title: Chimaira

text: On October 14, 2020, Arnold revealed that Chimaira had begun planning another reunion show; Chimaira Christmas 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, these plans were put on hold. "[the show] had been booked but it hadn't been announced yet. We weren't gonna announce it until maybe mid summer". Arnold was hesitant to say that the band was alive but did say that it was "certainly reawakened and was prepped to emerge". Arnold also said that there was discussion of putting together new music, that riffs had been passed around but no full songs had been completed and there were no immediate plans to record or release a new album.


title: Chimaira

text: On December 13, 2022, the band announced two reunion shows to take place in May 2023 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of "The Impossibility of Reason".


title: Chimaira

text: Chimaira's music is considered nu metal (particularly in their earlier albums), groove metal and metalcore, with elements of death metal, thrash metal, hardcore punk, and industrial metal.


title: Royal Stag

text: Royal Stag, also known as Seagram's Royal Stag, is an Indian brand of whisky launched in 1995. It is available in many countries across the world in various pack sizes. It is Pernod Ricard's best selling brand by volume. It is a blend of grain spirits and imported Scotch malts. It is commonly available in 1 L, 750 mL, 375 mL and 180 mL bottles and also available in 90 mL and 60 mL bottles. The brand is named after a species of deer famous for its antlers, that is also featured in its logo. It is produced in several company-owned as well as bottler-owned distilleries. It was the first whisky brand launched in India that did not use any artificial flavours.


title: Royal Stag

text: Pernod Ricard has identified Royal Stag along with Seagram's Imperial Blue, Seagram's Blenders Pride, Chivas Regal and Seagram's 100 Pipers as the company's five core brands to build its spirits business in India. Royal Stag sold 12.3 million cases in 2011, toppling Absolut Vodka, to become Pernod Ricard's biggest selling brand in its global portfolio of alcoholic beverages. Royal Stag sold 18 million cases in 2016.


title: Royal Stag

text: Seagram's Royal Stag whisky, a blend of grain spirits and imported Scotch malts, was launched in 1995. The brand redefined the spirits space by not using molasses but choosing instead to pioneer grain spirit blended with Scotch malts. It is named after a deer species known for long antlers.


title: Royal Stag

text: It is the first whisky brand launched in India which did not use any artificial flavour. Seagram's global business was jointly acquired by Pernod Ricard and Diageo in December 2000. The two companies later split Seagram's business based on the previously announced framework agreement signed between them.


title: Royal Stag

text: In calendar year 2001, Royal Stag was selling over 125,000 cases per month and sold approximately 1.75 million cases in 2002. The brand's annualised sales during the 2004 calendar year crossed 3 million cases, and increased to nearly 4 million cases in 2006. Royal Stag was ranked second among Indian spirits brands in Impact International's 2008 list of "Top 100 Brands at Retail Value" with a retail value of US$505 million. The brand reported sales of 8 million cases in 2009 and nearly 10.6 million cases in 2010.


title: Royal Stag

text: Royal Stag sold 12.3 million cases in 2011, toppling Absolut Vodka which sold 11.3 million cases, to become Pernod Ricard's biggest selling brand in its global portfolio of alcoholic beverages.


title: Royal Stag

text: Pernod Ricard launched a premium version of Royal Stag, called Royal Stag Barrel Select in December 2011 in India, Gulf and a few other Asian markets. In the Indian whisky market, Barrel Select is positioned between the deluxe and premium segment occupied by the company's Royal Stag and Blenders Pride brands respectively. United Kingdom-based branding and packaging consultants CARTILS developed the strategic positioning, branding, bottle shape, packaging and mono carton for Barrel Select. CARTILS felt it was necessary to retain brand familiarity whilst elevating Barrel Select to a more premium level than Royal Stag, to avoid portfolio cannibalisation. The Barrel Select bottle has rectangular shape similar to Royal Stag, but it has been tapered. The bottle also features a dominantly positioned, gold two-tone illustration of the stag that is part of the Royal Stag logo.


title: Royal Stag

text: Royal Stag is placed in the deluxe segment of the Indian whisky market and is priced to target the upper middle class aged 25–40 years. The brand's main national competitor, at its price point, is United Spirits Ltd's McDowell's No.1 whisky. Royal Stag also faces competition from Radico Khaitan's 8 PM Royale, Mason & Summers' "Royal Crown", United Spirits Ltd's Royal Mist whiskies and Allied Blenders & Distilleries (ABD)'s Officer's Choice Black. Pernod Ricard has identified Royal Stag along with Imperial Blue, Blenders Pride, Chivas Regal and 100 Pipers as the company's five core brands to build its spirits business in India. 5 brands have been divided in 2 categories, Chivas Regal and 100 Pipers come under "lifestyle business " category while the other brands, including Royal Stag, are designated as India-made foreign liquor (IMFL). It is marketed in 1 L, 750 ml, 375 ml and 180 ml bottles and also available in 90 ml and 60 ml bottles.


title: Royal Stag

text: Advertising alcoholic beverages is banned in India as per the "Cable Television Network (Regulation) Amendment Bill", which came into effect on 8 September 2000. To circumvent the ban liquor manufacturers use surrogate advertising or develop associate properties. Royal Stag uses three themes – Mega Movie, Mega Music and Mega Cricket – to promote the brand. According to Seagram India's vice-president of marketing Bikram Basu, "We've developed Royal Stag Mega Cricket and Royal Stag Mega Movies to promote the brand". Mega Cricket sells cricket gear, and sponsors cricket events, and Basu claims that Mega Movies sponsors "around 8–10 national releases of Hollywood movies every year." The brand often uses cricketers and Bollywood stars in its advertising. The brand's slogan is: "It's your life, make it large".


title: Royal Stag

text: In 2006, a Royal Stag advert featuring Harbhajan Singh without his turban, with his hair tumbling down over his shoulders, outraged orthodox Sikhs, who burnt effigies in the city of Amritsar. Sikh clergy and its representative body, the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) demanded an apology from Singh and demanded that Pernod Ricard India withdraw the ad, which the SGPC termed, an "offensive representation which has hurt the feelings of Sikhs." Singh later apologised saying, "I apologise. In case I have hurt the feelings of my people, it was really not my intention."


title: Royal Stag

text: A Royal Stag ad in 2011 featuring Harbhajan Singh, showed him opting to not work in his father's ball bearing factory and focus on cricket instead. The commercial ends with him asking the viewer, if with his achievements, "Have I made it large?" Royal Stag's rival, United Spirits Ltd's McDowell's No. 1 Platinum whisky mocked the ad in its commercial featuring Mahendra Singh Dhoni. The ad showed Harbhajan look-alike making ball bearings the size of gym balls at his father's factory, asking if he had "made it large", only to get slapped by his father for being incompetent. Dhoni then tells the viewer, ""Zindagi main kuch karna hai to large chodo, kuch alag karo yaar"" (If you want to do something in life, then forget large, do something different ). The ad is considered to be a rare example of a spoof in surrogate advertising. "The Economic Times" quoted an industry official as saying, "It is in bad taste, this type of advertising has never been used in the Indian liquor industry." Harbhajan served a legal notice to United Spirits Ltd on 18 July 2011 claiming that the commercial mocked him, his family and the Sikh community. The notice was sent to Vijay Mallya, UB Executive vice-chairman SR Gupte, President & CFO Ravi Nedungadi, Deputy President Harish Bhat and Executive VP (Corporate Affairs) Nandini Verma. It was sent by Avtar Kaur, Harbhajan's mother, through his lawyers, Dewani Advocates & Consultants. Kaur stated these kinds of advertisements brought "disunity and friction" in the Indian cricket team and could be termed "anti-national". The notice also demanded that the company publicly apologise to the family "through widely-read newspapers as well as television channels prominently", remove the advertisement within three days of receiving the notice and compensation of . The United Breweries Group withdrew the ad on 22 July 2011 stating that had done so "in the interest of the game of cricket" and fearing that the commercial could be "misused by vested interests to further their own agenda". The company also stated that the view of the management was that there was no maintainable case.


title: Royal Stag

text: In 2002, Seagram signed eight cricketers to endorse Royal Stag, including Harbhajan Singh (India), Marvan Atapattu (Sri Lanka), Wasim Akram (Pakistan), Glenn McGrath (Australia), Jonty Rhodes (South Africa), Mervyn Dillon (West Indies), Stephen Fleming (New Zealand), and Andy Flower (Zimbabwe). The campaign was handled by Ogilvy & Mather. Seagram spent on this promotion. Following this contract, in 2004, Pakistan Civil Court ruled that Wasim Akram had hurt sentiments of Muslims and was fined 25,000 Pakistani rupees (£238) and ordered to apologize the nation. While Akram's lawyer maintained stand that Akram had never appeared in any advertisement of alcoholic product.


title: Royal Stag

text: Other cricketers that have featured as brand ambassadors or have appeared in Royal Stag advertising include Gautam Gambhir, Jonty Rhodes, Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Ricky Ponting and Yuvraj Singh.


title: Royal Stag

text: The brand's first TV commercial with Saif Ali Khan as brand ambassador, aired in 2007. The campaign was developed by creative agency Ogilvy & Mather. It also featured cricketers Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Yuvraj Singh, Harbhajan Singh and Robin Uthappa. According to Bikram Basu, vice-president, marketing, Seagram India, "The TVC [television commercial] intends to further strengthen the brand's positioning of "Make it Large". The campaign defines the larger than life attitude associated with Royal Stag. It targets the party loving youth of the country, who aspire to make it large in every aspect of their lives and communicates the brand message in a truly fast-paced and international way."


title: Royal Stag

text: On 10 February 2010, Pernod Ricard India announced that it had signed Shahrukh Khan, for an undisclosed amount, as the brand ambassador for Royal Stag, for a period of one year. The company said that Shahrukh would work in tandem with Saif Ali Khan, who has been the brand ambassador since 2007. In April 2013, social activist T Satish Kumar and student leader Banoth Amru Naik, from the Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh, filed a complaint with the State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) against Telugu film actor Mahesh Babu for endorsing Royal Stag. The annulment of the agreement would result in Sri Lanka Cricket losing its rights to organise matches at the stadium.


title: Royal Stag

text: In 2014 Pernod Ricard India announced its signing of Bollywood actors Ranveer Singh and Arjun Kapoor as brand ambassadors. General manager of Marketing Raja Banerjee said that, "We firmly believe that the dynamic duo represents the dreams of this country and therefore would reinforce our brand positioning". However, they maintained that Shah Rukh Khan would continue to promote the brand.


title: Royal Stag

text: The Royal Stag brand often sponsors musical and sporting events. It sponsored the Sahara Cup matches in Toronto, Canada from 1996 to 1999. Under the name "Seagram's Royal Stag Mega Music", the brand sponsored a multi-city music tour featuring Strings, along with Saif Ali Khan (then brand ambassador) and Indian rock 'n roll band Parikrama in January 2008. Royal Stag is the title sponsor of the Mirchi Music Awards.


title: Royal Stag

text: In 2002, Seagram's Imperial Blue and Royal Stag emerged as the fastest growing brands in the domestic market. Royal Stag saw 53% rise in its sale from 1.12 million cases in 2001 to 1.75 million case in 2002. In 2010, Royal Stag first time crossed the mark of 10 million cases and Pernod Ricard became the first multinational company to cross this mark in India. In 2013 calendar month, Royal Stag first time crossed retail sale worth more than $1 billion. It had a total of $1.3 billion in retail sale. Royal Stag sold 16.1 million cases in 2014 and remained the third biggest-selling whisky in India from 2011 behind Officer's Choice and McDowell's No.1.


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: Low-dose naltrexone describes the off-label, experimental use of the medication naltrexone at low doses for diseases such as Crohn's disease and multiple sclerosis.


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: Naltrexone is typically prescribed for opioid dependence or alcohol dependence, as it is a strong opioid antagonist. It has been suggested that low-dose naltrexone might operate as an anti-inflammatory agent and therefore could be used to treat some chronic conditions involving immune system dysregulation.


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: Anecdotal reports have suggested that low-dose naltrexone may be effective in treating a wide range of diseases, including cancer, chronic Lyme Disease, chronic fatigue syndrome HIV/AIDS, fibromyalgia patients, arthritis, and immunity for immunosuppressed patients. Its use is increasing due to its anti-inflammatory properties and minimal side effects. LDN's mechanism of action (if any) is still incompletely understood.


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: Naltrexone and its active metabolite 6-β-naltrexol are competitive antagonists at μ-opioid and κ-opioid receptors, and to a lesser extent at δ-opioid receptors. Standard therapeutic doses of naltrexone block these receptors, which does two things; it prevents inhibition of GABA receptors (normally, signaling through the GABA receptors inhibits the activity of neurons; many recreational drugs inhibit GABA and thus "free up" neuronal activation; preventing inhibition of GABA allows GABA's normal inhibition activity to take place) and it blocks dopamine release (many recreational drugs stimulate dopamine release, which is part of the brain's reward system that creates pleasure).


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: Low-dose naltrexone refers to doses about 1/10th the size of the dose used normally, typically 4.5 mg or within a couple of milligrams of that value. It is hypothesized that if there are any effects, low-dose naltrexone may inhibit opioid receptors and therefore cause the body to increase production of endorphins and upregulate the immune system; it may also antagonize Toll-like receptor 4 that are found on macrophages, including microglia, possibly resulting in the reported anti-inflammatory effects. Researchers have also examined "ultra-low-doses" of naltrexone at microgram, nanogram, and picogram doses, that are co-administered with opioid analgesics with the goal of increasing pain relief and reducing side effects.


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: Multiple studies have been claimed to show that low-dose naltrexone has promise as a treatment for chronic pain, some autoimmune disorders and cancers. More research is needed.


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: As of 2014 no peer-reviewed studies that would justify clinical use of low-dose naltrexone in treating multiple sclerosis (MS) have been published. Prescription and medical formulation of low-dose naltrexone in the UK are unlicensed in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Clinical trials for treatment of fibromyalgia were initiated in 2021. Its use in Hashimoto's thyroiditis is promising for those patients.


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: In 2022, a handful of studies have begun experimenting the safety of using the drug for treatment of Long COVID, although efficacy has not been shown.


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: In 2017, Raknes and Småbrekke published a drug utilization cohort study on Norwegian patient and prescriber characteristics, and dispense patterns, following a 2013 television documentary on low-dose naltrexone. They reported drawing upon the Norwegian Prescription Database and sales data not recorded in NorPD from the only Norwegian LDN manufacturer, with the caveat that these sources could not encompass the total. Their findings included that "Twenty percent of all doctors and 71% of general medicine practitioners registered in Norway in 2014 prescribed LDN at least once."


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: Between March 2008 and November 2022, PubMed Central of the United States National Library of Medicine listed 68 open-access full-text articles published on low-dose naltexone by article title alone, among a total of 8408 by all search-fields beginning 1975 (not counting restricted-access publications). Across roughly the same time-span, Europe PubMed Central (including Canada 2018 onward) listed 6,425 by all search-fields. (These and other databases include duplicated listings as a result of cooperation across the PubMed Central International network.)


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: The LDN Research Trust was founded in 2004 as a nonprofit charity in the U.K. with a mission to raise funds for clinical trials of LDN, increase awareness of LDN's potential as a treatment, and promote patient access.


title: Low-dose naltrexone

text: In addition to proposed uses for low-dose naltrexone that have been studied in clinical research, low-dose naltrexone advocates make claims of its efficacy in treating other conditions, including: various types of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, Hashimoto’s, and immunocompromised patients. More research is needed: however, as the UK's National Health Service noted in 2020, "...trials are necessary to draw firm conclusions on the efficacy of [low-dose naltrexone]... However, there is little incentive for pharmaceutical companies to conduct this research as naltrexone is inexpensive and off-patent."


title: Air Algérie

text: Air Algérie SpA (, ; ) is the flag carrier of Algeria, with its head office in the Immeuble El-Djazair in Algiers. With flights operating from Houari Boumedienne Airport, Air Algérie operates scheduled international services to 39 destinations in 28 countries in Europe, North America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, as well as domestic services to 32 airports. , Air Algérie was 100% owned by the government of Algeria.


title: Air Algérie

text: Air Algérie is in the process of aligning its codeshare agreements, frequent flyer programs, and airport lounge agreements with each of the SkyTeam carriers in order to meet SkyTeam's membership application requirements. The company reported that they applied to join Star Alliance or SkyTeam and also began working in partnership with Lufthansa.


title: Air Algérie

text: In 1946, "Compagnie Générale de Transports Aériens (CGTA)" was established. It started flights between Algeria and Europe on a charter basis in 1947, but by the end of the decade scheduled flights serving Algiers, Basle, Bône, Geneva, Marseilles, Paris, Philippeville, and Toulouse were operated. Three 34-seater Bretagnes joined a fleet of seven DC-3s in 1952. "Compagnie Air Transport (CAT)", subsidiary of Air France, and "Compagnie Générale Transatlantique", was formed in the late 1940s to connect Basle, Lyon, Marseilles, Paris, and Toulouse with Algiers, Constantine, and Oran. Seasonal London–Deauville, and –Le Touquet flights were also undertaken. Following the drop in traffic after 1951, a merging partner was under consideration.


title: Air Algérie

text: CGTA, and CAT merged on to form the "Compagnie Générale de Transports Aériens Air Algérie", with a combined fleet that included one Breguet 761, six Bretagnes, five DC-3s, and three DC-4s. Following merger, Air Algérie commenced seasonal services to Ajaccio, Clermont, Montpellier, and Perpignan. Furthermore, Switzerland was added to the regular schedule, a stop at Palma was performed on a weekly basis in partnership with Aviaco, and most of the trans-Mediterranean routes were operated in a pool agreement with Air France, with the French carrier flying 54% of these services, and the remainder was left for Air Algérie. Flights to the Cote d'Azur were added in the late 1950s.


title: Air Algérie

text: Two Noratlas aircraft were acquired in , with a third entering the fleet in the following year. The carrier became the first French private one in ordering the Caravelle in early 1958, the first of which was handed over by the manufacturer in . Following delivery, the aircraft was deployed on the Algiers–Paris route. The type was also used to fly Paris–Bône and Paris–Oran services in the subsequent months. By , the aircraft park consisted of three Caravelles, three DC-3s, ten DC-4s, two Lockheed L-749 Constellations, and three Noratlases. The Caravelles were gradually deployed on the routes previously flown with the Constellations and the DC-4s, which were used for cargo services or sold.


title: Air Algérie

text: Two shipping companies, "Compagnie Générale Transatlantique," and "Compagnie de Navigation Mixte", were the owners of a majority stake (98%) in Air Algérie until Algeria gained its independence in 1962. Following independence, the "Délégation Générale" in Algeria and Air France took over a controlling interest. The financial structure changed in , when the shipping companies and Air France ceded a 31% interest, and the Algerian government took possession of 51% of the company assets, with the airline gaining flag carrier status. In , the government increased the participation in the airline to 57%. That month, a contract was signed for the acquisition of two Ilyushin Il-18s aimed at operating the Algiers–Moscow service. Air Algérie took delivery of just one of these aircraft, as the contract was later cancelled. The sole Il-18 in the fleet was used by the government. There were eight DC-4s in the airline's fleet by . That year, four ex-Lufthansa Convair 440s were bought and converted to the 640 version. These aircraft came to replace the ageing DC-4s. Charter operations made up to 20% of the airline activities.


title: Air Algérie

text: By , the government was the owner of 83% of the company; at this time, a Boeing 737-200, five Caravelles, four CV-640s, three DC-3s and one DC-4 were part of the fleet. "Société de Travail Aérien", a domestic carrier that had been founded in 1968, was taken over by Air Algérie in . In , three Fokker F27-400s were ordered for £2.5 million. In , with a second Boeing 737 pending delivery, two more aircraft of the type —one of them a convertible model— were ordered. That year, the government of Algeria boosted its participation in the carrier to 100% when it acquired the remaining 17.74% stake held by Air France. A new route to Karachi was inaugurated in 1975. In , four Boeing 727s were ordered in a deal worth  million.


title: Air Algérie

text: By , Air Algérie had 5,621 employees and a fleet comprising 57 aircraft, including 14 Ag-Cats, six Boeing 727-200s, ten Boeing 737-200s, three Boeing 737-200Cs, one Boeing 747-200C, one Cherokee Six, two Convair CV-640s, one Douglas DC-8-63CF, one Nord 262 and 18 Queen Airs; at this time, the company offered international scheduled services to Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Yugoslavia, Libya, Romania, Spain, the UK, the USSR and Switzerland, among other countries, as well as an extensive domestic network. In , the carrier ordered three Lockheed L-100-30s; by late the same year, the first of these aircraft was due to be delivered. In , a Boeing 727-200 and a Boeing 737-200 were acquired. Three Boeing 737-200s were ordered for  million in 1983. Air Algérie became Airbus' 48th customer when it placed an order for two Airbus A310s in 1984. That year, a subsidiary called Inter Air Services (IAS) (), an airline that flew domestic and regional services using Fokker F-27 aircraft, was formed. The IAS network was operated on Air Algéries's behalf, and at included Adrar, Algiers, Bechar, Bordj B. Mokhtar, Djanet, El Golea, Ghardaia, Hassi Messaoud, Illizi, In Amenas, In Salah, Oran, Ouargla, Tamanrasset and Timimoun; by this time, Air Algérie had 6,788 employees. In 1989, the carrier ordered three Boeing 767-300s for  million.


title: Air Algérie

text: The first Boeing 767-300 was handed over by the aircraft manufacturer in mid-1990. That year, the carrier entered a process of restructuring that would last until 1995, following years of losses that totalled only for 1990, with debts rising to  million after a devaluation of the local currency. Restructuring seemingly bore fruit, as the company made a profit of  million in 1992.


title: Air Algérie

text: Air Algérie and Sonatrach created Tassili Airlines in 1998; Air Algérie's 49% shareholding in this airline was handed over to Sonatrach in 2005.


title: Air Algérie

text: Air Algérie became a limited company in 1997. In 2006 its capital amounted to 57 billion dinars (about 560 million euros).


title: Air Algérie

text: The sales network comprises 150 agencies in Algeria and abroad, linked to the booking system and distributed through GDS to which Air Algérie has subscribed.


title: Air Algérie

text: Air Algérie is a Joint Stock Company (J.S.C) the registered capital of which is 43.000.000.000,00 DA.


title: Air Algérie

text: The airline also provides charter services in support of oil exploration, and the annual Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca.


title: Air Algérie

text: The airline is loss-making. Its full Annual Report does not seem to be published regularly; figures disclosed for Air Algérie for recent years are shown below (for years ending 31 December):


title: Air Algérie

text: The Air Algérie logo was created in 1966 in Algiers, and has never been changed or modified since then. On 21 June 2011, the company officially announced that the logo is a swallow. This bird is a national Algerian symbol.


title: Air Algérie

text: In , Air Algérie inaugurated the Algiers–Montreal route. Flights to Beijing were launched in . , Air Algérie has a 46% market share on international routes; the airline was the leading operator for flights between Algeria and Spain, and six of ten of its international routes with highest seat availability served France.


title: Air Algérie

text: , the carrier serves a domestic network that comprises 32 destinations within Algeria, including its hub at Houari Boumediene Airport, plus an international network that serve 43 more cities.


title: Air Algérie

text: Ten Next Generation 737s—seven-800s and three-600s—were ordered in 1998 to replace the ageing Boeing 727-200s and Boeing 737-200s; the 737-600 commitment was later increased to include two more aircraft. The first Boeing 737-800 included in this order was handed over by the airframer in . When the first Boeing 737-600 was delivered to the company in , Air Algérie became the fifth airline worldwide in operating the type.


title: Air Algérie

text: Five Airbus A330-200s were ordered in late 2003, along with nine ATR72-500ssix of them taken over from and order previously placed by Khalifa Airways. The former type would act as a replacement for the two Airbus A310s, a Boeing 747-200 and three Boeing 767-300s, while the latter would replace the seven-strong Fokker F27 fleet. Four more ATR72-500s were ordered in 2009 at a cost of approximately  million, with the first of these 66-seater four turboprop machines being phased-in in . Also in 2009, during the Dubai Airshow, Air Algérie announced the purchase of seven additional Boeing 737-800s. In , the fourth aircraft from this order became the Boeing jetliner delivered to the company.


title: Air Algérie

text: In , the airline announced an investment worth €600 million for the incorporation of eight aircraft, two of them freighters, between 2012 and 2016. Air Algérie had its IOSA certification renewed in , for a period of two years. In , unofficial announcements disclosed the airline has ordered three additional Airbus A330-200s, five additional Boeing 737-800s. It was also reported the carrier's intention of deploying the new A330s on new routes to Johannesburg, New York, Shanghai and São Paulo.


title: Air Algérie

text: The airline launched in a tender for the acquisition of 14 passenger and two cargo aircraft. Plans for the purchase of new equipment worth  million (€556 million), including three 250-seater airframes to replace the ageing Boeing 767s, were disclosed again in ; already in , Air Algérie signed a letter of intent with Airbus for three Airbus A330-200s at the 2013 Dubair Air Show. In , three 68-seater ATR 72-600s were ordered, and a commitment for eight Boeing 737-800s, valued at  million at list prices, was signed with Boeing. The ATR order made Air Algérie the largest operator of the type within Africa. In the same year, Boeing 737-700Cs were ordered for  million. Air Algérie first ATR 72-600 was handed over to the company in .


title: Air Algérie

text: To cope with the increased passenger volume during the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages, Air Algérie has repeatedly leased Boeing 747 jumbo jets: from Aer Lingus (1979, 1980), Middle East Airlines (1981), SAS (1982, 1983), Air France (1982, 1985, 1986) and Air Atlanta Icelandic (2000–2005).


title: Air Algérie

text: Other aircraft types that were operated on short-term leases during the Hajj season included the Airbus A310-300 (2005–07, leased from Saga Airlines and Air Atlanta Icelandic), the Airbus A320-200 (2005, operated by Eagle Aviation France), the larger Airbus A330-300 (2004/05, leased from AWAS), Airbus A340-300 (2012, from AirAsia X), Boeing 757-200 (2004/05), Boeing 767-200 (2001/02 and 2004/05, leased from Air Atlanta Icelandic) and Boeing 777-200 (2003, operated by Khalifa Airways), as well as the Douglas DC-8 (from the mid-1970s throughout the 1980s, leased from Eagle Air, Icelandair, National Airlines, Trans International Airlines and World Airways), the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar (1989/90, leased from American Trans Air, Caledonian Airways and Eastern Airlines), and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (1977, from Laker Airways).


title: Air Algérie

text: In the Airbus A330-200, seats recline up to 118°. An express drink is served shortly after takeoff. In the Boeing 737-800 and Boeing 737-600, there are reclining seats up to 118°, with an audio system.


title: Air Algérie

text: The Economy Class aircraft is at Airbus A330-200, Boeing 737-800, Boeing 737-600, ATR 72-500, ATR 72-600.


title: Saudi Telecom Company

text: Saudi Telecommunication Company (stylized as stc) (Arabic: شركة إتصالات السعودية ) is the Saudi digital enabler of telecommunications services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and among the operators in the Middle East. The company offers landline and fixed infrastructure, mobile and data services. stc offers mobile, broadband and cloud computing services. The company invested in next-generation networks, or NGNs, upgraded to packet-based architecture where information, services and media can be carried across the network.


title: Saudi Telecom Company

text: stc was established as a Saudi Joint Stock Company pursuant to Royal Decree No. M/35 dated April 21, 1998 which authorized the transfer of the Telegraph and Telephone division of the Ministry of Post, Telegraph and Telephone (MoPTT) with its various components and technical and administrative facilities, to the company, and in accordance with the Council of Ministers Resolution No. 213 dated April 20, 1998 which approved the company Articles of Association. The company was wholly owned by the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Pursuant to the Council of Ministers Resolution No. 171 dated September 9, 2002 the Government sold 30% of its shares. At least 20% were appropriated for natural Saudi nationals and no more than 10% were appropriated equally for the Public Pension Fund and General Organization for Social Security. The Initial Public Offering (IPO) was ended on January 2003) and The Council of Ministers, as the extraordinary general assembly of the company, approved, in accordance with resolution No. 171 mentioned above, the acceptance to increase the Company capital from SR12,000 million to SR15,000 million, by transferring from retained earning to capital. On April 11, 2006, the Company extraordinary General Assembly, approved the increase of the Company share capital from SR 15,000 million to SR 20,000 million through a stock dividend of one bonus share for each three outstanding shares through a transfer from the retained earnings to the capital The company commenced its operations as the provider of telecommunications services throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on May 2, 1998 and received its commercial registration No. 1010150269 as a Saudi Joint Stock Company on June 29, 1998 The company's headquarters is located in Riyadh.


title: Saudi Telecom Company

text: Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund (PIF) has sold 120 million shares in Saudi Telecom Company (stc) for $3.2 billion after completing a secondary share offering of the kingdom's largest mobile operator. Saudi Arabia's government owns 64% of the major telecom through PIF.


title: Saudi Telecom Company

text: In June 2022, an $8 billion increase in capital was proposed that would represent 150% capital increase to finance its growth and expansion plans.


title: Saudi Telecom Company

text: STC services are divided into three broad categories: Al-Jawal (mobile network), Al-Hatif (landline network), Stc-Pay (Digital Payment) and Enterprise services.


title: Saudi Telecom Company

text: In February 2022, it was announced that STC subsidiary, TAWAL, has acquired the Pakistani company, AWAL Telecom Private Limited - an independent passive telecommunications tower provider, for an undisclosed sum. AWAL will be rebranded as TAWAL Pakistan.


title: Niðavellir

text: In Norse cosmology, Niðavellir (anglic. as Nidavellir; probable compound of O.N. "Nið" - "new moon", "the wane of the moon" (perhaps related to "niðr" - "down") + "Vellir" (pl. of "völlr") - "fields": "Dark Fields", "Downward Fields"), also called Myrkheim ("Myrkheimr", O.N. compd. of "myrkr" - "darkness" + "heimr" - "home": "the world of darkness", "Dark Abode"), is the home of the Dwarves.


title: Niðavellir

text: Before you reach the north (Niflheim being the world furthest to the north), A dark dwelling stands (The dwarf world), In halls of gold, Sindri's bloodline lives.


title: Niðavellir

text: Niðavellir has often been interpreted as one of the Nine Worlds of Norse legend. The problem is that both Niðavellir and Svartalfheim are mentioned, and it is unclear if the sixth world is a world of dwarfs or one of black elves.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: The Wi-Fi Alliance is a non-profit organization that owns the Wi-Fi trademark. Manufacturers may use the trademark to brand products certified for Wi-Fi


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Early 802.11 products suffered from interoperability problems because the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) had no provision for testing equipment for compliance with its standards.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: In 1999, pioneers of a new, higher-speed variant endorsed the IEEE 802.11b specification to form the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) and branded the new technology Wi-Fi.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: The group of companies included 3Com, Aironet (acquired by Cisco), Harris Semiconductor (now Intersil), Lucent (was Alcatel-Lucent, then acquired by Nokia), Nokia and Symbol Technologies (now Zebra Technologies).


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: The alliance lists Apple, Comcast, Samsung, Sony, LG, Intel, Dell, Broadcom, Cisco, Qualcomm, Motorola, Microsoft, Texas Instruments, and T-Mobile as key sponsors. The charter for this independent organization was to perform testing, certify interoperability of products, and to promote the technology.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Most producers of 802.11 equipment became members, and , the Wi-Fi Alliance included over 550 member companies. The Wi-Fi Alliance extended Wi-Fi beyond wireless local area network applications into point-to-point and personal area networking and enabled specific applications such as Miracast.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: The Wi-Fi Alliance owns and controls the "Wi-Fi Certified" logo, a registered trademark, which is permitted only on equipment which has passed testing. Purchasers relying on that trademark may have greater chances of interoperation than otherwise. Testing involves not only radio and data format interoperability, but security protocols, as well as optional testing for quality of service and power management protocols. Wi-Fi Certified products have to demonstrate that they can perform well in networks with other Wi-Fi Certified products, running common applications, in situations similar to those encountered in everyday use.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: The Wi-Fi Alliance definition of interoperability demands that products have to show satisfactory performance levels in typical network configurations and have to support both established and emerging applications.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: The Wi-Fi Alliance certification process includes three types of tests to ensure interoperability. Wi-Fi Certified products are tested for:


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: The 802.11 protocols are IEEE standards, identified as 802.11b, 11g, 11n, 11ac, etc. In 2018 The Wi-Fi Alliance created the simpler generation labels Wi-Fi 4 - 6 beginning with Wi-Fi 5, retroactively added Wi-Fi 4 and later added Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 6E. Wi-Fi 5 had Wave 1 and Wave 2 phases. Wi-Fi 6E extends the 2.4/5 GHz range to 6 GHz, where licensed. Listed in historical and capacity order. See the individual 802.11 articles for version details or 802.11 for a composite summary.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: <nowiki>*:</nowiki> Wi-Fi 0, 1, 2, 3 are common usage, not an official branded Wi-Fi Alliance generation numbering.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: WiGig refers to 60 GHz wireless local area network connection. It was initially announced in 2013 by Wireless Gigabit Alliance, and was adopted by the Wi-Fi Alliance in 2013. They started certifying in 2016. The first version of WiGig is IEEE 802.11ad, and a newer version IEEE 802.11ay was released in 2021.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: In October 2010, the Alliance began to certify Wi-Fi Direct, that allows Wi-Fi-enabled devices to communicate directly with each other by setting up ad-hoc networks, without going through a wireless access point or hotspot. Since 2009 when it was first announced, some suggested Wi-Fi Direct might replace the need for Bluetooth on applications that do not rely on Bluetooth low energy.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Wi-Fi Protected Access is a security mechanism based on IEEE 802.11i amendment to the standard that the Wi-Fi Alliance started to certify from the year of 2003.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: IBSS with Wi-Fi Protected Setup would enable the creation of ad hoc network between devices directly without central access point.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Wi-Fi Passpoint, alternatively known as Hotspot 2.0, is a solution for enabling inter-carrier roaming. It utilizes IEEE 802.11u.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) is a network security standard to simply create a secure wireless home network, created and introduced by Wi-Fi Alliance in 2006.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Miracast, introduced in 2012, is a standard for wireless display connections from devices such as laptops, tablets, or smartphones. Its goal is to replace cables connecting from the device to the display.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Wi-Fi Aware is an interoperability certification program announced in January 2015 that enables device users, when in the range of a particular access point or another compatible device, to receive notifications of applications or services available in the proximity. Later versions of this standard included new features such as the capability to establish a peer-to-peer data connection for file transfer.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Wi-Fi Location is a type of Wi-Fi positioning system, and the certification could help providing accuracy to in-door positioning.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: TDLS, or Tunneled Direct Link Setup, is "a seamless way to stream media and other data faster between devices already on the same Wi-Fi network" based on IEEE 802.11z and added to Wi-Fi Alliance certification program in 2012. Devices using it communicate directly with one another, without involving the wireless network's router.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: The certification of Wi-Fi Agile Multiband indicate devices can automatically connect and maintain connection in the most suitable way. It covers the IEEE 802.11k standard about access point information report, the IEEE 802.11v standard that enable exchanging information about state of network, IEEE 802.11u standard about additional information of a Wi-Fi network, IEEE 802.11r about fast transition roaming between different access points, as well as other technologies specified by Wi-Fi alliance.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Wi-Fi EasyMesh is a certification program based on its Multi-Access Point specification for creating Wi-Fi meshes from products by different vendors, based on IEEE 1905.1. It is intended to address the problem of Wi-Fi systems that need to cover large areas where several routers serve as multiple access points, working together to form a larger/extended and unified network.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Formerly known as Carrier Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi Vantage is a certification program for operators to maintain and manage quality Wi-Fi connections in high usage environment. It includes a number of certification, such as Wi-Fi certified ac (as in 802.11ac), Passpoint, Agile Multiband, and Optimized Connectivity.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) or known as Wireless Multimedia Extensions is a Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification based on the IEEE 802.11e standard. It provides basic quality of service (QoS) features to IEEE 802.11 networks.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Wi-Fi Home Design is a set of guidelines released by Wi-Fi alliance for inclusion of wireless network in home design.


title: Wi-Fi Alliance

text: Wi-Fi HaLow is a standard for low-power wide-area (LPWA) connection standard using sub-1 GHz spectrum for IoT devices. It is based on IEEE 802.11ah.


title: Neil Fingleton

text: Neil Fingleton (18 December 1980 – 25 February 2017) was an English actor and basketball player. He was the tallest British-born man and the tallest man in the European Union at 7 ft 7.56 in (232.6 cm) in height and among the 25 tallest men in the world.


title: Neil Fingleton

text: This title has been confirmed by the "Guinness World Records" in the summer of 2007; Fingleton took over from Christopher Greener who stood at 7 ft 6 ¼ in (229.2 cm) in height.


title: Neil Fingleton

text: Fingleton was born in Durham, England, in 1980, to mother Christine and father Michael. He had an older brother, Michael, and an older sister, Keely. Fingleton decided to attend high school in the United States after attending a basketball camp in Connecticut when he was 16. In 1997, Fingleton moved from Durham to Worcester, Massachusetts, and began attending Holy Name Central Catholic High School, graduating in 2000. Fingleton's coach was J. P. Ricciardi, who would later become general manager of the Toronto Blue Jays baseball team. Fingleton helped the Holy Name basketball team to the Central Massachusetts Division I title and a berth in the Massachusetts final game in 1999, and a 22–4 record in 2000.


title: Neil Fingleton

text: Fingleton was awarded a basketball scholarship to the United States first playing at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and later at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. In August 2000, Fingleton had back surgery and then earned a medical redshirt from North Carolina. Fingleton played only one game with North Carolina then transferred to Holy Cross in 2002. Fingleton graduated from Holy Cross in 2004 with a degree in history.


title: Neil Fingleton

text: Fingleton debuted professionally in the 2004–2005 season with the Boston Frenzy of the ABA. The Frenzy waived Fingleton in December 2004. In the 2005 NBA Development League Draft, the Austin Toros selected Fingleton as the eighth pick in the fifth round. On 6 December 2005, Fingleton started playing with the English Basketball League team Tees Valley Mohawks. In November 2006, Fingleton signed with Spanish team CB Illescas and later with Ciudad Real. After an injury forced him to retire in 2007, he returned to his home city of Durham to pursue a career in showbusiness.


title: Neil Fingleton

text: On the Guinness World Records website, Fingleton says:I am one of three siblings – my sister who is 6'3" is the eldest at 30, my brother is 6'8" who is 29 and I am 7'7" at 26 ... my mother is 6 foot and my father was also. My great grandfather was 6'8". I have always been taller than everyone since I can remember. My height really took off when I reached 13 and was touching 7 foot and weighing 290. By the time I was 16 I was 7'5" and stopping growing at 18 when I was 7'7.57.


title: Neil Fingleton

text: I have never been self conscious about my height. I am more conscious of going bald so that should tell you. I never let my height play a negative part in my life. I always do what I want, some tall people may be restricted as they are constantly stared at or people ask the same questions over and over. This is the only bad thing about being tall – the stupid remarks and questions. Other than that, being tall is great.


title: Neil Fingleton

text: I have been doing acting work since my basketball career finished. I spent eight years in the USA attending High School and College. I graduated from the College of the Holy Cross in 2004 with a degree in History. I have played professionally in Greece, Italy, Spain. Now I am concentrating on acting and trying to move to LA soon to jump in with both feet so to speak.


title: Neil Fingleton

text: Two 2007 British TV documentaries, "Britain's Tallest Men" and "Superhuman: Giants" featured Fingleton and covered the difficulties and constant attention, quite often considerable rudeness, that he faces day to day.


title: Neil Fingleton

text: He appeared in the film "47 Ronin", starring Keanu Reeves. From 2014 to 2017 Fingleton played the giant Mag the Mighty in the TV series "Game of Thrones". He also appeared in the 2015 film "Jupiter Ascending", starring Channing Tatum and Mila Kunis. He played Russian General's Bodyguard 1 in the Fox Studios film "", and he provided the motion capture for the CGI character Ultron (which was voiced by James Spader) in the Marvel Studios film "".


title: Neil Fingleton

text: Fingleton appeared in a two-part serial written by Toby Whithouse for the 9th series of "Doctor Who", filming in January 2015 in Cardiff. He played the villain "The Fisher King", an alien warlord. The series was transmitted in autumn 2015.


title: Neil Fingleton

text: Fingleton died on 25 February 2017, at the age of 36, at his home in Gilesgate. The cause of death has been reported by British media as heart failure. He is survived by his mother and his two siblings. His funeral was held at Durham Cathedral on 17 March.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games () and commonly known as Chamonix 1924 (), were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France. Originally held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics, the sports competitions were held at the foot of Mont Blanc in Chamonix, and Haute-Savoie, France between 25 January and 5 February 1924. The Games were organized by the French Olympic Committee, and were originally reckoned as the "International Winter Sports Week." With the success of the event, it was retroactively designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as "the first Olympic Winter Games".


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: The tradition of holding the Winter Olympics in the same year as the Summer Olympics would continue until 1992, after which the current practice of holding a Winter Olympics in the second year after each Summer Olympics began.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: Although Figure Skating had been an Olympic event in both London and Antwerp, and Ice Hockey had been an event in Antwerp, the winter sports had always been limited by the season. In 1921, at the convention of the IOC in Lausanne, there was a call for equality for winter sports, and after much discussion it was decided to organize an "international week of winter sport" in 1924 in Chamonix.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: The first gold medal to be awarded at the Olympic Winter Games was won by Charles Jewtraw of the United States in the 500-meter speed skate, making him the first Winter Olympic champion.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: Sonja Henie of Norway, at just eleven years old, took part in the ladies' figure skating competition. Although she finished last, she became popular with fans and went on to take gold at the next three Winter Olympics.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: Figure skater Gillis Grafström of Sweden became the first athlete to successfully defend his Summer Olympic title at the Winter Olympics (having won a gold medal in 1920).


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: The Canadian ice hockey team (Toronto Granites) finished their qualifying round with three wins, against Czechoslovakia (30–0), Sweden (22–0), and Switzerland (33–0), scoring a total of 85 goals and conceding none.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: Finding themselves in the same situation as Gillis Grafström, the Canadian ice-hockey team is the last to successfully defend its Summer Olympics title at the Winter Olympics. Canada would dominate ice hockey in early Olympic competition, winning six of the first seven gold medals awarded.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: At the closing ceremony, a prize for a sport not part of the Olympic Winter Games was awarded for alpinism by Pierre de Coubertin to Lt Col Edward Strutt, the deputy leader of and on behalf of the British expedition which had attempted to climb Mount Everest in 1922.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: For the first time in the history of the modern Olympics, the host country (in this case, France) failed to win any gold medals, finishing with three bronze medals. The same outcome occurred at the next Winter Olympics in St. Moritz where Switzerland won only a single bronze medal, the lowest ever output by a host nation at an Olympics. Later host nations to finish without gold medals included Canada at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Yugoslavia at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, and Canada for a second time at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: In 1925, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to organize Olympic Winter Games every four years, independent of the Olympic Games proper, and recognized the International Winter Sports Week as the first Olympic Winter Games in retrospect.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: The final individual medal of Chamonix 1924 was presented in 1974. The ski jumping event was unusual in that the bronze medalist was not determined for fifty years. Norway's Thorleif Haug was awarded third place at the event's conclusion, but a clerical error in calculating Haug's score was discovered in 1974 by skiing historian Jakob Vaage, who further determined that Anders Haugen of the United States, who had finished fourth, had actually scored 0.095 points more than Haug. This was verified by the IOC, and in Oslo in September 1974, Haug's daughter presented the medal to the 86-year-old Haugen.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: In 2006, the IOC confirmed that the medals awarded to the 1924 curling teams were official. The IOC verified that curling was officially part of the program, after the "Glasgow Herald" newspaper filed a claim on behalf of the families of the team.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: Medals were awarded in 16 events contested in 5 sports (9 disciplines). Many sources do not list curling and the military patrol, or list them as demonstration events. However, no such designation was made in 1924. In February 2006, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) ruled that curling was a full part of the Olympic program, and have included the medals awarded in the official count.


title: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: Athletes from 16 nations competed in the first Winter Olympic Games. Germany was banned from competing in the games, and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele.


title: Polar route

text: A polar route is an aircraft route across the uninhabited polar ice cap regions. The term "polar route" was originally applied to great circle navigation routes between Europe and the west coast of North America in the 1950s.


title: Polar route

text: In August 1935, the Soviet aviator Sigizmund Levanevsky and his two crewmen attempted a transpolar flight from Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union to San Francisco, California. The flight was aborted because of technical issues before they reached the North Pole.


title: Polar route

text: In 1936, Levanevsky and navigator Victor Levchenko completed a more-than- multistage flight from Los Angeles to Moscow in a Vultee V-1A floatplane, thus proving the possibility of an air route between the United States and the Soviet Union via the Bering Strait.


title: Polar route

text: Another Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov and his crew were the first to fly non-stop from Europe to the American Pacific Coast. from Moscow to Vancouver, Washington, United States, via the North Pole on a Tupolev ANT-25 single-engine plane (June 18–20, 1937) took 63 hours to complete. The distance covered was .


title: Polar route

text: The following month, another Soviet crew led by Mikhail Gromov , extending the distance to the world record-breaking 10,148 kilometers (6,302 miles), landing near San Jacinto, California, in the United States.


title: Polar route

text: In August of the same year, another Soviet crew led by Sigizmund Levanevsky started its long distance transpolar flight from Moscow to Fairbanks, Alaska; the radio communication with the aircraft broke off beyond the North Pole, and all subsequent search missions failed.


title: Polar route

text: In October 1946, a modified B-29 flew nonstop from Oahu, Hawaii, to Cairo, Egypt, in less than 40 hours, further proving the capability of routing airlines over the polar icecap.


title: Polar route

text: Of the commercial airlines, SAS was first: their Douglas DC-6B flights between Los Angeles and Copenhagen, via Kangerlussuaq and Winnipeg, started on November 15, 1954. Canadian Pacific DC-6Bs started Vancouver–Amsterdam in 1955, then Pan Am and TWA started West Coast to Paris/London in 1957. SAS was first again, flying Europe to Tokyo via Anchorage with Douglas DC-7Cs in February 1957; Air France Lockheed L-1649 Starliner (which was the final version of the Lockheed Constellation) and KLM DC-7C aircraft followed in 1958. Air France was the first to operate commercial jet service over the North Pole on the routing Tokyo – Anchorage – Hamburg – Paris on 18 February 1960 using Boeing 707-328 Intercontinental equipment. Based on delivery dates of Air France's 707s, the actual aircraft used for this historic flight was one of these four registrations: F-BHSA, F-BHSB, F-BHSC or F-BHSD.


title: Polar route

text: During the Cold War, the Arctic region was a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and North America. Civilian flights from Europe to the Asian Far East were prohibited from crossing the Eastern Bloc countries, Soviet Union or China, and either had to fly via the Middle East or fly across Arctic North America and Greenland with a refueling stop in Anchorage. These Cold War tracks extended from the northern Alaskan coast across Greenland to Europe. In 1978, Korean Air Lines Flight 902 operated with a Boeing 707 was shot down over the USSR by a Soviet Air Force fighter aircraft after the flight crew made gross navigational errors attempting to fly the assigned polar route.


title: Polar route

text: In April 1967 Japan Air Lines (JAL) began an experimental service between Tokyo and Europe via Moscow across Siberia. This service used an Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-114, with one JAL flight crew and mixed JAL and Aeroflot cabin crew. However, Japan Air Lines dropped the service in 1969.


title: Polar route

text: During the Cold War, Anchorage International Airport (ANC) in Alaska was a technical stop for a number of airlines flying the polar route between western Europe and Tokyo. According to the July 1, 1983 edition of the Worldwide Official Airline Guide (OAG), Air France, British Airways, Japan Air Lines (JAL), KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Lufthansa, Sabena and Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) were all operating flights between Japan and western Europe which included a stop in Anchorage. Most of these international airlines were operating earlier model Boeing 747 aircraft on the route at this time, although Sabena and SAS were instead operating McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 aircraft on their respective polar route services via Anchorage. U.S. based air carrier Western Airlines also flew a polar route during the early 1980s between London Gatwick Airport and Honolulu using DC-10-30 aircraft, with these flights also making a stop in Anchorage.


title: Polar route

text: The only airline that still flies this type of route between Europe and Anchorage is Condor Airlines, seasonal service between Frankfurt (EDDF) and Anchorage. This will soon be joined by a flight by Eurowings, also from Frankfurt, using an Airbus A330.


title: Polar route

text: Finnair was the first airline to fly non-stop via the polar route without a technical stop. This service began in 1983 and was flown with a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30ER wide body jetliner between Tokyo and Helsinki.


title: Polar route

text: United States Boeing B-52 aircraft operated in the Arctic Ocean region almost continuously in the 1960s as part of Operation Chrome Dome and in later decades as part of readiness exercises. A number of Western reconnaissance aircraft also conducted missions regularly along the Soviet Union's northern coast. Russian Long-Range Aviation now perform some of the same types of training flights, testing the readiness of Alaskan Command and Royal Canadian Air Force interceptors.


title: Polar route

text: Immediately after the Cold War, a number of direct southern routes had opened up between Europe and Asia over the Black Sea and southern former Soviet republics across Afghanistan, and by the mid-1990s, over China. In Russia's eastern and Arctic regions there were significant problems with lack of English-speaking controllers, lack of radio facilities, poor radar coverage, poor ATC capacity, and a lack of funds. To solve these issues, RACGAT (Russian-American Coordinating Group for Air Traffic) was formed in 1993. By summer 1998, the Russian government worked through these problems and gave permission to open four cross-polar routes, named Polar 1, 2, 3 and 4. Additional routes were opened in subsequent years.


title: Polar route

text: Cathay Pacific Flight 889 from New York John F. Kennedy International Airport, piloted by Captain Paul Horsting on 7 July 1998—the first arrival to the new Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok west of Hong Kong—appears to be the first non-stop flight over the Arctic polar region and over Russian airspace. It was the world's first nonstop transpolar flight from New York to Hong Kong, dubbed "Polar One". It took 16 hours to complete, and it was and still is one of the longest flights that Cathay Pacific operates.


title: Polar route

text: The American Federal Aviation Administration now defines the North Polar area of operations as the area north of 78° north latitude, which is north of Alaska and most of Siberia.


title: Polar route

text: Aircraft like the Boeing 747-400, 747-8, 777-200ER, 777-200LR, 777-300ER, 787-8, 787-9, and 787-10, as well as the Airbus A340, A350, and A380, with ranges of around or more, are required in order to travel the long distances nonstop between suitable airports.


title: Polar route

text: Arctic polar routes are now common on airlines connecting Asian cities to North American cities. Emirates and Qatar Airways fly nonstop from Dubai and Doha to the US West Coast (San Francisco, Seattle and Los Angeles), coming within a few degrees of latitude of the North Pole. Air India's non-stop flight, AI-173, between New Delhi (DEL) and San Francisco (SFO), usually flies over the Atlantic or the Pacific Ocean; but on August 15, 2019, it instead flew over the North Pole.


title: Polar route

text: In 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to countries such as the UK and the US, as well as the entire EU to ban Russian airlines from entering their airspace. This has led to airlines avoiding Russian airspace when flying to certain destinations, including Eastern Asian cities from the US and Europe and vice versa. One instance includes Japan Airlines, whose London-Tokyo route now flies over Iceland, Greenland, the Arctic Ocean, and Alaska. While this route uses a Boeing 777, which can cover the route without refueling, its flight time increased by an additional four hours because of the longer new route. The airspace bans also forced cargo airlines to change their course, with some changing their polar routes.


title: Polar route

text: Few airlines fly between cities having a great circle route over Antarctica. Hypothetically, flights between South Africa and New Zealand, or between Perth, Australia, and certain destinations in South America (including Buenos Aires and São Paulo), would overfly Antarctica, but no airline has scheduled such flights.


title: Polar route

text: Flights between Australia and South America and between Australia and South Africa pass near the Antarctic coastline. Depending on the winds, the Qantas flight QFA63 from Sydney to JohannesburgO. R. Tambo, or the return flight QFA64, sometimes flies over the Antarctic Circle to 71° latitude as well and allowing views of the icecap. Qantas QFA27 and QFA28 fly nonstop between Sydney and Santiago de Chile, the most southerly polar route. Depending on winds, this flight may reach 55° south latitude. From July 2012 until 2014, Aerolíneas Argentinas flew nonstop between Sydney and Buenos Aires Previously, Qantas also operated QFA17 and QFA18 between Sydney and Buenos Aires. Nowadays, LATAM operates LAN804 and LAN805 between Melbourne, Australia, and Santiago, Chile, and Air New Zealand operates ANZ30 and ANZ31 between Auckland and Buenos Aires all with similarly south-running routes.


title: Polar route

text: The polar route across the remote southern Pacific Ocean between South America and Oceania was pioneered by Lan Chile, with a special flight from Santiago to Sydney on a 707 in 1974, with a stop in Punta Arenas (Chile). Commercial flights begun with Aerolíneas Argentinas, with service between Buenos Aires via Rio Gallegos to Auckland in the 1980s with a Boeing 747-200 aircraft. Aerolíneas Argentinas later operated to Sydney via Auckland, but ended its flights to New Zealand and Australia in 2014.


title: Polar route

text: Previously, because of ETOPS limitations on twin-engined aircraft — the maximum distance the aircraft can operate from an airport for emergency landings — only four-engined aircraft such as the Boeing 747, Airbus A340, and Airbus A380 could operate routes near Antarctica. Twin-engined aircraft had to fly further north, closer to potential diversion airports; for example, when Virgin Australia operated their VA 15 and VA 16 flights between Melbourne and Johannesburg on twin-engined Boeing 777 aircraft with a 180-minute ETOPS rating, the flight was two hours longer than a Qantas flight from Sydney to Johannesburg. In 2015, government regulators approved Air New Zealand's twin-engined Boeing 777-200ER aircraft for a 330-minute ETOPS rating (i.e. its 777 aircraft can fly a maximum 330 minutes away from the nearest diversion airport), an increase from its previous 240-minute ETOPS rating, to operate their new route between Auckland and Buenos Aires-Ezeiza which ended in 2020. LATAM Airlines began their LAN800 and LAN801 nonstop flights between Santiago de Chile and Sydney via Auckland in April 2015 with twin-engined Boeing 787 aircraft with a 330-minute ETOPS rating. LATAM has announced a nonstop flight between Santiago de Chile and Melbourne (LAN804/LAN805) to begin in October 2017. In late 2019, LATAM began direct flights between Santiago and Sydney (LA802/LAN803) competing with the existing Qantas (QFA27/QFA28) flights on the same route.


title: Polar route

text: The southernmost flight route with plausible airports would be between Buenos Aires and Perth. With a 175° (S) heading, the route's great circle exceeds 85° S and would be within of the South Pole. Currently, no commercial airline operates this route. However, in February, 2018, it was stated that Norwegian Air Argentina is considering this "less than 15 hours" trans-polar flight between South America and Asia, with a stop-over in Perth en route to Singapore. They will not fly over the South Pole, but around Antarctica taking advantage of the strong winds which circle that continent in an easterly direction. Hence, the "westbound" flight from Buenos Aires would actually travel south-east south of Cape Town, over the southern Indian Ocean and on to Perth, while the true "eastbound" flight would also head south-east south of Tasmania and New Zealand, over the South Pacific and on to South America. If this route becomes operational, a Buenos AiresSingapore return flight would possibly be the fastest circumnavigation available with commercial airliners, although PerthBuenos Aires return would be faster but without passing the Equator.


title: Polar route

text: The FAA's policy letter "Guidance for Polar Operations" (March 5, 2001) outlines a number of special requirements for polar flight, which includes two cold-weather suits, special communication capability, designation of Arctic diversion airports and firm recovery plans for stranded passengers, and fuel freeze strategy and monitoring requirements.


title: Polar route

text: Jet fuel freeze temperatures range between . These temperatures are frequently encountered at cruise altitude throughout the world with no effect since the fuel retains heat from lower elevations, but the intense cold and extended duration of polar flights may cause fuel temperature to approach its freezing point. Jet A grade with a maximum freeze point of is used in the U.S., while Jet A1 grade with a maximum freeze point of is used elsewhere. Modern long-distance airliners are equipped to alert flight crew when fuel temperatures reach above these levels. The crew must then change altitude, though in some cases due to the low stratosphere over polar regions and its inversion properties the air may actually be somewhat warmer at higher altitudes.


title: Polar route

text: The alerts are typically set at above the specified maximum freeze point. This provides a safety margin from the solidification temperature. However, fuels produced at the refineries are often better than the spec values; for example, it is not uncommon to find Jet A fuels that have measured freeze point better (colder) than the specified maximum of . In that way, the safety margin is even larger than . On the other hand, the temperature probe that delivers fuel temperature information to the flight deck is not located in the coldest part of the fuel tanks. The difference between the recorded and the coldest fuel temperature varies depending on a variety of factors, especially the circulation of fuel in the tanks and duration of cold soak. It is, therefore, prudent to have a safety margin.


title: Polar route

text: For polar flights, FAA allows, under certain conditions, the measured freeze point be used instead of assuming the spec value in ASTM D1655. This gives the airlines more flexibility in flight planning.


title: Wartenberg wheel

text: A Wartenberg wheel, also called a Wartenberg pinwheel or Wartenberg neurowheel, is a medical device for neurological use. The wheel was designed to test nerve reactions (sensitivity) as it rolled systematically across the skin. A Wartenberg wheel is generally made of stainless steel with a handle of approximately in length. The wheel, which has evenly spaced radiating sharp pins, rotates as it is rolled across the flesh. A disposable plastic version is available. Because of hygienic concerns, these devices are rarely used for medical purposes any more.


title: Wartenberg wheel

text: Robert Wartenberg, namesake of the Wartenberg wheel, is sometimes incorrectly credited as its inventor. According to Wartenberg himself, the device was in widespread use in Europe when he lived in Germany. While he did not invent it, he found it "an indispensable part of the outfit for everyday neurologic practice," and recommended its use to his colleagues in the US.


title: Wartenberg wheel

text: The Wartenberg wheel is also used as a sensation sex toy, and is often used to tickle a person (also called a ‘lee, short for “ticklee”) in the act of tickle fetishism. It is sometimes used in other settings while connected to a violet wand electrical device.


title: Wartenberg wheel

text: Clothing pattern-making can use a version of the Wartenberg wheel, called a pounce wheel, to transfer markings from paper to fabric. Pounce wheels resemble standard Wartenberg wheels in shape but have wooden or plastic handles.


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: In Search of... is an American television series that was broadcast weekly from 1977 to 1982, devoted to mysterious phenomena. It was created after the success of three one-hour TV documentaries produced by creator Alan Landsburg: "In Search of Ancient Astronauts" in 1973 (based on the book "Chariots of the Gods?" by Erich von Däniken), "In Search of Ancient Mysteries" and "The Outer Space Connection", both in 1975 (later adapted into popular paperbacks written by Landsburg), all of which featured narration by Rod Serling, who was the initial choice to host the spin-off show. Serling died before production started, and Leonard Nimoy was then selected to be the host. The series was revived with host Mitch Pileggi in 2002 and again in 2018 with Zachary Quinto, currently airing on the History Channel.


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: The original series was shown in Australia in the 1980s under the title Great Mysteries of the World with each episode having an introduction and conclusion presented by television presenter Scott Lambert.


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: The program conducted investigations into the controversial and paranormal (e.g., UFOs, Bigfoot, and the Loch Ness Monster). Additionally, it featured episodes about mysterious historical events and personalities such as Anna Anderson/Grand Duchess Anastasia, the Lincoln Assassination, the Jack the Ripper murders, infamous cults (e.g., Jim Jones), and missing persons, cities, and ships (e.g., Amelia Earhart, Jimmy Hoffa, D. B. Cooper, the "Mary Celeste", the "Titanic", the lost Roanoke Colony). Because the show often presented offbeat subjects and controversial theories, each episode's opening credits included a verbal disclaimer about the conjectural nature of the evidence and theories to be presented:


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: The production values were fairly typical of the period, with interviews, reenactments and scenic footage shot on film, all voiced over by Nimoy. The music was composed by Laurin M. Rinder and W. Michael Lewis. A soundtrack album was released on AVI (American Variety International) Records in 1977.


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: Nimoy's popularity among science fiction fans (due to his role as Spock in the original "" television series) won the show a following in fandom circles. Nimoy wrote an episode about the turbulent life of artist Vincent van Gogh, having earlier played the artist's brother Theo in a one-man show. As part of his research, Nimoy found records in the archives of the hospital where Van Gogh was treated that suggested that he suffered from epilepsy rather than insanity.


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: The show also spawned at least six spin-off books, all written by Landsburg with forewords by Nimoy: "In Search of Lost Civilizations," "In Search of Extraterrestrials," "In Search of Magic and Witchcraft," "In Search of Strange Phenomena," "In Search of Missing Persons," and "In Search of Myths and Monsters," with an additional book that collected the best segments from these existing volumes.


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: In 1978, Landsburg produced a Bigfoot documentary using portions of two "In Search of..." episodes ("The Monster Hunters" and "The Yeti") called "Manbeast! Myth or Monster," based on his book "In Search of Myths and Monsters." Though Nimoy had written the foreword to Landsburg's book, he did not narrate this documentary.


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: Reruns of the "In Search of..." series aired during the early 1990s on the A&E Network. In the later 1990s, the show aired on another of the A&E Television Networks' properties, the History Channel. The licensing agreement expired in the early 2000s, ending the show's run. When the show aired on A&E, a re-recording of the original theme music was used plus a new alternate theme. The original opening titles were also modernized. In this incarnation virtually all of Nimoy's on-camera appearances in the series were replaced with reused footage, so viewers could hear Nimoy but not see him.


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: In January 2018, it was announced that Zachary Quinto, who, like Nimoy, stars as Spock in the rebooted "Star Trek" films, would host the revived version of the show on History Channel. On March 27, 2019, History Channel announced the series was renewed for a second season.


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: In February 2012, it was announced that Visual Entertainment, under license from Universal Studios, had acquired the home video rights to the original series for the United States and Canada. "In Search of: The Complete Collection" was released in Canada and the U.S. on December 11, 2012, from VEI's website.


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: The 21-DVD set includes all 144 installments hosted by Leonard Nimoy. Also included are two Rod Serling specials: "In Search of Ancient Astronauts" and "In Search of Ancient Mysteries" which aired prior to the start of the regular Nimoy series. The three Landsburg specials, "The Outer Space Connection", "Secrets of the Bermuda Triangle" and "Manbeast! Myth or Monster", are not included. VEI also included all eight episodes of the short-lived 2002 series hosted by Mitch Pileggi.


title: In Search of... (TV series)

text: The style of the original "In Search of..." has been paid homage to and parodied by many productions. Examples include "Mysteries in History", a show-within-a-show that plays a part in the plotline to "Men in Black II" (the faux series is hosted by Peter Graves in the film; coincidentally, Graves once co-starred with Nimoy in ""). Two other examples are "Truth from Legend" and "Fact from Myth", two nearly identical series existing in alternate universes for which "mini-episodes" were created for YouTube as part of the viral marketing campaign for the two-part video game "".


title: Poha (rice)

text: Pohaa, also known as pauwa, sira, chira, or avalakki, among many other names, is flattened rice originating from the Indian subcontinent. Rice is parboiled before flattening so that it can be consumed with very little to no cooking. These flakes of rice swell when added to liquid, whether hot or cold, as they absorb water, milk or any other liquids. The thickness of the flakes varies from almost translucently thin (the more expensive varieties) to nearly four times thinner than a normal rice grain.


title: Poha (rice)

text: This easily digestible form of raw rice is very popular across India, Nepal and Bangladesh, and is normally used to prepare snacks or light and easy fast food in a variety of Indian cuisine styles, some even for long-term consumption of a week or more.


title: Poha (rice)

text: Flattened rice can be eaten raw by immersing it in plain water or milk, with salt and sugar to taste, or lightly fried in oil with nuts, raisins, cardamoms, and other spices. In North India Poha and Samosa is famous as breakfast. The lightly fried variety is a standard breakfast in the Malwa region (surrounding Ujjain and Indore) of Madhya Pradesh. It can be reconstituted with hot water to make a porridge or paste, depending on the proportion of water added. In villages, particularly in Chhattisgarh, flattened rice is also eaten raw by mixing with jaggery. Indori poha from Indore is quite famous in the country and is eaten with a crispy snack called sev. It is also a very popular diet snack when mixed with peanuts, poha chana , wheat flakes etc.


title: Poha (rice)

text: In Maharashtra, flattened rice is cooked with lightly fried mustard seeds, turmeric, green chilli, finely chopped onions, and fried peanuts; moistened flattened rice is added to the spicy mix and steamed for a few minutes.


title: Poha (rice)

text: Samay baji(Newar) : Beaten rice is mixed with variety of delicacy including egg. fish. meat, potato, Choila (Newari dish), beans, fried garlic and ginger, Bara. It is one of the main dishes eaten in various special occasion.


title: Firass Dirani

text: Dirani pursued his acting career in Hollywood before receiving a call to play the role of John Ibrahim in "". In April 2010, Dirani was named Cleo Bachelor of the Year.


title: Veronica's Closet

text: Veronica's Closet is an American sitcom television series created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, that aired on NBC for three seasons, from September 25, 1997, to December 7, 2000. The show stars Kirstie Alley as Veronica "Ronnie" Chase, the head of her own lingerie company in New York City.


title: Veronica's Closet

text: Veronica 'Ronnie' Chase, played by Alley, has made a living being known as the "Queen of Romance". She is the owner of Veronica's Closet, a company that sells lingerie and other bedroom accessories. Her husband Bryce, played by Christopher McDonald, regularly cheats on her, though she always takes him back because of the image she has created. However, after another tryst, Veronica decides to leave him and begins her life as a single woman.


title: Veronica's Closet

text: She is championed by her best friend and Chief Financial Officer Olive Massery, played by Kathy Najimy, and her father Pat Chase, played by Robert Prosky, who is also her chauffeur. She also works with Perry Rollins, played by Dan Cortese, a former thong model who is her publicist; her assistant Josh Blair, played by Wallace Langham, and Leo Michaels, played by Darryl 'Chill' Mitchell. Later in the first season, she gets a silent partner in Millicent, played by Holland Taylor. However, when Millicent dies, the company is taken over by Millicent's incompetent son.


title: Veronica's Closet

text: During the second season. Millicent's ex-husband, Alec Bilson, played by Ron Silver, takes the company from his former step-son and helps the company regain some financial ground. However, he and Ronnie get closer, romantically, as the season progresses. He dies between seasons two and three and is revealed to have married someone else. His widow, June Bilson, played by Lorri Bagley, is a stereotypical dumb blonde who has some secret intelligence. She remodels the entire office and refuses to give up her share of the company until Olive buys her out in the series finale.


title: Veronica's Closet

text: The series premiered on September 25, 1997, after "Seinfeld", to 35 million viewers. Its title was derived from the “real life” lingerie company, Victoria's Secret. Hammocked between "Seinfeld" and "ER" within the Must See TV lineup, the show was a top 10 hit, although the initial ratings died down later in the first season. The sitcom spent the first two seasons on Thursdays at 9:30 (after "Seinfeld" in season 1 and after "Frasier" in season 2).


title: Veronica's Closet

text: NBC moved the show out of Must See TV to a new time slot, following "Suddenly Susan" (another NBC sitcom centered around a professional single woman), on Mondays for the 1999–2000 season. Ratings fell more than 50 percent, and NBC put both shows on hiatus. The show returned on Tuesdays at 9:30 (after "Will & Grace") with only a slight boost in ratings. NBC canceled the series in 2000, along with "Suddenly Susan", due to low ratings. Reruns were shown on USA Network from 2000 to early 2003 and on TV Guide Network from 2011 to 2012.


title: Veronica's Closet

text: The series received recognition from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, and the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Arts among other associations.


title: Lindsey Pearlman

text: Lindsey Erin Pearlman (October 5, 1978 – February 18, 2022) was an American actress known for her roles on "General Hospital" and "Chicago Justice".


title: Lindsey Pearlman

text: Pearlman was born on October 5, 1978, in Chicago, Illinois and started her acting career at a young age.


title: Lindsey Pearlman

text: She was married to Vance Smith, a TV producer. She was a staunch animal rights activist who helped to abolish the use of wild animals in Ringling Brothers Circus. Pearlman devoted a great deal of time and effort to rescuing, fostering, and finding permanent homes for animals.


title: Lindsey Pearlman

text: Pearlman trained at The Second City Conservatory. She recurred in "Chicago Justice", in the role of Joy Fletcher, for five episodes. She also had guest roles in "Sneaky Pete", "American Housewife", "The Purge", "General Hospital," and countless television commercials.


title: Lindsey Pearlman

text: In 2021, she recurred as Martha on "The Ms. Pat Show", and as Karen in "Haus of Vicious". She also played Diane Warren on "" on Netflix (2021).


title: Lindsey Pearlman

text: On February 13, 2022, Pearlman was reported missing to LAPD. Police found her body in a vehicle on February 18, after responding to a radio call for a death investigation at Franklin Avenue and North Sierra Bonita Avenue. The cause of death, confirmed by the Los Angeles County medical examiner, was determined to be suicide by intentional overdose of sodium nitrite.


title: People Are Strange

text: "People Are Strange" is a song by the American rock band the Doors. It appears on the band's second studio album, "Strange Days", released in September 1967. It was also issued the same month as a single, which peaked at number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and in the top ten on the Cash Box charts. The song was written by Jim Morrison and Robby Krieger, although credit was given to each of the Doors. The single was released with "Unhappy Girl" as the B-side.


title: People Are Strange

text: The song's composition started in early 1967. According to Doors drummer John Densmore, he and Doors guitarist Robby Krieger, who had then been roommates, were visited by Jim Morrison who appeared to be "deeply depressed." At Krieger's description, they later took a walk along Laurel Canyon in the Hollywood Hills area of Los Angeles. Morrison returned from the walk "euphoric" with the early lyrics of "People Are Strange". Intrigued by the new lyrics, Krieger was convinced that the song was a hit upon hearing the vocal melody:


title: People Are Strange

text: In a review for AllMusic, critic Tom Maginnis wrote the song "reflects the group's fascination with the theatrical music of European cabaret." The song is about alienation and being an outsider, and Morrison may have addressed the song both to the hippie culture, to outsiders in general or to users of drugs such as LSD, or both. Similarly, author Melissa Ursula Dawn Goldsmith felt that "People Are Strange" uses the "Expressionist idea of alienation and distanciation", and that the lyrics purposely express something positive as strange. Densmore believes that the song was the manifestation of Morrison's "vulnerability".


title: People Are Strange

text: "Billboard" described the single as an "easy rocker with compelling lyric." "Cash Box" called it a "smashing performance," saying that the "mid-speed setting... adds kick to the black humor of the lyrical content" and that the "production and work are fantastic."


title: People Are Strange

text: British group Echo & the Bunnymen recorded a cover version of "People Are Strange" for the soundtrack of the 1987 film "The Lost Boys". It was subsequently released as a single in 1987 reaching number 29 on the UK Singles Chart in February 1988 and number 13 on the Irish Singles Chart in 1991.


title: People Are Strange

text: The song was produced by Doors' keyboardist, Ray Manzarek. A 12-inch version was released in February 1988 before the single was re-released in 1991. The B-sides were all the same as their previous release, "Bedbugs and Ballyhoo".


title: People Are Strange

text: Swedish singer-songwriter Stina Nordenstam covered "People Are Strange" on her 1998 cover album of the same name. A remix single was released in conjunction with the album. The UNKLE remix appears as a bonus track on the Japanese version of the album, and can also be found on UNKLE's box set, "Eden".


title: Physical activity

text: Physical activity is defined as any voluntary bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Physical activity encompasses all activities, at any intensity, performed during any time of day or night. It includes both exercise and incidental activity integrated into daily routine. This integrated activity may not be planned, structured, repetitive or purposeful for the improvement of fitness, and may include activities such as walking to the local shop, cleaning, working, active transport etc. Lack of physical activity is associated with a range of negative health outcomes, whereas increased physical activity can improve physical and mental health, as well as cognitive and cardiovascular health. There are at least eight investments that work to increase population-level physical activity, including whole-of-school programmes, active transport, active urban design, healthcare, public education and mass media, sport for all, workplaces and community-wide programmes. Physical activity increases energy expenditure and is a key regulator in controlling body weight (see Summermatter cycle for more).


title: Physical activity

text: "Exercise" and "physical activity" are frequently used interchangeably and generally refer to physical activity performed during leisure time with the primary purpose of improving or maintaining physical fitness, physical performance, or health. However, physical activity is not exactly the "same" concept as exercise. Exercise is defined as a subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful in the sense that the improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is the objective. Conversely, physical activity includes exercise but may also be unplanned, unstructured, random and non-purposeful carried out for a multitude of reasons.


title: Physical activity

text: Physical activity can be at any intensity, from a simple twitch of a muscle to an all-out sprint. In practice, physical activity can be viewed as a continuum from sedentary behavior to vigorous intensity activity. Intensities are broadly categorized according to energy expenditure using a standard measure of intensity, metabolic equivalents (METs). The broad categories are sedentary behavior, light activity, moderate activity and vigorous activity.


title: Physical activity

text: The following table documents some examples of physical activities at each intensity level. Depending on the individual and the activity involved, activities may overlap intensity categories or change categories completely.


title: Physical activity

text: Physical activity has been shown to reduce anxiety as a condition (individual physical exercise, without continuity), anxiety as a personality trait (continuous performance, "exercise" of certain physical activities), psycho-physiological signs of anxiety - blood pressure and heart rate (moderate physical activity can lead to a decrease in the intensity of short-term physiological reactivity and encourage recovery from short-term physiological stressors (Biddle et al., 2000)).


title: Physical activity

text: For people with a severe depressive episode and anxiety disorder, long and short walks proved to be the most effective; for people with substance abuse disorders, bipolar disorder and frequent psychotic decompensation, "strenuous" gymnastics and riding proved to be the most effective.


title: Physical activity

text: Different forms of physical activity in leisure time can be divided into different clusters of activities that have a common denominator in the form of type of meaningfulness, se model to the right (Lundvall & Schantz 2013).


title: Physical activity

text: These separate forms of meaningfulness consist of (i) competition and championship, (ii) nature encounters, (iii) aesthetic-expressive, (iv) fitness gymnastics and play, (v) everyday exercise and (vi) five different basic forms of physical training (aerobic, anaerobic, strength, flexibility and coordination training).


title: Physical activity

text: How these different clusters have been treated over time from 1813 to today in a context of teacher training for physical education in the Swedish school system has been described by the Swedish professors in human movement science Suzanne Lundvall & Peter Schantz (2013).


title: Physical activity

text: 1. Adults aged 18–64 should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.


title: Physical activity

text: 3. For additional health benefits, adults should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.


title: Physical activity

text: 4. Muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week.


title: Physical activity

text: 1. Adults aged 65 years and above should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.


title: Physical activity

text: 3. For additional health benefits, adults aged 65 years and above should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate-and vigorous-intensity activity.


title: Physical activity

text: 4. Adults of this age group, with poor mobility, should perform physical activity to enhance balance and prevent falls on 3 or more days per week.


title: Physical activity

text: 5. Muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups, on 2 or more days a week.


title: Physical activity

text: 6. When adults of this age group cannot do the recommended amounts of physical activity due to health conditions, they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow.


title: Physical activity

text: 1. Children and youth aged 5–17 should accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily.


title: Physical activity

text: Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States are among the countries that have issued physical activity recommendations.


title: Physical activity

text: The amount of physical activity conducted by a population—and by extension the proportion of that population reaching guidelines or other specified thresholds—is dictated by a number of factors including demographics (e.g., age, sex, ethnicity), population health status, cultural aspects, and the state of the environment itself (e.g. infrastructure that affords physical activity).


title: Physical activity

text: Studies have shown that as availability of natural environments (e.g., parks, woodlands, inland waters, coasts) increases, more leisure-time physical activity such as walking and cycling are reported. Meteorological conditions have been found to predict physical activity differently in different types of environment. For example, in a large population-based study in England, higher air temperatures and lower wind speeds were associated with increased physical activity.


title: Physical activity

text: Globally, in 2016, according to a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys, around 81% of students aged 11–17 years were insufficiently physically active. The region with the highest prevalence of insufficient activity in 2016 was high-income Asia Pacific.


title: Physical activity

text: Physical activity, qualified in the form of a physical activity vital sign (PAVS) metric, has been proposed as a screening tool in primary care diagnostics. It has been suggested to correspond with BMI and chronic disease, when coupled with demographic information as well as a tool for identifying patients who do not meet certain physical activity guidelines. Generally, this metric is evaluated by a self-reported medical questionnaire, which can significantly affect the validity and applicability of a PAVS in clinical treatment determination.


title: Long-eared owl

text: The long-eared owl (Asio otus), also known as the northern long-eared owl or, more informally, as the lesser horned owl or cat owl, is a medium-sized species of owl with an extensive breeding range. The scientific name is from Latin. The genus name "Asio" is a type of eared owl, and "otus" also refers to a small, eared owl. The species breeds in many areas through Europe and the Palearctic, as well as in North America. This species is a part of the larger grouping of owls known as typical owls, of the family Strigidae, which contains most extant species of owl (while the other taxonomic family of owls are the barn owls, or Tytonidae).


title: Long-eared owl

text: This owl shows a partiality for semi-open habitats, particularly woodland edge, as they prefer to roost and nest within dense stands of wood but prefer to hunt over open ground. The long-eared owl is a somewhat specialized predator, focusing its diet almost entirely on small rodents, especially voles, which quite often compose most of their diet. Under some circumstances, such as population cycles of their regular prey, arid or insular regional habitats or urbanization, this species can adapt fairly well to a diversity of prey, including birds and insects. All owls do not build their own nests. In the case of the long-eared owl, it generally utilizes nests that are built by other animals, with a partiality in many regions for those built by corvids. Breeding success in this species is largely correlated with prey populations and predation risks. Unlike many owls, long-eared owls are not strongly territorial or sedentary. They are partially migratory and, although owls appear to generally use the same migratory routes and wintering sites annually, can tend to appear so erratically that they are sometimes characterized as “nomadic”. Another fairly unique characteristic of this species is its partiality for regular roosts that are often shared by a number of long-eared owls at once. The long-eared owl is one of the most widely distributed and most numerous owl species in the world, and due to its very broad range and numbers it is considered a least concern species by the IUCN. Nonetheless, strong declines have been detected for this owl in several parts of its range.


title: Long-eared owl

text: The long-eared owl was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Strix otus". This owl is now assigned to the genus "Asio" that was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.