title: Group captain

text: Group captain is a senior commissioned rank in the Royal Air Force, where it originated, as well as the air forces of many countries that have historical British influence. It is sometimes used as the English translation of an equivalent rank in countries which have a non-British air force-specific rank structure. Group captain has a NATO rank code of OF-5, meaning that it ranks above wing commander and immediately below air commodore, and is the equivalent of the rank of captain in the navy and of the rank of colonel in other services.


title: Group captain

text: It is usually abbreviated Gp Capt. In some air forces (such as the RAF, IAF and PAF), the abbreviation is used; in others (such as the RAAF and RNZAF), and


title: Group captain

text: in many historical contexts, the abbreviation G/C is used. The full phrase “group captain” is always used; the rank is never abbreviated to "captain".


title: Group captain

text: On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the British Army, with Royal Naval Air Service captains and Royal Flying Corps colonels becoming colonels in the RAF. In response to the proposal that the RAF should use its own rank titles, it was suggested that the RAF might use the Royal Navy's officer ranks, with the word "air" inserted before the naval rank title. For example, the rank that later became group captain would have been "air captain". Although the Admiralty objected to this simple modification of their rank titles, it was agreed that the RAF might base many of its officer rank titles on naval officer ranks with differing pre-modifying terms. It was also suggested that RAF colonels might be entitled "bannerets" or "leaders". However, the rank title based on the Navy rank was preferred and as RAF colonels typically commanded groups the rank title group captain was chosen. The rank of group captain was introduced in August 1919 and has been used continuously since then.


title: Group captain

text: The rank insignia is based on the four gold bands of captains in the Royal Navy, comprising four narrow light blue bands over slightly wider black bands. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulders of the flying suit or the casual uniform. Group captains are the first rank in the RAF hierarchy to wear gold braid on the peak of their cap, informally known as 'scrambled egg'; however, they still wear the standard RAF officer's cap badge.


title: Group captain

text: The rank of group captain is also used in a number of the air forces in the Commonwealth, including the Bangladesh Air Force, Ghana Air Force, Indian Air Force (IAF), Namibian Air Force, Nigerian Air Force, Pakistan Air Force (PAF), Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF), Sri Lankan Air Force and the Trinidad and Tobago Air Guard. It is also used in the Egyptian Air Force, Hellenic Air Force, Royal Air Force of Oman, Royal Thai Air Force and the Air Force of Zimbabwe.


title: Group captain

text: The Royal Canadian Air Force used the rank until the unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968, when army-type rank titles were adopted. A Canadian group captain then became a colonel. In official French Canadian usage, a group captain's rank title was "colonel d'aviation". In the Argentine Air Force "comodoro" (commodore) is the rank in Argentine Spanish while in the Chilean Air Force, the rank in Chilean Spanish is "coronel de aviacion" or "colonel of aviation". Until 1973 it was used by the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), beyond that the sleeve insignia is that of a full colonel.


title: Group captain

text: In addition to the equivalents used in most air forces, such as colonel, other air services, especially non-combat auxiliaries in Commonwealth countries, have used a variety of alternative names for equivalent ranks.


title: Group captain

text: The equivalent rank in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force, Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force, Women's Royal Air Force (until 1968) and Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (until 1980) was "group officer".


title: Group captain

text: The equivalent rank in the Royal Observer Corps (until 1995) was "observer captain", which had a similar rank insignia.


title: Michael Pate

text: Michael Pate OAM (born Edward John Pate; 26 February 1920 – 1 September 2008) was an Australian actor, writer, director, and producer, who also worked in Hollywood in the 1950s and 1960s.


title: Michael Pate

text: Pate was born in Drummoyne, New South Wales, and attended Fort Street High School. Initially interested in becoming a medical missionary, but unable to afford the university fees due to the Depression, he worked in Sydney before 1938, when he became a writer and broadcaster for the Australian Broadcasting Commission, collaborating with George Ivan Smith on "Youth Speaks". For the remainder of the 1930s, he worked primarily in radio drama. He also published theatrical and literary criticism and enjoyed brief success as an author of short stories, publishing works in both Australia and the United States.


title: Michael Pate

text: During World War II, Pate served in the Australian Army in the South West Pacific Area. He was transferred to the 1st Australian Army Amenities Entertainment Unit, known as "The Islanders", entertaining Australian troops in various combat areas.


title: Michael Pate

text: After the war, Pate returned to radio, appearing in many plays and serials. Between 1946 and 1950 he began working in films. In 1949 he appeared in his first leading role in "Sons of Matthew". In 1950, he appeared in "Bitter Springs" with Tommy Trinder and Chips Rafferty. That same year Pate also adapted, produced, and directed two plays: "Dark of the Moon" and "Bonaventure".


title: Michael Pate

text: Later in 1950 he travelled to the United States to appear in a film adaptation of "Bonaventure" for Universal Pictures, which was released in 1951 as "Thunder on the Hill", starring Claudette Colbert and Ann Blyth. Pate spent most of the remainder of the 1950s in the United States, appearing in over 300 television shows and films. Most notable among those was a 1954 "Climax!" live production of Ian Fleming's "Casino Royale", in which Pate played the role of "Clarence Leiter", opposite Barry Nelson's "Jimmy Bond". On the big screen, he played the one-scene role of Flavius in "Julius Caesar", the 1953 film adaptation of William Shakespeare's play. In the same year he played for the first time the Apache chief Victorio, a role he would reprise several times in his career, in Australian director John Farrow's western "Hondo" playing opposite John Wayne. Pate later said that this was his favourite film role. He also went on to perform many Native American roles in movies and on television. In 1956 he appeared in the film "The Court Jester", and three years later he played the lead role of a gunfighting vampire in the horror film "Curse of the Undead". He played parts as well in episodes 27 and 28 of the 1957 television series "Zorro" along with Guy Williams. Pate in 1963 played the role of Puma, the Comanche chief in Andrew V. McLaglen's western "McLintock!", again playing opposite John Wayne.


title: Michael Pate

text: During his time in the United States, Pate became an acting instructor and lecturer, and wrote many screenplays and plays for American films and television series, including "Rawhide" ("Incident of the Power and the Plow" with Dick Van Patten) and "Most Dangerous Man Alive" ("The Steel Monster"). In 1959, he returned briefly to Australia, where he starred in a television presentation of "Tragedy in a Temporary Town", shown as part of the "Shell Presents" anthology drama series. After that project he returned to the United States for another eight years, during which time he enjoyed a successful career as a television character actor, appearing repeatedly on programs such as "Gunsmoke", "Sugarfoot", "The Texan", "The Rifleman", "Maverick" (S4 Ep23),"Branded" ("Call to Glory"), "Daniel Boone", "The Virginian", "Perry Mason" ("The Case of the Skeleton's Closet" and "The Case of the Wednesday Woman"), "Batman" (episodes 45 "The Clock King's Crazy Crimes" and 46 "The Clock King Gets Crowned"), "" ("Trek"), "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." ("The Foreign Legion Affair"), "Get Smart", "Rawhide" ("Incident of the Power and the Plow", "Incident at Superstition Prairie", "Incident of the Boomerang", and others), "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" ("The Traitor"), and "Wagon Train". In the 1963 movie "PT 109", he played the part of Arthur Reginald Evans, the Australian coast watcher who helped rescue John F. Kennedy and his crew. That role was of the few occasions when Pate played an Australian while working in the United States, others including "Four Star Playhouse" ("The Firing Squad"), "77 Sunset Strip" ("The Down-Under Caper"), and "Rawhide" ("Incident of the Boomerang", for which he also wrote the story-line).


title: Michael Pate

text: In 1966, Pate played Frenchy Godey, a scout for Kit Carson and the John C. Fremont (Dick Simmons) expedition in the episode "Samaritans, Mountain Style" of the syndicated series "Death Valley Days". In the storyline of that episode, Carson (Phillip Pine) and Gody stop to help a settler in dire straits. In an earlier "Death Valley Days" episode, "The Measure of a Man" (1963), Pate was cast as the notorious bandit Augustine Chacon. In that episode, Arizona Ranger Burt Mossman (Rory Calhoun) captures Chacon with the reluctant aid of another outlaw, Burt Alvord (Bing Russell), who has been promised a lenient sentence if he will surrender. Mossman handcuffs Chacon and orders Alvord to throw the key into the bushes. Soon Alvord is returned for the hanging he had avoided some four years earlier. In another 1963 "Death Valley Days" episode titled "The Peacemaker", Pate portrayed Navajo Chief Hastele. In that episode's plot Mormon pioneer Jacob Hamblin (David Brian) strives desperately to maintain a peace treaty with the Navajo after a white man kills some Indians who had come onto his property. Pate reprised the role of Victorio in the TV version of "Hondo" in 1967–68.


title: Michael Pate

text: In 1968, Pate returned to Australia and became a television producer, winning two Logie Awards while working at the Seven Network. In 1970, he published a textbook on acting, "The Film Actor". From 1971 to 1975 he starred as Detective Senior Sergeant Vic Maddern in "Matlock Police". After leaving "Matlock Police", Pate began working more behind the camera, continuing to work too in theatre in both Sydney and Melbourne. In 1977 he wrote and produced "The Mango Tree", starring his son Christopher Pate. In 1979 he adapted the screenplay for "Tim" from the novel by Colleen McCullough, as well as producing and directing the film, which starred Piper Laurie and Mel Gibson. Pate won the Best Screenplay Award from the Australian Writers Guild for his adaptation.


title: Michael Pate

text: His film appearances in the 1970s and 1980s included "Mad Dog Morgan" (1976), introduction in the biopic "The Battle of Broken Hill" (1981), "Duet for Four" (1982), "The Wild Duck" (1984), "Death of a Soldier" (1986), and "Howling III" (1987). Pate also appeared as the President of the United States in "The Return of Captain Invincible" (1982), in which he sings "What the World Needs", a song calling for the return of Captain Invincible to save the world. During the early 1980s Pate also collaborated with his son Christopher in a successful stage production of "Mass Appeal" at the Sydney Opera House.


title: Michael Pate

text: In 1951, Pate married Felippa Rock, daughter of American film producer Joe Rock. The couple had a son, Christopher Pate, also an actor, along with a number of grandchildren and great-grandchildren.


title: Michael Pate

text: Although Michael Pate retired from acting in 2001, he remained busy with voiceover work; and he was writing a screenplay at the time of his death. He died at the age of 88 at Gosford Hospital in New South Wales, Australia, on 1 September 2008.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: Anaconda, county seat of Deer Lodge County, which has a consolidated city-county government, is located in southwestern Montana, United States. Located at the foot of the Anaconda Range (known locally as the "Pintlers"), the Continental Divide passes within south of the community. As of the 2020 census the population of the consolidated city-county was 9,421, and the US Census Bureaus's 2015-2019 American Community Survey showed a median household income of $41,820. Anaconda had earlier peaks of population in 1930 and 1980, based on the mining industry. As a consolidated city-county area, it ranks as the ninth most populous city in Montana, but as only a city is far smaller. Central Anaconda is above sea level, and is surrounded by the communities of Opportunity and West Valley.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: The county area is , characterized by densely timbered forestlands, lakes, mountains and recreation grounds. The county has common borders with Beaverhead, Butte-Silver Bow, Granite, Jefferson and Powell counties.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: Anaconda was founded by Marcus Daly, one of the Copper Kings, who financed the construction of the Anaconda smelter on nearby Warm Springs Creek to process copper ore from the Butte mines. In June 1883, Daly filed for a town plat for "Copperopolis", but that name was already used by another mining town in Meagher County. Instead, Daly accepted the name "Anaconda", suggested by the United States postmaster of the time, Clinton Moore. Moore chose the name because of the important mining smelter already existing in the area. When Montana was admitted as a state in 1889, Daly lobbied to have the capital moved here, but it stayed in Helena, a location supported by rival William Andrews Clark, following a referendum.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: In 1903, the Socialist Party of America won its first victory west of the Mississippi when Anaconda voters elected a socialist mayor, treasurer, police judge, and three councilmen. The Socialist Party had grown within the expanding Montana labor movement. Initially, the Anaconda Copper Mining Company tolerated socialist activities, but when the Socialists gained political power and threatened to implement reform, the company systematically undermined the party. City workers and councilmen refused to cooperate with the new mayor, and the company began to fire Socialists. In the long run labor lost ground in Anaconda and the company exerted ever greater political control.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: The Anaconda Company expanded smelting capacity over time; by 1919 the Washoe Reduction Works could boast that its 585-foot (178 m) smokestack (Anaconda Smelter Stack) was the tallest masonry structure in the world and that the smelter-refining complex constituted the world's largest non-ferrous processing plant.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: In 1980, Atlantic Richfield Company closed the smelter, bringing an end to almost a century of mineral processing. While some aspects of the operation had been cleaned up under environmental laws, closing the smelter resulted in a large area contaminated with hazardous wastes. Since then, an operation for environmental cleanup was put into place by the federal Environmental Protection Agency and executed with the assistance of ARCO. The multimillion-dollar cleanup and redevelopment has resulted in the "Old Works" Golf Course, a championship 18-hole course designed by Jack Nicklaus.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: Anaconda joined with Deer County to form a consolidated city-county government in 1977. Part of Anaconda is included in the Butte-Anaconda Historic District.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: On main street is the Washoe Theater, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was the last theater constructed in the United States in the Nuevo Deco style. The theater was designed in 1930 by B. Marcus Priteca, an architect from Seattle and opened in 1936. It was listed by the NRHP for architectural significance in 1982. It currently is used for showing films, plus periodically hosting plays and other types of entertainment.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: Deer Lodge County voters have a record as the most consistently Democratic county in Montana for Presidential elections. These voters have not supported a Republican candidate since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. In the last five elections before 2016, the Democratic candidate has won by 21% to nearly 49% of Deer Lodge County's vote. In gubernatorial elections, the only Republican to carry the county in the last twenty years was Marc Racicot in the 1996 election. In that election the original Democratic nominee, Chet Blaylock, died and Marc Racicot carried every county.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: The city is in the 39th district of the Montana Senate and is represented by Democrat Gene Vuckovich in the 2019 legislative session.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: Elected in 2017, Bill Everett is the current CEO. The CEO is elected by a plurality vote on a non-partisan ballot for a four-year term.


title: Anaconda, Montana

text: Four schools are part of Anaconda School District 10, including a Head Start program; Lincoln Elementary (grades k-3), Fred Moodry Intermediate School (grades 4–6), and Anaconda Junior-Senior High School (grades 7–12). Anaconda High School is known as the Copperheads.


title: Philomena Lee

text: Annie Philomena Lee (born 24 March 1933) is an Irish woman whose life was chronicled in the 2009 book "The Lost Child of Philomena Lee" by Martin Sixsmith. The book was made into a film titled " Philomena" (2013), which was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Judi Dench's portrayal of Philomena, and Best Picture.


title: Philomena Lee

text: Lee is now an advocate and spokesperson for adoption rights. Lee has created "The Philomena Project" in order to raise awareness about adoption laws and find ways to improve them. In February 2014, she met Pope Francis to discuss adoption policies.


title: Philomena Lee

text: Lee was born Annie Philomena Lee in County Limerick, Ireland in 1933. Her mother died of tuberculosis when Lee was six. Her father, a butcher, sent Lee and her sisters, Kaye and Mary, to a convent school and kept his sons at home. After Lee completed her formal education at the convent, she went to live with her maternal aunt, Kitty Madden.


title: Philomena Lee

text: She married in 1959, had two more children, Jane and Kevin, and worked as a nurse. She divorced her first husband and later remarried.


title: Philomena Lee

text: When she was 18, Philomena became pregnant by a man named John, who worked for the post office. She was then sent to the Sean Ross Abbey in Roscrea, a place for unwed mothers. After giving birth to a son, Philomena worked unpaid at the Abbey, where she was forced to stay until she was 22, at which time the Abbey sold her 3-year-old son to be adopted by a Catholic family in the United States.


title: Philomena Lee

text: This was done without Philomena’s consent and against her wishes. At the time in Ireland, such treatment of unwed mothers was common practice. After forcing Philomena to sign the adoption papers, the nuns involved refused to disclose any details regarding her son’s fate, except that he was taken to the US. After she left the Abbey, Philomena moved to England and studied to become a nurse.


title: Philomena Lee

text: Around Christmas, in 2003, Lee revealed to her family that she had given birth to a son when she was 19, and she did not know his whereabouts. For decades, she had secretly been trying to find out what had happened to her son, without success. Her daughter, Jane, decided to approach journalist Martin Sixsmith at a New Year's Eve Party a few weeks later. She explained Philomena's story and asked Sixsmith whether he would be interested in helping them find out what had happened to the child.


title: Philomena Lee

text: Sixsmith agreed to take on the story. He and Philomena spent years researching, until they discovered her son had been adopted by an American couple, Doc and Marge Hess, who named the child Michael Hess. The Hess family also adopted a little girl named Mary from the Abbey; Mary and Michael grew up together as siblings. Sixsmith and Philomena eventually came to learn that Michael died (of AIDS) in 1995, and that for years he had tried, without success, to find his birth mother. Before his death he arranged to be buried at the Sean Ross Abbey, in the hope that his mother might someday find his grave, which she eventually did.


title: Philomena Lee

text: A script was developed by Jeff Pope and Steve Coogan based on Sixsmith's book. Stephen Frears directed with Judi Dench cast as "Philomena". The film was distributed by The Weinstein Company in November 2013 and was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actress, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Score.


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard is the thirteenth solo studio album by Paul McCartney, released on 12 and 13 September, 2005. Some 18 months in the making, the album was produced by Radiohead and Beck collaborator Nigel Godrich at George Martin's suggestion.


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: McCartney plays almost all of the instruments, similar to his 1970 album "McCartney" and the 1980 "McCartney II" album. In addition, "Chaos and Creation in the Backyard" marks the first time since 1984's "Give My Regards to Broad Street" that McCartney was not credited as producer or co-producer of one of his studio albums.


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: "Chaos and Creation in the Backyard" was McCartney's last rock album release for longtime label EMI. He signed a deal with Hear Music, owned by Starbucks, in March 2007. He later returned to his old label Capitol Records in 2016.


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: The two tentatively began a collaboration, recording the songs "This Never Happened Before" and "Follow Me" which was enough to convince both of them that they could develop an album. Godrich's participation was active: he inspired McCartney to write the song "At the Mercy", added piano loops on "How Kind of You" and worked with McCartney to slow the tempo of "Riding to Vanity Fair" which McCartney says "changed the mood completely". Although initially taken aback, McCartney appreciated Godrich's tenacity and honesty.


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: According to McCartney, Godrich was at times blunt in his appraisal of McCartney's songs-in-progress during the making of "Chaos and Creation in the Backyard":


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: Recording sessions for the album covered a period of some 18 months, with many pauses. First sessions were held at RAK Studios, London in September 2003 by McCartney and his band. After a few takes, Godrich said to McCartney he wanted to work with him alone, not involving the band. After some months' break, sessions resumed at Ocean Way Studios, Los Angeles in April 2004, with more sessions in September. Final recordings took place at AIR Studios, London in April 2005.


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: The cover for "Chaos and Creation in the Backyard" is from a photograph of McCartney strumming a guitar in his family's back yard in Liverpool, taken by his brother Mike McCartney (aka Mike McGear) and originally titled "Paul Under Washing", before being retitled "Our Kid Through Mum's Net Curtains".


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: The first single, the upbeat "Fine Line", was released in late August 2005, ahead of the release of "Chaos and Creation in the Backyard", and reached No. 20 in the UK. A second single, "Jenny Wren", reached No. 22 in the UK that November. "Fine Line" and "Jenny Wren" appeared on singles with their running time shortened. The singles also included five non-album b-sides: "Comfort of Love", "Growing Up Falling Down" ("Fine Line"), "Summer of '59" (vinyl edition of "Jenny Wren"), "This Loving Game" and "I Want You to Fly" (CD edition of "Jenny Wren").


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: The Japanese CD release of the album included the song "She Is So Beautiful". The song was also offered as a free download in Windows Media Audio format to US customers who purchased the CD at Target stores. Other bonus downloadable songs were made available to people who bought the CD at certain other stores, such as Best Buy and Wal-Mart.


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: There was also a promotional concert for the album held at Abbey Road Studios, called "Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road".


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: At Metacritic, the album holds an average Metascore of 78 out of 100, based on 19 reviews, which indicates a generally favourable reception. Advance reviews for "Chaos and Creation in the Backyard" suggested that after delivering "Flaming Pie", "Run Devil Run", "Driving Rain" and this album – all in uninterrupted succession – McCartney was in a late-career creative peak. Many critics and longtime listeners also considered that the album was unusually reflective and intimate-sounding for McCartney. The sudden shift in direction was generally considered an unexpected and welcome surprise, and resulted in four Grammy nominations for the album, including the nomination for Album of the Year.


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: Reviewing for the BBC, Daryl Easlea described "Chaos and Creation" as "Very, very good", and added: Riding to Vanity Fair', 'Too Much Rain', 'Anyway' and 'How Kind of You' are full of subtle nuances, killer hooks and sweet surprises. They really do rank among his very best work." In "The New York Times", Jon Pareles wrote that McCartney's return to a multi-instrumentalist role "makes the songs more intimate and less conventional", while remarking of the project: "Sir Paul chose a producer who favored the experimental side: Nigel Godrich … Sir Paul also lined up his best backup band since the Beatles: himself."


title: Chaos and Creation in the Backyard

text: In the US, "Chaos and Creation in the Backyard" debuted at the No. 6 on the "Billboard" 200 with sales of 91,545 copies. It stayed on chart for a total of 21 weeks, selling over 530,000 copies up to 2007. However, the album underperformed in the UK, peaking at the No. 10 and spending only three weeks inside the top 200, with cumulative sales of around 45,000 units. According to the annual report published by EMI, "Chaos and Creation in the Backyard" had sold 1.3 million copies worldwide by the end of March 2006.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: The Leichter Panzerspähwagen (German: "light armoured reconnaissance vehicle") was a series of light four-wheel drive armoured cars produced by Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1944.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: The Sd.Kfz. 221 was the first in a series of light reconnaissance vehicles designed to meet operational requirements including reliability, an ability to run on a variety of grades of fuel, simple construction and good off-road performance. However, this type proved too small and too lightly armed, so in 1936-37 a heavier version was planned, using one of two standard chassis for four-wheeled armoured cars - one with a front-mounted engine, the other rear-mounted. The latter was used in the Sd.Kfz. 222, which then became the standard light armoured car in German army service until the defeat of Nazi Germany.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: The vehicles were developed by Eisenwerk Weserhütte of Bad Oeynhausen by using the chassis of the type Horch 108 (one of the "Einheits-PKW der Wehrmacht" standardised designs of heavy off-road car for the armed forces) with an angled armoured body and turret.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: Chassis were built by Horch (Auto Union) in Zwickau and assembled by F. Schichau of Elbing and Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen in Hanover-Linden.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: The rear-mounted petrol engine was originally a 3.5 Litre Horch V8 with (Ausf. A chassis); from 1942, this was replaced by a 3.8 Litre with (Ausf. B chassis), giving it a road speed of and a cross-country speed of . It had a maximum range of .


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: Used by the reconnaissance battalions ("Aufklärungs-Abteilung") of the Panzer divisions, the type performed well enough in countries with good road networks, like those in Western Europe. However, on the Eastern Front and in the deserts of the North African campaign, this class of vehicle was hampered by its relatively poor off-road performance.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: The Sd.Kfz. 222 was fitted with heavier armament and a larger turret than the Sd.Kfz. 221 but it was still comparatively cramped and lacked top protection other than a wire screen designed to allow grenades to roll off, but this made using the main armament problematic. The machine gun was mounted co-axially with the autocannon, and both weapons were pintle-mounted, and fitted with an elevation and traverse mechanism and floor-mounted firing mechanisms. The turret was rotated by the traversing weapons rather than the weapons being fixed to a traversing turret. There was thus no bearing-ring and no turret basket, only a fighting compartment largely obstructed by the breeches of the weapons.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: When the limitations of the vehicle were highlighted during the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 the Sd.Kfz. 222 was gradually replaced in the reconnaissance role by the Sd.Kfz. 250 half-track, but the turret and armament of the Sd Kdz 222 was sometimes retained, despite its shortcomings (the Sd.Kfz. 250/9 variant was a Sd.Kfz. 250 fitted with a top plate surmounted by the same turret and gun combination of the Sd.Kfz 222 fitted to the half-track) Captured Sd.Kfz 222s were examined by Soviet designers before they created the similar BA-64 light armoured car.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: Front and sides were made of RHA; thinner plates protected the top, rear, and bottom. Cast vision ports later replaced ports cut into the armour. The open-topped turret was fitted with wire mesh anti-grenade screens. Beginning in 1939, the front armour was increased to . In 1942, the Ausf. B chassis was introduced; this had 30 mm of frontal armour, as well as a more powerful engine.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: Base model and first production series of light armoured car built on a standardised chassis for military use; full designation was "Leichter Panzerspähwagen (M.G.)" The Sd.Kfz. 221 was armed with a single 7.92 mm "Maschinengewehr" (MG) 13 machine gun, replaced from 1938 onwards with a "Maschinengewehr" (MG) 34. It had a two-man crew (driver and commander/gunner), and was equipped with four-wheel drive. Production ran from 1935 to 1940 with at least 339 vehicles produced. It was only produced with Ausf. A chassis and a maximum frontal armour of 14.5 mm. Some Sd. Kfz 221 were rearmed with a 2.8 cm sPzB 41 heavy anti-tank rifle in a modified turret.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: This version of the vehicle was armed with a 2 cm KwK 30 L/55 autocannon and one MG 13 machine gun; full designation was "Leichter Panzerspähwagen (2 cm)". The crew was increased to three by the addition of a gunner, relieving the commander of that task. In 1938, the MG 13 was replaced by an MG 34, and in 1942 the KwK 30 was replaced by the faster-firing KwK 38 of the same calibre. Production ran from 1937 to late 1943, with at least 990 vehicles produced.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: An armoured car with similar features to the Sd. Kfz. 221, but with the addition of a frame antenna and a 30-watt "FuG 10" medium-range radio set; full designation was "Leichter Panzerspähwagen (Fu)". Later versions of the vehicle were equipped with an improved 80-watt "FuG" "12" radio set. It was originally armed with an MG 13 machine gun, but in 1938 this was changed to an MG 34. The three-man crew consisted of a driver, commander and radio operator. Production ran from 1936 to January 1944, with at least 567 vehicles produced.


title: Leichter Panzerspähwagen

text: Unarmed radio car versions with long-range radio equipment and a large "bed-frame" antenna over the vehicle. Generally for signals use, three were used as armoured cars in Finland. The Sd. Kfz 260 was equipped with radio sets to communicate with aircraft, and the Sd.Kfz. 261 with radio sets to communicate with other ground units. By 1 September 1940, the manufacturers had orders for 36 Sd.Kfz. 260 and 289 Sd.Kfz. 261. Production ran from April 1941 to April 1943, with 483 vehicles of both types produced.


title: Medical Council of India

text: The Medical Council of India (MCI) was a statutory body for establishing uniform and high standards of medical education in India until its dissolution on 25 September 2020 when it was replaced by National Medical Commission. The Council granted recognition of medical qualifications, gave accreditation to medical schools, granted registration to medical practitioners, and monitored medical practice in India. The MCI faced persistent criticism for corruption.


title: Medical Council of India

text: The Supreme Court of India authorized the Central Government to replace the medical council and to monitor the medical education system in India with the help of five specialized doctors from July 2017.


title: Medical Council of India

text: The NITI Aayog recommended the replacement of Medical Council of India (MCI) with National Medical Commission (NMC). First approved by most states, followed by the Prime Minister, the NMC bill was passed into law by parliament and approved by the president on 8 August 2019. Once the National Medical Commission came into being on 25 September 2020, the 87-year old Medical Council of India was automatically dissolved and the Indian Medical Council Act stood abolished.


title: Medical Council of India

text: The Medical Council of India was first established in 1934 under the Indian Medical Council Act, 1933. The council was later reconstituted under the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 that replaced the earlier Act.


title: Medical Council of India

text: The Council granted recognition of medical qualifications, gave accreditation to medical schools, granted registration to medical practitioners, and monitored medical practice in India.


title: Medical Council of India

text: The MCI faced persistent criticism for corruption. The growth of privately run medical colleges, starting in the 1980s, presented a major regulatory challenge for the MCI. "Frontline" reported that corruption in the MCI was exacerbated by the amendment of 1993 (Section 10A) that gave powers to the MCI to endorse or decline the establishment of new colleges and courses in India. After 1993, the MCI neglected to maintain the Indian Medical Register (IMR) of registered medical practitioners in the country. Author Sanjeev Kelkar writes that the election process of the MCI was faulty since "those who are to be regulated get elected as the regulator."


title: Medical Council of India

text: In 2001, the Dehli High Court ordered the removal of the MCI president Ketan Desai after concluding that the organization suffered from a high level of corruption with Desai found guilty of corruption and abuse of power. Desai returned to the MCI in 2007 and was again appointed president in 2009.


title: Medical Council of India

text: The MCI was dissolved by the President of India on 15 May 2010 following the arrest of MCI's president Ketan Desai by the Central Bureau of Investigation(CBI) on 22 April 2010. Desai, alleged middle-man J. P. Singh and doctors Sukhwinder Singh and Kanwaljit Singh, were booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act. The CBI recovered 1.5 kg of gold and 80 kg of silver from Desai's premises. Further, gold worth ₨ 35 lakhs were recovered from Desai's bank lockers in Ahmedabad. Desai, the head of urology at B J Medical College and president of the Gujarat Medical Council was caught by the CBI for accepting a bribe of 2 crores to grant recognition to a private college. Desai was removed from the MCI and his registration cancelled.


title: Medical Council of India

text: The council was superseded by the President of India and its functions entrusted to a Board of Governors, notified on 13 May 2011.


title: Medical Council of India

text: The NITI Ayogg, an Indian government think tank, presented a draft towards a new National Medical Commission in 2016. Restructuring and reforming the MCI was also the subject of a 2017 report that was part of the Brookings India Impact Series. The Supreme Court of India authorized the Central Government to replace the MCI and to utilize a team of five specialized doctors to monitor the nation's medical education system, from July 2017. The Central Information Commission stated that the MCI had failed to disclose requested meeting notes and membership records surrounding the suspension records of Desai in 2017, and would not furnish the requested qualifications of professors and doctors who inspected medical colleges for the MCI since 2013.


title: Medical Council of India

text: The government of India issued an ordinance on 26 September 2018 to divest the functions of the MCI and replace it with a seven member board of governors. The National Medical Commission (NMC) was brought in to replace Medical Council of India (MCI) through an ordinance issued in January, 2019 by the President of India. The National Medical Commission Bill was re-introduced in the Lok Sabha on 22 July 2019. The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 30 July 2019 and by the Rajya Sabha on 1 August 2019. The National Medical Commission Act, 2019 came into force on 8 August 2019.


title: Medical Council of India

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, the Medical Council of India made necessary guidelines for the telemedicine in India which had previously been considered unethical. These regulations helped patients to consult their doctors during the pandemic without the need to visit the hospital.


title: Medical Council of India

text: "MCI Online" was the portal of the Medical Council of India for online processing of applications for registration (of medical qualifications) and for professional certificates. "MCI Online" also provided online search of the Indian Medical Register. Medical Council of India was superseded vide Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2018 (Ordinance 8 of 2018) dated 26.09.2018, by the Board of Governors. The Board of Governors assumed the functions of the Medical Council of India on 26.09.2018 AN.


title: Dear Boss letter

text: The "Dear Boss" letter was a message allegedly written by the notorious unidentified Victorian serial killer known as Jack the Ripper. Addressed to the Central News Agency of London and dated 25 September 1888, the letter was postmarked and received by the Central News Agency on 27 September. The letter itself was forwarded to Scotland Yard on 29 September.


title: Dear Boss letter

text: Although many dispute its authenticity, the "Dear Boss" letter is regarded as the first piece of correspondence signed by one Jack the Ripper, ultimately resulting in the unidentified killer being known by this name.


title: Dear Boss letter

text: The "Dear Boss" letter was written in red ink, was two pages long and contains several spelling and punctuation errors. The overall motivation of the author was evidently to mock investigative efforts and to allude to future murders. The letter itself reads:


title: Dear Boss letter

text: Initially, the letter was considered to be just one of many hoax letters purporting to be from the murderer. However, following the discovery of the body of Catherine Eddowes in Mitre Square on 30 September, investigators noted a section of the auricle and earlobe of her right ear had been severed, giving credence to the author's promise within the letter to "clip the lady's ears off". In response, the Metropolitan Police published numerous handbills containing duplicates of both this letter and the "Saucy Jacky" postcard in the hope that a member of the public would recognise the handwriting of the author. Numerous local and national newspapers also reprinted the text of the "Dear Boss" letter in whole or in part. These efforts failed to generate any significant leads.


title: Dear Boss letter

text: Following the publication of the "Dear Boss" letter and the "Saucy Jacky" postcard, both forms of correspondence gained worldwide notoriety. These publications were the first occasion in which the name "Jack the Ripper" had been used to refer to the killer. The term captured the imagination of the public. In the weeks following their publication, hundreds of hoax letters claiming to be from "Jack the Ripper" were received by police and press alike, most of which copied key phrases from these letters.


title: Dear Boss letter

text: In the years following the Ripper murders, police officials have stated that they believed both the "Dear Boss" letter and the "Saucy Jacky" postcard were elaborate hoaxes most likely penned by a local journalist. Initially, these suspicions received little publicity, with the public believing the press articles that the unknown murderer had sent numerous messages taunting the police and threatening further murders. This correspondence became one of the enduring legends of the Ripper case. However, the opinions of modern scholars are divided upon which, if any, of the letters should be considered genuine. The "Dear Boss" letter is one of three named most frequently as potentially having been written by the killer, and a number of authors have tried to advance their theories as to the Ripper's identity by comparing handwriting samples of suspects to the writing within the "Dear Boss" letter.


title: Dear Boss letter

text: Like many documents related to the Ripper case, the "Dear Boss" letter disappeared from the police files shortly after the investigation into the murders had ended. The letter may have been kept as a souvenir by one of the investigating officers. In November 1987, the letter was returned anonymously to the Metropolitan Police, whereupon Scotland Yard recalled all documents relating to the Whitechapel Murders from the Public Record Office, now The National Archives, at Kew.


title: Dear Boss letter

text: In 1931, a journalist named Fred Best is reported to have confessed that he and a colleague at "The Star" newspaper named Tom Bullen had written the "Dear Boss" letter, the "Saucy Jacky" postcard, and other hoax messages purporting to be from the Whitechapel Murderer—whom they together had chosen to name Jack the Ripper—in order to maintain acute public interest in the case and generally maintain high sales of their publication.


title: Dear Boss letter

text: The handwriting of the letter "Dear Boss" was compared to that of the supposed diary of James Maybrick in 1993. The report noted that the "characteristics of the Dear Boss letter follow closely upon the round hand writing style of the time and exhibit a good writing skill."


title: Dear Boss letter

text: In 2018, a forensic linguist based at the University of Manchester named Andrea Nini stated his conviction that both the "Dear Boss" letter and the "Saucy Jacky" postcard had been written by the same individual. Commenting upon his conclusions, Dr Nini stated: "My conclusion is that there is very strong linguistic evidence that these two [pieces of correspondence] were written by the same person. People in the past had already expressed this tentative conclusion, on the basis of similarity of handwriting, but this had not been established with certainty."


title: Camp (album)

text: Camp is the debut studio album by American recording artist Donald Glover, under his stage name Childish Gambino. It was released on November 15, 2011, by Glassnote Records. After releasing four mixtapes and three independent albums, Gambino signed a deal to Glassnote, making "Camp" his first album on a major record label. The album was co-produced in its entirety by Gambino's longtime collaborator Ludwig Göransson.


title: Camp (album)

text: "Camp" received generally positive reviews from critics, debuting at number 11 on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 52,000 copies in the first week.


title: Camp (album)

text: On September 6, 2011, Glover signed with Glassnote. The founder Daniel Glass says "There's a tremendous sense of rock'n'roll about him, an irreverence and an authenticity, He fits in with our roster because he's alternative. He liked our approach, which is very touring-intensive. Secondly, it's about how progressive he's been online: inclusive of his fans and very liberal with giving away music. He knows his audience."


title: Camp (album)

text: The album was made available for pre-order on iTunes on November 1, 2011. On the same day, the music video for "Bonfire" was released through Gambino's website and YouTube. The album was made available in its entirety for streaming on NPR on November 6, 2011.


title: Camp (album)

text: The album's lead single, "Bonfire", was debuted on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 radio show on September 17, 2011. "Heartbeat" was released as the album's second single on November 15, 2011, and reached 18 on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.


title: Camp (album)

text: On July 24, 2012, the music video for the song, "Fire Fly", was released on Vevo. "Fire Fly" was later serviced to British contemporary hit radio on July 30, 2012.


title: Camp (album)

text: On January 9, 2013, Gambino released his latest video from "Camp", "L.E.S." The song's title is an acronym for the Lower East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan, the location of the video shoot. Photographer Ibra Ake directed and filmed the video over "several nights" on the streets of the Lower East Side, in front of places like Pianos, and riding in cabs around the district; but not once does Gambino appear himself. While on tour in the summer of 2012, Gambino played this video in the background while he performed "L.E.S." onstage.


title: Camp (album)

text: "Camp" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 69, based on 27 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 6.7 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: Camp (album)

text: Barry Nicolson of "NME" dubbed it "the hip-hop album of the year" and commended Gambino's "focus on being [...] witty, heartfelt, honest and occasionally uproarious." Steve Lepore of "PopMatters" found the album to be "undoubtedly one of the best records of any genre to come out in 2011" and characterized it as "a juxtaposition of mostly depressing, self-loathing rap mixed with some of the most enjoyable post-"Graduation" music." In his consumer guide for "MSN Music", Robert Christgau complimented its "choral and orchestral movie music" and stated, "it's less surefire than "Culdesac". But it's more satisfying emotionally, because the autobiography reaches deep". "Mojo" stated, "The identity-crisis themed "Camp" trumps through whip-smart intelligence, comic brio and bristling malign intent." AllMusic editor David Jeffries commended Gambino for "taking indie hip-hop to new levels" and called the album "remarkable". Evan Rytlewski of "The A.V. Club" was more critical, stating ""Camp" is heavy with themes of racial expectations and cultural ostracism—big ideas that aren't always done justice by Glover's cartoonishly exaggerated, one-liner-laden flow."


title: Camp (album)

text: Mosi Reeves of "Spin" found the album to be "a bit of a mess. It veers wildly from poignant emotions to maudlin histrionics, often in the same song." "Pitchfork"s Ian Cohen stated, "While Glover's exaggerated, cartoonish flow and overblown pop-rap production would be enough to make "Camp" one of the most uniquely unlikable rap records of this year (and most others), what's worse is how he uses heavy topics like race, masculinity, relationships, street cred, and 'real hip-hop' as props to construct a false outsider persona." Claire Suddath of "Time" criticized Gambino for "bragging about all of the girls he's banged" too often, but complimented his "catchy, danceable sound very much akin to that of Kanye West" and stated, "Ultimately, "Camp" is a skillful album created by a conflicted man ... But if "Camp" doesn't have a motif maybe that's because [he] doesn't have one either. He acts, he writes, he still does stand-up, and yes, he also raps. Some people can't be put into a box that easily."


title: Camp (album)

text: "Camp" debuted at number 11 on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 52,000 copies in the first week. As of November 2013, the album has sold 242,000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan.


title: Camp (album)

text: All tracks were written and produced by Childish Gambino (under his real name, Donald Glover) and Ludwig Göransson.


title: Ijen

text: The Ijen volcano complex is a group of composite volcanoes located on the border between Banyuwangi Regency and Bondowoso Regency of East Java, Indonesia. It is known for its blue fire, acidic crater lake, and labour-intensive sulfur mining.


title: Ijen

text: It is inside an eponymous larger caldera Ijen, which is about wide. The Gunung Merapi stratovolcano is the highest point of that complex. The name "Gunung Merapi" means 'mountain of fire' in the Indonesian language; Mount Merapi in central Java and Marapi in Sumatra have the same etymology.


title: Ijen

text: West of Gunung Merapi is the Ijen volcano, which has a turquoise-coloured acidic crater lake. The lake is the site of a labour-intensive sulfur mining operation, in which sulfur-laden baskets are carried by hand from the crater floor. The work is paid well considering the cost of living in the area, but is very onerous. Workers earn around US$13 per day and, once out of the crater, still need to carry their loads of sulfur chunks about three kilometers to the nearby Paltuding Valley to get paid.


title: Ijen

text: Many other post-caldera cones and craters are located within the caldera or along its rim. The largest concentration of post-caldera cones run east–west across the southern side of the caldera. The active crater at Kawah Ijen has a diameter of and a surface area of . It is deep and has a volume of .


title: Ijen

text: The lake is recognised as the largest highly acidic crater lake in the world. It is also a source for the river Banyupahit, resulting in highly acidic and metal-enriched river water which has a significant detrimental effect on the downstream river ecosystem. During a scientific expedition in 2001, the pH of the lake was measured at <0.3. On July 14–15, 2008, explorer George Kourounis took a small rubber boat out onto the acid lake to measure its acidity. The pH of the water at the lake's edges was measured to be 0.5 and in the middle of the lake 0.13 due to a high concentration of sulfuric acid.


title: Ijen

text: Since "National Geographic" mentioned the electric-blue flame of Ijen, tourist numbers have increased. The phenomenon has long been known, but midnight hiking tours are a more recent offering. A two-hour hike is required to reach the rim of the crater, followed by a 45-minute hike down to the bank of the crater.


title: Ijen

text: The blue fire is ignited sulfuric gas, which emerges from cracks at temperatures up to . The flames can be up to high; some of the gas condenses to liquid and is still ignited.


title: Ijen

text: Ijen is the largest blue flame area in the world. Local people refer to it as "Api Biru" (Blue Fire). The other location at which blue fire can be seen is in Dallol mountain, Ethiopia.


title: Ijen

text: An active vent at the edge of the lake is a source of elemental sulfur and supports a mining operation. Escaping volcanic gases are channeled through a network of ceramic pipes, resulting in condensation of molten sulfur.


title: Ijen

text: The sulfur, which is deep red in colour when molten, pours slowly from the ends of these pipes and pools on the ground, turning bright yellow as it cools. The miners break the cooled material into large pieces and carry it away in baskets. Miners carry loads ranging from up to the crater rim, with a gradient of 45 to 60 degrees, and then down the mountain for weighing. Most miners make this journey twice a day.


title: Ijen

text: A nearby sulfur refinery pays the miners by the weight of sulfur transported; as of September 2010, the typical daily earnings were equivalent to approximately $13 US. The miners often receive insufficient protection while working around the volcano and complain of numerous respiratory afflictions. There are 200 miners, who extract 14 tons per day — about 20% of the continuous daily deposit.


title: Ijen

text: Ijen and its sulfur mining was featured in the 1991 IMAX film "Ring of Fire", and as a topic on the 5th episode of the BBC television documentary "Human Planet".


title: Ijen

text: In the documentary film "War Photographer", journalist James Nachtwey visits Ijen and struggles with noxious fumes while trying to photograph workers. Michael Glawogger's film "Workingman's Death" is about sulfur workers.


title: Zuiderzee

text: The Zuiderzee or Zuider Zee (; old spelling "Zuyderzee" or "Zuyder Zee") was a shallow bay of the North Sea in the northwest of the Netherlands, extending about 100 km (60 miles) inland and at most 50 km (30 miles) wide, with an overall depth of about 4 to 5 metres (13–16 feet) and a coastline of about 300 km (200 miles). It covered . Its name is Dutch for "southern sea", indicating that the name originates in Friesland, to the north of the Zuiderzee (cf. North Sea). In the 20th century the majority of the Zuiderzee was closed off from the North Sea by the construction of the Afsluitdijk, leaving the mouth of the inlet to become part of the Wadden Sea. The salt water inlet changed into a fresh water lake now called the IJsselmeer (IJssel Lake) after the river that drains into it, and by means of drainage and polders, an area of some was reclaimed as land. This land eventually became the province of Flevoland, with a population of nearly 400,000 (2011).


title: Zuiderzee

text: In classical times there was already a body of water in this location, called "Lacus Flevo" (Lake Flevo) by Roman authors. It was much smaller than its later forms and its connection to the main sea was much narrower; it may have been a complex of lakes and marshes and channels, rather than one lake.


title: Zuiderzee

text: Over time these lakes gradually eroded their soft peat shores and spread (a process known as waterwolf). Some part of this area of water was later called the "Vlie"; it probably flowed into the sea through what is now the Vliestroom channel between the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling.


title: Zuiderzee

text: The Marsdiep was once a river ("fluvium Maresdeop") which may have been a distributary of the Vlie. During the early Middle Ages this began to change as rising sea levels and storms started to eat away at the coastal areas which consisted mainly of peatlands. In this period the inlet was referred to as the Almere, indicating it was still more of a lake, but the mouth and size of the inlet were much widened in the 12th century and especially after a disastrous flood in 1282 broke through the barrier dunes near Texel. The disaster marked the rise of Amsterdam on the southwestern end of the bay, since the seagoing traffic of the Baltic trade could now visit.


title: Zuiderzee

text: The even more massive St. Lucia's flood occurred 14 December 1287, when the seawalls broke during a storm, killing approximately 50,000 to 80,000 people in the fifth largest flood in recorded history. The name "Zuiderzee" came into general usage around this period.


title: Zuiderzee

text: The size of this inland sea remained largely stable from the 15th century onwards due to improvements in dikes, but when storms pushed North Sea water into the inlet, the Zuiderzee became a volatile cauldron of water, frequently resulting in flooding and the loss of ships. For example, on 18 November 1421, a seawall at the Zuiderzee dike broke, which flooded 72 villages and killed about 10,000 people. This was the Second St. Elizabeth's flood.


title: Zuiderzee

text: The Netherlands was part of the First French Empire between 1810 and 1813. A département was formed in 1811 and named as Zuyderzée after the Zuiderzee, whose territory roughly corresponded to the present provinces of North Holland and Utrecht.


title: Zuiderzee

text: In 1928, the 6-meter and 8-meter sailing events for the Amsterdam Summer Olympics were held on the Zuiderzee.


title: Zuiderzee

text: Around the Zuiderzee many fishing villages grew up and several developed into walled towns with extensive trade connections, in particular Kampen, a town in Overijssel, and later also towns in Holland such as Amsterdam, Hoorn, and Enkhuizen. These towns traded at first with ports on the Baltic Sea, in England, and in the Hanseatic League, but later also with the rest of the world when the Netherlands established its colonial empire. When that lucrative trade diminished, most of the towns fell back on fishing and some industry until the 20th century when tourism became the major source of income.


title: Zuiderzee

text: Contained within the Zuiderzee were five small islands, the remains of what were once larger islands, peninsulas connected to the mainland, or in the case of Pampus, an artificial island. These were Wieringen, Urk, Schokland, Pampus and Marken. The inhabitants of these islands also subsisted mainly on fishing and related industries and still do in the case of Urk and Wieringen. All of these islands, except for Pampus, are now part of the mainland or connected to it.


title: Zuiderzee

text: The construction in the early 20th century of a large enclosing dam (the Afsluitdijk) tamed the Zuiderzee. The creation of this dam was a response to the flood of January 1916. Plans for closing the Zuiderzee had been made over thirty years earlier but had not yet passed in parliament. With the completion of the Afsluitdijk in 1932, the Zuiderzee became the IJsselmeer, and large areas of water could be reclaimed for farming and housing. These areas, known as polders, were respectively the Wieringermeer, the Noordoostpolder and Flevoland.


title: Zuiderzee

text: This enormous project under the direction of Cornelis Lely, called the Zuiderzee Works, ran from 1919 to 1986, culminating in the creation of the new province of Flevoland. The reclamation project was originally intended to also reclaim the former southwestern portion of the Zuiderzee, a polder that would have been called the Markerwaard, but this final stage of the reclamation project was indefinitely postponed in the 1980s.


title: Jen Hale

text: Jennifer Hale (born February 28, 1978) is an American journalist working for Fox Sports as an NFL sideline reporter where she is currently paired with Chris Myers and Robert Smith. She also covers NBA's New Orleans Pelicans for Bally Sports New Orleans and also covers college football for Fox Sports. She was a substitute host on the Fox Sports 1 shows "" and "Lock It In" before becoming the full-time moderator for "Undisputed" in 2022. She has covered The Basketball Tournament for ESPN as well as the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. She also worked as a sideline reporter for TNT's coverage of the first round of the 2017 NBA playoffs.


title: Jen Hale

text: Hale is a native of New Orleans, and was raised in Alabama. She graduated from Louisiana State University with honors where she was captain of the cheerleading squad, homecoming queen, and Miss LSU. Hale interned for CNN in their Washington D.C. bureau. She also got her Master's from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism and spent time in Germany on a fellowship to study the US–Germany relationship after the fall of Communism.


title: Jen Hale

text: Hale started her journalism career covering politics for KNOE-TV, a station in Monroe, Louisiana, which sent her to Baton Rouge as their capitol correspondent, then she went to WAFB, also in Baton Rouge. When she was a weekend anchor and reporter for WVTM in Birmingham, Alabama, she wrote a book called "Historic Plantations of Alabama's Black Belt" in 2009. She also was a fill-in correspondent for MSNBC during her time in Birmingham. Prior to her Fox Sports career, she was an anchor on WVUE-DT's morning show in New Orleans. She received a call from some friends from LSU to interview former athletes and special guests at LSU football games to put on their website. This and her work with the New Orleans Saints led to people in the Saints organization to recommend Hale to Fox Sports. She added the Pelicans job a year later. She worked as a sideline reporter for TNT's coverage of the first round of the 2017 NBA Playoffs. During the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, Hale filled in for Jenny Taft as moderator for "". She took over as moderator after Taft left the show in February 2022 and was officially named to the position in August 2022. She covered The Basketball Tournament 2020 in Columbus, Ohio for ESPN, staying in the bubble set-up during the Covid-19 pandemic as the only reporter on site.


title: Jen Hale

text: In 2015, Hale launched All Access Sideline Pass, an organization that focuses on educating and empowering young women in the New Orleans community through outreaches and seminars. She started the foundation after encouragement from former Saints running back Pierre Thomas. She also supports Alzheimer's Research, the Speech and Hearing Impaired Foundation among other causes and she's the Women's Health spokesperson for Thibodaux Regional Hospital. Hale was named one of New Orleans's top female achievers by "New Orleans Magazine" in 2015. In 2018, Hale revealed in a "Women's Health" article she co-wrote that she was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy during the 2016 NFL season. She wore a portable defibrillator for six months until medication she took helped get her heart rate back to normal. Since then, she has worked with the American Heart Association. She is a cross-fit enthusiast.


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare (alternatively and internally known as Alone in the Dark 4) is a survival horror video game and the fourth installment and first reboot of the video game series "Alone in the Dark", developed by Darkworks and published by Infogrames Entertainment, SA. The game was released in 2001 on several platforms including Microsoft Windows, PlayStation, Dreamcast, and Game Boy Color. A PlayStation 2 version of the game was also released several months after and only in Europe. The prequel comic "Alone in the Dark: Life is a Hideous Thing" was published in France by Semic comics in 2001 and was released in English in September 2002.


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: Set on October 31, 2001. Edward Carnby's best friend and partner, Charles Fiske, has been found dead off the coast of Shadow Island, a mysterious island near the coast of Massachusetts. Carnby's investigation quickly leads him to Frederick Johnson, who informs him of Fiske's search for three ancient tablets with the ability to unlock an incredible and dangerous power. Johnson pleads with Carnby to take the place of Fiske and reopen the investigation in order to recover the tablets. Carnby accepts and makes it his mission to find Fiske's killer. Johnson introduces Edward to Aline Cedrac, an intelligent, young university professor. She joins Edward to recover the missing tablets and assist Professor Obed Morton, whom she believes to be her father. While flying over the coast of Shadow Island, Edward and Aline's plane comes under attack by an unknown creature. Edward and Aline both jump out of the plane and parachute to the ground, but are separated immediately. Edward lands in the dense forest just outside a manor, while Aline lands on the roof of it. The game's plot is a separate canon from the main of the series.


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: The player is given the option of choosing which of the two protagonists they play as. Carnby's side of the plot is based mainly on fighting the monsters by physical means, particularly with his trusty double barreled revolver, while Aline's is more centered on puzzles. The two occasionally meet up, and the main areas of plot intersect.


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: The player soon comes under attack from Creatures of Darkness that appear out of nowhere and seem to be living shadows. These Creatures of Darkness are eventually revealed to be reptilian, silicon-based life forms from the center of the Earth, an enormous world of dark caverns known as the World of Darkness. Shadow Island apparently contains one of the many portals to this underground world. True to their name, the game's enemies are averse to light (which apparently turns them into ash), and this figures heavily in gameplay. Players can use their flashlight to repel certain creatures, and killing them is accomplished with such light-producing ammunition as magnesium bullets and phosphorus shells.


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: Light plays a significant role in this game. One of the game's main features is the flashlight that can be used to light up the game's darkened scenes, revealing hidden details and uncovering items. To this end, the developers crafted an unusual graphics engine which allowed the 3D player character's flashlight to properly illuminate and cast shadows on the 2D, pre-rendered backdrops. This was accomplished by rendering the backdrops at various levels of illumination and including information on the distribution of objects in the scene. The graphics engine could then properly use brighter versions of the backdrop where the flashlight was expected to be casting light, and leave shadowed areas dark.


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: For the first time in the series, the game was based on console development and released as a multiplatform title. Darkworks handled the development of the PlayStation and Dreamcast versions, the latter being released one month after the former and featuring major graphic improvements. Spiral House ported the Dreamcast version to Windows. It was released at the same time of the Dreamcast version, but suffers from sound conversion issues which turn the overall soundtrack into noticeably worse quality renditions. Spiral House also ported the Dreamcast version to the PlayStation 2 and released it several months after, with the addition of lip synchronization for the polygon models during cutscenes.


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: A Game Boy Color version of the game was separately developed by Pocket Studios. While older handheld systems would often abandon 3D environments entirely in favor of easier to render 2D sprites, the Game Boy Color received a relatively faithful version of the home console game. The Game Boy Color's cartridge-based format necessitated the loss of the full motion video cut scenes from the other versions, and many game play areas had to be reduced in size while some were eliminated entirely. However, the basic pre-rendered environments and 3D character imposed on top of them remain.


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: The game was released in North America by Infogrames, except for the PlayStation 2 version, which was only released in Europe. In Japan, the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 versions were planned to be released by Capcom, but these releases were cancelled. The game was eventually released in Japan for Windows in 2002 by CyberFront, featuring English voices and Japanese subtitles unlike the Japanese versions of the previous "Alone in the Dark" games, which were fully dubbed to Japanese.


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: The PlayStation version was released in May 2012 as a PSone classic on the PlayStation Network. As of September 1, it is also compatible with the PlayStation Vita, but is not compatible with PSP due to porting issues.


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: "Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare" was well received. The PlayStation and Dreamcast versions received "generally favorable reviews", while the PC version received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. "GamesMaster" gave the Game Boy Color version 90%, and "The Sunday Times" gave it the award of Game of the Week. According to Darkworks, "The New Nightmare" sold almost 1.4 million units by 2005.


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: AllGame gave the GBC version three stars out of five, saying, "Despite the frightening battle system and confusing play, the game is ultimately redeeming. It is definitely worth seeing; the eerie graphics can really pull a player into its spooky environment. But customers should think carefully before purchasing it, and not jump into things as fast as Edward Carnby did. Those who are patient and dedicated will probably find "Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare" very rewarding, while everyone else might consider this game a bit too difficult and trying." The website also gave the PlayStation version three stars out of five, saying, "This game should have been in development longer and more polished (there are numerous graphical glitches and clipping that occurs). A good game, but it could've been great. As with all survival horror games, play this game in the dark, and only at night. It's vital that you do, and it accents the game." "Edge" gave the same console version seven out of ten. "X-Play" gave the Dreamcast version three stars out of five and said that it " isn't really bad. However, it also isn't really new. It's just a shambling clone in step with the rest of the survival horror games. Perhaps its creators would have been better off evoking an old nightmare instead." Carla Harker of "Next Generation" said of the PC version in its October 2001 issue, "Despite its faults, very few PC games provide these kinds of Lovecraftian thrills and chills. "The New Nightmare" suffices." Jeff Lundrigan of the same magazine later said of the Dreamcast version in its final issue, "If you haven't tried any other version, Dreamcast is definitely the way to go with this one."


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: "Computer Games Magazine" nominated "The New Nightmare" as the best adventure game of 2001, but ultimately gave the award to "".


title: Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare

text: In 2005, a film adaptation was released called "Alone in the Dark" loosely based on the fourth installment. It was directed by Uwe Boll and was a box office flop costing $20,000,000, which was not recovered, and poorly received by critics, although it made a profit on the DVD market. Guinness World Records named the film the "Lowest-Grossing Game Based Movie" in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008 edition. An Unrated Director's Cut was released in Germany, France and Australia and was #1 on the German DVD market for three weeks.


title: Homograph

text: A homograph (from the , "homós", "same" and γράφω, "gráphō", "write") is a word that shares the same written form as another word but has a different meaning. However, some dictionaries insist that the words must also be pronounced differently, while the Oxford English Dictionary says that the words should also be of "different origin". In this vein, "The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography" lists various types of homographs, including those in which the words are discriminated by being in a different "word class", such as "hit", the verb "to strike", and "hit", the noun "a blow".


title: Homograph

text: If, when spoken, the meanings may be distinguished by different pronunciations, the words are also heteronyms. Words with the same writing "and" pronunciation (i.e. are both homographs and homophones) are considered homonyms. However, in a looser sense the term "homonym" may be applied to words with the same writing "or" pronunciation. Homograph disambiguation is critically important in speech synthesis, natural language processing and other fields. Identically written different senses of what is judged to be fundamentally the "same" word are called polysemes; for example, "wood" (substance) and "wood" (area covered with trees).


title: Homograph

text: where the two words are spelt identically but pronounced differently. Here confusion is not possible in spoken language but could occur in written language.


title: Homograph

text: where the words are identical in spelling and pronunciation (), but differ in meaning and grammatical function. These are called homonyms.


title: Homograph

text: Modern study of Old Chinese has found patterns that suggest a system of affixes. One pattern is the addition of the prefix , which turns transitive verbs into intransitive or passives in some cases:


title: Homograph

text: Many homographs in Old Chinese also exist in Middle Chinese. Examples of homographs in Middle Chinese are:


title: Homograph

text: Many homographs in Old Chinese and Middle Chinese also exist in modern Chinese varieties. Homographs which did not exist in Old Chinese or Middle Chinese often come into existence due to differences between literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters. Other homographs may have been created due to merging two different characters into the same glyph during script reform (See Simplified Chinese characters and Shinjitai).


title: Rajgad Fort

text: Rajgad (literal meaning "Ruling Fort") is a Hill region fort situated in the Pune district of Maharashtra, India. Formerly known as "Murumdev", the fort was the first capital of the Maratha Empire under the rule of Chhatrapati Shivaji for almost 26 years, after which the capital was moved to the Raigad Fort. Treasures discovered from an adjacent fort called Torna were used to completely build and fortify the Rajgad Fort.


title: Rajgad Fort

text: The Rajgad Fort is located around to the south-west of Pune and about west of Nasrapur in the Sahyadris range. The fort lies above the sea level. The diameter of the base of the fort was about which made it difficult to lay siege on it, which added to its strategic value. The fort's ruins consist of palaces, water cisterns, and caves. This fort was built on a hill called Murumbadevi Dongar ("Mountain of the Goddess Murumba"). Rajgad boasts of the highest number of days stayed by Shivaji on any fort.


title: Rajgad Fort

text: The fort has stood witness to many significant historic events including the birth of Chhatrapati Shivaji's son Rajaram I, the death of Chhatrapati Shivaji's wife Saibai, the return of Shivaji from Agra, the burial of Afzal Khan's head in the Mahadarwaja walls of Balle Killa, the strict words of Sonopant Dabir to Shivaji.


title: Rajgad Fort

text: The Rajgad Fort was also one of the 12 forts that Shivaji kept when he signed the Treaty of Purandar in 1665, with the Mughal general Jai Singh I, leader of the Mughal forces. Under this treaty, 23 forts were handed over to the Mughals.


title: Rajgad Fort

text: The fort is a significant tourist destination and is most sought after especially during monsoon. Visitors prefer to stay overnight on the fort considering the fort itself is huge and cannot be explored in a single day. The Padmavati temple on the fort can accommodate around 50 people. Water tanks provide fresh water all throughout the year. Villagers from the foothills of Rajgad sell local antiques and items to these tourists.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune () was the first office of the Roman state that was open to the plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power of the Roman Senate and magistrates. These tribunes had the power to convene and preside over the "Concilium Plebis" (people's assembly); to summon the senate; to propose legislation; and to intervene on behalf of plebeians in legal matters; but the most significant power was to veto the actions of the consuls and other magistrates, thus protecting the interests of the plebeians as a class. The tribunes of the plebs were sacrosanct, meaning that any assault on their person was punishable by death. In imperial times, the powers of the tribunate were granted to the emperor as a matter of course, and the office itself lost its independence and most of its functions. It was customary for the tribunes to be seated on the tribune benches on the Forum Romanum every day.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: Fifteen years after the expulsion of the kings and establishment of the Roman Republic, the plebeians were burdened by crushing debt. A series of clashes between the people and the ruling patricians in 495 and 494 BC brought the plebeians to the brink of revolt, and there was talk of assassinating the consuls. Instead, on the advice of Lucius Sicinius Vellutus, the plebeians seceded "en masse" to the "Mons Sacer" (the Sacred Mount), a hill outside of Rome. The senate dispatched Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, a former consul who was well liked by the plebeians, as an envoy. Menenius was well received, and told the fable of the belly and the limbs, likening the people to the limbs who chose not to support the belly, and thus starved themselves; just as the belly and the limbs, the city, he explained, could not survive without both the patricians and plebeians working in concert.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: The plebeians agreed to negotiate for their return to the city; and their condition was that special tribunes should be appointed to represent the plebeians, and to protect them from the power of the consuls. No member of the senatorial class would be eligible for this office (in practice, this meant that only plebeians were eligible for the tribunate), and the tribunes should be sacrosanct; any person who laid hands on one of the tribunes would be outlawed, and the whole body of the plebeians entitled to kill such person without fear of penalty. The senate agreeing to these terms, the people returned to the city.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: The first "tribuni plebis" were Lucius Albinius Paterculus and Gaius Licinius, appointed for the year 493 BC. Soon afterward, the tribunes themselves appointed Sicinius and two others as their colleagues.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: The ancient sources indicate the tribunes may have originally been two or five in number. If the former, the college of tribunes was expanded to five in 470 BC. Either way, the college was increased to ten in 457 BC, and remained at this number throughout Roman history. They were assisted by two "aediles plebis", or plebeian aediles. Only plebeians were eligible for these offices, although there were at least two exceptions.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: Although sometimes referred to as plebeian magistrates, the tribunes of the people, like the plebeian aediles, who were created at the same time, were technically not magistrates, as they were elected by the plebeian assembly alone. However, they functioned very much like magistrates of the Roman state. They could convene the "concilium plebis", which was entitled to pass legislation affecting the plebeians alone ("plebiscita"), and beginning in 493 BC to elect the plebeian tribunes and aediles. From the institution of the tribunate, any one of the tribunes of the plebs was entitled to preside over this assembly. The tribunes were entitled to propose legislation before the assembly. By the third century BC, the tribunes also had the right to call the senate to order, and lay proposals before it.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: "Ius intercessionis", also called "intercessio," the power of the tribunes to intercede on behalf of the plebeians and veto the actions of the magistrates, was unique in Roman history. Because they were not technically magistrates, and thus possessed no "maior potestas", they relied on their sacrosanctity to obstruct actions unfavourable to the plebeians. Being sacrosanct, no person could harm the tribunes or interfere with their activities. To do so, or to disregard the veto of a tribune, was punishable by death, and the tribunes could order the death of persons who violated their sacrosanctity. This could be used as a protection when a tribune needed to arrest someone. This sacrosanctity also made the tribunes independent of all magistrates; no magistrate could veto the action of a tribune. If a magistrate, the senate, or any other assembly disregarded the orders of a tribune, he could "interpose the sacrosanctity of his person" to prevent such action. Only a dictator (or perhaps an interrex) was exempted from the veto power.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: The tribunes could veto acts of the Roman senate. The tribune Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus imposed his veto on all government functions in 133 BC, when the senate attempted to block his agrarian reforms by imposing the veto of another tribune.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: Tribunes also possessed the authority to enforce the right of "provocatio ad populum", a precursor of the modern right of "habeas corpus". This entitled a citizen to appeal the actions of a magistrate by shouting "appello tribunos!" ("I call upon the tribunes") or "provoco ad populum!" ("I appeal to the people"). Once invoked, this right required one of the tribunes to assess the situation, and determine the lawfulness of the magistrate's action. Any action taken in defiance of this right was illegal on its face. In effect, this gave the tribunes of the people unprecedented power to protect individuals from the arbitrary exercise of state power, and afforded Roman citizens a degree of liberty unequalled in the ancient world. If the tribune decided to act, he would impose his "ius intercessionis" ("right of intercession").


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: Although a tribune could veto any action of the magistrates, senate, or other assemblies, he had to be physically present in order to do so.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: Because the sacrosanctity of the tribunes depended on the oath of the plebeians to defend them, their powers were limited to the boundaries of the city of Rome. A tribune traveling abroad could not rely on his authority to intervene on behalf of the plebeians. For this reason, the activities of the tribunes were normally confined to the city itself, and a one-mile radius beyond.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: In 471 BC the Lex Publilia transferred the election of the tribunes from comitia curiata to the comitia tributa, thus removing the influence of the patricians on their election.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: In 462, the tribune Gaius Terentillius Arsa alleged that the consular government had become even more oppressive than the monarchy that it had replaced. He urged the passage of a law appointing five commissioners to define and limit the powers of the consuls. By threat of war and plague, the issue was postponed for five contentious years, with the same college of tribunes elected each year. In 457, hoping to deprive the law's supporters of their impetus, the senate agreed to increase the number of tribunes to ten, provided that none of the tribunes from the preceding years should be re-elected.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: However, the new tribunes continued to press for the adoption of Terentillus' law, until in 454 the senate agreed to appoint three commissioners to study Greek laws and institutions, and on their return help to resolve the strife between the orders. On the return of the envoys, the senate and the tribunes agreed to the appointment of a committee of ten men, known as the decemviri, or decemvirs, to serve for one year in place of the annual magistrates, and codify Roman law. The tribunate itself was suspended during this time. But when a second college of decemvirs appointed for the year 450 illegally continued their office into the following year, and the abuses of their authority became clear to the people, the decemvirate was abolished and the tribunate restored, together with the annual magistrates.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: Among the laws codified by the decemvirs was one forbidding intermarriage between the patricians and the plebeians; the Twelve Tables of Roman law also codified that the consulate itself was closed to the plebeians. Worse still, in 448, two patricians were co-opted to fill vacant positions in the tribunate, although they proved to be of moderate views, and their year of office was peaceful. To prevent future attempts by the patricians to influence the selection of tribunes, Lucius Trebonius Asper promulgated a law forbidding the tribunes to co-opt their colleagues, and requiring their election to continue until all of the seats were filled. But relations between the orders deteriorated, until in 445, the tribunes, led by Gaius Canuleius, were able to push through a law permitting the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, and allowing one of the consuls to be a plebeian.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: Rather than permit the election of a plebeian consul, the senate resolved upon the election of military tribunes with consular power, who might be elected from either order. Initially this compromise satisfied the plebeians, but in practice only patricians were elected. The regular election of military tribunes in the place of consuls prevented any plebeians from assuming the highest offices of state until the year 400, when four of the six military tribunes were plebeians. Plebeian military tribunes served in 399, 396, 383, and 379, but in all other years between 444 and 376 BC, every consul or military tribune with consular powers was a patrician.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: Beginning in 376, Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, tribunes of the plebs, used the veto power to prevent the election of any annual magistrates. Continuing in office each year, they frustrated the patricians, who, despite electing patrician military tribunes from 371 to 367, finally conceded the consulship, agreeing to the Licinian Rogations. Under this law, military tribunes with consular power were abolished, and one of the consuls elected each year was to be a plebeian. Although this law was occasionally violated by the election of two patrician consuls, Sextius himself was elected consul for 366, and Licinius in 364. At last, the plebeian tribunes had broken the patrician monopoly on the highest magistracies of the state.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: Following their victory in 367, the tribunes remained an important check on the power of the senate and the annual magistrates. In 287 BC, the senate formally recognized the "plebiscita" as laws with binding force. In 149 BC, men elected to the tribunate automatically entered the Senate.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: However, in 81 BC, the dictator Sulla, who considered the tribunate a threat to his power, deprived the tribunes of their powers to initiate legislation, and to veto acts of the senate. He also prohibited former tribunes from holding any other office, effectively preventing the use of the tribunate as a stepping stone to higher office. Although the tribunes retained the power to intercede on behalf of individual citizens, most of their authority was lost under Sulla's reforms. Former tribunes were once again admitted to the annual magistracies beginning in 75 BC, and the tribunician authority was fully restored by the consuls Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Marcus Licinius Crassus in 70.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: The dignity of the office was further impaired when, in 59 BC, the patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher, who aspired to hold the tribunician power, had himself adopted by a plebeian youth, and renounced his patrician status, in order to be elected tribune for the following year. Although considered outrageous at the time, Clodius' scheme was allowed to proceed, and he embarked on a program of legislation designed to outlaw his political opponents and confiscate their property, while realizing a substantial gain from his actions.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: In 48 BC, the senate bestowed the "tribunicia potestas" (tribunician power) on the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar, who, as a patrician, was ineligible to be elected one of the tribunes. When two of the elected tribunes attempted to obstruct his actions, Caesar had them impeached, and taken before the senate, where they were deprived of their powers. Never again did Caesar face opposition from the tribunes; he held the tribunician power until his death in 44.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: In 23 BC, the senate bestowed the tribunician power on Caesar's nephew, Octavian, now styled "Augustus". From this point, the "tribunicia potestas" became a pre-requisite for the emperors, most of whom received it from the senate upon claiming the throne, though some had already received this power during the reigns of their predecessors; the granting of this authority was a means of designating a favoured member of the imperial court as the emperor's intended successor. Agrippa, Drusus the Younger, Tiberius, Titus, Trajan, and Marcus Aurelius each received the tribunician power in this way. With the regular assumption of the tribunician power by the emperors and their heirs, the ancient authority of the tribunes dwindled away.


title: Tribune of the plebs

text: Although the office of tribune endured throughout imperial times, its independence and most of its practical functions were lost. Together with the aedileship, it remained a step in the political career of many plebeians who aspired to sit in the senate, at least until the third century. There is evidence that the tribunate continued to exist as late as the fifth century AD.


title: Jake Livermore

text: Jake Cyril Livermore (born 14 November 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for club West Bromwich Albion.


title: Jake Livermore

text: Livermore began his career at Tottenham Hotspur, spending most of his tenure out on loan at clubs in all three divisions of the English Football League. In 2013, he moved to Hull City, initially on a temporary basis, becoming permanent at the end of the season. After amassing 144 appearances for the "Tigers" in all competitions, he joined West Bromwich Albion in January 2017.


title: Jake Livermore

text: Livermore earned his first cap for the England national team in August 2012 in a friendly win against Italy.


title: Jake Livermore

text: Livermore's career started in [Arsenal F.C's Academy] after leaving and joining Tottenham Hotspur's academy in 2006, making 39 appearances for the under-18 team and scoring nine goals. He made another 13 appearances for the reserves. On 29 February 2008, he joined Milton Keynes Dons on a month-long loan deal. He made his professional debut the following day in a 1–0 win over Chester City at Stadium MK, playing the last 14 minutes in place of Jordan Hadfield. Livermore played five matches for the League Two club, all as a substitute.


title: Jake Livermore

text: On 11 July 2008, he was loaned for six months to League One club Crewe Alexandra. However, in a friendly with Conference Premier team Wrexham, he fractured his fibula and subsequently returned to Tottenham to receive treatment which kept him sidelined for a protracted spell. Livermore signed a new two-year deal with Tottenham on 24 July 2009.


title: Jake Livermore

text: He joined Championship club Derby County on an initial one-month loan on 10 August 2009. He scored his first league goal against Nottingham Forest in a 3–2 away defeat on 29 August. In January 2010, he joined another club in the division, Peterborough United, until the end of the 2009–10 season. He scored his first goal for Peterborough in a 2–1 defeat at Sheffield Wednesday on 23 January. On 2 March, he was recalled from his loan due to a spate of injuries to the Tottenham squad. Livermore made his competitive debut for Tottenham in a 2–1 win against Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium on 20 March, coming on in added time for Niko Kranjčar.


title: Jake Livermore

text: On 23 September 2010, he was loaned out to Championship club Ipswich Town until January. On 24 March 2011, he was loaned out to Leeds United of the same division ahead of their final eight league matches and battle for promotion to the Premier League. On 2 April, Livermore made his debut for Leeds as a second-half substitute against Nottingham Forest where he had a hand in Leeds' fourth goal scored by Max Gradel. He was given a start against Reading, however he was substituted at half time after picking up a yellow card and lucky not to receive another for a tackle in the first half.


title: Jake Livermore

text: Livermore stayed with Tottenham for the 2011–12 season, scoring his first senior goal for Spurs on 18 August 2011 in the 5–0 UEFA Europa League qualifying win away against Heart of Midlothian, and ultimately made 38 appearances across all competitions.


title: Jake Livermore

text: Livermore moved to Hull City at the beginning of 2013–14 on a season-long loan, along with teammate Tom Huddlestone. He made his debut on the first day of the season when he came off the bench for Danny Graham in the 59th minute of a 2–0 loss away at Chelsea. On 1 December, he scored his first Premier League and Hull goal, opening a 3–1 home win over Liverpool with a shot deflecting off Martin Škrtel, Hull's first ever victory over the Merseyside opponents.


title: Jake Livermore

text: Hull reached the 2014 FA Cup Final, and Livermore started the match against Arsenal, which resulted in a 3–2 defeat at Wembley Stadium after extra time. In the close season, he joined Hull permanently for an undisclosed fee, one which was reported to have broken the club transfer record.


title: Jake Livermore

text: Following a 2–0 win against Crystal Palace in April 2015, Livermore was selected for a random drugs test. He tested positive for cocaine and, on 15 May 2015, was suspended by both the FA and Hull City for the remainder of the season. In August, Hull manager Steve Bruce revealed that Livermore had taken the substance to cope with the grief caused by the death of his newborn child shortly after the FA Cup final. In September 2015, a disciplinary hearing decided that the Football Association provisional ban would not be extended, as a result, his suspension by Hull City was also lifted.


title: Jake Livermore

text: At the start of the 2016–17 season, newly promoted Hull had only one fully fit recognised centre-back in Curtis Davies, so Livermore was selected to play as a centre-back alongside Davies.


title: Jake Livermore

text: Livermore joined Hull's fellow Premier League club West Bromwich Albion on a four-and-a-half-year deal on 20 January 2017 for a fee reported to be £10 million. He made his debut the following day in a 2–0 win against Sunderland at The Hawthorns, coming off the bench in place of James Morrison for the last 20 minutes of the match.


title: Jake Livermore

text: On 2 January 2018, Livermore had an altercation with a West Ham United fan at the London Stadium; he reported that the fan had taunted him about his son who died in infancy in 2014. The FA did not punish Livermore for the incident but warned him that such reactions could endanger himself and other fans. The West Ham fan was given an indefinite ban from the stadium.


title: Jake Livermore

text: In his 50th game for the Baggies on 21 April 2018, Livermore scored his first goal for the club as they came from behind to draw 2–2 with Liverpool. Two weeks later, he scored the only goal of a home win over his former team Tottenham, saving his team from immediate relegation.


title: Jake Livermore

text: Livermore made his first senior appearance for England in a 2–1 friendly win against Italy on 15 August 2012 at the Stade de Suisse in Bern, coming on as a substitute in the 69th minute for Frank Lampard.


title: Jake Livermore

text: After nearly five years away from international football, Livermore was recalled to the England squad in March 2017 by manager Gareth Southgate for a friendly match against Germany and a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Lithuania. He subsequently made his first start for England in a 1–0 away defeat to Germany on 22 March. Livermore was again called up by Southgate in May 2017 for a World Cup qualifier against Scotland, and a friendly against France.


title: Jake Livermore

text: On 16 May 2018, he was one of 5 players named on standby for the 23-man England national team squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.


title: Shoulder problem

text: Shoulder problems including pain, are one of the more common reasons for physician visits for musculoskeletal symptoms. The shoulder is the most movable joint in the body. However, it is an unstable joint because of the range of motion allowed. This instability increases the likelihood of joint injury, often leading to a degenerative process in which tissues break down and no longer function well.


title: Shoulder problem

text: Shoulder pain may be localized or may be referred to areas around the shoulder or down the arm. Other regions within the body (such as gallbladder, liver, or heart disease, or disease of the cervical spine of the neck) also may generate pain that the brain may interpret as arising from the shoulder.


title: Shoulder problem

text: The shoulder joint is composed of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) (see diagram). Two joints facilitate shoulder movement. The acromioclavicular (AC) joint is located between the acromion (part of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder) and the clavicle. The glenohumeral joint, to which the term "shoulder joint" commonly refers, is a ball-and-socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. The "ball" is the top, rounded portion of the upper arm bone or humerus; the "socket," or glenoid, is a dish-shaped part of the outer edge of the scapula into which the ball fits. Arm movement is further facilitated by the ability of the scapula itself to slide along the rib cage. The capsule is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint. It is lined by a thin, smooth synovial membrane.


title: Shoulder problem

text: The bones of the shoulder are held in place by muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Tendons are tough cords of tissue that attach the shoulder muscles to bone and assist the muscles in moving the shoulder. Ligaments attach shoulder bones to each other, providing stability. For example, the front of the joint capsule is anchored by three glenohumeral ligaments.