title: Guayana Esequiba

text: The fifth article of the Geneva Agreement established the status of the disputed territories. The provisions state that no acts or activities taking place on the disputed territories while the Agreement is in force "shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty". The agreement also has a provision prohibiting both nations from pursuing the issue except through official inter-government channels.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: Venezuela recognises as territory of the new State the one which is located on the east of the right bank of the Essequibo River, and reiterates before the new State, and before the international community, that it expressly reserves its rights of territorial sovereignty over all the zone located on the west bank of the above-mentioned river. Therefore, the Guyana-Essequibo territory over which Venezuela expressly reserves its sovereign rights, limits on the east by the new State of Guyana, through the middle line of the Essequibo River, beginning from its source and on to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: Five months after Guyana's independence from the United Kingdom, Venezuelan troops began their occupation of Ankoko island and surrounding islands in October 1966. Venezuelan troops quickly constructed military installations and an airstrip.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: Subsequently, on the morning of the 14 October 1966, Forbes Burnham, as Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs of Guyana, dispatched a protest to the Foreign Minister of Venezuela, , demanding the immediate withdrawal of Venezuelan troops and the removal of installations they had established. Venezuelan minister Ignacio Iribarren Borges replied stating "the Government of Venezuela rejects the aforementioned protest, because Anacoco Island is Venezuelan territory in its entirety and the Republic of Venezuela has always been in possession of it". The island remained under Venezuelan administration, where a Venezuelan airport and a military base operated.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: Following the 1968 Guyanese elections, the First Conference of Amerindians Leaders, named the "Cabacaburi Congress", presented demands to Prime Minister Forbes Burnham who represented the community of around 40,000 indigenous people of the Rupununi district. The movement defended the integration of natives to Guyanese society, inconsonant with Bunham's Afrocentrist policies. Factions within the indigenous society in South Esequibo felt threatened by the possible distribution of agricultural parcels among the sectors that had supported the Minister, which caused some of the inhabitants to rebel. Guyanese Agriculture Minister, Robert Jordan, declared that the government would not recognise the inhabitants' land ownership certifications and warned that the zone would be occupied by the Afro-Guyanese population. Afterwards these declarations, Valerie Hart was appointed as president of the Provisional Government Committee of Rupununi.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: At a 23 December 1968 meeting, rebels finalised plans of a separated Rupununi state. In an effort to receive support from Venezuela, Hart and her rebels stated that they would grant Venezuela control of Guyana's disputed Guayana Esequiba territory in exchange for assistance. Rebels began their attacks on Lethem in the morning of 2 January 1969, killing five police officers and two civilians while also destroying buildings belonging to the Guyanese government with bazooka fire. The rebels locked citizens in their homes and blocked airfields in Lethem, Annai Good Hope, Karanambo and Karasabai, attempting to block staging areas for Guyanese troops. News about the insurrection reached Georgetown by midday prompting the deployment of policemen and soldiers of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF). GDF troops arrived at an open airstrip away from Lethem. As troops approached, the rebels quickly fled and the uprising ended. About thirty of the rebels were arrested following the uprising.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: The day after the uprising, on the afternoon of 3 January 1969, Hart met in Caracas with the Venezuelan Foreign Affairs Minister at the Yellow House, the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Hart explained the uprising to Iribarren Borges, citing Burnham's policies as its motives, and said that the rebels had the intention of turning the Rupununi into an independent territory under Venezuelan protection. Iribarren Borges replied that Venezuela was bound to the 1966 Geneva Agreement with the United Kingdom and Guyana, and that Venezuela could not intervene in favour of the rebels even if it wanted to. Members of the failed uprising fled to Venezuela for protection after their plans unravelled, with Hart and her rebels being granted Venezuelan citizenship by birth since they were recognised as being born in the Guayana Esequiba disputed territory.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: After the uprising, Venezuela President Rafael Caldera and Burnham were alarmed at the uprising and vowed to focus their attentions on the issue of the territorial dispute between their two countries. Their concern led to the in 1970.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: In 1970, after the expiration of the Mixed Commission established according to the Geneva Agreement, Presidents Rafael Caldera and Forbes Burnham signed the Port of Spain Protocol, which declared a 12-year moratorium on Venezuela's reclamation of Guayana Esequiba, with the purpose of allowing both governments to promote cooperation and understanding while the border claim was in abeyance. The protocol was formally signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela Aristides Calvani, Guyana State Minister for Foreign Affairs Shridath Ramphal and British High Commissioner to Trinidad and Tobago Roland Hunte. Parliament of Guyana voted for the agreement on 22 June 1970 with only People's Progressive Party voting against believing that the United Nations should resolve the matter. MPs from almost all parties in the Parliament of Venezuela voiced their sharp criticism of the agreement. Venezuelan maps produced since 1970 show the entire area from the eastern bank of the Essequibo, including the islands in the river, as Venezuelan territory. On some maps, the western Essequibo region is called the "Zone in Reclamation".


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: In 1983 the deadline of the Port of Spain Protocol expired, and the Venezuelan President Luis Herrera Campins decided not to extend it anymore and resume the effective claim over the territory. Since then, the contacts between Venezuela and Guyana within the provisions of the Treaty of Geneva are under the recommendations of a UN Secretary General's representative, who can be changed from time to time under agreement by both parties. Diplomatic contacts between the two countries and the Secretary General's representative continue, but there have been some clashes. The Norwegian Dag Nylander appointed in March 2017, is the latest personal representative in these efforts selected by the UN Secretary General António Guterres. It was stated that if by December 2017 the UN understood that there was no "significant progress" in resolving the dispute, Guterres would refer the case to the International Court of Justice in The Hague, unless the two countries explicitly requested it not to do so. In January 2018, the UN referred the case.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: President Hugo Chávez eased border tensions with Guyana under advice of his mentor Fidel Castro. In 2004, Chávez said, during a visit in Georgetown, Guyana, that he considered the dispute to be finished.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: In September 2011, Guyana made an application before the United Nations' Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in order to extend its continental shelf by a further . Since the Commission requests that the areas to be considered cannot be subject to any kind of territorial disputes, the Guyanese application disregarded the Venezuelan claim over Guayana Esequiba, by saying that "there are no disputes in the region relevant to this submission of data and information relating to the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond ." Venezuela sent an objection to the commission, rejecting the Guyanese application and warning that Guyana had proposed a limit for its continental shelf including "the territory west of the Essequibo river, which is the subject of a territorial sovereignty dispute under the Geneva Agreement of 1966 and, within this framework, a matter for the good offices of the Secretary-General of the United Nations". Venezuela also said that Guyana consulted its neighbours Barbados, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago before making the application, but did not do the same with Venezuela. "Such a lack of consultation with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, serious in itself in that it violates the relevant rules, is inexplicable in so far as the coast whose projection is used by the Republic of Guyana in its attempt to extend the limits forms part of the disputed territory over which Venezuela demands and reiterates its claim to sovereignty rights", said the Venezuelan communiqué.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: On 10 October 2013, the Venezuelan Navy detained an oil exploration vessel conducting seafloor surveys on behalf of the government of Guyana. The ship and its crew were escorted to the Venezuelan Margarita Island to be prosecuted. The Guyanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said the vessel was in Guyanese waters, but its Venezuelan counterpart sent a diplomatic note to Guyana stating that the ship was conducting oil research in Venezuelan waters with no authorisation from the country, and demanded an explanation. The vessel, "Teknik Perdana", together with its crew, was released the next week, but its captain was charged with violating the Venezuelan exclusive economic zone.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: Despite diplomatic protests from Venezuela, the government of Guyana awarded the American oil corporation Exxon a licence to drill for oil in the disputed maritime area in early 2015. In May the government of Guyana announced that Exxon had indeed found promising results in their first round of drilling on the so-called Stabroek Block, an area offshore the Guayana Esequiba territory with a size of . The company announced that further drillings would take place in the coming months to better evaluate the potential of the oil field. Venezuela responded to the declaration with a decree issued on 27 May 2015, including the maritime area in dispute in its national marine protection sphere, thus extending the area that the Venezuelan Navy controls into the disputed area. This in turn caused the government of Guyana to summon the Venezuelan ambassador for further explanation. The tensions have further intensified since and Guyana withdrew the operating licence of Conviasa, the Venezuelan national airline, stranding a plane and passengers in Georgetown.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: On 7 January 2021 there was the issuance of the Decree No. 4415 by the President of Venezuela, Nicolas Maduro, with the support of Venezuela's National Assembly, which seeks to reinforce Venezuela's claim to Guyana's Essequibo Region and its attendant maritime space.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: In 2018, Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres concluded that the Good Offices Process had not determined a peaceful conclusion. Guterres chose to have the controversy settled by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on whether the 1899 award was valid. On 29 March, Guyana introduced a request in the ICJ to solve the territorial dispute. Venezuela proposed Guyana to restore the diplomatic contacts to attempt to find a solution regarding the territorial dispute, arguing that Guterres "exceeded the competences given to him as the Good Offices Figure" and that the decision "contravenes the spirit, purpose and reason of the Geneva Agreement". The Venezuelan government also stated that it did not recognise the jurisdiction of the Court as mandatory.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: On 19 June, Guyana announced that it would ask the Court to rule on their favour citing Article 53 of the ICJ Estatute, which establishes that "if any of the two parties does not show at the tribunal or fails to defend their case, the other party has the right to communicate with the court and to rule in favour of their claim". In July 2018, the government of Nicolás Maduro argued that the ICJ did not hold jurisdiction over the dispute and said that Venezuela would not participate in the proceedings. The Court stated that Guyana would have until 19 November to present their arguments and Venezuela would have until 18 April 2019 to present their counter arguments. During the Venezuelan presidential crisis, disputed acting President Juan Guaidó and the pro-opposition National Assembly of Venezuela ratified the territorial dispute over the territory.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: The oral audiences were planned to take place from 23 to 27 March 2020, where the ICJ would determine if they held jurisdiction in the dispute, however this was delayed indefinitely due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Venezuela did not take part in the hearings which were rescheduled for 30 June. On 18 December 2020, the Court ruled that it had jurisdiction and accepted the case. On 8 March 2021, Venezuela was given until 8 March 2023 to submit a counter-memorial.


title: Guayana Esequiba

text: The first agreement in the negotiations between the Maduro government and the Venezuelan opposition in Mexico in September 2021 was to act jointly in the claim of Venezuelan sovereignty over Esquibo.


title: Paradise Regained

text: Paradise Regained is a poem by English poet John Milton, first published in 1671. The volume in which it appeared also contained the poet's closet drama "Samson Agonistes". "Paradise Regained" is connected by name to his earlier and more famous epic poem "Paradise Lost", with which it shares similar theological themes; indeed, its title, its use of blank verse, and its progression through Christian history recall the earlier work. However, this effort deals primarily with the temptation of Christ as recounted in the Gospel of Luke.


title: Paradise Regained

text: Milton composed "Paradise Regained" at his cottage in Chalfont St Giles in Buckinghamshire. "Paradise Regained" is four books long and comprises 2,065 lines; in contrast, "Paradise Lost" is twelve books long and comprises 10,565 lines. As such, Barbara K. Lewalski has labelled the work a "brief epic".


title: Paradise Regained

text: Jesus is baptized by John. Satan, seeing this, calls a meeting of demons to plot against him, confident he can fool Christ as he fooled Adam.


title: Paradise Regained

text: Jesus enters the wilderness and fasts there for 40 days, pondering His past and future. A seeming old man of the desert asks him as Son of God to turn stones into bread. Jesus, recognizing Satan, rebukes him for his lies. Satan pretends to be delighted to hear truth and begs permission to stay. Jesus says he can do whatever the Father in heaven allows. Night falls.


title: Paradise Regained

text: Simon and Andrew saw Jesus baptized and realize He is Messiah, but lose Him and search for Him. They worry they have lost Him for good. Mary too wonders what has become of her Son, remembering that she lost him once before when He was 12.


title: Paradise Regained

text: Satan returns to his demons, warning them this temptation is going to be far more difficult than the Fall of man. Belial advises using a honey trap, but Satan knows this will not work, thinking pride a stronger test.


title: Paradise Regained

text: Jesus, hungry, dreams of Elijah being fed by ravens. Waking, he finds a fair man and a banquet waiting for Him, but He again resists. Satan next tries to tempt with money, but Jesus reminds him that King David started as a mere shepherd.


title: Paradise Regained

text: Satan flatters Christ, praising His wisdom, then taunts Him with his lack of achievement, saying Alexander the Great had conquered half the world at 30. Jesus rejects gaining glory by violent means. Satan next tries goading him with duty, saying Judas Maccabeus gained glory for God by fighting the pagans. But Jesus sees suffering as the path he must tread.


title: Paradise Regained

text: Satan then takes Christ to a high mountain, showing Him the kingdoms of the world. He suggests He will need an alliance with the Parthians if He is to resist Rome successfully. Christ refuses Satan's suggestion to free the Ten Tribes, leaving it to Divine providence.


title: Paradise Regained

text: Satan next shows Christ Rome, and offers it to Him. Christ once more rejects. Satan says all the kingdoms of the world are his to bestow if only Christ will bow the knee. Christs rebukes him for this blasphemy, quoting Exodus chapter 20.


title: Paradise Regained

text: Satan, realizing he is defeated, makes an attempt to interest Christ in the wisdom of Ancient Greece. But Jesus rejects this in favour of the Psalms and the Prophets. Satan angrily returns Christ to the wilderness and forces him to spend a cold night in the middle of a Tempest amid hellish furies. Christ endures this. Satan, frustrated, takes Christ to Jerusalem and tells him to throw himself off the pinnacle of the Jewish Temple, quoting a Psalm. Jesus quotes back, "Tempt not the Lord thy God". Satan falls. Angels help Jesus, singing of his victory over the devil, feeding Him, and returning him to Mary.


title: Paradise Regained

text: Whereas "Paradise Lost" is ornate in style and decorative in its verse, "Paradise Regained" is carried out in a fairly plain style. Specifically, Milton reduces his use of simile and deploys a simpler syntax in "Paradise Regained" than he does in "Paradise Lost", and this is consistent with Biblical descriptions of Jesus's plainness in his life and teachings (in the epic, he prefers Hebrew Psalms to Greek poetry). Modern editors believe the simpler style of "Paradise Regained" evinces Milton's poetic maturity. This is not to say that the poem bears no affinities with Milton's earlier work, but scholars continue to agree with Northrop Frye's suggestion that "Paradise Regained" is "practically "sui generis"" in its poetic execution.


title: Paradise Regained

text: One major concept emphasized throughout "Paradise Regained" is the idea of reversals. As implied by its title, Milton sets out to reverse the "loss" of Paradise. Thus, antonyms are often found next to each other, reinforcing the idea that everything that was lost in the first epic will be regained by the end of this "brief epic". Additionally, the work focuses on the idea of "hunger", both in a literal and in a spiritual sense. After wandering in the wilderness for forty days, Jesus is starving for food. Satan, too blind to see any non-literal meanings of the term, offers Christ food and various other temptations, but Jesus continually denies him. Although Milton's Jesus is remarkably human, an exclusive focus on this dimension of his character obscures the divine stakes of Jesus's confrontation with Satan; Jesus emerges victorious, and Satan falls, amazed.


title: Paradise Regained

text: An interesting anecdote recounted by a Quaker named Thomas Ellwood provides some insight into "Paradise Regained"s development. After studying Latin with Milton and reading the poet's epic "Paradise Lost", Ellwood remarked, "Thou hast said much here of Paradise lost, but what hast thou to say of Paradise found?" Hearing this, Milton at first "sat some time in a muse" before changing the subject; however, sometime thereafter he showed to Ellwood a new manuscript entitled "Paradise Regained." Some maintain that although he seemed to express gratitude to Ellwood in a letter, Milton in truth "passed on a friendly if impish fabrication" that made Ellwood feel like the inspiration for the poem.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: Esbjerg forenede Boldklubber (; commonly known as Esbjerg fB or EfB in short) is a Danish professional football club based in Esbjerg, West Jutland, that plays in the 2nd division, the third-tier of the Danish football league system. Founded in 1924 as a merger between Esbjerg Boldklub af 1898 and Esbjerg Amatørklub af 1911, the first team play their home games at Blue Water Arena which has been the club's home ground since its opening in 1955.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: Esbjerg forenede Boldklubber was officially established in 1924 as a merger between Esbjerg Boldklub af 1898 (E.B. 98) and Esbjerg Amatørklub af 1911 (EAK) after 12 years of competition between the two clubs. The new club was driven by ambition for something bigger, which already produced results the day after when the club's best start-up team defeated Kolding IF with 7–0.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: The club's golden years were in the first half of the 1960s with the Austrian coach Rudi Strittich throughout most of the decade. The club won the Danish Championship in 1961, 1962, 1963 and 1965 and won the DBU Cup in 1964. This success has been largely attributed to Austrian coach Rudi Strittich, as well as strikers Jens Peter Hansen and Carl Emil Christiansen. In the championship season of 1961, Esbjerg set a stadium record with 20,000 spectators, as Esbjerg won the clash against KB 3–1 at home. In 1968, Esbjerg almost won another championship, when the team had the same amount of points as two other clubs before the last round, but despite winning the last match, KB won the title on goal difference. The following year, however, Esbjerg suffered relegation from the top tier, where they had played twenty seasons in a row.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: In 1974, Esbjerg fB won promotion to the top division again, marking the beginning of the club's second golden era. Esbjerg won the DBU Cup again in 1976. In 1977, Strittich returned as coach, and with goalkeeper Ole Kjær and midfielder Jens Jørn Bertelsen as the driving forces in the following years, Esbjerg were back at the top. The club won bronze medals in 1977, and in 1978 Esbjerg fB lost the cup final to Frem after a penalty shootout and a total of three finals, all of which ended 1–1. Later that year, they achieved a second place finish in the top tier, while the team reached the third round of the UEFA Cup, where they beat Hertha BSC 2–1 in the first leg, but lost in the return match in Berlin by 4–0.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: In 1979, Esbjerg fB won the club's fifth and most recent Danish championship. The following year, the team eliminated Halmstads BK in the European Champion Clubs' Cup. In the subsequent round, Esbjerg lost on the road with 3–0 to Spartak Moscow, but was in the return match, close to a sensation, Esbjerg won 2–0.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: In 1985, Esbjerg was close to winning the cup tournament, but lost in the final 3–2 to Lyngby on a goal shortly before the final whistle. Esbjerg relegated from the top tier in 1986 and in the early 1990s were down in the third division. In 1999, Esbjerg returned to the Danish Superliga. This time, their tenure in the top division was more permanent, achieving a third place finish in the 2003–04 season as their best performance, after being in first place with four rounds left. During that season, they broke records, causing Brøndby IF's largest home defeat ever, beating them 6–1 at Brøndby Stadium. In 2006 and 2008, the club reached the cup final. In the 2010–11 Danish Superliga season EfB finished 12th and were relegated to the Danish 1st Division for the first time since the 1999–2000 season.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: Esbjerg returned to the Superliga in the 2012–13 season with success under head coach Jess Thorup, a former player for the club, as the team managed to win the Danish Cup for the third time in the club's history with a 1–0 victory against Randers FC, thus qualifying for European football. At the same time, they achieved a fourth place in the Superliga.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: On 2 May 2013, the club announced that Niels Frederiksen would succeed Thorup as the club's head coach from the start of the 2013–14 Danish Superliga season. In the first season under Frederiksen, Esbjerg reached to the round of 32 in the Europa League, where they lost 4–2 over two legs to Italian side Fiorentina, despite winning 1–0 away at Stadio Artemio Franchi. This came after advancing from the group stage in second place by beating Standard Liège (2–1; 2–1) and Elfsborg (2–1; 1–0), and losing two matches to group winners, Red Bull Salzburg (2–1; 3–0). Esbjerg had qualified to the group stage after winning 5–3 on aggregate over French club Saint-Étienne. When the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS) published their list of best clubs in the world, Esbjerg were in 79th place. Hans Henrik Andreasen was part of the autumn team in the Europa League among the best players in the tournament. In the domestic league, they also had a successful season, ending in fifth place which qualified the club for contention in the 2014–15 Europa League second round.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: In the following season, Esbjerg knocked out Kazakh side Kairat Almaty 2–1 on aggregate in the second qualifying round, before facing Polish club Ruch Chorzów in the third round. In the first leg, Esbjerg drew 0–0 away. However in the second leg, a last-minute goal by Łukasz Surma for Ruch Chorzów to make it 2–2 to win on away goals, ended Esbjerg's hopes of advancing in the tournament. In the domestic league, Esbjerg had sold key players such as Jakob Ankersen, Eddi Gomes and Martin Pušić during the winter transfer window, and partly due to this the club struggled against relegation. In the last fixture of the season, Esbjerg avoided relegation after a 2–1 win over relegation rivals, FC Vestsjælland.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: On 10 August 2015, Frederiksen was dismissed by Esbjerg with the side placed last in the Danish Superliga table after four matches into the 2015–16 season, with chairman Søren Poulsen citing "lacking" domestic results as the reason behind the dismissal. Frederiksen was succeeded by Jonas Dal.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: In 2017, Esbjerg moved out of the Superligaen after losing the decisive relegation final over two matches against AC Horsens by an aggregate score of 4–3. However, the club returned to the Superliga after just one season in the second tier. In the 2019–20 season, the club suffered another relegation after a tumultuous season.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: From July 2020 to May 2021, Ólafur Kristjánsson was the head coach of the club. Earlier that season, in March 2021, Chien Lee, Partners Path Capital, Pacific Media Group and Krishen Sud invested in Esbjerg fB and became the majority shareholder. Thereby, the club became part of the same ownership group as Barnsley, Oostende and Nancy. The club failed promotion to the Superliga in the 2020–21 season, finishing in third place, 14 points from promotion spots.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: In May 2021, Peter Hyballa was hired as head coach of the club. Less than two months into his tenure, Danish newspaper "B.T." reported that multiple Esbjerg players demanded his dismissal after "mental and physical punishments". The following day, Spillerforeningen, the Danish Player's Association, reprimanded the Esbjerg board after the American chairman Michael Kalt had toned down the conflict and informed "JydskeVestkysten" that only a few players were involved in the demand. One day later, Hyballa demoted four key players to the U19 team: Yuriy Yakovenko, Jakob Ankersen, Kevin Conboy and Zean Dalügge. On 15 July, Esbjerg fB were reported to the Danish Labour Inspection Authority ("Arbejdstilsynet") by Spillerforeningen after reports came out that Hyballa had allegedly hit and "mentally terrorised" players. The following week, Hyballa stated that he had never hit anyone, and that he had only tried to motivate his players.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: On 24 July, Hyballa appointed the 19-year-old Mads Larsen as the new team captain. Three days later, on 27 July, new accusations arose against Hyballa – this time from Kasper Pedersen – who had terminated his contract by mutual consent the day before. He stated that Hyballa had created a "horrible mood" and that he had left the club due to the manager.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: On 28 July 21 of Esbjerg's first-team players sent an open letter to club management, expressing "strong distrust" to Hyballa. The letter, which was also published in several media outlets, mentions several episodes where Hyballa had physically or mentally abused players. Responding to the letter, investor and spokesperson for the Esbjerg board, Paul Conway, stated to "JydskeVestkysten" that "[i]t's so unprofessional, I've never experienced anything like it. It can never be the players who get to decide who get to play and who is the coach."


title: Esbjerg fB

text: On 11 August after weeks of stories in the press and a bad start to the season, Hyballa resigned as manager of Esbjerg and was replaced by Roland Vrabec. He was dismissed in March 2022 after seven months, as the club were mathematically out of reach of promotion. Rafael van der Vaart was appointed caretaker coach. On 18 March, in a 3–0 home loss to Lyngby, Esbjerg hooligans threw firecrackers onto the pitch and rioted after the game which resulted in multiple arrests, as the team were in a relegation battle. On May 18th 2022 Esbjerg lost 2-3 to Fremad Amager after blowing a 2-0 lead, and was for the first time in 28 years relegated to 2. division, the Danish 3rd tier, with 8 points to survival and only 2 matches left.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: Esbjerg fB plays at Blue Water Arena, which is the name of Esbjerg Stadion at Gl. Vardevej and part of Esbjerg Sports Park.


title: Esbjerg fB

text: The following 32 Esbjerg football players has been picked and had their debut on the Danish national football team (debut/matches/goals):


title: Esbjerg fB

text: Esbjerg has a list of former notable foreign players of which some have represented their national team. Some of the most memorable are listed here:


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: The story takes place on the Japanese island Shikoku in the fictional city of Sanshu, based on the real-life city of Kan'onji in Kagawa Prefecture, in the 300th year of the . Yūna, Mimori, Fū, and Itsuki are all members of the , dedicating themselves to helping those in need. One day in their regular daily lives, the Hero Club members are suddenly caught in an explosion of light and transported to a strange forest, where they encounter mysterious monsters known as Vertex which seek to destroy the , the guardian deity which protects and blesses humanity. Using a special phone application granted by Taisha, an organization dedicated to the Shinju, Yuna and her friends must transform into "heroes" with magical powers to protect their world from imminent destruction.


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: A prequel light novel titled , written by Takahiro and illustrated by Bunbun, was serialized in ASCII Media Works' "Dengeki G's Magazine" between April 30, 2014 and November 29, 2014. The novel takes place two years before the anime's time frame, and follows the previous Hero team before Yūna's. Another light novel series, titled , written by Aoi Akashiro and illustrated by Bunbun, began serialization in "Dengeki G's Magazine" on July 30, 2015. "Nogi Wakaba" takes place 300 years before the anime's time frame during the first Vertex attack on the world. It follows Sonoko Nogi's ancestor, Wakaba Nogi as its protagonist and the first Shikoku hero team consisting of her, Hinata Uesato, Yūna Takashima, Chikage Kōri, Tamako Doi and Anzu Iyojima. Another light novel written by Akashiro, "Kusunoki Mebuki wa Yūsha de Aru", began serialization in "Dengeki G's Magazine" on June 30, 2017. It takes place after the anime's first season and before "Hero Chapter", and follows a different team of Heroes.


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: A manga adaptation of "Washio Sumi wa Yūsha de Aru", illustrated by Mottsun*, began serialization in ASCII Media Works' "Dengeki G's Comic" from June 30, 2014. A manga titled , written by Takahiro and illustrated by Kotamaru, began serialization in "Dengeki G's Magazine" from July 30, 2014. The first volume of a third manga, titled "Yūki Yūna wa Yūsha de Aru" and illustrated by Tōko Kanno, was released on November 27, 2014. "Yūki Yūna wa Yūsha de Aru" later started serialization in "Dengeki G's Comic" on December 26, 2014.


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: The first 12-episode anime television series was produced by Studio Gokumi and directed by Seiji Kishi. Planned by Takahiro, the anime's screenplay was written by Makoto Uezu, and the character design was provided by Takahiro Sakai. The series aired in Japan on MBS from October 17 to December 26, 2014 and was simulcast by Crunchyroll. The opening theme is and the ending theme is "Aurora Days"; both are performed by Sanshū Chūgaku Yūsha-bu (Haruka Terui, Suzuko Mimori, Yumi Uchiyama, Tomoyo Kurosawa, and Juri Nagatsuma). The ending theme for episode four (acoustic version) and episode nine is by Tomoyo Kurosawa. The anime was licensed in North America by Pony Canyon's label for the region, Ponycan USA, which released the series with an English dub on DVD and Blu-ray on April 10, 2015.


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: A second anime season was released in 2017 and consists of two parts; , an adaptation of the "Washio Sumi is a Hero" light novels, and , which takes place after the first season. "The Washio Sumi Chapter" was first released as three theatrical films between March 18 and July 8, 2017 before airing as six television episodes between October 7 and November 11, 2017, followed by a recap of the first season which aired on November 18, 2017. "Hero Chapter", which consists of six television episodes, aired between November 25, 2017 and January 6, 2018. Both parts were simulcast in North America by Anime Strike. Three short films produced by W-Toon Studio, based on the spin-off manga, "Yūki Yūna wa Yūsha-bu Shozoku", were screened alongside each "The Washio Sumi Chapter" film.


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: A short anime based on the "Yūki Yūna wa Yūsha de Aru Hanayui no Kirameki" smartphone game, titled "Yuki Yuna is a Hero: Churutto!", was announced on May 26, 2020. The series is directed by Seiya Miyajima at DMM.futureworks and W-Toon Studio. Miyajima is designing the characters, while Haruka is overseeing the scripts, and Monaca is composing the series' music. It aired from April 10 to June 26, 2021 on the Super Animeism block on MBS and TBS.


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: A third anime season titled was announced, with the main staff and cast members reprising their roles. It consists of adaptations of the "Kusunoki Mebuki wa Yūsha de Aru" and "Nogi Wakaba wa Yūsha de Aru" light novels, followed by an expanded retelling of the ending of "Hero Chapter" with new scenes and a new epilogue. It aired from October 2 to December 18, 2021 on MBS, TBS, and their affiliates. The opening theme is , while the ending theme is , both performed by Sanshū Chūgaku Yūsha-bu.


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: Two visual novels for Windows, developed by Minato Soft and featuring scenarios written by Takahiro and Osamu Murata, are bundled with the first and sixth DVD and Blu-ray Disc volumes of the anime series released on December 17, 2014 and May 20, 2015, respectively. Each visual novel features ten different scenarios original to the game and is fully voiced by the original cast. The graphics are handled by Studio Gokumi. An action video game developed by FuRyu titled was released on February 26, 2015 for the PlayStation Vita.


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: A crossover mobile game titled , or "YuYuYui" for short, was released on June 8, 2017 for iOS and Android. It featured characters, including those from manga and light novels, alongside new characters in the mobile game. It also included various non-canon stories, such as stories of Yuki Yuna, Washio Sumi, Nogi Wakaba, Kusunoki Mebuki, Fuyo Yuna, Akamine Yuna; collaborations with "Release the Spyce: Secret Fragrance", "", one of Studio Gokumi’s shows, "A Certain Scientific Railgun T" and "Symphogear'." The game ended service on iOS and Android devices on October 28, 2022.


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: On October 8, 2022, Entergram announced that "Bouquet of Brilliance" was in the process of being ported to consoles.


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: The first Japanese Blu-ray volume opened as the week's eight best selling animation Blu-ray, with 4,781 copies, and remained on the sales charts for an additional four weeks, selling 10,373 copies in total. Each volume of the series has charted highly on Oricon list. Volume five charted at No. 1 on sales list, with 6,422 copies, whereas the sixth and final volume placed second, with 7,626 copies. "Yuki Yuna is a Hero" was the 15th-best selling animation BD in Japan of 2015's half yearly sales list, having earned 58,961 copies in total.


title: Yuki Yuna is a Hero

text: The first film ranked No. 1 on the mini-theater rankings in Japan. The second film also ranked No. 1 on the mini-theater rankings when it was released, outselling the first film.


title: Vincent Keaveny

text: Vincent Thomas Keaveny (born 1 July 1965) is a commercial lawyer, serving as the 693rd Lord Mayor of London for 2021–22.


title: Vincent Keaveny

text: Educated at St Michael's College, University College Dublin, and Trinity College Dublin, Keaveny has, since 1989, lived and worked in England, where he qualified to practice as a solicitor in 1992. He obtained a Bachelor of Civil Law from University College Dublin in 1986, and has been a partner in DLA Piper since 2015.


title: Vincent Keaveny

text: Keaveny serves as Alderman for the Ward of Farringdon Within since 2013, and served as a Sheriff of the City of London for 2018–19. He is a liveryman of the City of London Solicitors' Company, the Worshipful Company of Woolmen, the Distillers, the Spectacle Makers, the Stationers and Newspaper Makers, the Framework Knitters, the Upholders, and the Security Professionals.


title: Vincent Keaveny

text: Elected as the Lord Mayor of London in 2021, Keaveny took office on 13 November 2021, being appointed to the Order of Saint John.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In the 2000s to early 2010s, Renesas had been one of the six largest semiconductor companies in the world. As of 2022, it is the world's third-largest automotive semiconductor company and the largest microcontroller supplier. The company also has presences in the markets of analogue and mixed-signal integrated circuits, memory devices, and SoCs.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: Renesas Electronics started operation in April 2010, through the integration of NEC Electronics, established in November 2002 as a spin-off of the semiconductor operations of NEC with the exception of the DRAM business, and Renesas Technology established on April 1, 2003, the non-DRAM chip joint venture of Hitachi and Mitsubishi, with their ownership percentage of 55 and 45 in order. The DRAM businesses of the three had become part of Elpida Memory, which went bankrupt in 2012 before being acquired by Micron Technology.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: A basic agreement to merge was reached by April 2010 and materialized on the first day, forming the fourth largest semiconductor company by revenue according to an estimation from iSuppli.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In December 2010, Renesas Mobile Corporation (RMC) was created by integrating the Mobile Multimedia Business Unit of Renesas with the acquired Nokia Wireless Modem Business Unit.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In 2011, Renesas Electronics was adversely affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and flooding in Thailand. In 2012, the company, which had about 50 thousand employees of manufacturing, design and sales operations in about 20 countries in 2011, decided to restructure its business, including the sale and consolidation of its Japanese domestic plants, to become profitable. In December 2012, INCJ, a Japanese public-private fund, and several key clients decided to invest in the company. Through the investment, Renesas aimed to secure 150 billion yen as fresh capital by September 2013 and make use of it for investment in development of the microcontroller and analog and power chips for automotive and industrial uses, plant improvements, and corporate acquisitions.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: With the allotment of third-party shares to the nine investors completed in September 2013, INCJ became the largest shareholder in the company. Renesas announced its new business direction and issued its corporate presentation titled "Reforming Renesas” in October 2013.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In the fiscal year ended in March 2014, Renesas recorded its first ever net profit since it started operation as Renesas Electronics Corporation in 2010.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In July 2014, the subsidiary Renesas Mobile Communication was consolidated, after the company had decided to withdraw from the 4G wireless business.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In September 2016, Renesas announced that it would acquire Intersil for $3.2 billion. In February 2017, Renesas completed the acquisition.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In April 2017, Renesas unveiled a self-driving concept car at a global developer conference, stating that it will start delivering a new line of products for self-driving cars in December 2017, as it takes on global giants such as Intel. The new technology acts as an onboard nerve center, coordinating and controlling vehicle functions.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In September 2018, Renesas announced that it has agreed to buy Integrated Device Technology for $6.7 billion. The acquisition was completed in March 2019.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In February 2021, Renesas announced that it has agreed to buy Dialog Semiconductor for $5.9 billion. The acquisition was completed in September 2021.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In March 2021, a fire at the Naka Factory owned by a subsidiary of Renesas caused significant damage to equipment. On April 17, 2022, Renesas restarted its production at the Naka Factory.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In August 2021, Renesas completed the acquisition of Dialog Semiconductor Plc, a leading provider of battery and power management, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth® low energy and Industrial edge computing solutions.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In December 2021, Renesas also completed the acquisition of Celeno Communications, a provider of smart Wi-Fi solutions.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In March 2022, Renesas and Tata Elxsi established a Next-generation EV Innovation Center (NEVIC) in Bangalore, to develop targeted solutions for electric vehicles. In June 2022, Renesas announced a strategic partnership with Tata Motors and Tejas Networks, both Tata Group companies. The companies entered a partnership for the development and production of semiconductor solutions for automotive, IoT and 5G semiconductor solutions for emerging markets including India.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In May 2022 Renesas announced the re-opening of its "Kofu" Fab which will utilize the 300mm geometry for the fabrication of power semiconductors. The facility is scheduled to be online in 2024.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In July 2022, Renesas completed the acquisition of Reality Analytics, Inc. Adding additional resources for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In October 2022, Renesas completed the acquisition of Steradian Semiconductors Private Limited, a fabless semiconductor company providing 4D imaging radar solutions.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In September 2022, Renesas signed a strategic partnership with VinFast from Vietnam to announce expanding agreement of automotive technology development of electric vehicles (EVs) and delivery of system components.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In December 2022, Renesas won the 2022 “Outstanding Asia-Pacific Semiconductor Company Award” by Global Semiconductor Alliance.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: RL78 is the family name for a range of 16-bit microcontrollers. These were the first new MCU to emerge from the new Renesas Electronics company after the merger of NEC Electronics and Renesas Technology. These Microcontrollers incorporate the core features of the NEC 78K0R (150 nm MF2 flash process) and many familiar peripherals from legacy Renesas R8C microcontrollers. The RL78 core variants include the S1, S2, and S3 type cores which evolved from the NEC 78K0R core. The basic S1 core support 74 instructions, the S2 core adds register banking and supports 75 instructions, while the S3 core adds an on-chip multiplier / divider / multiple-accumulate and supports 81 instructions.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: The RL78 was developed to address extremely low power but highly integrated microcontroller applications, to this end the core offered a novel low power mode of operation called “snooze mode” where the ADC or serial interface can be programmed to meet specific conditions to wake the device from the extreme low power STOP mode of 0.52uA.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: The RX, an acronym for Renesas Xtreme, is the family name for a range of 32-bit microcontrollers developed by Renesas, as opposed to the H family and the MC family, launched by Hitachi and Mitsubishi respectively.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: The RX family was launched in 2009 by Renesas Technology with the first product range designated the RX600 series and targeting applications such as metering, motor control, human–machine interfaces (HMI), networking, and industrial automation. Since 2009 this MCU family range has been enlarged with a smaller variant the RX200 series and also through enhanced performance versions.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: Key to the high performance of the microcontroller is the CISC architecture with high performance integrated flash memory enabling the central processing unit (CPU) to operate at very high frequency, 100 MHz, without requiring wait-states for the memory accesses resulting in performance up to 1.65 DMIPS/MHz.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: The RA, an acronym for Renesas Advanced, is the family name for a range of 32-bit microcontrollers with Arm Cortex processor cores. The RA family's key features are the stronger embedded security, high-performance, and CoreMark ultra-low power operation. It also has a comprehensive partner ecosystem and Flexible Software Package for the users.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: The Renesas RZ family is a high-end 32 & 64 bit microprocessors that is designed for the implementations of high resolution human machine interface (HMI), embedded vision, embedded artificial intelligence (e-AI), real-time control, and industrial ethernet connectivity. It supports 6 protocols: PROFINET, EtherNET/IP, POWERLINK, Modbus/TCP, EtherCAT, RT/IRT, TSN and Sercos III.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: The family includes, RZ/A and RZ/G for HMI, RZ/T for high-speed real-time control, and RZ/N for the network.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: At the beginning of June 2022, Renesas announced its completion of an approx. 200 billion yen worth buyback of its shares.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: At the end of September 2013, Renesas issued new shares through third-party allotment resulting in INCJ becoming the new largest shareholder and non-parental controlling shareholder.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In early May 2012, NEC transferred part of its stake in Renesas to its employee pension trust. As a result, the NEC pension fund held 32.4 percent of Renesas while NEC had 3.0 percent.


title: Renesas Electronics

text: As of 2022, the in-house wafer fabrication of the semiconductor device is conducted by Renesas Electronics and Renesas Semiconductor Manufacturing, a wholly owned subsidiary, operating five front-end plants in the following areas:


title: Renesas Electronics

text: The back-end facilities, directly affiliated to Renesas Electronics and its subsidiaries, are located in:


title: Renesas Electronics

text: In May 2022 Renesas announced the re-opening of the "Kofu" Fab which will utilize the 300mm geometry for the fabrication of power semiconductors. The facility is scheduled to be online in 2024.


title: Studio C

text: Studio C is an American sketch comedy television show created by Matt Meese and Jared Shores. Produced by BYUtv, the show aims to be clean, family-oriented comedy for a national audience.


title: Studio C

text: The show traces its roots to the Brigham Young University sketch comedy troupe Divine Comedy, which shares some cast members with "Studio C". The show's name is a reference to the studio in the BYU Broadcasting Building where the show is primarily taped.


title: Studio C

text: As of July 2022, "Studio C" has a YouTube channel with over 2.6 million subscribers and more than 2.5 billion total views. Their channel features many skits from the show, along with a few YouTube exclusives. "Studio C"s most popular video is "Top Soccer Shootout Ever With Scott Sterling", which, by the end of 2019, had over 88 million views on YouTube. "Studio C" posts new videos on YouTube every Tuesday and Friday.


title: Studio C

text: In August 2018, it was confirmed that "Studio C" would have a 10th season but the ten original cast members would be leaving after the 9th season to create and star together on a new family-comedy network called JK! Studios. In addition to Johnson and Pence's return, the 10th season and onward feature all-new cast members.


title: Studio C

text: In October 2020, it was announced that Jason Gray would return to Studio C as a permanent cast member in the fourteenth season during Fall 2021.


title: Studio C

text: A series of mock PSAs shot off-set in single-camera setup. The PSAs typically feature something ironic and/or unexpected. Text concerning the fake announcement is overlaid at the end of the video and then it cuts to the "Studio C" logo and the words, "This Has Been A Message From Studio C". Debuted Season 2, Episode 2. There have been seven segments of "A Message From Studio C".


title: Studio C

text: Ann is a single, middle-aged librarian, played by Whitney Call, who characteristically inserts book titles into her conversation, lifting up the book as she says its title. Ann pronounces her name as "Enn", leading to confusion over what her name is when she introduces herself to others. Ann has a preference for much younger men, but tends to scare away all the men she attempts to seduce. Debuted Season 2, Episode 3. Ann has appeared in four sketches and is in one segment of Awkward Avoidance Viking.


title: Studio C

text: A silent character played by Jason Gray, dressed as a Viking warrior. He appears whenever Matt Meese has an awkward encounter with another person. The Awkward Avoidance Viking will rise up behind the back of the character Meese would like to avoid, and upon a nod of approval from Meese, knocks the character unconscious with his club. There are other Awkward Avoidance Vikings as well, including a female version, and ones that knock out the Viking when he is the awkward situation. Awkward Avoidance Viking segments are shot off-set with a single-camera setup and include an animated intro as well as a musical theme. Debuted Season 1, Episode 7. The Awkward Avoidance Viking has appeared in six segments.


title: Studio C

text: Played by Mallory Everton, is a character that follows couples while shouting, "Aww yeah!" as they're about to kiss. She first appears in season 6. There have been three Aww Yeah Girl sketches.


title: Studio C

text: A sketch where Mallory Everton is a girl who has a bad habit of laughing at/making fun of others in trouble, and then realizing that laughing at/making fun of them was the wrong thing to do. Then she proceeds to have a silly and bad experience. Later in the sketch, she is injured badly but still has bad things happen even when she tries to do good. After each bad thing that happens to her, a short jingle plays with audio of a person singing, "Bad Karma!". There have been two Bad Karma sketches.


title: Studio C

text: A spinoff of the Batman sketches. Batman (Jason Gray) starts driving for Uber to get more money after spending all of it when he bought the Moon, renaming it 'Batmoon.' He has conversations with the people he is giving rides to. There have been three Batman Drives Uber sketches.


title: Studio C

text: Mallory Everton plays Collin, an obnoxious 11-year-old boy who has a popular podcast. He gives advice to people who call in that is not helpful in any way, such as "punch him in the booty" (in response to a question about annoying people) and "business documents" (in response to a question from his friend's mother about birthday party themes). He considers himself a womanizer and often tries to sound manly and smart. There have been three Callin' Collin sketches.


title: Studio C

text: A superhero (Matt Meese) who arrives whenever someone uses the word "literally" to emphasize something that is not strictly true. Captain Literally uses his superpowers to make what was said become reality. His catchphrase is "Balance Restored!" which he says following the use of his powers. His uniform is a full-body red spandex suit, with blue briefs and wristbands over the suit, a blue cape, blue domino mask, and a capital blue letter "L" emblazoned on the chest. The segment is shot off-set with a single-camera setup, has a musical theme, and includes an animated intro and outro that shows his adventures as part of a comic book. Debuted Season 2, Episode 4. There have been seven Captain Literally segments, including two sketches with other minor characters including Captain Irony played by Mallory Everton. A spinoff of the popular ship "Mattory", "Captain Lironally" has been mentioned by fans. Other minor characters include The Nuclear Ninja played by Adam Berg, The Good and Well duo played by Stephen Meek and Stacey Harkey, and Dangling Participle Dude played by James Perry


title: Studio C

text: The "Couchville" series is about a kingdom ruled by King Warrick played by Jason Grey and Queen Iona played by Whitney Call Meek inside a couch owned by Thomas played by Matt Meese. In later segments, there have been various characters depicting different household furniture including an ottoman ruler played by Stephen Meek, a lovesack played by Jeremy Warner, a rug played by Adam Berg, french doors played by James Perry, a doormat played by Mallory Everton, and two chandeliers played by Natalie Madsen and Jared Shores, co-creator of Studio C. There have been three "Couchville" segments.


title: Studio C

text: Played by Jason Gray, Leo is a mall kiosk salesman who sells lotion in front of the A&H clothing store. He often tries to make the other cast members buy his lotion using a variety of methods, such as free-sampling Stacey in the face, showing that he has lotion for ridiculous purposes, and announcing that for 1 minute all Nintendo Switch's are free to thin out the herd. His reveals that his cousins work at the Verizon kiosk after he hacks into Jeremy's phone. He has sociopath behavior when he seemingly kills Matt and eats a live mouse. There have been 2 Crazy Mall Kiosk Salesman segments.


title: Studio C

text: Jason Gray impersonates Darth Sidious from Star Wars. He often urges other characters to strike him down, "And your journey to the dark side will be complete." There have been three Darth Sidious segments.


title: Studio C

text: Jason Gray impersonates Dobby the house-elf from the "Harry Potter" series. Comic situations arise when characters are faced with being required to do something bad to Dobby (his manager at Walmart firing him as door greeter, Jason Bourne executing him, etc.) and yet Dobby still loves them unconditionally and his characterological self-blame causes him to believe he deserves his punishment. Dobby aggressively uses his magical powers to protect the character after they can't go through with it. Debuted Season 1, Episode 9. Dobby has appeared in three sketches.


title: Studio C

text: Farley Archer played by Jeremy Warner, along with his assistant Terry played by Stephen Meek, host a show called "The Dog Whisperer with Farley Archer" on the South Dakota Public Access Television. There have been three Farley Archer sketches.


title: Studio C

text: Featuring Stacey Harkey as Gary Johnson and Jeremy Warner as Carl Johnson, the Gary and Carl Show is a useless advice show seemingly set in the 80s. Recurring themes are unanswered questions, stupidity, and Dasani water advertising. There have been three Gary and Carl segments.


title: Studio C

text: The Guild of Adventurers are three geeky guys, played by Jason Gray, Matt Meese, and Adam Berg, who enjoy role-playing games. Jeremy Warner and Stacey Harkey have also appeared in this recurring segment. The sketches are often centered around their interactions with romantic interests.


title: Studio C

text: Starring Jason Gray as Marcus, this series pokes fun at inexperienced Youtubers and guys trying to hit on girls. Humor results in inaccurate information, misspelled words, and obnoxious flirting. There have been three "How To Pick Up Chicks" segments.


title: Studio C

text: This series features characters from The Hunger Games film franchise. The Hunger Games Musical consists of three music videos each sung from the perspective of a different character. The songs are sung by Mallory Everton as Katniss Everdeen, Jason Gray as Gale Hawthorne and Stacey Harkey as Cinna who sings Peeta Mellark's song because Peeta has been captured at the point in time of the story. Each song is the characters view on the love triangle going on between them. There have been three Hunger Games Musical sketches and one behind the scenes video.


title: Studio C

text: Played by Matt Meese, he is a hyperactive child. Often gets repeating items, such as an Xbox or iPhone, and will say "Cool, now I have two..." He annoys his parents and the other characters. He debuted in Season 3, Episode 6. There have been five segments of Hyperactive Kyle.


title: Studio C

text: Played by James Perry, this old, potbellied janitor appears in two different sketches, one of them available exclusively on YouTube. He is very involved in the love lives of random strangers he meets while cleaning buildings, often to their extreme annoyance. In his first appearance, he notices that two college classmates are attracted to each other and proceeds to interrupt their studying session with uncomfortable efforts to encourage the boy to tell the girl how he feels about her. Somehow, it works. His second appearance is in a gym, where he actually tries to prevent an exercising woman from being hit on by a very cocky man to whom he can tell the woman is not attracted. As usual, this somehow works.


title: Studio C

text: A segment exclusively featuring Jeremy Warner and focused on offbeat and quirky humor. Each segment begins with Warner facing stage right in the dark while a voice-over introduces Warner while making a ridiculously fake claim about him. The "Just Jeremy" theme is sung, Warner turns to face the audience, the lights are raised, and Warner addresses the audience about the subject of the segment. The set background is a wall with a vertical wood pattern and typically is adorned with framed pictures and shelves with objects which generally all have a matching theme. Warner wears a different T-shirt for each segment, typically featuring an animal. The segment concludes with Warner turning to face stage right again as the lights fall while the "Just Jeremy" theme is repeated. The only other person to have appeared on this segment is James Perry, who was impersonating Warner at the time. Debuted Season 2, Episode 2. There have been seven segments of "Just Jeremy".


title: Studio C

text: Played by Mallory Everton, is a spy who constantly infiltrates an unspecified base, with the evil commander played by Matt Meese. In episode one, Lady Shadow attempts and fails at retrieving an important CD, due to the fact she is pregnant. In part two, Lady Shadow succeeds as her newborn baby is used to take down the enemies.


title: Studio C

text: A chef in tuxedo played by James Perry, who is obsessed with bisque. He often shouts "Lobster Bisque" or "World famous, you should try it, Lobster Bisque!" in his strange accent, much to the annoyance of other characters. He debuted in Season 2, Episode 8. There have been five Lobster Bisque segments.


title: Studio C

text: The Mad Scientist, played by Matt Meese, is a Frankenstein-esque scientist re-creating things such as sports, Valentine's Day, and junior high school. He is accompanied by Igor, played by Mallory Everton. There have been three segments of The Mad Scientist.


title: Studio C

text: Jason Gray plays an obnoxious astronaut named Mark Watney, desperate for subscribers to his vlog about living in space. He is constantly in competition with Commander Clark played by Matt Meese, whose channel is extremely more popular than his. There have been five different segments of "The Martian Vlog".


title: Studio C

text: Dr. Shoemaker, played by James Perry, is not a cobbler, he's a British "doctor of science". The premise of the series is examining chemical reactions, in which there is a "Microworld", such as oscillating colors being a mini teenage drama. There have been three segments of "The Microworld".


title: Studio C

text: Matt Meese plays the aged Mr. Eckelstone, who characteristically exaggerates the danger of situations out of proportion, terrifying those around him. Mr. Eckelstone is a driver's education instructor, a Boy Scout leader, and a Lamaze instructor. His catchphrase is "Deer!" which he mistakenly yells while pointing his crippled right hand because of an enormous cataract in his left eye. Debuted Season 2, Episode 1. Mr. Eckelstone has appeared in four sketches.


title: Studio C

text: Played by Stephen Meek, he is a 91-year-old named Clark M. Richards who mispronounces and reads words incorrectly. More popularly called "Old Man", he has been featured in three sketches.


title: Studio C

text: Played by Aaron Fielding. the pilot is a recurring character who only got employed because he was very good at speaking muffled into a microphone and has no other qualifications that are standard for pilots. The pilot has appeared in 3 sketches.


title: Studio C

text: Jedidiah Diligence Breckenridge III played by Jason Gray is the Puritan Roommate of Matt Meese. He loudly decries the actions of Matt and his friends as "The Devil's Work", believes women to be "The Offspring of the Serpent of Old" and often threatens them with belt lashings, burning at the stake, etc. Jedediah has appeared in three segments.


title: Studio C

text: Scott Sterling, played by Matt Meese, is a legendary soccer goalie who is known for blocking shots with his invincible face. He is also seen playing volleyball. Jason Gray and Stephen Meek play the British announcers. This is by far the most popular character with almost 90 million views on the first video on YouTube and almost 70 million views on the second. Scott Sterling has been featured in four segments.


title: Studio C

text: Played by Jason Gray, Severus Snape of the "Harry Potter" franchise is commonly seen trying to get over the loss of Lily Potter, at the expense of others' love lives. He also co-hosts a parody talk show segment with Lord Voldemort, titled "Oh Snape!"


title: Studio C

text: A parody of the Scarlet Pimpernel, Franny is played by Jason Gray. Franny is an exaggeratedly effeminate British macaroni in the 18th century. To the consternation of his foil, the masculine Captain Blake (Matt Meese), Franny is adored by the ladies and is more effective at warfare and stopping crime. Franny is accompanied by his lute-playing assistant, played by Jeremy Warner. Debuted Season 1, Episode 9. Franny has appeared in three sketches.


title: Studio C

text: Matt Meese plays a life-sized shoulder angel. Humor results from the fact that Shoulder Angel feels the need to physically and awkwardly climb to a perch upon the right shoulder of the body of each character for which he attempts to act as a conscience. His catchphrase is "Poof!" which he says upon entering the scene. A variant on this skit is Shoulder Devil, also played by Meese, a life-sized, obese devil who also climbs the body of each character he attempts to tempt. In several sketches, Divine Comedy cast member McKay Lindsey also appears as a shoulder angel, appearing alongside Matt Meese. Debuted Season 1, Episode 2. Shoulder Angel and Shoulder Devil have appeared in seven sketches.


title: Studio C

text: A family from rural Nebraska, Mr. Smith played by Jason Gray, Mrs. Smith played by Mallory Everton, Johnny Smith played by James Perry, and Martha May Smith played by Whitney Call, star in 2 videos in the style of Wes Anderson movies. They are about Mr. Smith's evil brother Barnaby Smith played by Matt Meese along with three other evil brothers played by Adam Berg, Stacey Harkey and Jeremy Warner trying to steal the family farm because they got jobs that they thought meant farmer (pharmacist, ant farm seller, Red Sox farm team and law firm). Recurring themes include Grandpa dying, Mr Smith's lack of common sense, mixes between modern and past culture, iPhones being able to exist in the old times, women not being able to vote and the fact that being a democrat is illegal. There have been 2 Smith family sketches.


title: Studio C

text: A baby, voiced by Matt Meese, that has the maturity and mental capacity of an adult, yet retaining all the physical needs of an infant. He attends college and humor results in the discomfort others have when they interact with him. He had a romantic relationship with another infant similar to him, Evelyn DeWinter, voiced by Whitney Call, who is now a class TA at his college. Debuted Season 1, Episode 6. Spencer has appeared in four sketches.


title: Studio C

text: Whitney Call plays an over-the-top diva whose success comes from appearing as an extra in hit movies. She however is delusional enough to believe that her appearance in these movies is what makes them successful, regardless of how little screen time she may get. Her comedy comes from her personality, her poor vocabulary, and her refusal to do many everyday things. Her catchphrase is "Ah Nah! I don't do mornings!" There have been three Star Feraldo sketches.


title: Studio C

text: Played by Natalie Madsen, Susan (or Susie) Weebers is a twelve-year-old girl that runs a vlog called "Beauty Tips With Susan Weebers". She has a shifting, ad lib jingle. Her beauty tips are all humorously unsafe and inaccurate and her catchphrase is "Shut up, Carl!", in reference to her cat. There are four Susan Weebers segments.


title: Studio C

text: The Texas Hold'em Poker Championship is a popular poker tournament starring Jason Gray, Mallory Everton, Matt Meese, Jeremy Warner, and Adam Berg. Each competitor maintains a poker face, but viewers hear what they are thinking. Jason is playing for enough money to buy a kidney but loses and ends up with monkey kidneys which later explode. Mallory is cocky and wins originally, only to buy a solid gold boat and must pay off her debt. Matt has no idea how to play poker and does what Mallory does to give the illusion that he does but knows how to play later. Jeremy constantly freaks out and eventually dies of panic. Jeremy's apprentice is Adam, who never looks at his cards and spills Jeremy's ashes over the table. Other characters are the dealer, played by Stephen Meek, and the announcer, played by Whitney Call, who is only heard narrating the proceedings of the tournament, but is never physically seen onscreen. There have been two Texas Hold'em sketches.


title: Studio C

text: A sketch where members of the cast attempt to perform very long tongue-twister. If any of the cast make a mistake, the sketch is immediately restarted. Each tongue-twister has a letter that they alliterate. The first one was "d," the second was "r" and "w", the third was "s", and the fourth and fifth were "b." Recurring elements include Stacey Harkey eating food during the sketch and Mallory Everton appearing suddenly from an unexpected place. Adam Berg does not participate in the tongue-twister but is the victim of some form of slapstick comedy from something done by Jason Gray. However, in the third tongue-twister, Jason was the victim of the slapstick comedy from something done by Matt, Adam, and Stacey. The fifth tongue-twister was in season 14 which had a completely new cast apart from Jason Gray. Debuted Season 1, Episode 4. There have been five tongue-twister sketches.


title: Studio C

text: Jason Gray plays Dr. Friedrich Schneider, a German academic who studies stereotypes of men who calls himself "the world's foremost authority on male anthropology". V.I.S.C.I.P.A.M. is filmed as a mockumentary that is Schneider's publication of his most recent findings. Each segment shows a different case study that is presented as observational fly on the wall footage in a lab room, narrated by Schneider, in which the male behavior is often greatly exaggerated for comic effect. The series includes an animated intro and a background musical theme. Debuted Season 2, Episode 2. There have been four V.I.S.C.I.P.A.M. segments.


title: Studio C

text: Played by Matt Meese, this character is a sassy version of Voldemort from the "Harry Potter" series. He has made repeated appearances in Studio C productions.


title: Studio C

text: A miniseries showing someone who is the worst at their job, e.g. "Worst Kindergarten Teacher Ever". The scenes are shot off-set at various locations, depending on the occupation. Debuted Season 3, Episode 2. The featured cast members include: Matt Meese—"Worst Doctor Ever"; Mallory Everton—"Worst Kindergarten Teacher Ever"; Jason Gray—"Worst Personal Trainer Ever"; Whitney Call—"Worst Lawyer Ever"; Jason Gray—"Worst App Ever"; Jeremy Warner—"Worst Waiter Ever"; James Perry—"Worst Cop Ever"; Stacey Harkey—"Worst Plumber Ever"; Stephen Meek—"Worst Psychiatrist Ever"; Natalie Madsen—"Worst Masseuse Ever"; Adam Berg—"Worst Ninja Ever"; Aaron Fielding—"Worst Mechanic Ever"; Dalton Johnson—"Worst Elf Ever"; and Tori Pence—"Worst Comic-Con Fan Ever." There have been fourteen segments of "Worst...Ever.


title: Studio C

text: The multi-instrumentalist is played by Garet Allen who wears a fashionable tailcoat and is accompanied by a pianist played by Jessica Drolet. Debuting in Season 10, Episode 4, the pair performed Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata, where Garet surprised the audience by using a melodica. The pair also appeared in episode 8 of the same season to perform a piece by Chopin, this time with Garet playing a stylophone (pocket synthesizer).


title: Studio C

text: This lady seems to interrupt news reporters reporting about local news. She is played by Jessica Drolet. When first approached by news reporters, she has no knowledge of the events. But she suddenly remembers everything that happens, often stealing the spotlight from the actual people being interviewed. She debuts in Season 10 Episode 2 where she interrupts a news reporter reporting about a man who has fallen into a hole. She also appears in Episode 10 where she interrupts a news reporter reporting about a competition with the house that has the best Christmas lights.


title: Studio C

text: A recurring segment where each cast member plays an interviewer who interviews them self (the actor). The interviews usually results in a very awkward interaction.


title: Studio C

text: A recurring segment of a retro-style (1980s) video dating service. Each member of the cast from season 10 plays a user of the service by recording a profile video about themselves and detailing what they are looking for in a romantic partner.


title: Studio C

text: The only character introduced in season nine to appear in season ten. His first appearance was in "Love at first bite" from Season Nine, Episode Nine, and later reappeared in Episode Seven of Season Ten. He is very nervous around people (and large audiences) and often ends up embarrassing himself.


title: Studio C

text: A recurring sketch theme starring Chuck Meegan, the fictional executive of the show's network, BYUtv. In this segment, Meegan is shown in the form of a puppet, interviewing the members of the Studio C cast to see if they are good enough at their jobs for him to renew their contracts. The interviews normally entail awkward, silly, and mostly improvised conversation between the cast members and a puppet.


title: Studio C

text: A series of short sketches showing Benjamin Franklin (played by Ike Flitcraft) at a desk writing in his journal. Franklin starts by going off on some humorous and seemingly random rant. He then states an actual adage from the writings of Benjamin Franklin that is funny in the context of what he'd said before.


title: Studio C

text: A fictional sitcom starring Garret Allen, Tanner Gillman, and Matthew Galvan as three teenage boys that snuck onto a farm one day to cow-tip. To their dismay, there were only goats on the farm, but they tried to tip them anyway. The farmer wizard who lived on the farm was angered and half-turned them into myotonic (fainting) goats as punishment. The show always ends in the boys being scared by something and fainting, causing an outburst of canned laughter.


title: North Port, Florida

text: North Port is a city located in Sarasota County, Florida, United States. The population was 74,793 at the 2020 US Census. It is part of the North Port–Bradenton–Sarasota Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was originally developed by General Development Corporation as the northern / Sarasota County portion of its Port Charlotte development, the other portion located in the adjacent Charlotte County. GDC dubbed the city "North Port Charlotte", and it was incorporated under that name through a special act of the Florida Legislature in 1959. By referendum in 1974, the city's residents approved a change to its name as "North Port", dropping "Charlotte" from its name to proclaim the city as a separate identity. It is home to the Little Salt Spring, an archaeological and paleontological site owned by the University of Miami.


title: North Port, Florida

text: Archaeological digs at the Little Salt Spring show that what is now North Port was inhabited by pre-Columbian Native Americans. Evidence of their existence includes projectile points, a carved oak mortar, and a piece of a nonreturnable wooden boomerang.


title: North Port, Florida

text: In 1954, the Mackle Brothers started the General Development Corporation with the intention of selling property in Florida to northerners. Not only would they plat and sell a majority of what is now North Port, the company's employees served on the city's first council. The city itself was incorporated in 1959.


title: North Port, Florida

text: North Port is a municipality containing large-scale residential subdivisions along with an extensive network of streets. The municipality has annexed nearby locales, including the area known as Warm Mineral Springs, the location of a notable artesian spring, as well as its own significant residential subdivision.


title: North Port, Florida

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (4.40%) is water.


title: North Port, Florida

text: As of the 2020 US Census, there were 74,793 people and 25,592 households residing in the city. The population density was . The racial makeup of the city was 87.5% White, 6.3% African American, 0.1% Native American, 2.1% Asian, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.5% of the population.


title: North Port, Florida

text: Of the 25,592 households, 4.8% of the population were under 5 years old, 18.6% were under 18 years old, and 26.7% were 65 years and older. 52.5% of the population was female.


title: North Port, Florida

text: The median income for a household in the city was $64,543. The per capita income for the city was $34,514. About 7.0% of people were below the poverty line.


title: North Port, Florida

text: North Port is the Spring Training home for the Atlanta Braves, who hold extended spring training in North Port.


title: North Port, Florida

text: In 1960, the American Police Hall of Fame & Museum was opened in North Port. The opening ceremony included remarks from the then Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy. The museum has since relocated, first to Miami, and then to the present location in Titusville, Florida.


title: North Port, Florida

text: In 2007, the North Port Art Guild leased a building from the city and established the North Port Art Center. The center hosts exhibits as well as classes.


title: North Port, Florida

text: The current city manager is A. Jerome Fletcher, II. The city commission has five members. The mayor/vice mayor roles are voted upon annually from the commission ranks. The current commission includes Commissioner Pete Emrich (District 4), mayor Barbara Langdon (District 2), Commissioner Phil Stokes (District 5), Commissioner Debbie McDowell (District 3) and Vice-Mayor Alice White (District 1).


title: North Port, Florida

text: The city of North Port has its own police force, fire department, and waste management. City Hall of North Port is located at 4970 City Hall Boulevard.


title: North Port, Florida

text: North Port has five elementary schools, one public charter school, two middle schools, one high school, and one college operated by Sarasota County Public Schools.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: Pope Benedict XIII (; ; 2 February 1649 – 21 February 1730), born Pietro Francesco Orsini and later called Vincenzo Maria Orsini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 May 1724 to his death in February 1730.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: A Dominican friar, Orsini focused on his religious responsibilities as bishop rather than on papal administration. Orsini's lack of political expertise led him to increasingly rely on an unscrupulous secretary (Cardinal Niccolò Coscia) whose financial abuses ruined the papal treasury, causing great damage to the Church in Rome.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: In the process towards sainthood, his cause for canonization opened in 1755, but it was closed shortly afterwards. It was reopened on 21 February 1931, but it was closed once again in 1940. It was opened once more on 17 January 2004, with the official process commencing in 2012 and concluding later in 2017. He now has the posthumous title of Servant of God.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: He was born in Gravina in Puglia, the eldest of six sons of Ferdinando III Orsini, duke of Gravina, and Giovanna Frangipani della Tolfa, from Toritto. A member of the Orsini of Rome, he was the third and last member of that family to become Pope. At the age of eighteen he resigned his inheritance and entered the Dominican Order where he received the name of "Vincenzo Maria". He was ordained to the priesthood in February 1671.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: Through the influence of his family, he was named, by Pope Clement X, Cardinal-Priest of San Sisto on 22 February 1672 (allegedly against his will). He also lectured in philosophy at Brescia. Later he was bishop of Manfredonia, bishop of Cesena and then archbishop of Benevento. After an earthquake in 1688 and another in 1702, he organized relief efforts for the victims. He remained a close friend of a local mystic, Serafina di Dio.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: Upon the death of Pope Innocent XIII in 1724, a conclave was convoked to elect a successor. There were four divisions in the College of Cardinals and there were no clear candidates. At the conclave, Orsini was considered one of the papabili. Orsini was then proposed to be elected because he led a modest, austere life, and was considered to be a pastor. His lack of political expertise suggested that he would be neutral and malleable.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: Orsini refused to be elected prior to the final ballot, explaining that he was unworthy of it. Eventually he was persuaded to accept by Agustín Pipia, Master of the Order of Preachers and on 29 May 1724, Orsini was elected pontiff. He chose the regnal name of "Benedict XIII" in honour of Pope Benedict XI because he was also of the Dominican Order.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: On 4 June 1724, he was crowned by Benedetto Pamphili, the cardinal protodeacon. On the following 24 September, he took possession of the Basilica of St. John Lateran.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: Not a man of worldly matters, Benedict XIII made an effort to maintain his monastic lifestyle. He endeavoured to put a stop to the decadent lifestyles of the Italian priesthood and of the cardinalate. He also abolished the lottery in Rome and the Papal States, which only served to profit the neighboring states that maintained the public lottery. A man fond above all of asceticism and religious celebrations, he built several hospitals, but according to Cardinal Lambertini (later Pope Benedict XIV), "did not have any idea about how to rule".


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: In 1728, Benedict's intervention settled a controversy, regarding the relics of Augustine of Hippo, that erupted in Pavia, Italy. He ultimately confirmed the authenticity of Augustine's bones, that had been discovered in 1695 in the Basilica San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: The government of the Papal States was effectively held in Benedict XIII's stead by Cardinal Niccolò Coscia, who had been the pope's secretary when he was archbishop of Benevento, and who committed a long series of financial abuses to his own advantage, causing the ruin of the Papal treasury. Coscia and his associates effectively isolated Benedict from other advisors. According to Montesquieu, "All the money of Rome goes to Benevento... as the Beneventani direct [Benedict's] weakness".


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: Benedict XIII elevated 29 new cardinals into the cardinalate in a total of 12 consistories; one such new cardinal was Prospero Lambertini, who later became Pope Benedict XIV.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: Benedict XIII, whose orders were descended from Scipione Rebiba, personally consecrated at least 139 bishops for various important European sees, including German, French, English and New World bishops. These bishops in turn consecrated bishops almost exclusively for their respective countries, causing other episcopal lineages to die. As a result, more than 90% of present-day bishops trace their episcopal lineage through him to Cardinal Rebiba.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: With the papal bull "Pretiosus", dated 26 May 1727, Benedict XIII granted to all Dominicans major houses of study and in particular to the Roman College of St. Thomas, the future Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, "Angelicum" the right of conferring academic degrees in theology to students outside the Order.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: Benedict XIII was suddenly attacked by a catarrh, contracted while officiating at the funeral service of Cardinal Marco Antonio Ansidei, of which he died on 21 February 1730 at the age of 81. His death was made public to the people the next day.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: The pope was of middling size; his countenance was mild, his nose aquiline and he had a broad forehead. At the autopsy, it was discovered that his heart was remarkably large. His funeral ceremonies were performed at the Vatican, whence he was removed to the Santa Maria sopra Minerva where he was buried in a tomb completed by Pietro Bracci and others.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: After the next papal election elevated Pope Clement XII to the pontificate, Clement promptly excommunicated Benedict XIII's corrupt deputy, Cardinal Coscia. Coscia fled Rome and his punishment, but was later restored and took part in the conclaves of 1730 and 1740.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: Pope Benedict XIV would later say of Benedict XIII: "We respectfully love that pontiff who backed his carriage rather than dispute the passage with a cartman." On that occasion, Benedict XIII had exclaimed to his coachman: "Non ci far impicci""Do not involve us in a quarrel." On the other hand, this anonymous satirical comment on Benedict XIII's death was posted at the Pasquino:


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: The process for his beatification was opened in Tortona in 1755 under Pope Benedict XIV but it did not at all advance and so was stalled. On 21 February 1931, also in Tortona, the process was revitalized but the presumed doubts about the morality of the late pontiff's Cardinal Secretary of State, Niccolò Coscia, caused its closing in 1940.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

text: The process was reopened on 17 January 2004. The official diocesan process commenced in Rome in early 2012 and the official opening of that process was held in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran, presided by Agostino Vallini. The diocesan phase for the beatification process concluded on 24 February 2017 at the Basilica of Saint John Lateran with Vallini celebrating the conclusion of the inquest. He now has the posthumous title of Servant of God.


title: 1943 steel cent

text: 1943 steel cents are U.S. one-cent coins that were struck in steel due to wartime shortages of copper. The Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints each produced these 1943 Lincoln cents. The unique composition of the coin (low-grade steel coated with zinc, instead of the previously 95%-copper-based bronze composition) has led to various nicknames, such as "wartime cent", "steel war penny", "zinc cent" and "steelie". The 1943 steel cent features the same Victor David Brenner design for the Lincoln cent which had been in use since 1909.


title: 1943 steel cent

text: Due to wartime needs of copper for use in ammunition and other military equipment during World War II, the United States Mint researched various ways to limit dependence and meet conservation goals on copper usage. After trying out several substitutes (ranging from other metals to plastics) to replace the then-standard bronze alloy, the one-cent coin was minted in zinc-coated steel. This alloy caused the new coins to be magnetic and 13% lighter. They were struck at all three mints: Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco. As with the bronze cents, coins from the latter two sites have respectively "D" and "S" mintmarks below the date.


title: 1943 steel cent

text: However, problems began to arise from the mintage. Freshly minted, they were often mistaken for dimes. Magnets in vending machines (which took copper cents) placed to pick up steel slugs also picked up the legitimate steel cents. Because the galvanization process did not cover the edges of the coins, sweat would quickly rust the metal. After public outcry, the Mint developed a process whereby salvaged brass shell casings were augmented with pure copper to produce an alloy close to the 1941–42 composition. This was used for 1944–46-dated cents, after which the prewar composition was resumed. Although they continued to circulate into the 1960s, the mint collected large numbers of the 1943 cents and destroyed them.


title: 1943 steel cent

text: The steel cent is the only regular-issue United States coin that can be picked up with a magnet. The steel cent was also the only coin issued by the United States for circulation that does not contain any copper. (Even U.S. gold coins at various times contained from slightly over 2% copper to an eventual standard 10% copper to increase resistance to wear by making the pure gold coins slightly harder).


title: 1943 steel cent

text: Far ahead of the 1955 doubled die cent in rarity, the 1943 copper cent is one of the notable rarities of the Lincoln cent series. An estimated 40 examples are believed to have been struck, with 13 confirmed to exist. The error occurred when copper planchets were left in the press hopper and press machines during the changeover from copper to steel blanks. Examples were discovered after the War, with the first two in 1947, and another in 1958. That example appeared in a 1958 Abe Kosoff sale, but was withdrawn prior to the sale; one mint condition Denver Mint specimen sold for over $1.7 million in 2010.


title: 1943 steel cent

text: Many people have counterfeited the coin by either copper-plating normal 1943 cents (sometimes as novelties with no intent to defraud), or altering cents from the period, usually 1945, 1948, or 1949-dated coins.


title: 1943 steel cent

text: In 2019, NGC authenticated a worn 1943 cent composed of 86.41% tin and 8.37% antimony with other trace metals. The coin was discovered by a coin collector in the state of Oregon, who found it in his father's yard and realized it was not attracted to a magnet while searching his coin collection for 1943 copper cents in 2019. It is likely that the coin is an error or was intentionally struck as a pattern in late 1942 using an obverse die intended for the following year, though no documented evidence of a pattern with this composition has been found.


title: 1943 steel cent

text: The coin was found in a badly damaged state, with two large gashes and a slight bend. Believing it to be a steel cent, the discoverer straightened the coin in a bench vise so that it would fit inside a coin album. The coin weighs 2.702 g.


title: 1943 steel cent

text: In an error similar to the 1943 cents, a few 1944 cents were struck on steel planchets left over from 1943. There are two explanations given for why this happened. One explanation is that steel planchets were left in the press hopper and press machines from the previous year mixed in with copper planchets. Another explanation credits the error to the production of 25 million Belgian two franc pieces by the Philadelphia mint after that country's liberation from the Nazis. These coins were of the same composition and the same planchets as the 1943 cents, but they differed slightly in weight. In all, 1944 steel cents are fewer in number than their 1943 copper counterparts, and are even more valuable; one such example minted in San Francisco sold for $373,750 in an August 2008 auction held by Heritage Auctions; this was the highest auction price ever for a Lincoln cent until September 23, 2010, when it was superseded by a 1943-D bronze penny.


title: 1943 steel cent

text: Although United States penny is widely known to hold a higher mintage cost than its face value, the United States actually made a large profit on minting steel coins. In 1943, the cost of a gross ton of steel was $34. With a composition of 2.67498 grams of steel making up 99% of the coin, the 1943 steel penny only cost roughly one-ten-thousandth of a dollar.


title: 1943 steel cent

text: Since many steel cents corroded and became dull soon after entering circulation, some dealers who sold the coins as novelties improved their appearance by "reprocessing" – stripping off the old zinc coating and then replating them with zinc or chrome. These reprocessed coins are sometimes erroneously described as "brilliant uncirculated", or similar terms, by ignorant or unscrupulous online sellers.


title: Manuel Valls

text: Manuel Carlos Valls Galfetti (, , ; born 13 August 1962) is a French-Spanish politician who has served as a Barcelona city councillor from 2019 to 2021. He served as Prime Minister of France from 2014 until 2016 under president François Hollande.


title: Manuel Valls

text: Born in Barcelona to a Spanish father and a Swiss mother, Valls was Mayor of Évry from 2001 to 2012 and was first elected to the National Assembly of France for Essonne in 2002. He was regarded as belonging to the Socialist Party's social liberal wing, sharing common orientations with Blairism. He was Minister of the Interior from 2012 to 2014 and Prime Minister from 2014 to 2016. He was a candidate in the Socialist Party primary for the 2017 presidential election, losing the Socialist nomination in the second round to Benoît Hamon. Following his defeat, he endorsed Emmanuel Macron despite having previously pledged to support the Socialist candidate.


title: Manuel Valls

text: In the 2017 legislative election, he was re-elected by a narrow margin as a Member of Parliament. He then left the Socialist Party and joined La République En Marche group in the National Assembly though not formally joining the party. In October 2018, he resigned from the National Assembly to run for mayor in the 2019 Barcelona municipal election supported by the centrist Ciudadanos party. He came in fourth in the election. Valls is also a past opponent of the Catalan independence movement.


title: Manuel Valls

text: In 2022 Valls attempted to return to the National Assembly as a member of LREM, for the Fifth constituency for French residents overseas. However he was unsuccessful after coming third in the vote.


title: Manuel Valls

text: Valls' paternal grandfather was the editor-in-chief of a Republican newspaper in Spain. During the Spanish Civil War, he sheltered priests who were fleeing from the Red Terror. After Francisco Franco's victory, he was forced out of his job as editor. Valls' father was the Barcelona-born painter Xavier Valls (1923–2006).


title: Manuel Valls

text: In the late 1940s, Xavier Valls moved to Paris and met his future wife, Luisangela Galfetti, a Ticino-born Swiss citizen, the sister of architect Aurelio Galfetti. In 1955, he won the prize for best still life in the third Spanish-American Art Biennial inaugurated by Franco. Valls was born in Barcelona while his parents were there on holiday. He grew up with them at their home in France and became naturalized as French.


title: Manuel Valls

text: In 1980, aged 17, Valls joined the French Socialist Party (PS) to support Michel Rocard. Within the PS, he defended the "Second Left" (La Deuxième gauche), rather than the more pragmatic left of François Mitterrand. (The Second left could be compared to the 1960s "New Left" – opposed to party lines and bureaucracy, anti-statist, supportive of anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist movements worldwide, favouring direct action politics.) While studying history at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University, Tolbiac campus, he was a member of the UNEF-ID, a progressive students' union.


title: Manuel Valls

text: In 1980, he met two other student supporters of Rocard with whom he became close friends: Alain Bauer (Bauer is the godfather of Valls' second son), and Stéphane Fouks.


title: Manuel Valls

text: From 1983 to 1986, Valls was a parliamentary attaché for the member for Ardèche, Robert Chapuis. In 1986 he was elected to the regional Council for the Île-de-France and served until 1992. In 1988, he became head of the Socialist Party in Argenteuil-Bezons and deputy mayor. From 1988 to 1991 he was responsible for the functioning of the prime minister's cabinet. From 1991 to 1993 he was an inter-ministerial delegate to the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville. In 1995, he became the Secretary of Communications for the national Socialist Party and in 1997 communications and media relations chief for the prime minister's Cabinet. In 1998 he was elected vice-president of the regional council for Île-de-France, a post which he held until 2002. While vice-president of the regional Council, he was also elected mayor of Évry in 2001, a post he held until 2012. In 2002, he became the deputy for the First Electoral District in Essonne and in 2008, the president of the tri-city jurisdiction of Évry-Centre-Essonne.


title: Manuel Valls

text: In the 2008 elections to choose the head of the Socialist Party, Valls supported the former presidential candidate Ségolène Royal over her former partner François Hollande; Hollande eventually won.


title: Manuel Valls

text: On 13 June 2009, Valls announced his intention to run in the Socialist presidential primary in 2011 for the 2012 election. On 30 June 2009 he founded a political organisation with the slogan "The Left Needs Optimism," to provide legal and financial support the Socialist Primary candidates.


title: Manuel Valls

text: On 7 June 2011, he confirmed his candidacy for the Socialist primary. On the evening of the first primary round, 9 October 2011, Valls achieved only 6% of the vote, just behind Ségolène Royal. He was therefore eliminated. On the night of his defeat, he endorsed François Hollande for the second round. Valls was appointed Minister of the Interior in the Ayrault Cabinet in May 2012.


title: Manuel Valls

text: In March 2014, following major losses to centre-right and extreme-right political parties in French municipal elections, President François Hollande appointed Valls to the post of Prime Minister. He replaced Jean-Marc Ayrault who had resigned earlier that day. The Valls Cabinet was formed on 2 April 2014, consisting of 15 ministers from the Socialist Party and two ministers from the Radical Party of the Left.


title: Manuel Valls

text: After the 2016 Nice truck attack, he was criticised for saying that "France will have to live with terrorism." French citizens booed him when he joined the memorial for the victims, yelling "murderer" and "resign" at him before the minute of silence for the dead began.


title: Manuel Valls

text: Valls left office on 6 December 2016 to run in the primaries to be the Socialist candidate in the 2017 presidential election. He was replaced by Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve. He came in second during the first round of the primary on 22 January, behind his ex-Minister of National Education Benoît Hamon. The two candidates advanced to the second round, which was held 29 January. In the second round, Valls was defeated in the second round, in which he received 41% of the vote to Hamon's 58%. The more left-leaning candidate unexpectedly defeated Valls and became the Socialist Party's nominee. Despite subsequently promising to support Hamon's candidature, Valls later declared his support for Emmanuel Macron of En Marche!.


title: Manuel Valls

text: After his loss in the Socialist Party primary, Valls refused to endorse Benoît Hamon, citing the difference in views. In March, Valls announced on BFMTV that he was endorsing Emmanuel Macron.


title: Manuel Valls

text: After Macron's win in the second round of the presidential election, Valls announced that he wanted to run for reelection to the National Assembly under the En Marche! banner, declaring that the Socialist Party was "dead". The Socialist Party has started disciplinary proceedings against Valls, perhaps resulting in his expulsion. En Marche! rejected Valls's application to join, but said it would not oppose him in the election. Valls won reelection as an independent with 50.3% of the vote in the second round, but the result was challenged by his opponent, Farida Amrani of La France Insoumise.