title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)

text: In September 2013, AMC announced they were developing a companion series to "The Walking Dead", which follows a different set of characters created by Robert Kirkman. In September 2014, AMC ordered a pilot, which was written by Kirkman and Dave Erickson, and directed by Adam Davidson, and is executive produced by Kirkman, Erickson, Gale Anne Hurd, and David Alpert, with Erickson serving as showrunner. The project was originally known as "Cobalt".


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)

text: In December 2014, the first four starring roles were cast: Kim Dickens as Madison, the female lead; Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa, the male lead; Frank Dillane as Nick; and Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia. In April and May, 2015, Elizabeth Rodriguez and Mercedes Mason were announced as series regulars, both in unknown roles.


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)

text: Production of the pilot episode began in early 2015 and ended on February 6, 2015. The pilot episode was filmed in Los Angeles; the remaining first-season episodes were filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Production on the remaining five first-season episodes began on May 11, 2015. Adam Davidson, who directed the pilot, also directed the series' second and third episodes.


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 76%, based on 63 reviews, whose average rating is 6.75/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Fear the Walking Dead" recycles elements of its predecessor, but it's still moody and engrossing enough to compete with the original." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)

text: Elisabeth Vincentelli of the "New York Post" rated the first two episodes three out of four stars, stating that "[They] are creepily suspenseful–they're great examples of how effective a slow pace and a moody atmosphere can be." Another positive review of the first episode came from Ken Tucker of Yahoo TV, who wrote, ""Fear the Walking Dead" is a mood piece, more artful than the original series" and that the cast is "terrific". Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave an average review, writing, "The 90-minute first episode and the hour-long second episode are, while not actually boring, certainly less magnetic than the original."


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)

text: One of the harshest negative reviews came from HitFix, on Daniel Fienberg and Alan Sepinwall's podcast, where Fienberg called the premiere episode "awful, just horrible ... as bad as "The Walking Dead" has ever gotten at its very worst. This is that bad. I've been kind of stunned to see people being generous to it. ... I thought this was almost unwatchably bad." Sepinwall called his B− review "slightly generous".


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)

text: The U.S. series premiere attracted 10.1 million total viewers, with 6.3 million in the advertiser-coveted 18-to-49-year-old demographic, both cable television records for a series premiere. Numerous international debuts of the pilot also set ratings records. The first season averaged 11.2 million viewers in "live plus-3" ratings (includes VOD and DVR viewing within three days after initial telecast) to become the highest-rated first season of any series in cable history.


title: Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)

text: The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 1, 2015. A special edition version of the first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 22, 2016, with new bonus features, including deleted scenes, seven featurettes, and audio commentaries by cast and crew, on all six episodes.


title: Carlos Saura

text: Carlos Saura Atarés (born 4 January 1932) is a Spanish film director, photographer and writer. Along with Luis Buñuel and Pedro Almodóvar, he is considered to be one of Spain’s most renowned filmmakers. He has a long and prolific career that spans over half a century. His films have won many international awards.


title: Carlos Saura

text: Saura began his career in 1955 making documentary shorts. He quickly gained international prominence when his first feature-length film premiered at Cannes Film Festival in 1960. Although he started filming as a neorealist, Saura quickly switched to films encoded with metaphors and symbolism in order to get around the Spanish censors. In 1966, he was thrust into the international spotlight when his film "La Caza" won the Silver Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival. In the following years, he forged an international reputation for his cinematic treatment of emotional and spiritual responses to repressive political conditions.


title: Carlos Saura

text: By the 1970s, Saura was the best known filmmaker working in Spain. His films employed complex narrative devices and were frequently controversial. He won Special Jury Awards for "La Prima Angélica" (1973) and "Cría Cuervos" (1975) in Cannes; and an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film nomination in 1979 for "Mama Cumple 100 Años".


title: Carlos Saura

text: In the 1980s, Saura was in the spotlight for his Flamenco trilogy – "Bodas de Sangre", "Carmen" and "El Amor Brujo," in which he combined dramatic content and flamenco dance forms. His work continued to be featured in worldwide competitions and earned numerous awards. He received two nominations for Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, for "Carmen" (1983) and "Tango" (1998). His films are sophisticated expression of time and space fusing reality with fantasy, past with present, and memory with hallucination. In the last two decades of the 20th century, Saura has concentrated on works uniting music, dance and images.


title: Carlos Saura

text: Saura was born in Huesca, Aragón, Spain on 4 January 1932. His father, Antonio Saura Pacheco, who came from Murcia, was an attorney and civil servant. His mother, Fermina Atarés Torrente, was a concert pianist. The second of their four children, Carlos had an older brother, Antonio Saura, and two younger sisters, María del Pilar and María de los Ángeles. Antonio became a well-known abstract expressionist painter. From their parents, the four siblings received a liberal understanding education. Because his father worked for the Ministry of the Interior, the Saura family moved to Barcelona, Valencia, and, in 1953, to Madrid. Saura's childhood was marked by the Spanish Civil War, during which the Nationalists fought against the Republicans.


title: Carlos Saura

text: Saura has vivid recollection of his childhood during the war. He later evoked some of them in his films – the games he played, and the songs he sang, as well as darker memories of bombings and hunger, blood and death. He was taught to read by a priest – a relative whom his parents sheltered from anticlerical extremists. At the war's end, Saura was separated from his parents and sent back to Huesca to live with his maternal grandmother and aunts. He described these relatives as “right wings and very religious” who imposed in the child the very antithesis of the liberal education he had received in the republican zone.


title: Carlos Saura

text: In 1957–1958, Saura created his first film, "Cuenca". In 1962 his film "Los Golfos" was recognized for its strong sociological impact, to aid Spanish youth by tackling the issue of juvenile delinquency in Madrid's poorest districts. Four years later (1966), he was honored at the 16th Berlin International Film Festival, where he received the Silver Bear for Best Director for his film "La caza". In 1967, his film "Peppermint Frappé" also received the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 18th Berlin International Film Festival. He won the Golden Bear in 1981 at the 31st Berlin International Film Festival for his film "Deprisa, Deprisa".


title: Carlos Saura

text: The films "La prima Angélica" ("Cousin Angélica") of 1973 and "Cría cuervos" ("Raising Ravens" [from the Spanish phrase: "Cria cuervos y te sacaran los ojos" (Raise ravens and they will peck out your eyes)]) of 1975 received the special prize of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival. His film "Mama cumple 100 años" ("Mom is celebrating her 100 years") was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 1980 Academy Awards.


title: Carlos Saura

text: Saura later become known for movies featuring flamenco and other traditional dances. His "Flamenco Trilogy" of the 1980s includes "Bodas de Sangre" (Blood Wedding), "Carmen", and "El amor brujo" featuring the work of Spanish flamenco dancer Cristina Hoyos. He later made the movies "Flamenco" (1995), "Tango" (1998), and "Fados" (2007).


title: Carlos Saura

text: Saura considers his film on surrealist master Luis Buñuel to be his best cinematic work. In an interview to an online film magazine, he says about "Buñuel y la mesa del rey Salomón" (Buñuel and the table of King Solomon -2001): “That’s the greatest film I’ve ever made. I like the film but nobody else seems to like it. I’m sure Buñuel would have loved this film. But perhaps only he would have loved it. Everything you see in the film is actually based on conversations I had with him.”


title: Carlos Saura

text: In 1990, he received the Goya Award for the best director and best script for "¡Ay, Carmela!". He was chosen as director for the official film of the 1992 Olympic Games of Barcelona, "Marathon" (1993).


title: Carlos Saura

text: In 2008, Carlos Saura was honoured with a Global Life Time Achievement Award at the 10th Mumbai International Film Festival, organized by the Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image.


title: Carlos Saura

text: In 2013, he was given a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 18th International Film Festival of Kerala.


title: Carlos Saura

text: Carlos Saura was married three times. He first married Adela Medrano in Barcelona in 1957. They had two sons, Carlos (b. 1958) and Antonio (b. 1960). On 27 December 1982 he married Mercedes Pérez. They had three sons, Manuel (b. 1980), Adrián (b. 1984) and Diego (b. 1987).


title: Carlos Saura

text: Between those two marriages, Saura had at least one known son, Shane (b. 1974), with the actress Geraldine Chaplin. He is also the father of a daughter named Anna (b. December 1994) from his third marriage to actress Eulalia Ramón.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Numerous plug-in electric vehicle (EV) fire incidents have taken place since the introduction of mass-production plug-in electric vehicles. As a result of these incidents, the United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) conducted a study in 2017 to establish whether lithium-ion batteries in plug-electric vehicles pose an exceptional fire hazard. The research looked at whether the high-voltage batteries can cause fires when they are being charged, and when the vehicles are involved in an accident. Regarding the risk of electrochemical failure, [this] report concludes that the propensity and severity of fires and explosions from the accidental ignition of flammable electrolytic solvents used in Li-ion battery systems are anticipated to be somewhat comparable to or perhaps slightly less than those for gasoline or diesel vehicular fuels. The overall consequences for Li-ion batteries are expected to be less because of the much smaller amounts of flammable solvent released and burning in a catastrophic failure situation.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: The NHTSA in 2021 opened a new Battery Safety Initiative investigation into ev car fires in light of the continuing numerous fire incidents.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: They were thermal runaway incidents related to the lithium-ion batteries. The brands involved were the Zotye M300 EV, Chevrolet Volt, Fisker Karma, Dodge Ram 1500 Plug-in Hybrid, Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Mitsubishi i-MiEV and Outlander P-HEV.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: , four fires after an impact have been reported associated with the batteries of plug-in electric cars. The first crash related fire was reported in China in May 2012, after a high-speed car crashed into a BYD e6 taxi in Shenzhen. Two incidents occurred with the Tesla Model S in October 2013, one when a Model S caught fire after the electric car hit metal debris on a highway in Kent, Washington, and another involving a loss of control and collision with a tree in Merida, Mexico. A Tesla Model S being driven on a highway near Murfreesboro, Tennessee caught fire in November 2013 after it struck a tow hitch on the roadway, causing damage beneath the vehicle.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: A Mitsubishi Outlander fire in May 2019 appeared to be related to immersion in salt water (which is electrically conductive), probably for an hour or two.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: General Motors, Nissan and Tesla have published a guide for firefighters, and first responders to properly handle a crashed electric-drive vehicle and safely disable its battery and other high voltage systems.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: The difference with EV car fires is the use of high voltage lithium-ion batteries which can short and break down and spontaneously combust, and also that lithium-ion fires are difficult to extinguish and produce toxic smoke.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Fire incidents in highway capable vehicles occur relatively frequently. A study of U.S. fires from 20032007 finds that fire departments respond to an average of 287,000 vehicle fires per year, or 30 vehicle fires per hour, and that vehicles were involved in 17% of all reported U.S. fires. The study also finds that roughly 53 highway vehicle fires and 0.15 highway vehicle fire deaths were reported per billion miles driven.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Lithium-ion batteries may suffer thermal runaway and cell rupture if overheated or overcharged, and in extreme cases this can lead to combustion. To reduce these risks, lithium-ion battery packs contain fail-safe circuitry that shuts down the battery when its voltage is outside the safe range. When handled improperly, or if manufactured defectively, some rechargeable batteries can experience thermal runaway resulting in overheating. Sealed cells will sometimes explode violently if safety vents are overwhelmed or nonfunctional. Reports of exploding cellphones have been published in newspapers. In 2006, batteries from Apple, HP, Toshiba, Lenovo, Dell and other notebook manufacturers were recalled because of fire and explosions.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: In the United States, General Motors ran, in several cities, a training program for firefighters and first responders to demonstrate the sequence of tasks required to safely disable the Chevrolet Volt's powertrain and its 12 volt electrical system, which controls its high-voltage components, and then proceed to extricate injured occupants. The Volt's high-voltage system is designed to shut down automatically in the event of an airbag deployment, and to detect a loss of communication from an airbag control module. GM also made available an Emergency Response Guide for the 2011 Volt for use by emergency responders. The guide also describes methods of disabling the high voltage system and identifies cut zone information. Nissan also published a guide for first responders that details procedures for handling a damaged 2011 Leaf at the scene of an accident, including a manual high-voltage system shutdown, rather than the automatic process built-in the car's safety systems.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: In August 2012, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) decided to begin a million study of whether lithium-ion batteries in plug-electric vehicles pose a potential fire hazard. The research looked at whether the high-voltage batteries can cause fires when they are being charged and when the vehicles are involved in an accident. The research from 2013 was initiated to evaluate the fire risk 400-volt lithium ion batteries pose. General Motors assisted the NHTSA researchers, and the study was issued in October 2017. The report concluded, "...ignition of flammable electrolytic solvents used in Li-ion battery systems are anticipated to be somewhat comparable to or perhaps slightly less than those for gasoline or diesel vehicular fuels. The overall consequences for Li-ion batteries are expected to be less because of the much smaller amounts of flammable solvent released and burning in a catastrophic failure situation."(p. 11-2)


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On October 24, 2019, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration opened a Defect Petition for Tesla Model S and X vehicles manufactured between 2012 and 2019 related to battery fires not caused by collision or impact.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Responding to 2022 questions about the risk of fire and reignition related to contact of li-ion battery with salt water (seawater), as it appeared to happen in Florida following the passage of Hurricane Ian, Jack Danielson (executive director of NHTSA) wrote that what reported ""is not an isolated event"". He also quote tests and studies dated 2019 and 2021 on the subject.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Emerging risks around home charging and the ability to detect and extinghuish a fire in a domestic setting are not well understood.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: About 6 a.m. on 17 November 2010 a fire broke out on the vehicle deck of the MS Pearl of Scandinavia on its way from Oslo to Copenhagen. The ferry's fire sprinkler system put out the fire before any of the crew or the 490 sleeping passengers were injured and the ship could dock in Copenhagen under its own power. It was determined that the cause of the fire was a short circuit in the plug of an extension cord used to charge a rebuilt Nissan Qashqai, converted into a battery electric vehicle by the Sakskøbing based company "A Future EV". The company owner was returning from Norway where the vehicle had started the approval process for general sale there, and had used an extension cord to charge the vehicle from a general purpose power outlet on the ferry. The ferry operator DFDS Seaways consequently prohibited vehicle charging on board its ferries while the investors withdrew their support for the vehicle company forcing it into bankruptcy.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: A Zotye M300 EV operating as a taxicab caught fire in Hangzhou, China, in April 2011. No one was injured as the driver and two passengers evacuated the electric car in time. Due to the incident, the city authorities decided to halt all electric taxis on safety concerns, 15 of which were M300 EVs out of a fleet of 30 electric taxis. The city's official investigation team found the cause of the fire was the car's defective battery pack due to lack of quality control during manufacturing. According to the investigation report, the battery pack problems include: leaking of battery cells; damage of the insulation between battery cells and the walls of the aluminum container in which the cells were stacked; short circuits occurred within certain containers and those involving supporting and connecting parts. One of the stronger short circuits ignited the car's back seats. The lead investigators said that "...in sealing and packing the battery cells, in loading and unloading the battery stacks, insufficient attention had been paid to several safety factors; monitoring procedures had been inefficient or neglected in the process of manufacturing, battery charging/switching, and vehicle driving, failing to detect anomalies." The report added that the battery cells on the car were made by Zhejiang Wanxiang Group.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: As of August 2021, Electrek had compiled a list of 18 battery-related Chevrolet Bolt fires, and one possible-battery related fire. The frequent fires resulted in a recall of about 110,000 Chevrolet Bolt and Bolt EUV EVs from the 2017 through 2022 model years.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Even after the recall, several fires occurred in vehicles that had received the new software and been checked by a dealer — including one in a vehicle owned by a Vermont state lawmaker. Another fire happened in New Jersey, the company told CNBC. GM says it's still investigating the fires, and is asking owners who haven't gotten the fix to take their Bolts in to a dealer regardless. At least nine fires have been documented, and the company has started buying back some Bolts. Moreover, the company recommended that Bolt owners park their cars outside and at least 50 feet away from other vehicles.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On September 13, 2021, a Chevrolet Bolt caught fire in a private garage in Cherokee County, Georgia, USA. The owner had either been unaware or simply ignored the recommendation to park outside.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: As a result of a crash-tested Chevrolet Volt that caught fire in June 2011 three weeks after the testing, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued a statement saying that the agency does not believe the Volt or other electric vehicles are at a greater risk of fire than gasoline-powered vehicles. They added: "In fact, all vehicles –both electric and gasoline-powered – have some risk of fire in the event of a serious crash." The NHTSA announced in November 2011 that it was working with all automakers to develop post-crash procedures to keep occupants of electric vehicles and emergency personnel who respond to crash scenes safe.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: In further testing of the Volt's batteries carried out by NHTSA in November 2011, two of the three tests resulted in thermal events, including fire. Therefore, the NHTSA opened a formal safety defect investigation on November 25, 2011, to examine the potential risks involved from intrusion damage to the battery in the Chevrolet Volt.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On January 5, 2012, General Motors announced that it would offer a customer satisfaction program to provide modifications to the Chevrolet Volt to reduce the chance that the battery pack could catch fire days or weeks after a severe accident. General Motors explained the modifications will enhance the vehicle structure that surround the battery and the battery coolant system to improve battery protection after a severe crash. The safety enhancements consist of strengthening an existing portion of the Volt's vehicle safety structure to further protect the battery pack in a severe side collision; add a sensor in the reservoir of the battery coolant system to monitor coolant levels; and add a tamper-resistant bracket to the top of the battery coolant reservoir to help prevent potential coolant overfill. On January 20, 2012, the NHTSA closed the Volt's safety defect investigation related to post-crash fire risk. The agency concluded that "no discernible defect trend exists" and also found that the modifications recently developed by General Motors are sufficient to reduce the potential for battery intrusion resulting from side impacts. The NHTSA also said that "based on the available data, NHTSA does not believe that Chevy Volts or other electric vehicles pose a greater risk of fire than gasoline-powered vehicles." The agency also announced it has developed interim guidance to increase awareness and identify appropriate safety measures regarding electric vehicles for the emergency response community, law enforcement officers, tow truck operators, storage facilities and consumers.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: In December 2011, Fisker Automotive recalled the first 239 Karmas delivered to the U.S. due to a risk of battery fire caused by coolant leak. Of the 239 cars, less than fifty had been delivered to customers, the rest were in dealerships. In the report filed by Fisker Automotive with the NHTSA, the carmaker said some hose clamps were not properly positioned, which could allow a coolant leak and an electrical short could possibly occur if coolant enters the battery compartment, causing a thermal event within the battery, including a possible fire. In May 2012 a Fisker Karma was involved in a home fire that also burnt two other cars in Fort Bend County, Texas. The chief fire investigator said the Karma was the origin of the fire that spread to the house, but the exact cause is still unknown. The plug-in hybrid electric car was not plugged in at the time the fire started and it was reported that the Karma's battery was intact. The carmaker release a public statement saying that "...there are conflicting reports and uncertainty surrounding this particular incident. The cause of the fire is not yet known and is being investigated." Fisker Automotive also stated that the battery pack "does not appear to have been a contributing factor in this incident." The NHTSA is conducting a field inquiry of the incident, and is working with insurance adjusters and Fisker to determine the fire's cause.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: A second fire incident took place in August 2012 when a Karma caught fire while stopped at a parking lot in Woodside, California. According to Fisker engineers, the area of origin for the fire was determined to be outside the engine compartment, as the fire was located at the driver's side front corner of the car. The evidence suggested that the ignition source was not the lithium-ion battery pack, new technology components or unique exhaust routing. The investigation conducted by Fisker engineers and an independent fire expert concluded that the cause of the fire was a low temperature cooling fan located at the left front of the Karma, forward of the wheel. An internal fault caused the fan to fail, overheat and started a slow-burning fire. Fisker announced a voluntary recall on all Karmas sold to replace the faulty fan and install an additional fuse.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: In May 2012, after a Nissan GT-R crashed into a BYD e6 taxi in Shenzhen, China, the electric car caught fire after hitting a tree killing all three occupants. The Chinese investigative team concluded that the cause of the fire was that "electric arcs caused by the short-circuiting of high voltage lines of the high voltage distribution box ignited combustible material in the vehicle including the interior materials and part of the power batteries." The team also noted that the battery pack did not explode; 75% of the single cell batteries did not catch fire; and no flaws in the safety design of the vehicle were identified.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On December 29, 2020, a BYD e6 taxi caught fire at an intersection in Luohu District, Shenzhen, China.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: In July 2021, Dongchedi (), a ByteDance's automotive media in China, performed a crash test of BYD Han EV versus Arcfox Alpha-S. Having been parked for 48 hours after the test, only the Han EV caught fire and burned to the ground.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On January 26, 2022, a BYD Tang DM-i (plug-in hybrid) caught fire on a flatbed tow truck, on a road in mainland China. By the such kind of transporting, it seems to be a malfunctioning car.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On October 28, 2020, a BYD Qin Pro EV caught fire after charging completed in Yantai, Shandong province, China.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On February 13, 2022, a BYD Qin Plus DM-i (plug-in hybrid) caught fire on a road in Zhongshan city, Guangdong province, China.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: In September 2012 Chrysler temporarily suspended a demonstration program that was conducting with 109 Dodge Ram 1500 Plug-in Hybrids and 23 Chrysler Town & Country plug-in hybrids. All units deployed in the program were recalled due to damage sustained by three separate pickup trucks when their 12.9 kWh battery packs overheated. The carmaker plans to upgrade the battery packs with cells that use a different lithium-ion chemistry before the vehicles go back on service. Chrysler explained that no one was injured from any of the incidents, and the vehicles were not occupied at the time, nor any of the minivans were involved in any incident, but they were withdrawn as a precaution. The carmaker reported that the demonstration fleet had collectively accumulated 1.3 million miles (2.1 million km) before the vehicles were recalled. The demonstration is a program jointly funded by Chrysler and the U.S. Department of Energy that includes the first-ever factory-produced vehicles capable of reverse power flow. The experimental system would allow fleet operators to use their plug-in hybrids to supply electricity for a building during a power outage, reduce power usage when electric rates are high or even sell electricity back to their utility company.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: In separate incidents during the storm and flooding caused by Hurricane Sandy on the night of October 29, 2012, one Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid and 16 Fisker Karmas caught fire while being parked at Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal. The vehicles were partially submerged by flash floods caused by the hurricane. In the case of the Toyota's incident, a Prius PHV burned and two other Priuses, a conventional hybrid and a plug-in, just smoldered. A Toyota spokeswoman said the fire "likely started because saltwater got into the electrical system." She also clarified that the incident affected only three cars out of the 4,000 Toyotas that were at the terminal during the storm, including more than 2,128 plug-in or hybrid models. Fisker Automotive spokesman said that the Karmas were not charging at the time of the fire and there were no injuries. After an investigation by Fisker engineers, witnessed by NHTSA representatives, the company said that the origin of the fire was "residual salt damage inside a Vehicle Control Unit submerged in seawater for several hours. Corrosion from the salt caused a short circuit in the unit, which led to a fire when the Karma's 12-Volt battery fed power into the circuit." The company explained that Sandy's heavy winds spread that fire to other Karmas parked nearby, and also ruled out the vehicles' lithium-ion battery packs as a cause of, or a contributing factor to, the fire.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: In March 2013 Mitsubishi Motors reported two separate incidents with lithium-ion batteries used in its plug-in electric cars, one with a Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric car and the other with an Outlander P-HEV plug-in hybrid. The battery packs are produced by GS Yuasa, the same company that supplies the batteries for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, whose entire fleet was grounded in January 2013 for battery problems. The lithium-ion battery of an i-MiEV caught fire at the Mizushima battery pack assembly plant on March 18 while connected to a charge-discharge test equipment. Three days later, the battery pack of an Outlander P-HEV at a dealership in Yokohama overheated and melted some of the battery cells, after the vehicle had been fully charged and stood for one day. Nobody was injured in either incident.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Mitsubishi did not issue a recall but halted production and sales of the two models until it determines the causes of the battery problems. The carmaker advised owners of the Outlander plug-in hybrid to drive only on gasoline mode for the time being. In the case of the i-MiEV, the problem is related with a change in GS Yuasa manufacturing process, and Mitsubishi called fleet-vehicle operators with i-MiEVs whose batteries were made under the same process as those that overheated and is working on a possible fix. In August 2013, and after changing a production process to avoid damaging any batteries, Mitsubishi restarted production of the Outlander plug-in hybrid.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: In May 2019 an Outlander caught fire after immersion in salt water. The vehicle was being used to haul a boat trailer out of the water at a Port Moody boat ramp when the driver lost control. After a tow truck recovered the Outlander, what appears to be the battery pack caught fire.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Although the frequency of fires in a Tesla is about an order of magnitude below fires in gasoline cars, there are 44 known cases of deaths involving incidents of Tesla car fires. The following list of Tesla car fires is not comprehensive:


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: A Tesla Model S caught fire after the vehicle hit debris on a highway in Kent, Washington, on October 1, 2013. According to the driver, he hit something while traveling in the HOV lane of Washington State Route 167, and exited because the car reported a problem and told him to stop. Flames began coming out of the front of the car at the end of the off-ramp, so the driver left the car. The fire was caught on video by a witness and posted on several websites. According to the Kent Fire Department incident report, initial attempts to extinguish the fire with water were unsuccessful, as the fire reignited underneath the vehicle after appearing to be extinguished. Then, the firefighters cut a hole to apply water directly to the burning battery. According to Tesla, the car owner was alerted by onboard systems to stop the car and exit the vehicle, which he did without injury.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: The carmaker confirmed the fire began in the battery pack and it was caused by an impact to one of the battery pack modules by a large piece of metal from a semi-trailer and that the design of the battery pack had isolated the fire to the front section's internal firewalls.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: The company also said that conventional gasoline-powered cars were much more vulnerable to such a situation, because they have less underbody protection. It also noted that the battery pack holds only about 10% of the energy contained in a gasoline tank and is spread across 16 firewalled modules, meaning that the combustion potential is only about 1% as much. Elon Musk posted on his blog that, based on U.S. automobile miles-per-fire statistics from the National Fire Protection Association, a driver is "5 times more likely to experience a fire in a conventional gasoline car than a Tesla." After news of the accident, Tesla stock fell 6.24% in NASDAQ trading the next day, and an additional 4% the following day, closing at . The stock recovered by 4.4% at the closing of the week.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Tesla's CEO, Elon Musk, issued an official statement on October 4, 2013. The statement said that a curved piece of metal from a semi-trailer that had fallen on the roadway appeared to have impaled the plate on the base of the vehicle. According to the statement, in order for the object to have made a diameter hole in the plate, the object must have had enough leverage to produce approximately . After the driver exited the car, the statement continued, the frontmost of the car's 16 battery modules caught fire due to the initial damage, but the battery pack's internal firewalls kept the fire from spreading and vents directed the flames away from the car down towards the pavement. The statement also noted that the fire never entered the passenger compartment. According to Tesla, the firefighters observed standard procedure, and gained access to the source of the fire by puncturing holes in the top of the battery's protective metal plate and applying water. However, the company noted that although the water and dry-chemical fire extinguisher quickly put out the fire, the firefighters should not have punctured the firewall since the new holes allowed flames to enter the front trunk of the vehicle. Musk closed the official statement explaining that the result of this accident could have been "far worse" had a conventional gasoline-powered car encountered the same object on the highway, because most gasoline cars do not have an armored underbody, leaving the fuel lines and tank vulnerable. He also noted that Tesla's battery pack only contains about 10% as much energy as a standard tank of gasoline and it is divided into 16 sections means that the combustion potential is about 1% of a comparable gasoline-powered car. Based on U.S. statistics from the National Fire Protection Association, Musk's statement claimed that a fire was five times more likely in a gasoline car than in a Tesla car.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) was not able to send investigators to the scene of the incident due to the U.S federal government shutdown. After the agency reopened, the NHTSA began gathering data of the incident. On 24 October 2013, the agency announced it will not open a formal investigation into the Model S fire incident, saying that they had not found evidence that the fire was caused by a vehicle defect or noncompliance.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: A second reported fire occurred on October 18, 2013, in Merida, Mexico. In this case the vehicle was being driven at high speed through a roundabout and crashed through a wall and into a tree. The NHTSA did not investigate this incident because it occurred outside the U.S. There have since been several additional fires, caused by catastrophic high speed collisions, which are omitted from this list because they do not illustrate problems unique to electric drive trains. (Incidents which illustrate issues with Tesla's Autopilot features, including some that lead to car fires, are listed here)


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: A Tesla Model S being driven on Interstate 24 near Murfreesboro, Tennessee caught fire on November 6, 2013, after it struck a tow hitch on the roadway, causing damage beneath the vehicle. Tesla Motors stated that it would conduct its own investigation, and as a result of these incidents, the company announced its decision to extend its current vehicle warranty to cover fire damage and to apply a software update on Model S cars to increase the ground clearance of the Model S when driving at highway speed.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On November 19, 2013, based on the two fire incidents occurring on U.S. public highways, the NHTSA opened a preliminary evaluation to determine if undercarriage strikes presented an undue fire risk on the 2013 Tesla Model S. An estimated population of 13,108 Model S cars were part of this initial investigation.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On November 15, 2013, a fire broke out in an Irvine, California garage where a Tesla Model S was plugged in and charging. The fire appears to have originated at the wall connection where the Tesla charging equipment was plugged in. Shortly afterwards, Tesla updated the Model S firmware to reduce charging current when power fluctuations were detected and replaced wall adapters with a new unit containing a thermal fuse.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On November 18, 2013, Tesla released a software update to the air suspension system to increase the ground clearance at highway speeds and requested that the NHTSA conduct an investigation into the fire incidents. Another fire incident took place in Toronto, Canada, in early February 2014. The Model S was parked in a garage and it was not plugged in or charging when the fire started. , the origin of the fire was still unknown. Tesla's response was that "[i]n this particular case, we don't yet know the precise cause, but have definitively determined that it did not originate in the battery, the charging system, the adapter or the electrical receptacle, as these components were untouched by the fire."


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On March 28, 2014, the NHTSA announced that it had closed the investigation into whether the Model S design was making the electric car prone to catch fire, after the automaker said it would provide more protection to its lithium-ion batteries. According to the NHTSA, the titanium underbody shield and aluminum deflector plates, along with increased ground clearance, reduce the severity, frequency, and fire risk of underbody strikes. All Model S cars manufactured after March 6 have the aluminum shield over the battery pack replaced with a new three-layer shield designed to protect the battery and charging circuitry from being punctured even in very high speed impacts. The new shielding features a hollow aluminum tube to deflect impacting objects, a titanium shield to protect sensitive components from puncture damage, and an aluminum extrusion to absorb impact energy. The new shields, which decrease vehicle range by 0.1%, will be installed free-of-charge in existing Model S vehicles by request or during the next scheduled maintenance. According to the NHTSA, the titanium underbody shield and aluminum deflector plates, along with increased ground clearance, "should reduce both the frequency of underbody strikes and the resultant fire risk."


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: A fire occurred in a Tesla Model S charging at a Tesla Supercharger in Norway on January 1, 2016. The fire was slow, and the owner had time to unplug the car and retrieve possessions. An investigation by the Norwegian Accident Investigation Board (AIBN) indicated that the fire originated in the car, but was otherwise inconclusive. In March 2016, Tesla stated that their own investigation into the incident concluded that the fire was caused by a short circuit in the vehicle's distribution box, but that the amount of damage prevented them from determining the exact cause. Tesla stated that the Supercharger detected the short circuit and deactivated, and a future Model S software update would stop the vehicle from charging if a short circuit is detected.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 15, 2016, a new Tesla Model S 90D spontaneously caught fire during a promotional test drive in Biarritz, France. Following a sudden, loud noise the dashboard presented the driver with a warning of a "charging" problem. Following advice from a passenger Tesla employee, the driver pulled over and all three occupants safely exited the vehicle. Moments later the vehicle started burning and although firefighters quickly arrived, the fire completely destroyed the vehicle within 5 minutes. Tesla subsequently determined that the vehicle in question had a "bolted electrical connection" which would normally have been tightened by a robot, but which in this case had been "improperly tightened" by a human, causing the fire.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 25, 2017, the driver of a Model X lost control of the vehicle, which went over an embankment and struck a garage in Lake Forest, California, starting a fire that damaged the car and structure. The NTSB stated the resulting battery fire was under investigation.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On May 8, 2018, an 18-year-old lost control of his Tesla Model S while driving 116 mph in a 30 mph zone and hit the curb, a wall, the curb and a light pole causing the battery pack to ignite; the car was reportedly modified to be limited to a top speed of 85 mph. The driver and passenger died in the crash and subsequent fire. The battery pack reignited twice, requiring fire fighters to extinguish the burning battery pack three times. In reaction to this accident, Tesla sent an over-the-air firmware update that allows limiting the top speed to between 50 and 90 mph dedicated to the deceased driver.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On May 10, 2018, a Tesla S caught fire after hitting the guard-rail on the Swiss A2 highway on Monte Ceneri, between Lugano and Bellinzona, killing the 48-year-old German driver.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On June 16, 2018, pedestrians on a Los Angeles street alerted a driver of a Tesla Model S that smoke was emanating from his vehicle. The driver pulled over and safely exited the vehicle and flames started shooting out from under it. Firefighters quickly extinguished the fire, which left the cabin unaffected. The National Transportation Safety Board subsequently stated that they would monitor Tesla's investigation of the fire to learn more about fires in battery-powered vehicles, while the NHTSA stated that it collects information regarding the incident and would take action as warranted.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On February 8, 2019, A Tesla Model S caught on fire in a private garage in Pittsburgh. Two months later, on April 8, it caught on fire again, while it was under investigation. On February 24, 2019, a Tesla Model S that crashed into a tree burst into flames and burned its driver beyond recognition Sunday evening along Flamingo Road in Davie Florida, then repeatedly caught fire after being brought to the tow yard used by police. Also on February 24, 2019, a Tesla Model X was consumed by fire in the middle of frozen Lake Champlain. More than two years later, the investigation concluded that the car had been set on fire and the owner was charged with federal fraud. On April 21, 2019, a Tesla Model S was exploded in an underground garage in Shanghai, China. Five cars were damaged by the fire.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On January 19, 2021, a Tesla Model 3 exploded in an underground residential parking garage in Shanghai on Tuesday, Chinese media reported. In July 2021, one of the first 250 issued Model S Plaids spontaneously burst into fire as its owner was driving it. In September 2021 alone, there were five fire related incidents involving Tesla's. On February 22, 2022, State Farm sued Tesla after another home was destroyed by fire.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On April 10, 2022, in Nashua, New Hampshire, a brand new Tesla Model S lost control and struck a tree at high speed, igniting the battery pack. Nashua Fire said, in a social media post, "These electric vehicle fires pose some unique challenges and fire crews were on scene for an extended time to complete extinguishment." Six days later, it rekindled at a tow yard. According to Deputy Chief Kevin Kerrigan, crews knocked down the flames enough to get close to the vehicle and, using equipment, rolled the vehicle over to access the battery compartment under the car. The bottom of the vehicle had a protection plate over the batteries and firefighters worked to remove it while the vehicle continued to burn. Once the plate was removed, crews continued to use water and specially rated extinguishers. No one was injured in the incident, and the vehicle will continue to be monitored for rekindling.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On July 22, 2022, Jimmy Lin was driving a Tesla Model X in Taoyuan, Taiwan, and crashed into a traffic island, then the car caught fire.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Related to several reported fires, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) opened a probe (Defect Petition DP19-005) on October 24, 2019, into all Tesla Model S and X cars manufactured between 2012 and 2019. The defect alleged by the probe regards "High voltage battery fires that are not related to collision or impact damage to the battery pack". It requests a wide range of information regarding details on the engineering and production of the specified vehicles as well as any software updates since January 1, 2017 which affect the "charging rate, charging capacity, and thermal management during or after charging."


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On September 1, 2015, a Nissan Leaf caught fire and was destroyed on a road in Flower Mound, Texas without causing injuries. The cause of the fire was not confirmed.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On October 16, 2020, a Nissan Leaf and a residential house burned down in the village of Sychavka in Lyman Raion, Odessa Oblast, Ukraine. It is unclear whether the fire started in the house or in the car. A resident of the house died in the fire.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On November 3, 2020, a Nissan Leaf caught fire in Chornomorsk near Odessa, Ukraine, leaving the car completely destroyed. The police suspected arson.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On July 8, 2021, a Nissan Leaf caught fire in Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine, while charging at a public charing station outside a shopping centre.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 28, 2021, a Nissan Leaf caught fire while parked outside in Saga, Japan. According to the owner, the car had been left outside after heavy rainfall in the area and suddenly caught fire two weeks later.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On September 14, 2021, a Nissan Leaf caught fire in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Russia, probably while charging via an extension cord.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Also on September 14, 2021, a 2017 Nissan Leaf caught fire in Kremenchuk, Ukraine, the cause being unknown.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 14, 2021, a VW ID.3 caught fire in Groningen, Netherlands. The driver had just put her child in the car when the car began to smoke. She managed to save her child and stepped away from the vehicle. According to witnesses, at least five loud blasts were heard, after each of which the fire seemed to intensify.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 23, 2021, a VW ID.3 caught fire while travelling in Kellmünz, Germany. According to the driver, the car displayed several error messages, and suddenly he noticed smoke. The car was submerged in water by the firefighters.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On September 14, 2021, a VW ID.3 caught fire while travelling near the Lunner Tunnel in Lunner municipality, Norway. The driver, who noticed the smoke while driving, was not injured.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On November 21, 2021, a VW ID.4 caught fire while charging in a parking garage in Ravensburg, Germany.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On December 7, 2017, a VW e-Golf caught fire in Triangel, Germany. Responding for the first time to a high-voltage battery electric vehicle fire, the firefighters first cooled the vehicle then moved it into a container which they then filled with water.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On September 3, 2021, a VW e-Golf caught fire in Dumbrăviţa, Romania. The firefighters used a container to submerge the car in water.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On March 16, 2018, a Panamera E-Hybrid that was plugged into a household outlet for charging in Thailand burst into flames.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On May 1, 2019, a Panamera E-Hybrid caught fire after colliding violently against a Pillar of a bridge in Leça, Matosinhos, Portugal it carried 6 people, 2 died in the fire, another 2 died of injuries in the Hospital "including the driver" 2 others survived


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On February 16, 2020, a Porsche Taycan burned while parked in a residential garage in Florida, after which Porsche started investigating the incident.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On October 12, 2021, a new Porsche Taycan caught fire in Red Hill, Victoria, Australia. The vehicle had just been driven into a local estate, when smoke began coming out from under the bonnet. As the fire shut down the 12-volt electrical system, the firefighters were unable to open the bonnet to get at the lithium battery. Reputedly, the Porsche Taycan Cross Turismo was the only car of its kind in Australia.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On 17 August 2021, a battery prototype for electric cars caught fire at the Porsche Engineering site in Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On November 13, 2021, a fully electric Hyundai Ioniq caught fire in Haßfurt, Germany. According to local police, the fire was caused either by a technical issue or arson.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On July 26, 2019, a Kona Electric was parked in a residential garage in Montreal, Canada. The owner reported that the car was not plugged in at the time. An unprovoked fire began, and this triggered an explosion that projected the garage door across the street and caused damage to the attached structure. There were no injuries.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Another Kona Electric caught fire while charging in Gangneung, Gangwon Province, South Korea on July 28, 2019.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: A fire in a Kona Electric occurred in Bucheon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea on August 9, 2019. The flames began at the floor of the rear seat of the vehicle, which was parked at the time.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 13, 2019, a Kona Electric caught fire while being charged in an underground parking level at an apartment in Sejong City, South Korea. The vehicle was completely destroyed.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On April 2, 2020, a Kona EV fire occurred in Gyeonggi Ansan South Korea while parked after a full charge.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On May 29, 2020, a Kona EV which after full charge at the electric charging station in Sangyeok-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu, Korea caught on fire. The fire went out in two hours, but the vehicle was completely burned, causing 29 million won of property damage.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 24, 2020, Kona EV fire occurred in Jeongeup, Jeonbuk South Korea while parked after a full charge.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Kona EV caught fire in Jeju Island, South Korea on Sept. 26, 2020. The vehicle was parked, connected to an EV charger inside the parking lot of an apartment building.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On October 4, 2020, a Hyundai Kona electric vehicle (EV) burst into flames in the early hours of Sunday morning while parked in the underground parking lot of an apartment in Daegu, South Korea.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: The 14th Kona electric vehicle fire accident occurred at 3:41 am on October 17, 2020, at the electric vehicle rapid charging site at the Wabu-eup Community Service Center, Namyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On October 18, 2020, Hyundai Motor, citing an investigation by Korea's transport ministry acknowledged a battery issue that led to a worldwide recall of 77,000 Kona EVs.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On January 23, 2021, The fire mysteriously broke out at a Kona Electric being charged at a taxi company in Yucheon-dong, Dalseo-gu, Daegu at 4:11 p.m. on Jan. 23. The battery underneath the vehicle was identified as the ignition point.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: A fire broke out in a Kona EV parked in a pension near a beach in Boryeong, Chungcheongnam-do South Korea on the 18th of June 2021.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Emergency services in Oslo, Norway were called out to Båhusveien on Sinsen on June 16, 2021, to extinguish a Kona EV fire


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On July 1, 2021, a Hyundai Kona Electric caught fire in an underground parking lot in Saesam Village 3, Boram-dong, Sejong-si, South Korea


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 31, 2022, A Kona caught fire while it was parked in an underground parking lot in Quebec City, Canada


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On January 20, an Audi E-Tron Sportback caught fire near a car dealership in Munich, Germany, causing nearby windows to burst.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On February 16, 2021, an Audi E-Tron caught fire near Skaret, Norway. The fire was likely caused by an electric drill, not the car itself.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On 30 July 2021, an Audi E-Tron GT caught fire while charging at a public charging station in Munich, Germany. Both the car and the charging station was destroyed in the fire.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On November 11, 2020, a BMW i3 caught fire in Vorendaal, Netherlands, while conntected to a charging station.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On May 3, 2021, a BMW i3-REx caught fire while travelling between Picton and Nelson in New Zealand. The fire was preceded by a warning on the car's dashboard "can't continue journey, please contact dealership immediately". After pulling over at the first safe location, flames were seen licking from under the rear wheel arch. The occupants were able to exit the vehicle without harm, and remove most of their luggage before the fire intensified. The vehicle was completely destroyed. The cause of the fire is unknown.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On July 6, 2021, a BMW i3 suddenly caught fire while travelling in Warsaw, Poland. The driver managed to escape the vehicle.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 28, 2021, a BMW i3 burned out in Berlin-Halensee, Germany. The fire was likely caused by arson.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 30, 2021, an electric BMW prototype caught fire while parked within the BMW premises in Eching, Germany. Once extinguished by the firefighters, the car reignited and had to be submerged in water. The exact cause is unknown.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On March 25, 2019. According to the fire department in Tilburg, the Netherlands, the BMW i8 began to smoke while in the car dealership. The staff called the fire service. The BMW i8 was put in a water tank, which may also contain other substances, in order to prevent the vehicle battery from exploding. (Tilburg, the Netherlands)


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On October 4, 2020, a Renault Zoe caught fire in Karmøy, Norway. Local residents were evacuated from a nearby building as a precaution.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On January 3, 2021, a Renault Zoe caught fire while connected to a charging station in Illingen-Hüttigweiler, Germany. Parked next to the Zoe was another electric car, a Škoda Citigo e-iV, that also caught fire.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On January 25, 2021, a Renault Zoe caught fire while travelling in Quimperlé, France. The driver and his daughter managed to exit the car without any injuries.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On January 29, 2021, a Renault Zoe caught fire while charging at a public charging station in Teterow, Germany. The police suspected the cause to be arson.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On February 16, 2021, a Renault Zoe caught fire while parked (and possibly charging) in Bamberg, Germany.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On February 17, 2021, a Renault Zoe caught fire in the Amberg Tunnel near Feldkirch, Austria. The driver managed to exit the tunnel through the north entrance and stopped on the shoulder, where the firefighters subsequently extinguished the fire.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On June 13, 2021, a Renault Zoe suddenly burst into flames while on the read near Villeneuve-lès-Béziers, France, injuring both occupants, one of whom suffered severe burns.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On July 20, 2021, a Renault Zoe caught fire while charging at a public charging station in Stadskanaal, Netherlands.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On November 11, 2021, a Renault Zoe caught fire in Vennesla, Norway. The driver had to rescue her baby from the burning car.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On September 8, 2021, a Peugeot e-208 caught fire while charging in Oslo, Norway. Because of the potentially toxic smoke, local residents were asked to keep their windows shut until the fire was completely extinguished.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On November 15, 2021, a fully electric Peugeot Partner caught fire in Sortland, Norway. According to the occupants, they noticed the flames while looking for a parking spot and then quickly exited the van.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On September 21, 2021, a Fiat 500e crashed into a tree near Schmogrow-Fehrow, Germany, and caught fire. The driver was injured and taken to hospital.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On September 17, 2021, a SAIC Roewe i6 Max crashed into a newspaper stand in Huizhou, China, and caught fire, leaving six people dead and another 13 injured.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 23, 2021, a Jaguar I-Pace caught fire while parked near Redmond, Oregon, USA. The battery melted and it took around two hours to put out the fire.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On October 25, 2021, a Jaguar I-Pace caught fire while charging in Székesfehérvár, Hungary. The fire reignited several times.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On July 30, 2021, an electric NIO EC6 crashed into a guardrail in Shanghai, China, and caught fire. The driver died in the accident.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On April 22, 2019, an electric NIO ES8 caught fire at a NIO service center in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. According to the investigation report, the short circuit of battery was caused by the chassis deformed after the collision of the car.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On June 10, 2017, during the filming of Series 2 for The Grand Tour, journalist and presenter Richard Hammond crashed a Rimac Concept One after crossing the finish line during his last run of a timed hill climb course during the Bergrennen Hemberg event. As he did so, the car ran off the road, 110 meters (360 ft) down a hill. It landed upside down, and the car subsequently caught fire. It continued to spontaneously do so for five days afterwards. Hammond survived with just a broken leg.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On August 2022, BMW recalled the BMW i4 and BMW iX models due to a risk of catching fire due to a battery issue. In June 2022, BMW was aware of incidents of a iX xDrive50 catching fire in the United States and a iX M60 catching fire outside of the United States.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: On July 29, 2021, a StreetScooter caught fire in a workshop in Trier, Germany, due to a fault in the battery. As a result, the workshop building was so unstable it had to be demolished.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: The Norwegian ferry MF Ytterøyningen operated by Norled was delivered in 2006 and is equipped with a Corvus Orca Energy storage system (ESS) with 1989 kWh capacity. A small fire was reported on October 10, 2019, in the battery room. The ferry returned to harbor under its own power where passengers and crew were evacuated to land. Overnight, however, a serious gas explosion rocked the battery room causing significant damage. Norwegian authorities have issued a statement and hazard warning.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Norwegian broadcasting company NRK reported that twelve firefighters were taken to hospital for exposure to hazardous gases associated with the batteries.


title: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

text: Okinawa electric scooter catches fire in Chennai, first such incident after recall notice. While riding, owner noticed smoke coming out from e-scooter


title: Jason Evigan

text: Jason Gregory Evigan (born June 10, 1983) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer.


title: Jason Evigan

text: His songwriting credits include co-writing and production of Maroon 5's "Girls Like You" and "What Lovers Do", Madonna's "Ghosttown", Demi Lovato's "Heart Attack", the Jason Derulo and 2 Chainz featured three-time platinum "Talk Dirty", David Guetta's "Lovers on the Sun", and Robin Schulz's "Shed a Light".


title: Jason Evigan

text: Evigan was the vocalist for the rock band After Midnight Project, although the band is on hiatus as of October 2, 2014. Jason and Victoria Evigan began their artist project Elephant Heart, known for songs "Hiya" and "Warfare" released in June 2018.


title: Jason Evigan

text: Evigan was born in Los Angeles, California, to actor Greg Evigan and Broadway dancer Pamela C. Serpe. He is the brother of actresses Briana Evigan and Vanessa Lee Evigan.


title: Jason Evigan

text: He has worked with numerous recording artists including Maroon 5, Kelly Clarkson, Demi Lovato, Avicii, Madonna, Nick Jonas, Kiiara, Zedd, Rufus Du Sol, Bebe Rexha, Skylar Grey, Jon Bellion, Starrah, Troye Sivan, Julia Michaels and Britney Spears. He has also produced records with Selena Gomez, Fifth Harmony, Zendaya, and Lupe Fiasco.


title: Jason Evigan

text: Prior to his career as a writer and producer, Evigan was the lead singer of the Los Angeles-based band After Midnight Project. The band released one album and four EPs. They participated in the Warped Tour and played with artists including Chevelle, Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Papa Roach, Thirty Seconds to Mars, 10 Years, and Story of the Year.


title: Jason Evigan

text: Evigan is a member of the production duo "The Suspex" with fellow writer and producer Mitch Allan. The pair have penned numerous hits including Demi Lovato's "Heart Attack". Evigan credits his entry into pop songwriting to Disney A&R executive Mio Vukovic after Vukovic introduced him to Demi Lovato. Evigan went on to have four songs on "Demi" and two on Selena Gomez's debut album "Stars Dance". In 2020, Evigan signed the deal with Sony/ATV Music Publishing.


title: N.Flying

text: N.Flying (, Japanese: エヌフライング; short for New Flying which also means 'new wings' or 'new escape') is a South Korean rap rock band formed by FNC Entertainment in 2013. The group released its first digital indie single "Basket" in Japan on October 1, 2013. The group marked its debut in Korea on May 20, 2015, with its first EP, including lead single 'Awesome'. The band originally consisted of four members: Kwon Kwang-jin, Lee Seung-hyub, Cha Hun and Kim Jae-hyun. Yoo Hwe-seung was added to the band in June 2017. Kwang-jin left the group on December 26, 2018, and his position was filled by Seo Dong-sung on January 1, 2020.


title: N.Flying

text: In 2009, Kwon Kwang-jin originally debuted as the bassist of labelmate CNBLUE. However, due to personal circumstances, Kwang-jin left the band in late September. In January 2011, Kwang-jin returned to train under FNC Entertainment meeting trainees Seung-hyub, Jae-hyun and Cha Hun. Prior to the debut of N.Flying, lead vocal Park Rai-On left the band in early 2013 due to mandatory military service in his native country of Singapore. FNC Entertainment subsequently confirmed that his contract was terminated to make way for the group's debut. The remaining trainees would go on to form N.Flying.


title: N.Flying

text: In 2013, Lee Seung-hyub appeared in Juniel's music video titled "Pretty Boy," playing her love interest she meets at a café.


title: N.Flying

text: Yoo Hwe-sung was previously introduced as a male trainee to represent FNC on the Mnet survival show, "Produce 101 Season 2". He finished in 23rd place and hence did not become a member of the produced boy group, Wanna One.


title: N.Flying

text: Seo Dong-sung was previously introduced through survival show "d.o.b. (dance or band)", as a member of NEOZ Band to competing against trainees in NEOZ Dance (future known as SF9) for the chance to debut as a group, but eventually losing to NEOZ Dance who won the public voting. In May 2017, FNC announced that the NEOZ Band would debut as HONEYST before disbanded two years later.


title: N.Flying

text: On October 1, they released their first indie single album titled "Basket" and performed as the opening act at F.T. Island's 'Replay' Zepp tour.


title: N.Flying

text: "BASKET" peaked at number two on Tower Records weekly singles chart, number two on Oricon Indies weekly singles chart and number four on Oricon daily singles chart.


title: N.Flying

text: The band continued doing live gigs at live clubs and also performed as opening act at CNBLUE's 'One More Time' Arena Tour.


title: N.Flying

text: On January 1, N.Flying released their second Japanese indie single album titled "One and Only". The album hit No.1 on Tower Records chart on its second day of release.


title: N.Flying

text: They made their first television appearance on the 7th episode of FNC's reality drama, tvN's "Cheongdam-dong 111". As a sequel of the show, N.Flying revealed their debut story in March 2014 which aired on the same channel.


title: N.Flying

text: On January 29, it was announced that N.Flying had been appointed as the new endorsement model of Buckaroo Jeans. In the final episode of their reality show, 'Cheongdamdong111: N.Flying's Way of Becoming a Star', Seung-hyub was appointed as the leader of N.Flying.


title: N.Flying

text: In March, they accompanied labelmate F.T. Island to be their opening act at the latter's Singapore concert.


title: N.Flying

text: N.Flying was supposed to make their Korean debut in 2014 but it was delayed after the leader of the band, Seunghyub, injured his knee in July.


title: N.Flying

text: On May 11, FNC Entertainment launched a teaser homepage for N.Flying's upcoming Korean debut. It is also revealed that their debut EP "Awesome" will be released on May 20 along with the title song's music video.


title: N.Flying

text: On May 12, FNC Entertainment announced that N.Flying will be releasing a Chinese version of "Awesome" simultaneously with the Korean version on May 20 and Japanese version was planned to be released in August. On May 19, 2015, FNC Entertainment released the music video teaser for "Awesome". A day later, FNC Entertainment released the full music video features AOA's Kim Seolhyun as the lead role.


title: N.Flying

text: On October 12, FNC Entertainment released mysterious teaser "Lonely 2015.10.22". A day later, FNC Entertainment confirmed that N.Flying would be releasing their first single album, "Lonely," on October 22. On October 15, N.Flying released individual member teasers. From October 18 to October 20, N.Flying released teaser music video. On October 20, N.Flying confirmed their first single album track list and released highlight medley. N.Flying's first single album "Lonely" was released on October 22.


title: N.Flying

text: In February 2017, FNC Entertainment announced that the group would undergo member changes before their comeback. On June 19, 2017, it was announced that former Produce 101 Season 2 contestant Yoo Hwe-seung would be joining the group.


title: N.Flying

text: On July 23, 2017, FNC Entertainment opened N.Flying's teaser site for their August comeback. The agency released teaser images and videos from July 23 to July 31. On August 2, their second EP "The Real: N.Flying" with the title track lead single "The Real" was released.


title: N.Flying

text: On January 3, 2018, N.Flying released their third EP "The Hottest" with the lead single "Hot Potato".


title: N.Flying

text: N.Flying announced a year-long project, Fly High Project with the aim of introducing more people to the band's potential and music. The members will be participating in the planning and production of the project. On October 26, 2018, they released the track called "Like a Flower".


title: N.Flying

text: N.Flying held a concert entitled "N.Flying 1st Livehouse Tour - THE REAL IV" on December 5 and 7 in Japan. Following the concluding of the concert, N.Flying were announced that would be held a Japanese concert "2019 LIVE IN JAPAN -BROTHERHOOD-" in Tokyo on June 7, 2019, to commemorate the release of their first Japanese album "Brotherhood".


title: N.Flying

text: On December 19, 2018, it was announced that Kwang-jin would voluntarily take a break from the group due to arising allegations of inappropriate behavior online. He later left the group on December 26, 2018.


title: N.Flying

text: On January 2, N.Flying remained as a four-member band with their single "Rooftop" through "Fly High Project #2". Following the release, their concert series "N.Flying Fly High Project Note 2. 2019" was held on January 19 at MUV Hall. "Rooftop" first entered the lower ranks of Korean music charts and soon after there had concluded their promotions on music shows in early March, the song gained sudden popularity and went viral after an anonymous person shared it to an online community. "Rooftop" later went on to #1 on all major Korean music charts and topped Gaon's weekly digital chart for two consecutive weeks and its monthly digital chart for the month of March. On March 5, N.Flying winning their first ever music show on "The Show", following "Inkigayo" on March 17.


title: N.Flying

text: On April 24, N.Flying released their fifth EP "Spring Memories" with the title track through "Fly High Project #3". The EP includes six songs including their previous tracks, "Like a Flower" and "Rooftop". Following the conjunctions of the project release, a concert series was held entitled "N.Flying Fly High Project Note 3" on April 29 at MUV Hall. The album debuted at #5 on Gaon.


title: N.Flying

text: In June, N.Flying's first world tour 2019 Live Up All Night was announced to be held in Bangkok on June 20 and Hong Kong on August 10, and in Paris on September 22.


title: N.Flying

text: N.Flying held their solo concert series "N.Flying Fly High Project Note 4" on July 20 at Yes24 Live Hall.


title: N.Flying

text: On January 1, 2020, former Honeyst leader and bassist Dong-sung was officially announced to joined the group as bassist through fancafe post by N.flying leader Seung-hyub and later was confirmed by FNC Dongsung previously joined the group activities since summer 2019 as a supporting member.


title: N.Flying

text: N.Flying held their solo concert series "N.Flying Fly High Project Note 6" on February 1 and 2 at Yes24 Live Hall, concluding the Fly High Project that began at the start of 2019.


title: N.Flying

text: On June 10, 2020, N.Flying released their seventh EP "So, Communication" with "Oh Really." serving as the album's lead single.


title: N.Flying

text: On June 7, 2021, N.Flying released their first Korean studio album "Man on the Moon" with "Moonshot" serving as the album's lead single.


title: N.Flying

text: On October 6, 2021, N.Flying released the repackaged version of their first Korean studio album "Turbulence", with "Sober" serving as the album's lead single.


title: N.Flying

text: On April 6, 2022, N.Flying announced that will hold a solo concert 'N.Flying Small Theater Concert: Umanhap' as part of the Sangsang Madang Music Trip N.Flying's concert 'Manhap' will be held at the KT&G Sangsang Madang Hongdae Live Hall in Seoul on the 6th May -7 KT&G Sangsang Madang Busan Live Hall May 13–14 KT&G Sangang Madang Chuncheon Sound Hall May 20–21.


title: N.Flying

text: In August 2022, N.Flying held a solo concert '2022 N.Flying LIVE '&CON2' at YES24 Live Hall in Gwangjin-gu, Seoul for two days on August 6 and 7. 2 following the '2022 N.Flying LIVE '&CON' - Man on the Moon' held in February, And the last day's performance was also broadcast live online.


title: N.Flying

text: In September 2022, the poster for the 8th mini album "Dearest" was released through the official SNS. They made a comeback on October 17.


title: Mrs. Butterworth's

text: Mrs. Butterworth's is an American brand of syrups and pancake mixes owned by Conagra Brands. The syrups come in distinctive bottles shaped as the character "Mrs. Butterworth", represented in the form of a matronly woman. The syrup was introduced in 1961. In 1999, the original glass bottles began to be replaced with plastic. In 2009, the character was given the first name "Joy" following a contest held by the company.


title: Mrs. Butterworth's

text: One of the main voice actresses for Mrs. Butterworth was Mary Kay Bergman. she was also voiced by Hope Summers during the early to late 1970s.


title: Mrs. Butterworth's

text: In 2007, Mrs. Butterworth was used in a series of ads for GEICO, in which she helped an actual customer with her testimonial.


title: Mrs. Butterworth's

text: In 2019, she appeared along with an actor playing Colonel Sanders in a KFC commercial spoofing a scene from "Dirty Dancing", promoting chicken and waffles using Mrs. Butterworth's syrup.


title: Mrs. Butterworth's

text: In 2020, following protests over systemic racism, Conagra Brands announced that it would review the shape of their bottles, as critics viewed them as an example of the "mammy" stereotype. A competing brand, Aunt Jemima, was forced to revamp its brand and advertising following the attention on negative black stereotypes. In ads, Mrs. Butterworth's voice has evoked a grandmotherly white woman, and she has been portrayed by white voice actresses. Despite this, some reports had claimed, without citing any sources, that the character was originally modeled on Butterfly McQueen, a black actress who appeared as the maid in "Gone with the Wind" (1939).


title: Mrs. Butterworth's

text: In 2005, Chicago rapper Lupe Fiasco made reference to the brand on Kanye West's "Touch the Sky," with the lyric "bottle-shaped body like Mrs. Butterworth".


title: Mrs. Butterworth's

text: In 2009, then-parent company Pinnacle Foods held a "first name contest" for the product's mascot; the winning name was "Joy", making the full name Joy Butterworth. The character appears in the 2012 American film "Foodfight!".


title: Sol Kerzner

text: Solomon Kerzner, (23 August 1935 – 21 March 2020) was a South African accountant and business magnate. He founded both of South Africa's largest hotel groups, the Southern Sun Hotel Group and Sun International. He was also the Founder, Chairman, and CEO of Kerzner International. During his career in the resort industry he was involved in various political and business controversies.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: Kerzner was born in Durban to Russian Jewish immigrants. His family owned and operated a chain of kosher hotels. Kerzner graduated from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg with a BCom (Hons) in Accounting, and later qualified as a Chartered Accountant. He then took control of the family company.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: In 1962, he purchased the Astra Hotel in Durban. Following the success of that property, Kerzner built South Africa's first five-star graded hotel in Umhlanga, a town north of Durban – he opened this resort in December 1964 which he named the Beverly Hills Hotel.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: Following the Beverly Hills, Kerzner built the 450-room Elangeni Hotel (now renamed Southern Sun Elangeni & Maharani), overlooking Durban's beachfront and, in 1969, in partnership with South African Breweries, he established the chain of Southern Sun Hotels, which by 1983 operated 30 luxury hotels with more than 7,000 rooms. In 1975, Kerzner opened his first hotel outside South Africa on the Indian Ocean Island of Mauritius, which he named "Le Saint Géran".


title: Sol Kerzner

text: In 1979 Kerzner developed Sun City, the most ambitious resort project in Africa. Over a period of ten years he built four hotels, a man-made lake, two Gary Player designed championship golf courses, and an entertainment center with an indoor 6,000-seat multi-purpose arena at which he presented many superstars including Frank Sinatra, Liza Minnelli, Queen and Shirley Bassey. The arena was also the venue of many World Title fights promoted by Bob Arum. In 1985, Kerzner's Sun City, South Africa resort was the topic of anti-Apartheid rock album titled "Sun City" by a group of rock musicians calling themselves Artists United Against Apartheid.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: In 1994, following the first multiracial elections in South Africa, Kerzner was asked by incoming President Nelson Mandela to arrange the VIP function at the Presidential Inauguration, which was attended by approximately a thousand people, including many of the world's leaders and heads of state.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: In 1996, Kerzner opened the hugely successful Mohegan Sun casino in Uncasville, Connecticut in the United States and in 2000 opened the second phase of the project including a 1,200-room hotel through a joint venture with the Mohegan Tribe of Connecticut called Trading Cove Associates. TCA relinquished its management of the resort in 2002 but Kerzner through his company received a 5% dividend on the gross revenue generated by Mohegan Sun until 2014. The property is one of the largest gambling and entertainment complexes in the United States.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: As a result of the success of the Sun City resort with its Gary Player Country Club golf course (ranked number 1 in South Africa) he became involved in international hotel, leisure and gambling resorts; most notably for his role as the developer behind the Atlantis Resort in the Bahamas. In that capacity in late 1994, Kerzner made his first major acquisition outside Africa through the purchase of the Paradise Island Resort in The Bahamas. This 1,150-room resort was in bankruptcy at the time. After acquiring the resort, Kerzner launched a major re-development and expansion programme which transformed Paradise Island into a 2,300-room resort that included one of the world's largest man-made marine habitats and the Caribbean's biggest casino.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: In 2002, Kerzner launched One&Only Resorts which currently operates eight properties in The Bahamas, Mexico, Mauritius, The Maldives, South Africa, Dubai and Hayman Island. New projects by the company are also planned for China, Montenegro and Saudi Arabia.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: In early 2007, Kerzner expanded Atlantis, Paradise Island with 2 new hotels; The Cove, and The Reef, which added 1,100 new rooms to the property. This expansion which was overseen by Alan Leibman, which included 21 retail outlets and new restaurants by celebrity chefs Jean-Georges Vongerichten, Nobu Matsuhisa and Bobby Flay. Kerzner extended the Atlantis brand globally with the development of Atlantis The Palm, Dubai, with 1,500-room, water-themed resort opened in late-September 2008 on The Palm Jumeirah; a multibillion-dollar leisure and residential development in Dubai. In September 2009, the "Mazagan Beach Resort" a luxury hotel in El Jadida, Morocco, was inaugurated by Kerzner accompanied by show celebrities.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: In October 2013, Kerzner announced that he was building a new Atlantis hotel at Sanya, Hainan Island in China with Fosun International. The 62-hectare resort has 1,300 rooms and a water park like the other Atlantis hotels. The project is reported to have cost $1.63 billion.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: In 1984, Kerzner made a deal with Leslie Young, the Minister of Finance for Bophutatswana, that any investments by his company, Sun International, that had the effect of advertising apartheid abroad, would be tax-deductible. Sun International paid next to no money for taxes in South Africa due to tax breaks.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: In 1987, an agreement between Young and Kerzner stated that 90% of taxes from entertainers in Bophutatswana would go back to Sun International, with any entertainer making more than R26,000 having to pay half their income to Bophutatswana.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: In 1990, Kerzner was found to have paid R5 million to the Transkei Chief George Matanzima for gaming licenses, R2 million of which was said to be a bribe. The case surrounding this was dropped in 1997.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: In 1997, Alan Greenblo was banned from publishing a biography on Kerzner, "Kerzner - Unauthorized". While Kerzner wanted sections of the book to be removed, Witwatersrand Judge Monas Flemming banned it. Sections of the book were published in Noseweek the same year.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: Kerzner was a contact listed in Jeffrey Epstein's "little black book", which gained attention following the conviction and death of Epstein, who was a convicted sex offender.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: Kerzner was married four times. His first wife was Maureen Adler and together they had three children: Butch Kerzner, Andrea Kerzner and Beverly Kerzner Mace. His second wife was Shirley Bestbier; they had two children: Brandon Kerzner and Chantal Kerzner Sweeney. She later committed suicide soon after the birth of her second child.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: His marriage to his third wife, Miss World 1974 Anneline Kriel, ended in divorce after five years. During a lengthy period in the 1990s, he dated the model Christina Estrada and got engaged, but never married her. He married his fourth wife, Heather Murphy in 2000 and they divorced in 2011.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: Kerzner's son, Howard "Butch" Kerzner died on 11 October 2006 when the helicopter he was travelling in crashed near Sosua, in the Puerto Plata province of the Dominican Republic. He left behind his wife, Vanessa Kerzner, and two children Tai and Kailin. Sol Kerzner's daughter, Andrea, is the founder and CEO of Lalela, a charity dedicated to bringing the arts to at-risk youth in South Africa.


title: Sol Kerzner

text: Kerzner was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to the industry during the International Hotel Investment Forum (IHIF) in March 2019.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: The British Rail Class 455 is an electric multiple unit passenger train built by BREL between 1982 and 1985. It is operated on suburban services in Greater London and Surrey by South Western Railway, as well as formerly by Southern.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: The Class 455 was originally to be classified as the Class 510, at which point they were planned as a 750 V DC version of the . However, as the chopper control system at the time was not considered robust enough for the electrically rougher third rail Southern Region, they were fitted with a GEC Traction camshaft control systems instead. The Class 510 designation was discarded in favour of Class 455.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: A total of 505 carriages were built by British Rail Engineering Limited's Holgate Road carriage works and together with 43 existing trailers from Class 508s, formed 137 four-car sets. The 455s allowed the and to be withdrawn, as well as allowing the Class 508s to be transferred to the Merseyside network for which they were originally intended. They also allowed other stock to be cascaded to the North London and Oxted lines.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: There were three batches of Class 455s, all consisting of four cars: driving trailer vehicles at each end, an intermediate trailer vehicle and an intermediate motorised vehicle (powered by four EE507-20J of 185 kW carried on the bogies of the MSO vehicle, some recovered from Class 405s), all originally built to the standard class 3+2 seating arrangement with 316 seats. Technically, they are formed DTSO+MSO+TSO+DTSO. They have the same bodyshell as the and , but as they were designed for inner suburban services they do not feature first class seating, air conditioning or toilet facilities and are restricted to 75 mph (121 km/h). Like the Class 317/318, as well as the diesel , they are based on the British Rail Mark 3, with a steel construction, unlike the earlier PEP based , , , and , which had an aluminium alloy body.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: The Class 455/8s were built between 1982 and 1984. These include all 46 units formerly operated by Southern (allocated to Stewarts Lane depot) and 28 allocated to South Western Railway (at Wimbledon depot).


title: British Rail Class 455

text: The Class 455/7s were built in 1984–1985. There are 43 four-car units, all allocated to South Western Railway at Wimbledon depot. They differ from the 455/8s in having a revised front end (air horns relocated next to the coupler and revised headlamp clusters) that was later used on Class 317/2 and units.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: No new intermediate trailer (TSO) vehicles were produced for this subclass; instead, they use redundant TSO vehicles that had been removed from units prior to those units being transferred to Merseyrail in Liverpool. The reused vehicles can be recognised by their shorter and wider profile compared to 'normal' Class 455 vehicles.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: The Class 455/9s were built in 1985, and all 20 units are allocated to South Western Railway at Wimbledon depot. These are similar to the 455/7s, except that they had new-build TSOs; except for 455912, which has a TSO formerly part of the prototype DEMU (which also had the same bodyshell). 455913's MSO 67301 was formerly a Class 210 driving vehicle, with the one good end of vehicle 62838 (which was damaged after being crushed by a falling cement mixer lorry) mated with the former cab end. The rest of 62838 was scrapped.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: In connection with the Crossrail project, which was rejected in 1994, two trailer cars (71731 from unit 5918; 71732 from unit 5919) were modified to take plug doors. Both were coupled and ran in service in this condition. After an extended period in service, it was found that the modifications had slightly weakened the overall structure. 71732 was re-fitted with sliding doors but 71731 was removed from service, remaining at Eastleigh Works to be cannibalised for spare parts. The latter car served as a demonstrator for the South West Trains refurbished full red livery until it was scrapped in 2005.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: In February 1996, all South Western division 455s were transferred to South West Trains (SWT). From September 1996, SWT began to modify the Network SouthEast livery with a Stagecoach orange brand added. In November 2004, SWT took delivery of the first unit refurbished by Bombardier, Ashford. The work involved replacing the original seats with high-back Grammar seats (similar to those fitted to units) in 2+2 configuration, modifying the doorways so that the sliding doors can open further, and the repainting of the units in a new predominantly-red livery. The last was completed in March 2008.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: In April 2013 it was announced that the SWT units would be fitted with a new alternating current traction system provided by Vossloh Kiepe. The project works commenced in June 2014 and involved replacing the original pneumatically-actuated camshaft control system with a solid-state insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) inverter and variable-voltage/variable-frequency (VVVF) drive, and exchanging the as-built English Electric DC traction motors with new AC units. The upgraded units also received new Knorr-Bremse brake controllers, which allows regenerative braking in addition to the existing rheostatic function.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: The new traction motors are each lighter than the DC originals, and the traction system upgrade as a whole improves reliability and reduces overall operating and maintenance costs.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: Additionally, as the upgrade reduced the amount of time Class 455 units spent being inspected and serviced in depots, South West Trains were able to proceed with the introduction of new units without needing to acquire more depot space.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: All units passed to South Western Railway with the South Western franchise change in August 2017. They are used on most London commuter rail routes from London Waterloo to South West London and neighbouring areas.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: Deliveries commenced in 1982 to Strawberry Hill. On 16 November 1982, 455805 was unveiled at Waterloo station. The first entered service on 28 March 1983. All were initially allocated to Wimbledon Depot working services on the Central and South Western divisions. The Central Division 455/8s were transferred to Selhurst in 1986 after modifications to the depot were completed. All were delivered in British Rail blue and grey livery; it had been anticipated that some or all 455/9s would be painted in a green variant of the 'Jaffa Cake' London & SouthEast livery, but this was overruled by the BR Design Panel. From 1986 all 455s were progressively repainted in Network SouthEast white, blue and red livery. In May 1991, 455743 was renumbered 455750 and renamed "Wimbledon Traincare Depot" in recognition of the depot obtaining BS5750 quality services accreditation.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: In April 1994 in the lead up to the privatisation of British Rail, 455801-455846 were allocated to the Network SouthCentral shadow franchise and sold to Eversholt. The remainder were allocated to the South West Trains shadow franchise and sold to Porterbrook.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: On 13 October 1996, the Network SouthCentral shadow franchise was taken over by Connex South Central with 455801-455846. In the late 1990s, 16 were repainted in Connex's white and yellow livery. In August 2001, the franchise passed to Southern with all 46 transferred. Some were repainted in Southern's white and green livery. Between February 2004 and February 2006, all were refurbished by Alstom, Eastleigh. New 3+2 high back seating as fitted to the and the removal of cab end gangways to facilitate the installation of driver's air-conditioning were notable features.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: A refurbishment programme started for the Southern units in June 2012. This included a repaint and interior changes, such as changes to the grab rails on the top between each door. 455808 was the first completed, followed by 455812 in August 2012. The project was completed in December 2013, 455801 being the last unit.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: Another refurbishment programme begun in January 2018 for the 455s to become compliant with the PRM 2020 specifications with 455816 being the first one completed.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: Southern Class 455 units were used on inner and outer suburban services out of London to destinations in South London and Surrey, before being withdrawn in May 2022. They will not be directly replaced, as the new timetable will be operated by Southern's Class 377 EMUs. A farewell tour for the Southern Class 455 units took place on 14 May 2022.


title: British Rail Class 455

text: South Western Railway had intended to replace their fleet with Class 701 "Aventra" units from 2019; however this was initially deferred to mid-2020 and has been deferred again to 2021. There is currently no date as to when the Class 701 Aventra EMUs will enter service.


title: Hückel's rule

text: In organic chemistry, Hückel's rule predicts that a planar ring molecule will have aromatic properties if it has 4"n" + 2 π electrons, where "n" is a non-negative integer. The quantum mechanical basis for its formulation was first worked out by physical chemist Erich Hückel in 1931. The succinct expression as the 4"n" + 2 rule has been attributed to W. v. E. Doering (1951), although several authors were using this form at around the same time.


title: Hückel's rule

text: In agreement with the Möbius–Hückel concept, a cyclic ring molecule follows Hückel's rule when the number of its π-electrons equals 4"n" + 2, although clearcut examples are really only established for values of "n" = 0 up to about "n" = 6. Hückel's rule was originally based on calculations using the Hückel method, although it can also be justified by considering a particle in a ring system, by the LCAO method and by the Pariser–Parr–Pople method.


title: Hückel's rule

text: Aromatic compounds are more stable than theoretically predicted using hydrogenation data of simple alkenes; the additional stability is due to the delocalized cloud of electrons, called "resonance energy". Criteria for simple aromatics are:


title: Hückel's rule

text: The rule can be used to understand the stability of completely conjugated monocyclic hydrocarbons (known as annulenes) as well as their cations and anions.


title: Hückel's rule

text: The best-known example is benzene (CH) with a conjugated system of six π electrons, which equals 4"n" + 2 for "n" = 1. The molecule undergoes substitution reactions which preserve the six π electron system rather than addition reactions which would destroy it. The stability of this π electron system is referred to as aromaticity. Still, in most cases, catalysts are necessary for substitution reactions to occur.


title: Hückel's rule

text: The cyclopentadienyl anion () with six π electrons is planar and readily generated from the unusually acidic cyclopentadiene (p"K" 16), while the corresponding cation with four π electrons is destabilized, being harder to generate than a typical acyclic pentadienyl cations and is thought to be antiaromatic. Similarly, the tropylium cation (), also with six π electrons, is so stable compared to a typical carbocation that its salts can be crystallized from ethanol. On the other hand, in contrast to cyclopentadiene, cycloheptatriene is not particularly acidic (p"K" 37) and the anion is considered nonaromatic. The cyclopropenyl cation () and the triboracyclopropenyl dianion () are considered examples of a two π electron system, which are stabilized relative to the open system, despite the angle strain imposed by the 60° bond angles.