title: Billy Bishop

text: Several places also have honoured Bishop by bearing his namesake. Two airports in Ontario are named after Bishop. The airport in Owen Sound is officially named "Owen Sound Billy Bishop Regional Airport." Toronto's island airport was renamed Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport in 2009. Although Owen Sound's mayor questioned the change, the proposal was approved by the Toronto Port Authority on 10 November 2009. Having two airports in the province with similar names was a concern. Toronto's Pearson International Airport was originally named "Bishop Field Toronto Airport Malton."


title: Billy Bishop

text: Bishop's life was depicted in the 1978 Canadian play "Billy Bishop Goes to War". It also led indirectly to a 1983 CBC Television documentary called "The Kid Who Couldn't Miss", produced by the National Film Board of Canada. The show, a "docudrama" combining known history for credibility with fictitious "mock interviews" with actors portraying Bishop and others, suggested that Bishop faked his famous attack on the German aerodrome. In one particularly contentious scene, his mechanic claims that the damage to his fighter was confined to a small circle in a non-critical area, implying that Bishop had landed his aircraft off-field, shot holes in it, and flown home with claims of combat damage.


title: Billy Bishop

text: In reality, his mechanic was his biggest supporter, and the scene was entirely fictitious. The mechanic insisted that Bishop had not fabricated the damage. Canadian authors Dan McCaffery and David Bashow also presented circumstantial evidence that Bishop did not fake the attack.


title: Billy Bishop

text: After years of controversy over Bishop's record, mainly because very few of his claimed victories were witnessed by anyone else or could be confirmed from the few surviving German records, the show led to an inquiry by the Canadian government in 1985. The Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology discredited the documentary, saying it was an unfair and inaccurate portrayal of Bishop. There is some dispute about whether Bishop or Mick Mannock had the highest score of any British Empire First World War fighter ace. The "Canadian Encyclopedia" states: "Investigation by a Senate sub-committee exposed a number of minor errors in this apparent 'documentary' and confirmed that statements had been wrongly attributed and incidents shifted in time for dramatic effect. However, the senators were unable to demonstrate that Bishop's claims were valid, and consequently recommended only that the film be labelled as docu-drama".


title: Billy Bishop

text: Some of Bishop's other claims have also been challenged. While combat reports and claims of both sides are littered with well-intentioned errors and accidental duplicate claims, there are two phases of Bishop's life in which German records can provide no supporting evidence. In his book on Victoria Cross airmen of the First World War, author Alex Revell quotes aviation historian Philip Markham's view about German records of the events of 2 June 1917 (the day of Bishop's VC award): "Not a shred of evidence to support Bishop's claims." Referring to Bishop's claims in early to mid-1918, Revell says another aviation historian, Ed Ferko, carried out extensive research on Germans records in 1987. Revell says that Ferko failed "to match a single victory claim made by Bishop against a known German loss for the day, time or place in question." However, distinguished First World War aviation historian Peter Kilduff says in his biography (Billy Bishop VC: Lone Wolf Hunter) that Bishop may have had as many as 21 matches in piecemeal German records. Kilduff also makes a case for the unreliability of German records. He cites examples in which masses of data were destroyed by retreating German forces and instances of the German former air ministry having been guilty of "obfuscation" in denying losses when casualties had been incurred.


title: Streatham

text: Streatham ( ) is a district in south London, England. Centred south of Charing Cross, it lies mostly within the London Borough of Lambeth, with some parts extending into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth.


title: Streatham

text: Streatham was in Surrey before becoming part of the County of London in 1889, and then Greater London in 1965. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.


title: Streatham

text: Streatham means "the hamlet on the street". The street in question, the London to Brighton Way, was the Roman road from the capital Londinium to the south coast near Portslade, today within Brighton and Hove. It is likely that the destination was a Roman port now lost to coastal erosion, which has been tentatively identified with 'Novus Portus' mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia. The road is confusingly referred to as Stane Street (Stone Street) in some sources and diverges from the main London-Chichester road at Kennington.


title: Streatham

text: After the departure of the Romans, the main road through Streatham remained an important trackway. From the 17th century it was adopted as the main coach road to Croydon and East Grinstead, and then on to Newhaven and Lewes. In 1780 it then became the route of the turnpike road from London to Brighton, and subsequently became the basis for the modern A23. This road (and its traffic) have shaped Streatham's development.


title: Streatham

text: Streatham's first parish church, St Leonard's, was founded in Saxon times but an early Tudor tower is the only remaining structure pre-dating 1831 when the body of the church was rebuilt. The mediaeval parish covered a wider area including Balham and Tooting Bec.


title: Streatham

text: Streatham appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as "Estreham". It was held by Bec-Hellouin Abbey (in Normandy) from Richard de Tonbrige. Its domesday assets were: 2 hides, 1 virgate and 6½ ploughlands of cultivated land and of meadow and herbage (mixed grass and bracken). Annually it was assessed to render £4 5s 0d to its overlords.


title: Streatham

text: The village remained largely unchanged until the 18th century, when its natural springs, known as Streatham Wells, were first celebrated for their health-giving properties. The reputation of the spa, and improved turnpike roads, attracted wealthy City of London merchants and others to build their country residences in Streatham.


title: Streatham

text: In spite of London's expansion, a limited number of developments took place in the village in the second half of the nineteenth century, Streatham Vale sprung up to the South later still and the small parade of shops by Streatham Common Station has become known colloquially as Streatham Village.


title: Streatham

text: Wellfield Road, which had previously been known as Leigham Lane, was renamed to reflect its role as the main route from the centre of Streatham to one of the well locations. Another mineral well was located on the south side of Streatham Common, in an area that now forms part of The Rookery, where it can still be seen and visited within the formal gardens.


title: Streatham

text: In the 1730s, Streatham Park, a Georgian country mansion, was built by the brewer Ralph Thrale on land he bought from the Lord of the Manor - the fourth Duke of Bedford. Streatham Park later passed to Ralph's son Henry Thrale, who with his wife Hester Thrale entertained many of the leading literary and artistic characters of the day, most notably the lexicographer Samuel Johnson. The dining room contained 12 portraits of Henry's guests painted by his friend Joshua Reynolds. These pictures were wittily labelled by Fanny Burney as the Streatham Worthies.


title: Streatham

text: Streatham Park was later leased to Prime Minister Lord Shelburne, and was the venue for early negotiations with France that led to the Peace Treaty of 1783. Streatham Park was demolished in 1863.


title: Streatham

text: One large house that survives is Park Hill, on the north side of Streatham Common, rebuilt in the early 19th century for the Leaf family. It was latterly the home of Sir Henry Tate, sugar refiner, benefactor of local libraries across south London, including Streatham Library, and founder of the Tate Gallery at Millbank.


title: Streatham

text: Development accelerated after the opening of Streatham Hill railway station on the West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway in 1856. The other two railway stations followed within fifteen years.


title: Streatham

text: Some estates, such as "Telford Park" to the west of Streatham Hill, were spaciously planned with facilities like tennis clubs. Despite the local connections to the Dukes of Bedford, there is no link to the contemporary Bedford Park in west London. Another generously sized development was Roupell Park, the area near Christchurch Road promoted by the Roupell family. Other streets adopted more conventional suburban layouts.


title: Streatham

text: Three more parish churches were built to serve the growing area, including Immanuel and St Andrew's (1854), St Peter's (1870) and St Margaret the Queen's (1889).


title: Streatham

text: After the First World War Streatham developed as a location for entertainment, with the Streatham Hill Theatre, three cinemas, the Locarno ballroom and Streatham Ice Rink all adding to its reputation as "the West End of South London". With the advent of electric tram services, it also grew as a shopping centre serving a wide area to the south. In the 1930s large numbers of blocks of flats were constructed along the High Road. These speculative developments were not initially successful. They were only filled when émigré communities began to arrive in London after leaving countries under the domination of Hitler's Germany. In 1932 the parish church of the Holy Redeemer was built in Streatham Vale to commemorate the work of William Wilberforce.


title: Streatham

text: In the 1950s Streatham had the longest and busiest shopping street in south London. Streatham became the site of the UK's first supermarket, when Express Dairies Premier Supermarkets opened its first store in 1951; Waitrose subsequently opened its first supermarket in Streatham in 1955, but it closed down in 1963.


title: Streatham

text: However, a combination of factors led to a gradual decline through the 1970s and a more rapid decline in the 1980s. These included long term population movements out to Croydon, Kingston and Sutton; the growth of heavy traffic on the A23 (main road from central London to Gatwick Airport and Brighton); and a lack of redevelopment sites in the town centre. This culminated in 1990 when the closure of Pratts, which had grown from a Victorian draper's shop to a department store operated since the 1940s by the John Lewis Partnership, coincided with the opening of a large Sainsbury's supermarket half a mile south of the town centre, replacing an existing, smaller Sainbury's store opposite Streatham Hill railway station.


title: Streatham

text: Several recent additions, such as Argos, Lidl and Peacocks, are located in new retail spaces on the site of Pratt's but, in common with other high streets, retail recovery has been slow, and a substantial proportion of vacant space has been taken by a growing number of restaurants, bars and coffee shops.


title: Streatham

text: In August 2011, Streatham was selected as one of the areas to benefit from Round 1 of the Mayor of London's "Outer London Fund", gaining £300,000. Later, Streatham was awarded a further £1.6 million, matched by another £1 million by Lambeth. The money from this fund was spent on improving streets and public spaces in Streatham. This includes the smartening up of shop fronts through painting and cleaning, replacing shutters and signage as well as helping to reveal facilities behind the high street such as The Stables Community Centre. Streatham Library has also undergone a £1.2 million refurbishment. The Tudor Hall behind the library was brought back into public use as "The Mark Bennett Centre" providing a meeting and performance space. Streatham Skyline introduced new lighting to highlight some of Streatham's more attractive buildings and monuments with the aim of improving safety and the overall attractiveness of the area.


title: Streatham

text: In September 2002, Streatham High Road was voted the "Worst Street in Britain" in a poll organised by the BBC "Today" programme and CABE. This largely reflected the dominance of through traffic along High Road.


title: Streatham

text: Plans for investment and regeneration had begun before the poll, with local amenity group the Streatham Society leading a successful partnership bid for funding from central government for environmental improvements. Work started in winter 2003–04 with the refurbishment of Streatham Green and repaving and relighting of the High Road between St Leonard's Church and the Odeon Cinema. In 2005 Streatham Green won the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association 'London Spade' award for best public open space scheme in the capital.


title: Streatham

text: The poll was a catalyst for Lambeth London Borough Council and Transport for London's Street Management to co-operate on a joint funding arrangement for further streetscape improvements, which benefited the section of the High Road between St Leonard's and Streatham station, and the stretch north of the Odeon as far as Woodbourne Avenue. The section between Woodbourne Avenue and Streatham Hill station was not completed until 2015. Any further improvements north of Streatham Hill have been halted because of TfL's budgetary shortfall.


title: Streatham

text: Streatham Festival was established in 2002. It has grown to a festival with over 50 events held in an array of locations, from bars to churches and parks to youth centres, attracting over 3,000 people.


title: Streatham

text: After several years of delay and controversy over phasing, construction started in the autumn of 2011 on the "Streatham Hub" - a major redevelopment next to Streatham railway station. The project was a joint development by Lambeth Council and Tesco. The project involved the demolition of Streatham Ice Arena, Streatham Leisure Centre and the former Streatham Bus Garage, and their replacement with a new leisure centre and a Tesco store with 250 flats above it. Streatham Leisure Centre closed in November 2009 due to health and safety concerns when part of the pool hall ceiling collapsed. Streatham Ice Arena closed on 18 December 2011, having celebrated eighty years of operation in February 2011. For two years a temporary ice rink was provided at Popes Road, Brixton.


title: Streatham

text: In November 2013, the new Streatham Ice and Leisure Centre opened to the public. The leisure centre houses a 60 m x 30 m indoor ice rink with 1,000 rink-side seats on the upper floors, a six-lane 25 m swimming pool, 13 m teaching pool, four-court sports hall and a gym with 100 stations.


title: Streatham

text: The jazz venue Hideaway continues Streatham's long entertainment tradition. It features live performances of jazz, funk, swing and soul music as well as stand-up comedy nights. It won the Jazz Venue/Promoter of the Year category in the 2011 Parliamentary Jazz Awards.


title: Streatham

text: On 2 February 2020 at around 14:00 GMT, Sudesh Mamoor Faraz Amman attacked and injured two people using a machete on Streatham High Street in what police declared a terrorist incident. Alongside the machete, Amman was also wearing a vest with components made to look like improvised explosive devices. He was pursued by armed police and was fatally shot outside a Boots pharmacy.


title: Streatham

text: Streatham High Road also was host to Cat's Whiskers which later became Caesar's nightclub in the early 1990s through to 2005, which closed to become the site of the newly developed block of flats with a Marks and Spencer supermarket and Starbucks.


title: Streatham

text: Streatham is covered by Lambeth London Borough Council and lies within the parliamentary constituency of the same name.


title: Streatham

text: In the 2011 census, Streatham, comprising the wards of Streatham Hill, Streatham South and Streatham Wells, was White or White British (55.3%), Black or Black British (24.1%), Asian or Asian British (10%), Mixed/multiple ethnic groups (7.5%), and Other ethnic group (2.2%). The largest single ethnicity is White British (35.5%).


title: Streatham

text: Among the people who were born, lived or worked in Streatham, or are otherwise associated with the area are:


title: Rozen Maiden

text: "Rozen Maiden" received a sequel under the series' katakana title. It was serialized in Shueisha's "Weekly Young Jump" between April 2008 and January 2014. "Rozen Maiden" has spun off anthology manga and novel stories, art books, and four anime series; the four anime series are titled "Rozen Maiden", "Rozen Maiden: Träumend", "Rozen Maiden: Ouvertüre", and "Rozen Maiden: Zurückspulen". Tokyo Broadcasting System were the producers for the anime with Nomad as the animation studio for the first three series and Studio Deen for "Zurückspulen". The anime adaptions resulted in several audio disc releases and three video games.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: In 2007, Geneon Entertainment USA licensed the first two anime series for North American release and had later signed Funimation on as a distributor, after shutting down in September 2007. In 2011, Sentai Filmworks acquired both seasons as well as the third series; they made the three series available for streaming on Anime Network. Crunchyroll later acquired streaming rights to the first two series. For the fourth series, Sentai Filmworks had acquired the license for digital and home video release, while Crunchyroll acquired streaming rights.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: Tokyopop's volumes of "Rozen Maiden" have appeared on ICv2's monthly top one-hundred selling graphic novels. Reviews towards the manga were generally positive with reviewers praising balance in drama and comedy. For the anime, reception towards the first series was mixed while "Träumend" was mostly negative.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: In the 20th century, a legendary doll maker named Rozen created seven bisque dolls which were powered and given sentience with a gem called Rosa Mystica. Since then, Rozen sent the dolls away to find masters and to battle among themselves to gather each other's Rosa Mysticas; this competition is referred to as the Alice Game. When a doll obtains all seven, they are to become a perfect doll dubbed as Alice and will be reunited with Rozen. By order of creation, the seven Rozen Maidens are named Suigintou, Kanaria, Suiseiseki, Souseiseki, Shinku, Hinaichigo, and Kirakisho.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: "Rozen Maiden" follows Jun Sakurada, a middle school student who has withdrawn from society after suffering persecutions from his classmates. He is chosen to become Shinku's master and joins the Alice Game along with the other dolls masters. As the series progresses, Jun also becomes the master to Hinaichigo and Suiseiseki. After Souseiseki's Rosa Mystica is taken by Suigintou, Jun's Rozen Maidens resolve to revive her and to end the Alice Game peacefully; they later befriend Kanaria who shares their sentiments. However, the group is attacked by Kirakisho who absorbs Hinaichigo and traps Shinku and Suiseiseki in the N-field, a plane of consciousness which connects the universe. "Rozen Maiden" concludes with Jun preparing to enter the N-field to save the dolls.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: "Rozen Maiden"s plot is continued in the sequel serialization which uses the katakana title of the series. Inside the N-field, Jun is forced into hiding by Kirakisho and contacts an adult version of himself from an alternate world. The adult Jun is able to free Shinku and unite the Rozen Maidens to defeat Kirakisho. Kirakisho returns and successfully captures all the Rozen Maidens' masters. The Rozen Maidens pursue her eventually resulting in most of their defeat except Shinku and Kirakisho. Shinku's sympathy towards Kirakisho's loneliness convinces the latter to surrender her Rosa Mystica. With all seven gathered, Shinku becomes Alice. Using her new powers, Shinku revives her sisters and is put into a coma in return.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: A legendary doll maker named wanted to create a perfect doll dubbed as Alice. His attempts resulted in seven sentient bisque dolls which became known as Rozen Maidens. The dolls' sentient nature are powered by a magical gem called Rosa Mystica. To become Alice, a Rozen Maiden must gather all seven Rosa Mysticas; this contest is referred to as the Alice Game. Each Rozen Maiden has a production order, their own personal suitcase, and are accompanied by an artificial spirit which serves the doll. Rozen Maidens rely on a contract with a human master to supply themselves with power for battle. Since then, Rozen has forgone a physical body and lives within the N-field, waiting for Alice.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: "Rozen Maiden" is authored by Peach-Pit and was serialized in Gentosha's "Monthly Comic Birz" between issues September 2002 and July 2007. Gentosha compiled the individual chapters into eight "tankōbon" volumes released between March 2003 and June 2007. These volumes were later recompiled into seven "shinsōban" volumes by Shueisha and released between April 2008 and November 2008. Tokyopop localized Gentosha's "tankōbon" volumes in English for North America and released them between May 2006 and May 2008. In 2011, Tokyopop's North American division was closed down and their licenses to manga franchises were revoked. Tokyopop's translations were distributed in Australasia by Madman Entertainment. The series has also been localized in other languages such as Chinese, French, and Italian.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: In March 2008, Peach-Pit published a one-shot titled in the 16th issue of "Weekly Young Jump". In the following issue, a serialization for "Rozen Maiden" was announced. Serialization began in "Weekly Young Jump"s 20th issue in April 2008 until its conclusion in the issue 8 in January 2014. The second series was published under the katakana for "Rozen Maiden", and is a sequel to the first series. The series has been localized in other languages such as Italian, French, and Chinese. Peach-Pit also published a one-shot in the October 2013 issue of "Ribon" which focuses on the Rozen Maidens' past.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: "Rozen Maiden" was adapted into an anime, produced by Tokyo Broadcasting System and animated by Nomad. It premiered on Tokyo Broadcasting System and was broadcast between October 7, 2004, and December 23, 2004. It was also broadcast on RKB Mainichi Broadcasting, Mainichi Broadcasting System, BS-i, and Kids Station. Pony Canyon released the series in six DVDs and a box set. Geneon USA localized the series for North America and released it on three DVD volumes. In 2008, Funimation gained distribution rights from Geneon and released a box collection of the series. Sentai Filmworks licensed the series in 2011 and included it in the Rozen Maiden: The Complete Collection DVD box release. Sentai also made the series available for streaming on networks such as Anime Network and Crunchyroll. MVM Films distributed the series in the United Kingdom.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: The second series, , was first announced in March 2005 and is a continuation of the previous series. It premiered on Tokyo Broadcasting System and was broadcast between October 20, 2005, and January 26, 2006. It was also broadcast on Mainichi Broadcasting System, Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting, BS-i, and Kids Station. Pony Canyon released the series in six DVDs and a box set. As for the first series, Geneon USA localized the series for North America and released the first volume before closing all DVD distribution in September 2007. Following Funimation acquiring the distribution rights, Funimation released the series in three DVD volumes and later, released a box set for the series. Funimation later released a box set which included the first series and "Träumend" on May 4, 2010. Sentai Filmworks later licensed the series in 2011 and included it in the Rozen Maiden: The Complete Collection DVD box release. Sentai made the series available for streaming on networks such as Anime Network and Crunchyroll. MVM Films distributed the series in the United Kingdom.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: The third series is , a two-episode series which explores Suigintou's origins. It premiered on Tokyo Broadcasting System and was broadcast on December 22 and 23, 2006. The episodes were released on DVD on February 21, 2007. Sentai Filmworks licensed the series in 2011 and included it in the Rozen Maiden: The Complete Collection DVD box release and as a stand-alone DVD. Sentai made the series available for streaming on Anime Network. MVM Films distributed the series in the United Kingdom.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: The fourth series is "Rozen Maiden: Zurückspulen", referred only as "Rozen Maiden" in Japan, was announced in November 2012 in "Weekly Young Jump". It is an adaption of the second manga series. Unlike the previous three anime series, it is animated by Studio Deen. It premiered on Tokyo Broadcasting System and was broadcast between July 4, 2013, and September 26, 2013. It was also broadcast on Mainichi Broadcasting System, Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting, and BS-TBS. Crunchyroll licensed the series for simulcast followed by Sentai Filmworks who made it available for simulcast on Anime Network and released the series on home video in October 2014.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: The four anime series resulted in several theme music, radio dramas, soundtracks, and two radio programs. The first radio program is , an internet radio program that aired on Lantis Web Radio between May 13, 2005, and September 30, 2005. It is hosted by Miyuki Sawashiro and Asami Sanada, the voice of Shinku and Jun respectively. The second is , a live radio hosted by Sugintou's voice actress Rie Tanaka during Tokyo Broadcasting System's Anime Festa 2006. Due to positive reception, it was continued through additional CD releases. The soundtracks from the "Rozen Maiden" video games have also been released. Prior to the anime's creation, a radio drama was produced by Frontier Works who used their own voice cast.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: Three video games have been produced for the series. is a PlayStation 2 video game developed by Taito and released on April 27, 2006. Its soundtrack, "Rozen Maiden Beilege Disk", was included with the game's preorder. The game re-released under the label "Taito Best" on March 25, 2007. Taito released a second game for the PlayStation 2 titled on March 22, 2007. Its soundtrack, "Rozen Maiden Beilege Disk 2", was included with the preorder. The third video game is by 5pb. for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita; it was released on January 30, 2014.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: Several manga spin-offs were created. An anthology "tankōbon" entitled was published by Getonsha in 2005. Two anthology series were created based on the second series. The first is "Rozen Maiden Dolls Talk" by Haru Karuki. It was serialized in "Ribon" between the January 2012 to April 2014 issues. The second is by Choboraunyopomi. It began serialization in "Miracle Jump" issue 12, which was released on December 27, 2012.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: Two anthology novel series have been written. Chabō Higurashi wrote the anthology novel series which consisted of two novels subtitled and "Kalkgrün Augen". Himiro Hisasa wrote the second novel series, "Rozen Maiden", which consisted of two novels subtitled and .


title: Rozen Maiden

text: The "Rozen Maiden" anime has been adapted into three film comic volumes by Gentosha. Two fan books based on the anime were also published: covers the anime "Rozen Maiden" and is published by Impress Group; covers "Rozen Maiden: Träumend" and is published by Gentosha; covers "Rozen Maiden: Zurückspulen" and is published by Shueisha. Four art books were also released: "Rozen Maiden: Erinnerung" published by SoftBank Creative, by Ichijinsha, "Peach-Pit Art book (Rozen Maiden)" and , both by Shueisha.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: Many merchandise has been released based on the "Rozen Maiden" franchise such as dolls, clothing and accessories, and other miscellaneous items.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: Tokyopop's localized volumes appeared on ICv2's monthly top one-hundred selling graphic novels. The "Rozen Maiden" manga has received generally positive reviews. Anime News Network praised Peach-Pit's works as always being able to evoke excitement or laughter from its readers but was critical about "Rozen Maiden"s lack of plot and criticized how the dialogue or layout can be vague. Comic Book Bin wrote that while "Rozen Maiden" was not a splendid manga, its emphasis on psychology and emotion was something American comics should follow to expand their readership. Active Anime praised several aspects of the series: the combination of mystery, comedy, and cuteness with a balance of fantasy and drama; the visual aesthetics of the images and characters; and a broadness that extends towards teens and adults. Initially, Anime Land praised the balance between comedic daily life and the underlying dark side of the plot. In later volumes though, Anime Land criticized the story's pacing and the abrupt ending. In their review of the sequel, Anime Land wrote they were surprised by the dark tone and how the plot was confusing even with knowledge from the first series. Manga-News also praised the story's alteration between moments of peace and conflict but panned the latter volumes for being rushed and losing the story's complexity. In their review of the sequel, Manga-News praised the introduction for being interesting and accessible to new readers.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: In 2005, Japanese television network TV Asahi conducted a "Top 100" online web poll and the "Rozen Maiden" anime adaptation placed 50th. In the subsequent year, "Rozen Maiden: Träumend" ranked 7th in a "Top 20" poll conducted by Japanese anime magazine "Animage". Active Anime had several reviewers for the anime series "Rozen Maiden" and its sequel "Rozen Maiden: Träumend". Christopher Seaman wrote several praises for the anime: the high quality visuals and the detail in the dolls' designs; the soundtrack which complements the visuals; and the story which he considered to be engaging, fast-paced, and comedic. Sandra Scholes described the series as a lavish production and that while it is battle oriented during fight scenes, it also offers emotional moments that cater to girls. Davey C. Jones commented the series is something "Chobits" fans would enjoy and that "Rozen Maiden: Träumend"s ending is not a "feel good" ending. Rachel Bentham however, was critical of the plot. Bentham described Jun's antisocial personality and friendship with the dolls to be disturbing and criticized the "there can be only one" competition between the dolls calling it misogynistic in nature.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: Mania initially expressed skepticism of the show's combination of Gothic Lolita, dolls, magic, and comedy but later calls it a successful experiment and praised the character interactions and the dolls' designs. In their "Rozen Maiden: Träumend" review, Mania praised the visuals and characters but criticized the unbalanced comic and dark comments and described the revelations and finale as rushed. Anime News Network's review of "Rozen Maiden: Träumend" were mostly negative and addressed several points: the failed attempts at serious drama which were considered cliché and resulted in cheesy and melodramatic dialogue; the recycled background music; and the ending which was described as inconclusive and slapdash.


title: Rozen Maiden

text: Anime News Network's reviews of "Rozen Maiden: Zurückspulen" was generally positive. Carl Kimlinger described the characterization of the adult Jun as a "highly believable mixture of bruised pride, desperate loneliness, and downtrodden numbness" and praised how relatable the character is compared to his younger self. He also praised the scripting for Jun's life and the scene where Jun's personality is being dissected by his boss to be intelligently written. Bamboo Dong praised "Zurückspulen"s introduction for revitalizing the series. Both reviewers praised the art and dolls' designs and expressed concerns about the confusing plot.


title: Lake Chapala

text: Lake Chapala (, ) is Mexico's largest freshwater lake. It lies in the municipalities of Ocotlán, Chapala, Jocotepec, Poncitlán, and Jamay, in Jalisco, and in Venustiano Carranza and Cojumatlán de Régules, in Michoacán.


title: Lake Chapala

text: It is located at , southeast of Guadalajara, Jalisco, and is situated on the border between the states of Jalisco and Michoacán, at 1,524 metres (5000 feet) above sea level. Its approximate dimensions are from east to west and averages 12.5 km (7.8 miles) from north to south, and covers an approximate area of .


title: Lake Chapala

text: It is fed by the Río Lerma, Río Zula, Río Huaracha, and Río Duero rivers, and drained by the Rio Grande de Santiago. The water then would normally flow northwest into the Pacific Ocean. No water has flowed out of the lake in over 30 years due to a fall in the supply of incoming water from the Lerma River.


title: Lake Chapala

text: The lake contains three small islands: Isla de los Alacranes (most visible from the town of Chapala), Isla Mezcala (the largest island, featuring an old Spanish fort and an old Mexican prison), and a third very small island next to Isla Mezcala called La Isla Menor.


title: Lake Chapala

text: There are many mountains and sierras that surround Lake Chapala: Cerro Viejo-Chupinaya-Los Sabinos (Sierra San Juan Cosalá), Cerro San Miguel-Chiquihuitillo, Cerro San Bartolo-Los Ocotes, Cerro Gomeño, Cerro de García-Del Picacho-El Gachupín (Sierra del Tigre).


title: Lake Chapala

text: Shortly after, a few consecutive years of poor rainfall dramatically decreased the water level of the lake. The level rebounded until 1979, when Lake Chapala's water level began rapidly decreasing due to increases in urban water consumption.


title: Lake Chapala

text: Erosion due to deforestation along the lake as well as the Lerma River has led to increased sedimentation of the lake, also contributing to loss of lake depth. The shrinking depth has also raised the lake's average temperature, resulting in increased evaporation.


title: Lake Chapala

text: Simultaneously, the waters of Lake Chapala are polluted by municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes, coming primarily from the Lerma River. The increased presence of nutrients from the pollution combined with the warmer water has been a boon to an invasive species of water hyacinth.


title: Lake Chapala

text: The increase in water pollution has had devastating effects on the ecology of the lake. Fish stock has decreased dramatically and some endemic species (e.g. certain "Chirostoma") are on the verge of extinction. Contaminated fish stock has also posed a serious threat to the health and livelihoods of people who depend on the fish for food.


title: Lake Chapala

text: The drop in the lake's water level has uncovered political issues that had been hidden for many years. Its fast decay has raised concern in the surrounding areas and in the scientific community. It was the Global Nature Fund's "Threatened Lake of the Year" in 2004.


title: Lake Chapala

text: By 2007 and 2008, the level of Lake Chapala had increased drastically, though the levels have yet to surpass the level in 1979, when the levels began a precipitous decline. Although it is still subject to agricultural, domestic, and industrial sources of contamination, the actual levels of hazardous materials has not been officially assessed with regularity.


title: Lake Chapala

text: Although water level and quality improved due to water treatment plants along the Lerma river, in 2017 the water quality of Lake Chapala was assessed as a risk to public health.


title: Lake Chapala

text: The lake is a critical habitat for several species of migratory birds, such as the American white pelican, and home to thousands of indigenous plants and animals. The Audubonistas de Laguna de Chapala holds an annual Audubon Society sponsored Christmas Bird Count. In 2006, some 117 species were identified and, in 2007, the count was 125. By January 2011, some 173 species were recorded.


title: Lake Chapala

text: The subspecies "chapalaense" of the rough-footed mud turtle is largely restricted to Lake Chapala, while the more widespread subspecies "murrayi" inhabits the Lerma River basin (and some other regions in northern Mexico). The essentially harmless, semi-aquatic "obscurus" subspecies of the Mexican garter snake is restricted to the lake.


title: Lake Chapala

text: In addition to the "Chirostoma" ("charales") species flock of fish, the lake and associated rivers are home to many other endemics, including several goodeids, a few "Algansea" chubs, two "Tetrapleurodon" lampreys, two "Ictalurus" catfish, the Chapala chub ("Yuriria chapalae") and more. Several of these are highly threatened. Other aquatic species found only in the lake and associated water systems are four cambarid crayfish: "Cambarellus chapalanus", "C. lermensis", "C. prolixus" and "Procambarus digueti".


title: Lake Chapala

text: There are numerous towns and cities along the coast of Lake Chapala, including San Juan Tecomatlan, Chapala, Ajijic, San Antonio Tlayacapan, Jocotepec, San Juan Cosala, San Luis Soyatlán, Mezcala de la Asunción, Tizapan El Alto, La Palma, Michoacán and Ocotlán.


title: Lake Chapala

text: According to Tony Burton in his book, "Lake Chapala through the ages: an anthology of traveller’s tales", westerners have been interested in Lake Chapala since Spanish Conquistadors first arrived uninvited in 1530. Lake Chapala tourism started in the 19th century and steadily pick up in the early 20th century. Beginning in the 1950s, because of the pleasant climate and attractive scenery, a substantial colony of retirees, including many from the United States and Canada, have been established along the lake's shore, particularly in the town of Ajijic, located just west of the city of Chapala but also in many other towns like San Nicolas De Ibarra, San Juan Tecomatlan and Tlachichilco Del Carmen. An estimated 30,000 foreign residents live along the shores of Lake Chapala.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: Benjamin Matthew Godfrey (born 15 January 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Everton and the England national team.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: Godfrey was born in York, North Yorkshire, and attended Archbishop Holgate's School. His father Alex Godfrey is a former professional rugby league footballer. Godfrey is of Jamaican descent through his paternal grandfather.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: Godfrey captained the York & District under-13 team that beat Southampton at Stadium MK in the final of the English Schools' FA Inter-Association Trophy in May 2011. This was the first time a team from York had won an English Schools' FA competition. He started his career with York City's youth system, before moving to Middlesbrough in the summer of 2011. After being released by the club, he had trials with Leeds United and Sheffield Wednesday, before returning to York at under-15 level, with whom he started his scholarship. Godfrey captained York's under-18 team in the 2014–15 season, while still a first-year scholar. His first involvement with the first team came as an unused substitute in a League Two match against Newport County on 11 October 2014. Godfrey made his debut aged 17 when starting York's 1–0 home win over Yeovil Town on 18 August 2015. He scored his first goal for York in the eighth minute of stoppage time in a 2–1 home loss to Plymouth Argyle on 14 November 2015 with a shot from 10 yards.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: Godfrey signed for Premier League club Norwich City on 15 January 2016 on a three-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee and would initially play in their academy team. He made his debut on 23 August as a substitute in the 65th minute of Norwich's EFL Cup second round match against Coventry City and scored in the 87th minute of a 6–1 home win with a shot from outside the penalty area. Godfrey made his league debut in a 2–0 home win over Birmingham City on 28 January 2017 as an 81st-minute substitute. He signed a new four-year contract with Norwich on 11 August 2017, keeping him at the club until the summer of 2021.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: On 24 August 2017, Godfrey joined League One club Shrewsbury Town on loan until 1 January 2018. The deal was later extended to the end of the season.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: For the 2018–19 season, Godfrey was back with Norwich. He played in their four EFL Cup games but his appearances in the league were limited to substitute appearances until December: With Grant Hanley and Timm Klose both injured, Godfrey made his first league start for Norwich in the Championship match against Bolton Wanderers, partnering Christoph Zimmermann at centre half in a 3–2 win. He remained in the side even when Hanley was fit again and scored his first goal for Norwich at the end of the year to give them an early lead against Derby County, although a late comeback from Derby saw Norwich lose the game 4–3. This was only a temporary setback for both Godfrey and Norwich however. Godfrey would score three more goals, all of which would earn Norwich points as they chased promotion back to the Premier League. This was achieved in the penultimate game, a 2–1 win over Blackburn Rovers, with Godfrey in the team. In all, Godfrey played 31 league games during the season, starting 26 of them.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: Godfrey made his first Premier League appearance in the opening game of the 2019–20 season, a 4–1 defeat against Liverpool, playing alongside Hanley. There were again a number of injuries to centre halves throughout the season, to the point that Godfrey was the only fit regular centre back at one point, and even captained the side with Hanley, Alexander Tettey, Klose and Zimmermann all injured. After a promising start winning two of their first five games, Norwich soon slid to the bottom of the table. When they did record a rare win against fellow strugglers AFC Bournemouth, Godfrey was sent off in the second half for a late challenge on Callum Wilson, having the unfortunate distinction of being the first Premier League player to be dismissed as a result of a referee consulting a VAR monitor. Godfrey again made 30 league appearances for Norwich but, in a season disrupted by a three-month suspension during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the club were relegated back to the Championship.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: Godfrey would play in Norwich's first three games in the 2020–21 season, making his last appearance in a 1–0 defeat by Bournemouth.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: Godfrey signed for Premier League club Everton on 5 October 2020 on a five-year contract for an undisclosed fee, reported by "The Athletic" to be an initial £20 million, potentially rising to £25 million in add-ons. He made his debut on 17 October in a Merseyside derby against Liverpool in a 2–2 draw at home in the Premier League, coming on as a 31st-minute substitute after an injury to Séamus Coleman. Adam Jones of the "Liverpool Echo" said that Godfrey "was thrown into the deep end for his debut and stood up to the task very well".


title: Ben Godfrey

text: At the end of his first season at the club, Godfrey was voted by Everton fans as the club's Young Player of the Season.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: Godfrey received his first call-up for the England national under-20 team ahead of their 2018–19 Under 20 Elite League fixtures against Poland and Portugal in March 2019. He made his debut when starting in the 3–1 defeat at home to Poland. He made two appearances for the under-20s.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: Godfrey was included in the England national under-21 team for the first time for their 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification matches against Turkey and Kosovo in September 2019. He made his debut as an 81st-minute substitute during a 3–2 away win against Turkey on 6 September. He started the following match as captain, as England beat Kosovo 2–0 at home. Godfrey scored his first international goal on 8 September 2020 in a 2–1 away win against Austria in 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification with a sliding finish after a well-timed run.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: On 25 May 2021, Godfrey was called up as part of Gareth Southgate's 33-man provisional England squad for the delayed UEFA Euro 2020. He was not named in the final 26-man squad, with Southgate stating that Godfrey was part of the provisional squad "in order to gain experience". However, he remained in the squad for England's pre-tournament friendlies against Austria and Romania at the Riverside Stadium and made his debut on 2 June as a 61st-minute substitute as England beat Austria 1–0. He made his first start four days later, playing the entirety of a 1–0 win over Romania.


title: Ben Godfrey

text: Godfrey primarily plays as a centre-back, but also played in central midfield and at full-back in his early career.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 4)

text: The fourth series of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK" began airing on BBC Three on 22 September 2022. RuPaul returned to his role as main host and head judge, and was again joined on the judging panel by Michelle Visage, Alan Carr and Graham Norton, all of whom returned for their respective fourth series. The series was filmed in Manchester in February 2022. The cast for the fourth series was revealed on 7 September 2022 on social media. The cast also featured Dakota Schiffer, the first out trans woman to compete in the British version of the show.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 4)

text: The winner of the fourth series of "RuPaul's Drag Race UK" was Danny Beard, with Cheddar Gorgeous as the runner-up.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 4)

text: On 27 October 2021, it was announced via the shows official Instagram page, that casting for the fourth series was now open. Applications remained open for two weeks until closing on 10 November 2021. Hannah Waddingham revealed herself to be first celebrity guest judge during an interview on "Jimmy Kimmel Live", hosted by RuPaul. The fourth series will be the first regular series of the show to be broadcast on BBC Three following "" earlier in the year, with the show's success being credited in the decision to bring back the previously defunct television channel. On 30 August 2022, a ten-second teaser was released by the BBC to promote the series premiere with the caption "Bring it to the RUNW4Y". The BBC released the list of celebrity guest judges the following day.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 4)

text: Judge Graham Norton revealed in an interview with "Gay Times" that the competitors that appeared on the fourth series were "some of the best queens we've ever seen". Norton said because the series was a post-COVID-19 season, the queens had a lot more freedom and that it was, "very hard for the [season three] queens in COVID because they weren't making any money and lots of the dressmakers had stopped working. I think it was really hard during COVID, so this is definitely a post-COVID season and it's great. You can look forward to it. You don't need to worry!" It was revealed that executives had recruited former "The Jeremy Kyle Show" bodyguard known as "Big Steve", to work on the show. On 1 September 2022, the BBC announced the series would premiere on 22 September, to coincide with the conclusion of the third season of "Canada's Drag Race" and the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race Down Under".


title: RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 4)

text: In September 2022, the BBC reported that Series 2 contestant, Cherry Valentine, had died at the age of 28. Subsequently, the second episode from Series 4 was dedicated to Cherry Valentine in their memory on 29 September 2022. RuPaul missed filming during Episode 7, therefore Visage took over as main judge and host, whilst Raven took Visage's spot on the judging panel. It subsequently made it the first episode RuPaul has missed from across all "Drag Race franchises" hosted by RuPaul himself. Coincidentally, it made Raven the first former "Drag Race" contestant to judge on a RuPaul fronted franchise.


title: Cinecittà

text: Cinecittà Studios (; Italian for Cinema City Studios), is a large film studio in Rome, Italy. With an area of 400,000 square metres (99 acres), it is the largest film studio in Europe, and is considered the hub of Italian cinema. The studios were constructed during the Fascist era as part of a plan to revive the Italian film industry.


title: Cinecittà

text: Filmmakers such as Federico Fellini, Roberto Rossellini, Luchino Visconti, Sergio Leone, Bernardo Bertolucci, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, and Mel Gibson have worked at Cinecittà. More than 3,000 movies have been filmed there, of which 90 received an Academy Award nomination and 47 of these won it. In the 1950s, the number of international productions being made there led to Rome being dubbed "Hollywood on the Tiber."


title: Cinecittà

text: The studios were founded in 1937 by Benito Mussolini, his son Vittorio, and his head of cinema Luigi Freddi under the slogan ""Il cinema è l'arma più forte"" ("Cinema is the most powerful weapon"). The purpose was not only for propaganda, but also to support the recovering Italian feature film industry, which had reached its low point in 1931. Mussolini himself inaugurated the studios on 21 April 1937. Post-production units and sets were constructed and heavily used initially. Early films such as "" (1937) and "The Iron Crown" (1941) showcased the technological advancement of the studios. Seven thousand people were involved in the filming of the battle scene from "Scipio Africanus", and live elephants were brought in as a part of the re-enactment of the Battle of Zama.


title: Cinecittà

text: The studios were bombed by the Western Allies during the bombing of Rome in World War II. Following the war, between 1945 and 1947, the studios of Cinecittà were used as a displaced persons' camp for a period of about two years, following German occupation and Allied bombing that destroyed parts of the studio. An estimated 3,000 refugees lived there, divided into two camps: an Italian camp housing Italians as well as displaced people from Italian Libya and Dalmatia, and an international camp, including refugees from Yugoslavia, Poland, Egypt, Iran, and China.


title: Cinecittà

text: After rebuilding in the postwar years, the studios were used once again for their post-production facilities. In the 1950s, Cinecittà, described as "Hollywood on the Tiber", was the location for several large American film productions, like "Roman Holiday" (1953), "Beat the Devil" (1953), "The Barefoot Contessa" (1954), "Ben-Hur" (1959), and some low-budget action pictures starring Lex Barker. Barker also featured in Federico Fellini's "La Dolce Vita" (1960) and the studios were for many years closely associated with Fellini.


title: Cinecittà

text: In the same period, the studios were used for further international productions such as "Francis of Assisi" (1961), "Cleopatra" (1963), "The Agony and the Ecstasy" (1965), Zeffirelli's "Romeo and Juliet" (1968), "Fellini's Casanova" (1976), "La Traviata" (1982) and many other productions.


title: Cinecittà

text: It hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1991. This was the 36th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on Stage 15. Due to the Gulf War and mounting tensions in Yugoslavia, RAI decided to move the contest from Sanremo to Rome which was perceived to be more secure.


title: Cinecittà

text: After a period of near-bankruptcy, the Italian Government privatized Cinecittà in 1997, selling an 80% stake. On August 9, 2007, a fire destroyed about 3,000 m² (32,000 sq. ft.) of the Cinecittà lot and surroundings. The historic part that houses the sets of classics such as "Ben-Hur" was not damaged; however, a good portion of the original sets from the HBO/BBC series "Rome" was destroyed. In July 2012, another fire damaged Teatro 5, the vast studio where Fellini filmed "La Dolce Vita" and "Satyricon" (1969). A third fire in August 2022 destroyed part of a partially dismantled set depicting Renaissance-era Florence and disrupted filming of the sequel to "The Old Guard".


title: Cinecittà

text: Since the 1990s, films have included Anthony Minghella's "The English Patient" (1996), Martin Scorsese's "Gangs of New York" (2002), Wes Anderson's "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou" (2004) and Mel Gibson’s "The Passion of the Christ" (2004).


title: Cinecittà

text: Cinecittà also hosts TV productions, such as "Grande Fratello", the Italian version of "Big Brother", where the "Big Brother" house is built on Cinecittà's premises. The complex also hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1991.


title: Cinecittà

text: In addition, the BBC/HBO series "Rome" was filmed there from 2004 to 2007, the show being widely acclaimed for its sets and designs. BBC Wales reused some of these sets for an episode of the 2008 series of "Doctor Who" set in ancient Pompeii, and Alexandre Astier reused this set for the Book VI of his television series "Kaamelott" set in Ancient Rome.


title: Cinecittà

text: More recently, Paolo Sorrentino's series "The Young Pope" and "The New Pope" were almost entirely shot at Cinecittà, including reconstruction of the interiors of the Sistine Chapel and Saint Peter's Basilica. The 2019 film "The Two Popes" sections of which were also shot at Cinecittà, again utilised a reconstruction of the Sistine Chapel.


title: Cinecittà

text: In 2009 the studio announced that they intended to create a theme park. The movie-themed amusement park, Cinecittà World, opened in July 2014. The €250 million theme park is located approximately 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Cinecittà studios, on the site of a former movie studio built by Dino De Laurentiis in the 1960s.


title: Cinecittà

text: Cinecittà World was designed by Dante Ferretti, a production designer who has won three Academy Awards. Visitors enter Cinecittà World through the jaws of the Temple of Moloch, seen in "Cabiria", a silent movie filmed in Turin in 1914. The theme park also features a recreation of 1920s-era Manhattan as envisioned by Ferretti.


title: Cinecittà

text: Cinecittà World expects to have 1.5 million visitors annually. Expansion plans for the theme park include a nature reserve and a wellness center.


title: Wedding cake

text: A wedding cake is the traditional cake served at wedding receptions following dinner. In some parts of England, the wedding cake is served at a wedding breakfast; the 'wedding breakfast' does not mean the meal will be held in the morning, but at a time following the ceremony on the same day. In modern Western culture, the cake is usually on display and served to guests at the reception. Traditionally, wedding cakes were made to bring good luck to all guests and the couple. Nowadays, however, they are more of a centerpiece to the wedding and are not always even served to the guests. Some cakes are built with only a single edible tier for the bride and groom to share, but this is rare since the cost difference between fake and real tiers is minimal.


title: Wedding cake

text: Wedding cakes come in a variety of sizes, depending on the number of guests the cake will serve. Modern pastry chefs and cake designers use various ingredients and tools to create a cake that usually reflects the personalities of the couple. Marzipan, fondant, gum paste, buttercream, and chocolate are among the popular ingredients used. Cakes range in price along with size and components. Cakes are usually priced on a per-person, or per-slice, basis. Prices can range from a few dollars to a few hundred dollars per-person or slice, depending on the pastry chef who is hired to make the cake. Wedding cakes and cake decorating in general have become a certain pop culture symbol in western society. In the United States, reality television shows such as "Cake Boss" and "Amazing Wedding Cakes" have become popular and are trending in today's popular culture.


title: Wedding cake

text: The contemporary wedding cake has grown out of several different ethnic traditions. One of the first traditions began in Ancient Rome, where a cake of wheat or barley was broken over the bride's head to bring good fortune to the couple.


title: Wedding cake

text: During the 16th century to the 17th century, the "bride's pie" was served at most weddings. Different from the modern sweet wedding cake, bride pie is savoury. Bride pie is a pie with pastry crust and filled an assortment of oysters, lamb testicles, pine kernels, and cocks' combs (from Robert May's 1685 recipe). For May's recipe, there is a compartment of bride pie which is filled with live birds or a snake for the guests to pass the time in a wedding when they cut up the pie at the table. Guests were expected to have a piece out of politeness. It was considered very rude and bad luck not to eat the bride's pie. One tradition of bride's pie was to place a glass ring in the middle of the dessert and the maiden who found it would be the next to marry, similar to the modern tradition of catching the Flower bouquet.


title: Wedding cake

text: In the 17th century, two cakes were made: one for the bride and one for the groom. The groom's cake would fall out of favour as the bride's cake became the main cake for the event. When the two cakes were served together, the groom's cake was typically the darker colored, rich fruit cake and generally much smaller than the bride's cake. The bride's cake was usually a simple pound cake with white icing because white was a sign of virginity and purity.


title: Wedding cake

text: Wedding cake was originally a luxury item, and a sign of celebration and social status (the bigger the cake, the higher the social standing). Wedding cakes in England and early America were traditionally fruit cakes, often tiered and topped with marzipan and icing. Cutting the cake was an important part of the reception. White icing was also a symbol of money and social importance in Victorian times, so a white cake was highly desired. Today, many flavors and configurations are available in addition to the traditional all-white tiered cake.


title: Wedding cake

text: In Medieval England cakes were stacked as high as possible for the bride and groom to kiss over. A successful kiss meant they were guaranteed a prosperous life together. From this the Croquembouche was created. The myth behind this cake tells of a Pastry chef, visiting Medieval England who witnessed their tradition of piling sweet rolls between the bride and groom, which they attempted to kiss over without knocking them all down. The pastry chef then went back to France and piled sweet rolls up into a tower to make the first Croquembouche. The modern croquembouche is still very popular in France, where it is now common to place the croquembouche tower on a bed of cake and make it a top tier. This traditional French wedding cake is built from Profiteroles and given a halo of spun sugar.


title: Wedding cake

text: In 1703, Thomas Rich, a baker's apprentice from Ludgate Hill, fell in love with his employer's daughter and asked her to marry him. He wanted to make an extravagant cake, so he drew on St Bride's Church, on Fleet Street in London for inspiration.


title: Wedding cake

text: Traditionally the bride would place a ring inside the couple's portion of the cake to symbolise acceptance of the proposal. Bride's pie would evolve into the bride's cake. At this point the dessert was no longer in the form of a pie and was sweeter than its predecessor. The bride cake was traditionally a plum or fruit cake. In the mid-18th century, double icing (covering the cake first with almond icing and then with white icing) was used on bride cake. The white-iced upper surface of the bride cake was used as a platform on which all sorts of scenes and emblems could be mounted. The decoration was often at least partially three-dimensional and colourful in appearance. However, since some decorations were made with a variety of substances, sometimes the decoration or even parts of wedding cake were inedible. The myth that eating the pie would bring good luck was still common, but the glass ring slowly fell out of favor as the flower bouquet toss replaced it.


title: Wedding cake

text: The bride's cake would transform into the modern wedding cake we know today. In the early 19th century, sugar became easier to obtain during the time when the bride's cakes became popular. The more refined and whiter sugars were still very expensive, so only wealthy families could afford to have a very pure white frosting. This display would show the wealth and social status of the family. When Queen Victoria used white icing on her cake it gained a new title: royal icing.


title: Wedding cake

text: The modern wedding cake as we know it now would originate at the 1882 wedding of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany; his wedding cake was the first to actually be completely edible. Pillars between cake tiers did not begin to appear until about 20 years later. The pillars were very poorly made from broomsticks covered in icing. The tiers represented prosperity and were a status symbol because only wealthy families could afford to include them in the cake. Prince Leopold's wedding cake was created in separate layers with very dense icing. When the icing would harden the tiers could be stacked, a groundbreaking innovation for wedding cakes at the time. Modern wedding cakes still use this method, with an added form of support with dowels imbedded in the cake to help carry the load, especially of larger cakes.


title: Wedding cake

text: Wedding cakes have been present at wedding ceremonies for centuries. They were not always the focus of the event and often came in different forms, like pies or bread. There has always been a lot of symbolism associated with the wedding cake. The earliest known sweet wedding cake is known as a Banbury cake, which became popular in 1655.


title: Wedding cake

text: The white color has been attached to wedding ceremonies since the Victorian era when Queen Victoria chose to wear a white lace wedding dress at her wedding to Prince Albert in 1840. Queen Victoria accentuated an existing symbol, the color white, being frequently associated with virginity and purity in Western culture. The wedding cake was originally known as the bride's cake; therefore, the color white became common because the cake needed to reflect the bride – and the expensive ingredients that the family was able to afford, such as refined white sugar.


title: Wedding cake

text: In China, the couple begins cutting a multi-tier cake from the lowest level and gives the first pieces to their parents and other ancestors as a symbolic way of honoring their place as the foundation of the family.


title: Wedding cake

text: The wedding cake is surrounded by superstitions. In a traditional American wedding, maidens would be invited to pull ribbons that are attached to the bottom layer of the wedding cake. Out of all the ribbons, only one contains a charm or a ring, and whoever gets the charm will be the next person to marry. In other countries, the wedding cake is broken over the bride's head to ensure fertility and bring good fortune to the couple. Also, some people today think that eating the crumbs of the wedding cake would give them good luck because the wedding cake symbolizes happiness and good life to the newlywed couple.


title: Wedding cake

text: There are also myths that bridesmaids have on dreaming of their future husbands. Hopeful bridesmaids would take a piece of cake home and place it under the pillow. Some bridesmaids would sleep with the pieces of cake in their left stocking and the rest under their pillows after passing the pieces of cake through the bride's wedding ring.


title: Wedding cake

text: In the medieval era, wedding cakes were constructed in rolls and buns that were laid on top of each other. The groom and bride would attempt to share a kiss on top of the stack of rolls to ensure fertility and have good fortune.


title: Wedding cake

text: Different types of cakes have been popular in different countries and at different times. In some countries, such as Italy, different couples choose different types of cake, according to their preferences. In others, a single type is chosen by most people. Even when a type is preferred within a culture, the preferred type may change significantly over time. For example, the traditional wedding cake in Korea was a rice cake topped with a powder made from red beans, but now guests are likely to see a sponge cake and fresh fruit.


title: Wedding cake

text: The typical style for a modern white wedding is a decorated white layer cake. It is usually coated and decorated with frosting. The layers may be filled with frosting, pastry cream, lemon curd, or other cake fillings. It may be topped by decorations made from frosting, with edible flowers, or with other decorations. A layer cake can be a single cake, or it can be assembled to form a tiered cake.


title: Wedding cake

text: Very tall tiered cakes are important in Indonesia. The overall height of the cake is said to predict the couple's prosperity.


title: Wedding cake

text: In Appalachia, a stack cake was a way for poorer people to celebrate potluck-style by spreading the expense across the community. A stack cake is made of thin cakes baked by different guests for the wedding. These cakes are stacked on top of each other, with the layers usually being filled with apple butter or cooked apples.


title: Wedding cake

text: Among the Cajuns in the US, multiple cakes are baked at home by the bride's family, rather than having one large cake.


title: Wedding cake

text: In the United Kingdom and Australia, the traditional wedding cake is a rich fruitcake, which is elaborately decorated with icing and may be filled with almond paste. Fruitcake was also the traditional wedding cake in the US until the middle of the 20th century.


title: Wedding cake

text: According to the results of one survey, in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, most wedding cakes in the US were either white or yellow cakes. In the 2000s and 2010s, there was more diversity in flavors, but most of them were white or chocolate cake.


title: Wedding cake

text: In Greece, the traditional flavor combination was honey, sesame seed, and quince. In modern Greece, an almond torte is more common. Greek wedding cakes are elaborate and even architectural, with many tiers.


title: Wedding cake

text: White cake is currently the most popular wedding cake flavor in the US, but different flavors of filling can be added between layers. Chocolate, carrot, Italian Rum and Italian Cream are also popular choices.


title: Wedding cake

text: Wedding cakes based on flavor include chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry. Many modern cakes now consist of flavors such as vanilla sponge, chocolate sponge or carrot cake.


title: Wedding cake

text: In some areas, particularly the American South, two cakes are presented at weddings. Usually, a large, white tiered cake, decorated mostly in white frosting, is called the bride's cake, and a second flavor choice is called the "groom's cake". This tradition was brought over from England by early American colonists, who considered the white-iced bride's cake too light for men's tastes. The groom's cake was usually a dark, liquor-soaked fruitcake. More recently, groom's cakes are usually chocolate or another of his favorite flavors. The groom's cake may be decorated or shaped as something significant to him, such as a hobby item, sports team or symbol of his occupation. The movie "Steel Magnolias" included a red velvet groom's cake in the shape of a giant armadillo.


title: Wedding cake

text: Bermuda has a different tradition of two cakes. There, the bride's cake is a three-tiered fruitcake, and the groom's cake is a pound cake. The bride's cake is decorated with silver and represents prosperity, and the groom's cake is decorated with gold and represents his role as the head of the family. The groom's cake is topped with a live cedar tree, which represents the couple's growing love, and which the couple later plants and cares for.


title: Wedding cake

text: Tiered cakes are often separated by flowers or columns to add visual impact and height. Separators can include jewels, shells, flowers and the like or can be completely separated by using traditional chrome stands.


title: Wedding cake

text: Fondant is a form of frosting style that is rolled out and draped over tiers. Its smooth, firm sugar icing is often embellished with appliqués, Fondant can be cut into designs, formed into shapes, flavored or tinted. Poured fondant is used to glaze petits fours and other detailed confections.


title: Wedding cake

text: Flowerpaste or gumpaste is a pliable dough usually made from egg whites, unflavored gelatine, and powdered sugar. There are an array of methods and ingredients around the world on how to make flowerpaste and gumpaste. The purpose of this dough is typically to create flowers and other decorations for a cake. Due to the use of gum as one of the ingredients, it can be rolled very thin.


title: Wedding cake

text: Royal icing is made with water, sugar and egg white or meringue powder. It hardens to a firm finish that can be piped or thinned for "flood work", when larger sections need to be iced. It hardens fast and is ideal for making detailed shapes ahead of time. It can also be piped directly onto cake tiers and works beautifully for delicate detail work. There are a few things to consider when working with royal icing: You must use grease free utensils. Humidity also affects the consistency of royal icing. Joseph Lambeth, a well known British cake decorator, developed a technique where he creates layered scrolls using royal icing as a medium.


title: Wedding cake

text: Wedding cake toppers are models or art pieces that sit atop the cake. In the US, the most common type of cake topper features a representation of a bride and groom in wedding attire. This custom was dominant in US weddings in the 1950s, where it represented togetherness. Wedding toppers may also be figures that indicate shared hobbies or other passions, if they are used at all. Some are humorous, or may represent the couple's hobby or occupation. In Mexico, the wedding topper and other decorations tell a story about the couple's history.


title: Wedding cake

text: Instead of, or in addition to, a wedding cake, some people prefer to serve other desserts, such as pastries or cookies.


title: Wedding cake

text: Rather than the multiple tier wedding cake, some wedding parties have stands with multiple tiers where cupcakes are placed, perhaps topped off with a small wedding cake at the top for the ceremonial cake-cutting. Being cheaper than a multi-tiered wedding cake, cupcakes also versatile in that they can have multiple flavors, colors, and designs.


title: Wedding cake

text: Croquembouche is a complex pastry made of cream puffs and caramelized sugar. This pastry is the traditional approach to wedding cake in France.


title: Wedding cake

text: In Norway and other Scandinavian countries, a pastry called Kransekake is the preferred approach to a wedding cake. This is often made by the family.


title: Wedding cake

text: Kanom sam kloe is a fried pastry served at Thai weddings. Three balls of dough, made from coconuts and sesame seeds, are fried together. There are superstitions about whether the pieces of dough stay together; if they do, then this is said to portend a successful marriage and at least one child.


title: Wedding cake

text: In Europe in the 19th century, the cakes baked to serve at the christening of an infant were similar to wedding cakes. Eventually, since the wedding cakes were generally made of fruitcake, which would store well, and because the first baby often arrived within a year or so of the wedding, it became traditional to save the top part of the wedding cake to eat in celebration of the couple's first child. More recently, some people freeze part of the cake and save it until the couple's first wedding anniversary.


title: Chris Hohn

text: In 2003, Hohn established The Children's Investment Fund Management (TCI), a prominent value-based hedge fund. Profits generated by the fund were proportionately allocated to The Children's Investment Fund Foundation, a registered charity in England and Wales that focuses on improving the lives of children living in poverty in developing countries. He is known as an activist investor.


title: Chris Hohn

text: As of 2014, he had given over $4.5 billion to The Children's Investment Fund Foundation. Hohn is worth $5 billion according to the Forbes billionaires list in 2020, an increase of $1.9 billion from 2019. In 2019, "Forbes" put Hohn in the list of the world's most generous philanthropists outside of the US. In recent years, Hohn has become an outspoken advocate of urgent action on the climate crisis, and a prolific contributor to the cause.


title: Chris Hohn

text: Christopher Anthony Hohn was born in October 1966 in Addlestone, Surrey. His father Paul was a Jamaican-born car mechanic of European descent who moved to Britain in 1960, and his mother was a legal secretary from East Sussex.


title: Chris Hohn

text: He was a pupil at St Paul's County Secondary School in Addlestone between 1979 and 1983 gaining 13 O Levels; he then attended the University of Southampton from which he graduated in 1988 with first-class honours in accounting and business economics. While at Southampton, a tutor advised him to apply for Harvard Business School, where he completed the Master of Business Administration course. He graduated in 1993 as a Baker Scholar, meaning he was among the top five percent of all graduates.


title: Chris Hohn

text: After graduating, Hohn worked for the private equity group Apax Partners. In 1996 he went to work for Perry Capital, a hedge fund on Wall Street. In 1998 he was made head of Perry's London operations. In his time with Perry, he earned an estimated £75m.


title: Chris Hohn

text: In 2003, Hohn set up his own hedge fund, The Children's Investment Fund. TCI donated regularly to a connected charitable fund, The Children's Investment Fund Foundation, run by his wife. The original formula involved transfers of 0.5 percent of the fund's assets each year, with a further 0.5 per cent of assets for every year during which the fund achieved returns of more than 11 per cent. It is reported that Hohn established the formulaic charitable link in order to motivate himself. Coinciding with the couple's divorce proceedings, changes set in motion in 2012 led to the splitting up of the fund and the foundation. The fund no longer donates money to the foundation on a contractual basis, though it may do so on a discretionary basis.


title: Chris Hohn

text: Hohn took £200m in dividend payments in 2018, slightly more than his Children's Investment (TCI) fund made in profit. This was down from $274m in 2017 and $364m in 2016. His 2015 earnings of $250 million ranked him 12th among the 25 top earning hedge fund managers.


title: Chris Hohn

text: In 2019, it was reported that he had built a €730m stake in Heathrow Airport via a range of investment companies jointly taking a 4% stake in Spanish multinational Ferrovial.


title: Chris Hohn

text: From March 2019 to March 2020 he paid himself $479 million, the highest annual amount paid to a person in the UK. In November 2022, he wrote a public letter to the Alphabet board demanding that management cut costs by laying off employees and reduce wages.


title: Chris Hohn

text: In conjunction with The Children's Investment (TCI) fund Hohn launched the "Say on climate" initiative. The idea of the campaign is to make companies disclose their greenhouse gas emissions and their plans to manage these emissions and also give shareholders an advisory vote on the plans and their results. The initiative was first implemented by Aena, Unilever, Glencore, and CN but it has won many critics at the same time.


title: Chris Hohn

text: In 2019 it was reported by "The Daily Telegraph" that Hohn had donated £50,000 to environmental activist group Extinction Rebellion, with a further £150,000 donated by the Children's Investment Fund Foundation. None of the Charity's money was spent on civil disobedience, it was claimed. As of January 2022, Hohn was the single biggest individual donor to Extinction Rebellion.


title: Chris Hohn

text: In April 2020, he made a £2.4 million donation to purchase around 100 SAMBA II machines to test for COVID-19.


title: Chris Hohn

text: Hohn was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to philanthropy and international development.


title: Chris Hohn

text: He married Jamie Cooper, a fellow Harvard graduate student from Chicago, whom he had met at a party during his studies. Upon marriage, they took each other's surnames to become Cooper-Hohn, although he is still widely known as Hohn. The couple went on to have four children, including triplets.


title: Chris Hohn

text: In 2013 it was reported that Hohn had begun divorce proceedings with his wife. In November 2014, he was set to pay his American-born ex-wife $500 million, in what was thought to be the biggest divorce settlement ever awarded by an English court. In December 2014, he was ordered to pay his ex-wife £337 million.


title: Chris Hohn

text: He is married to Kylie Hohn (nee Richardson), who has a PhD from Harvard University and has taught at Harvard and the University of Cambridge. She is the CEO of LightEn, an organisation of which they are the co-founders.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: James Antony Wilson (born 1 December 1995) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Port Vale.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: He began his career with Manchester United, and was at the club's Academy for ten years before he signed his first professional contract at the age of 17. He has also represented England at the under-16, under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels. He scored two goals on his Premier League debut in May 2014, and played 17 first-team game during the 2014–15 campaign, scoring another two goals. He spent most of the 2015–16 season on loan at Brighton & Hove Albion, scoring five goals in 25 Championship games.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: Wilson started the 2016–17 season on loan at Derby County, but returned to Old Trafford after suffering a serious knee injury in October. He spent the second half of the 2017–18 season on loan at Sheffield United and joined Scottish Premiership club Aberdeen on loan for the start of the 2018–19 season. He joined Aberdeen on a permanent basis in July 2019 and then returned to England to sign with League Two side Salford City in January 2020, where he would gain an EFL Trophy winner's medal. He joined Port Vale after being released from Salford at the end of the 2020–21 campaign and helped the club to win promotion out of League Two via the play-offs in 2022.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: Born in Biddulph, Staffordshire, Wilson was first scouted by Manchester United at the age of seven. He came through the club's youth academy, and made his first appearance for the under-18s as a 14-year-old in a friendly against Slovak side Tatran Prešov on 31 October 2010. After making his competitive debut for the under-18s against West Bromwich Albion on 5 February 2011, he made a further three league appearances for the team during the 2010–11 season, scoring in the third, a 2–1 home defeat to Everton. After scoring twice in the 2011 Milk Cup, in which Manchester United finished runners-up, Wilson suffered a broken ankle in the second game of the 2011–12 season that kept him out for nearly five months. On his return, he became a regular in the under-18s during the second half of the season, scoring five times in 13 league appearances and twice in the FA Youth Cup. He also made his debut for the reserves during the season, coming on as a 61st-minute substitute for Frédéric Veseli in a 1–0 defeat away to West Bromwich Albion on 6 March 2012.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: In July 2012, Wilson extended his stay at Old Trafford, signing as an academy scholar. He started the 2012–13 season as a regular in the under-18s, and although it took him five games to score his first goal of the season, he caught up quickly with five goals in that fifth game against Newcastle United on 22 September 2012, the second-most goals scored by a Manchester United player at any level during the tenure of manager Sir Alex Ferguson. After scoring a further five goals in his next four competitive appearances, he was rewarded with his first professional contract on his 17th-birthday, and celebrated by scoring twice in a 4–2 home win over Southampton that same day. Although he was ruled out by injury from the middle of January to the start of March 2013, he still managed to finish the season as the under-18s' top scorer with 14 goals in 18 league appearances.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: Despite playing a prominent role in the reserves' pre-season campaign ahead of the 2013–14 season, Wilson continued as a regular in the under-18s, scoring seven goals in six consecutive appearances at the start of the season (including three in UEFA Youth League fixtures against Bayer Leverkusen and Shakhtar Donetsk), adding another in the reserves' 3–3 Manchester Senior Cup draw with Bury. He became more involved with the reserves in the second half of the season, and after scoring a hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers on 10 March 2014, Wilson was given his first taste of first-team action on 5 April with a place on the bench for the 4–0 away win over Newcastle United. He made his senior debut a month later when he started a Premier League match at home to Hull City on 6 May, and marked the occasion with two goals in a 3–1 win, a half-volley at the near post and a rebounded goal from a Marouane Fellaini shot, before being replaced by Robin van Persie in the 64th-minute. On 7 August 2014, Wilson scored all four goals, including three in the second half, in the under-21s' 4–1 victory over Manchester City in the Manchester Senior Cup final.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: Wilson's first goal of the 2014–15 season came on 17 January, when he came on as a substitute for Jonny Evans and scored in added time at the end of a 2–0 win at Queens Park Rangers. In September 2015, he signed a new contract with the club until June 2019, with an option to extend for a further year. However he left the club on loan two months later, leading to criticism of manager Louis van Gaal, who defended his decision by saying "I think for him it's better to play at his age than sit on the bench"; assistant manager Ryan Giggs, who had given Wilson his debut, was reportedly frustrated with van Gaal's decision. Wilson was not included in the first-team during José Mourinho's time as manager from May 2016 onwards and was released at the end of the 2018–19 season.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: On 26 November 2015, Wilson joined Championship club Brighton & Hove Albion on a loan deal until the end of the 2015–16 season. He made his debut for the Seagulls two days later, replacing Bobby Zamora for the final 24 minutes of a 2–1 win over Birmingham City at the Falmer Stadium, and came close to scoring after hitting the post. Wilson made his first league start for Brighton on 5 December, and scored his first goal for the club, as they came from 2–0 down to defeat Charlton Athletic 3–2. He scored his second goal for Brighton a week later on 12 December, in a 2–2 draw with Derby County. Wilson featured in both legs of Brighton's Championship play-off semi-final defeat to Sheffield Wednesday, coming on as a substitute in the first leg for Tomer Hemed and starting in the second leg. Wilson made a total of 28 appearances for Brighton in all competitions throughout his loan spell, scoring five league goals, and manager Chris Hughton said that he was returning to Manchester United as a better player.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: On 20 August 2016, Wilson joined Championship club Derby County on a loan deal lasting until the end of the 2016–17 season. He made his debut for the Rams six days later, coming on as a 56th-minute substitute for Jacob Butterfield in a 1–0 defeat. Manager Nigel Pearson gave him his first start on 10 September, in a


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: 2–0 defeat to Newcastle United at Pride Park Stadium. On 17 October, Wilson suffered a serious knee injury and returned to Manchester United for treatment, his loan spell subsequently being cut short. Newly appointed Derby manager Steve McClaren said that "it's incredibly disappointing news... [but] he will bounce back from this disappointment. As well as being a very good player, he is also a strong and determined character".


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: On 10 January 2018, Wilson completed a loan move to Championship club Sheffield United until the end of the 2017–18 season. He made his debut at Bramall Lane two days later as a 66th-minute substitute for Clayton Donaldson against Sheffield Wednesday in the Steel City derby, which ended in a 0–0 draw. He made his first start eight days later, and scored the opening goal of a 2–1 victory at Norwich City, earning praise for his work-rate after the game from manager Chris Wilder. This would be the only goal of his nine appearances for the Blades.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: On 13 August 2018, Wilson joined Scottish Premiership side Aberdeen on loan for the rest of the 2018–19 season. He scored his first goal for the Dons on 22 September, in a 1–0 win against Motherwell at Pittodrie. He ended the campaign with four league goals from 12 starts and 12 substitute appearances, including a substitute appearance in the League Cup final defeat to Celtic at Hampden Park. On 3 July 2019, Wilson joined Aberdeen on a permanent basis, signing a two-year contract. Manager Derek McInnes said that "we feel that he showed glimpses towards the end of last season how effective a player he can be and what a positive impact he can have on the team". He played 16 games without scoring a goal in the first half of the 2019–20 season.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: On 31 January 2020, he returned to England and signed at 18-month contract with League Two club Salford City. He made his debut in a 3–2 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Moor Lane on 11 February, scoring two goals after coming on as a substitute, which he described as "bittersweet". He made a further five appearances for Graham Alexander's Ammies in what remained of the 2019–20 campaign. He picked up his first honour after playing in the 2020 EFL Trophy final at Wembley Stadium, where Salford beat Portsmouth on penalties following a 0–0 draw, though he did not take part in the shoot-out as he was replaced by Luke Burgess on 87 minutes. He was released by new manager Gary Bowyer after scoring eight goals from 29 games in the 2020–21 season.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: On 7 June 2021, Salford's League Two rivals Port Vale announced they had signed the player on a two-year contract; manager Darrell Clarke stated that "his pedigree is fantastic and I’m sure he will prove a great attacking threat for us next season". He scored his first goal for the "Valiants" on 18 September, in a 2–0 win over Harrogate Town at Vale Park, and was praised by Clarke for his work-rate in the post-match interview. He started 12 of Vale's first 14 league games of the 2021–22 campaign, building up his fitness from playing the opening 65, 70 or 75 minutes to last 90 minutes twice in a week. He scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 victory over Accrington Stanley in an FA Cup first round match on 6 November. He had scored five goals in four games, when he was sidelined for 'several weeks' with a broken foot. He returned to action in the new year and scored his tenth goal in March; acting manager Andy Crosby praised his strike partnership with Jamie Proctor and said that: "there is more to come from Willo... he appreciates the surroundings, the culture, the environment we have got". He scored both of Vale's goals in the play-off semi-final tie with Swindon Town, and also converted the opening penalty kick in the ensuing penalty shoot-out victory. He was named as man of the match in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium as Vale secured promotion with a 3–0 victory over Mansfield Town; Michael Baggaley of "The Sentinel" wrote that Wilson put in "a classy performance throughout".


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: Wilson missed the start of the 2022–23 season with a calf injury and returned to training in September. He went on to form an effective strike partnership with new signing Ellis Harrison. Wilson scored both goals in a 2–0 win at league leaders Plymouth Argyle on 2 December.


title: James Wilson (English footballer)

text: Wilson made one appearance for the England under-16 team, helping England towards a 10th successive Victory Shield title in a 3–0 win against Northern Ireland in March 2011. In October 2013, Wilson scored on his England under-19 debut in a 6–1 win against Estonia. On 3 September 2015, Wilson scored on his England under-21 debut and only cap in a 1–0 win against the United States.


title: World Health Assembly

text: The World Health Assembly (WHA) is the forum through which the World Health Organization (WHO) is governed by its 194 member states. It is the world's highest health policy setting body and is composed of health ministers from member states.


title: World Health Assembly

text: The members of the WHA generally meet every year in May in Geneva at the Palace of Nations, the location of WHO Headquarters. The main tasks of the WHA are to decide major policy questions, as well as to approve the WHO work programme and budget and elect its Director-General (every fifth year) and annually to elect ten members to renew part of its executive board. Its main functions are to determine the policies of the Organization, supervise financial policies, and review and approve the proposed programme budget.


title: World Health Assembly

text: The original membership of the WHA, at the first assembly held in 1948, numbered 55 member states. The WHA has, currently, 194 member states (all UN members without Liechtenstein, plus the Cook Islands and Niue). Also WHA uncludes two associate members, Puerto Rico and Tokelau.


title: World Health Assembly

text: In addition, seven agencies have observer status at the WHA – the Vatican, the Palestinian Authority, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the South Centre organization, and the Inter-Parliamentary Union.


title: World Health Assembly

text: The Assembly is governed by "Rules of Procedure of the World Health Assembly"; agenda items are set by the General Committee of the Assembly, a group of 25 individuals that includes the President and subcommittee chairs, and a number of delegates elected by the Assembly previous.


title: World Health Assembly

text: Each year, the WHA elects members from among its ranks to renew the executive board (EB). This body is governed in Chapter VI, Articles 24 through 29, of the Constitution of the WHO. The EB must have an equitable geographic distribution, and "shall be elected for three years and may be re-elected... The Board shall meet at least twice a year and shall determine the place of each meeting." This is invariably chosen (by consensus) to be Geneva. A current list of members on the executive board can be derived through consultation of the WHA #Annual Assemblies summaries which are posted below.


title: World Health Assembly

text: In addition, the WHA has endorsed through resolutions a number of WHO action plans dealing with different areas to improve health around the world, such as:


title: World Health Assembly

text: The WHA is also responsible for the endorsement of the WHO Family of International Classifications, a series of internationally standardized medical classifications, including the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).


title: World Health Assembly

text: The focus of the 61st WHA was public health. Participants from 190 countries attended, with a record 2704 delegates. Important briefings and resolutions involved intellectual property barriers in research and development; combatting non-communicable diseases and female genital mutilation; campaigns to support breastfeeding and to decrease abuse of alcohol and tobacco; immunization practices, including adoption of the term "pharma fraud"; and health issues facing migrants.


title: World Health Assembly

text: In her role as global patron of The White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood, and chair of the Maternal Mortality Campaign, Sarah Brown gave the keynote speech at the World Health Organization's 62nd WHA, alongside United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, asking "Where is the M in MCH?' [maternal and child health]" in an echo of Allan Rosenfield's landmark "Lancet" article of 1985 – and highlighting that the numbers of women dying in pregnancy and childbirth were still the same 14 years later.


title: World Health Assembly

text: Among other actions, the 65th Assembly endorsed the Rio Political Declaration to address the social determinants of health, intended to spearhead support for all countries to adopt inclusive Health For All approaches to health promotion. It also endorsed the first World Immunization Week.


title: World Health Assembly

text: In her address to the 66th WHA in May 2013, DGWHO Margaret Chan traced a brief history of revisions to the International Health Regulations following the SARS outbreak in 2002–3, the "first severe new disease of the 21st century." She observed that the two new diseases WHO is dealing with in 2013 are the novel coronavirus (MERS), from the same family as SARS, detected in 2012 in Saudi Arabia, and the first-ever human infections with the H7N9 avian influenza virus reported in China in 2013. She attributed the positive report by the "World Health Statistics" (May 2013) on dramatic improvement in health in the world's poorest countries from 1993 to 2013, to the emphasis placed on poverty alleviation by the Millennium Development Goals. She announced the emergence of global action plans for noncommunicable diseases, mental health, and the prevention of avoidable blindness and visual impairment calling for a life course approach which includes "equity through universal health coverage," preventive strategies and "integrated service delivery."


title: World Health Assembly

text: Chan declared at the assembly that intellectual property, or patents on strains of new virus, should not impede nations from protecting their citizens by limiting scientific investigations. Following the 2012 MERS outbreak, Saudi Arabia Deputy Minister of Health Ziad Memish raised concerns that scientists who applied for a patent would not allow the MERS-Coronavirus to be used for investigations by other scientists and were, therefore, delaying the development of diagnostic tests. Ten of the 22 people who died and 22 of 44 cases reported were in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia–based microbiologist Ali Mohamed Zaki reported the first known case, a 60-year-old Saudi man who got sick in June, 2012 on ProMed-mail, a public health on-line forum then published more details including the virus's genetic makeup and closest relatives. The Erasmus Medical Center "tested, sequenced and identified" a sample provided by Ali Mohamed Zaki. Erasmus MC and Dr. Zaki strongly refuted all allegations concerning a presumed lack of willingness to cooperate in research into the new MERS coronavirus, making diagnostic tests and virus specimens freely available to all research institutions around the globe.


title: World Health Assembly

text: The 67th WHA took place in Geneva on May 19–24, 2014. Among the more than 20 resolutions adopted by the Assembly included ones concerning strengthening of national drug management systems to address antimicrobial resistance; implementation of the Minamata Convention to protect human health and the environment from effects of exposure to mercury and mercury compounds; and improving access to essential medicines worldwide. Also endorsed was a global monitoring framework for maternal, infant and child nutrition.


title: World Health Assembly

text: Following the 67th WHA, DGWHO Chan was criticized by the Association of Correspondents Accredited to the United Nations (ACANU) for not having spoken directly to the media during the course of the Assembly.


title: World Health Assembly

text: The 68th session of the WHA took place in Geneva on May 18–26, 2015. Jagat Prakash Nadda assumed the presidency of WHA. India assumed the presidency after a gap of 19 years.


title: World Health Assembly

text: During the assembly the WHA agreed to the Global Malaria Strategy and Programme Budget for 2016–2017, polio, International Health Regulations, strengthening surgical care, WHO's reform of its emergency and response programme, antimicrobial resistance, immunization gaps, malnutrition, air pollution, and epilepsy. Annual health awards were given by the DGWHO and the President of WHA.


title: World Health Assembly

text: The 69th World Health Assembly took place on May 23–28, 2016, and agreed to pursue the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through a comprehensive set of foundational steps, prioritizing universal health coverage, working with actors outside the health sector to address the social, economic and environmental root causes of antimicrobial resistance and other human health problems, to continue expanding efforts to address poor maternal and child health and infectious diseases in developing countries, and to focus upon equity within and between countries. Delegates decided to invite the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control's (WHO FCTC) Conference of the Parties (COP) to provide information on outcomes of this biennial event to future World Health Assembly meetings.


title: World Health Assembly

text: The 70th World Health Assembly took place on May 22–31, 2017. For the first time since 2009, Taiwan was completely excluded from the WHA, following the election of Tsai Ing-wen and subsequent political pressure from China.