title: Jon Stevens

text: In 2012, Stevens is listed as a supporter of the "Oscar's Law" campaign, together with other publicly known figures. The campaign protests against the factory farming of companion animals and is named after a neglected dog found in central Victoria, Australia. Other notable supporters include Mark McEntee (musician), Mick Molloy (comedian) and the Essendon Football Club (Australian Football League).


title: Jon Stevens

text: The Country Music Awards of Australia (CMAA) (also known as the Golden Guitar Awards) is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry. They have been held annually since 1973.


title: Jon Stevens

text: The Logie Awards (officially the TV Week Logie Awards) is an annual gathering to celebrate Australian television, sponsored and organised by magazine "TV Week", with the first ceremony in 1959, known then as the TV Week Awards, the awards are presented in 20 categories representing both public and industry voted awards.


title: Jon Stevens

text: The New Zealand Music Awards are an annual awards night celebrating excellence in New Zealand music and have been presented annually since 1965.


title: Torben Ulrich

text: Torben Ulrich (born 4 October 1928) is a Danish writer, musician, filmmaker and former professional tennis player. He is the father of Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich.


title: Torben Ulrich

text: Ulrich was born on 4 October 1928 in Copenhagen, the son of Ulla (née Meyer) and tennis player Einer Ulrich. Torben played on the tennis tour from the late 1940s into the 1970s, and on the Tennis Grand Masters tour in the 1970s and 1980s. Torben won the Antwerp International singles title on red clay in 1951 and again in 1956 when he defeated Jacques Brichant in the final. He won the Stuttgart Open tournament in 1953 on red clay. He became a professional tennis player when he signed a contract with the World Championship Tennis promoters in early 1969 at 40 years old. In 1976 he was the top-ranked senior player in the world. Ulrich played more than 100 Davis Cup matches for Denmark. In 1977, at a month shy of 49, he became the oldest Davis Cup player in history.


title: Torben Ulrich

text: Ulrich apprenticed at Reuters news agency in Copenhagen in the late 1940s and began writing for Danish jazz magazines. In the 1950s he wrote primarily on music for the Danish newspapers Information and Politiken, wrote for contemporary jazz music trade journals and was co-editor (with Gustava Brandt and Bengt Janus) of the literary magazine "Bazar". In the 1960s he had a weekly music column and wrote jazz reviews and roving reports on assorted cultural themes (with illustrator Klaus Albrectsen) for the Danish daily newspaper BT. In the 1970s he contributed to the music periodical "M.M." and in the 1980s and 1990s returned to Information writing on music, film, athletics and culture. In 2003 an anthology of his writings from the 1940s to the 2000s, "Jazz, bold & buddhisme", edited by Lars Movin, was published (in Danish) by Informations Forlag. Two books of his thin columns of poetry-like texts (in English) were published by Forlaget Bebop: "Terninger, tonefald: 12 Lines, 36 Off-lines" (2005) and "Stilhedens Cymbaler" (2007).


title: Torben Ulrich

text: In the 1950s, Ulrich had a New Orleans-type jazz band, playing clarinet. In the 2000s he was invited to collaborate using voice and texts with the Copenhagen free-jazz trio Clinch (Claus Bøje on drums, Peter Friis Nielsen on bass guitar, Christer Irgens-Møller/keyboards); they released the 2006 album "Dice, Done" (also with Lotte Anker (saxophone) and Steffen Poulsen (electronica)). In 2005 he founded the collaborative improvised music group "Instead Of", composed of Lori Goldston, cello; Angelina Baldoz, trumpet and flutes; Jaison Scott, drums; and Ulrich on voice/texts and "bag of tricks", releasing in 2007 the album "Live on Sonarchy". In 2007 he began recording with Danish pianist Søren Kjærgaard, releasing three albums over the next six years: "Suddenly, Sound: 21 songlines for piano, drainpipe, etc." (2009), "Alphabet, Peaceful, Diminished: 29 Proposals from the Towers of Babble" (2010) and "Meridiana: Lines Toward a Non-local Alchemy" (2014).


title: Torben Ulrich

text: Ulrich began painting in 1971 when the Lions Club of Copenhagen asked a variety of politicians, actors, writers and others to make "a blue elephant" for a charity exhibit to benefit a senior center in Denmark. Instead, he explored what the imprint of the tennis ball might be, and in subsequent years created several series of works, "Imprints of Practice" and "Exsamplings of Play", using played tennis balls, skipped rope, and racquet frame and grip, primarily on rice paper. The works have been exhibited in Copenhagen, Paris, Dublin, New York, Los Angeles, Houston and Seattle, among others.


title: Torben Ulrich

text: He has appeared in two Jørgen Leth films, "Motion Picture" (1969) and "Moments of Play" (1986). He co-directed (with Gil de Kermadec) and appeared in "The Ball and The Wall" (1988), and co-directed (with Rick New and Molly Martin) and appeared in "Body & Being: Before the Wall" (2002).


title: Torben Ulrich

text: In 2011, Ulrich began development with choreographer-dancer Beth Graczyk and composer-musician Angelina Baldoz on the dance project "Cacophony for 8 Players", which premiered in 2014 in Seattle. Ulrich is director and a performer in the work.


title: Torben Ulrich

text: In 1986, he received the Gerlev Prize from Gerlev Idrætshøjskole in Denmark for athletico-cultural contributions. In 2006, he received an award from Klara Karolines Fond, "for his inspiration to artists of many kinds and for his views on athletics, art and existence". In 2013, the Ulrich family received the Davis Cup Award.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Cindy Campbell is a fictional character from the "Scary Movie" franchise. Portrayed by Anna Faris and created by Shawn Wayans, Marlon Wayans, Buddy Johnson, Phil Beauman, Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer, the character first appeared as a high school student in "Scary Movie" (2000). In the film, whose main parodies are the "Scream" and "I Know What You Did Last Summer" franchises, Cindy shares a role similar to Sidney Prescott and Julie James.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Faris would reprise her role of Cindy in the film's sequels. In "Scary Movie 2", Cindy is attending college and with her friends, goes to Hell House for Professor Oldman's experiment. Here, her role is based on Eleanor Vance from "The Haunting". In "Scary Movie 3", where her role is based on Rachel Keller from "The Ring", she is portrayed as a news presenter and has a nephew, Cody. After seeing a cursed tape, she tries to break the curse before seven days pass and she dies. In "Scary Movie 4", where she parodies Karen Davis from "The Grudge", Cindy is working as a caregiver in a haunted house and attempts to stop an alien attack with the help of Brenda.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Up until the fourth installment, Faris and Regina Hall, who portrayed Brenda Meeks, were the only cast members to appear in every installment of the franchise. Faris didn't return for "Scary Movie 5" and Cindy was replaced by Ashley Tisdale's character, Jody Sanders. Faris, herself, poked fun at her character's absence in the 2016 film "Keanu" where she explains that she only appeared in the first four "Scary Movie" films, not the fifth because she was "too old".


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Cindy is an attractive, sweet, and cheerful character, she is soft-spoken and meek at first glance. Originally brunette, becoming blonde later, she is very caring for others, such as striving to protect people like Cody or even the rest of the world from watching the horror tape. (Scary Movie 3) She also shows an interest in animal rights avocation, helping the homeless and protecting the environment. She matures from a clueless teenager to a much tougher and motherly woman, although she still displays levels of unintelligent or tactlessness at times. She is slightly insecure, showing insecurity when others talk about her appearance.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: However, Cindy does have a more dangerous and violent side, even when she was a teenager, shown when she punched Gail Hailstorm in the face for telling her that her "ass looks fat." Cindy also has a rather unfortunate track record when it comes to relationships, her first boyfriend, Bobby Prinze, constantly tried to pressure her into being intimate with him and was later revealed to be both gay and a murderer, later attempting to kill her. Her next love interest, Buddy was also rather argumentative and their relationship presumably did not last. Her first marriage to an aggressive and disrespectful man turned out to be quite opprobrious and abusive, resulting in a divorce. Her most successful relationship was with her second husband George Logan, but he later died during a boxing accident.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: She is shown to be a good fighter at several moments in her life, employing martial arts skills similar to the fight skills in "The Matrix." She sometimes has brief moments of extraordinary strength, once lifting CJ off his feet out of frustration.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: She can also speak a form of "Mock Japanese," which Toshio remarks as terrible as it is just words such as Mitsubishi, Samurai, and Jujitsu thrown together.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: The only people in Cindy's family who have appeared in the movies or are mentioned are her father (reportedly a drug dealer), her unnamed sister, a grandmother and her nephew, Cody Campbell. Both The Sheriff and Principal Squiggman allude to Cindy's mother having been sexually promiscuous. Cindy has been married twice, once with an unknown man and later to George Logan who dies in between 2003 and 2006. Her brother-in-law was Tom Logan. She was last known to be in a relationship with Tom Ryan.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Cindy is one of the few characters to have a running gag about her; the only other character being Ray. This gag revolves around her thin frame, particularly in how she isn't as busty as Brenda Meeks or Buffy Gilmore. When she flashes Bobby in the first film, she is shown to have a masculine torso with gross traits such as a hairy chest with flabby breasts, the ugly sight of her being topless causes him to fall out of the window. While in the first sequel, her fellow college friends are much more shallow and bullying when they compare her figure to Caroline Kane in her portrait. Buddy also calls her "A-cup" after he punches her, and Shorty Meeks comments that her breasts are orangutan-like while the group gazes over Caroline's portrait. While in the third film, Cindy who is now an attractive reporter, once tried to prove a point while arguing about breast augmentation by revealing to her boss and co-workers her now enlarged "twins", which they appear to be more bigger and more natural than Becka Kotler's silicone implants and features a "sloshing" sound of lactation when jiggled, Cindy also wears tight tops to prevent the distraction of males to the point where they throw a wild party, even at her own job. Cindy even excites men whenever she hugs them, such as the brief moment where her boyfriend George Logan pointed out that she is pressing up against him. In the fourth film, a hand was seen trying to touch her chest like what Buddy once did in the second film. In both Scary Movie 3 and 4, Cindy's new breasts are not obvious unless she flashes her chest on-camera; it has also never been implied that Cindy's enlarged bra/cup size was done out of surgery, this sexualized trait is only a retcon along with her blonde hair.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Another brief running gag in the first two movies is during overexaggerated sex-scenes with Cindy. Such as when she finally goes to "the next level" with Bobby in the first movie where she performs the "cowgirl" position on Bobby, which ends with him ejaculating a fountain of semen so strong, that Cindy blasted to the ceiling, and Bobby looks like an emaciated husk of himself. In the sequel, Buddy who is on the brink of freezing to death from after the paranormal activity traps them in the cooler, he cons Cindy who is tasked to keep him warm, by giving him a "hand" which causes him to produce a fire-hydrant of semen that covers half the room while blasting Cindy against the door.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Cindy is a high school student attending B. A. Corpse High School with her boyfriend Bobby Prinze. Their friends include Brenda Meeks, Buffy Gilmore, Ray Wilkins and Greg Phillipe. Despite being in a committed relationship with Bobby, the two of them still haven't consummated their relationship. Following Drew Decker's death, it's revealed that one year prior, the six of them had accidentally ran over a man while drinking. While the man was unharmed, they didn't notice and after accidentally knocking him unconscious, dumped his body at a pier. Later the same day, she notices Ghostface outside her classroom and a note on her desk telling her that "they know what she did last Halloween". After being attacked by Ghostface, she assumes that Bobby is the killer and gets him arrested. After the real killer calls her, she decides to invite her friends to keep each other safe. Thanks to Shorty, the small get-together turns into a party. After having sex with Bobby, it's revealed that he is gay and in a relationship with Ray. Despite killing Shorty, they reveal to her that they're copycats of the real killer who appears and kills both of them. After knocking him out, Cindy is taken to the police station where she realizes Doofy, Buffy's brother, is the killer. Despite running after him, Doofy manages to escape, leaving Cindy screaming in the middle of the street, only to get ran over by a car.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: One year after the events of the previous film, Cindy is attending college with Brenda, Shorty and Ray, despite all three of them having died in the previous film and the latter having tried to kill her.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Now a journalist, Cindy has custody of her paranormally gifted nephew, Cody. She again meets Brenda, now a teacher. Unnerved, Brenda asks Cindy to stay with her for the night, when she says she watched a cursed tape. Brenda is murdered by a supernatural girl named Tabitha after failing to turn off the TV. Cindy goes after the answer to the curse of the tape, discovering that aliens are also involved, all while trying to protect Cody and her new friends, Tom Logan, his daughter, and brother George, who becomes Cindy's love interest. After breaking the curse, she marries George.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Cindy has become broke and lonely because her husband George had died and her nephew Cody has enrolled in military academy.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Over the following day, Cindy bonds with Tom Ryan, confiding to him about George's death in a fateful boxing match. The two realize their newfound love, but are interrupted by a gigantic triPod which disables electricity and starts vaporizing the town residents.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Cindy converses in mock Japanese with the haunted house's ghost, Toshio, learning that the answer of the invasion is his father's heart. While Tom leaves the city with his children, Cindy reunites with her friend, Brenda Meeks, miraculously alive after her death (having been pieced back together by Mahalik). Following Toshio's directions, the two head to the countryside and end up in a mysterious, isolated community. They are captured and put to trial headed by Henry Hale. The result allows them to live but never leave the village.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Tom and his children drive and find themselves in the middle of a war between the U.S. military and the aliens. Excited with the conflict, Robbie runs away, while Tom and Rachel are taken by the triPod. Back at the village, Henry is killed by the village loon, Ezekiel, revealing to Cindy that he fathered Toshio, who was killed during Cindy's boxing match. Cindy and Brenda are soon taken by the triPod and sent to the bathroom seen in the prologue, and they get stuck into the Venus flytrap. Cindy manages to get through Billy's challenge, but is threatened with the safety of Tom and his children, who are put to traps. Looking at a toilet with the "heart" nearby, Cindy realizes that Billy, through Henry's wife, is the true father of Toshio. Seeing how far Tom would go to save his children, Billy apologizes for the invasion and releases them. Robbie and Rachel are successfully returned to their mother who is revealed to have married a much older man. Brenda also becomes romantically involved with Billy's brother, Zoltar.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Meanwhile, Tom appears in The Oprah Winfrey Show and wildly professes his love for Cindy by jumping around, throwing Cindy, and crushing Oprah's wrists and hitting her with a chair.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: In "Scary Movie", Cindy is a parody of Sidney Prescott from "Scream" and Julie James from "I Know What You Did Last Summer". Her first name is a play on Sidney, while her last name is taken from Neve Campbell, who portrayed Sidney in the "Scream" franchise.


title: Cindy Campbell

text: In an interview with "People", it was revealed that Anna Faris beat out about hundreds of actresses who auditioned for the role of Cindy. Keenen Ivory Wayans, director of the first two films, said about Faris that "there was a great freshness about her, because [she] had nothing to lose. She didn't think in a million years she was going to get the part".


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Faris revealed that "Scary Movie" was her first Hollywood audition and that she highly enjoyed working on the franchise as it allowed her to be funny, feeling that female characters aren't often allowed to be funny in films. Additionally, she stated that one of the things she like about the franchise is that "[they] can spoof whatever [they want,] take what's popular at the moment and slide it into a very complicated plot structure".


title: Cindy Campbell

text: Bruce G. Hallenbeck, in his book "Comedy-Horror Films: A Chronological History, 1914–2008", described Faris as "the real discovery of "Scary Movie", the one performer who tries valiantly to hold everything together".


title: Toral Rasputra

text: Toral Rasputra (born 9 September 1987) is an Indian television actress. Rasputra has appeared in many well known successful shows, but is best recognized for starring as Anandi from 2013 to 2016 in Colors TV's "Balika Vadhu", one of the longest-running Hindi television shows. She was last seen in Colors TV's "Molkki", produced by Ekta Kapoor.


title: 60th parallel north

text: The 60th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 60 degrees north of Earth's equator. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.


title: 60th parallel north

text: Although it lies approximately twice as far away from the Equator as from the North Pole, the 60th parallel is half as long as the Equator line, due to the cosine of 60 degrees being 0.5. This is where the Earth bulges halfway as much as on the Equator.


title: 60th parallel north

text: At this latitude, the Sun is visible for 18 hours, 52 minutes during the June solstice and 5 hours, 52 minutes during the December solstice.


title: 60th parallel north

text: In Canada, the 60th parallel forms the southern mainland boundary of the northern territories of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut with the western provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.


title: 60th parallel north

text: Accordingly, "north of 60" is an expression often used for the territories, although parts of Nunavut (the islands in Hudson Bay and James Bay) are located south of the 60th parallel, and parts of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador are located north, to the east of Hudson Bay. A 1990s TV show on CBC about life in the Northwest Territories was called "North of 60".


title: 60th parallel north

text: Canada's only four corners are located at the intersection of the 60th parallel and the 102nd meridian west, between the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. However, this is not a true quadripoint as the measurement of the Saskatchewan/Manitoba border in the 1880s placed it approximately west of the 102nd meridian, which defines part of the Northwest Territories/Nunavut border.


title: 60th parallel north

text: Between 1776 and 1950, the 60th parallel formed the southern limit of the Royal Greenland Trade Department's exclusive monopoly on trade near the Dano-Norwegian and later Danish colonies of Greenland (1776–1782) and South Greenland (1782–1950).


title: Robo Shankar

text: Robo Shankar is an Indian standup comedian who has appears in character roles in Tamil films. He made his breakthrough with STAR Vijay's "Kalakkapovathu Yaaru", performing standup comedy. He is a now cast as regular on several shows on Star Vijay and has presented television shows for the channel.


title: Robo Shankar

text: Shankar was a mimicry artist when he was offered by Gokul a role in "Rowthiram" (2011); however, his scenes were edited out from the film. Gokul again cast him a role in "Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara" (2013), which gave him a break as an actor. After doing small roles in "Yaaruda Mahesh" and "Kappal", Balaji Mohan cast Shankar in "Vaayai Moodi Pesavum" (2014). His performance was described by critics as "scream". He portrayed a negative character in "Touring Talkies" (2015). He then acted in "Maari" (2015), where his performance was mentioned by critics that he "deserves a special mention" and "steals the show with his unique one-liners and body language".


title: Robo Shankar

text: His daughter Indraja made her acting debut in "Bigil", as one of the women soccer players and also a castaway in Zee Tamil's Survivor Show.


title: Criminal Investigation Department (India)

text: A Crime Investigation Department (CID) is a branch of the State Police Services of India responsible for the investigation of crime, based on the Criminal Investigation Departments of British police forces.


text: The first CID was created by the British Government in 1902, based on the recommendations of the Indian Police Commission, chaired by Andrew Fraser. At the entrance of the CID office at Gokhale Marg, Lucknow, there is a portrait of Rai Bahadur Pandit Shambhu Nath, King's Police Medalist (KPM) "Father of Indian CID". In 1929, the CID was split into Special Branch, CID and the Crime Branch (CB-CID).


text: CB-CID is a special wing in a CID headed by the Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) and assisted by the Inspector General of Police (IGP). This branch investigates serious crimes including murder, riot, forgery, counterfeiting and cases entrusted to CB-CID by the state government or the High Court.


text: Based on Mumbai's branch, a television series "CID" aired on Sony TV with a successful run of 20 years.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Thomas Eugene Stinson (born October 6, 1966) is an American rock musician. He came to prominence in the 1980s as the bass guitarist for The Replacements, one of the definitive American alternative rock groups. After their breakup in 1991, Stinson formed Bash & Pop, acting as lead vocalist, guitarist and frontman. In the mid-1990s he was the singer and bassist for the rock band Perfect, and eventually joined the hard rock band Guns N' Roses in 1998.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Stinson released his debut solo album, "Village Gorilla Head" in 2004 and subsequently joined Soul Asylum for the completion of their album "The Silver Lining", and was a member of the band for the album's tour in 2006 before joining them as a permanent member until 2011. He released his second solo album, critically acclaimed "One Man Mutiny", on his own Done To Death Music label in 2011.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Stinson left Guns N' Roses after touring in 2014 and being replaced by the band's former bassist Duff McKagan, then in 2016 reunited Bash & Pop, and released a new album in 2017, titled "Anything Could Happen".


title: Tommy Stinson

text: After beginning to learn the bass at the age of 11, Stinson began playing and covering songs with his brother, Bob Stinson, and drummer Chris Mars under the name "Dogbreath" without a singer. After recruiting singer Paul Westerberg, Dogbreath changed their name to The Impediments and played a drunken performance, without Tommy, at a church hall gig in June 1980. After being banned from the venue for disorderly behavior, they changed their name to The Replacements.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: After signing to Twin/Tone Records, by label owner Peter Jesperson who also became the group's manager, they released their debut album, "Sorry Ma, Forgot to Take Out the Trash", in 1981 with an EP, "Stink", following in 1982. The Replacements began to distance themselves from the hardcore punk scene after the release of "Stink" and, inspired by other rock subgenres, released their second album, "Hootenanny", in April 1983. "Hootenanny" was played on over two hundred radio stations across the country, with critics acclaiming the album; "The Village Voice"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Robert Christgau deemed it "the most critically independent album of 1983". The band embarked on their first tour of the U.S. in April 1983, during this time Tommy dropped out of tenth grade to join the rest of the band on tour. The band toured cities such as Detroit, Cleveland and Philadelphia, but their intended destination was New York City, where they played at Gerde's Folk City and Maxwell's.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: For the recording of their next studio album, The Replacements decided to return to Blackberry Way Studios in late 1983 with the result being "Let It Be", released in October 1984. A live album, "The Shit Hits the Fans", was released in 1985.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Warner Bros. Records subsidiary Sire Records, eventually signed The Replacements with their first major-label release being the "Tim" album, produced by Tommy Erdelyi, released in 1985. After the release of "Tim", The Replacements fired Tommy's brother, Bob Stinson, as well as Jesperson the same year. The remaining Replacements carried on as a trio for "Pleased to Meet Me", released in 1987, recorded in Memphis with producer Jim Dickinson. Guitarist Slim Dunlap took over lead guitar duties for the subsequent tour and soon became a full member of the band.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: They released "Don't Tell a Soul", in 1989, which featured the song "I'll Be You", which topped Billboard's Modern Rock chart. Following a disastrous tour opening for Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Westerberg recorded a new album largely with session musicians but was persuaded to release it as a Replacements album. "All Shook Down", released in 1990, won critical praise and more mainstream attention, though the many guest players and Mars's quick departure from the band following the album's release led many to wonder about the band's future.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Drummer Steve Foley was recruited as Mars's replacement in 1990, and the band embarked on a long farewell tour which lasted into the summer of 1991. On July 4, 1991, the band officially broke up following a Taste of Chicago performance in Grant Park, referred to by fans as "It Ain't Over 'Til the Fat Roadie Plays" because each member disappeared during the set, their respective roadies taking their places. This show was broadcast by Chicago radio station WXRT.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: In December 2005, he reunited with his surviving Replacements band mates Paul Westerberg and original drummer Chris Mars to record two new songs for a greatest-hits collection. Stinson further collaborated with Westerberg on the soundtrack to the Sony feature film "Open Season", recording bass tracks for 'Love You in the Fall' and 'Right to Arm Bears'.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: On September 20, 2012, Stinson and Westerberg recorded "Busted Up" as part of the "Songs For Slim" vinyl series. The project was created to raise money for guitarist Slim Dunlap after he suffered a massive stroke in February 2012. They recorded three additional songs, released as the "Songs For Slim EP", the band's first release of all newly recorded music since "All Shook Down". A subsequent eBay auction of a special edition 10" version of the EP, limited to 250, raised over $106,000 for Slim's care.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: The band reunited in 2013 to play their first live show in 22 years at Riot Fest in Toronto. Former Guns N' Roses bandmate Josh Freese joined Stinson as part of The Replacements for the tour. After a tour that lasted through 2015, the Replacements broke up again, with Stinson stating that any material written would be reworked for his solo career.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: With a name selected from a contest hosted by New York radio station WDRE, Stinson, on guitar and lead vocals, formed his first post-Replacements group Bash & Pop in 1992 with drummer Steve Foley being added to the group, also formerly of The Replacements, along with his brother Kevin on bass and guitarist Steve Brantseg. Rumors were that Bash & Pop were a band in name only with Stinson recording the album, "Friday Night Is Killing Me", mostly by himself along with a number of guest musicians. Steve, Kevin and Brantseg all contributed to the album, "Friday Night Is Killing Me", along with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers members Benmont Tench and Mike Campbell, Wire Train's Jeff Trott as well as other musicians Greg Leisz, Brian McCloud, Phil Jones and Tommy Steel with the album being released in January 1993, through Sire/Reprise Records, to mainly mixed reviews.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: A tour in support followed along with the recording of the track "Making Me Sick" which was included on the soundtrack, released in 1994, to the movie "Clerks" however the group disbanded later in 1994.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Following the breakup of previous group Bash & Pop, Stinson formed Perfect along with the group's guitarist Marc Solomon, bassist Robert Cooper as well as drummer Gersh. After playing a number of shows, they were soon signed to Medium Cool Records by label head Peter Jesperson, who was also an old manager of The Replacements, where they began recording for a debut EP.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: The "When Squirrels Play Chicken EP", produced by Don Smith, was released in 1996 to positive reviews with Greg Prato, of Allmusic, stating "fans will undoubtedly be more pleased with his new band, Perfect, which is much more focused, and in the expected drunken-Johnny Thunders guitar-rock style."


title: Tommy Stinson

text: In 1997 the group entered the studio with producer Jim Dickinson to produce their debut album, tentatively titled "Seven Days a Week". Stinson had now switched back to bass for the departed Cooper, and added Dave Philips on guitar. Despite completing the album, it was shelved by Regency Pictures, who had acquired Medium Cool distributors Restless Records, which led to the group's eventual breakup in 1998. The album itself was leaked onto the internet through advance copies were sent out to record labels, however a remixed and resequenced version of "Seven Days a Week", retitled "Once, Twice, Three Times a Maybe", was released by Rykodisc in 2004. which was, much like the EP, well received.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Also in 1998, Stinson joined Guns N' Roses, Stinson was recommended to the group by his friend Josh Freese, who was the band's drummer at the time. Guitarist Richard Fortus described Stinson's role as the band leader and “ultimate musical director” during rehearsals and recordings when vocalist Axl Rose was away.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Stinson's bass playing is featured prominently on the track "Oh My God", featured on the soundtrack to the movie "End of Days", as well as their long-delayed "Chinese Democracy" album which was eventually released in 2008. Stinson played bass on 13 of the 14 songs on the album, was credited for arrangements on "Riad N' the Bedouins", performed backing vocals on ""Chinese Democracy", "Better", "Street of Dreams", "There Was a Time", & "Riad N' the Bedouins", and co-wrote "Chinese Democracy", "Street of Dreams", "There Was a Time", "Catcher in the Rye", & "Riad N' the Bedouins". Stinson is also credited as co-writer on the 2021 Guns N' Roses track "Hard Skool", initially written during the "Chinese Democracy" sessions.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: On November 24, 2006 at Cleveland's Quicken Loans Arena, Axl Rose called the Eagles of Death Metal (one of Guns N' Roses' opening acts) the "Pigeons of Shit Metal." Jesse Hughes, the Eagles of Death Metal's lead singer, told NME that Stinson took his bass off and threw it on the floor saying "Fuck you, that's it" and threatened to leave the band. Stinson did not leave Guns N' Roses; however, the Eagles of Death Metal were fired from the tour. On December 2, 2006, Stinson issued a statement reading, in part: "Eagles of Death Metal were a suggestion of mine a while ago. Turns out they were the wrong band for our crowd. They were booed and did not play for as long as they were scheduled to. ... In the past I have thrown my bass. I have never thrown it at Axl or anyone else in the band nor has anyone thrown my bass back at me... yet. Axl has been a dear friend to me for nine years. We have no problem communicating and wish that people would stay the fuck out of shit they don't know anything about."


title: Tommy Stinson

text: During the Chinese Democracy World Tour, Tommy played several punk songs during his solo spot, such as "Sonic Reducer" by The Dead Boys, and "My Generation" by The Who, as well as "Motivation" from his first album, "Village Gorilla Head". Stinson's performance of "Motivation" is featured on the live album "Appetite for Democracy 3D".


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Stinson left the group after 2014 tour, and commented on his departure, stating "I left it in a good way. I actually had to just start turning down tours because I was unable to tour; I got into a position, personally, where my personal life was going to prevent me from doing, I don’t know — it must have been about five tours that they called me to do, and I just said I can’t do ’em." Stinson was replaced by the returning Duff McKagan, whom Stinson had replaced in 1998.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Stinson began writing what would become "Village Gorilla Head" in the late 90s, and after Frank Black, of the Pixies, gave Stinson the use of his mobile recording studio and his studio space for free he began recording in 2003 with Philip Broussard who co-produced the album.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Stinson played most of the instruments on the album, with the exception of drums, but featured contributions by Guns N' Roses band mates Richard Fortus and Dizzy Reed, who contributed guitars and keyboards respectively, along with drummers Gersh, who played with Stinson in Perfect, and Josh Freese, who was also previously a member of Guns N' Roses, as well as Josh's brother Jason, who provided saxophone, and Dave Philips, also of Perfect, providing guitar and pedal steel. The album was released on July 27, 2004 to positive reviews from music critics.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: For the tour supporting the album, Stinson enlisted Alien Crime Syndicate to be his support act during the tour as well as his backing band during the shows, as well as The Figgs on another leg.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: In the fall of 2005, Tommy joined Soul Asylum for a few gigs in tribute to recently deceased bassist and founding member Karl Mueller. Stinson and Dave Pirner (founding member of Soul Asylum) were friends in high school in Minneapolis, MN. He also helped finish the rest of the recording for the album "The Silver Lining" released in 2006. He toured with them for a number of years when his schedule allowed for it, played on their 2012 Delayed Reaction album and was replaced permanently by Winston Roye in 2012 due to his lack of availability.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: In early 2011, Stinson announced his second solo album, "One Man Mutiny", was to be released on August 30, 2011. Described as his most fully realized work in both production quality and craftsmanship of song, Tommy released the album on his own Done To Death Music label and played sporadic dates across the country with Pete Donnelly and Mike Gent from The Figgs, Tim Schweiger, Justin Perkins and Jon Phillip from Limbeck.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: In May 2011, Tommy played three well-attended shows in the Midwest – Club Garibaldi's in Milwaukee, First Avenue in Minneapolis and Double Door in Chicago. At First Avenue, he was surprised onstage by Dave Pirner from Soul Aslyum for the encore. Dave smashed several cheap guitars on stage before Tommy and the band played a cover of The Undertones' "Teenage Kicks" to close out the night.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Tommy and the band played eight gigs over four days at the 2012 SXSW Music Festival in Austin, TX, including a Daytrotter Session and a memorable set at Alejandro Escovedo's famous Closing Party at the Continental Club.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: In late 2012, Tommy and Fred Armisen joined Dinosaur, Jr. on stage at their "You're Living All Over Me" 25th anniversary show at Terminal 5 in NYC to play "TV Eye" by The Stooges during the encore.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: In 2013, Stinson recorded two songs with The Old 97's, appearing on their 2014 album "Most Messed Up". He shared lead guitar duties with Ken Bethea and contributed vocals on "Intervention" and "Most Messed Up."


title: Tommy Stinson

text: In 2016, after working on material for a new solo album, Stinson decided to release it under the Bash & Pop moniker, reuniting the band. An album, "Anything Could Happen" was released on January 20, 2017. Some of the material was also written by Stinson to be included on a possible new Replacements album that never came to fruition.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: In 2021, Stinson began a tour of intimate backyard performances fronting Cowboys in the Campfire, his duo with Pennsylvania-based guitarist Chip Roberts.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: On stage with Guns N' Roses, Stinson used a lineup of ESP Vintage-4 basses (with the P/J pickup configuration) in different colors, all of which were equipped with EMG PJ-Set pickups. An exception to this was the songs "Better", "Chinese Democracy" and "Sorry", during which he used a James Trussart Steelcaster bass. For live amplification he used two Ampeg Heritage B-15 reissues that are situated at the rear of the stage facing away, only one of them being mic'd. In the studio, it is unclear what basses he has used for individual tracks, but he has acknowledged using a Gibson Thunderbird Bass on the title track of "Chinese Democracy". As of 2011 Stinson is endorsing ESP guitar co. Notably using the ESP Vintage-4 with EMG PJ-Set pickups.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: Stinson has stated that all his basses have EMG pickups, saying that "they give [him] a lot of growl and grit when they hit the preamp of an SVT." During recording, Stinson has used SWR amps, a Matchless combo and DI. Early live shows during his tenure with Guns N' Roses featured the SWR amps, but Stinson soon realized that it wasn't suitable for their situation (apparently, it was deemed too loud to be used at full capacity). Since then, he has been using the Ampeg Heritage B-15 Reissue 1x15 combo with a few Ampeg 8x10 cabinets for low-end.


title: Tommy Stinson

text: At NAMM in 2013, ESP introduced their new Tommy Stinson Signature Series basses. Stinson was on-hand for the festivities.


title: Thamizhum Saraswathiyhum

text: Thamizhum Saraswathiyum is an Indian Tamil-language soap opera starring Deepak Dinkar and Varshini Arza. It started airing from 12 July 2021 on Star Vijay and streams on Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Thamizhum Saraswathiyhum

text: The chapter starts with Tamizharasu, commonly known as Tamil, a tenth-grade dropout who deserted his studies due to his family's financial hardship. His family consists of seven members: his mother and father, Kothai and Natarajan, who originally established Kothai Industries, which is now managed by Tamil, and his younger brother, Karthik, who has fulfilled an MBA, and his sister, Ragini, who is studying MBBS, Abitha, who appears to work as a maid in their house and is taken into account a part of their family as well as an orphan by Kothai, and Tamil's friend Namachivayam, who lives in Kothai's house. Kothai has an older brother whose daughter intended to marry Tamil but subsequently withdrew according to his studies, provoking Kothai to dare her to find another husband.


title: Thamizhum Saraswathiyhum

text: On the other hand, it focuses on Saraswati's family, whereby her father Chokkalingam serves as a school administrator and detests Saraswati because she's been studying grade 12 for almost 10 years. Saraswathi's mother, Vasuki, is an educator who attempts to make her feel better. Saraswati's paternal grandmother, who periodically supports her, nor her younger sister Kavya, who also is continuing her B.Tech. in a university, try to teach Saraswati, but she doesn't understand. Her brother Arun, who has also been pursuing his B.Tech. in AI (Artificial Science), absolutely hates Saraswati's studies.


title: Thamizhum Saraswathiyhum

text: After the event of the turned-down wedding proposal, a demotivated Tamil prays to God, where Saraswati visits and plays a sarcastic comment on him, telling him that he will meet a girl three to four times in the rain and marry her. After this, a happy Tamil tells this to Namachivayam, who really doesn't believe him, and those who return to the temple, where they meet, and it begins to rain.


title: Thamizhum Saraswathiyhum

text: The storyline then moves on to Chandrakala, another former sub-collector. She is also Vasundhara, Aditya's mother. Vasundhara is smitten with Karthik, Thamizh's younger brother. Love is something Kodhai despises. To Thamizh, Karthik professes his love for Vasundhara. Eventually after a lot of problems, the family agrees and Karthik and Vasundhara marry. Meanwhile, one boy attempted to throw a paper at Saraswathi, she gets in trouble cheating on an exam. Chokkalingam (Saraswathi's father) gets enraged by this. Saraswathi comes to terms with her feelings for Tamizh. Kodhai arranges for Thamizh to marry Suhasini. Thamizh realizes his love for Saraswathi on the day of their engagement. Is he planning to marry Saraswathi or Suhasini?


title: Thamizhum Saraswathiyhum

text: Suhasini states she doesn't want to marry Tamizh because of his education level a few days later. One day, Saraswathi finds Kodhai by chance and saves her as she passes out. Saraswathi begins to appeal to Kodhai. Thamizh confesses his love for Saraswathi to Chokkalingam one day, and the latter agrees to see the clan. She continues to like Kodhai and when he starts asking questions about her qualifications, Saraswathi lies and reveals she took MBA to marry Thamizh. Kodhai agrees to marry Thamizh and Saraswathi despite Saraswathi's lack of education. Chandrakala and Geetha are continually attempting to prevent Thamizh and Saraswathi from marrying. Thamizh's aunt, Geetha, despises Kodhai's family and frequently participates with Chandrakala in her schemes. Geetha discovers Saraswathi's educational level one day, but she is rendered speechless due to an accident. When Geetha escapes from the hospital and she and Chandrakala reveal the truth about Saraswathi's education, The euphoria of Thamizh and Saraswathi is fleeting. As a result of Kodhai's passing out from shock, the entire family turns against Thamizh. Kodhai passes out from shock, and the entire family turns both against Thamizh and Saraswathi as a result. Saraswathi now plans to complete Grade 12 and pursue an MBA to prove herself and gain legitimacy from her family.


title: Thamizhum Saraswathiyhum

text: When Kothai returned home following her heart attack. She invites Saraswathi and Tamil inside the house. Vasundhara at the time supported both, although Karthi opposed them. Saraswathi was given the directive to avoid speaking negatively about her parents. She also gets ready for the 12th-grade exam so she can demonstrate her point in full. Geetha and Chandrakala are attempting to split while making various trap plans.


title: Thamizhum Saraswathiyhum

text: While Kothai and Natesan sent Thamil& Saraswathi and Karthik& Vasundhara for a honeymoon to experience and comprehend themselves in Yercaud, Vasundhara and Karthik haven't yet begun living their marital life. Then they come back and are united once more. Vasundhara also becomes pregnant, and Chandrakala throws a party for everyone to enjoy.


title: Thamizhum Saraswathiyhum

text: Thamizh and Saraswathi are split apart by Chandrakala and Madhu. The marriage between Thamizh and Saraswathi starts to fall apart. After being encircled by thugs, Madhu calls Thamizh for assistance. She is saved by inebriated Thamizh. Madhu later claims to be expecting Thamizh's child. When Kodhai's family learns of this, they have 24 hours to establish Thamizh's innocence. Evidence that Madhu lied about her pregnancy is provided to Saraswathi. Ragini, a sister of Thamizh, develops feelings for Aadhi, a brother of Vasundhara. He rejects Ragini's proposal when she makes it. Arjun, a colleague of Karthik saves Ragini when she is sad. As Arjun and Ragini get closer, they begin to fall in love. Even though Arjun only married Ragini to exact revenge on Kodhai's family, they eventually got married. As Saraswathi begins to question Arjun's evil intentions.


title: Thamizhum Saraswathiyhum

text: This is Vikatan Televistas show, which was supposed to premiere in May 2021 but was postponed due to lock down while shootings were halted owing to COVID-19 pandemic in India. The first promo was released on 24 June 2021. Deepak Dinkar who commonly joined with S.Kumaran's projects such as Thendral and Thirumathi Selvam where reprising his role and making his come back


title: Graphics pipeline

text: In computer graphics, a computer graphics pipeline, rendering pipeline or simply graphics pipeline, is a conceptual model that describes what steps a graphics system needs to perform to render a 3D scene to a 2D screen. Once a 3D model has been created, for instance in a video game or any other 3D computer animation, the graphics pipeline is the process of turning that 3D model into what the computer displays.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: Because the steps required for this operation depend on the software and hardware used and the desired display characteristics, there is no universal graphics pipeline suitable for all cases. However, graphics application programming interfaces (APIs) such as Direct3D and OpenGL were created to unify similar steps and to control the graphics pipeline of a given hardware accelerator. These APIs abstract the underlying hardware and keep the programmer away from writing code to manipulate the graphics hardware accelerators (AMD/Intel/NVIDIA etc.).


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The model of the graphics pipeline is usually used in real-time rendering. Often, most of the pipeline steps are implemented in hardware, which allows for special optimizations. The term "pipeline" is used in a similar sense to the pipeline in processors: the individual steps of the pipeline run in parallel as long as any given step has what it needs.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The 3D pipeline usually refers to the most common form of computer 3D rendering called 3D polygon rendering, distinct from raytracing and raycasting. In raycasting, a ray originates at the point where the camera resides, and if that ray hits a surface, the color and lighting of the point on the surface where the ray hit is calculated. In 3D polygon rendering the reverse happens- the area that is in view of the camera is calculated and then rays are created from every part of every surface in view of the camera and traced back to the camera.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The application step is executed by the software on the main processor (CPU). During the application step, changes are made to the scene as required, for example, by user interaction by means of input devices or during an animation. The new scene with all its primitives, usually triangles, lines and points, is then passed on to the next step in the pipeline.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: Examples of tasks that are typically done in the application step are collision detection, animation, morphing, and acceleration techniques using spatial subdivision schemes such as Quadtrees or Octrees. These are also used to reduce the amount of main memory required at a given time. The "world" of a modern computer game is far larger than what could fit into memory at once.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The geometry step (with Geometry pipeline), which is responsible for the majority of the operations with polygons and their vertices (with Vertex pipeline), can be divided into the following five tasks. It depends on the particular implementation of how these tasks are organized as actual parallel pipeline steps.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: A "vertex" (plural: vertices) is a point in the world. Many points are used to join the surfaces. In special cases, point clouds are drawn directly, but this is still the exception.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: A "triangle" is the most common geometric primitive of computer graphics. It is defined by its three vertices and a normal vector - the normal vector serves to indicate the front face of the triangle and is a vector that is perpendicular to the surface. The triangle may be provided with a color or with a texture (image "glued" on top of it). Triangles are preferred over rectangles because their three points always exist in a single plane.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: How the unit of the coordinate system is defined, is left to the developer. Whether, therefore, the unit vector of the system is to correspond in reality to one meter or an Ångström depends on the application.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The objects contained within the scene (houses, trees, cars) are often designed in their own object coordinate system (also called model coordinate system or local coordinate system) for reasons of simpler modeling. To assign these objects to coordinates in the world coordinate system or global coordinate system of the entire scene, the object coordinates are transformed by means of translation, rotation or scaling. This is done by multiplying the corresponding transformation matrices. In addition, several differently transformed copies can be formed from one object, for example a forest from a tree; This technique is called instancing.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: First, we need three rotation matrices, namely one for each of the three aircraft axes (vertical axis, transverse axis, longitudinal axis).


title: Graphics pipeline

text: Now we could calculate the position of the vertices of the aircraft in world coordinates by multiplying each point successively with these four matrices. Since the multiplication of a matrix with a vector is quite expensive (time-consuming), one usually takes another path and first multiplies the four matrices together. The multiplication of two matrices is even more expensive, but must be executed only once for the whole object. The multiplications formula_6 and formula_7 are equivalent. Thereafter, the resulting matrix could be applied to the vertices. In practice, however, the multiplication with the vertices is still not applied, but the camera matrices (see below) are determined first.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The order in which the matrices are applied is important, because the matrix multiplication is "not" commutative. This also applies to the three rotations, as can be demonstrated by an example: The point (1, 0, 0) lies on the X-axis, if one rotates it first by 90° around the X- and then around The Y-axis, it ends up on the Z-axis (the rotation around the X-axis has no effect on a point that is on the axis). If, on the other hand, one rotates around the Y-axis first and then around the X-axis, the resulting point is located on the Y-axis. The sequence itself is arbitrary as long as it is always the same. The sequence with x, then y, then z (roll, pitch, heading) is often the most intuitive, because the rotation causes the compass direction to coincide with the direction of the "nose".


title: Graphics pipeline

text: There are also two conventions to define these matrices, depending on whether you want to work with column vectors or row vectors. Different graphics libraries have different preferences here. OpenGL prefers column vectors, DirectX row vectors. The decision determines from which side the point vectors are to be multiplied by the transformation matrices.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: For column vectors, the multiplication is performed from the right, i.e. formula_9, where v and v are 4x1 column vectors. The concatenation of the matrices also is done from the right to left, i.e., for example formula_10, when first rotating and then shifting.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: In the case of row vectors, this works exactly the other way round. The multiplication now takes place from left as formula_11 with 1x4-row vectors and the concatenation is formula_12 when we also first rotate and then move. The matrices shown above are valid for the second case, while those for column vectors are transposed. The rule formula_13 applies, which for multiplication with vectors means that you can switch the multiplication order by transposing the matrix.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The interesting thing about this matrix chaining is that a new coordinate system is defined by each such transformation. This can be extended as desired. For example, the propeller of the aircraft may be a separate model, which is then placed by translation to the aircraft nose. This translation only needs to describe the shift from the model coordinate system to the propeller coordinate system. In order to draw the entire aircraft, the transformation matrix for the aircraft is first determined, the points are transformed, and then the propeller model matrix is multiplied to the matrix of the aircraft, and then the propeller points are transformed.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The matrix calculated in this way is also called the "world matrix". It must be determined for each object in the world before rendering. The application can introduce changes here, for example change the position of the aircraft according to the speed after each frame.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: In addition to the objects, the scene also defines a virtual camera or viewer that indicates the position and direction of view relative to which the scene is rendered. The scene is transformed so that the camera is at the origin looking along the Z axis. The resulting coordinate system is called the camera coordinate system and the transformation is called "camera transformation" or "View Transformation".


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The 3D projection step transforms the view volume into a cube with the corner point coordinates (-1, -1, 0) and (1, 1, 1); Occasionally other target volumes are also used. This step is called "projection", even though it transforms a volume into another volume, since the resulting Z coordinates are not stored in the image, but are only used in Z-buffering in the later rastering step. In a perspective illustration, a central projection is used. To limit the number of displayed objects, two additional clipping planes are used; The visual volume is therefore a truncated pyramid (frustum). The parallel or orthogonal projection is used, for example, for technical representations because it has the advantage that all parallels in the object space are also parallel in the image space, and the surfaces and volumes are the same size regardless of the distance from the viewer. Maps use, for example, an orthogonal projection (so-called orthophoto), but oblique images of a landscape cannot be used in this way - although they can technically be rendered, they seem so distorted that we cannot make any use of them.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The reasons why the smallest and the greatest distance have to be given here are, on the one hand, that this distance is divided by in order to reach the scaling of the scene (more distant objects are smaller in a perspective image than near objects), and on the other hand to scale the Z values to the range 0..1, for filling the Z-buffer. This buffer often has only a resolution of 16 bits, which is why the near and far values should be chosen carefully. A too large difference between the near and the far value leads to so-called Z-fighting because of the low resolution of the Z-buffer. It can also be seen from the formula that the near value cannot be 0, because this point is the focus point of the projection. There is no picture at this point.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: For reasons of efficiency, the camera and projection matrix are usually combined into a transformation matrix so that the camera coordinate system is omitted. The resulting matrix is usually the same for a single image, while the world matrix looks different for each object. In practice, therefore, view and projection are pre-calculated so that only the world matrix has to be adapted during the display. However, more complex transformations such as vertex blending are possible. Freely programmable geometry shaders that modify the geometry can also be executed.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: In the actual rendering step, the world matrix * camera matrix * projection matrix is calculated and then finally applied to every single point. Thus, the points of all objects are transferred directly to the screen coordinate system (at least almost, the value range of the axes are still -1..1 for the visible range, see section "Window-Viewport-Transformation").


title: Graphics pipeline

text: Often a scene contains light sources placed at different positions to make the lighting of the objects appear more realistic. In this case, a gain factor for the texture is calculated for each vertex based on the light sources and the material properties associated with the corresponding triangle. In the later rasterization step, the vertex values of a triangle are interpolated over its surface. A general lighting (ambient light) is applied to all surfaces. It is the diffuse and thus direction-independent brightness of the scene. The sun is a directed light source, which can be assumed to be infinitely far away. The illumination effected by the sun on a surface is determined by forming the scalar product of the directional vector from the sun and the normal vector of the surface. If the value is negative, the surface is facing the sun.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: Only the primitives which are within the visual volume need to actually be rastered (drawn). This visual volume is defined as the inside of a frustum, a shape in the form of a pyramid with a cut off top. Primitives which are completely outside the visual volume are discarded; This is called frustum culling. Further culling methods such as backface culling, which reduce the number of primitives to be considered, can theoretically be executed in any step of the graphics pipeline. Primitives which are only partially inside the cube must be clipped against the cube. The advantage of the previous projection step is that the clipping always takes place against the same cube. Only the - possibly clipped - primitives, which are within the visual volume, are forwarded to the final step.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: In order to output the image to any target area (viewport) of the screen, another transformation, the "Window-Viewport transformation", must be applied. This is a shift, followed by scaling. The resulting coordinates are the device coordinates of the output device. The viewport contains 6 values: height and width of the window in pixels, the upper left corner of the window in window coordinates (usually 0, 0) and the minimum and maximum values for Z (usually 0 and 1).


title: Graphics pipeline

text: On modern hardware, most of the geometry computation steps are performed in the vertex shader. This is, in principle, freely programmable, but generally performs at least the transformation of the points and the illumination calculation. For the DirectX programming interface, the use of a custom vertex shader is necessary from version 10, while older versions still have a standard shader.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The rasterization step is the final step before the fragment shader pipeline that all primitives are rasterized with. In the rasterization step, discrete fragments are created from continuous primitives.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: In this stage of the graphics pipeline, the grid points are also called fragments, for the sake of greater distinctiveness. Each fragment corresponds to one pixel in the frame buffer and this corresponds to one pixel of the screen. These can be colored (and possibly illuminated). Furthermore, it is necessary to determine the visible, closer to the observer fragment, in the case of overlapping polygons. A Z-buffer is usually used for this so-called hidden surface determination. The color of a fragment depends on the illumination, texture, and other material properties of the visible primitive and is often interpolated using the triangle vertex properties. Where available, a fragment shader (also called Pixel Shader) is run in the rastering step for each fragment of the object. If a fragment is visible, it can now be mixed with already existing color values in the image if transparency or multi-sampling is used. In this step, one or more fragments become a pixel.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: To prevent that the user sees the gradual rasterization of the primitives, double buffering takes place. The rasterization is carried out in a special memory area. Once the image has been completely rasterized, it is copied to the visible area of the image memory.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: All matrices used are nonsingular and thus invertible. Since the multiplication of two nonsingular matrices creates another nonsingular matrix, the entire transformation matrix is also invertible. The inverse is required to recalculate world coordinates from screen coordinates - for example, to determine from the mouse pointer position the clicked object. However, since the screen and the mouse have only two dimensions, the third is unknown. Therefore, a ray is projected at the cursor position into the world and then the intersection of this ray with the polygons in the world is determined.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: Classic graphics cards are still relatively close to the graphics pipeline. With increasing demands on the GPU, restrictions were gradually removed to create more flexibility. Modern graphics cards use a freely programmable, shader-controlled pipeline, which allows direct access to individual processing steps. To relieve the main processor, additional processing steps have been moved to the pipeline and the GPU.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: The Unified Shader has been introduced to take full advantage of all units. This gives you a single large pool of shader units. As required, the pool is divided into different groups of shaders. A strict separation between the shader types is therefore no longer useful.


title: Graphics pipeline

text: It is also possible to use a so-called compute-shader to perform any calculations off the display of a graphic on the GPU. The advantage is that they run very parallel, but there are limitations. These universal calculations are also called general-purpose computing on graphics processing units, or GPGPU for short.


title: ABCC11

text: ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 11, also MRP8 ("Multidrug Resistance-Related Protein 8") is a membrane transporter that exports certain molecules from inside a cell. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by gene "ABCC11".


title: ABCC11

text: The gene is responsible for determination of human cerumen type (wet or dry ear wax) and presence of underarm osmidrosis (odor associated with sweat caused by excessive apocrine secretion).


title: ABCC11

text: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). The ABCC11 transporter is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. The product of this gene participates in physiological processes involving bile acids, conjugated steroids, and cyclic nucleotides. In addition, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in this gene is responsible for determination of human earwax type and presence of underarm odour. This gene and family member ABCC12 are determined to be derived by duplication and are both localized to chromosome 16q12.1. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene.


title: ABCC11

text: The "ABCC11" gene is present in the human genome as two alleles, differing in one nucleotide also known as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). A SNP in the "ABCC11" gene on chromosome 16 at base position 538 of either a guanine or adenine determines two distinct groups of phenotypes. These respectively code for glycine and arginine in the gene's protein product. Dominant inheritance of the GG or GA genotype is observed while the AA genotype is recessive. The phenotypes expressed by the genotypes include cerumen type (wet or dry ear wax), osmidrosis (odor associated with sweat caused by excessive apocrine secretion), and possibly breast cancer risk, although there is ongoing debate on whether there is a real correlation of the wet ear wax phenotype to breast cancer susceptibility. The GG or GA genotype produces the wet ear wax phenotype (sticky and brown colored) and acrid sweat odor and is the dominant allele. Note this phenotype requires only the presence of one guanine. The homozygous recessive AA genotype produces the dry ear wax phenotype (dry and flaky) and mildly odored sweat.


title: ABCC11

text: The alleles containing a guanine produce a protein that is glycosylated but alleles containing an adenine are not glycosylated. The resulting protein is only partially degraded by proteasomes. This effect is localized to ceruminous gland membranes. Because the adenine containing allele protein product is only partially degraded, the remaining functional protein is located on the cell surface membrane which "ABCC11" gene's role in sweat odor is likely in part due to the quantitative dosage of ABCC11 protein.


title: ABCC11

text: From an evolutionary perspective, the implications of cerumen type on fitness are unknown. However, odorless sweat in ancient Northern Eurasian populations has been postulated to have an adaptive advantage for cold weather. In some nonhuman mammals, mating signals via release of an odor enhanced by increased apocrine secretion may be a factor in sexual selection.


title: ABCC11

text: Physical human traits that are controlled by a single gene are uncommon. Most human characteristics are controlled by multiple genes (polygenes); "ABCC11" is a peculiar example of a gene with unambiguous phenotypes that is controlled by a SNP. Additionally, it is considered a pleiotropic gene.


title: ABCC11

text: The history of the migration of humans can be traced back using the "ABCC11" gene alleles. The variation between ear wax in ethnicities around the world are specifically due to the "ABCC11" gene alleles. It is believed the allele originated in ancient East Asian population. The gene may have spread as a result of it being a beneficial adaption or through an evolutionary neutral mutation mechanism that went through genetic drift events, or through sexual selection.


title: ABCC11

text: The frequency of alleles for dry ear wax is most concentrated in East- and Northeast Asia, most notably Korea, China, Mongolia, and Japan. The allele frequency is highest among northern Han Chinese and Koreans. Followed by Mongolians, southern Han Chinese, and Yamato Japanese in that order. The frequency is low among the Ryukyuans and Ainu. A downward gradient of dry ear wax allele phenotypes can be drawn from northern China to southern Asia and an east–west gradient can also be drawn from eastern Siberia to western Europe. The allele frequencies within ethnicities continued to be maintained because the "ABCC11" gene is inherited as a haplotype, a group of genes or alleles that tend to be inherited as a single unit


title: ABCC11

text: The amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ear wax was found to be related to variation in ABCC11 genotype, which in turn is dependent on ethnic origin. In particular, the rs17822931 genotype, which is especially prevalent in East Asians, is correlated with lower VOC levels. However, VOC levels were not found to vary significantly qualitatively nor quantitatively for most organic compounds by racial group after Bonferroni corrections, suggesting that it does not result in ethnic differences.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: A shoulder-fired missile, shoulder-launched missile, man-portable rocket launcher, or man-portable missile is a rocket-propelled explosive projectile small enough to be carried by a single person and fired while held on one's shoulder. The word ""missile"" in this context is used in its original broad sense of a heavy projectile, and encompasses all guided missiles and unguided rockets. In many instances, although not technically defining all shoulder-fired missiles, the name "bazooka" is regularly used as an informal name, although the actual Bazooka is a type of unguided rocket launcher in its own right.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: There are two kinds of shoulder-launched weapons. The first is the recoilless gun, which is essentially an open-breech cannon. When fired, the propellant gases are expelled out of the back of the weapon to alleviate the reactional force exerted from the projectile moving forward.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: The other type is the rocket-propelled grenade; these typically also use a small recoilless charge or compressed gas system to get the projectile out of the barrel and to a distance where the operator will not be hurt by the rocket's backblast; when the rocket ignites at a safe distance, it further accelerates the projectile or at least keeps it from decelerating in its trajectory.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: Shoulder-launched weapons may be guided or unguided. Missiles can either have a disposable launcher (e.g. "Panzerfaust", M72 LAW) or a reusable launcher (e.g. RPG-7).


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: Shoulder-launched weapons typically fire at one of two main target types — ground targets or air targets. Weapons for use against ground targets come in a wide variety of types and sizes, with smaller, unguided weapons generally used for close range combat and larger, guided systems for longer ranges. Most of these weapons are primarily designed for anti-tank warfare, although they are also effective against structures and a number of weapons have been designed specifically for such targets.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: Anti-aircraft weapons, known as man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS), are small surface-to-air missiles. They are typically infrared homing weapons and used to target helicopters, UAVs and other low-flying fixed-wing aircraft.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: Rocket-based weapons have a long history, from the black powder fire arrows used by the ancient Chinese to the Congreve rocket referenced in "The Star-Spangled Banner," the national anthem of the United States. They have always been prized for the portability of their launch systems.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: The earliest rocket launchers documented in imperial China launched fire arrows with launchers constructed of wood, basketry, and bamboo tubes. The rocket launchers divided the fire arrows with frames meant to keep the arrows separated, and were capable of firing multiple arrow rockets at once. Textual evidence and illustrations of various early rocket launchers are found in the 11th century Southern Song Dynasty text "Wujing Zongyao". The "Wujing Zongyao" describes a portable rocket arrow carrier consisting of a sling and a bamboo tube.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: Shoulder-launched rockets have a launch tube. In order to prevent the user from being burned by the exhaust, the rocket (or at least its first stage) must burn out before it leaves the tube, and if present the second stage must fire once the rocket is well clear of the launcher. Even if the operator is safe, there is a sizeable blast effect to the rear.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: Also, the rocket must have a reliable ignition system. In modern systems, this is almost always a percussion cap. This system was not fully developed until the German Panzerfaust of World War II, an early one-shot design that also was the first practical recoilless antitank gun and thus used no rocket. The Bazooka was an early rocket-propelled development which could be reloaded.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: From their first conception during the First World War, many portable missiles have been used to give infantry a weapon effective against armored vehicles and fortified structures. The power of the shaped charge meant that the effectiveness of the weapon was not limited by a gun barrel bore nor size of weapon as for example a conventional armor-piercing shell from an artillery piece. As such these man-portable weapons could be used to equip infantry units with their own anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: Shoulder-launched rockets or recoilless guns are a favored anti-technical weapon. They permit otherwise lightly or poorly armed troops (e.g. militias) to destroy modern sophisticated equipment such as close air-support aircraft, helicopters, and lightly armored vehicles.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: Attacks come from ambush for the element of surprise and attempt to immobilize a convoy of vehicles, then destroy its defenders, then destroy its contents, then escape before air or artillery support can arrive.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: Normally, the militia will plan to have two to four shooters per attacked vehicle. Reliable attack ranges are 50 to 100 m, although attacks can succeed out to 300 m. Self-destruct ranges of common rocket weapons such as RPG-7s are about 900 m.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: The usual response to such attacks is to suppress the shooters, with saturation anti-personnel fire, artillery or aerial barrages in area-denial attacks. Submunition and thermobaric weapons are often used to clear landing zones (LZ) for helicopters.


title: Shoulder-fired missile

text: In modern counter-insurgency operations in misty, dusty or night-time situations, advanced optics such as infrared telescopes permit helicopter gunships to observe convoys from beyond human-visible range and still attack insurgents with inexpensive anti-personnel fire. This approach is more economical than area-denial. Protecting as little as 20% of the convoys rapidly depletes an area of active insurgents.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: The Toyota TS050 Hybrid is a sports prototype racing car developed for the 2016 Le Mans Prototype rules in the FIA World Endurance Championship. The car is the direct successor of the Toyota TS040 Hybrid, which competed in both the 2014 and 2015 FIA WEC seasons. The TS050 was revealed at the Circuit Paul Ricard on 24 March 2016 due to Toyota's 2-year cycle policy. The engine is a 2.4L twin-turbocharged petrol V6, while the two previous cars used a naturally aspirated petrol V8. It features an 8-megajoule hybrid system, which uses lithium-ion batteries.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: Drivers that have tested the TS050 include Sam Bird, Thomas Laurent, Pipo Derani, Kenta Yamashita, Nyck de Vries and multiple Le Mans Winner Yannick Dalmas.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: An initial shakedown of the car was performed at Aragon in late February 2016, with the car having covered over 22,000 km in testing prior to its public unveiling.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: On 24 March 2016, ahead of the WEC Prologue, Toyota publicly unveiled the TS050 at the Circuit Paul Ricard. Compared to the TS040, the TS050 features a number of changes, with the naturally-aspirated 3.7-liter V8 engine being replaced by an all-new Toyota H8909 2.4-liter twin-turbocharged V6 engine. In addition to this, the capacitor hybrid energy storage system was replaced with a new lithium-ion battery system, with the car now moving to the 8-megajoule LMP1 Hybrid sub-class. Initial photographs revealed that the car used a suspension concept appearing similar to that previously used in the TS040—a double wishbone arrangement with pushrod-actuated internal components paired with torsion bars. Compared to the TS040, the nose was also raised (a trait shared with its rivals, the Audi R18 and the Porsche 919 Hybrid), which allowed for a large opening beneath the nose, and for elements to be placed to tune airflow.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: For the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship, the TS050 underwent a substantial redesign, with majority of the previous year's bodywork being heavily modified or removed, with the monocoque being the sole piece of bodywork which was carried over. At the front of the car, the nose was raised slightly, while an undercut was made into the sidepod of the car. Internally, the car also underwent changes, with the coolers being relocated and the rear suspension layout being slightly modified. Due to new regulations in the championship aimed at reducing the speeds of the cars, the front splitter was raised by 15 mm, while the rear diffuser was narrowed. Other regulations implemented as a form of cost control meant that only two aerodynamic configurations were introduced, down from the previous year's three.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: The car featured a new 2.4L twin-turbocharged V6 engine, replacing the previous year's design, while the previous year's 8-megajoule hybrid system was upgraded and carried over to the new car. Toyota had reworked the block, head, and combustion chamber on the engine to allow for a higher compression ratio and boost its thermal efficiency. The hybrid system of the car was upgraded with smaller and lighter motor-generator units, whilst the lithium-ion battery pack was also modified.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: Prior to the WEC Prologue pre-season test, it was also revealed by Toyota that the car had undergone 30,000 km in testing, consisting of five tests, at various circuits, including the Circuit Paul Ricard, Ciudad del Motor de Aragón, Algarve International Circuit. Of the five tests, four of these were revealed to be 30-hour endurance tests.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: Toyota started the season with a second place and points finish at Silverstone, and followed up with a good performance at Spa Francorchamps only to have engine trouble hit both cars, later attributed to the unique forces applied whilst going through the infamous Eau Rouge corner.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: Toyota had a very strong race at Le Mans, qualifying 3rd and 4th behind the two Porsche 919 Hybrids. The cars worked their way into the lead, setting up what seemed like an inevitable victory, which would be the first for the manufacturer, following four previous 2nd-place finishes in 1992, 1994, 1999, and 2013. As the race drew to a close, the #5 Toyota had a lead over the #2 Porsche.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: With 6:30 left, the gap between the lead #5 Toyota and the #2 Porsche was 1:14, with both cars on the lead lap. Delayed radio transmissions by Kazuki Nakajima revealed at about this time that the #5 was experiencing a severe loss of power on acceleration, and this was evidenced by the #2 rapidly catching it. With 4:30 to go, the gap had been reduced to 37.580 seconds, and Toyota had to decide whether to bring its car into the pits or to keep it on the race track. The team elected to keep the car on track, and Nakajima had to stop the car, but stopped it just after the finish line as the #5 car's power gave out entirely, with 3:25 remaining on the clock. The #2 Porsche passed it a few seconds later to claim the LMP1 and overall victories in what turned out to be the final lap of the race.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: Nakajima held the #5 car stationary just past the start/finish line until the 24 hour clock officially ran out, then pushed the car ahead at whatever speed it could manage to complete the last lap. Officially, it took the #5 Toyota 11:53.815 to complete the final lap of the race, which is above the maximum allowed time of six minutes. This led to the #5 car not being classified in the race results and not earning any championship points.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: For the first time since the team rejoined the race in 2012, Toyota announced that it would enter 3 cars at the 2017 Le Mans 24 hours. The third car would be driven by Toyota half-retiree Stéphane Sarrazin, Super Formula champion Yuji Kunimoto and Nicolas Lapierre (the latter returning after being dropped from the Toyota squad in 2014).


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: On 15 June 2017, a TS050 driven by Kamui Kobayashi set a lap time record of 3:14.791 during a qualifying session for the 24 Hours of Le Mans. This is the fastest lap ever set at Circuit de la Sarthe since chicanes were added to the Mulsanne Straight in 1990.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: Toyota came into the 2018–19 FIA World Endurance Championship season as the only LMP1 team with hybrid entries. After taking a one-two victory at the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps, they became the second Japanese car manufacturer to win the 24 Hours of Le Mans after Mazda in 1991 with the Mazda 787B, Toyota scoring another 1–2 finish. In Silverstone, the Toyotas were disqualified after originally finishing 1–2. The team moved on to take 1–2 in Fuji and Shanghai.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: Toyota dominated the 2019 half of Super Season by finishing 1–2 in Sebring, and the 2019 24 Hours of Le Mans, which along with the win in 2019 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps, helped them secure the LMP1 World Endurance Championship. The #8 crew secured the Drivers' title with their victory at Le Mans.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: For the following season, a harsher Equivalence of Technology (EoT) was implemented to allow non-hybrid privateer entries compete effectively against the Toyotas, as well as a success ballast, which aimed to handicap cars based on their points total in the championship. The changes had their desired effects, as the TS050's pace advantage was reduced and the privateer cars found themselves closer as the success ballast was implemented. Toyota was able to secure pole positions and 1–2 finishes in Silverstone and Fuji, but lost on the overall victory in Shanghai to Rebellion, finishing 2nd, and 3rd. It was the first time that the TS050 finished a race behind an internal combustion engine privateer. Toyota was able to recover in Bahrain and secure another 1–2 despite missing out on the pole position on the final race of the year.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: Toyota entered 2020 in the lead of both championships halfway through the 2019–20 season, but found themselves down on pace against Rebellion's R13, as the success ballast penalized said lead in the championship. Toyota missed again on the victory at the 2020 Lone Star Le Mans in favor of the R13, which took pole and lead from the start. Toyota came back to secure another 1–2 finish in the next race at Spa despite missing out on pole. At the 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans, Toyota took its first pole of the year and the first since Fuji, and the #8 won for the third straight year. The #7 ran on the lead for the first hours of the race until a turbocharger failure during the night caused it to have a lengthy stop. The car recovered and secured 3rd place during the last hour. The Le Mans result clinched the World Endurance LMP1 Championship for Toyota and set a showdown between the two cars at Bahrain for the drivers' title. The #7 took victory in Bahrain in what was the last race for the Toyota TS050 Hybrid and Conway, Kobayashi and López secured the World Endurance LMP Drivers' Championship.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text: Results in bold indicate pole position. Results in "italics" indicate fastest lap. Pink background indicates third manufacturer entry; manufacturer points only awarded at Le Mans.


title: Toyota TS050 Hybrid

text:
 The two highest-finishing cars for each manufacturer scored points.
 Only the highest-finishing car for each manufacturer scored points.


title: Don't You Worry Child

text: "Don't You Worry Child" is the sixth single released by Swedish house music supergroup Swedish House Mafia. It is the last single from their second compilation album, "Until Now", featuring vocals from Swedish singer John Martin. In the United States, it is the act's second number-one single on "Billboard's" Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart, following "Save the World". It is the group's biggest hit single to date, as well as the final single released before their disbandment in early 2013. It was released to widespread universal acclaim and received a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording in the 2013 Grammy Awards, as did its predecessor, "Save the World", the previous year. The song is written in the key of B minor.


title: Don't You Worry Child

text: In May 2010, songwriters Martin and Michel Zitron were in the latter's studio in Stockholm writing material, both recalling their lives when Zitron started opening up his upbringing in a broken home in Stockholm, mentioning the divorce between his parents. The song's chorus was taken verbatim from Zitron's father, while the pre-chorus derives from the songwriters' discovery of young love, inspiring the lyrics "Upon a hill across the blue lake/ That’s where I had my first heartbreak." Martin and Zitron wound up finishing the song later in the month and recorded a demo of the complete writing product. The song was originally meant to launch their own "electro-pop indie duo", however Zitron would later send the demo to Swedish House Mafia group member Sebastian Ingrosso alongside a few other demos in December 2010. Ingrosso would later contact the songwriters to help work on what would later become "Save the World", which was released over a year prior to "Don't You Worry Child".


title: Don't You Worry Child

text: The following year in January, while in a Los Angeles music studio with fellow supergroup members Axwell and Steve Angello, Ingrosso phoned Zitron and Martin to "send [him] those three songs that [Zitron] played to [him] in the studio". Ingrosso called back Zitron after receiving the files to tell Zitron that Axwell was "lying on the fucking couch, almost crying" after listening to "Don't You Worry Child", before requesting to have the song for themselves. The supergroup then started to become embellished by a long production process that "revealed personal tensions" as depicted in their 2014 documentary "Leave the World Behind".


title: Don't You Worry Child

text: The song was announced during the Swedish House Mafia's tour of Australia while they played at Future Music Festival 2012. They say it was made from the inspiration they took from the beauty of Australia. The title "Don't You Worry Child" was mentioned a few times, with hints from the group members themselves on their Twitter pages. When it was announced that the tour the Swedish House Mafia was about to set on would be their last, a farewell single was also announced – "Don't You Worry Child" being that single. The song had its live debut at the Swedish House Mafia's Milton Keynes Bowl concert and its radio debut on Pete Tong's BBC Radio 1 show on 10 August 2012.


title: Don't You Worry Child

text: The song was included on their tour One Last Tour, which ended in Miami where they parted ways for five years.


title: Don't You Worry Child

text: In the United Kingdom, "Don't You Worry Child" made its debut at number one with first week sales of 135,000 copies. It sold 632,000 copies in the United Kingdom in 2012, the 13th best-selling single of that year.


title: Don't You Worry Child

text: In the United States, the song became Swedish House Mafia's biggest hit, peaking at number 6 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it their first and only top ten single. The song has sold over 3 million copies in the United States as of March 2014, and over 5.5 million copies worldwide.


title: Don't You Worry Child

text: A music video for the song was released on 14 September 2012, filmed on location at the group's final British performance on 14 July 2012 at the National Bowl in Milton Keynes. , the music video has over 824 million views on YouTube.


title: Don't You Worry Child

text: The track has been used during various television programmes around the world. It was featured as one of the opening tracks during the Grand Final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden. It was performed by a group of children in the British soap opera "Emmerdale" at the funeral of the character Gemma Andrews. The song is playable in the video games "Just Dance 2014" and "Just Dance 2015".


title: Ras Kass

text: John R. Austin II (born September 26, 1973), better known by his stage name Ras Kass, is an American rapper. He is a member of the hip hop supergroup The HRSMN, along with Canibus, Killah Priest, and Kurupt in 2014. He is also a member of the group Golden State Warriors with Xzibit and Saafir. About.com ranked him No. 30 on their list of the "Top 50 MCs of Our Time (1987–2007)", while Pitchfork Media called him "one of the best rappers of all time."


title: Ras Kass

text: Austin was born on September 26, 1973 and grew up in Carson, California. In 1996 he and R&B and soul singer-songwriter Teedra Moses had twin sons, Ras and Taj, both of whom are founding members of the rap group Coast Contra. BMF Entertainment artist Barima "Bleu DaVinci" McKnight is Austin’s cousin.


title: Ras Kass

text: Ras Kass took his stage name from the legendary Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV whose name was Ras Kassa Mircha before he was crowned as an emperor. In 1991, he made his debut appearance on the single "Trick or Treat" by Wild West Corral alongside B.O.X., Ganjah K, Torche and produced by DJ Battlecat. Ras Kass sent waves through the hip-hop world with his debut independent single release "Remain Anonymous," earning him a Hip-Hop Quotable in "The Source Magazine". Before his signing with Priority/EMI Records, Ras Kass began making guest appearances on several records and freestyles on numerous radio shows, further solidified the emerging lyricist's notoriety. Recorded guest appearances include Sway & King Tech's "Come Widdit" (feat. Ras Kass, Ahamad and Saafir) (Priority Records) and their "Wake Up Show Anthem '94" (feat. Ras Kass, Nas, Lauryn Hill, Chino XL, Organized Konfusion and Saafir), as well as Chino XL's "Riiiot" (American Recordings), and KeyKool and Rhettmatic's "E=MC5" (feat. Ras Kass, LMNO, and Meen Green) Up Above Records.


title: Ras Kass

text: From a young age, Austin was influenced by hip hop music and inspired by a variety of emcees including Ice Cube, Rakim, Scarface, and KRS-One. His first album, "Soul on Ice", was released in 1996. Taking its name from a book by Eldridge Cleaver, Ras addressed racial relations in the same manner, most notably with "Ordo Abchao" and "Nature of the Threat." The album was released on Priority Records, as was the follow-up, "Rasassination", which featured beats from Easy Mo Bee and guest appearances by RZA, Twista, Xzibit, Mack 10 and Dr. Dre. Lead single "Ghetto Fabulous" featured Dre and Mack 10 and was pushed by a lavish video shoot. The album received generally positive reviews, and shortly afterward the MC announced his third album, "Van Gogh".


title: Ras Kass

text: During the recording of Ras's intended third album, "Van Gogh", Priority Records merged with Capitol Records, which acquired the emcee's contract and his material. Initially near completion, the album was heavily bootlegged before any single or promotion could be prepared. In fact, the would-be single "Van Gogh" was even played on an episode of The Sopranos. Ras went back to work overhauling the project, procuring tracks from DJ Premier, Hi-Tek, and Dr. Dre and retaining songs from Rockwilder and Battlecat. Tensions arose during the re-recording, from budget restrictions to lack of promotion: Despite the fact that "Van Gogh" remained shelved the album's singles "Back It Up" and "Goldyn Chyld" received a decent number of spins on Los Angeles urban contemporary radio stations KKBT (The Beat) and KPWR (Power 106) during the course of 2001–02.


title: Ras Kass

text: Ras Kass was also involved in The HRSMN, sometimes called the 4 Hrsmn, consisting of himself, Kurupt (of Tha Dogg Pound), Killah Priest, and Canibus. "The Horsemen Project", a white-label of rough tracks by the four, was released in 2003, but no other releases have been subsequently forthcoming. Finally, nearing the completion of his album, the MC and Priority disagreed over the lead single. Originally pushing "Goldyn Chyld," produced by DJ Premier, Priority executives decided to try to release the Dr. Dre-produced "The Whoop" instead, against the wishes of both Ras Kass and Dr. Dre. As he was finishing up "Goldyn Chyld", Kass was pulled over in California and arrested for a D.U.I., marking his third; though sentenced to jail time, he was given an extension. Two weeks before the start of his sentence, Priority informed him of their decision not to put out "Goldyn Chyld" after all. Becoming a fugitive, Ras attained the masters to his project, recorded some music, and finally turned himself in to police. During this time, he also had minor problems with producer the Alchemist, who sold Ras a beat that he later re-sold to rapper Jadakiss, which ultimately formed the basis for the track "We Gonna Make It".


title: Ras Kass

text: After serving only 19 months for his D.U.I. charge, Ras Kass recorded the album "Institutionalized" and began seeking release from his contract with Priority/Capitol Records. Though intended to be an album, it was released as a mixtape, generating a moderate buzz despite Capitol's alleged reluctance. He would go on to release two more mixtapes in 2006, "Revenge of the Spit" and "Eat or Die", and got into a fight with former G-Unit rapper The Game over an alleged reference to the rapper's son in a freestyle. In October 2007, Kass finally succeeded in being released from his record contract. However, after rumors of a deal with Def Jam or G-Unit Records, he was again incarcerated, this time for violating his parole by flying to the 2007 BET Awards. During this time, he put out the album "Institutionalized Volume 2" on Babygrande Records. After nearly two years of incarceration, Ras Kass was released from jail at the end of May 2009.


title: Ras Kass

text: Ras Kass talks about his arrest and incarceration in the 2011 film "Rhyme and Punishment", which documents rap artists who have spent time behind bars.


title: Ras Kass

text: Featured in HipHopDX's Underground Report, Ras Kass revealed that his next release would be a project called "The Quarterly". Originally intended to be completed within the fourth quarter of 2009, it comprises a song a week released in the fashion of fellow west coast emcee Crooked I's "Hip-Hop Weekly" and Freeway's "Month of Madness". "The Quarterly" was released on November 23, 2009, via www.raskass-central.com and includes nineteen tracks featuring collaborations by Killah Priest, Mistah F.A.B. and Krondon of Strong Arm Steady, with production from Pete Rock, Veterano, and others.


title: Ras Kass

text: In early 2010 Ras Kass launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund the manufacture of 1,000 CDs and 500 records for his "A.D.I.D.A.S. (All Day I Dream About Spittin)" project and a viral marketing campaign called "Save The Ras Kass", which included a series of satirical web episodes about the plight of the endangered emcee. In an interview with MTV UK writer Han O'Connor he explained his decision to use Kickstarter, stating "we started trying different angles at solving old problems. Kickstarter was the natural evolution of trying creative new business models. When we put out "The Quarterly" there were people that said, ‘well how come you didn’t create a CD for this?’ and I'm like ‘well if I have to spend that $5000 and you want one, I appreciate it but there’s the small problem that I spent $5000.’" His webisodes document the downfall of an emcee, as he explained, "You just see this downward spiral; it’s just that fall from grace and I’m kind of making fun of that and using me as the vehicle for it." Finally, Ras Kass exceeded the $3,800 needed for the record in less than five days, with the project being released as a limited edition double CD and LP on July 20, 2011.


title: Ras Kass

text: In November 2012 Ras Kass stated that he had changed the name of his upcoming LP from "P.U.M.A. (Pushin Underground Music Always)" to "Barmageddon". It was released on February 12, 2013. "Barmageddon" includes features from Kendrick Lamar, MK Asante, Bishop Lamont, Ice-T, Too Short, and Talib Kweli.


title: Ras Kass

text: During an interview with Sway Calloway, Ras Kass announced that he is working on a sequel to his debut album "Soul on Ice", called "Soul on Ice 2". The album was released in September 2019.


title: Amjad Ali Khan

text: Ustad Amjad Ali Khan (born 9 October 1945) is an Indian classical "sarod" player, best known for his clear and fast ekhara taans. Khan was born into a classical musical family and has performed internationally since the 1960s. He was awarded India's second highest civilian honor Padma Vibhushan in 2001.


title: Amjad Ali Khan

text: Khan first performed in the United States in 1963 and continued into the 2000s, with his sons. He has experimented with modifications to his instrument throughout his career. Khan played with the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra and worked as a visiting professor at the University of New Mexico. In 2011, he performed on Carrie Newcomer's album "Everything is Everywhere". In 2014, along with his two sons, Ayaan Ali Khan and Amaan Ali Khan, he performed 'Raga For Peace' in 2014 Nobel Peace Prize Concert.