked as a 'lifeboat' and is replaced every six months by a new Soyuz as part of crew rotation. Table below shows the sequence in which these components were added to the ISS. Decommissioned and deorbited Modules are shown in gray.


text: The following module was built, but has not been used in future plans for the ISS as of January 2021.


text: The ISS is credited as the most expensive item ever built, costing around $150 billion (USD), making it more expensive than Skylab (costing US$2.2 billion) and Mir (US$4.2 billion).


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: A rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) is an algorithm designed to efficiently search nonconvex, high-dimensional spaces by randomly building a space-filling tree. The tree is constructed incrementally from samples drawn randomly from the search space and is inherently biased to grow towards large unsearched areas of the problem. RRTs were developed by Steven M. LaValle and James J. Kuffner Jr.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: They easily handle problems with obstacles and differential constraints (nonholonomic and kinodynamic) and have been widely used in autonomous robotic motion planning.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: RRTs can be viewed as a technique to generate open-loop trajectories for nonlinear systems with state constraints. An RRT can also be considered as a Monte-Carlo method to bias search into the largest Voronoi regions of a graph in a configuration space. Some variations can even be considered stochastic fractals.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: RRTs can be used to compute approximate control policies to control high dimensional nonlinear systems with state and action constraints.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: An RRT grows a tree rooted at the starting configuration by using random samples from the search space.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: If the connection is feasible (passes entirely through free space and obeys any constraints), this results in the addition of the new state to the tree.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: With uniform sampling of the search space, the probability of expanding an existing state is proportional to the size of its Voronoi region.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: As the largest Voronoi regions belong to the states on the frontier of the search, this means that the tree preferentially expands towards large unsearched areas.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: The length of the connection between the tree and a new state is frequently limited by a growth factor.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: If the random sample is further from its nearest state in the tree than this limit allows, a new state at the maximum distance from the tree along the line to the random sample is used instead of the random sample itself.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: The random samples can then be viewed as controlling the direction of the tree growth while the growth factor determines its rate.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: Most practical implementations of RRTs make use of this to guide the search towards the planning problem goals.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: This is accomplished by introducing a small probability of sampling the goal to the state sampling procedure.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: In the algorithm above, "RAND_CONF" grabs a random configuration "q" in "C". This may be replaced with a function "RAND_FREE_CONF" that uses samples in "C", while rejecting those in "C" using some collision detection algorithm.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: "NEAREST_VERTEX" is a function that runs through all vertices "v" in graph "G", calculates the distance between "q" and "v" using some measurement function thereby returning the nearest vertex.


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: "NEW_CONF" selects a new configuration "q" by moving an incremental distance "Δq" from "q" in the direction of "q". (According to in holonomic problems, this should be omitted and "q" used instead of "q".)


title: Rapidly-exploring random tree

text: It has been shown that, under 'mild technical conditions', the cost of the best path in the RRT converges almost surely to a non-optimal value. For that reason, it is desirable to find variants of the RRT that converges to an optimum, like RRT*. Below follows is a list of RRT*-based methods (starting with RRT* itself). Not all of the derived methods do themselves converge to an optimum, though.


title: Velodrome

text: A velodrome is an arena for track cycling. Modern velodromes feature steeply banked oval tracks, consisting of two 180-degree circular bends connected by two straights. The straights transition to the circular turn through a moderate easement curve.


title: Velodrome

text: The first velodromes were constructed during the late 1870s, the oldest of which is Preston Park Velodrome, Brighton, United Kingdom, built in 1877 by the British Army. Some were purpose-built just for cycling, and others were built as part of facilities for other sports; many were built around athletics tracks or other grounds and any banking was shallow. Reflecting the then-lack of international standards, sizes varied and not all were built as ovals: for example, Preston Park is long and features four straights linked by banked curves, while the Portsmouth velodrome, in Portsmouth, has a single straight linked by one long curve. Early surfaces included cinders or shale, though concrete, asphalt and tarmac later became more common.


title: Velodrome

text: Indoor velodromes were also common particularly in the late 19th and early 20th century. For example, the Vélodrome d'hiver was built in Paris in 1909 and featured a indoor track with a wooden surface.


title: Velodrome

text: International competitions such as the Olympic Games led to more standardisation: two-straight oval tracks quickly became the norm, and gradually lap lengths reduced. The Vélodrome de Vincennes, used for the 1896 (and 1924) Games was per lap, while Antwerp's Vélodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg, used in 1920, and Helsinki Velodrome, used in 1952, were both . By the 1960s up to 1989, tracks of length were commonly used for international competitions (e.g.: the Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome used for track cycling events at the 1968 Summer Olympics, and Leicester's Saffron Lane velodrome used at the 1970 and 1982 Track Cycling World Championships). Since 1990, such events are usually held on velodromes with laps. London's 2012 Olympic velodrome and a new velodrome in Turkmenistan's capital city Ashgabat both have a 250 m track and a 6,000-seat spectator capacity.


title: Velodrome

text: Banking in the turns, called cant, allows riders to keep their bikes relatively perpendicular to the surface while riding at speed. When travelling through the turns at racing speed, which may exceed , the banking attempts to match the natural lean of a bicycle moving through that curve. At the ideal speed, the net force of the centrifugal force (outward) and gravity (downward) is angled down through the bicycle, perpendicular to the riding surface.


title: Velodrome

text: Riders are not always travelling at full speed or at a specific radius. Most events have riders all over the track. Team races (like the madison) have some riders at speed and others riding more slowly. In match sprints riders may come to a stop by performing a track stand in which they balance the bicycle on the sloped surface while keeping their feet locked into the pedals. For these reasons, the banking tends to be 10 to 15 degrees less than physics predicts. Also, the straights are banked 10 to 15 degrees more than physics would predict. These compromises make the track ridable at a range of speeds.


title: Velodrome

text: From the straight, the curve of the track increases gradually into the circular turn. This section of decreasing radius is called the easement spiral or transition. It allows bicycles to follow the track around the corner at a constant radial position. Thus riders can concentrate on tactics rather than steering.


title: Velodrome

text: Bicycles for velodromes, better known as track bicycles, have no brakes. They employ a single fixed rear gear, or cog, that does not freewheel. This helps maximise speed, reduces weight, and avoids sudden braking while nevertheless allowing the rider to slow by pushing back against the pedals.


title: Velodrome

text: Modern velodromes are constructed by specialised designers. The Schuermann architects in Germany have built more than 125 tracks worldwide. Most of Schuermann's outdoor tracks are made of wood trusswork with a surface of strips of the rare rain-forest wood Afzelia. Indoor velodromes are built with less expensive pine surfaces.


title: Velodrome

text: The track is measured along a line up from the bottom. Olympic and World Championship velodromes must measure . Other events on the UCI International Calendar may be held in velodromes that measure between and inclusive, with a length such that a whole or half number of laps give a distance of .


title: Velodrome

text: The velodrome at Calshot, Hampshire, UK is only and has especially steep banking because it was built to fit inside an aircraft hangar. Forest City Velodrome in London, Ontario, Canada, is the world's shortest at . Built to fit a hockey arena, it too has steep banking.


title: Velodrome

text: The smaller the track, the steeper the banking. A track banks around 45°, while a track banks around 32°. Some older velodromes were built to imperial standards. The Dick Lane Velodrome in East Point, Georgia USA, is .


title: Velodrome

text: Velodrome tracks can be surfaced with different materials, including timber, synthetics and concrete. Shorter, newer, and Olympic quality tracks tend to be timber or synthetics; longer, older, or inexpensive tracks are concrete, macadam, or even cinder.


title: Velodrome

text: Important cycling events are usually held on tracks which have lines laid out in a specified arrangement. Some other tracks also follow these protocols, but others have a different arrangement of lines to suit their facility and to assist riders in holding a straight line and in avoiding drifting onto the flatter section below the bankings where they risk their tyres sliding out.


title: Velodrome

text: Between the infield (sometimes referred to as an apron) and the actual track is the blue band (called "côte d'azur") which is typically 10% of the surface. The blue band is not technically a part of the track; although it is not illegal to ride there, moving into it to shortcut another rider results in disqualification. During time trials, pursuits or other timed events, the blue band is obstructed with sponges or other objects. The blue band is a warning to cyclists that they may scrape their pedal along the infield when in a curve, which can easily result in a crash.


title: Velodrome

text: Minimum (or half the track width) above the inside of the track is the blue stayer's line. This line serves in races behind motorbikes as a separation line. Stayers below the blue line may not be overtaken on the inside. In Madison races (named after six-day races at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York and also known as "the American"), the team's relief rider rests above the stayer's line by riding slowly until his or her teammate comes around the track and throws him or her back into the race.


title: Velodrome

text: The finish line is black on a wide white band and near the end of the home straight. Red lines are marked in the exact centre of each straight as start and finish line for pursuit races. A white 200 m line marks before the finish.


title: Velodrome

text: Velodromes may be indoors or outdoors. In the heyday of velodrome racing (1890–1920), indoor tracks were common. When hosting six-day races, they were popular for revellers and urban sophisticates to congregate in the early hours after the bars had closed. Indoor tracks are not affected by weather and are more comfortable for spectators. They ride smoother and last longer. Despite the advantages of indoor tracks, outdoor velodromes are more common, as an outdoor venue does not require a building, making it more affordable, especially when new. Today, although many classic indoor tracks have been torn out of buildings and replaced by venues for more popular sports, velodromes are still sometimes built into indoor venues, particularly where track racing can generate enough revenue to cover the expense of dedicating a building to it.


title: Velodrome

text: There are a variety of formats in velodrome races. A typical event will consist of several races of varying distances and structures. Common types of races include:


title: Velodrome

text: Team Sprint, sprint, Keirin, Kilo and flying laps are generally considered 'sprinters' races, which in track cycling equate to extremely powerful, muscular riders over short distances, resulting in some historic overlap between BMX riders and track sprinters, such as Chris Hoy. The other events are considered endurance events for riders with less outright power but greater aerobic ability, and such events have historically enjoyed an overlap with elite road racers, including road sprinters such as Mark Cavendish and Elia Viviani, Grand Tour legends Eddy Merckx , Fausto Coppi and more recent Tour de France winners Bradley Wiggins and Geraint Thomas.


title: Jazzy B

text: Jaswinder Singh Bains (born 1 April 1975), better known by his stage name Jazzy B is an Indo-Canadian Punjabi singer and songwriter.


title: Jazzy B

text: Jazzy B was born in Nawanshahr, Punjab, India. When he was five years old, his family moved to Surrey, British Columbia, Canada.


title: Jazzy B

text: His first album "Gugiyan Da Jora" was released in 1993. The rhythm was played by Sukhshinder Shinda who suggested that he move to England if he wanted a prominent career in Punjabi music.


title: Jazzy B

text: He is a big fan of the late singer Kuldeep Manak, which is one of the reasons why Jazzy's album, Maharajas, released in 2011, with Kuldeep's son, Yudhvir, also a singer, is a tribute to Kuldeep Manak, with some of Kuldeep's original vocals retained, and many other songs sung by Jazzy and Yudhvir, are also a tribute to Kuldeep Manak.


title: Jazzy B

text: In 2012 he made his debut with movie Best of Luck as an actor with Punjabi singer and actor Gippy Grewal and Miss India Universe 2008 Simran Kaur Mundi. The shooting of this film commenced in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in May 2012. He made special appearance in Diljit Dosanjh's "Jatt & Juliet 2" in 2013.


title: Jazzy B

text: In a news story published in April, it was revealed that while doing stunts for Romeo Ranjha, Jazzy underwent serious injuries wherein he even had "near-death" experience. He was quoted as saying, "I literally left my body. I could feel everyone trying to resuscitate me. I remember my whole life flashing before my eyes, and surprisingly, I wasn't thinking about winning awards or anything like that. The only thing I cared about was that I wanted to live because I did not want to leave my family so soon."


title: Jazzy B

text: In 2015 he featured in title song "Zalim Dilli"of movie "Dilliwali Zaalim Girlfriend" with Hard Kaur.


title: Jazzy B

text: In 2022, he appeared in a song "ghaint galbaat" with Zareen Khan in punjabi movie Posti. In 2022, he also appeared as a cop in suspense thriller punjabi movie Snowman along with Neeru Bajwa, Rana Ranbir and Arshi Khatkar.


title: Jazzy B

text: In 2001 his song "Oh Kehri" from the album of same name featured Celina Jaitley. Mahek Chahal featured in his songs and videos "Jindey" and "Chak De Boli". He is known for his song "Dil Luteya" with Apache Indian from his album "Romeo". Esha Gupta featured in his song "Glassy" from the album "Rambo" in 2008. Surveen Chawla appeared in his song "Naag 2" in 2010.


title: Jazzy B

text: In 2013 he sung a song "Jugni" for Jimmy Sheirgill, Irrfan Khan, Soha Ali Khan, and Mahi Gill starrer Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster Returns.


title: Jazzy B

text: In 2014 Surveen Chawla once again appeared in his Duet song "Mitran De Boot". In 2014 he also sung for movie Shaadi Ke Side Effects starring Farhan Akhtar and Vidya Balan.


title: Jazzy B

text: In 2015 he worked with international rapper Snoop Dogg for the song "Most Wanted" which is featured in MTV India. His old song "Sat Rangey" used in the background of the Hollywood movie "Deadpool" in 2016.


title: Jazzy B

text: He is the first South Asian entertainer to have his name added to the BC Entertainment Hall of Fame Star Walk in Vancouver.


title: Jazzy B

text: In 2016 he sung a song "Love The Way You Dance" for movie Tutak Tutak Tutiya starring Prabhu Deva, Tamannaah and Sonu Sood.


title: Jazzy B

text: In 2017 Bigg Boss "Season 10" contestant Lopamudra Raut was featured in his song Crazy Ya from album "Folk 'N' Funky 2."


title: Jazzy B

text: In 2020, his song "Jine Mera Dil Luteya" recreated as "Gaallan Kardi" with Jyotica Tangri & Mumzy Stranger for Saif Ali Khan, Tabu & Alaya Furniturewala starrer Jawaani Jaaneman.


title: Jazzy B

text: He appeared as a Judge in Zee Punjabi "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa" with Sonu Kakkar, Jaidev Kumar and show was mentoring by Gurdas Mann.


title: Saab H engine

text: The Saab H engine is a redesign of the Saab B engine, which in turn was based on the Triumph Slant-4 engine.


title: Saab H engine

text: Despite the name it is not an H engine or horizontally opposed engine, but a slanted inline-4. The H engine was introduced in 1981 in the Saab 900 and was also used in the Saab 99 from 1982 onwards.


title: Saab H engine

text: H stood for high compression; higher compression was part of the update from B to H engine. It continued in use in the 900/9-3, 9000, and 9-5. The 2003 GM Epsilon-based 9-3 switched to the GM Ecotec engine, leaving the 9-5 as the sole user of the H engine. The H family of engine was used in the first-generation 9-5 until it was discontinued in 2010. The tooling and know-how was sold to BAIC.


title: Saab H engine

text: The latter B2X4 and B2X5 engines have in practice nothing in common with the early B engines except cylinder spacing.


title: Saab H engine

text: All versions feature a grey cast iron block and an aluminum head with a single or double overhead chain driven camshafts. SOHC engines use two valves per cylinder and DOHC versions use four valves per cylinder with a pentroof chamber, the valve angle being 22 degrees from vertical. All engines use flat inverted bucket type valve lifters, hydraulic in the case of DOHC engines.


title: Saab H engine

text: B201 is the original H engine with two valves per cylinder and a single overhead camshaft. It was introduced in 1981 and unlike the B engine it did not have the central shaft which used to power the distributor, oil- and coolant pump. Instead the distributor is located at the front of the cylinder head and directly driven by the camshaft, while the integrated waterpump was replaced with a separate unit to the rear of the engine.


title: Saab H engine

text: It was available with at 5200 rpm using a single carburettor, at 5200 rpm using a dual carburettor, at 5500 rpm using Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection and a turbocharged, fuel injected version with at 5000 rpm. In 1986 an intercooled version of the turbo engine also became available, it produces at 5500 rpm.


title: Saab H engine

text: Valmet Automotive in Uusikaupunki also planned a downsized 1.6 liter version of B201, to better suit Finnish vehicle tax laws. Downsizing was made by using a narrower cylinder bore. The prototype engine produced at 5400 rpm, fitted with Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection. One such prototype engine is displayed in the Uusikaupunki Saab museum.


title: Saab H engine

text: In 1984, Saab added a 16 valve cylinder head with double overhead camshafts. They retroactively renamed the 8-valve version the B201 and used B202 as the name of the new multi-valve unit. Another notable addition to the B202 was hydraulic valve lifters and Ecopower ("ep" in Italy, "(900)S" elsewhere), with a pre-heated catalytic converter for reduced emissions.


title: Saab H engine

text: In 1991, Saab introduced a 2.1-litre naturally aspirated 16 valve version of this engine, with an increased displacement of () and a resulting name of B212. The inlet manifold was enlarged and redesigned for better and greater flow. The intake manifold and the head from the 2.1-litre constitute a well-known replacement for 1985-1993 16 valve, 2.0-litre turbocharged Saabs. Power increase is modest at stock boost but becomes much more evident at higher boost levels.


title: Saab H engine

text: Engine builder John Nicholson also developed a Formula Three engine from the B202, for use in a Reynard 853 chassis. This version one of the first to use Saab's direct ignition system (SDI) and produced at 5600 rpm. Its other strength was high power in an unusually broad powerband for a naturally aspirated racing engine.


title: Saab H engine

text: A major redesign of the H engine came in 1990 in the form of the new B234 for the Saab 9000. The B234 featured an increase in stroke from to , increasing the displacement to 2.3 liters. With this increased stroke also came a new engine block with increased deck height to make sufficient room for the increased stroke length without being forced to use shorter connecting rods, and in-block counter-rotating balance shafts for reduced vibration (NVH). There are two generations of B234 engine, one made from 1990-1993, the other from 1994 to 1998. The later motors had a revised oil sump system, head, timing cover, and different bell housing pattern. Unlike the previous B202, the block was no longer angled, but straight, something that made it unsuitable for the 900 model with its gearbox under the engine, built into the engine oil sump. The longer stroke B234 was last produced in 1998, that being the last year for the 9000 model. The B234 was selected as one of Ward's 10 Best Engines for 1995 and 1996.


title: Saab H engine

text: The B202 was still being produced in 1993, but for the new generation Saab 900 being released in 1994 a new 2.0L engine was required. This new engine, the B204, was based on the 9000's B234, but in order to make the engine fit in the 900 the engine had to be shortened. This meant that a new chain drive for the camshafts was required to reduce the length of the engine. The B204 engine was available with natural aspiration in 900, 9000 and 9-3 in the form of 2.0i (B204i), with a low pressure turbo in the form of 9000 and 9-3 2.0t (B204E) or Saab 900 and 9-3 2.0T (B204L). B204R was briefly available in the 1999 9-3 Aero (U.S. market 'SE') model. B204 was in production in the Saab 9-3 until 2000, when it was replaced by B205.


title: Saab H engine

text: With the introduction of the OBDII compliant B204 (also coincidental with the introduction of Trionic T5.5) Saab embarked on a new concept they termed as "Ecopower" where engines were designed for high power output while also delivering exceptional economy and low environmental impact.


title: Saab H engine

text: Turbocharged engines used Garrett T25 turbochargers and the B234R (9000 Aero manual) used a Mitsubishi Heavy Industries TD04HL-15G-6 in model year -93 and TD04HL-15T-6 later on.


title: Saab H engine

text: The B204 and B234 are regarded by engine tuners as the preferable engine for performance tuning over the later B205 and B235 engines as the internals are of a higher strength. The later models had lightened internal components to improve efficiency and fuel economy but limit the total power output when the engine's software is revised to increase the boost pressures and specific power output. The B204 engine became a very popular engine swap for Vauxhall and Opel Astra, Calibra, Cavalier and Vectras with the GM T-body platform, in Scandinavia in the mid 2000s—the engine uses the same mounting positions due to sharing the same platform. In the UK it is swapped into rotary equipped Mazda RX8, in Ukraine and Russia it is a swap option for Daewoo (now Chevrolet) models of similar age.


title: Saab H engine

text: Note: The primary difference between the B204L and the B204R is with the intercooler, the turbo, the wastegate 'base boost' setting.


title: Saab H engine

text: The B206 is a version of the B204 but without the dual balance shafts. It was only offered as a naturally aspirated engine B206I producing , seemingly a Europe-only option in 1994 non-turbo 900 NGs. This engine is popular among Saab tuners in Sweden (e.g. Trollspeed) due to the lack of balance shafts but with presumably equal strength as the turbo blocks with balance shafts.


title: Saab H engine

text: The B205 and B235 engines are an evolution of the B204 and B234 engines. They were introduced in the 1998 Saab 9-5 giving reduced fuel consumption and emissions with improved refinement. The changes included lightweight internal components:lighter valves, softer valve springs, lighter pistons, and lower-drag oil pump. Another development was the introduction of the Trionic 7 torque demand type engine management system. Trionic 7 equipped engines have the black direct ignition casing on top of the engine rather than the red of the Trionic 5.


title: Saab H engine

text: BAIC offers the Saab H engine in various configurations on several of its models. The B205RGA and B235RGA, 2.0 and 2.3 litre turbo engines are available similar to those used in Saabs. Further BAIC offers a smaller 1.8 litre displacement version named B185RGA. This version was developed to meet requirement for government vehicle with maximum displacement of 1.8 litres. BAIC continued the development of the Saab H engine. In 2015, a B236R prototype was unveiled at the Shanghai Autoshow. This engine design incorporates variable valve timing and an EGR system which allows the engine to comply with Euro 6 emission standards.


title: Saab H engine

text: The BAIC BJ40L is available with a engine named B201R and a engine named B231R. A engine named B205EFA is offered in the Senova X65. The BAIC BJ80 is also available with the B231R engine variant. The B201R and B231R models do not use Saab's Trionic engine management system and direct ignition cassette.


title: Saab H engine

text: The H-engine ended production with the 1st Generation Saab 9-5 in 2009 when the intellectual property was transferred to BAIC. Starting in 2003 with the 9-3 Sport Sedan, Saab began utilizing the L850 engine Ecotec. Beginning in 2010 with the 2nd generation 9-5, all Saabs utilized the Ecotec. There were some technologies carried over into the Ecotec line from the Saab H-engine, but for the most part there is very little similarity between the two engine families. Saab continued to use its Trionic engine management system with the Ecotec.


title: Radha Mohan

text: Radha Mohan is an Indian film director of the South Indian film industry. He is known for his work in the films "Mozhi" (2007), "Abhiyum Naanum" (2008), "Payanam" (2011) and "Kaatrin Mozhi" (2018).


title: Radha Mohan

text: Radha Mohan began work on his first film was "Smile Please" in 1996, which had dialogues written by his friend Babu, who had appeared in the lead role in "En Uyir Thozhan" (1990). The film was to star Prakash Raj in the lead role, but financial restraints meant that the film was later shelved. The film was later set for release during Diwali 1998 under the title of "Ananthakrishnan", but still failed to clear financial hurdles.


title: Radha Mohan

text: The director worked under R. V. Udayakumar before he did his first film release, "Azhagiya Theeye" (2004). Known for his strong story lines and sensible and realistic portrayal of women, Mohan's films have largely been clean family entertainment. He has a penchant for humour in his films, and his films have been rib ticklers even though they carry strong messages and handling serious themes. "Mozhi" (2007) is his career's biggest hit, followed by "Payanam" (2011).


title: Ashish Jha

text: Ashish Kumar Jha (born December 31, 1970) is an Indian-American general internist physician and academic serving as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator. He is currently on a short-term leave from the Brown University School of Public Health where he served as the Dean. Prior to Brown, he was the K.T. Li Professor of Global Health at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, faculty director of the Harvard Global Health Institute, and a Senior Advisor at Albright Stonebridge Group. Jha is recognized as one of the leading health policy scholars in the nation. Jha's role at Brown University focuses on improving the quality and cost of health care, and on the impact of public health policy.


title: Ashish Jha

text: On March 17, 2022, US President Joe Biden announced that Jha would be succeeding Jeffrey Zients as White House COVID-19 Response Coordinator. Dr. Jha took office on April 5, 2022.


title: Ashish Jha

text: Ashish Kumar Jha was born in Pursaulia, Madhubani, Bihar, India, on December 31, 1970. Both of Jha's parents worked as educators. His family moved to Toronto, Canada, in 1979 and to Morris County, New Jersey, USA in 1984.


title: Ashish Jha

text: Jha graduated from Boonton High School in Boonton, New Jersey, as the valedictorian of the class of 1988 and the editor in chief of the school's newspaper. He attended Columbia University, where he studied pre-med and economics and was president of Earl Hall's student governing board. Jha graduated from Columbia in 1992 with a B.A. in economics.


title: Ashish Jha

text: Jha received his M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1997 and then trained as a resident in internal medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. He completed a Chief Residency year at UCSF. Between 2001 and 2002, he served as the Inaugural Under Secretary's Special Fellow for Quality and Safety in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Jha returned to Boston in 2002 to complete his fellowship in general medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School.


title: Ashish Jha

text: Jha worked as the K.T. Li Professor of Global Health at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Faculty Director of the Harvard Global Health Institute, as well as a Senior Advisor at Albright Stonebridge Group. On September 1, 2020, he became the Dean of the Brown University School of Public Health. He remains an Adjunct Professor of Global Health in the Department of Health Policy and Management at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.


title: Ashish Jha

text: In mid-March 2020, Jha called for a two-week national quarantine across the United States to reduce the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. He argued that it takes up to two weeks for those already infected with the virus to begin showing symptoms; given the lack of COVID-19 testing in the U.S., a two-week quarantine would help public health better assess how widespread the disease is to better inform decision-making. He has also advocated for the need to vastly strengthen healthcare infrastructure and increase the manufacturing of personal protective equipment to keep healthcare workers safe. He has testified multiple times in front of Congress as an expert helping guide policymakers on how best to help the US navigate the pandemic.


title: Ashish Jha

text: Between March 2020 and May 2021, Jha was mentioned on cable and network news approximately 60,000 times.


title: Ashish Jha

text: In March 2022, it was announced that Jha would succeed Jeffrey Zients as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator.


title: Ashish Jha

text: In March of 2020, Jha was appointed the third dean of the Brown University School of Public Health. He assumed the role in September of 2020. During Jha's tenure and the concurrent COVID-19 pandemic, the school has expanded its programatic offerings, physical footprint, and faculty.


title: Discernment

text: Discernment is the ability to obtain sharp perceptions or to judge well (or the activity of so doing). In the case of judgement, discernment can be psychological, moral or aesthetic in nature. Discernment has also been defined in the contexts; scientific (that is discerning what is true about the real world), normative (discerning value including what ought to be) and formal (deductive reasoning). The process of discernment within judgment, involves going past the mere perception of something and making nuanced judgments about its properties or qualities. Discernment in the Christian religion is considered as a virtue, a discerning individual is considered to possess wisdom, and be of good judgement; especially so with regard to subject matter often overlooked by others.


title: Discernment

text: The process of individual discernment has steps that can be taken in order to achieve a level of discernment. The following actions can be made when making decisions of discernment; taking time in making decisions, using both the head and heart, and assessing important values involved in the situation. Time has been considered necessary in the process of making a smart choice and decisions made in a hurry can be altered by lack of contemplation. When time is available to assess the situation it improves the discernment process. When time allots the tentative decision can be revisited days later and external people can be consulted to make sure that the individual is satisfied with their choice. Making decisions is involved with discernment and they require both the "head" and the "heart". Making decisions with the "head" means to first reflect on the situation and emphasize the rational aspect of the decision making process. In order to make a decision with the <nowiki>'heart"</nowiki> the individual needs to make decisions based on feelings as well as rationality. Values in the discernment process are weighing options that decide what is most important to the individual. Every individual’s value system is different which affects each individual discernment process. Combining values, using both the head and heart and taking sufficient time when making decision are the main steps for a successful discernment process.


title: Discernment

text: Group discernment is a separate branch of discernment. In group discernment each individual must first undergo their own discernment process. The individual must keep in mind what is best for the group as a whole as well as the individual when making a decision. The same principles of values, using the head and heart, as well as giving the decision making process ample time all still apply in group discernment. Group discernment is different because it requires multiple people to have a unanimous decision in order to move forward. Group discernment requires discussion and persuasion between individuals to arrive at a decision.


title: Shanthi Krishna

text: Shanthi Krishna is an Indian actress known for her leading roles in Malayalam and Tamil films. As a star in the 1980s and 1990s, she won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress for her performance as Sharadammini in "Chakoram" (1994), the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam for her performance in "Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela," and the Kerala state television award for best actress three times in a row.


title: Shanthi Krishna

text: Her parents are R. Krishna and K. Sharada, a Palakkad family based in Bombay. She completed her education at Mumbai S.I.E.S. College and General Education Academy. Her three brothers are Sreeram, Satheesh and film director Suresh Krissna.


title: Shanthi Krishna

text: Shanthi made her acting debut in the Malayalam movie "Nidra" (1981), directed by Bharathan. The same year, she acted in her first Tamil film, "Paneer Pushpangal". She quit the film industry after her first marriage, but made a comeback in 1991 in the movie "Nayam Vyakthamakkunnu". She won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Chakoram" (1994). In 1997 she stopped appearing in Malayalam movies. She served as a jury member in Malayalam film awards. She made a second comeback in 2017 with the movie "Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela".


title: Shanthi Krishna

text: Shanthi Krishna married Malayalam actor Sreenath in 1984 and divorced him in 1995. She married Sadasivan Bajore in 1998, the secretary of Rajiv Gandhi Group of Institutions. They have two children, Mithul and Mithali. The couple divorced in 2016. She lived in the US for a while and later returned to Bangalore.


title: Craig Venter

text: John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946) is an American biotechnologist and businessman. He is known for leading one of the first draft sequences of the human genome and assembled the first team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome. Venter founded Celera Genomics, the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI). He was the co-founder of Human Longevity Inc. and Synthetic Genomics. He was listed on "Time" magazine's 2007 and 2008 "Time" 100 list of the most influential people in the world. In 2010, the British magazine "New Statesman" listed Craig Venter at 14th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010". In 2012, Venter was honored with Dan David Prize for his contribution to genome research. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2013. He is a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's advisory board.


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, the son of Elizabeth and John Venter. In his youth, he did not take his education seriously, preferring to spend his time on the water in boats or surfing.


title: Craig Venter

text: Although he opposed the Vietnam War, Venter was drafted and enlisted in the United States Navy where he worked as a hospital corpsman in the intensive-care ward of a field hospital. He served from 1967 to 1968 at the Naval Support Activity Danang in Vietnam. While in Vietnam, he attempted suicide by swimming out to sea, but changed his mind more than a mile out.


title: Craig Venter

text: Being confronted with severely injured and dying marines on a daily basis instilled in him a desire to study medicine, although he later switched to biomedical research.


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter began his college education in 1969 at a community college, College of San Mateo in California, and later transferred to the University of California, San Diego, where he studied under biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan. He received a Bachelor of Science in biochemistry in 1972 and a Doctor of Philosophy in physiology and pharmacology in 1975 from UCSD.


title: Craig Venter

text: After working as an associate professor, and later as full professor, at the State University of New York at Buffalo, he joined the National Institutes of Health in 1984.


title: Craig Venter

text: While an employee of the NIH, Venter learned how to identify mRNA and began to learn more about those expressed in the human brain. The short cDNA sequence fragments he was interested in are called expressed sequence tags, or ESTs. The NIH Office of Technology Transfer and Venter decided to take the ESTs discovered by others in an attempt to patent the genes identified based on studies of mRNA expression in the human brain. When Venter disclosed this strategy during a Congressional hearing, a firestorm of controversy erupted. The NIH later stopped the effort and abandoned the patent applications it had filed, following public outcry.


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter was passionate about the power of genomics to transform healthcare radically. Venter believed that shotgun sequencing was the fastest and most effective way to get useful human genome data. The method was rejected by the Human Genome Project however, since some geneticists felt it would not be accurate enough for a genome as complicated as that of humans, that it would be logistically more difficult, and that it would cost significantly more.


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter viewed the slow pace of progress in the Human Genome project as an opportunity to continue his interest in patenting genes, so he sought funding from the private sector to start Celera Genomics. The company planned to profit from their work by creating genomic data to which users could subscribe for a fee. The goal consequently put pressure on the public genome program and spurred several groups to redouble their efforts to produce the full sequence. Venter's effort won him renown as he and his team at Celera Corporation shared credit for sequencing the first draft human genome with the publicly funded Human Genome Project.


title: Craig Venter

text: In 2000, Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Public Genome Project jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome, a full three years ahead of the expected end of the Public Genome Program. The announcement was made along with U.S. President Bill Clinton, and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair. Venter and Collins thus shared an award for "Biography of the Year" from A&E Network.


title: Craig Venter

text: On 15 February 2001, the Human Genome Project consortium published the first Human Genome in the journal "Nature", followed one day later by a Celera publication in "Science". Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was in some ways less accurate than the clone-by-clone method chosen by the Human Genome Project, the technique became widely accepted by the scientific community.


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter was fired by Celera in early 2002. According to his biography, Venter was fired because of a conflict with the main investor, Tony White, specifically barring him from attending the White House ceremony celebrating the achievement of sequencing the human genome.


title: Craig Venter

text: The Global Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS) is an ocean exploration genome project with the goal of assessing the genetic diversity in marine microbial communities and to understand their role in nature's fundamental processes. Begun as a Sargasso Sea pilot sampling project in August 2003, Venter announced the full Expedition on 4 March 2004. The project, which used Venter's personal yacht, "Sorcerer II", started in Halifax, Canada, circumnavigated the globe and returned to the U.S. in January 2006.


title: Craig Venter

text: In June 2005, Venter co-founded Synthetic Genomics, a firm dedicated to using modified microorganisms to produce clean fuels and biochemicals. In July 2009, ExxonMobil announced a $600 million collaboration with Synthetic Genomics to research and develop next-generation biofuels.


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter continues to work on the creation of engineered diatomic microalgae for the production of biofuels.


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter is seeking to patent the first partially synthetic species possibly to be named "Mycoplasma laboratorium". There is speculation that this line of research could lead to producing bacteria that have been engineered to perform specific reactions, for example, produce fuels, make medicines, combat global warming, and so on.


title: Craig Venter

text: In May 2010, a team of scientists led by Venter became the first to create successfully what was described as "synthetic life". This was done by synthesizing a very long DNA molecule containing an entire bacterium genome, and introducing this into another cell, analogous to the accomplishment of Eckard Wimmer's group, who synthesized and ligated an RNA virus genome and "booted" it in cell lysate. The single-celled organism contains four "watermarks"


title: Craig Venter

text: written into its DNA to identify it as synthetic and to help trace its descendants. The watermarks include


title: Craig Venter

text: On March 25, 2016, Venter reported the creation of Syn 3.0, a synthetic genome having the fewest genes of any freely living organism (473 genes). Their aim was to strip away all nonessential genes, leaving only the minimal set necessary to support life.


title: Craig Venter

text: This stripped-down, fast reproducing cell is expected to be a valuable tool for researchers in the field.


title: Craig Venter

text: In August 2018, Venter retired as chairman of the board, saying he wanted to focus on his work at the J. Craig Venter Institute. He will remain as a scientific advisor to the board.


title: Craig Venter

text: In 2006 Venter founded the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), a nonprofit which conducts research in synthetic biology. It has facilities in La Jolla and in Rockville, Maryland and employs over 200 people.


title: Craig Venter

text: In April 2022 Venter sold the La Jolla JCVI facility to the University of California, San Diego for $25 million. The university, which already has a very strong genomics program, hopes to absorb most of the Institute's faculty and its current research grants. Venter will continue to lead a separate nonprofit research group, also known as the J. Craig Venter Institute, and stressed that he is not retiring.


title: Craig Venter

text: On September 4, 2007, a team led by Sam Levy published one of the first genomes of an individual human—Venter's own DNA sequence. Some of the sequences in Venter's genome are associated with wet earwax, increased risk of antisocial behavior, Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases. This publication was especially interesting because it attempted to separate the two haplotypes (the two copies of each chromosome), although it only accomplished this in a limited way. The genome as published only had 3 billion bases, rather than the full 6 billion that would compose a fully diploid sequence. Another 10 years passed before the first haplotype-resolved human genomes began to appear.


title: Craig Venter

text: The Human Reference Genome Browser is a web application for the navigation and analysis of Venter's recently published genome. The HuRef database consists of approximately 32 million DNA reads sequenced using microfluidic Sanger sequencing, assembled into 4,528 scaffolds and 4.1 million DNA variations identified by genome analysis. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), block substitutions, short and large indels, and structural variations like insertions, deletions, inversions and copy number changes.


title: Craig Venter

text: The browser enables scientists to navigate the HuRef genome assembly and sequence variations, and to compare it with the NCBI human build 36 assembly in the context of the NCBI and Ensembl annotations. The browser provides a comparative view between NCBI and HuRef consensus sequences, the sequence multi-alignment of the HuRef assembly, Ensembl and dbSNP annotations, HuRef variants, and the underlying variant evidence and functional analysis. The interface also represents the haplotype blocks from which diploid genome sequence can be inferred and the relation of variants to gene annotations. The display of variants and gene annotations are linked to external public resources including dbSNP, Ensembl, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and Gene Ontology (GO).


title: Craig Venter

text: Users can search the HuRef genome using HUGO gene names, Ensembl and dbSNP identifiers, HuRef contig or scaffold locations, or NCBI chromosome locations. Users can then easily and quickly browse any genomic region via the simple and intuitive pan and zoom controls; furthermore, data relevant to specific loci can be exported for further analysis.


title: Craig Venter

text: On March 4, 2014, Venter and co-founders Peter Diamandis and Robert Hariri announced the formation of Human Longevity, Inc., a company focused on extending the healthy, "high performance" human lifespan. At the time of the announcement the company had already raised $70 million in venture financing, which was expected to last 18 months. Venter served as the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) until May 2018, when he retired. The company said that it plans to sequence 40,000 genomes per year, with an initial focus on cancer genomes and the genomes of cancer patients.


title: Craig Venter

text: Human Longevity filed a lawsuit in 2018 against Venter, accusing him of stealing trade secrets. Allegations were made stating that Venter had departed with his company computer that contained valuable information that could be used to start a competing business. The lawsuit was ultimately dismissed by a California judge on the basis that Human Longevity were unable to present a case that met the legal threshold required for a company, or individual, to sue when its trade secrets have been stolen.


title: Craig Venter

text: Human Longevity's mission is to extend healthy human lifespan by the use of high-resolution big data diagnostics from genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and proteomics, and the use of stem cell therapy.


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter is the author of two books, the first of which was an autobiography titled "A Life Decoded". Venter's second book was titled "Life at the Speed of Light" in which he announced his theory that this is the generation in which there appears to be a dovetailing of the two previously diverse fields of science represented by computer programming and the genetic programming of life by DNA sequencing. He was applauded for his position on this by futurist Ray Kurzweil.


title: Craig Venter

text: After a brief marriage to Barbara Rae-Venter, with whom he had a son, Christopher, he married Claire M. Fraser remaining married to her until 2005. In late 2008 he married Heather Kowalski. They live in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, CA. Venter is an atheist.


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter was 75 when he sold his main research facility, the J. Craig Venter Institute, to UCSD in 2022. He said he has no intention of retiring and would continue to lead a separate nonprofit research group, but he was recovering from a difficult bout with COVID-19 and was tired of management responsibilities. He has a home in La Jolla and a ranch in Borrego Springs, California, as well as homes in two small towns in Maine. He indulges in two passions: sailing and flying small planes, which he calls "the ultimate freedom".


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter has been the subject of articles in several magazines, including "Wired", "The Economist", Australian science magazine "Cosmos", and "The Atlantic".


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter delivered the 2008 convocation speech for Faculty of Science honours and specialization students at the University of Alberta.


title: Craig Venter

text: Venter was featured in "Time" magazine's "The Top 10 Everything of 2008" article. Number three in 2008's Top 10 Scientific Discoveries was a piece outlining his work stitching together the 582,000 base pairs necessary to invent the genetic information for a whole new bacterium.


title: Craig Venter

text: On May 20, 2010, Venter announced the creation of first self-replicating semi-synthetic bacterial cell.


title: Craig Venter

text: In the June 2011 issue of "Men's Journal", Venter was featured as the "Survival Skills" celebrity of the month. He shared various anecdotes and advice, including stories of his time in Vietnam, as well as mentioning a bout with melanoma on his back, which subsequently resulted in his "giving a pound of flesh" to surgery.


title: Craig Venter

text: In May 2017, Venter was the guest of honor and keynote speaker at the inauguration ceremony of the Center for Systems Biology Dresden.


title: Ashraf Ali Thanwi

text: Ashraf Ali Thanwi (often referred as Hakim al-Ummat and Mujaddid e Millet; 19 September 1863 – 20 July 1943) was a late-nineteenth and twentieth-century Sunni scholar, jurist, thinker, reformist and the revival of classical sufi thought from Indian subcontinent during the British Raj, one of the chief proponent of Pakistan Movement. He was a central figure of Islamic spiritual, intellectual and religious life in South Asia and continues to be highly influential today. As a prolific author, he completed over a thousand works including "Bayan Ul Quran" and "Bahishti Zewar". He graduated from Darul Uloom Deoband in 1883 and moved to Kanpur, then Thana Bhawan to direct the Khanqah-i-Imdadiyah, where he resided until the end of his life. His training in Quran, Hadith, Fiqh studies qualified him to become a leading Sunni authority among the scholars of Deoband. His teaching mixes Sunni orthodoxy, Islamic elements of belief and the patriarchal structure of the society. He offers a sketch of a Muslim community that is collective, patriarchal, hierarchical and compassion-based.


title: Ashraf Ali Thanwi

text: Thanwi was a strong supporter of the Muslim League. He maintained a correspondence with the leadership of All India Muslim League (AIML), including Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He also sent groups of Muslim scholars to give religious advice and reminders to Jinnah. His disciples Zafar Ahmad Usmani and Shabbir Ahmad Usmani were key players in religious support for the creation of Pakistan. During the 1940s, many Deobandi Ulama supported the Congress but Thanwi and some other leading Deobandi scholars including Muhammad Shafi Deobandi and Shabbir Ahmad Usmani were in favour of the Muslim League. Thanwi resigned from Darul Uloom Deoband's management committee due to its pro-Congress stance. His support and the support of his disciples for Pakistan Movement were greatly appreciated by AIML.


title: Ashraf Ali Thanwi

text: He laid a very active life teaching, preaching, writing, lecturing and making occasional journey. He belonged to a period when Muslims were physically intellectually under attack by the western colonial powers and the Arya Samaj. His literary life began at Darul Uloom Deoband and that he wrote a Mathnawi titled as ""Zeero-bam"", in Persian language at the age of eighteenth. For fourteenth years he was a teacher in Madrasa Faiz e Aam, in Kanpur, taught, wrote, and gave sermons and issued Fatwa. From the early days of his educational life, he was very much impressed by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.


title: Ashraf Ali Thanwi

text: Most of his books are in Urdu, Arabic and Persian. There is no branch of Islam in which his book may not be present. It is said that the number of his works is nearly one thousand. The rights of printing of all his books were public. He never earned a single paisa from his books. Millions of individual derived educational and practical benefit from his books and predicatory lectures.


title: Ashraf Ali Thanwi

text: His sermons were written, while they were delivered from city to city and shown to him and published, Muslims benefitted from them. These contained Islamic rules and regulations, stoppage of innovations, facts and figures interesting topics etc. Normally, lectures discussed were about Islamic worship, but he also talked about morals, dealings, practical daily life in his sermons. He kept this in mind in his training of Sulook and Tariqah as well. A list of his major works is given here:


title: Ashraf Ali Thanwi

text: He produced near about 1000 trainees, to whom he permitted for Bay'ah and those spread their influences of Thanwi. Among them are: Sulaiman Nadvi, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Zafar Ahmad Usmani, Abdul Hai Arifi, Athar Ali Bengali, Abdul Majid Daryabadi, Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri, Abrarul Haq Haqqi, Muhammadullah Hafezzi, Khair Muhammad Jalandhari, Masihullah Khan, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri, Habibullah Qurayshi, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi. His edicts and religious teachings have been deemed authoritative even by many of his opponents. Muhammad Iqbal once wrote to a friend of his that on the matter of Rumi's teachings, he held Thanwi as the greatest living authority.


title: Ironman (Ghostface Killah album)

text: Ironman is the debut solo album by American rapper Ghostface Killah, released on October 29, 1996, by Epic Records. It was produced by fellow Wu-Tang Clan member RZA. The album's music draws prominently on blaxploitation films and soul samples. More so than on other solo debuts from the group's members, "Ironman" contains references to the Nation of Gods and Earths.


title: Ironman (Ghostface Killah album)

text: "Ironman" peaked at number two on the "Billboard" 200 chart. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Many music critics have praised the album for Ghostface Killah's imaginative lyricism and RZA's production style, with some revering it as one of the greatest Wu-Tang solo albums.


title: Ironman (Ghostface Killah album)

text: Although a solo album, "Ironman" features many Wu-Tang collaborations and only four tracks feature Ghostface performing as the sole rapper. The two most prominently featured artists are Raekwon and Cappadonna, who both accompany Ghost and have their names on the album's cover. Raekwon appears on 13 of the 17 tracks, with "The Faster Blade" featuring him performing solo. Cappadonna appears on five tracks.


title: Ironman (Ghostface Killah album)

text: As opposed to earlier Wu-Tang solo projects, in which the performers involved were believed to be infallible, Ghostface is somewhat vulnerable on several of the album's songs. This is perhaps best illustrated on the single, "All That I Got Is You", which is essentially a tribute to his mother. However, the rest of the album contains many street oriented, and organized crime topics, similar to "Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...", in which Ghostface was heavily involved. "Ironman" contains more of Ghostface Killah's highly praised unique uptempo, stream-of-consciousness rhyming style, which he would go on to further utilize on his highly acclaimed second studio album "Supreme Clientele". The album also features a substantial amount of story-telling rap, such as the song "260." Producer RZA combines his dark keyboard tones and early-1970s soul samples, heavily used on "Only Built for Cuban Linx..." and "Liquid Swords" respectively, to engender a soulful and melodic, yet dark and harsh feel that later influenced many other Wu-Tang releases, such as "Wu-Tang Forever" and "Uncontrolled Substance", as well as numerous other East Coast artists.


title: Ironman (Ghostface Killah album)

text: In his book "The Tao of Wu", producer RZA points out that Ghostface's voice sounds noticeably different on "Ironman" from previous Wu-Tang releases. This is because "Ironman" was released following a flood that destroyed the basement studio in which those recordings were made. RZA had set up individual microphone preamps and compressors for each member, which were destroyed in the flood. Thus, the vocals on "Ironman" had to be recorded in a different studio with different equipment and settings, which slightly altered their sound.


title: Ironman (Ghostface Killah album)

text: In a positive review for "The Village Voice", music critic Robert Christgau said that despite morally questionable actions in Ghostface Killah's narratives, "the detail is so vivid and complex that for once we get the gripping blaxploitation flick gangsta [rap] promises rather than the dull or murky one it delivers ... Most decisive of all, RZA's music is every bit as literal as Ghostface's rhymes and rap, giving up tunes, even hooks." Jon Pareles, the chief music critic for "The New York Times", wrote in his review of the album, "Anger is just a stimulant for Ghostface Killah. On "Ironman" he raps about male bonding, the mating game and the violent ups and downs of the drug trade, in a voice raised just above the tone of conversation." "Vibe" columnist The Blackspot hailed the album as "proof of his matured lyrics and delivery and the Wu's strong family stand. If "Only Built 4 Cuban Linx..." had you open, prepare for another gaping wound."


title: Ironman (Ghostface Killah album)

text: In "Spin" magazine, Chris Norris wrote "Ghostface wreaks havoc with meaning and narrator reliability, flitting from gangster-film intrigue to grimly prosaic reality." Norris also praised RZA's production, stating "As usual, the Wu's sonic auteur provide awesomely dark and eccentric backdrops for the MC's dark maneuvers, mixing soul horns with horror-film keyboards." "The Source" took note of the album's "intense emotional moments" and stated, "The RZA does another masterful job, topping himself in terms of sonic diversity." "Q" magazine was less enthusiastic and felt the songs are "more about lyrical finesse than anything else".


title: Ironman (Ghostface Killah album)

text: In a retrospective review for AllMusic, senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that "the mood of the album can switch tones at the drop of the hat. The record is filled with inventive production and rhymes, and ranks as another solid entry in the Wu-Tang legacy." Stephen Thompson from "The A.V. Club" praised RZA's production, stating "Just as Terminator X was Public Enemy's secret weapon, The RZA is The Wu-Tang Clan's. Producer RZA, quietly working behind the scenes, has been the force behind Wu-Tang's raw, all over the map, Bruce Lee-meets-Gladys Knight sound. RZA has done it again on Ghostface Killah's "Ironman"." Thompson further stated "Attacking from all angles, "Ironman" is classic Wu-Tang, piecing together something unpredictable and vital-sounding."


title: Ironman (Ghostface Killah album)

text: The album debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 and on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts selling 156,000 copies in its first week. The album went on to be certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over a million copies in the United States. This remains Ghostface Killah's best selling album. In Canada, the album peaked at number four on the Canadian Albums Charts and was certified gold for denoting sales of over 40,000 copies.


title: Ironman (Ghostface Killah album)

text: Track listing and credits adapted from Tidal. All tracks produced by RZA; except "Fish" produced by True Master.


title: Neal Asher

text: Both of Asher's parents are educators and science fiction fans. Although he began writing speculative fiction in secondary school, he did not turn seriously to writing until he was 25. He worked as a machinist and machine programmer and as a gardener from 1979 to 1987. Asher identifies "The Lord of the Rings", "The Hobbit" and other fantasy work including Roger Zelazny's "The Chronicles of Amber" series as important early creative influences.


title: Neal Asher

text: Asher published his first short story in 1989. In 2000 he was offered a three-book contract by Pan Macmillan, and his first full-length novel "Gridlinked" was published in 2001. This was the first in a series of novels made up of "Gridlinked", "The Line of Polity", "Brass Man", "Polity Agent", and "Line War".


title: Neal Asher

text: Asher is published by Tor, an imprint of Pan Macmillan, in the UK, and by Tor Books in the United States.


title: Neal Asher

text: The majority of Asher's work is set in one future history, the "Polity" universe. It encompasses many classic science fiction tropes including world-ruling artificial intelligences, androids, hive minds and aliens. His novels are characterized by fast-paced action and violent encounters. While his work is frequently epic in scope and thus nominally space opera, its graphic and aggressive tone is more akin to cyberpunk. When combined with the way that Asher's main characters are usually acting to preserve social order or improve their society (rather than disrupt a society they are estranged from), these influences could place his work in the subgenre known as post-cyberpunk.


title: Billy Cox

text: William Cox (born October 18, 1941) is an American bassist, best known for performing with Jimi Hendrix. Cox is the only surviving musician to have regularly played with Hendrix: first with the experimental group that backed Hendrix at Woodstock (informally referred to as "Gypsy Sun and Rainbows"), followed by the trio with drummer Buddy Miles that recorded the live "Band of Gypsys" album, and, lastly, The Cry of Love Tour trio with Mitch Mitchell back on drums. Cox continues to perform dates with the Band of Gypsys Experience and the Experience Hendrix Tour.


title: Billy Cox

text: In addition to Hendrix, he has either been a member of the house or touring band or recorded sessions for Sam Cooke, Slim Harpo, Joe Simon, Charlie Daniels, John McLaughlin, Rufus Thomas, Carla Thomas, Lou Rawls, Etta James, Jackie Wilson and Little Richard.


title: Billy Cox

text: Born in Wheeling, West Virginia, Billy Cox was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and attended Schenley High School.


title: Billy Cox

text: Cox met Jimi Hendrix when they were serving in the Army at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, in 1961. While using the bathroom at Service Club No. 1 during a sudden rainstorm, he heard guitar playing inside. Impressed with what he heard, he introduced himself, told Hendrix he played bass, and they were jamming soon after. They became, and remained, fast friends. They left the military around the same time and they played clubs around Clarksville, Tennessee, finally moving to Nashville. They formed a group called the King Kasuals. They played at Nashville clubs, mostly the Del Morocco, and occasional outlying gigs in the southeast, once as far north as Indianapolis playing what was called the "Chitlin' Circuit". Cox and Hendrix also played in the backing band for Marion James around this time.


title: Billy Cox

text: Hendrix eventually left Nashville, playing all over the U.S. in the backing groups of several famous artists (most notably Little Richard and the Isley Brothers) until he was "discovered" by Chas Chandler in New York City's Greenwich Village. Chandler took Hendrix to England, but before Hendrix left, he called Cox and asked him to join him. As Cox "only had three strings on [his] bass" and no money to travel to New York, he simply thanked Hendrix and wished him well.


title: Billy Cox

text: During this period, Cox played bass on such pioneering R&B television shows as Nashville's "Night Train" and "The!!!! Beat" from Dallas, Texas, working closely with Hoss Allen and John Richbourg of WLAC Radio.


title: Billy Cox

text: In 1969, several months before bassist Noel Redding left the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Hendrix called his old friend Cox, who joined him in New York as his studio bassist. Following the break-up of the Experience, Cox performed with Hendrix's experimental group, informally called Gypsy Sun and Rainbows. This group played at Woodstock and two low-key New York gigs. Hendrix then formed another short-lived group with Cox and Buddy Miles, that recorded "Band of Gypsys", the live album that he owed former manager Ed Chalpin as part of a legal settlement. Following their demise, Cox recorded and toured with Hendrix and Mitch Mitchell for The Cry of Love Tour, when promoters sometimes billed them as the "Jimi Hendrix Experience".


title: Billy Cox

text: Cox contributed most of the bass parts on the first group of posthumously released Hendrix albums, including "The Cry of Love" (1971), "Rainbow Bridge" (1971), "War Heroes" (1972), and "Loose Ends" (1974). Most of the tracks from these albums were consolidated as "First Rays of the New Rising Sun" (1997), which is the most complete attempt to present Hendrix's fourth studio album (see Hendrix's posthumous discography and videography for a complete list). Additionally, Cox appears on many live albums and films from the Cry of Love Tour.


title: Billy Cox

text: In 1971, Cox released his album "Nitro Function" with Char Vinnedge (from Luv'd Ones) and Robert Tarrant. Cox played with others, including the Charlie Daniels Band, as well as session work and live dates. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Cox would continue to be a part of Jimi's music as posthumous releases continued to pour out.


title: Billy Cox

text: In 1995, Cox along with Mitchell, Redding and Miles began participating in Hendrix tributes and tours. In 1999, Cox appeared on the late Bruce Cameron's album, "Midnight Daydream", that included other Hendrix alumni Mitchell and Miles along with Jack Bruce and others. Cox has also performed some dates along with Mitchell and guitarist Gary Serkin with a Hendrix-tribute outfit called the Gypsy Sun Experience.


title: Billy Cox

text: Cox worked on "First Rays of the New Rising Sun", Hendrix's fourth studio album, which was cut off by Hendrix's death. Cox has also been known to guest speak at University level music seminars. In this capacity he has been helpful to the aspiring musicians by spending time with them in discussion and demonstration sessions. This spirit of sharing and helping other musicians is similar to his former bandleader Hendrix's vision of providing musicians with a no-pressure (including cost breaks if needed) recording environment in the now legendary Electric Lady studios located in Greenwich Village.


title: Billy Cox

text: In 2004, Miles reunited yet again with Cox of the Band of Gypsys to re-record songs from the original live album of 1970 with guitarists Eric Gales, Kenny Olsen, Sheldon Reynolds, Andy Aledort and Gary Serkin. The album, titled "The Band Of Gypsys Return", was released in 2006.


title: Billy Cox

text: Cox currently plays with the Experience Hendrix, a semi-regular touring Hendrix tribute band featuring top guitarists and former Hendrix collaborators. Cox's solo album "Last Gypsy Standing" was released in 2009.


title: Billy Cox

text: Today, Billy Cox owns a video production company. He has produced numerous blues and a myriad of gospel shows. He co-authored the books "Jimi Hendrix Sessions" and "Ultimate Hendrix" with John McDermott and Eddie Kramer. Cox has been the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including these: In 2009 he was inducted into The Musicians Hall of Fame; he received the Founders Award in 2010, given by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen. In 2011, Cox was inducted into the West Virginia Music Hall Of Fame. He released "Old School Blue Blues" in 2011, and continues to tour with "The Experience Hendrix Tour" each year and his own Band of Gypsys Experience. He released the single "Run" featuring the androgynous singer and songwriter Marlon Alarm in November 2011, and his latest release, "Unfiltered", came out in late 2014. On June 23, 2019, Cox was inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame along with his band mates, Hendrix and Miles for their groundbreaking work as the Band of Gypsys. Cox was on hand to accept the award in Detroit, Michigan, and performed with guitarist Dani Robinson and drummer Richie Monica.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: Hroniss Grasu ( ; born August 12, 1991) is an American football center for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Oregon, and was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the third round of the 2015 NFL Draft.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: A native of Los Angeles, California, Grasu attended Crespi Carmelite High School, where he was an All-State offensive lineman. Regarded as a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, Grasu was ranked as the No. 12 center prospect in his class.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: As a freshman, Grasu took over as the starting center for the Oregon Ducks and remained the starter through his senior season. He earned All-Freshman Second-team in 2011, as well as All-Pac-12 First-team in 2012, 2013 and 2014. He was named an All-American in 2013 and 2014. He was also a finalist for the Rimington Trophy in 2013 and 2014.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: Grasu was drafted in the third round by the Chicago Bears with the 71st overall pick of the 2015 NFL Draft. The move reunited him with college teammate Kyle Long.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: On September 24, 2018, Grasu was signed by the Baltimore Ravens. He played in three games before being released on November 24, 2018.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: On February 7, 2019, Grasu was signed by the Tennessee Titans, reuniting with college teammate Marcus Mariota. He was released on August 31, 2019. He was re-signed on September 10, 2019. He was released again on October 8, 2019. He was signed once again on October 31, 2019. He was released on December 3, 2019.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: On August 20, 2020, Grasu signed with the San Francisco 49ers. He was released on September 5, 2020 and signed to the practice squad the next day. After being elevated to the active roster for the team's first two games, Grasu was promoted to the active roster on September 26, 2020. He was placed on the team's reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on November 19, 2020, and activated on November 25. He was placed back on the COVID-19 list on December 28, 2020, and activated on January 14, 2021.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: On October 25, 2021, Grasu was signed to the Las Vegas Raiders practice squad. After the Raiders were eliminated in the 2021 Wild Card round of the playoffs, he signed a reserve/future contract on January 17, 2022.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: On August 30, 2022, Grasu was waived by the Raiders and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 10.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: Grasu is of Romanian descent. His parents, Ștefan and Mariana Grasu, emigrated from Romania to Los Angeles in 1982, opening the "Greco's New York Pizzeria" on Hollywood Boulevard. His older brother, Nico, was a placekicker for Washington State (2008–10). Grasu means "The Fat Man" in Romanian language.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: Grasu was roommates with Bryan Bennett, Oregon's former backup quarterback and a former teammate of Grasu at Crespi.


title: Hroniss Grasu

text: His selection with the 71st overall pick in the draft by the Bears was portrayed in the season 7 premiere of The League on FX.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: Thomas Preston-Werner (born May 27, 1979) is an American billionaire software developer and entrepreneur. He is an active contributor within the free and open-source software community, most prominently in the San Francisco Bay Area, where he lives.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: He is best known as the founder and former CEO of GitHub, a Git repository web-based hosting service, which he co-founded in 2008 with Chris Wanstrath and P. J. Hyett. He resigned from GitHub in 2014 when an internal investigation concluded that he and his wife harassed an employee. Preston-Werner is also the creator of the avatar service Gravatar, the TOML configuration file format, the static site generator software Jekyll, and the Semantic Versioning Specification (SemVer).


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: Preston-Werner grew up in Dubuque, Iowa. His father died when he was a child. His mother was a teacher and his stepfather was an engineer.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: He graduated high school at Dubuque Senior High School and attended Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California for 2 years before dropping out to pursue other endeavours. He realized that he enjoyed programming far more than the math that was the core of his physics studies.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: As an active contributor to the open-source developer and hacker culture, most prominently in areas involving the programming language Ruby, he has written articles regarding his philosophies and opinions on various issues. He has been featured as a guest on podcasts, including Rubyology and SitePoint, and he often speaks out about his conviction that developers should seek to collaborate more, and the measures which would promote such collaboration, such as writing better documentation and contributing to other people's projects.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: Preston was one of the initial members of the San Francisco group IcanhazRuby or ICHR, after he became a regular member of the San Francisco Ruby Meetups. He continued until the meetings became overwhelmed by venture capital investors searching for talent; this prompted him to seek more private gatherings. On April 8, 2011, he also started a conference called CodeConf, by means of GitHub's influence in the coding community.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: In an article published by "Hacker Monthly" in 2010, Preston wrote about his passion for ensuring that developers document the code they write so others can easily understand how it works.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: In 2004, Preston-Werner founded Gravatar, a service for providing globally unique avatars that follow users from site to site. The company grew to about 32,000 users in 2007, when Preston-Werner sold the company to Automattic.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: In 2005 he moved to San Francisco to work at Powerset, a natural language search engine. Powerset was acquired by Microsoft. Preston-Werner declined a $300,000 bonus and stock options from Microsoft so that he could focus on GitHub.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: Preston-Werner co-founded GitHub in 2008 with Chris Wanstrath, P. J. Hyett and Scott Chacon, as a place to share and collaborate on code.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: Architects, musicians, city governments, builders and others are currently using GitHub to share and collaborate on projects beyond software code.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: In 2010 Preston-Werner read a comment on Twitter insulting the quality of GitHub's search function. This prompted him to overhaul the service's search, drawing on his experience having worked at Powerset.


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: Julie Ann Horvath, a GitHub programmer, alleged in March 2014 that Tom Preston-Werner and his wife Theresa had engaged in a pattern of harassment against her that led her to leave the company. GitHub initially denied Horvath's allegations, then following an internal investigation, confirmed some of the claims. Preston-Werner resigned. GitHub's new CEO Chris Wanstrath said the "investigation found Tom Preston-Werner in his capacity as GitHub's CEO acted inappropriately, including confrontational conduct, disregard of workplace complaints, insensitivity to the impact of his spouse's presence in the workplace, and failure to enforce an agreement that his spouse should not work in the office."


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: Following his resignation from GitHub, Preston-Werner sold his shares in the company to Microsoft. Along with a team of former GitHub co-founders and executives, Preston-Werner then cofounded Chatterbug, a software for language-learning. In 2018, Chatterbug cofounder Scott Chacon announced an $8 million series A funding round for the company, financed by himself and Preston-Werner. Preston-Werner, a hacker himself, has hosted AMA-style events for student hackers, such as for Hack Club, at the Def Hacks Virtual 2020 hackathon, and Dubhacks 2020


title: Tom Preston-Werner

text: His wife is a former graduate student in cultural anthropology known for her involvement in historical research and social subjects.


title: Stuart Woods

text: Stuart Woods (January 9, 1938 – July 22, 2022) was an American novelist, known best for his first novel "Chiefs" and his series of novels featuring the Stone Barrington character.


title: Stuart Woods

text: Stuart Woods was born in Manchester, Georgia, and graduated in 1959 from the University of Georgia, with a Bachelor of Arts in sociology. After graduation he enrolled in the Air National Guard, spending two months in basic training before moving to New York City, where he began a career in the advertising industry. Towards the end of the 1960s, Woods emigrated to England and lived in Knightsbridge, London while continuing to work in advertising. After three years in London, Woods decided to write a novel, based on an old family story which had been told to him when he was a child, and moved to Ireland. He moved into a converted barn on the grounds of Lough Cutra Castle near Gort, County Galway, and lived a near-solitary existence, except for spending two days a week in Dublin writing television commercials and print adverts.


title: Stuart Woods

text: Soon after settling in Ireland in 1973, Woods took up a new hobby of sailing, an activity that had interested him since the summer of 1966 in Castine, Maine when friends had taken him on their boat. He joined Galway Bay Sailing Club, and learned to sail in one of the club's Mirrors. Woods purchased a Mirror for himself and named it "Fred", after his dog. After tiring of cruising around bays he entered novice competitions around Galway Bay. Unable to find a reliable person to form his crew, Woods recruited any passing teenager to join him. He entered the week-long National Championships at Lough Derg, and finished thirty-ninth out of a fleet of sixty. It was Woods' best result of the season.


title: Stuart Woods

text: The following year, Woods sailed in as many races as he could leading up to the Mirror National Championships in Sligo; After retiring from the first race, he finished in twenty-fifth place out of seventy boats in the second race, and finished eighth in the third race. The fourth race was canceled due to high winds and the number of teenaged entrants. He finished the event twenty-ninth out of seventy boats and he and his crewmate were given a special prize for being the oldest and heaviest crew. For the rest of the season he sailed around Ireland with a friend on a Snapdragon 24, and decided to compete in the 1976 Observer Single-handed Trans-Atlantic Race (OSTAR).


title: Stuart Woods

text: In the fall of 1974, Woods's grandfather died and bequeathed him enough money to buy a yacht suitable for the race. He ordered a "Golden Shamrock"-based yacht from Ron Holland, and worked with him on designing the interior suitable for single-handed racing and Woods' personal needs. Since his previous sailing experience consisted of "racing a ten-foot plywood dinghy on Sunday afternoons against small children, losing regularly", Woods spent eighteen months learning more about sailing and celestial navigation while his yacht was being built in Cork. He gained more boating experience by sailing from Ireland to England as part of the crew on "STY Creidne", a training ship purchased by the Irish Government for the Irish Naval Service, "Irish Mist II", Ron Holland's "Golden Apple", and as many other yachts that would accept him, amassing 1200 miles of offshore experience. He entered the August 1975 Multihull Offshore Cruising and Racing Association (MOCRA) Azores Race and asked fellow Galway Bay Sailing Club member Commander Bill King to join him.


title: Stuart Woods

text: In order to finance his MOCRA Azores Race and the OSTAR, Woods met with publishers about writing a book about his experience in the OSTAR, organized sponsorship for the races, and sent invitations and press releases about the launch of his yacht to the local and national Irish newspapers, RTÉ, "The Observer", and "Yachting Monthly". "Golden Harp" was launched June 4, 1975. "Golden" was chosen so it followed the naming tradition of Ron Holland's other designs, the "Golden Apple", "Golden Shamrock", and "Golden Delicious", and "Harp" as it has long been used as a symbol of Ireland.