title: Impression management

text: Firms use more subtle forms of influencing outsiders' impressions of firm performance and prospects, namely by manipulating the content and presentation of information in corporate documents with the purpose of "distort[ing] readers" perceptions of corporate achievements" [Godfrey et al., 2003, p. 96]. In the accounting literature this is referred to as impression management. The opportunity for impression management in corporate reports is increasing. Narrative disclosures have become longer and more sophisticated over the last few years. This growing importance of descriptive sections in corporate documents provides firms with the opportunity to overcome information asymmetries by presenting more detailed information and explanation, thereby increasing their decision-usefulness. However, they also offer an opportunity for presenting financial performance and prospects in the best possible light, thus having the opposite effect. In addition to the increased opportunity for opportunistic discretionary disclosure choices, impression management is also facilitated in that corporate narratives are largely unregulated.


title: Impression management

text: The medium of communication influences the actions taken in impression management. Self-efficacy can differ according to the fact whether the trial to convince somebody is made through face-to-face-interaction or by means of an e-mail. Communication via devices like telephone, e-mail or chat is governed by technical restrictions, so that the way people express personal features etc. can be changed. This often shows how far people will go.


title: Impression management

text: The affordances of a certain medium also influence the way a user self-presents. Communication via a professional medium such as e-mail would result in professional self-presentation. The individual would use greetings, correct spelling, grammar and capitalization as well as scholastic language. Personal communication mediums such as text-messaging would result in a casual self-presentation where the user shortens words, includes emojis and selfies and uses less academic language.


title: Impression management

text: Another example of impression management theory in play is present in today's world of social media. Users are able to create a profile and share whatever they like with their friends, family, or the world. Users can choose to omit negative life events and highlight positive events if they so please.


title: Impression management

text: Social media usage among American adults grew from 5% in 2005 to 69% in 2018. Facebook is the most popular social media platform, followed by Instagram, LinkedIn, and Twitter.


title: Impression management

text: Social networking users will employ protective self-presentations for image management. Users will use subtractive and repudiate strategies to maintain a desired image. Subtractive strategy is used to untag an undesirable photo on Social Networking Sites. In addition to un-tagging their name, some users will request the photo to be removed entirely. Repudiate strategy is used when a friend posts an undesirable comment about the user. In response to an undesired post, users may add another wall post as an innocence defense. Michael Stefanone states that "self-esteem maintenance is an important motivation for strategic self-presentation online." Outside evaluations of their physical appearance, competence, and approval from others determines how social media users respond to pictures and wall posts. Unsuccessful self-presentation online can lead to rejection and criticism from social groups. Social media users are motivated to actively participate in SNS from a desire to manage their online image.


title: Impression management

text: Online social media presence often varies with respect to users' age, gender, and body weight. While men and women tend to use social media in comparable degrees, both uses and capabilities vary depending on individual preferences as well perceptions of power or dominance. In terms of performance, men tend to display characteristics associated with masculinity as well as more commanding language styles. In much the same way, women tend to present feminine self-depictions and engage in more supportive language.


title: Impression management

text: With respect to usage across age variances, many children develop digital and social media literacy skills around 7 or 8 and begin to form online social relationships via virtual environments designed for their age group. The years between thirteen and fifteen demonstrate high social media usage that begins to become more balanced with offline interactions as teens learn to navigate both their online and in-person identities which may often diverge from one another.


title: Impression management

text: Studies also suggest that adolescents body weight and their health status might influence their self-presentation practices. For example, research focusing on adolescent patients with obesity indicate that particularly girls with obesity tend to present themselves in such a way that their weight is not in focus, or avoid presenting food items that are associated with overweight/obesity.


title: Impression management

text: Social media platforms often provide a great degree of social capital during the college years and later. College students are motivated to use Facebook for impression management, self-expression, entertainment, communication and relationship maintenance. College students sometimes rely on Facebook to build a favorable online identity, which contributes to greater satisfaction with campus life. In building an online persona, college students sometimes engage in identity manipulation, including altering personality and appearance, to increase their self-esteem and appear more attractive to peers. Since risky behavior is frequently deemed attractive by peers, college students often use their social media profiles to gain approval by highlighting instances of risky behavior, like alcohol use and unhealthy eating. Users present risky behavior as signs of achievement, fun, and sociability, participating in a form of impression management aimed at building recognition and acceptance among peers. During middle adulthood, users tend to display greater levels of confidence and mastery in their social media connections while older adults tend to use social media for educational and supportive purposes. These myriad factors influence how users will form and communicate their online personas. In addition to that, Tik Tok has made an influence on college students and adults to create their own self-image on a social media platform. The positivity of this is that college students and adults are using this to create their own brand for business purposes and for entertainment purposes. This gives them a chance to seek the desires of stardom and build an audience for revenue. Media fatigue is an negative effect that is caused by the conveyance of social media presence. Social anxiety stems from low-self esteem which causes a strain of stress in one's self-identity that is perceived in the media limelight for targeted audiences.


title: Impression management

text: According to Marwick, social profiles create implications such as "context collapse" for presenting oneself to the audience. The concept of 'context collapse' suggests that social technologies make it difficult to vary self-presentation based on environment or audience. "Large sites such as Facebook and Twitter group friends, family members, coworkers, and acquaintances together under the umbrella term 'friends'." In a way, this context collapse is aided by a notion of performativity as characterized by Judith Butler.


title: Impression management

text: Impression management is also influential in the political spectrum. "Political impression management" was coined in 1972 by sociologist Peter M. Hall, who defined the term as the art of marking a candidate look electable and capable (Hall, 1972). This is due in part to the importance of "presidential" candidates—appearance, image, and narrative are a key part of a campaign and thus impression management has always been a huge part of winning an election (Katz 2016). Social media has evolved to be part of the political process, thus political impression management is becoming more challenging as the online image of the candidate often now lies in the hands of the voters themselves.


title: Impression management

text: The evolution of social media has increased the way in which political campaigns are targeting voters and how influential impression management is when discussing political issues and campaigns. Political campaigns continue to use social media as a way to promote their campaigns and share information about who they are to make sure to lead the conversation about their political platform. Research has shown that political campaigns must create clear profiles for each candidate in order to convey the right message to potential voters.


title: Impression management

text: In professional settings, impression management is usually primarily focused on appearing competent, but also involves constructing and displaying an image of oneself that others find socially desirable and believably authentic. The process includes a give and take; the person managing their impression receives feedback as the people around them interact with the self they are presenting and respond, either favorably or negatively. Research has shown impression management to be impactful in the workplace because the perceptions co-workers form of one another shape their relationships and indirectly influence their ability to function well as teams and achieve goals together.


title: Impression management

text: In their research on impression management among leaders, Peck and Hogue define "impression management as conscious or unconscious, authentic or inauthentic, goal-directed behavior individuals engage in to influence the impression others form of them in social interactions." Using those three dimensions, labelled "automatic" vs. "controlled", "authentic" vs. "inauthentic", and "pro-self" vs. "pro-social", Peck and Hogue formed a typology of eight impression management archetypes. They suggest that while no one archetype stands out as the sole correct or ideal way to practice impression management as a leader, types rooted in authenticity and pro-social goals, rather than self-focused goals, create the most positive perceptions among followers.


title: Impression management

text: Workplace leaders that are publicly visible, such as CEOs, also perform impression management with regard to stakeholders outside their organizations. In a study comparing online profiles of North American and European CEOs, research showed that while education was referenced similarly in both groups, profiles of European CEOs tended to be more professionally focused, while North American CEO profiles often referenced the CEO's public life outside business dealings, including social and political stances and involvement.


title: Impression management

text: On a smaller scale, many individuals choose to participate in professional impression management beyond the sphere of their own workplace. This may take place through informal networking (either face-to-face or using computer-mediated communication) or channels built to connect professionals, such as professional associations, or job-related social media sites, like LinkedIn.


title: Impression management

text: Impression management can distort the results of empirical research that relies on interviews and surveys, a phenomenon commonly referred to as "social desirability bias". Impression management theory nevertheless constitutes a field of research on its own.


title: Impression management

text: When it comes to practical questions concerning public relations and the way organizations should handle their public image, the assumptions provided by impression management theory can also provide a framework.


title: Impression management

text: An examination of different impression management strategies acted out by individuals who were facing criminal trials where the trial outcomes could range from a death sentence, life in prison or acquittal has been reported in the forensic literature.


title: Impression management

text: The Perri and Lichtenwald article examined female psychopathic killers, whom as a group were highly motivated to manage the impression that attorneys, judges, mental health professions and ultimately, a jury had of the murderers and the murder they committed. It provides legal case illustrations of the murderers combining and/or switching from one impression management strategy such as ingratiation or supplication to another as they worked towards their goal of diminishing or eliminating any accountability for the murders they committed.


title: Impression management

text: Since the 1990s, researchers in the area of sport and exercise psychology have studied self-presentation. Concern about how one is perceived has been found to be relevant to the study of athletic performance. For example, anxiety may be produced when an athlete is in the presence of spectators. Self-presentational concerns have also been found to be relevant to exercise. For example, the concerns may elicit motivation to exercise.


title: Impression management

text: More recent research investigating the effects of impression management on social behaviour showed that social behaviours (e.g. eating) can serve to convey a desired impression to others and enhance one's self-image. Research on eating has shown that people tend to eat less when they believe that they are being observed by others.


title: Suede discography

text: The discography of the English alternative rock band Suede consists of nine studio albums, four compilation albums, five video albums and over twenty singles. Suede were formed in 1989 by singer Brett Anderson, bassist Mat Osman and guitarist Justine Frischmann. Guitarist Bernard Butler later joined after the group responded to an ad in the "Melody Maker". The group played as a four-piece with a drum machine until drummer Simon Gilbert joined. Frischmann left before the group released any material.


title: Suede discography

text: Despite the media frenzy that surrounded the group, their 1992 debut single "The Drowners" only peaked at number 49 on the UK Singles Chart. It would not be until the release of their third single, "Animal Nitrate", that Suede would break into the top ten, with the song peaking at number seven following their performance of it at the 1993 BRIT Awards.


title: Suede discography

text: Suede became associated with the Britpop movement of the period and achieved commercial success throughout the United Kingdom, with three of the group's five studio albums charting at number one. Their popularity throughout the rest of the world varied throughout the group's lifetime, but had several charting hits in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Suede's commercial success in the United States was limited, and due to a lawsuit with an American singer with the same name, the group had to change its name for the American market to The London Suede. Despite the lack of commercial success in the US, the four studio albums released in America all charted on "Billboard"s Top Heatseekers chart, though the group never charted on the "Billboard" 200. Suede also had three minor hits in the US, with "Metal Mickey" peaking at number seven on the Modern Rock Tracks in 1993, "Everything Will Flow" charting at number 28 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1999 and "Hit Me" in 2013.


title: Suede discography

text: Butler left while the band were recording "Dog Man Star" and was soon replaced by Richard Oakes. Keyboardist Neil Codling joined the group for "Dog Man Star"'s follow-up "Coming Up". Following a commercial resurgence with "Coming Up" and 1999s "Head Music", Codling left in 2001 due to complications with chronic fatigue syndrome and was replaced by former Strangelove keyboardist Alex Lee.


title: Suede discography

text: After a long and expensive recording span, "A New Morning" was released in 2002 and was a commercial and critical disappointment in the UK. The first single released from "A New Morning", "Positivity", became the group's only single to chart in Canada, and peaked at number one in Denmark.


title: Suede discography

text: In November 2003, Suede released the compilation album "Singles" which included all 19 of their previously released singles, and also contained two new songs, "Attitude" (itself released as a single along with the non-album "Golden Gun" to promote the album) and "Love the Way You Love Me". Following the release of "Singles" Suede announced they were disbanding at the end of 2003.


title: Suede discography

text: Reforming in 2010 to play a concert for the Teenage Cancer Trust Foundation, the band decided to start recording again. 2013 saw the release of "Bloodsports". An even more successful album followed in 2016 with "Night Thoughts".


title: PotPlayer

text: PotPlayer is a multimedia software player developed for the Microsoft Windows operating system by South Korean Internet company Kakao (formerly Daum Communications). It competes with other popular Windows media players such as VLC media player, mpv (media player), GOM Player, KMPlayer, SMPlayer and Media Player Classic. PotPlayer's reception has been positive with reviewers complimenting its wide range of settings and customizations, as well as its lightweight nature and its support for a large variety of media formats.


title: PotPlayer

text: "LifeHacker" observed that PotPlayer's quantity of options is one of its biggest weaknesses. "It has many different settings[,] which unfortunately makes wading through the checkbox-laden settings menu kind of a pain." and that the options menu is "confusing".


title: PotPlayer

text: As of at least late 2019, PotPlayer began to be bundled with third-party software, causing concerns from PotPlayer's users community. The installer gives the option to opt-out before the bundled 3rd party software is installed. In addition, PotPlayer started showing popup ads on the lower right-hand corner the screen.


title: Pan Am Flight 217

text: Pan Am Flight 217 was a Boeing 707 that crashed near Caracas, Venezuela while on a flight from New York City, USA on December 12, 1968. Though pilot error was to blame, the National Transportation Safety Board concluded the probable cause was undetermined. There were no survivors.


title: Pan Am Flight 217

text: Pan Am Flight 217 was operated by a Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) Boeing 707-321B (registration N494PA, named "Clipper Malay"). The aircraft was less than a year old — its first flight was on March 7, 1968, and it was delivered to Pan Am on March 28.


title: Pan Am Flight 217

text: There were nine crew members, including eight from the United States and one from Sweden. The captain was 50 years old and had 24,000 flight hours' experience, including 6,737 hours on the Boeing 707.


title: Pan Am Flight 217

text: The aircraft took off from New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport on a scheduled flight to Caracas Simon Bolivar International Airport on December 12, 1968. As the aircraft was nearing Caracas, it disappeared from air traffic control's radar screens. At 22:05 local time, the aircraft crashed into the Caribbean Sea and exploded. At this point, a call was made to the Venezuelan Navy to search for the aircraft. Wreckage of the Boeing 707 was found from Caracas. All 51 passengers and crew died in the crash.


title: Pan Am Flight 217

text: Various aircraft and boats, both naval and civilian, were employed in the search and recovery operation. Some reports stated that many bodies were eaten by sharks. The crash was the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in Venezuela up to that point in time, but was surpassed by Viasa Flight 742 in 1969.


title: Pan Am Flight 217

text: One of those who perished in the flight 217 crash was Olga Antonetti, a former Miss Venezuela. Also killed was Rafael Antonio Curra, a Venezuelan ichthyologist and university professor.


title: Pan Am Flight 217

text: The cause of the crash was believed to be pilot error resulting from an optical illusion, created by the lights of the city of Caracas on an upslope. This may have caused the crew to descend until they crashed into the sea, with the loss of all on board. However, the National Transportation Safety Board stated the probable cause was undetermined.


title: Pan Am Flight 217

text: The book "The Lost Lives of the Clipper Malay" provides details of the aircraft, the accident, and the long process of recovering the bodies of the nine crew members and forty-two passengers. The recovery lasted more than a month. The book also provides a biographical account of each of the fifty-one victims.


title: Casual game

text: A casual game is a video game targeted at a mass market audience, as opposed to a hardcore game, which is targeted at hobbyist gamers. Casual games may exhibit any type of gameplay and genre. They generally involve simpler rules, shorter sessions, and require less learned skill. They don't expect familiarity with a standard set of mechanics, controls, and tropes.


title: Casual game

text: Countless casual games have been developed and published, alongside hardcore games, across the history of video games. A concerted effort to capitalize on casual games grew in the 1990s and 2000s, as many developers and publishers branded themselves as casual game companies, publishing games especially for PCs, web browsers, and, after 2007, smartphones.


title: Casual game

text: Casual games generally cost less than hardcore games, as part of their strategy to acquire as many players as possible. Any game monetization method can be used, from retail distribution to free-to-play to ad-supported.


title: Casual game

text: The term "hyper-casual game" or "instant game" arose in 2017 to describe extremely easy-to-learn games that require no download, being played in an existing app like a web browser or messaging app, and that usually monetize by showing advertisements to the player.


title: Casual game

text: Journalist Chris Kohler wrote in 2010 that Namco's arcade game "Pac-Man" (1980), which debuted during the golden age of video arcade games, may be the first casual video game, due to its "cute cast of characters and a design sensibility that appealed to wider audiences than the shoot-em-up "Space Invaders"." It is estimated to have been played more than ten billion times during the 20th century, making it the highest-grossing video game of all time.


title: Casual game

text: In 1989, Nintendo's Game Boy was released with "Tetris" as a free pack-in game. It was quickly learned and immensely popular, and is credited with making Nintendo's fledgling portable gaming system a success.


title: Casual game

text: Microsoft's Solitaire (1990), which came free with Microsoft Windows, is widely considered the first hit "casual game" on a computer, with more than 400 million people having played the game . Subsequent versions of Windows included casual games Minesweeper, FreeCell, and Spider Solitaire. The company published four Microsoft Entertainment Packs for casual gaming on office computers from 1990 to 1992.


title: Casual game

text: Casual games started to flourish online in the 1990s along with the rise of the World Wide Web, with card games and board games available from paid services like AOL and Prodigy, and then from web portals, like Yahoo! Games and Microsoft's Gaming Zone. In the mid-2000s, more sites specialized in game hosting and publishing, such as Gamesville and RealNetworks. Some publishers and developers branded themselves specifically as casual game companies, like Big Fish Games, PopCap Games, and MumboJumbo. The advent of Shockwave and Flash created a boom in web-based games, encouraging designers to create simple games that could be hosted on many different websites and which could be played to completion in one short sitting. One of the most prominent casual games, "Bejeweled", started out as a Flash game that could be downloaded for a fee, or purchased at retail. As late as 2009, there was still a market for US$20 casual games purchased at retail or as a download.


title: Casual game

text: In 2008 and 2009, casual social network games rapidly attained mainstream popularity following the release of "Mafia Wars" for Facebook, and "Happy Farm" in China. "Happy Farm" inspired many clones, including the most popular social network game, "FarmVille" (2009), which peaked at 83.76 million monthly active users in March 2010. These games innovated in viral marketing by rewarding players for sending invites to friends and posting game updates on their Facebook Wall.


title: Casual game

text: Casual games became popular on smartphones immediately upon their debut, with touch-screen phones like the iPhone of 2007 featuring large color displays, all-day availability to the phone owner, and intuitive tapping-and-dragging user interfaces.


title: Casual game

text: Video game consoles' primary audience is hardcore gamers, but there are some casual games on every game console, and Nintendo's Wii console's unique motion-sensing controller appealed to a more casual audience that was perhaps intimidated by other consoles' gamepad input devices. "Wii Sports" (2006), a collection of five simple sports games in which players used the game controller to swing a tennis racket or a baseball bat, was bundled with the Wii console in most territories and sold over 82 million copies as of 2019.


title: Casual game

text: Casual games are found in many game genres. Early-2000s categorizations by Big Fish Games and Gamezebo, a casual game review site named seven popular genres in casual games:


title: Casual game

text: An industry group called the Casual Games Association was founded in 2005 to promote casual games and to provide educational, networking, and market research resources to casual game developers and publishers. It published a print magazine and hosted annual conferences called "Casual Connect" in Seattle, Kiev, Amsterdam and London with what it said were "upwards of 7,000 professional attendees each year". In 2018, the show was sold to media company Greenlit Content, who then rebranded the show "GameDaily Connect".


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation (, or MDZS) is a danmei novel written by Chinese author Mo Xiang Tong Xiu, also known as MXTX. The story is set in a fictional xianxia world where humans known as "cultivators" specialize in spiritual, physical, and paranormal pursuits to achieve transcendence from mortality. It tells the tale of the eponymous Wei Wuxian, who diverged from conventional practices and invented an unorthodox path of cultivation.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" follows several interwoven stories: two parallel tales recounting the events of Wei Wuxian's past and present lives, the investigation of the mystery behind a fierce dismembered entity presently terrorizing the cultivation world, and the development of the novel's central love story between Wei Wuxian and Lan Wangji, his former classmate and fellow cultivator.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Within the world of "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation", issues concerning loyalty, classism, power and corruption, perception vs. reality, and ethics of violence frequently come about. The story is littered with true magical elements and supernatural beings, but the focus is on human characters in grounded conflicts.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The novel originated as a serialized fiction on the Chinese online platform Jinjiang Literature City from 2015 to 2016. , it has been officially translated into 11 different languages. The first two volumes of the ongoing official English translation reached The New York Times Best Seller list upon their release.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Among its official multimedia adaptations are a webcomic, an audio drama, an animated series and its spin-off, an audiobook, a live action web series, and an upcoming mobile game.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" is noted for the vast popularity and proliferation of its same-sex romantic couple Wangxian, and for its intensely devoted fan community both within China and abroad.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" is the story of the rise, death, and rebirth of Wei Wuxian (魏无羡), a man who made a name for himself as a cultivator with unconventional and forbidden methods to control the undead. Renowned as the founder of the ‘"Demonic Path",’ he is eventually killed during an attack by the Four Great Clans.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Thirteen years later, Wei Wuxian's spirit is forcefully summoned during a self-sacrificial ritual and he incarnates into the body of a man named Mo Xuanyu (莫玄羽). Wei Wuxian soon becomes embroiled in an investigation of a series of attacks by a feral dismembered corpse. With a new and unrecognizable face, he attempts to hide his return from the familiar faces he reunites with along his journey. But the stoic Lan Wangji (蓝忘机) of the Gusu Lan Clan may suspect more than he lets on, and Wei Wuxian may have to face the truth of his resurrection in a world changed by his thirteen-year absence, along with his true feelings for Lan Wangji.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Set in a fictional xianxia world reminiscent of ancient China, where human civilization consists of ordinary commoners and people who belong in the cultivation world, around which the story revolves. Cultivators train and work to accomplish superhuman feats in their attempt to reach transcendence from the mortal realm. Those with sufficient control over their spiritual energy undertake fantastical tasks such as liberating spirits, fighting malevolent ghosts and fierce corpses, exorcising haunted places or objects, and hunting down yaoguai and powerful lawless individuals. Their powers may be channeled through spiritual weapons, musical instruments, arrays, talismans, alchemy, and various other forms of cultivation tools.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The Golden Core (金丹, "Jīn Dān") is a cultivated orb materialized from concentrated "Qi"—fundamental energy that constitutes overall health—within the body of a living person and functions as storage for their spiritual power. Once formed, the golden core may escalate the user's cultivation level, resulting in faster skill development and increased longevity. It is a crucial aspect of being a cultivator, as there are certain feats, techniques, and defensive methods that can only be performed with the help of a well-developed golden core. Core formation and development can be achieved through years of diligent routine practices such as meditation and general martial arts training. A person's golden core is impossible to restore if destroyed or removed. Humans who do not possess one, or those who form it late in life, never develop a strong cultivation base and must rely on tools, techniques, or other 'paths' that do not require extensive use of their own spiritual energy.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The cultivation world is made up of numerous clans big and small. In the recent past, the most prominent of these were the Five Great Clans: Qishan Wen Clan" ("岐山温氏"; Qíshān Wēn Shì), "Yunmeng Jiang Clan "("云梦江氏"; Yúnmèng Jiāng Shì), "Gusu Lan Clan (姑苏蓝氏; "Gūsū Lán Shì"), Lanling Jin Clan (兰陵金氏; "Lánlíng Jīn Shì"), and Qinghe Nie Clan "("清河聂氏"; Qīnghé Niè Shì). "Each clan is situated at their respective region wherein disciples are trained in their specific clan-oriented 'cultivation path,' which they use in practice to protect citizens under their jurisdiction from physical and paranormal threats, to gain glory for their clan, and to improve their personal cultivation level. These pursuits are called Night Hunts, due to mostly being carried out at night as it is the likeliest time of day that supernatural creatures come about.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Aside from their capacity to perform superhuman feats, most cultivators are presented as gentry scholars who train and may become proficient in the Chinese Six Arts, which places them at the top of the social hierarchy. Meanwhile, there are also those who exist as "rogue cultivators," ones who do not belong in any clan, sect, or organization due to them abandoning it, never being in one, being expelled, or their clan/sect being destroyed.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: "(The novel has a non-linear narrative structure with several intertwining plots. Below is a per storyline summary of events.)"


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The principal storyline begins thirteen years after the death of Wei Wuxian, the Yiling Patriarch (夷陵老祖; "Yílíng Lǎozǔ"), as he is summoned back to life by Mo Xuanyu through a self-sacrificial ritual. Wei Wuxian is reborn and awakens in the body of a homosexual lunatic, while fully cognizant of his own identity. He finds himself in Mo Village, where he is to fulfill the ritual's condition—to take revenge on Mo Xuanyu's behalf and exterminate the Mo family for abusing him—or else Wei Wuxian's own soul will be forever annihilated. He is freed from this condition when a vicious entity appears and goes on a murder spree that kills every one of Mo Xuanyu's abusers. While exploring the new world he finds himself in, he stumbles into people from his past and ends up accompanying Lan Wangji, his former classmate and a highly esteemed cultivator. The two become embroiled in the mystery of the evil entity, which left in its path a series of clues all seemingly leading back to Wei Wuxian's past. As they travel to unravel the case, Wei Wuxian re-lives previously encountered struggles and trials, and attempts to deal with the hatred of the cultivation world once more, along with the changes in his relationship with Lan Wangji.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: While the main narrative covers the present timeline, it is intermingled with intermittent flashbacks recounting Wei Wuxian's previous life, from his glory days as a promising young cultivator until his death as the reviled Yiling Patriarch. As the 15-year-old senior disciple of the Yunmeng Jiang Clan, Wei Wuxian was a highly charismatic, willful, intelligent young man possessing a strong cultivation base and exceptional skills. He had a close relationship with his clan siblings, Jiang Yanli (江厌离) and Jiang Cheng (江澄). While in Cloud Recesses, he met the stern and aloof Lan Wangji, one of the Twin Jades of the Gusu Lan Clan. The two would maintain an ambiguous relationship throughout their years of acquaintance prior to Wei Wuxian's death.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: At a crucial point in the story, Wei Wuxian invented the Ghost Path (鬼道, "guǐ dào") of cultivation which, unlike other paths, functions by harvesting and manipulating the resentful energy emitted by fierce ghosts and corpses. With this use of unorthodox methods to overthrow the tyrannical Qishan Wen Clan during the Sunshot Campaign, the cultivation world hailed Wei Wuxian as a war hero for his significant efforts and contributions that led to their victory. However, the fickle nature of society soon reared its head as the clans began to perceive him as a dangerous threat—someone willful and powerful enough to break out from the confines of society's rules, or someone who suffered from moral decay due to walking down the crooked path—while they coveted his powerful inventions all the same. Tensions escalated as Wei Wuxian kept up his objections to the Lanling Jin Clan's inhumane treatment of prisoners of war. Trapped between incompatible duties, he took it upon himself to rescue the Wen refugees and become their sole protector at the Burial Mounds in Yiling, willingly taking on people's anger and distrust with unshakeable conviction. He thus gained the title of Yiling Patriarch and was vilified as a traitor to the Jiangs and declared an "enemy of the cultivation world." Rumors and conspiracies arose, leading to more deaths and devastation, and with the fallout of morals and priorities colliding, it all came to a head at the First Siege of the Burial Mounds by the Four Great Clans, during which Wei Wuxian and the people he was protecting met their inglorious and bloody demise, and the world rejoiced.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The overarching story is a romantic arc that deals with the development of the novel's central love story between Wei Wuxian and Lan Wangji. Focalized through Wei Wuxian's limited point of view, it tells of their carefree, flirtatious days as teens—with the irreverent, mischievous Wei Wuxian juxtaposed against the somber, stickler-for-rules Lan Wangji; of the tentative bond they developed as young adults navigating the contentious issue of Wei Wuxian's cultivation path and the conflicts and struggles they're confronted with; and of their reunion thirteen years later when their dynamic swiftly turns into an emotionally intense mixture of extreme dedication, and overwhelming mutual romantic and sexual desire. It is eventually revealed that Lan Wangji had been secretly yearning for Wei Wuxian the whole time they'd known each other, and that his love and devotion never faltered in all the years the latter had been dead. The Wangxian (忘羡) storyline tells of the deep, valid connection between two men who see past surface distractions to recognize the similarities in the way they live their lives, the values they uphold, their sense of purpose, strength, and self-worth, and of the rich potential for profound happiness that may result from such. As well, it notably displays the power of sexual chemistry and compatibility reinforced by romantic love, freely given and openly acknowledged between an unexpected couple.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The first chapter was released on the Chinese web novel platform Jinjiang Literature City (晋江文学城) on October 31, 2015, and serialization continued until the main story's completion on March 1, 2016. The next several months were spent revising the main chapters, while side stories (or "extra chapters") were released sporadically. Revision of the main story was posted on August 11, 2016, and the last four extra chapters were added between December 22, 2017, and January 1, 2018. Overall, the novel's online version had a total of 113 main chapters and seven extra chapters, most of which occur after the story's main events (also known as "post-canon").


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The Taiwan first print edition was published by Pinsin Studio (平心工作室) in December 2016 in Traditional Chinese. It consists of four volumes containing the uncensored main story and four extra chapters, one of which is an exclusive extra (From Dawn to Dusk) that was never published on the Jinjiang site.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: In December 2018, Sichuan Literature and Art Publishing House (四川文艺出版社) published the first volume, titled "无羁" () in Simplified Chinese. It contains chapters 1-42 and the extra chapter Lotus Seed Pod, as well as a commemorative letter written by Mo Xiang Tong Xiu on October 31, 2018, the third anniversary of the web novel's original serialization. Subsequent volumes are stalled due to the novel being censured and eventually locked on the Jinjiang platform in January 2019.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: In August 2019, Pinsin Studio released a four-volume Collector Edition, featuring new cover art for each volume illustrated by "Qian Er Bai" (千二百). The actual text and story contents are identical to the 2016 version. A special Side Stories Edition book was released in February 2020. It contains the last four extra chapters that were added on the Jinjiang site in 2017–2018.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Before licenses had been secured for the official release of foreign editions, fan-made translations of the novel had been instrumental in spreading "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation"’s fame internationally. Various groups had been formed by avid fans to provide valuable, free translations into several different languages, to be shared widely online. Each group had later willingly taken down these translation projects, as foreign publishers acquired the licenses for the novel's commercial release in their respective countries.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: , "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" has been officially translated into Vietnamese, Thai, Korean, Burmese, Hungarian, Russian, Japanese, German, English, Brazilian Portuguese, and French. An Italian and Spanish versions have also been announced for 2023 release.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Mo Xiang Tong Xiu (hereafter referred to as MXTX) did not like writing as a child, though she was a voracious reader and loved making up stories. Due to this, she initially aspired to become a mangaka. While in middle school, she developed a strong interest in danmei after reading a fanfiction about the anime D.Gray-man, wherein the male main character fell in love with a male side character. In time, she decided to reevaluate her goals and start concentrating on writing.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: MXTX grew up under the cultural influences of Hong Kong movies and Japanese animation. She credits Jin Yong as her all-time favorite author and one of her greatest literary influences; “Mr. Jin Yong will always be my favorite writer. It is my luck to be able to read his works in this life and to be in the same era as this master. I hope to read his books in the next life.” She considers Arthur Conan Doyle and Soji Shimada as her favorite mystery and crime fiction writers. She has also acknowledged Agatha Christie, whose magnum opus she read and enjoyed.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Her favorite genres are Wuxia, Mystery, and Supernatural. As she considers real life to be boring, she is partial to stories with surreal elements and feels detached from stories with pure realistic themes.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: For half a year after the completion of her first web novel "The Scum Villain's Self-Saving System" in November 2014, MXTX had been mulling over ideas for "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation". She conceived the story during her last year of university while out on a night stroll, listening to music to take her mind off her graduation thesis. Her imagination wandered off to a blurry scene of "a forest surrounded by rain and darkness, a man clad in black with pale complexion and blood on his face, snapping in half something in his hand, his expression cold. It was either a flute or an arrow."


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Her growing interest in a potential backdrop for this scene led her to ponder "what kind of journey [this character] would have been through." In pursuit of this, she started with the emotion, then character, and at last a story.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: MXTX began writing the novel after graduation. She described the work as a self-indulgent passion project, intended as creative writing practice in tackling a greater number of characters with more complex relationships, alongside experimenting with varying narrative devices, risky storytelling techniques, and deconstruction of xianxia genre conventions.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Ancient China has been the traditional background setting for xianxia stories. "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation"’s conventions were taken from the Wei (魏朝), Jin (晉朝), Northern and Southern Dynasties (南北朝), and the Tang Dynasty (唐朝). Yet as the tale is set in an imaginary world, there is no strict adherence to the norms of any one single dynasty or time period. The author spoke of creating a mishmash of all the ancient China elements she liked and tailoring them into a workable fictional setting, subduing historical accuracy in favor of characters and storytelling.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: MXTX kept a separate file for basic information regarding each clan, which include their emblem, home base location, sphere of influence, clan rules, and motto. She recalled drawing on a map of China and assigning real locations as the modern-day counterpart bases for the major clan regions featured in the story. Among these are Suzhou City (苏州市) in Jiangsu Province (江苏省) as Gusu; Wuhan City (武汉市) in Hubei Province (湖北省) as Yunmeng; Lanling County (兰陵县) in Shandong Province (山东省) as Lanling; Qishan County (岐山县) in Shaanxi Province (陕西省) as Qishan; and Qinghe County (清河县) in Hebei Province (河北省) as Qinghe.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The world of "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" is primarily populated by humans, although supernatural entities abound. Among these are: yao (妖, "yāo") formed from living non-humans; demons (魔, "mó") formed from living humans; ghosts (鬼, "guǐ") formed from dead humans; and monsters (怪, "guài") formed from dead non-humans. In addition to ordinary animals, there exist powerful creatures such as the Measuring Snake (量人蛇, "Liángrén Shé"), the legendary Qiongqi (穷奇道) beast, and the sentient statue goddess Heavenly Maiden. Spiritual dogs, rabbits, turtles, pigs, and other down-to-earth fauna originate from cultivators raising and training them as magical guardians, and they grow to exhibit far more intelligence and endurance than those possessed by common animals. Mythical beings resembling the Four Beast Guardians: Black Tortoise ("Xuánwǔ") of the North, Azure Dragon ("Qīnglóng") of the East, Vermilion Bird ("Zhūquè") of the South, and White Tiger ("Báihǔ") of the West, also appear or are mentioned, though they have more inauspicious associations (Slaughter, Bloodlust, Carnage, and Brutality, respectively) compared to their traditional roles in Chinese mythology.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Within the low fantasy xianxia setting of "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation", a state of "true immortality" for living humans does not exist. There is no higher level than the perfect utilization of the golden core. Humans who cultivate and develop their golden core to its maximum potential can live up to 500 years, compared to characters featured in high fantasy xianxia stories such as mythical beings, demons, and humans who ascend to godhood and can exist for millennia.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Unlike many xianxia novels where the cultivation world is run by sects (门派, "ménpài") with a strict master and disciple relationship and a person of any family background can take on the mantle of leadership based on exceptional talent and good moral character, "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" has its cultivation world led mostly by clans (世家, "shìjiā"), which are bound by blood ties. This bloodline limitation for inheriting leadership may result in the stagnation of a clan, as the designated heir may not necessarily be the most talented or virtuous individual within the organization.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: An emperor and his imperial court exist in the periphery of the world, but MXTX decided to downplay their significance in order to focus on the insular society of cultivators and the conflicts that occur within.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: At the time MXTX consciously planned out her characters, she had written over a thousand word descriptions for each of the main leads, Wei Wuxian and Lan Wangji. Between the two, Wei Wuxian was the first to be conceived. MXTX recalled having a difficult time deciding on the type of love interest perfectly suited for him. The process proved to be complicated as she experimented on various iterations of the character through mixing and matching different personality traits, appearance, age, origin, and backstory, then testing their potential chemistry with Wei Wuxian.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Ultimately, she came into an epiphany, "It's him!" and chose Lan Wangji—the first version of the character and the one she had in mind all along—and this return to her initial plan proved more rewarding as she realized that Wei Wuxian and Lan Wangji were always meant to be together, both in-story and in the stage of conception; “So, Lan Wangji and Wei Wuxian's intertwined fates were preordained. They have both the predestined affinity and the predestined entanglement. If it's him, it'll always be him.”


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: MXTX also had the following to say about them: “All of [Wei Wuxian's and Lan Wangji's] character elements were created in binary opposition. The bold and the principled; the concealed yearning and the flaunting coquetry; the red rose and the white rose; the cold, dignified one, and the devilish untamed one…although they are opposites in many ways, their core was the same. To put it plainly, they share the same Three Outlooks [on life, the world, and morality].”"[Lan Wangji] has his own way of viewing right and wrong. [...] He believes and supports these ideals not just because he likes Wei Ying, but because what he is doing is correct in his eyes. [...] Lan Zhan had always been looking at him, wondering and understanding that essence, and was deeply attracted to that."


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Xiao Xingchen and Xue Yang were originally conceived while MXTX was in high school. During self-study sessions, she spent her time jotting things down on her notebook, and that was when she settled on their names and personalities. She hadn't yet had a full plot or actual context for their story, but had come up with a few fragments of interactions which she later put directly into the novel's Yi City arc. Writing about Xue Yang required adjusting her mental space into the darkest, cruelest state, while the exact opposite was required for Xiao Xingchen; "Switching between the angel and the devil brought quite some satisfaction."


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: MXTX intended for Wen Ning to die permanently in the present timeline. She originally planned to turn him into ashes on the boat leaving Lotus Pier. However, MXTX changed her mind as she realized that there was not enough foreshadowing, and she didn't want to abruptly kill off Wen Ning for shock or cheap angst. A similar thing happened with Jin Ling, whom MXTX also planned to kill off and turn into a fierce corpse in order to defeat the big villain at the end of the story. She turned around from this idea since Jin Ling no longer needed to replace Wen Ning.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Nie Huaisang was originally planned to have a partner-in-crime that MXTX eventually scrapped after realizing that the character might hurt the structure of the story. She later found that the novel still felt complete without said character. Additionally, she has shared that Nie Huiasang is the intended next Chief Cultivator at the end of the story.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: MXTX expressed befuddlement at readers’ impression of Lan Xichen as someone who is a "calculating, farsighted person deep inside.” She claimed that she had never given him any traits that would make readers interpret him in such a way, adding “to be a clan leader didn't require deep insight and acute perception,” reflecting one of the novel's themes surrounding class-based societies.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Wei Wuxian, Lan Wangji, Jiang Cheng, and Jin Guangyao generate the most feedback from readers. MXTX has stated, “both Wei Wuxian and Lan Wangji are highly ideal characters, so there wouldn't be much dispute about their moral standing. They're perfect as the protagonists,” and “I hope each of you who enjoys this book can be like Lan Wangji in virtue and Wei Wuxian in character.”She saw Jiang Cheng as someone with “many personality flaws, but not an intrinsically bad person.” She explained that she was quite objective in writing him as she saw him as just one of the many characters she has created, and she understood readers being either vocally supportive of him, or wanting to hate him. On Jin Guangyao: “The Jin Guangyao in my eyes, is a scum who is ruthless enough to use all available measures to climb up the political ladder, but there's also a tiny bit of human decency remaining inside him.”


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: In the beginning, the writing process was easy and relaxed—an excellent condition for creativity. As pressure from reality and demand for frequent updates increased, time and energy required for more polished chapters began lacking. Drafts became intermittent, and MXTX had to come up with raw updates the rest of the time. She kept an outline with almost ten thousand words, making it possible to keep up with daily updates, but they were not always detailed enough and she still felt constrained many times. She had to write with quite a lot of choppiness and caution, and had to rush parts she otherwise wanted to expand upon. There were many problems with details and logic she didn't have the time to modify. She also had a habit of deleting parts of the outline as she went along, like checking off tasks from a to-do list, as it gave her a refreshing sense of satisfaction.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Initially setting out to write a story about “cold-blooded revenge and triumphing over the scum,” MXTX sensed that the tone grew increasingly somber along the way, due to her affinity towards scar-filled characters with stories to tell and her admiration for the emotional resilience and fortitude they possess. The tale thus gradually became less about pure revenge and more about the exploration of internal conflicts borne by “scarred” characters, as well as complicated gratitude and relationships.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: MXTX felt that coming up with scenes showing either chemistry or conflict (also known as “flirting or fighting”) were “beyond wonderful experiences.” She especially enjoyed writing every scene between Wei Wuxian and Lan Wangji during their younger days in Gusu, as well as ones depicting tension and high conflict involving many others, such as Yu Ziyuan, Wang Lingjiao, Jiang Cheng, and the Yi City characters. She declared that “all these were the biggest joys ["Mo Dao Zu Shi"] has brought me. They were joys no other thing could ever compare to.”


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: In the end, while she felt that the poem was beautiful and meaningful, the tone was too lonely and melancholic and didn't capture the type of ending she was going for. Instead she came up with:


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: During writing, MXTX gets emotionally involved in her novels' main romantic pairings. This led to her frequent reminders and reassurances to readers that Wangxian will always be an exclusive and unbreakable couple, as she requested a similar display of consideration from her fans to respect the canonical integrity of her novel's central romance. In relation to this, she has stated that she no longer liked writing secondary couples or “side ships” since it consumes a huge amount of energy to write emotional danmei stories, and she would rather focus all of her attention on the development of her main couples’ romance.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: MXTX asserted that except for the main couple, she did not like labeling every other character in her novels as homosexual, since "oftentimes, labeling and locking down things can take away the beauty and possibilities of  [relationships between male characters]." Designing motivations for conflicts not based solely on love or attraction gives more room for interpretation and logical analysis. However, she was quick to clarify her stance that readers and fan creators can choose to interpret her characters and their relationships however they prefer, as long as the main couple stays intact, with respect to their canonical romantic and sexual dynamics.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The old version of the novel had 520K words in its main story, and the revised version came up to have 570K words. MXTX had acknowledged that during the original run, there might have been too many “immature sections,” since due to the nature of serialization, it was difficult to edit to satisfaction once the framework had already been set in stone. After some reflection, she considered it as “another footprint of [her] growth.”


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: MXTX deemed the whole revision process a huge undertaking but one that granted her much contentment, having had more time and energy to edit scenes, enrich details, add crucial plot elements, and change places that didn't make logical sense. Among the scenes she originally skipped during serialization and added back in during revisions are: the blindfold kiss between Lan Wangji and Wei Wuxian at Phoenix Mountain, due to MXTX not having enough energy during the initial run to think through how such a large-scale hunting competition would work; the path of how Nie Mingjue and Jin Guangyao turned from friends to enemies; the blood pool corpse battle at the Burial Mounds, because MXTX didn't have the patience to write fighting scenes; and Lan Sizhui realizing his true identity and background, because MXTX simply forgot.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: In the end, she declared that the final revised version is “in [her] heart closer to the story's original form.” In response to readers who might have formed attachments and deep-rooted impressions from the old version and might feel doubt and dissatisfaction for the revised version, she had this to say:


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: “I know there are many things that can't satisfy everyone, so I chose to satisfy myself. When I look back at this story, at least I’ve written everything I wanted to write, and there wouldn't be too many regrets.”


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" adopts a non-linear structure with a back-and-forth timeline, enabled by intermingling narratives through extensive utilization of flashbacks. Past events are presented via straightforward narrative recall, dream immersions, anecdotes, revelational moments, and use of an in-story framing device called "‘Empathy",’ a special technique which allows the user to see through dead people's memories.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The novel is predominantly written from a third person limited point of view, with a large part of the narrative framed through Wei Wuxian's eyes. The novel veers off to other characters' points of view on occasion. These characters may clarify or provide different perspectives on past and present events. The text often withholds information from both the readers and the focal character, though occasionally, it may deviate from this and show readers information withheld from the character. Stream of consciousness mode is often used when Wei Wuxian is struggling to make sense of his emotions, or when he is hyper focused while solving a mystery.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed, though careful consideration is taken so as to not make the mystery aspects easily solvable nor the overall story too predictable. There is rampant use of symbolism throughout, their significance notable both in-universe and on a meta level. Plot twists are deployed at several points in the story, dramatically affecting character impressions and relationship dynamics.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: MXTX makes use of varied linguistic registers for certain individual characters, their speaking style adapted to their personality and standing, and suited to their interactions with specific characters.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: In "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation", MXTX's most distinct and notable stylistic "voice" is that of Lan Wangji's, with his economical yet effective usage of words. He has an impressively elegant and scholarly speech pattern, specifically following "言简意赅" (; concise and comprehensive), a classical written way of structuring sentences into four characters. With this he is able to concisely articulate his thoughts, with sharp intent and no excessive words, fully embodying his mastery of the language as well as his taciturn nature.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: A web comic (manhua) adaptation of the same name (; official English title: The Master of Diabolism), was officially distributed online by "kuaikanmanhua" (快看漫画) from December 8, 2017 until October 26, 2022, finishing with 259 chapters. It was co-created by "Kuangfeng Chui Kudang" (狂风吹裤裆) as the scriptwriter and "Luo Di Cheng Qiu" (落地成球) as the main illustrator. Luo Di Cheng Qiu is also known by the general fandom by their other pen name "Mao Tuan Xiao Jian Jian" (毛团小剑剑). The cover art for Volume 1 was illustrated by "HAloggz".


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: In 2019, the manhua won the silver award for Most Popular Web Comic Adaptation at the 16th China Animation Golden Dragon Award, and the Best Manhua award at the China Golden Rooster and Hundred Flowers Film Festival (1st Network Drama Awards).


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The first volume of the Mainland Simplified physical print version, titled “赤笛云琴记” (; English title: Memoirs of the Red Flute and the Heavenly Guqin) was published by China Radio and Television Press (中国广播影视出版社) in August 2020.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Taiwan's Pinsin Studio handles the currently ongoing publication of the Traditional uncensored print version, using its original title (“魔道祖師”; "Mó Dào Zǔ Shī"), starting with the release of Volume 1 in September 2021.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: An official online English translation was available at WeComics website from October 18, 2019, to September 14, 2021. It ran up to chapter 197 before being discontinued. On November 19, 2021, all the chapters were removed due to WeComics finalizing its migration as Webnovel, which does not hold licenses for several manhua titles, including "The Master of Diabolism".


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: "Mo Dao Zu Shi" official audio drama was produced by "Polar Penguin Studios" (北斗企鹅工作室 制作) in collaboration with "Sound Studio" (寻声工作室), and supervised by the original novel's author Mo Xiang Tong Xiu. It encompasses three seasons and is broadcast on the Chinese audio streaming app "MaoEr FM" (猫耳FM). It features voice actors Lu Zhixing (路知行) as Wei Wuxian and Wei Chao (魏超) as Lan Wangji.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The first season aired from June 8 to August 24, 2018, with a total of 12 episodes along with some extras. The second season aired from October 5, 2018, to April 5, 2019, with a total of 16 episodes along with some extras. The theme song for Season 1 up to mid Season 2 is "何以歌" (), performed by "Aki" (阿杰). Starting from Season 2 Episode 11, the theme song changed to "忘羡" (). This is a duet between Lan Wangji and Wei Wuxian, and is performed by "Wu En" (吾恩) and "Yu Xia" (余夏). The third season aired from June 17 to December 29, 2019, with a total of 17 episodes along with some extras. The theme song for Season 3 is "人间纵我" (), and is performed by Wu En and Yu Xia.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The audio drama features unique cover art for each episode, officially illustrated by various artists within the "Mo Dao Zu Shi" fandom. These include "Higga", "HAloggz", "A-Xin" (阿昕), "Qian Er Bai" (千二百), "Changyang" (长阳RIN), "SpoonKid", "Ma Que Su" (麻雀酥), "Qingshui Bai Taozi" (清水白桃子), "Zukiyn" (坠), and "mewkoala".


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The audio drama was a critical and financial success, praised for its storyline, faithfulness to the source material, production value, and the voice actors' performances. It amassed hundreds of million playbacks across all three seasons, with each episode placing on top of the weekly rankings during their original run. The series has garnered over 500 million playbacks . All three seasons still remain as the website's top 3 most listened to series in the overall ranking.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: "Mo Dao Zu Shi"’s audio drama OST boxset was released in 2020. The deluxe edition came with various merchandise, including: two official soundtrack CDs, an artbook featuring all the illustrated artworks produced for the show, a lyrics book, an autograph booklet with the staff members’ personalized notes and signatures, a music box playing the audio drama version of the Wangxian theme song, postcards, badges, and a USB flash drive containing video and audio recordings of behind-the-scenes moments and voice performers’ messages for fans.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The audio drama's massive success and popularity led to it being brought over to Japan for a localized adaptation, produced by "Brave Hearts" and in close collaboration with the original Chinese audio drama team. Known as “魔道祖師日本語版ラジオドラマ” (lit. ""Ma Dō So Shi Japanese Radio Drama""), it started airing on January 24, 2020, and is simultaneously broadcast on the Japanese audio streaming app "MiMi FM" and the Chinese audio streaming app "MaoEr FM" every Friday at 6pm Japan Standard Time (GMT +09:00). The show has broadcast up to the end of Season 2 .


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The Japanese audio drama stars Tatsuhisa Suzuki as Wei Wuxian (Japanese: 魏無羨; romaji: Gi Musen) and Satoshi Hino as Lan Wangji (Japanese: 藍忘機; romaji: Ran Bouki). Similar to the Chinese version, it features art illustrated by fans-turned-official artists, which include "Takikawa_v", "Gearous", "Minatu", "Zaneri", "Langlang_Ha", and "Usako".


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Physical CD boxsets get released every half season, containing the Japanese audio drama episodes and various special merchandise.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: An official "Mo Dao Zu Shi" audiobook was released by "Ximalaya FM" (喜马拉雅FM) from July to November 2019, consisting of 175 episodes with a total listening length of 47 hours and 16 minutes. Performance artist Zhang Zhen (张震), who also voices the character Jiang Fengmian in the Chinese audio drama, was specially invited to serve as the narrator.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: An animated (donghua) adaptation of the same name (; official English title: The Founder of Diabolism), was produced by Tencent Penguin Pictures and "B.C May Pictures", in collaboration with "729 Voice Studio". It premiered in China on Tencent Video on July 9, 2018, and concluded on October 16, 2021, with 35 episodes aired over three seasons. It features Zhang Jie as Wei Wuxian and Bian Jiang (边江) as Lan Wangji.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The donghua version of the Wangxian song, titled "羡云" (), was originally sung by "HITA" and released in 2019. A duet version sung by Zhang Jie and Bian Jiang was released after the final episode. In the actual show, Lan Wangji reveals that the song's title is "忘羡" (), in accordance with novel canon.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: A chibi spin-off series, titled The Founder of Diabolism Q, aired from July 31, 2020 to January 29, 2021 for 30 episodes. Most episodes are a light-hearted take on the events of the series, serving as re-imaginings or as gap fillers. Each episode runs for approximately 5 minutes. Per official synopsis, “"The Founder of Diabolism Q" takes the three periods of Wei Wuxian's life (adolescence, adulthood, and rebirth after death) as the theme, and selects the cute, warm, and healing parts as the main content. This spin-off hopes to heal those audiences who love "The Founder of Diabolism" donghua, but are “injured” by the melancholic plot of the show.”


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The novel was adapted as a live action web series titled "陈情令" (; official English title: 'The Untamed'), produced by Tencent Penguin Pictures and "New Style Media". It stars Xiao Zhan as Wei Wuxian and Wang Yibo as Lan Wangji. It aired in China on Tencent Video from June 27 to August 20, 2019 for 50 episodes; with two episodes every Thursday and Friday, before being changed to every Monday and Wednesday (GMT +08:00) starting July 1. The theme song, sung by Xiao Zhan and Wang Yibo, was titled "忘羡" () before being renamed to "无羁" ().


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: An upcoming Chinese mobile game, titled "The Untamed", is slated for global release in 2022 and it will be available on iOS and Android. The news was announced via Weibo on October 31, 2019The game will be a card and visual type game.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: During the serialization of her first web novel "The Scum Villain's Self-Saving System" in late 2014, MXTX slowly earned her reputation on the Jinjiang platform's danmei circles, and her following continued to grow within the year. She later revealed that upon writing "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation", she fully expected the novel to flop. She acknowledged that her chosen narrative techniques and the overall lack of indulgent points typically found in rebirth or transmigration stories could drive readers away, especially those who expected similar elements and tropes as to those found in "The Scum Villain's Self-Saving System".


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Contrary to this expectation, "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" has attracted a record readership on Jinjiang Literature City as well as for its multiple-language translated prints, and the series as a whole with its various adaptations has drawn in a devoted, active, and international fan base.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Per editor recommendation featured on the Simplified physical bookprint released in December 2018: "“Mo Dao Zu Shi has reached a score of 14 billion points on Jinjiang Literature City, has been bookmarked more than 1,090,000 times and has received in total more than 440,000 reviews. During the year, it has made the sales gold list, the thousand-word gold list, reigning supreme at the top of the charts and setting a new record! On Sina Weibo, the hot topic #MoDaoZuShi was the subject of nearly 6 million discussions and 6 billion reads!”"


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: After the August 4, 2021 announcement of her three novels' English release, #MXTX trended on Twitter in the United States and several other countries for almost the entire day. Less than 24 hours later, pre-order sales for "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" was at #8 ranking on Amazon. On August 5, 2021, it was ranked #1 out of all Barnes & Noble Bestsellers. For the next few days, it was Frontpage Trending along with MXTX's other two novels on Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and Fullybooked websites.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: In February 2020, "Mo Dao Zu Shi" (Korean: 마도조사; "Ma Do Jo Sa") was awarded the 'Rising Star Award' (뉴 스타상) by Ridibooks, the largest e-book service platform in South Korea. "Ma Do Jo Sa" was the only foreign work among the thirty novels to receive the award.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Upon the first volume's English release in December 2021, "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" debuted at #9 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Paperback Trade Fiction. The second volume was released on May 17, 2022, and was announced to have hit the #8 ranking on May 25, 2022, dated for the June 5 print of The New York Times Book Review.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: In December 2021, "Mo Dao Zu Shi" (Japanese: 魔道祖師; "Ma Dō So Shi") was awarded 1st place in the Best Novel category by “"Kono BL Ga Yabai!"," a BL guidebook released annually by NextFComics. On the same month, it ranked #5 in the Novel Category during ComiComi of the Year 2021, held by ComiComi Studio, an online BL shop. The awards were given to the top 5 most supported works by customers. In April 2022, it was ranked 2nd place as Best Novel during the 13th BL Award 2022, held by the Japanese BL information site “Chill Chill”.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Throughout much of its history, the size of "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation"'s fan community was in the millions. Its success among the audience was built on the solid foundation of its plot and worldbuilding, the moral standards and messages it tries to promote, its themes, the complexities of its characters, and the appeal of its featured main couple 'Wangxian', based on their personality traits, relationship history, motifs surrounding their love story, and their romantic and sexual dynamics.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Further explanations for the series' early prominence were the contributions of numerous fan creators: artists such as "Changyang", "Higga", "HAloggz", "Qian Er Bai", "A-Xin", "STARember" etc. helped build up the fandom immensely, as they provided compelling character visuals for people to latch onto before any official visual medium had been released. In addition to the above artists, others who started out as regular fans and ended up working for the various official adaptations that had been produced later are: "Mao Tuan Xiao Jian Jian" ("manhua" illustrator); "Shen Lin" (申琳), "Xu Xiaoyuan" (徐超渊), "Wang Yi" (蚂蚁_仙森), "ENO" (何何舞), "saka", etc. ("donghua" artists); and majority of the Chinese audio drama staff members including its executive producer (括号君; "Kuo Hao Jun"), director (图特哈蒙; "Tu Te Ha Meng"), and scriptwriter (六音; "Liu Yin"). In a 2016 fan-made audio dramatization of a Yi City arc scene, several voice performers who would later be cast in the official adaptations played the Yi City character roles. These are: Zhang Jie (donghua Wei Wuxian) as Xue Yang, Wei Chao (audio drama Lan Wangji) as Song Lan, Tu Te Ha Meng (audio drama Nie Mingjue and voice director) as Xiao Xingchen, and Kuo Hao Jun (audio drama Meng Shi and executive producer) as A-Qing.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: "Mo Dao Zu Shi"'s fan community within China is tremendous. Online platforms such as Weibo, WeChat, Lofter, Douyin, Bilibili, Zhihu, etc. have millions of active followers for topics surrounding the novel and each of its adaptations. New entries are posted almost every minute, with #MoDaoZuShi frequently on Hot Searches list. Discourses, cosplay photoshoots, fanarts, and fanfictions—one of which gained enormous popularity and became the basis for the widespread fanon about Lan Wangji's "Thirteen Years of Inquiry," also later implied to be absorbed by some adaptations like the donghua and live action drama—are abound. A significant amount of fan-made music and PVs has also been produced, some of the most notable being “问灵” () which was inspired by the aforementioned fanfiction, and the 2016 "同道殊途" (), which took four months to complete and featured 50 participants, some of whom ended up as official staff and cast members in the donghua and audio drama adaptations.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Every year, fan-organized events are held for important dates (characters' birthdays, holidays, milestones, anniversaries, etc.) whereby fans perform various activities such as buying screentime for billboards and PVs, and releasing fan-written songs.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Outside China, "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" has an expansive online following on platforms such as Ao3, Twitter, Tumblr, Facebook, Wattpad, Reddit, TikTok, and YouTube.Similar to the Chinese fandom, international fans engage in active discourses, interactive AUs, character shipping, and postings of new fan content on a daily basis. For the year 2020, the character pairing of Lan Wangji/Wei Wuxian was ranked #1 on fanfiction site Ao3's Top 100 list of pairings with the most newly written works.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Fans knowledgeable in Chinese language, culture, and traditions regularly embark on translation projects and educational posts that promote more insight and cultural sensitivity among foreign fans.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Russian artist and MXTX fan "Marina Privalova" illustrated the interior artworks for the novel's Russian and English releases.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: MXTX fans "Suika" and "Pengie" work on the novel's official English release as the translator and editor, respectively. They are also the official English translation team for MXTX's third novel, Heaven Official's Blessing. Artists "Jin Fang", "moo", "wenwen", and "minatu" who draw "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" fanart, provide the novel's cover art and bonus colored interior illustrations.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: Licensed merchandise from official stores under IP contract with "Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation" and "The Untamed" are frequently on sale and regularly supported by casual fans and hardcore collectors alike, both within China and abroad.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: "“Although its popularity exists largely outside of English-language pop culture, MDZS (as it is called) is widely popular on a scale that most stories will never approach.”" - Kali Wallace, (excerpt from a review article on tor.com)Though "Mo Dao Zu Shi" was not the first of its kind, the novel and its adaptations have been credited as significant influential factors in the emergence of the danmei genre in international fandom spaces. The story's popularity and fan demand led to foreign publishers securing the license rights to translate and publish the novel, even in countries that have never been exposed to danmei stories. "Mo Dao Zu Shi" has become a “gateway,” its success leading the way for official foreign publications of more danmei novels.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The novel's animated adaptation "The Founder of Diabolism", with its strong audience ratings and critical acclaim, had been considerably influential in the increased international exposure to the Chinese animation industry. Foreign viewers who were fans of Japanese anime discovered "The Founder of Diabolism" donghua upon its 2018 release and hailed it for its storyline and animation quality, and word-of-mouth eventually spread on myanimelist, Twitter, and tumblr websites.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: The live action web series adaptation "The Untamed" has been credited as a major contributor to the increased global presence and popularity of Asian media content, especially Chinese dramas. Actors Xiao Zhan and Wang Yibo both shot to widespread attention and stardom domestically and overseas after their breakthrough roles as Wei Wuxian and Lan Wangji, respectively. They have since become two of China's most popular, in-demand, and influential celebrities.


title: Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

text: In 2018, a star under the Scorpius constellation was named after Wei Wuxian, in time for his October 31 birthday.


title: Grant (money)

text: A grant is a fund given by an end entity grant – often a public body, charitable foundation, or a specialised grant-making institution – to an individual or another entity (usually, a non-profit organisation, sometimes a business or a local government body) for a specific purpose linked to public benefit. Unlike loans, grants are not to be paid back.


title: Grant (money)

text: The European Commission provides financing through numerous specific calls for project proposals. These may be within Framework Programmes. Although there are many 7-year programmes that are renewed that provide money for various purposes. These may be structural funds, Youth programmes and Education programmes. There are also occasional one-off grants to deal with unforeseen aspects or special projects and themes. Most of these are administered through what are called National Agencies, but some are administered directly through the Commission in Brussels. Due to the complexity of the funding mechanisms involved and especially the high competitiveness of the grant application processes (14%) professional Grant Consulting firms are gaining importance in the grant writing process. EU grants shall not be mixed with EU tenders, that can be sometimes similar.


title: Grant (money)

text: Another funding body in Europe is the European Council. Similarly there are calls and various projects that are funded by this council.


title: Grant (money)

text: Denmark has an educational universal grant system, SU ("Statens Uddannelsesstøtte", the State Education Fund). It is available to all students from 18 years of age, with no upper limit, who are currently taking courses. There are two systems of SU.


title: Grant (money)

text: In addition to the government grant scheme, more than 35,000 grants in Denmark exists, which is the second largest number of foundations in Europe by country. The foundations are estimated to possess 400 billion Danish kroner (US$60 billion) in accessible funds.


title: Grant (money)

text: Grant-giving organizations in Ireland include the Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology and Science Foundation Ireland for research grants.


title: Grant (money)

text: Grants are made available in the United Kingdom for a variety of business, charitable and research purposes. The biggest grant distributors are government departments and agencies which offer grants to third party organisations (often a charitable organisation) to carry out statutory work on their behalf.


title: Grant (money)

text: Other major grant distributors in the United Kingdom are the National Lottery, charitable trusts and corporate foundations (through Corporate Social Responsibility policies). For example, Google contributes to the grants process through its Google Grants programme, where any charitable organization can benefit financially from free Google Ads advertising if they share Google's social responsibility outcomes.


title: Grant (money)

text: Grants are time limited (usually between one and three years) and are offered to implement existing government policies, to pilot new ways of doing things or to secure agreed outcomes. A grant will usually only be given for a specific project or use and will not usually be given for projects that have already begun.


title: Grant (money)

text: Over the years the discipline of writing grant bids has developed into a specialised activity. Many organisations employ fundraising professionals to carry out this work. In the United Kingdom the fundraising profession is governed by The Institute of Fundraising and is independently regulated by the Fundraising Regulator in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and by the "Scottish Fundraising Standards Panel" in Scotland. The grant writing process generally includes search, proposal and accounting for competitive grant funds. Traditional search methods - for example referring to the Charities Aid Foundation Directory of Grant Making Trusts - are quickly becoming replaced by online fundraising tools.


title: Grant (money)

text: In 2016, the UK Government introduced proposals to include an "anti-lobbying clause" in grant-funding agreements, i.e. payments which "support lobbying or activity intended to influence or attempt to influence Parliament, Government or political parties, or attempting to influence the awarding or renewal of contracts and grants, or attempting to influence legislative or regulatory action" would not be treated as eligible for grant funding and therefore funded organisations would need to fund these activities in some other way. The Scottish Government indicated it would not be introducing similar measures.


title: Grant (money)

text: As of 2021, 6 out of the top 10 charities in England and Wales (as measured by expenditure on charitable activities) make grants to individuals and/or organisations.


title: Grant (money)

text: In the United States, grants most often come from a wide range of government departments or an even wider range of public and private trusts and foundations. According to the Foundation Center these trusts and foundations number in excess of 88,000 and disperse in excess of $40 billion every year. Trusts and Foundations are a little more complex to research and can be found through subscription-based directories.


title: Grant (money)

text: Most often, education grants are issued by the government to students attending post-secondary education institutions. In certain cases, a part of a government loan is issued as a grant, particularly pertaining to promising students seeking financial support for continuing their educations.


title: Grant (money)

text: Grant compliance and reporting requirements vary depending upon the type of grant and funding agency. In the case of research grants involving human or animal subjects, additional involvement with the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) and/or Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is required.


title: Grant (money)

text: Econometric evidence show public grants for firms can create additionality in jobs, sales, value added, innovation and capital. For example, this was shown to be the case for large public R&D grants, as well as for public grants for small and medium-sized firms or tourism firms.


title: Fantasy television

text: Fantasy television is a genre of television programming featuring elements of the fantastic, often including magic, supernatural forces, or exotic fantasy worlds. Fantasy television programs are often based on tales from mythology and folklore, or are adapted from fantasy stories in other media. The boundaries of fantasy television often overlap with science fiction and horror but also realistic fiction.


title: Fantasy television

text: Similar to the difficulty faced by scholars of fantasy film, classifying a television program as fantasy can be somewhat problematic given the fluid boundaries of the genre. Not all programs with fantastic elements may qualify as fantasy. Children's programs in particular often feature fantastic elements that do not qualify the program as fantasy, such as the giant talking avian Big Bird of the popular PBS series "Sesame Street". Nevertheless, some critics classify certain children's programs that feature traditional fantasy elements such as barbarian characters, wizards, and magic swords as part of the genre. See, for example, "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe".


title: Fantasy television

text: Programs for general audiences may also be difficult to classify. The program "The Twilight Zone" presented a series of unrelated stories, some of which were works of science fiction and some of which were tales of fantasy. The more generic term "speculative fiction" might be appropriate for such shows. Other series blend the fantasy and horror genres, such as "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel". And still other programs feature dream sequences or other surreal elements, yet would not be considered fantasy shows by most fans or critics. Some of these programs serve as examples of the magical realism genre rather than fantasy, such as HBO's "Six Feet Under", which featured a realistic setting except for occasional scenes in which living and dead characters interact. In the United Kingdom, the term "telefantasy" is used as an umbrella term to collectively describe all types of programs that feature elements of the fantastic.


title: Fantasy television

text: Some critics consider Superhero programs to be works of fantasy ("Superhero fantasy"), but others classify them as science fiction and still others consider them to be their own genre of programming. See, for example "Wonder Woman" and "Lois & Clark". Proper classification is similarly ambiguous for the Tokusatsu superhero programs from Japan, such as "Magical Squadron Magic Ranger".


title: Fantasy television

text: A wide variety of fantasy subgenres have been represented on television, both as original series and as television broadcasts of fantasy films. Typical examples of original programming in various subgenres include:


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: FV433, 105mm, Field Artillery, Self-Propelled "Abbot" is the self-propelled artillery, or more specifically self-propelled gun (SPG), variant of the British Army FV430 series of armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), using much of the chassis of the FV430 but with a fully rotating turret at the rear housing the 105 mm gun and given the vehicle designation of FV433.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: Designed as a Sexton replacement, its correct designation was "Gun Equipment 105mm L109 (Abbot)"; L109 was little used, probably to avoid confusion with the 155 mm M109 howitzer that entered UK service at about the same time. The name "Abbot" continued the Second World War style of naming self-propelled artillery after ecclesiastical titles. The FV433 used a different configuration of power pack from other vehicles in the FV430 series.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: A completely new ammunition family, comprising shells, fuzes and cartridges, was designed for Abbot's L13 gun, designated 105 mm Field (105 mm Fd). Compared to US 105 mm M1 type ammunition, it used electrical instead of percussion primers, and has longer shells. The widely used US M1 type round was called "105 mm How" in UK service. The 105 mm Fd came in two marks, both separate loading (shell and cartridge loaded separately). The 105 mm Fd Mk 1 was used initially, it had a UK-produced 105 mm How shell, mostly US pattern fuzes and reduced charge 105 mm Fd cartridges with their electrical primers (105 mm M1 uses percussion primers).


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: The Mark 2 adopted a new projectile design including an improved lethality HE shell (heavier with more HE) and full charge cartridges. Its shell types include HE, Smoke, Coloured Marker (Red and Orange), Illuminating, and HESH for direct fire against enemy armoured vehicles. Direct Action, Controlled Variable Time (CVT) and Mechanical Time (MT) fuzes were available for HE and Coloured Marker shells.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: Initially, there were three cartridges. Sub-zones 1 and 2 were only used to provide short-range in high angle fire and were soon replaced by a plastic spoiler slipped over the shell ogive. Normal cartridge gave charges 1–5, each bag being a different colour in accordance with established UK practice, Mk 1 normal cartridge only went to charge 4. Both marks had charge Super, a single charge cartridge, although the charge was reduced in Mk 1. Charges 5 and Super used extended "bags" that projected beyond the metal cartridge case. The 105 mm Fd uses double (often internationally called triple) base propellants designated N in UK service instead of the single based FNH propellants favoured by the US. The 105 mm Fd Mk 2 is still used with L118 Light Gun.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: Maximum range with 105 mm Fd Mk 1 ammunition was 15 km, the Mk 2 gave 17.4 km. Maximum rate of fire was 6–8 rounds per minute with 40 rounds carried in the vehicle.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: The gun was able to elevate to 70 degrees and depress to -5 degrees, sufficient to engage enemy AFVs if necessary. Traverse and shell ramming were powered by electrical servo mechanisms, elevation and cartridge ramming were by hand.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: Due to the number of charges and its compact turret, the Abbot did not have calibrating sights. Instead, the sight mount had both Tangent Elevation (TE) and Angle of Sight Scales with a separate Gun Rule to convert range into TE, corrected for the muzzle velocity variation from standard. The dial sight had all scales internal, illuminated and viewed through a single eyepiece.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: The Abbot was fitted with both line and radio Larkspur B48, then Clansman UK/PRC 352) communications to its battery command post, which used the Apparatus Loud Speaking No. 23, this enabled the gun No. 1 to acknowledge his fire orders merely by clicking his pressel switch. Initially, it also used induction loop communications for the turret and external crew.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: Shortly after the Field Artillery Computer Equipment (FACE) entered service in the early 1970s, the Gun Rule was removed and the Artillery Weapon Data Transmission System (AWDATS) installed. AWDATS displayed firing data transmitted from FACE in the battery command post via line or radio.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: The Abbot was able to swim across water, using a flotation screen fixed around the hull, raised to provide buoyancy. The action of the tracks was sufficient to drive it forward at about (see also DD Tank). Each Abbot was supported by an amphibious Stalwart High Mobility Load Carrier with additional ammunition.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: British Army Abbots were replaced by the AS-90 self-propelled gun in the mid-1990s. It was in service with the Indian Army, now replaced by the K9 Thunder self-propelled howitzer. No sources refer to Abbots ever being used in combat.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: A simplified Value Engineered Abbot without flotation screen, NBC defence equipment, power traverse, elevation or loading, a simplified dial sight and communications fit was exported to India. A small number were purchased by the UK for use at the British Army Training Unit Suffield (BATUS) in Alberta, Canada.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: A SPAAG version using an unmodified chassis with an alternate turret mounting two HSS 831L cannons was prototyped as the "Falcon" but limited ammunition capacity of only 310 rounds per gun led to its cancellation.


title: FV433 Abbot SPG

text: The Abbot's L13 105mm gun has been reproduced as a towed howitzer on a new carriage for the Indian Army.


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: The Teacher Eligibility Test, known as TET, is the minimum qualification required in India for a person to be eligible for an appointment as a teacher for Classes I to VIII. The test is mandatory for teaching jobs in Indian government schools. Similarly, UP Government introduced another qualifying after UPTET called Super TET. The TET is conducted by both the central and state governments of India. Most states conduct their own TET. The test is conducted to meet the objectives of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009. The TET certificate is valid for lifetime.


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: The Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) was introduced by the Government of India in 2011 to improve standards in teaching. Teachers already working were expected to pass the exam within two years.


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: The exam is based on the Government of India's National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education, and is a mandatory qualification for incoming teachers for Classes I through VIII. People with professional teaching qualifications, including the B.T.C (D.El.Ed), B.Ed, and B.El.Ed, are eligible to take the test. Candidates must score over 60% to pass.


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) maintains the TET database and guides government bodies on conducting the test.


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: The CTET was established when, in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) of Section 23 of the RTE Act, the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) received notifications dated 23 August 2010 and 29 July 2011 stipulating minimum qualifications for eligibility to teach Classes I to VIII. Passing the TET, conducted in accordance with NCTE Guidelines, is an essential requirement for appointment as a teacher in any of the schools referred to in clause (n) of section 2 of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE Act). Teachers Adda Result 2022


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: The national Ministry of Human Resource Development entrusted responsibility for conducting the Central Teacher Eligibility Test (CTET) to the CBSE, Delhi, which conducts the CTET twice a year. The CTET is held in 20 Indian languages. Approximately 14 lakh candidates apply to sit the examination. The thirteenth edition of CTET was held on 8 December 2019 in 110 Indian cities.


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: There are two papers: Paper 1, for teachers of Classes I to V, and Paper 2 for Classes VI to VIII. Candidates must score a minimum of 60% to become CTET Qualified, and the certificate is valid for lifetime. Successful candidates become eligible to apply for recruitment as teachers of Classes I to VIII in schools under the purview of the Central Government (KVS, NVS, Central Tibetan Schools, etc.), and schools under the administrative control of the union territories (UTs) of Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, and the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). The examination is demanding, with qualification rates of 1-14% in the exams held to date.


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: The TET was made a necessary prerequisite for appointment as a teacher to meet the following objectives:


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: TET weighting in the District Selection Committee (DSC) teacher selection entrance examination is 20%.


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: Some 4 lakh candidates sat for the 2012 test. In February 2019, thousands of candidates sat the Andhra Pradesh TET examination, which was held in several test centers.


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: The Uttar Pradesh Basic Education Board (UPBEB) holds its TET examinations (UPTET) once a year to select primary and junior teachers. The UPTET written exam comprises two papers:


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: In 2021, UPBEB conducted the UPTET 2021 exam in two shifts across 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh on November 28, 2021. but later exam got cancelled due to paper leakage. The re-examination was held on 23 January 2022 and the results were declared on 9 April 2022.


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: In 2017, UPBEB published its examination notification on 22 August, and the written exam was conducted on 15 October.


title: Teacher Eligibility Test

text: In 2018, the UPBEB notification was scheduled for publication on 15 September, with applications beginning on 17 September for the written examination on 28 October.