title: Dan Issel

text: In his first season, Issel led the ABA in scoring with an average of 29.9 points per game, and pulled down 13.2 rebounds per game. He played in the 1971 ABA All-Star Game and was selected to the All-ABA Second Team. Issel shared ABA Rookie of the Year honors with Charlie Scott of the Virginia Squires. Issel's success did not stop there, en route to the Colonels' 1971 ABA Finals appearance that postseason, Issel averaged 28.1 points and 11.6 rebounds per playoff game. Despite these averages, the Colonels lost to the Zelmo Beaty-led Utah Stars in a closely contested seven game series.


title: Dan Issel

text: The following season, Issel played in 83 of 84 games and raised his scoring average to 30.6 points per game. He was named the MVP of his second All-Star Game for scoring 21 points and collaring nine rebounds. Issel made the All-ABA First Team of that season.


title: Dan Issel

text: Helped by dominant 7'2" center Artis Gilmore, the 1974–75 Kentucky Colonels won the 1975 ABA championship, with key support from Issel and sharp-shooting guard (and fellow ex-Kentucky Wildcat) Louie Dampier. In Game 4 of the series, Issel led all scorers with 26 points. In six seasons, Issel led the league in total points three times (including a record 2,538 in 1971–72) and was an All-Star each year.


title: Dan Issel

text: Prior to the 1975–76 season, the Colonels traded Issel to the Baltimore Claws (formerly the Memphis Hustlers) for Tom Owens and cash. The Claws folded before the season's start, and Issel was subsequently traded to the Denver Nuggets for Dave Robisch and cash. During his first season on the Nuggets, Issel and his new team finished with an ABA best 60-24 record and advanced to the ABA Finals, where he averaged 22.8 points and 12.8 rebounds during a contested six game series loss.


title: Dan Issel

text: For his ABA career, Issel was a 6-Time ABA All-Star, 5-Time Member of ABA All-Pro Team, the ABA's 2nd All-Time Scorer (behind Louie Dampier, was the 1972 ABA All-Star Game MVP, 1971 ABA Co-Rookie of the Year, Led ABA in scoring in 70-71 with 29.4 ppg and holds the ABA Record for most points in a season with 2,538 in 71-72.


title: Dan Issel

text: Issel remained with the Nuggets following the ABA–NBA merger in June 1976, and represented Denver in the 1977 NBA All-Star Game. He remained productive, topping 20 points per game five of his remaining eight years. Issel played a key role in helping the Nuggets make the postseason every year of his tenure, alongside (at various points) fellow stars David Thompson, Bobby Jones, Kiki Vandeweghe, and Alex English. On January 31, 1980, Issel scored an NBA career high 47 points, including making 19 of 23 free throw attempts, in a 127-126 win over the New Jersey Nets. On January 21, 1981, Issel grabbed an NBA career high 21 rebounds, while also scoring 32 points, during a 129-115 win over the San Antonio Spurs. During the 1984 NBA Playoffs, Issel averaged his highest postseason per game scoring average since his ABA days with 27.4 points per game during a 2-3 series loss against the Utah Jazz. Retiring following the 1984–1985 season, after the Nuggets were eliminated in the Western Conference Finals by the Los Angeles Lakers, he received the NBA's J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award during his last season for his outstanding service to the community.


title: Dan Issel

text: In nine seasons and 718 NBA games with Denver, Issel averaged 20.4 points and 7.9 rebounds per game. Wearing number 44, Issel is the Nuggets' second all-time leading scorer. He accumulated over 27,000 points in his combined ABA and NBA career, trailing only Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Wilt Chamberlain and Julius Erving upon his retirement. Issel currently ranks #11 on the all time combined ABA/NBA scoring list. He missed only 24 games in 15 seasons, earning him the moniker, "the Horse". He was part of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 1993.


title: Dan Issel

text: After his playing career ended, Issel retired to his Courtland horse farm in Woodford County, Kentucky. He spent a year doing color commentary for Kentucky basketball games then became a Nuggets broadcaster from 1988 to 1992.


title: Dan Issel

text: Even with no coaching experience, Bernie Bickerstaff recruited him as Nuggets head coach in 1992. In 1994, Issel led his team to the playoffs with their first winning record in four years, after only winning 44 games in the previous two years. That year, the Nuggets pulled off the biggest upset to that date in National Basketball Association (NBA) playoff history, knocking off the Seattle SuperSonics in five games (the first ever 8th seed to beat a 1st seed in the first round). He resigned 34 games into the 1994–95 season after facing criticism for his coaching style, saying he didn't like the person he'd become.


title: Dan Issel

text: Issel returned to the Nuggets in 1998 as president and general manager. He named himself head coach again in December 1999, yielding his general manager's title to Kiki Vandeweghe. His second tenure was far less successful than his first; the Nuggets did not post a winning season during this time. He was hampered in part by a drawn-out effort to find a new owner; two deals to sell the team collapsed at the last minute. Just before the start of the 1999–2000 season, he told reporters that there were several decisions he simply couldn't make due to the unstable ownership situation. In 2000, Issel faced a team mutiny after he criticized them following a winless four-game Eastern road trip. The Nuggets' team captains called a boycott of their next practice, prompting interest from CNN and other news outlets. The team saw some improvement later in the season, but missed the playoffs with a 40–42 record.


title: Dan Issel

text: Issel's Nuggets tenure ended in December 2001. On December 11, after a close loss to the Charlotte Hornets, Issel heard a fan taunting him, as he walked off the court at the Pepsi Center. Issel taunted back, "Go drink another beer, you Mexican piece of shit." The incident was captured on Denver's NBC affiliate, KUSA-TV. The Hispanic Chamber of Commerce responded by stating that its members would boycott the team unless Issel was fired. Issel was suspended without pay for four games by the team. He publicly apologized the next day, and on Friday met with Hispanic chamber representatives, who accepted his apology. However, several members of Denver's Hispanic community thought the suspension was insufficient punishment and called for him to be fired. Hours before he was due to return, Issel took a leave of absence to decide whether he wanted to return. He accepted a buyout of his contract and resigned on December 26.


title: Dan Issel

text: Issel's wife Cheri, whom he met at the University of Kentucky, is an accomplished artist. Cheri was a cheerleader at Kentucky. The Issels have two children, Sheridan and Scott.


title: Dan Issel

text: Greg Issel, Dan's younger brother, was a star forward on Batavia teams in 1968 and 1969, following Dan. Greg Issel died suddenly of heart failure in 1998 at the age of 46.


title: Dan Issel

text: In 2011, Issel served as executive director at the Bel Air Presbyterian Church in Los Angeles. As of 2014, he lived in Windsor, Colorado, and was employed in the oil and gas business.


title: Dan Issel

text: In 2017, Issel served as speaker at Batavia High School's gymnasium to honor a family friend, fellow Batavia classmate and national sportscaster Craig Sager, after Sager's death. Sager and Issel were basketball teammates at Batavia High School when Sager was a freshman and Issel a senior.


title: Dan Issel

text: In February 2018, Issel became president of the Louisville Basketball Investment and Support Group, a Kentucky-based company founded in 2016 to pursue an NBA franchise.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: Miley Jab Hum Tum ("When you and I met") is an Indian teen drama television series that aired on STAR One from 22 September 2008 to 19 November 2010. The show is about falling in love during college and developing relations for a lifetime. The show stars Mohit Sehgal, Sanaya Irani, Rati Pandey and Arjun Bijlani. The series is available digitally on Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: The story begins at Excel College with the introduction of the basketball champion and college stud, Samrat Shergill (Mohit Sehgal) and the college diva Dia (Navina Bole) and their buddies Benji and Uday. Also studying at Excel are sisters Nupur Bhushan (Rati Pandey) and Gunjan Bhushan (Sanaya Irani) who left rural Morena for Mumbai. While Nupur loves fashion and is carefree and believes that one day she would find the man of her dreams, Gunjan is an introvert and though being the younger one, is more responsible and spends most of her time studying. They are cousins of the "Queen Bee" Dia and "Dodo" Uday. Dia is horrified by the news of their arrival at Excel and does everything in her power to make their lives miserable but in vain. Lead athlete and college star Samrat and his close friend Benji (Abhishek Sharma) are Dia's friends. At the same time, Mayank Sharma (Arjun Bijlani) is introduced as the geeky Greek god of Excel, a close rival and later a close friend of Samrat.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: While Gunjan is reluctant to make friends so early, Nupur tries different outfits to look modern but ends up as a fashion disaster. Both sisters are ragged by Dia and the gang. While Mayank rescues Nupur from being locked in the men's washroom, Samrat disguises himself as a shy, studious guy to make fun of Gunjan and later saves her from drowning in a pool. Nupur receives Mayank as a project partner, dance partner, and traveling partner, while Gunjan gets pushed into a talent parade by Samrat and returns the support by tutoring him. Some misunderstandings build between Nupur and Mayank, and he refuses to represent the college with her in a competition. Dia dislikes the closeness of Gunjan with her crush and tries to bring down Gunjan in several ways, but fails. Nupur and Mayank end up fighting most of the time, but eventually, Mayank falls for Nupur when they go for the intercollegiate meet. He even saves her from goons which lead to injury in his shoulder. Gunjan becomes friends with Samrat when she realizes that he was helping her build her confidence throughout the RJ hunt, wanting nothing in return. Samrat and Dia begin losing the spark in their friendship as he starts spending most of the time with Gunjan. Meanwhile, Uday starts liking CJ. After the Holi party, Mayank drinks bhang and, under its effect, apologizes to Nupur for the misunderstanding that happened earlier. At the same time, Samrat drops Gunjan home and meets Dia outside her house, thus trying to balance both friendships. As time passes, Gunjan misinterprets subtleties from Samrat and begins to harbour an unstated love for him, just as he clarifies Gunjan to be his closest friend, unaware of his own feelings for her while being oblivious to her one-sided love. Mayank, disregarding his love, feuds with Nupur, though later they too become best friends.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: Sheena (Preeti Keswani), a talented and attractive actress, enters Excel along with Ranvijay (Khushank Arora), a daredevil, rich and spoilt playboy. Sheena and Samrat strike up a relationship. Ranvijay almost hits Gunjan and Samrat with his bike, troubles Benji while he was with Samrat and flirts with Dia, which angers Samrat. Samrat dislikes Ranjivay and warns him to stay away from his friends. Seeing Samrat and her friendship weakening day by day, initially reluctant, Dia accepts Ranjivay's friendship as she feels that this would make Samrat jealous. Gunjan tells Samrat that Sheena will not allow their unique friendship to continue and asks him to stay away from Ranvijay. Samrat reluctantly agrees. Ranvijay gives Dia a lift to college on his bike while Samrat offers a lift to Sheena. They both have a bike race till college in which Samrat wins. He later rebukes Candy (the name given to Dia by Samrat) for taking a lift from Ranvijay despite having her own car. She replies by saying that he's not the only cool guy in college, and others can be happening too, indicating Ranvijay. One day, Samrat and Mayank fight with Ranjivay and his goons, in which Samrat gets hurt. Angered by the event, Dia slaps Ranjivay in front of the entire college and breaks their friendship. Ranvijay decides to take revenge on Samrat and Dia. He uses his charm to win back Dia's trust and makes her fall in love with him. After rejection from CJ, Uday falls for the newly appointed Dramatics teacher, Tamanna. The entire gang bags a role in the college play while Uday organises it. Mayank-Nupur, Samrat-Sheena, Dia-Ranvijay are paired together. Dia and Gunjan do not like Sheena's closeness with Samrat but don't say anything. During rehearsals, Mayank realises that his love for Nupur is inevitable and decides to make Nupur realize that she also loves him. During the college play, Mayank dramatically confesses his love for Nupur on stage, and they begin a relationship secretly with others. Later, Dia plans a surprise birthday party for Uday and invites Ranjivay but doesn't invite Sheena. Samrat is upset with this and confronts Dia. Dia tells him that Sheena's wavelength doesn't match their group and that they talk to her only because of him. Dia also tells him that Ranvijay has proposed to her and that she's not said yes to him and wanted to ask her best friend first before taking any decision. Samrat explains that there should be a strong friendship between two people before getting into a relationship. Dia questions the reference of friendship made by him; should it be like Samrat and hers or Samrat and Gunjan's. This leaves Samrat baffled. Dia changes the topic by saying that he takes a lot of time in friendship but not in case of love mentioning that Samrat and Sheena's relationship is going at rocket fast speed and there was no time for them to be friends first. Samrat and Dia decide that they will try to be friends with Ranvijay and Sheena, respectively, for their best friend's sake and even agree to go on a double date. At a subsequent party, Sheena frames Gunjan for trying to drown her, but Samrat doesn't believe her and supports Gunjan and breaks up with her. After leaving the party, Ranvijay frames Samrat for a drunk driving accident. He also insults Dia by revealing that she spent a night at his house when she got drenched in the rain, thus fulfilling his revenge. The gang manages to prove his innocence in court, and both Sheena and Ranvijay leave. Dia has a change of heart. She now respects her siblings and friends more after seeing their support during her low phase. Mayank tries to cheer her up, saying that this incident has brought 3 positives things in her life- she got closer to her best friend Samrat; she got close to her family, and she also has a chance to make some new friends like him. While Dia is surprised to see the newly changed Mayank, Nupur is thrilled that Mayank cares for her and her entire family.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: During the brief time spent in jail, Samrat realizes his intense love for Gunjan because of others' remarks since that day. When he mistakenly calls Dia by Gunjan's name (Chashmish, as he often calls her) while saving her from falling off the ladder, he realizes that Gunjan is all over his head. Later, Gunjan believes that he has heard her extensive confession. Through a series of unfortunate circumstances, neither of them communicates their feelings leading to an extension of their friendship and a misunderstanding. Both sisters are hurt from their relationship difficulties and decide to immediately take a leave from Excel for an upcoming family wedding in Morena.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: After the sisters leave, the gang feels lonely, knowing Dia and Uday would leave soon as well for the function. Mayank, wanting to apologize to Nupur for hiding their relationship and scolding her, follows her to Morena and enters the Bhushan household posing as Nupur's childhood friend 'Bablu' who has come to consider marrying her. Samrat and Benji reach Morena as Dia and Uday's friends. Samrat finally expresses his love to Gunjan on the night of Dusshera. Mayank promises to commit to Nupur.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: Mayank suddenly finds out that his mother lost her job and leaves immediately without telling anyone. Nupur assumes their relationship is over and is furious. Her parents, Shashi and Ratna, form a negative opinion about Mayank. Ratna faults Samrat as well for his disruption during a religious ritual and asks him to leave immediately. Touched by Samrat's apology, Shashi hands him the responsibility of his daughters. The gang leaves for Mumbai.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: Back at Excel, with Samrat's plan, Nupur tries to convince Mayank but in vain. She faints while running to stop Mayank, Nupur and Mayank can sort out their differences, and Mayank confesses his love to her in front of the public. Samrat and Gunjan are delighted to hear this conversation via Benji while being locked in a room that was initially set up for Mayank and Nupur. Samrat and Gunjan go on their first date. Mayank's mother finds a new job in Bangalore. While Mayank is gone, Ratna and the Bhushan family decide to get Nupur married and send the match, Bablu, to college. This new character is Adhiraj (Nishant Singh Malkani), Nupur's childhood friend and expected suitor. Adhiraj mistakes another Nupur to be the Nupur he is looking for. The gang takes advantage of this, and Adhiraj and the new Nupur begin to like each other.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: The new Nupur gains everyone's trust and befriends them. However, she feels a strong affinity for Samrat. Her extreme concern for him creates doubt in Gunjan's mind. The new Nupur insists Samrat teach her basketball - an excuse to stay close to him. Meanwhile, Gunjan finds her passport, and it is revealed to her that the new Nupur is actually Suhani Shergil. Mayank returns to surprise his friends and comes to learn of what the gang has been up to and convinces them to tell Adhiraj the truth about Nupur. On questioning, Suhaani tells Gunjan that she is Samrat's long lost sister and how Samrat lived alone from a young age and begrudged the entire family because of his parents' bitter divorce. In the custody battle, he was separated from his sister and has since believed that his mother chose his sister over him. Suhaani had been living in London with their mother before coming to Excel to reunite with Samrat. Gunjan agrees to help her reunite with Samrat. Samrat is irked by the habit of Suhani reminding him of his past. He often ends up losing his temper and shouts at her. While he's confused about his extreme behaviour towards Suhani, he gets concerned when he mistakenly hits Suhani with his basketball. But again ends up scolding her publicly when she asks him if his guilt of hitting someone the same way in his childhood. However, Gunjan always plays the peacemaker. Suhani cooks Samrat's favourite dessert about which nobody knew, and this makes him suspicious. Suhani tries a good luck charm on Samrat's hand, wishing him all the best for the upcoming match in which Adiraj and Samrat both were participating. Later, Mayank and Nupur learn about Suhani's identity. At a party, Samrat compliments Suhani when she was dancing, which makes her really happy. When Samrat hugs her while dancing, she is overwhelmed and couldn't control her tears and runs away for the party. Samrat goes behind her and gets severely injured while saving her from getting hit by a bike. Suhani panics and takes him to the hospital with the gang's help. Adiraj questions Suhani about her feelings for Samrat when he sees her in a miserable condition in the hospital. Samrat also confronts her about her concern and that she knows everything about his likes and dislikes. He rebukes her and suspects that she is hiding something. He refuses to take any rest unless Suhani answers all his questions. On further questioning by Adiraj and Samrat about Samrat and her relationship, she breaks down and kneels in front of Samrat. She reveals about them being siblings. While Samrat refuses to accept her, Adiraj feels cheated knowing the reality of her not being Nupur Bhushan. Samrat rushes to college and breaks open Suhani's locker to find evidence of her being his sister. He gets infuriated to know that Gunjan and his friends knew about Suhani's identity, and they, too, hid the truth from him. He refuses to talk to anybody, including Dia, who tries to sympathize with him. Adiraj also misunderstands Suhani's intentions. When Suhani tries to stop him and trips on the stairs, he turns around to find Samrat saving her from the fall. Samrat schools Adiraj for hurting Suhani. While Samrat and Suhani reconcile and he takes her home, Adiraj decides to part ways with her. Adhiraj discloses this deception to Shashi, who then forces Nupur into marrying Adhiraj. Gunjan and Samrat also reconcile when he hears her crying on the phone about Nupur and Adiraj getting married as Adhiraj consents to the marriage in his anger at Suhaani's betrayal. Mayank, however, cheers up and upset Nupur by attending all the wedding functions in disguise and promises her that he will not let the wedding happen.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: On the wedding day, Adiraj is finally told that the gang played this prank because Nupur loves Mayank, and he must believe that Suhaani is truly in love with him. Adhiraj soon decides to call off the wedding. Still, before he can tell his father, he is accidentally knocked out by Uday, so Mayank reluctantly replaces Adhiraj at the wedding ceremony. Mayank and Nupur are wedded, but Shashi disowns her as he feels betrayed and humiliated because of their rash actions. With nowhere to go, the couple turns to the gang for help. The gang makes a temporary arrangement for them to stay in a beautifully decorated college classroom for the night. Dia finally calls Mayank as brother-in-law, which makes him realize that he is family now.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: Soon, the couple shifts to Samrat's guest house. Gunjan and Nupur disagree with Gunjan understanding their father's anger and Nupur objecting to Gunjan and Samrat's supposed indecent proximity at their second date. The sisters soon restore their relationship when Nupur protects Gunjan from being eve-teased by thugs. On Valentines Day, Adhiraj proposes to Suhaani, upsetting Gunjan, who had expected a proposal from Samrat. Gunjan tells Samrat about the importance of marriage before leaving the party alone. The same armed thugs corner Gunjan and harass her when Adiraj comes and saves her by fighting with the goons. During the fight, Gunjan gets shot and is rushed to the hospital. Adiraj is sent to jail accused of trying to kill Gunjan by shooting her. After Samrat's heartfelt proposal, Gunjan recovers to find herself paralysed from the waist down. At the hospital, Shashi forgives Nupur and once home tells Gunjan that he approves of Samrat. Gunjan, however, remembers Samrat not being ready for the commitment of marriage before the accident and thinking of herself as a burden, assures her father that she is not in love with him.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: The thugs try to throw acid on Nupur and Gunjan, who Mayank and Samrat save. Next, Nupur battles the culprits - a well-known corrupt politician and his brother by putting her life in danger and gets them arrested and becomes Excel's role model. Because of the accident, Gunjan is not confident about standing and walking on her feet. Despite Samrat's several attempts, she fails to even stand on her own. The gang finally decides to go for a vacation to make Gunjan walk again. The gang makes a story about a king's ghost at the resort who kills everybody in his path. The gang implies Samrat's impending death by the king's spirit for Gunjan when Samrat truly gets unconscious and falls in danger's path. However, Gunjan cannot move and asks for help, and the gang runs to help Samrat see a road roller coming towards him. But eventually, Gunjan bolts up and runs to save his life, thus recovering fully. They celebrate Gunjan's recovery by dancing. While Samrat dances with Dia, Benji gets jealous and asks Samrat to allow him to dance with Dia. Benji starts developing feelings for Dia.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: The gang returns home with their relationships strengthened. Still, their happiness is short-lived when a baby girl, as a prank, enters the life of Samrat, Mayank, Benji, Adhiraj, and Uday with a letter falsely claiming that one of them is the father. Boys and Girls hire detectives to find out about the baby's birth father and mother, suspecting that it is someone from the group. Doubts rise on Samrat and Mayank when Riya- Principal's daughter, visits Excel college who is doubted to be the baby's mother. Samrat and Mayank indulge in an argument when Samrat finds out that in the first year, Mayank kissed Riya while she was still Samrat's girlfriend. Later, Riya rebukes all rumours and leaves. The girls band together against the boys to participate in several tasks to prove themselves more responsible. Mayank saves Gunjan from a serious accident in one of these tasks, which makes Nupur guilty as she was only thinking of winning and did not stop to help her sister, whereas Mayank didn't mind losing to save his family. After a series of mishaps, it is finally revealed that the entire gang was on a reality show. Suhaani breaks the news that she has to return to London. Adhiraj decides to go with her and get married.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: A famous director, Neil Oberoi, comes to Excel for an open casting call. He is an old friend of the Bhushan sisters and has a soft spot for Gunjan. After purposefully casting Gunjan, Neil's growing closeness with Gunjan makes Samrat overprotective. Through this, Gunjan learns that Neil is in love with her, due to which she leaves the film and reconciles with Samrat. Meanwhile, Mayank and Nupur enrol for the same job scholarship, and Nupur wins it. Mayank and Nupur split after a row, and Nupur goes to Delhi. Later, Mayank and Nupur determine their differences and retake their wedding vows, and Samrat confesses his love to Gunjan. Samrat proposes to Gunjan, and she happily accepts, and later, they consummate their love. Benji also reveals his love for Dia. Mayank and Nupur decide to go to the United States, leaving nothing behind. As Nupur, Gunjan, Mayank and Samrat speed to the airport, the brakes suddenly fail, due to which Samrat careens the car off the road, and the principal characters are involved in a life-changing accident.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: The story then takes a three-year leap where the group believes that Nupur died because of Samrat's reckless driving. Now a trustee of Excel College, Samrat has been living a lonely life as punishment, continually recalling Gunjan and death in between drinks. Mayank works in a private company and lives with the illusion of still having Nupur around in her void. Gunjan, now a grievance counsellor, is emotionally shattered. She doesn't speak with Samrat anymore as she too blames him for her sister's death.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: Ashwini or Ash is an orphan closely counselled by Gunjan. He collides with Samrat, and out of empathy, helps him past his guilt. Mayank accepts a post for a professor at Excel at Mrs Shergill's insistence. At a point, both Mayank and Ash takes Samrat's advice to move forward. Rohan or Ro, another student, clashes and falls in love with Ash. Ash and Rohan both look up to Samrat.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: Mayank carries out all rituals on Nupur's death anniversary, while Gunjan doesn't offer prayers. When Mayank meets Gunjan, she addresses him by name, not as brother-in-law, which she used to call him before. Mayank realizes that she is avoiding any talk about Nupur to hide her grief. Mayank suggests Gunjan become a counsellor at Excel. She eventually accepts, curious to know about Ash's mystery man, who is actually Samrat. Mayank sees Samrat in a vulnerable state without his friends. Mayank even saves Samrat from falling off the cliff when he was hallucinating about Gunjan being present there. Later, Mayank forgives Samrat as he realizes he was also responsible for the accident. Samrat, now a colleague to Gunjan, continually attempts to woo her and make her smile again.


title: Miley Jab Hum Tum

text: After a few days, Dia makes a return. She is a big fashion designer now and keeps travelling around the world. When she returns, the first person she meets is Mayank. Mayank is delighted to see her. When she addresses him as brother-in-law, he gets delighted. She tells him that while she was in China, she met her spiritual side and dreams about Nupur calling her. Mayank tells her that she imagines it because she was her sister and was very close to her. However, Dia is not convinced and asks Mayank about the accident and Nupur's death because she was not in the city when the incident happened. Initially reluctant, Mayank gives in to Dia's insistence and tells her that they themselves received her body. He further says that her face got damaged and was unrecognisable because she suffered a lot of burns. Dia is shocked to hear this and tells him that it's impossible because she knows there was no fire involved in the accident. In fact, Gunjan got severely injured, and Dia was there to take care of her in the hospital. Nupur was in another hospital. Mayank checks Nupur's death certificate, where he finds that the cause of death is burning, which, according to Dia, was not possible. He curses himself for missing out on this detail for so many years. DIA and Mayank visit the doctor who treated Nupur 3 years back, and the doctor tells them that he was treating 2 patients named Nupur on the same day. After investigation, the doctor informs them that they handed over the wrong body to them, and Nupur Bhushan is alive. He further tells Mayank and Dia that Nupur Bhushan has been living in a mental hospital for the last 3 years. The next day, when they visit the mental hospital, they are informed that Nupur was discharged 3 days back and are given an address. Dia and Mayank visit that address and get disheartened to know that Nupur emptied the house yesterday only. Mayank, however, doesn't give up and breaks into the house through a window along with Dia. Dia is shocked to see this side of Mayank. On searching the house, they find a number, and when they call on it, they hear Nupur's voice. Dia leaves the city for work while Mayank informs Gunjan and Samrat about his findings. Gunjan doesn't believe Mayank and shuns herself from comfort and hope. Samrat, on the other hand, decides to help Mayank find Nupur. While on a trail with Samrat and Gunjan, an emotionally incapacitated Mayank drives away alone and crashes into a tree. By fate, Nupur finds Mayank and takes him to the hospital. Eventually, the three find her, but Nupur consistently and rudely refuses to recognize them. They convince her to stay with them for seven days, during which each of them realizes that Nupur is hiding something. During these seven days, it was found out that a guy named Dhruv was the man behind the accident 3 years ago. Dhruv is obsessed with Nupur since childhood, due to which he also was sent for rehabilitation. Due to his release from rehab Sharma sisters have to leave Morena. After the accident Dhruv blackmailed Nupur to be with him otherwise he will hurt her beloveds. Finding the truth, Mayank, Samrat, Gunjan Ash and Rohan plots to manke Dhruv confess his crime and record it. this makes nupur free of Dhruv's claws and reconcile with Mayank.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix is an HD remastered collection of three games in Square Enix's "Kingdom Hearts" series: "Kingdom Hearts II", "Birth by Sleep" and "". A successor to the series' "HD 1.5 Remix" collection, it was released for the PlayStation 3 in Japan in October 2014 and internationally two months later.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix" includes "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix" and "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix" in high definition and with trophy support. Additionally, the collection features a cinematic remake of "" that features remastered cutscenes from the original game as well as new content. A third collection, "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue", was released on January 24, 2017. "2.5 Remix" was re-released along with "1.5 Remix" on the PlayStation 4 on March 28, 2017, on the Xbox One on February 18, 2020, on Microsoft Windows on March 30, 2021, and a cloud version of the game for the Nintendo Switch was released on February 10, 2022.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: In the credits of "Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix", clips of the games featured in this collection were shown, hinting at the collection. Additionally, when "IGN" interviewed Shinji Hashimoto about "Kingdom Hearts III", he stated that the studio would consider another HD collection if the reaction to the first one was positive enough. The collection was announced on October 14, 2013, exclusively for the PlayStation 3. As with "HD 1.5 Remix", the collection was developed mainly by the Square Enix 1st Production Department in Osaka, along with some help from Square Enix's Tokyo team. In July 2017, Nomura spoke on bringing the collection to the Xbox One, saying he did not believe there was much demand for it outside of North America, but felt it could be a possibility after Square Enix completed development on "Kingdom Hearts III". At the X019 event in November 2019, Shinji Hashimoto and Ichiro Hazama announced that this collection along with "1.5" and "2.8" would be released on the Xbox One in 2020; the collection was released for the platform on February 18, 2020. The game was also released on Microsoft Windows on March 30, 2021.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: In October 2021, it was announced that a cloud version of the game was in development for Nintendo Switch.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: "Kingdom Hearts II" picks up one year after the events of "Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories". Sora, the protagonist of the first two games, returns to search for his lost friends. Like the previous games, "Kingdom Hearts II" features a large cast of characters from Disney films and "Final Fantasy" games. Organization XIII, a group introduced in "Chain of Memories", also reappears to impede Sora's progress.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: The backgrounds and textures of the game had to be adjusted in order to change from the game's original 4:3 ratio to the HD 16:9. Additional imagery was added to the menu screens and Gummi Ship area to compensate for areas that were lacking from the ratio shift. According to co-director Tai Yasue, approximately 80% of the original audio was remixed, as well as additional orchestral elements added to the songs. Yasue said, "Yoko Shimomura's music is an undeniable trait of the "Kingdom Hearts" series, I feel like without the atmosphere she creates, it isn't "Kingdom Hearts", so the mix of the final audio was carefully controlled but also provides a new depth to the familiar sound." "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix" was released outside Japan for the first time as part of the collection.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: "Birth by Sleep" is a prequel to the original "Kingdom Hearts", taking place ten years before the titles events. The game centers on the journeys of Terra, Aqua and Ventus, characters briefly featured in "Kingdom Hearts II", and their quest to both locate the missing Master Xehanort and protect the worlds from creatures known as the Unversed.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: Moving from the PlayStation Portable to the PlayStation 3 allowed the development team to add more details to the character designs, additional atmospheric sounds, as well as slightly tweak the gameplay system, now allowing camera control with the right analog stick. In addition, the Mirage Arena (a multiplayer component from the original game) has been reworked to only be a single-player experience. Yasue said enemy strengths and AI in the arena were adjusted to account for this. The inclusion of the "Final Mix" version in the collection marked the first time for this version to be released outside Japan.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: "Kingdom Hearts Re:coded" was also included in the collection, featuring the Nintendo DS game adapted into a cinematic retelling, similar to how "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days" was included in "Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix". The title is set after "Kingdom Hearts II" and follows the discovery of Jiminy Cricket's journal, which chronicles Sora's fight against the Heartless and Organization XIII, which is found to have two secret messages written by persons unknown. Once the journal is digitized for further analysis, the contents become corrupted. This leads king Mickey and his friends to make a digital Sora to enter and repair the journal so that the meaning of the hidden messages can be deciphered.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: For the "Re:coded" cinematics, additional events occur that were not seen in the original. Tetsuya Nomura added that new voice acting is being recorded and hinting at the inclusion of a new battle scene and a scene that ties "Re:coded" and "" together. Yasue revealed that approximately 2 hours of the total 3 hour cinematic is newly created content and subsequently recorded with voice acting, as well as featuring additional scenes that flesh out the backstories of other "Kingdom Hearts" titles.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix" was released in Japan on October 2, 2014, in North America on December 2, in Australia on December 4 and in Europe on December 5. Preorders for the game in North America and Australia included an official Disney Collector's Pin for the game. Square Enix also released the collection in two bundles in Japan, with both featuring "Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix" and a code to get an Anniversary Set for "Kingdom Hearts χ [chi]". The first, titled "Kingdom Hearts Starter Pack: HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix", features the previously mentioned material and limited edition casing, while the second, "Kingdom Hearts Collector's Pack: HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix" features limited edition casing, a promo soundtrack and a booklet with art from the series in addition to the previous material. A collector's edition for North America and Europe was also released, featuring both HD collections, a steelbook case, art book, Disney Kingdom Hearts pin and a Heartless plush doll.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: In October 2016, Square Enix announced a single-disc compilation release of "Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix" and "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix" for the PlayStation 4. It was released on March 9, 2017, in Japan, March 28, 2017, in North America, and March 31, 2017, in Europe. An additional bundle, "Kingdom Hearts: The Story So Far", includes the "Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix" PlayStation 4 collection and "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue" and was released in North America on October 30, 2018 for the PlayStation 4.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: The collection sold 84,935 units during its first week of release in Japan and since sales figures were last reported for the game on November 9, 2014, 129,660 units have been sold in Japan.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. "Game Informer" praised the collection, praising the upgrades to "Kingdom Hearts II", the transition of "Birth By Sleep" from the PlayStation Portable to the PlayStation 3 and criticizing the "Re:coded" movie as just being "there for completionists and easy to ignore for everyone else." "Electronic Gaming Monthly" called the collection a great deal for fans of the series, praising the combat system and series charming characters, but noting the questionable overall narrative quality. GameTrailers noted the improved selection of games over the 1.5 Remix, extolling the inclusion of two of the "Kingdom Hearts" series best games in the collection, as well as previously Japan-only content such as special boss battles. They also praised the new music arrangements and the cinematic retelling of "Re:coded", though this was not a universally shared opinion. IGN propounded the same points, noting the improved music, graphics, and "high-level challenges", but criticized the aging controls from "Kingdom Hearts II" and the camera system in "Birth by Sleep". "Hardcore Gamer" had more mixed views of the collection, noting that the games were not cutting edge graphically, particularly "Kingdom Hearts: Birth By Sleep Final Mix", but was still a major improvement.


title: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

text: In the credits of "HD 2.5 Remix", clips of "" were shown as well as the inclusion of a secret ending related to the game, hinting at a possible additional collection. In September 2015, Square Enix announced "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue". The collection features an HD remaster of "Dream Drop Distance" as well as "Kingdom Hearts χ Back Cover", a cinematic retelling of "Kingdom Hearts χ" and "Kingdom Hearts 0.2: Birth by Sleep – A Fragmentary Passage", a new game taking place after the events of the original "Birth by Sleep", told from the perspective of Aqua. It was released on January 12, 2017 in Japan and January 24, 2017 for other countries.


title: Metal fume fever

text: Metal fume fever, also known as brass founders' ague, brass shakes, zinc shakes, galvie flu, galvo poisoning, metal dust fever, welding shivers, or Monday morning fever, is an illness primarily caused by exposure to chemicals such as zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminium oxide (AlO), or magnesium oxide (MgO) which are produced as byproducts in the fumes that result when certain metals are heated. Other common sources are fuming silver, gold, platinum, chromium (from stainless steel), nickel, arsenic, manganese, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, selenium, and zinc.


title: Metal fume fever

text: Welders are routinely exposed to the substances that cause metal fume fever from the base metal, plating, or filler. The most common form of exposure among welders occurs when welding galvanized steel, of which zinc is the primary component of the galvanization process. Galvanized metal must be thoroughly cleaned using an angle grinder or other abrasive means to remove the galvanized coating before welding or burning. Brazing and soldering can also cause metal poisoning due to exposure to lead, zinc, copper, or cadmium. In extreme cases, cadmium (present in some older silver solder alloys) can cause loss of consciousness.


title: Metal fume fever

text: The signs and symptoms are generally flu-like. They include fever, chills, nausea, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, joint pains, lack of appetite, shortness of breath, pneumonia, chest pain, change in blood pressure, dizziness, and coughing. A sweet or metallic taste in the mouth may also be reported, along with a dry or irritated throat which may lead to hoarseness. Symptoms of a more severe metal toxicity may also include a burning sensation in the body, shock, no urine output, collapse, convulsions, shortness of breath, yellow eyes or yellow skin, rash, vomiting, watery or bloody diarrhea or low or high blood pressure, which require prompt medical attention.


title: Metal fume fever

text: Metal fume fever is due to the inhalation of certain metals, either as fine dust or most commonly as fumes. Simple metal compounds such as oxides are equally capable of causing it. The effects of particularly toxic compounds, such as nickel carbonyl, are not considered merely metal fume fever.


title: Metal fume fever

text: Exposure usually arises through hot metalworking processes, such as smelting and casting of zinc alloys, welding of galvanized metals, brazing, or soldering. If the metal concerned is particularly high-risk, the residue from cold sanding processes may also cause fume fever, even if the dose is lower. It may also be caused by electroplated surfaces or metal-rich anti-corrosion paint, such as cadmium passivated steel or zinc chromate primer on aluminium aircraft parts. Exposure has also been reported in use of lead-free ammunition, by the harder steel core stripping metal from the jacket of the bullet and barrel of the rifle.


title: Metal fume fever

text: The most plausible metabolic source of the symptoms is a dose-dependent release of certain cytokines, an event which occurs by inhaling metal oxide fumes that injure the lung cells. This is not an allergic reaction, though allergic reactions to metal fumes can occur.


title: Metal fume fever

text: Diagnosis is primarily anecdotal, that is, it depends upon a good occupational history. Diagnosis of metal fume fever can be easily missed because the complaints are non-specific, resemble a number of other common illnesses, and presentation occurs typically 2–10 hours after the exposure. When respiratory symptoms are prominent, metal fume fever may be confused with acute bronchitis or pneumonia. The diagnosis is based primarily upon a history of exposure to metal oxide fumes. Cain and Fletcher (2010) report a case of metal fume fever that was diagnosed only by taking a full occupational history and by close collaboration between primary and secondary health care personnel.


title: Metal fume fever

text: Physical symptoms vary among persons exposed, depending largely upon the stage in the course of the syndrome during which examination occurs. Patients may present with wheezing or crackles in the lungs. They typically have an increased white blood cell count, and urine, blood plasma and skin zinc levels may (unsurprisingly) be elevated. Chest X-ray abnormalities may also be present.


title: Metal fume fever

text: An interesting feature of metal fume fever involves rapid adaptation to the development of the syndrome following repeated metal oxide exposure. Workers with a history of recurrent metal fume fever often develop a tolerance to the fumes. This tolerance, however, is transient, and only persists through the work week. After a weekend hiatus, the tolerance has usually disappeared. This phenomenon of tolerance is what led to the name "Monday Fever".


title: Metal fume fever

text: In 2018, there were 259 cases of metal fume fever reported to the United States Poison Control Center.


title: Metal fume fever

text: Treatment of mild metal fume fever consists of bedrest, keeping the patient well hydrated, and symptomatic therapy (e.g. aspirin for headaches) as indicated. In the case of non-allergic acute lung injury, standard or recommended approaches to treatment have not been defined.


title: Metal fume fever

text: The consumption of large quantities of cow's milk, either before or immediately after exposure is a traditional remedy. However, the United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive challenges this advice, warning, "Don't believe the stories about drinking milk before welding. It does not prevent you getting metal fume fever."


title: Metal fume fever

text: Prevention of metal fume fever in workers who are at risk (such as welders) involves avoidance of direct contact with potentially toxic fumes, improved engineering controls (exhaust ventilation systems), personal protective equipment (respirators), and education of workers regarding the features of the syndrome itself and proactive measures to prevent its development.


title: Metal fume fever

text: In some cases, the product's design may be changed so as to eliminate the use of risky metals. Cadmium is often replaced by other metals. NiCd rechargeable batteries are being replaced by NiMH. These contain other toxic metals, such as chromium, vanadium and cerium. Zinc or nickel plating can be used instead of cadmium plating, and brazing filler alloys now rarely contain cadmium.


title: Ishita Raj Sharma

text: Ishita Raj Sharma (born 12 July 1990) is an Indian actress and model, best known for her work in "Pyaar Ka Punchnama", "Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2" and "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety".


title: Ishita Raj Sharma

text: Ishita studied at Delhi Public School, Mathura Road, New Delhi and then went onto to complete her B. Com. from Gargi College (Delhi University), New Delhi. She then moved to England to pursue a major in business.


title: Ishita Raj Sharma

text: Ishita acted in "Pyaar Ka Punchnama" (2011), produced by Wide Frame Pictures in which she played one of the three girls named Charu. The film became a sleeper hit with newcomers in the lead. It has achieved a cult status among the youth. Ishita Sharma also worked in "Meeruthiya Gangsters" in 2015.


title: Ishita Raj Sharma

text: Ishita was in Luv Ranjan’s "Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2", in which she was paired with Omkar Kapoor. In 2018, she featured in "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety", which crossed more than 100 crore in India.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Karl Ernst Haushofer (27 August 1869 – 10 March 1946) was a German general, professor, geographer, and politician. Through his student Rudolf Hess, Haushofer's conception of Geopolitik influenced the development of Adolf Hitler's expansionist strategies. He coined the political use of the term "Lebensraum", which Hitler adopted in "Mein Kampf" and used to motivate global Nazi expansionism and genocide. Under the Nuremberg Laws, Haushofer's wife and children were categorized as "Mischlinge". His son, Albrecht, was issued a German Blood Certificate through the help of Hess.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Haushofer belonged to a family of artists and scholars. He was born in Munich to Max Haushofer, a well-known professor of economics, politician and author of both academic and literary works, and Adele Haushofer (née Fraas). On his graduation from the Munich Gymnasium (high school), in 1887, Haushofer entered the 1st Field Artillery regiment "Prinzregent Luitpold" of the Bavarian Army and completed "Kriegsschule", "Artillerieschule" and "War Academy (Kingdom of Bavaria)". In 1896, he married Martha Mayer-Doss (1877–1946) whose father was Jewish. They had two sons, Albrecht Haushofer and Heinz Haushofer (1906–1988). In 1903, he accepted a teaching position at the Bavarian War Academy.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: In November 1908, Haushofer was ordered to Tokyo as a military attaché to study the Imperial Japanese Army and as a military advisor in artillery instruction. He travelled with his wife via India and South East Asia and arrived in February 1909. He was received by Emperor Meiji and became acquainted with many important people in politics and the armed forces. In autumn 1909, he travelled with his wife for a month to Korea and Manchuria on the occasion of a railway construction. In June 1910, they returned to Germany via Russia and arrived one month later. However, shortly after returning to Bavaria, he began to suffer from a severe lung disease and was given a leave from the army for three years.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: During his convalescence, from 1911 to 1913, Haushofer would work on his doctorate of philosophy from Munich University for a thesis on Japan titled "Dai Nihon, Betrachtungen über Groß-Japans Wehrkraft, Weltstellung und Zukunft" ("Reflections on Greater Japan's Military Strength, World Position, and Future"). He established himself as one of Germany’s foremost experts regarding the Far East, and co-founded the geopolitical monthly "Zeitschrift für Geopolitik" (ZfG), which he would co-edit until it was suspended towards the end of World War II.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Haushofer continued his career as a professional soldier after the annexation of Bavaria by Germany, serving in the army of Imperial Germany and returning to teach War History at the Military Academy in Munich.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: During World War I, he commanded a brigade on the Western Front. He retired with the rank of generalmajor (major general) in 1919, but became disillusioned by Germany's defeat and the imposition of severe sanctions. Around the same time, he forged a friendship with the young Rudolf Hess, who would become his scientific assistant and later the deputy leader of the Nazi Party. Their familiarity formed the basis of the mistaken assumption of an equally close contact between Haushofer and Hitler.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Haushofer entered academia with the aim of restoring and regenerating Germany. He believed the Germans' lack of geographical knowledge and geopolitical awareness to be a major cause of Germany’s defeat in World War I, because Germany had found itself with a disadvantageous alignment of allies and enemies. The fields of political and geographical science thus became his areas of specialty. In 1919, Haushofer became Privatdozent for political geography at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and was made a professor in 1933, although he declined a formal position and salary, because that would have affected his military pension.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: From 1925 to 1931 and from 1933 to 1939, Haushofer broadcast monthly radio lectures on the international political situation. That "Weltpolitischer Monatsbericht" made him a household name in contemporary Germany, and he came to be known in circles far removed from academia. He was a founding member of the Deutsche Akademie, of which he served as president from 1934 to 1937. He was a prolific writer, publishing hundreds of articles, reviews, commentaries, obituaries and books, many of which were on Asian topics, and he arranged for many leaders in the Nazi party and in the German military to receive copies of his works.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Louis Pauwels, in his book "Monsieur Gurdjieff", describes Haushofer as a former student of George Gurdjieff. Others, including Pauwels, said that Haushofer created a Vril society and that he was a secret member of the Thule Society. Stefan Zweig spoke warmly of him but said history would have to judge how far he knowingly contributed to Nazi doctrine, as more documentation became available. Zweig credited him with the concept of Lebensraum, used in a psychological sense of a nation's relative energies.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: After the establishment of the German Nazi government, Haushofer remained friendly with Hess, who protected Haushofer's wife from the racial laws of the Nazis, which deemed her a "half-Jew". During the prewar years, Haushofer was instrumental in linking Japan to the Axis powers, acting in accordance with the theories in his book "Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean".


title: Karl Haushofer

text: After the July 20 Plot to assassinate Hitler, Haushofer's son Albrecht (1903–1945) was implicated, in part because of his previous association with Hess. Albrecht went into hiding but was arrested on 7 December 1944 and put into the Moabit prison in Berlin. During the night of 22–23 April 1945, he and other prisoners, such as Klaus Bonhoeffer, were walked out of the prison by an SS squad and shot.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Beginning on 24 September 1945, Karl Haushofer was informally interrogated by Father Edmund A. Walsh on behalf of the Allied forces to determine whether he should stand trial for war crimes. Walsh determined that he had not committed any.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: On the night of 10–11 March 1946, Karl Haushofer and his wife committed suicide in a secluded hollow on their Hartschimmelhof estate at Pähl/Ammersee. Both drank arsenic and his wife then hanged herself.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Haushofer developed Geopolitik from widely varied sources, including the writings of Oswald Spengler, Alexander Humboldt, Karl Ritter, Friedrich Ratzel, Rudolf Kjellén, and Halford J. Mackinder.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Geopolitik contributed to Nazi foreign policy chiefly in the strategy and justifications for lebensraum. The theories contributed five ideas to German foreign policy in the interwar period:


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Geostrategy as a political science is both descriptive and analytical like political geography but adds a normative element in its strategic prescriptions for national policy. While some of Haushofer's ideas stem from earlier American and British geostrategy, German geopolitik adopted an essentialist outlook toward the national interest, oversimplifying issues and representing itself as a panacea. As a new and essentialist ideology, geopolitik resonated with the post-World War I insecurity of the populace.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Haushofer's position in the University of Munich served as a platform for the spread of his geopolitical ideas, magazine articles, and books. In 1922, he founded the Institute of Geopolitics in Munich, from which he proceeded to publicize geopolitical ideas. By 1924, as the leader of the German geopolitik school of thought, Haushofer would establish the "Zeitschrift für Geopolitik" monthly devoted to geopolitik. His ideas would reach a wider audience with the publication of "Volk ohne Raum" by Hans Grimm in 1926, popularizing his concept of lebensraum. Haushofer exercised influence both through his academic teachings, urging his students to think in terms of continents and emphasizing motion in international politics, and through his political activities. While Hitler's speeches would attract the masses, Haushofer's works served to bring the remaining intellectuals into the fold.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Geopolitik was essentially a consolidation and codification of older ideas, given a scientific gloss:


title: Karl Haushofer

text: The key reorientation in each dyad is that the focus is on land-based empire rather than naval imperialism.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Ostensibly based upon the geopolitical theory of American naval expert Alfred Thayer Mahan, and British geographer Halford J. Mackinder, German geopolitik adds older German ideas. Enunciated most forcefully by Friedrich Ratzel and his Swedish student Rudolf Kjellén, they include an organic or anthropomorphized conception of the state, and the need for self-sufficiency through the top-down organization of society. The root of uniquely German geopolitik rests in the writings of Karl Ritter who first developed the organic conception of the state that would later be elaborated upon by Ratzel and accepted by Hausfhofer. He justified lebensraum, even at the cost of other nations' existence because conquest was a biological necessity for a state's growth.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Ratzel's writings coincided with the growth of German industrialism after the Franco-Prussian war and the subsequent search for markets that brought it into competition with Britain. His writings served as welcome justification for imperial expansion. Influenced by Mahan, Ratzel wrote of aspirations for German naval reach, agreeing that sea power was self-sustaining, as the profit from trade would pay for the merchant marine, unlike land power. Haushofer was exposed to Ratzel, who was friends with Haushofer's father, a teacher of economic geography, and would integrate Ratzel's ideas on the division between sea and land powers into his theories, saying that only a country with both could overcome this conflict.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Haushofer's geopolitik expands upon that of Ratzel and Kjellén. While the latter two conceive of geopolitik as the state as an organism in space put to the service of a leader, Haushofer's Munich school specifically studies geography as it relates to war and designs for empire. The behavioral rules of previous geopoliticians were thus turned into dynamic normative doctrines for action on lebensraum and world power.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Haushofer defined geopolitik in 1935 as "the duty to safeguard the right to the soil, to the land in the widest sense, not only the land within the frontiers of the Reich, but the right to the more extensive "Volk" and cultural lands." Culture itself was seen as the most conducive element to dynamic special expansion. It provided a guide as to the best areas for expansion, and could make expansion safe, whereas projected military or commercial power could not. Haushofer even held that urbanization was a symptom of a nation's decline, evidencing a decreasing soil mastery, birthrate and effectiveness of centralized rule.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: To Haushofer, the existence of a state depended on living space, the pursuit of which must serve as the basis for all policies. Germany had a high population density, but the old colonial powers had a much lower density, a virtual mandate for German expansion into resource-rich areas. Space was seen as military protection against initial assaults from hostile neighbors with long-range weaponry. A buffer zone of territories or insignificant states on one's borders would serve to protect Germany. Closely linked to that need was Haushofer's assertion that the existence of small states was evidence of political regression and disorder in the international system. The small states surrounding Germany ought to be brought into the vital German order. These states were seen as being too small to maintain practical even if they maintained large colonial possessions and would be better served by protection and organization within Germany. In Europe, he saw Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Denmark, Switzerland, Greece and the "mutilated alliance" of Austro-Hungary as supporting his assertion.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Haushofer's version of autarky was based on the quasi-Malthusian idea that the earth would become saturated with people and no longer able to provide food for all. There would essentially be no increases in productivity.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Haushofer and the Munich school of geopolitik would eventually expand their conception of lebensraum and autarky well past the borders of 1914 and "a place in the sun" to a New European Order, then to a New Afro-European Order, and eventually to a Eurasian Order. That concept became known as a pan-region, taken from the American Monroe Doctrine, and the idea of national and continental self-sufficiency. That was a forward-looking refashioning of the drive for colonies, something that geopoliticians did not see as an economic necessity but more as a matter of prestige, putting pressure on older colonial powers. The fundamental motivating force would be not economic but cultural and spiritual. Haushofer was, what is called today, a proponent of "Eurasianism", advocating a policy of German–Russian hegemony and alliance to offset an Anglo-American power structure's potentially dominating influence in Europe.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Beyond being an economic concept, pan-regions were a strategic concept as well. Haushofer acknowledges the strategic concept of the Heartland Theory put forward by the British geopolitician Halford Mackinder. If Germany could control Eastern Europe and subsequently Russian territory, it could control a strategic area to which hostile seapower could be denied. Allying with Italy and Japan would further augment German strategic control of Eurasia, with those states becoming the naval arms protecting Germany's insular position.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Evidence points to a disconnect between the advocates of geopolitik and Hitler, although their practical tactical goals were nearly indistinguishable.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Rudolf Hess, Hitler's secretary who would assist in the writing of "Mein Kampf", was a close student of Haushofer's. While Hess and Hitler were imprisoned after the Munich Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, Haushofer spent six hours visiting the two, bringing along a copy of Friedrich Ratzel's "Political Geography" and Clausewitz's "On War". After World War II, Haushofer would deny that he had taught Hitler, and claimed that the National Socialist Party perverted Hess's study of geopolitik. Hitler's biographers disagree somewhat on the extent of Haushofer's influence on Hitler: Ian Kershaw writes that "[his] influence was probably greater than the Munich professor was later prepared to acknowledge," while Joachim C. Fest says that "Hitler's version of [Haushofer's] ideas was distinctly his own." Haushofer himself viewed Hitler as a half-educated man who never correctly understood the geopolitik principles explained by Hess, and saw Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop (in office: 1938-1945) as the principal distorter of geopolitik in Hitler's mind.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Although Haushofer accompanied Hess on numerous propaganda missions and participated in consultations between Nazis and Japanese leaders, he claimed that Hitler and the Nazis only seized upon half-developed ideas and catchwords. Furthermore, the Nazi party and government lacked any official organ that was receptive to geopolitik, leading to selective adoption and poor interpretation of Haushofer's theories. Ultimately, Hess and Konstantin von Neurath, the German Minister of Foreign Affairs (in office: 1932-1938), were the only officials Haushofer would admit had a proper understanding of geopolitik.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Father Edmund A. Walsh, professor of geopolitics and dean at Georgetown University, who interviewed Haushofer after the Allied victory in preparation for the Nuremberg trials, disagreed with Haushofer's assessment that Hitler and the Nazis terribly distorted geopolitik. He cites Hitler's speeches declaring that small states have no right to exist, and the Nazi use of Haushofer's maps, language and arguments. Even if distorted somewhat, Walsh felt that was enough to implicate Haushofer's geopolitik.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Haushofer also denied assisting Hitler in writing "Mein Kampf", saying that he only knew of it once it was in print, and that he never read it. Walsh found that even if Haushofer did not directly assist Hitler, discernible new elements appeared in "Mein Kampf", as compared to previous speeches made by Hitler. Geopolitical ideas of lebensraum, space for depth of defense, appeals for natural frontiers, balancing land and seapower, and geographic analysis of military strategy entered Hitler's thought between his imprisonment and the publishing of "Mein Kampf". Chapter XIV, on German policy in Eastern Europe, in particular displays the influence of the materials Haushofer brought Hitler and Hess while they were imprisoned.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Haushofer was never a member of the Nazi Party, and did voice disagreements with the party, leading to his brief imprisonment. Haushofer came under suspicion because of his contacts with left-wing socialist figures within the Nazi movement (led by Gregor Strasser) and because of his advocacy of essentially a German–Russian alliance. The Nazi left-wing had some connections to the Communist Party of Germany and some of its leaders, especially those who were influenced by the National Bolshevist philosophy of a German–Russian revolutionary alliance, as advocated by Ernst Niekisch (1889-1967), Julius Evola (1898-1974), Ernst Jünger (1895-1998), Friedrich Hielscher (1902-1990) and other figures of the "conservative revolution". Haushofer did profess loyalty to the Führer and make anti-Semitic remarks on occasion. However, his emphasis was always on space over race; he believed in environmental rather than racial determinism. He refused to associate himself with anti-Semitism as a policy, especially because his wife was half-Jewish. Haushofer admits that after 1933 much of what he wrote was distorted under duress: his wife had to be protected by Hess's influence (who managed to have her awarded "honorary German" status); his son was implicated in the July 20 plot to assassinate Hitler and was executed by the Gestapo; he himself was imprisoned in Dachau concentration camp in July and August 1944),


title: Karl Haushofer

text: Several authors have stressed the idea of contact between Haushofer and the Nazi establishment. These authors have expanded Haushofer's contact with Hitler to a close collaboration while Hitler was writing "Mein Kampf" and have portrayed him one of the "future Chancellor's many mentors". Suggestions include that Haushofer may have been a short-term student of Gurdjieff, that he had studied Zen Buddhism, and that he had been initiated at the hands of Tibetan lamas – although these notions are debated.


title: Karl Haushofer

text: The influence of Haushofer on Nazi ideology is dramatized in the 1943 short documentary propaganda film, "Plan for Destruction", which was nominated for an Academy Award.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Ace in the Hole, also known as The Big Carnival, is a 1951 American film noir directed by Billy Wilder. The film stars Kirk Douglas as a cynical, disgraced reporter who stops at nothing to try to regain a job on a major newspaper. The film co-stars Jan Sterling and features Robert Arthur and Porter Hall.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: It marked a series of firsts for auteur Billy Wilder: it was the first time he was involved in a project as a writer, producer, and director; his first film following his breakup with long-time writing partner Charles Brackett, with whom he had collaborated on "The Lost Weekend" and "Sunset Boulevard", among others; and his first film to be a critical and commercial failure.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: The story is a biting examination of the seedy relationship between the press, the news it reports and the manner in which it reports it. The film also shows how a gullible public can be manipulated by the press. Without consulting Wilder, Paramount Pictures executive Y. Frank Freeman changed the title to "The Big Carnival" just prior to its release. Early television broadcasts retained that title, but when aired by Turner Classic Movies – and when released on DVD by The Criterion Collection in July 2007 – it reverted to "Ace in the Hole".


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: In 2017, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Chuck Tatum is a newly sober reporter whose washed-up career in NYC leads him to head West, out of money and options. Tatum stops at the "Albuquerque Sun-Bulletin" and offers himself to the publisher, Boot, as a "$250-a-week newspaperman" he can have for $50. Skeptical, Boot hires Tatum.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Tatum stays sober for a year. On assignment with the newspaper's young photographer, Herbie Cook , they learn about Leo Minosa, a local man trapped in a collapsed cliff dwelling.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Tatum and Cook get close enough to talk to Leo to pass him food and drink. Cook photographs him as Tatum tries to cheer him up.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Tatum senses an opportunity to manipulate the rescue effort for publicity. After filing an initial report on the accident, he persuades local sheriff, Kretzer, to give him exclusive access to Leo in return for reportage that will guarantee Kretzer's reelection.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Construction contractor, Smollett, says it will take 12–16 hours to shore up the existing passages and get Minosa out, but Tatum and Kretzer convince him to drill from above, which will take a week and keep Tatum on newspaper front pages nationwide.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Lorraine Minosa, Leo's wife, is eager to leave Leo and their struggling restaurant, but as tourists flock to the rescue site, the financial windfall leads her to go along with Tatum's scheme.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Cook loses his idealism as he dreams of selling pictures to "Look" or "Life". Tatum and Cook quit the "Sun-Bulletin" and Tatum talks a New York editor into hiring him to report exclusively from the scene for $1,000 a day and his old job back.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: As the days pass, the rescue site becomes an all-day carnival with rides, games, and songs about Leo. Tatum starts drinking again and hooks up with Lorraine.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Five days into the event, Leo develops pneumonia and is given 12 hours to live. Tatum sends a news flash: Leo will be rescued in 12 hours, but when he tells Smollett to stop drilling and shore up the walls, he learns that the vibration from drilling makes this impossible.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Tatum fights with Lorraine and she stabs him with a pair of scissors. Mortally injured, Tatum takes the local priest to Leo to administer the Last Rites and Tatum orders the crew to stop drilling. He tells the crowd that Leo died and to pack up and leave. As the carnival and crowd pack up and move out en masse, Lorraine among them.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Fired by his New York editor, and slowly dying from the stab wound, Tatum calls him and tries to confess to killing Leo by delaying the rescue, but the editor hangs up on him without hearing his confession.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: The film's plot has similarities with two real-life events that ended in tragedy. The first involved W. Floyd Collins, who in 1925 was trapped inside Sand Cave, Kentucky, following a landslide. A Louisville newspaper, the "Courier-Journal", jumped on the story by dispatching reporter William Burke Miller to the scene. Miller's enterprising coverage turned the tragic episode into a national event and earned the writer a Pulitzer Prize. Collins's name is cited in the film as an example of a cave-in victim who becomes a media sensation. The second event took place in April 1949. Three-year-old Kathy Fiscus of San Marino, California, fell into an abandoned well and, during a rescue operation that lasted several days, thousands of people arrived to watch the action unfold. In both cases, the victims died before they were rescued.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: After the film's release screenwriter Victor Desny sued Wilder for plagiarism because he had contacted Wilder's secretary Rosella Stewart to propose a film based on the story of Floyd Collins in November 1949. Wilder's attorneys responded that not only did an oral plot summary not constitute a formal story submission but the Collins case was historical in nature and as such was not protected by copyright laws. In December 1953, Judge Stanley Mosk ruled in favor of Wilder and Paramount. Desny appealed and in August 1956 the California Supreme Court ruled his oral submission had been legitimate. Wilder's attorneys settled that same month, paying Desny $14,350 ().


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: In the original script, Tatum colluded with the local sheriff. Joseph Breen of the Hays Code office strongly objected to the on-screen depiction of a corrupt law enforcement officer and insisted Wilder add dialogue making it clear the man eventually would be made to answer for his actions.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: The final cost of the film was $1,821,052, of which $250,000 was paid to Wilder as writer, producer, and director. Its exterior set, (), which was constructed 19 miles west of Gallup, was the largest non-combat set ever constructed at the time. It measured high, wide, and deep and included an ancient cliff dwelling, collapsed cave, roadside stands, parking lots, and a carnival site. Underground scenes were filmed in a mock-up at the Paramount Studios on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood. More than 1,000 extras and 400 cars were utilized in the crowd scenes. After the film was completed, Paramount charged admission to the set.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Frank Cady's character identifies himself as a salesman for Pacific All-Risk Insurance, a fictitious company featured in Wilder's 1944 film "Double Indemnity".


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Jay Livingston and Ray Evans wrote the song "We're Coming, Leo," performed by a vocalist and band at the carnival.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: At the time of its release, critics found little to admire. In his review in "The New York Times", Bosley Crowther called it "a masterly film" but added, "Mr. Wilder has let imagination so fully take command of his yarn that it presents not only a distortion of journalistic practice but something of a dramatic grotesque... [it] is badly weakened by a poorly constructed plot, which depends for its strength upon assumptions that are not only naïve but absurd. There isn't any denying that there are vicious newspaper men and that one might conceivably take advantage of a disaster for his own private gain. But to reckon that one could so tie up and maneuver a story of any size, while other reporters chew their fingers, is simply incredible."


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: "The Hollywood Reporter" called it "ruthless and cynical... a distorted study of corruption and mob psychology that... is nothing more than a brazen, uncalled-for slap in the face of two respected and frequently effective American institutions – democratic government and the free press." "Variety" was more positive, noting "the performances are fine. Douglas enacts the heel reporter ably, giving it color to balance its unsympathetic character. Jan Sterling also is good in a role that has no softening touches, and Benedict's victim portrayal is first-rate. Billy Wilder's direction captures the feel of morbid expectancy that always comes out in the curious that flock to scenes of tragedy."


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: The film has found new respect among critics. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote in 2007, "Although the film is 56 years old, I found while watching it again that it still has all its power. It hasn't aged because Wilder and his co-writers, Walter Newman and Lesser Samuels, were so lean and mean [with their dialogue]... [Kirk Douglas'] focus and energy... is almost scary. There is nothing dated about [his] performance. It's as right-now as a sharpened knife."


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Dave Kehr in the "Chicago Reader" called it "cold, lurid, and fascinating" and Nathan Lee of "The Village Voice" wrote, "Here is, half a century out of the past, a movie so acidly "au courant" it stings."


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: "Time Out London" wrote, "As a diatribe against all that is worst in human nature, it has moments dipped in pure vitriol." "TV Guide" called it "a searing example of writer-director Billy Wilder at his most brilliantly misanthropic" and adds, "An uncompromising portrait of human nature at its worst, the film... stands as one of the great American films of the 1950s."


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: Ed Gonzalez of "Slant Magazine" wrote that the film "... allowed Wilder to question the very nature of human interest stories and the twisted relationship between the American media and its public. More than 50 years after the film's release, when magazines compete to come up with the cattiest buzz terms and giddily celebrate the demise of celebrity relationships for buffo bucks, "Ace in the Hole" feels more relevant than ever."


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: In his "Slate" review, Jack Shafer wrote in 2007, "If film noir illustrates the crackup of the American dream... "Ace in the Hole" is an exemplar of the form."


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: The film was included in film critic Roger Ebert's list of "The Great Movies" in 2001. In September 2008, "Empire Magazine" published its list of the Top 500 greatest movies of all time. With votes from 10,000 readers of the magazine along with 500 key film critics and 150 film industry figures, this film is ranked number 385. In 2015, the film ranked 100th on BBC's "100 Greatest American Films" list, voted on by film critics from around the world.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: In 2022, Eddie Muller, founder and president of the Film Noir Foundation, in a Facebook "Noir or Not" segment stated that "Ace in the Hole" incorrectly gets labeled as a film noir because of director Wilder's other films "Double Indemnity" and "Sunset Boulevard", and because of the cynical storyline. Muller feels that "Ace in the Hole" is without many of the characteristics normally associated with film noir, and that it's more of a film about sleazy journalism.


title: Ace in the Hole (1951 film)

text: The 1992 "The Simpsons" episode "Radio Bart" largely references the storyline of "Ace in the Hole", featuring Bart Simpson lowering a portable radio into a well, and using a wireless microphone to broadcast his voice from it. He convinces the public that a boy named "Timmy O'Toole" had fallen into it, prompting news coverage and charity campaigns. Writer Jon Vitti noted that series creator Matt Groening "came in out of nowhere and just gave me, start to finish, the whole story."


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: The 1990 Luzon earthquake struck the island of Luzon in the Philippines at 4:26 p.m. on July 16 (PDT) or 3:26 p.m. (PST) with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ("Violent") and produced a 125 km-long ground rupture that stretched from Dingalan, Aurora to Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya. The event was a result of strike-slip movements along the Philippine Fault and the Digdig Fault within the Philippine Fault System. The earthquake's epicenter was near the town of Rizal, Nueva Ecija, northeast of Cabanatuan City. An estimated 1,621 people were killed, most of the fatalities located in Central Luzon and the Cordillera region.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: The earthquake caused damage within an area of about 20,000 square kilometers, stretching from the mountains of the Cordillera Administrative Region and through the Central Luzon region. The earthquake was strongly felt in Metropolitan Manila, destroying many buildings and leading to panic and stampedes and ultimately three deaths in the National Capital Region, one of the lowest fatalities recorded in the wake of the tremor. The ceiling of a movie theater in Pasay reportedly collapsed pinning a number of moviegoers. The Southern Tagalog (nowadays Regions 4A (Calabarzon) and 4B (Mimaropa), and Aurora of Central Luzon) and Bicol Regions also felt the quake, but with low casualty figures.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: Then-president Cory Aquino, who was having a meeting with Senate leaders at Malacañang Palace in Manila, recounted that she hid under a long conference table during the earthquake. She later ordered the suspension of classes and the mobilization of relief agencies.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: The popular destination of Baguio, situated over 5000 feet above sea level, was among the areas hardest hit by the Luzon earthquake. The earthquake caused 28 collapsed buildings, including hotels, factories, and government and university buildings, as well as many private homes and establishments.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: The quake destroyed electric, water and communication lines in the city. The main vehicular route to Baguio, Kennon Road, as well as other access routes to the mountain city, were shut down due to landslides and it took three days before enough landslide debris was cleared to allow access by road to the stricken city.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: Baguio was isolated from the rest of the Philippines for the first 48 hours after the quake. Damage at Loakan Airport rendered access to the city by air limited to helicopters. American and Philippine Air Force C-130s evacuated many residents from this airport. Many city residents, as well as patients confined in hospital buildings damaged by the quake, were forced to stay inside tents set up in public places, such as in Burnham Park and in the streets. Looting of department stores in the city was reported.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: Among the first rescuers to arrive at the devastated city were miners from Benguet Corporation, who focused on rescue efforts at the collapsed Hotel Nevada. Teams sent by the Philippine government and by foreign governments and agencies likewise participated in the rescue and retrieval operations in Baguio.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: One of the more prominent buildings destroyed was the Hyatt Terraces Baguio Hotel, where at least eighty hotel employees and guests were killed, including at least four employees of the state-owned Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation which ran the casino. Three hotel employees, however, were pulled out alive after having been buried under the rubble for nearly two weeks, and after international rescue teams had abandoned the site convinced there were no more survivors. Luisa Mallorca and Arnel Calabia were extricated from the rubble 11 days after the quake, while hotel cook Pedrito Dy was recovered alive 14 days following the earthquake. All three survived in part by drinking their own urine and in Dy's case, rainwater. At that time, Dy's 14-day ordeal was cited as a world record for entombment underneath rubble.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: The United States Agency for International Development was sponsoring a seminar at the Hotel Nevada when the tremor struck, causing the hotel to collapse. 27 of the seminar participants, including one American USAID official, were killed in the quake. Among those who were pulled out alive from the ruins of the hotel was future senatorial candidate Sonia Roco, wife of politician Raul Roco, who was pulled out from the rubble by miners after 36 hours.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: In Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, the tallest building in the city, a six-story concrete school building housing the Christian College of the Philippines, collapsed during the earthquake, which occurred during school hours. Around 154 people were killed at the CCP building. Unlike in Baguio, local and international journalists were able to arrive at Cabanatuan within hours after the tremor, and media coverage of the quake in its immediate aftermath centered on the collapsed school, where rescue efforts were hampered by the lack of heavy equipment to cut through the steel reinforcement of fallen concrete. Some of the victims who did not die in the collapse were found dead later from dehydration because they were not pulled out in time.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: A 20-year-old high school student, Robin Garcia, was later credited with rescuing at least eight students and teachers by twice returning under the rubble to retrieve survivors. Garcia was killed by an aftershock hours after the quake while trying to rescue more survivors, and he received several posthumous tributes, including medals of honor from the Boy Scouts of the Philippines and President Corazon Aquino's Grieving Heart Award for his heroic effort that brought the world's attention to the quake due to quick media coverage in the city, since most of the buildings were damaged save for the CCP building which was collapsed totally.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: In other areas of Nueva Ecija, a school in Guimba collapsed killing three students. In neighboring Nueva Vizcaya, at least 100 motorists and commuters were buried alive in landslides along the Nueva Vizcaya-Isabela Highway.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: In Dagupan City, about 90 buildings in the city were damaged, and about 20 collapsed. Some structures sustained damage because liquefaction caused buildings to sink as much as . The earthquake caused a decrease in the elevation of the city and several areas were flooded. The city suffered 64 casualties of which 47 survived and 17 died. Most injuries were sustained during stampedes at a university building and a theater.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: Five municipalities in La Union were affected: Agoo, Aringay, Caba, Santo Tomas, and Tubao with a combined population of 132,208. Many buildings, including the Agoo Municipal hall, the Museo de Iloko, the parish church of Aringay, and the Basilica Minore of our Lady of Charity, collapsed or were severely damaged. 100,000 families were displaced when two coastal villages sank due to liquefaction. The province suffered many casualties leaving 32 people dead.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: Based on preliminary analysis, cases and controls were similar in age and sex distribution. Similar proportions of cases and controls were inside buildings (74% and 80%, respectively) and outside buildings (26% and 20%, respectively) during the earthquake. For persons who were inside a building, risk factors included building height, type of building material, and the floor level the person was on. Persons inside buildings with seven or more floors were 35 times more likely to be injured. Persons inside buildings constructed of concrete or mixed materials were three times more likely to sustain injuries than were those inside wooden buildings. Persons at middle levels of multistory buildings were twice as likely to be injured as those at the top or bottom levels.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: The earthquake caused different patterns of damage in different parts of Luzon Island. The mountain resort of Baguio was most severely affected, it had a high population density and many tall concrete buildings, which were more susceptible to seismic damage. Relief efforts proved difficult as all routes of communication, roads, and airport access were severed for several days following the quake. These efforts were further hampered by daily rainfall. Baguio is home to a large mining company and a military academy; experienced miners and other disciplined volunteers played a crucial role in early rescue efforts. Rescue teams arriving from Manila and elsewhere in Luzon were able to decrease mortality from major injuries. Surgeons, anesthesiologists, and specialized equipment and supplies were brought to the area, and victims were promptly treated. Patients requiring specialized care (e.g., hemodialysis) not available in the disaster area were airlifted to tertiary hospitals. Damage was caused by landslides in the mountains and settling in coastal areas. Relief efforts in these areas were prompt and successful, partly because those areas remained accessible.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: On July 19, three days after the earthquake, the priority of relief efforts shifted from treatment of injuries to public health concerns. For example, numerous broken pipes completely disrupted water systems, limiting the availability of potable water, and refugees who camped in open areas had no adequate toilet facilities. Early efforts at providing potable water by giving refugees chlorine granules were unsuccessful. Most potable water was distributed from fire engines, and Department of Health (DOH) sanitarians chlorinated the water before it was distributed. Surveys of refugee areas showed few latrines; these had to be dug by the DOH.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: The University of Baguio, which got struck by this earthquake, was rehabilitated, while the land where Hyatt Terraces stood remains abandoned, giving an eerie reminder of the earthquake.


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: The earthquake is featured in the television documentary series by GRB Entertainment, aired on The Learning Channel and other television channels around the world, about natural disasters titled "Earth's Fury" (also known internationally as "Anatomy of Disaster") in an episode entitled "Earthquake!", the 50th anniversary special of GMA News and Public Affairs titled "Limang Dekada" in 2010, the 50th anniversary special of ABS-CBN titled "Sa Mata ng Balita" in 2003, and the 1996 documentary produced by Langley Productions titled "The Amazing Video Collection: Natural Disasters".


title: 1990 Luzon earthquake

text: Scenes of the earthquake's destruction around Baguio, as well as reflections on Filipino people's capacity to endure and rebuild, also featured in a segment of 1994 collage film directed by National Artist Kidlat Tahimik titled "Why is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?".


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: Saint Stephen's Day, also called the Feast of Saint Stephen, is a Christian saint's day to commemorate Saint Stephen, the first Christian martyr or protomartyr, celebrated on 26 December in Western Christianity and 27 December in Eastern Christianity. The Eastern Orthodox churches that adhere to the Julian calendar mark Saint Stephen's Day on 27 December according to that calendar, which places it on 9 January of the Gregorian calendar used in secular contexts. In Latin Christian denominations, Saint Stephen's Day marks the second day of Christmastide.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: It is an official public holiday in Alsace-Moselle, Austria, the Balearic Islands, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Catalonia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, Switzerland and Newfoundland. The date is also a public holiday in those countries that celebrate Boxing Day on the day in addition to or instead of Saint Stephen's Day, such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: Saint Stephen's Day is the second day of Christmastide and is celebrated in honour of one of the first Christian martyrs, Saint Stephen, who was stoned to death in 36 AD.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: In the Republic of Ireland, the day is one of nine official public holidays. Its name is sometimes shortened to "Stephen's Day", particularly in informal contexts.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: In Irish, it is called ' or ', meaning the Wren Day. When used in this context, "wren" is often pronounced "ran". This name alludes to several legends, including those found in Irish mythology, linking episodes in the life of Jesus to the wren. People dress up in old clothes, wear straw hats and travel from door to door with fake wrens (previously real wrens were killed) and they dance, sing and play music. This tradition is less common than it was a couple of generations ago. Depending on which region of the country, they are called "wrenboys" and mummers. A Mummer's Festival is held at this time every year in the village of New Inn, County Galway, and Dingle in County Kerry. Mumming is also a big tradition in County Fermanagh in Ulster. Saint Stephen's Day is a popular day for visiting family members and going to the theatre to see a pantomime.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: In most of Ulster in the north of Ireland, the day is usually known as Boxing Day, especially in Northern Ireland and County Donegal (chiefly in East Donegal and Inishowen).


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: Saint Stephen's Day in Wales is known as "", celebrated every year on 26 December. One ancient Welsh custom, discontinued in the 19th century, included bleeding of livestock and "holming" by beating with holly branches of late risers and female servants. The ceremony reputedly brought good luck.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: Saint Stephen's Day (') on 26 December is a holiday in Catalonia. It is traditionally celebrated with a festive meal that includes '. The pasta tubes are stuffed with ground meat that may include the leftovers of the previous day's ', turkey, or '. In Catalan-speaking territories the day is also known as the Second Christmas Day or the "Festa Mitjana". In the Valencia area a tradition is to eat with the father's side of the family on the 26th, and on the 25th with the mother's side. Historically, the Catalan holiday on the day after Christmas may be related to the practical need for time to return home after a Christmas Day gathering and may date back to the days of the Carolingian Empire.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: Saint Stephen's Day (") is marked as a public holiday as part of its shared culture across the Rhine River with Germany.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: " is a public holiday in mainly Catholic Austria. In the Archdiocese of Vienna, the day of patron saint Saint Stephen is even celebrated on the feast of the Holy Family. Similar to the adjacent regions of Bavaria, numerous ancient customs still continued to this day, such as ceremonial horseback rides and blessing of horses, or the "stoning" drinking rite celebrated by young men after attending Mass.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: The 26th of December is – as Second Day of Christmas (, , ) – a public holiday in Poland, Germany, The Netherlands and the Czech Republic.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: Saint Stephen is also the patron saint of Republika Srpska, one of two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. St. Stephen's Day, 9 January, is celebrated as the Day of the Republika Srpska or "Dan Republike", though mainly as an anniversary of the 1992 events rather than as a religious feast.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: The best-known tradition linked to the Stephen's Day () is "the ride of Stephen's Day" which refers to a sleigh ride with horses. These merry rides along village streets were seen in contrast to the silent and pious mood of the preceding Christmas days.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: Another old tradition was parades with singers and people dressed in Christmas suits. At some areas these parades were related to checking forthcoming brides. Stephen's Day used to be a popular day for weddings as well. These days a related tradition is dances of Stephen's Day which are held in several restaurants and dance halls.


title: Saint Stephen's Day

text: In Bulgaria, the Orthodox Church celebrates Saint Stephen's Day, also called Stefanov Den (), on the third day after Christmas - December 27. On this day, the ones who have a nameday are given gifts.


title: Jonquel Jones

text: Jonquel Orthea Jones (born January 5, 1994) is a Bahamian-Bosnian professional basketball player for the Connecticut Sun of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She was drafted with the 6th overall pick in the 2016 WNBA Draft. Since May 2019, she also holds the citizenship of Bosnia and Herzegovina, allowing her to play for the national team.


title: Jonquel Jones

text: A 6'6" power forward/center, Jones played college basketball for Clemson and George Washington. After the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, she left the Russian team UMMC Ekaterinburg, and joined the Turkish team Çukurova Basketbol.


title: Jonquel Jones

text: Jones was born in the Bahamas. At age 14, she moved to Maryland, where she attended Riverdale Baptist School. Coach Diane Richardson became her legal guardian. Her nickname in high school was "Big Slim".