title: Bon Iver (album)

text: The band announced the release through various media and from the official Jagjaguwar and 4AD websites, on April 20, 2011. The album was recorded in a remodeled veterinarian clinic in Fall Creek, Wisconsin, which was bought by Vernon and his brother in 2008. It was converted into April Base Studios, built mainly over the defunct swimming pool attached to the clinic. Vernon's reason for recording in the location was that "[it's] been a wonderful freedom, working in a place we built. It's also only three miles from the house I grew up in, and just ten minutes from the bar where my parents met."


title: Bon Iver (album)

text: The album's first song "Perth", was the first song that Vernon recorded for the album; "The first thing I worked on, the riff and the beginning melodies, was the first song on the record, 'Perth,'" said Vernon. "That was back in early 2008. The reason I called it that right away, is because I was with a guy that I didn't know very well, but basically, it's a long story, but in the three days we were supposed to spend together — he's a music video maker — in those three days, his best friend (Heath Ledger) died and he was from Perth. It just sort of became the beginning of the record. And Perth has such a feeling of isolation, and also it rhymes with birth, and every song I ended up making after that just sort of drifted towards that theme, tying themselves to places and trying to explain what places are and what places aren't. We were down at my parents' house shooting the video for 'Wolves.'" The director of the video, Matt Amato, happened to be close friends with Heath Ledger. "It was January," Vernon said, "fucking 25 below. We're out shooting, and we come back in, and his phone had been going off." Ledger, it turned out, was dead. "So I've got this guy in my house whose best friend just passed away. He's sobbing in my arms. He can't go back to L.A. because the house is under siege. Michelle Williams is calling my parents' phone. All this stuff." For the next two days, Amato drank brandy, cried and reminisced about Ledger riding horses back home in Perth. The morning he left, Vernon wrote the song's first draft.


title: Bon Iver (album)

text: The album's third song and second single was described by Vernon as being: "'Holocene' is a bar in Portland, Oregon, but it's also the name of a geologic era, an epoch if you will. It's a good example of how all the songs are all meant to come together as this idea that places are times and people are places and times are… people? They can all be different and the same at the same time. Most of our lives feel like these epochs. That's kind of what that song's about. “Once I knew I was not magnificent.” Our lives feel like these epochs, but really we are dust in the wind. But I think there's a significance in that insignificance that I was trying to look at in that song."


title: Bon Iver (album)

text: On May 17, 2011, a month prior to its scheduled release, the entire album was briefly and accidentally made available for sale on iTunes, resulting in customers buying and leaking the album over torrents and file sharing services.


title: Bon Iver (album)

text: In November 2011, the album was re-released on iTunes with short films by visual artists Dan Huiting, Isaac Gale, David Jensen, JoLynn Garnes and Justin Vernon himself accompanying each track.


title: Bon Iver (album)

text: A 10th anniversary edition of the album with Justin Vernon and Sean Carey's October 2011 AIR Studios sessions was released on January 14, 2022, alongside an essay from Phoebe Bridgers on the physical release.


title: Bon Iver (album)

text: Vernon has stated that each song on the album represents a place. The song "Perth" was described as a "Civil War-sounding heavy metal song", while the song "Minnesota, WI" was described as featuring "finger-picked guitars, double bass drums and distorted bass saxophone". The closing song "Beth/Rest" is "horn heavy", and Vernon stated he was most proud of it. The album has been characterized as folk rock, indie rock, post-rock and soft rock, as well as chamber pop.


title: Bon Iver (album)

text: The album received acclaim from most music critics upon its release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 86, based on 43 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim". "Paste" and "Pitchfork" named the album their top album of 2011, while "Stereogum", "Q", "Uncut", "Spin", and "Mojo" placed it at number 3, 4, 9, 14, and 16 respectively, on their "Top 50 Albums of 2011" lists. "Billboard" placed it at number 2 on their "Best Albums of 2011" list. "The Guardian" claimed the album to be the 5th best of 2011, while "Rolling Stone" placed "Bon Iver" at number 21 on the list "50 Best Albums of 2011".


title: Bon Iver (album)

text: Tim Sendra, of AllMusic, however, gave the album a mostly mixed review. The criticism stems mainly from the album's departure in sound from Bon Iver's previous work. He accuses the album of being too overblown due to the additional instruments and not as intimate as "For Emma", saying, "He was doing just fine on his own and didn't need all those people and instruments cluttering up the air."


title: Bon Iver (album)

text: "Bon Iver" won Best Alternative Music Album at the 2012 Grammy Awards, while the band won Best New Artist for their work on it. Bon Iver was also nominated for Best International Male and Best International Newcomer at the 2012 Brit Awards.


title: Bon Iver (album)

text: The album was selected as one of the 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far by "Pitchfork" in August 2014.


title: Bon Iver (album)

text: As of January 2012 UK sales stand at 120,000 copies according to The Guardian. In October 2011 it was awarded a double gold certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 150,000 copies throughout Europe.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: The 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season was the 46th season of the Toronto Blue Jays franchise, and the Blue Jays’ 31st full season (33rd overall) at Rogers Centre.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: On December 2, 2021, Commissioner of Baseball Rob Manfred announced a lockout of players, following expiration of the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between the league and the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA). On March 10, 2022, the MLB and MLBPA agreed to a new collective bargaining agreement, thus ending the lockout. Opening Day was rescheduled for April 7, one week later than the original March 31 date, affecting two series for each team.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: Although MLB previously announced that any cancelled games due to the lockout would not be rescheduled, the agreement provides for a complete 162-game season. The three home games against the Tampa Bay Rays were rescheduled to be played in the Rays' two other visits, creating two five-game series, while the series at Baltimore was added to the end of the season.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: On July 13, the Blue Jays dismissed manager Charlie Montoyo after starting the month 3–9. Bench coach John Schneider replaced Montoyo as interim manager. In Montoyo's four years with Toronto, he had a record of 236–236 (.500). The Jays would rebound under Schneider, going 46-28 the rest of the way, including a historic 28-5 win against the Red Sox on July 22.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: On September 29, Toronto clinched their first wild card berth since the pandemic-shortened 2020 season and their first in a full season since 2016. Toronto also clinched home advantage for the wild card series, in which they were swept by the Seattle Mariners with losses of 4-0 and 10-9.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: The Blue Jays finished the 2021 Major League Baseball season with a 91–71 record, which placed them fourth in the American League East division, missing the postseason by one win.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: The expiration of the league's collective bargaining agreement (CBA) with the Major League Baseball Players Association occurred on December 1, 2021 with no new agreement in place. As a result, the team owners voted unanimously to lockout the players stopping all free agency and trades.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: Pursuant to the new CBA, several new rules were instituted for the 2022 season. The National League will adopt the designated hitter full-time, a draft lottery will be implemented, the postseason will expand from ten teams to twelve, and advertising patches will appear on player uniforms and helmets for the first time.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: The 2022 Major League Baseball draft began on July 17. The Blue Jays gained compensation selections at the end of the second round due to Robbie Ray and Marcus Semien signing with the Seattle Mariners and Texas Rangers respectively.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: The Blue Jays opened the 2022 season at home against the Texas Rangers. After falling behind 7–0 in the fourth inning, Toronto launched the largest comeback victory on Opening Day in 72 years, winning 10–8. The Blue Jays would take the second game, 4–3, before losing the final game of the series, 12–6. The team then began its first road series of the season, taking on the New York Yankees in the Bronx. The Blue Jays won the first game of the four-game set, 3–0, and Jordan Romano earned his 26th consecutive save, breaking Tom Henke's franchise record. After dropping the second game, 4–0, the Jays took the third game 6–4, aided largely by three home runs from Vladimir Guerrero Jr. The Yankees took the final game of the series, 3–0, to split the series at two games apiece. Returning home, the Blue Jays began a three-game series against the Oakland Athletics with a 4–1 victory. The second game went into the ninth inning tied at five, until Cristian Pache hit a two-run home run to give Oakland the game 7–5. The Blue Jays won the final game, 4–3, backed by another strong performance from Alek Manoah.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: Toronto began a six-game road trip in Boston the following night, where Bo Bichette's first two errors of the season helped the Red Sox to a 2–1 win. Raimel Tapia's first home run of the season paced the Jays to a 6–1 victory in the second game, and Kevin Gausman's eight shutout innings in the third and final game helped the Jays to a 3–2 win in the finale. In the first game of a three-game series against the Houston Astros, Matt Chapman's ninth-inning double drove in Vladimir Guerrero Jr. to give the Blue Jays a 4–3 victory. Santiago Espinal broke a tie in the seventh inning of the second game, giving the Jays a 3–2 win. However, the team had its four-game winning streak snapped in the final game of the series, losing 8–7 in the tenth inning. On April 25, the Blue Jays returned to Toronto to begin a ten-game homestand, starting with four games against the Red Sox. Bo Bichette's first-career grand slam in the eighth inning gave the first game to the Jays, 6–2. In the second game, Boston scored four runs in the eighth inning to take a 5–2 lead. In the ninth inning, back-to-back doubles from Raimel Tapia and Santiago Espinal scored a run, and George Springer's two-run home run tied the game at five and sent it to a tenth inning, where Tapia hit a walk-off sacrifice fly. Boston took the third game, 7–1, with manager Alex Cora returning from having COVID-19. The Blue Jays took the series victory with a 1–0 win in the final game, led by Alek Manoah's seven shutout innings. To close the month, the Jays dropped the opening game of the series against Houston 11–7, but bounced back in the second game with a 2–1 victory to end April with a 14–8 record.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: To begin May, the Blue Jays took the final game of the three-game series against the Astros, 3–2. Ending their ten-game homestand, the Jays took on the Yankees. Toronto dropped the first two games of the series, 3–2 and 9–1 respectively, but salvaged the final game 2–1, ending the Yankees' 11-game winning streak and taking their first series loss of the 2022 season. The Blue Jays then embarked on a nine-game road trip, beginning with four against the Cleveland Guardians. Rookie Steven Kwan's first home run helped Cleveland to a 6–5 victory in the opener. The second game was rained out, and rescheduled as a doubleheader for the following day. The teams split the games, with Toronto taking the first 8–3 and Cleveland taking the second, 8–2. The Guardians took the series with a 4–3 win in the finale. After a day off, the Blue Jays were swept in a brief two-game series in New York against the Yankees. With a 1–5 record on their road trip, the Blue Jays travelled to Tampa Bay for the first time in 2022, to take on the Rays. Toronto lost the opener, 5–2, which extended their losing streak to five games and lowered their record to 17–16. The Jays ended their losing streak with a 5–1 victory in the second game, before dropping their fourth straight series with a 3–0 loss in the finale.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: The Jays returned home after a dismal 2–7 road trip to take on Seattle and Cincinnati. Home runs from Bo Bichette and Matt Chapman led the Jays to a 6–2 win in the opener against the Mariners. The Jays took the second game 3–0 but were unable to complete the sweep, dropping the final game 5–1. The Blue Jays had another opportunity for a sweep, taking the first two games against Cincinnati by scores of 2–1 and 3–1, but again lost the finale, 3–2, after Toronto native Joey Votto's first home run of the season gave the Reds the lead. The Jays then travelled to St. Louis for two games against the Cardinals. Paul Goldschmidt hit a walk-off grand slam in the first game, giving the Cards a 7–3 victory. Toronto salvaged the final game of the series, 8–1, led by two home runs from Danny Jansen. After a day off, the Blue Jays travelled to Los Angeles for four games against the Angels. Vladimir Guerrero Jr., the 2021 AL MVP runner-up, hit a home run off 2021 MVP winner Shohei Ohtani in the opener, leading the Jays to a 6–3 win. The Blue Jays rallied in the ninth inning of the second game, with Lourdes Gurriel Jr.'s RBI single proving to be the difference in a 4–3 victory. The Jays entered the seventh inning of the third game down 4–1, but scored five runs and then held on to win the game 6–5. Toronto earned their first sweep of the 2022 season with an 11–10 win in the final game of the series, and closed May with their sixth consecutive win after defeating the Chicago White Sox 6–5.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: As the wild card team with best record, the fourth-seeded Blue Jays won the right to host all games against the fifth-seeded Seattle Mariners in a best-of-three Wild Card series, where they were swept 2–0. It was the first Wild Card series for both franchises under the expanded format adopted this season.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: On the day preceding game one, Toronto mayor John Tory declared October 7 'Blue Jays Day', in a ceremony that included the raising of a team flag at Toronto City Hall.


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: "Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases; BB = Walks; AVG = Batting average; Ref. = Reference"


title: 2022 Toronto Blue Jays season

text: "Note: G = Games played; GS = Games started; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; WHIP = Walks plus hits per inning pitched; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts; Ref. = Reference"


title: Geography of Qatar

text: Qatar is a peninsula in the east of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia, in a strategic location near major petroleum deposits. The State of Qatar occupies on a peninsula that extends approximately to north into the Persian Gulf from the Arabian Peninsula.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: Varying in width between , the land is mainly flat (the highest point is ) and rocky. Notable features include coastal salt pans, elevated limestone formations (the Dukhan anticline) along the west coast under which lies the Dukhan oil field, and massive sand dunes surrounding Khawr al Udayd, an inlet of the Persian Gulf in the southeast known to local English speakers as the Inland Sea.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: The peninsula of Qatar is low-lying. Its shape is the surface expression of the Qatar Arch, one of the largest structural characteristics of the Arabian Plate. It is enveloped by loose sand and pebbles broken off the outcropping limestone. Smooth plains are found in the east, where the surface is covered by fine-grained dust. The south and south-west portion of the peninsula mainly comprises sand dunes and salt flats. Hill ranges (called 'jebels') can be found in western Qatar near the Dukhan area and at Jebel Fuwayrit on the northeast coast. Jebel Nakhsh is a notable mountain ridge south of Dukhan and contains substantial deposits of gypsum.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: The coastline, which is roughly 700km², is emergent and gently slopes toward the sea. Many flat, low-lying offshore islands are located near the coast and are accompanied by coral reefs. As a result of salt water coming into contact with the low-lying land, many salt flats (known locally as sabkhas) have formed near the coast. The coastline from Mesaieed to Khawr al Udayd is particularly rich in sabkhas. Inland sabkhas can be found in western in Qatar near Dukhan and Sawda Natheel.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: A sabkha (salt-flat) ecosystem known as the Dukhan Sabkha is found in the northern section of the Dukhan region in western Qatar. This sabkha, considered the largest inland sabkha in the Persian Gulf, runs for approximately 20 km, occupies an area of 73 km², has a width of 2 to 4 km and a depth of between 6 and 7 meters. It also accommodates the lowest point of Qatar, at six meters below sea level. Studies suggest that the sabkha is fed by seawater from the Bay of Zekreet, north by approximately 3 km.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: The long summer (June through September) is characterized by intense heat and alternating dryness and humidity, with temperatures exceeding . Temperatures are moderate from November to March, ranging from as high as in April to as low as in January. Rainfall averages per year, confined to the winter months, and falling in brief storms which are occasionally heavy enough to flood the small ravines and the usually dry wadis.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: Sudden, violent dust storms occasionally descend on the peninsula, blotting out the sun, causing wind damage, and temporarily disrupting transport and other services.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: The scarcity of rainfall and the limited underground water, most of which has such a high mineral content that it is unsuitable for drinking or irrigation, severely restricted the population and the extent of agricultural and industrial development the country could support until desalination projects began. Although water continues to be provided from underground sources, most is obtained by desalination of seawater.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: Although most of the country consists of sand deserts, a small part of the country houses different vegetation zones, where trees, reeds and shrubs like tamarind, phragmites, and mace can grow. These regions are mostly to the east, near the coast. The inherent limiting factor for vegetation growth is water availability. Certain geographical features partially alleviate this water scarcity, such as rawdas, which are large depressions found on the soil surface and which help recharge the aquifers. As these sites constitute the most easily obtainable sources of shallow groundwater, they are also among the areas most abundant in wild vegetation.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: In the south, where groundwater is exceedingly scarce, vegetation can found growing in wadis (dry river valleys) fed by run-off from nearby hills and in rawdas.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: There are 21 species of mammals that have been recorded in Qatar. Larger terrestrial mammals such as the Arabian oryx and Arabian gazelle are protected animals and are held in nature reserves. The Arabian gazelle is the only native gazelle species to Qatar and is locally referred to as 'rheem'.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: Qatar's territorial waters in the Persian Gulf are rich in marine life. Sea turtles nest en masse on the coastline from Fuwayrit to Ras Laffan. The Ministry of Environment (MME) carries out routine patrols of nesting areas to ensure their conservation. Dugongs are known to congregate off the country's coasts. In the course of a study being carried out in 1986 and 1999 on the Persian Gulf, the largest-ever group sightings were made of more than 600 individuals to the west of Qatar.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: Qatar has one land border. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the south. The boundary with Saudi Arabia was settled in 1965 but never demarcated. Qatar's northwest coast is fewer than from the main islands of Bahrain, while the small Hawar Islands of Bahrain are only 1.4 km (0.8 mi) off that coast. The peninsula's northernmost point is Ras Rakan.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: Of the islands belonging to Qatar, Halul is the most important. Lying about east of Doha, it serves as a storage area and loading terminal for oil from the surrounding offshore fields. Hawar and the adjacent islands immediately off the west coast are the subject of a territorial dispute between Qatar and Bahrain.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: Based on estimates in 2011 estimates, 5.6% of the land is agricultural. Arable land comprises 1.1%, permanent crops 0.2% and permanent pasture 4.6%. 94.4% of the land was used for other uses. In 2003, of land was irrigated.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: Most of Qatar's surface lies on Cenozoic strata. These strata have an abundance of mineral resources, most of which have not yet been exploited, such as limestone and clay. The Upper Dammam Formation in the Middle Eocene period is the most predominant surface layer. It is constituted by limestone and Dolomite. The northern zone of Qatar, which comprises the most significant source of fresh groundwater in the peninsula, primarily draws its water from the Umm Err Radhuma Formation and Rus Formation dating to the Paleocene and Lower Eocene periods, respectively. The Mesozoic strata are the most important layers as they contain petroleum. The first substantial deposit of crude oil was discovered in 1940 in the Jurassic period Arab Formation.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: The capital, Doha, is located on the central east coast on a sweeping (if shallow) harbor. Other ports include Umm Said, Al Khawr, and Al Wakrah. Only Doha and Umm Said are capable of handling commercial shipping, although a large port and a terminal for loading natural gas are planned at Ras Laffan Industrial City, north of Al Khawr. Coral reefs and shallow coastal waters make navigation difficult in areas where channels have not been dredged.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: Doha is the capital of the country and the major administrative, commercial, and population center. In 1993 it was linked to other towns and development sites by a system of about of paved roads. Doha's international airport has an approximately main runway, capable of receiving all kinds of aircraft.


title: Geography of Qatar

text: Historically, settlement distribution in Qatar has mainly been dictated by the presence of obtainable fresh groundwater. Rawdas, which are depressions with shallow groundwater, have typically been the most popular sites of settlement throughout the peninsula. In Qatar's south, where groundwater is exceedingly difficult to obtain, settlement formation was mostly limited to wadis (dry river valleys) fed by run-off from nearby hills and rawdas.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: In linguistic typology, polysynthetic languages, formerly holophrastic languages, are highly synthetic languages, i.e. languages in which words are composed of many morphemes (word parts that have independent meaning but may or may not be able to stand alone). They are very highly inflected languages. Polysynthetic languages typically have long "sentence-words" such as the Yupik word .


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Whereas isolating languages have a low morpheme-to-word ratio, polysynthetic languages have a very high ratio. There is no generally agreed upon definition of polysynthesis. Generally polysynthetic languages have polypersonal agreement, although some agglutinative languages that are not polysynthetic also have it, such as Basque, Hungarian and Georgian. Some authors apply the term polysynthetic to languages with high morpheme-to-word ratios, but others use it for languages that are highly head-marking, or those that frequently use noun incorporation.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Polysynthetic languages can be agglutinative or fusional depending on whether they encode one or multiple grammatical categories per affix.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: At the same time, the question of whether to call a particular language polysynthetic is complicated by the fact that morpheme and word boundaries are not always clear cut, and languages may be highly synthetic in one area but less synthetic in other areas (e.g., verbs and nouns in Southern Athabaskan languages or Inuit languages). Many polysynthetic languages display complex evidentiality and/or mirativity systems in their verbs.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: The term was invented by Peter Stephen Du Ponceau, who considered polysynthesis, as characterized by sentence words and noun incorporation, a defining feature of all indigenous languages of the Americas. This characterization was shown to be wrong, since many indigenous American languages are not polysynthetic, but it is a fact that polysynthetic languages are not evenly distributed throughout the world, but more frequent in the Americas, Australia, Siberia, and New Guinea; however, there are also examples in other areas. The concept became part of linguistic typology with the work of Edward Sapir, who used it as one of his basic typological categories. Recently, Mark C. Baker has suggested formally defining polysynthesis as a macro-parameter within Noam Chomsky's principles and parameters theory of grammar. Other linguists question the basic utility of the concept for typology since it covers many separate morphological types that have little else in common.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: The word "polysynthesis" is composed of the Greek roots "poly" meaning "many" and "synthesis" meaning "placing together".


title: Polysynthetic language

text: In linguistics a word is defined as a unit of meaning that can stand alone in a sentence, and which can be uttered in isolation. Words may be simple, consisting of a single unit of meaning, or they can be complex, formed by combining many small units of meaning, called morphemes. In a general non-theoretical sense polysynthetic languages are those languages that have a high degree of morphological synthesis, and which tend to form long complex words containing long strings of morphemes, including derivational and inflectional morphemes. A language then is "synthetic" or "synthesizing" if it tends to have more than one morpheme per word, and a polysynthetic language is a language that has "many" morphemes per word. The concept was originally used only to describe those languages that can form long words that correspond to an entire sentence in English or other Indo-European languages, and the word is still most frequently used to refer to such "sentence words".


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Often polysynthesis is achieved when languages have extensive agreement between elements verbs and their arguments so that the verb is marked for agreement with the grammatical subject and object. In this way a single word can encode information about all the elements in a transitive clause. In Indo-European languages the verb is usually only marked for agreement with the subject (e.g. Spanish ' "I speak" where the -o ending marks agreement with the first person singular subject), but in many languages verbs also agree with the object (e.g. the Kiswahili word ' "I love you" where the ' prefix marks agreement with the first person singular subject and the ' prefix marks agreement with a second person singular object).


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Many polysynthetic languages combine these two strategies, and also have ways of inflecting verbs for concepts normally encoded by adverbs or adjectives in Indo-European languages. In this way highly complex words can be formed, for example the Yupik word ' which means "He had not yet said again that he was going to hunt reindeer." The word consists of the morphemes ' with the meanings, reindeer-hunt-future-say-negation-again-third.person.singular.indicative, and except for the morpheme "" "reindeer", none of the other morphemes can appear in isolation.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Another way to achieve a high degree of synthesis is when languages can form compound words by incorporation of nouns, so that entire words can be incorporated into the verb word, as "baby" is incorporated in the English verb "babysit".


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Another common feature of polysynthetic languages is a tendency to use head marking as a means of syntactic cohesion. This means that many polysynthetic languages mark grammatical relations between verbs and their constituents by indexing the constituents on the verb with agreement morphemes, and the relation between noun phrases and their constituents by marking the head noun with agreement morphemes. There are some dependent-marking languages that may be considered to be polysynthetic because they use case stacking to achieve similar effects, and very long words.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: An example from Chukchi, a polysynthetic, incorporating, and agglutinating language of Russia which also has grammatical cases unlike the majority of incorporating polysynthetic languages:


title: Polysynthetic language

text: The Mexican language Nahuatl is also considered to be polysynthetic, incorporating and agglutinating. The following verb shows how the verb is marked for subject, patient, object, and indirect object:


title: Polysynthetic language

text: The term "polysynthesis" was first used by Peter Stephen DuPonceau (a.k.a. Pierre Étienne Du Ponceau) in 1819 as a term to describe the structural characteristics of American languages:


title: Polysynthetic language

text: The term was made popular in a posthumously published work by Wilhelm von Humboldt (1836), and it was long considered that all the indigenous languages of the Americas were of the same type. Humboldt considered language structure to be an expression of the psychological stage of evolution of a people, and since Native Americans were considered uncivilized, polysynthesis came to be seen as the lowest stage of grammatical evolution, characterized by a lack of rigorous rules and clear organization known in European languages. Duponceau himself had argued that the complex polysynthetic nature of American languages was a relic of a more civilized past, and that this suggested that the Indians of his time had degenerated from a previous advanced stage. Duponceau's colleague Albert Gallatin contradicted this theory, arguing rather that synthesis was a sign of a lower cultural level, and that while the Greek and Latin languages were somewhat synthetic, Native American languages were much more so – and consequently polysynthesis was the hallmark of the lowest level of intellectual evolution.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: This view was still prevalent when linguist William Dwight Whitney wrote in 1875. He considered polysynthesis to be a general characteristic of American languages, but he did qualify the statement by mentioning that certain languages such as Otomi and the Tupi-Guarani languages had been claimed to be basically analytic.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: The ethnologist Daniel Garrison Brinton, the first professor of anthropology in the US, followed Duponceau, Gallatin and Humboldt in seeing polysynthesis, which he distinguished from incorporation, as a defining feature of all the languages of the Americas. He defined polysynthesis in this way:


title: Polysynthetic language

text: In the 1890s the question of whether polysynthesis could be considered a general characteristic of Native American languages became a hotly contested issue as Brinton debated the question with John Hewitt. Brinton, who had never done fieldwork with any indigenous group continued to defend Humboldt and Duponceau's view of the exceptional nature of American languages against the claim of Hewitt, who was half Tuscarora and had studied the Iroquoian languages, that languages such as the Iroquois had grammatical rules and verbs just like European languages.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Edward Sapir reacted to the prevailing view in Americanist linguistics which considered the languages of the Americas to belong to a single basic polysynthetic type, arguing instead that American indigenous languages were highly diverse and encompassed all known morphological types. He also built on the work of Leonard Bloomfield who in his 1914 work "language" dismissed morphological typology, stating specifically that the term polysynthetic had never been clearly defined.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: In Sapir's 1921 book also titled "Language", he argued that instead of using the morphological types as a strict classification scheme it made more sense to classify languages as relatively more or less synthetic or analytic, with the isolating and polysynthetic languages in each of the extremes of that spectrum. He also argued that languages were rarely purely of one morphological type, but used different morphological strategies in different parts of the grammar.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Sapir introduced a number of other distinctions according to which languages could be morphologically classified, and proposed combining them to form more complex classifications. He proposed classifying languages both by the degree of synthesis, classifying languages as either analytic, synthetic or polysynthetic, and by the technique used to achieve synthesis, classifying languages as agglutinative, fusional, or symbolic. Among the examples of polysynthetic languages he gave was Haida which he considered to use the agglutinative-isolating technique, Yana and Nootka both of which he considered agglutinative, Chinook and Algonkin which he considered fusional. The Siouan languages he considered "mildly polysynthetic" and agglutinative-fusional.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Following Sapir's understanding of Polysynthesis, his student Benjamin Lee Whorf proposed a distinction between oligosynthetic and polysynthetic languages, where the former term was applied to languages with a very small number of morphemes of which all other lexical units are composed. No language has been shown to fit the description of an oligosynthetic language and the concept is not in general use in linguistics.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: The sentence structure of polysynthetic languages has been taken as a challenge for linguists working within Noam Chomsky's generative theoretical framework that operates with the assumption that all the world's languages share a set of basic syntactic principles.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Eloise Jelinek, having worked with Salishan and Athabascan languages, proposed an analysis of polysynthetic languages in which the morphemes that agree with the arguments of the verb are not just considered indexes of the arguments, but in fact constitute the primary expression of the arguments within the sentence. Because this theory posits that the pronominal agreement morphemes are the true syntactic arguments of the sentence, Jelinek's hypothesis was called the pronominal argument hypothesis. If the hypothesis were correct, it would mean that free standing nouns in such languages did not constitute syntactical arguments, but simply adjoined specifiers or adjuncts. This in turn explained why many polysynthetic languages seem to be non-configurational, i.e. they have no strict rules for word order and seemingly violate many of the basic rules for syntactic structures posited within the generative framework.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: In 1996 Mark C. Baker proposed a definition of polysynthesis as a syntactic macroparameter within Noam Chomsky's "principles and parameters" program. He defines polysynthetic languages as languages that conform to the syntactic rule that he calls the "polysynthesis parameter", and that as a result show a special set of morphological and syntactic properties. The polysynthesis parameter states that all phrasal heads must be marked with either agreement morphemes of their direct argument or else incorporate these arguments in that head. This definition of polysynthesis leaves out some languages that are commonly stated as examples of polysynthetic languages (such as Inuktitut), but can be seen as the reason for certain common structural properties in others, such as Mohawk and Nahuatl. Baker's definition, probably because of its heavy dependence on generative theory, has not been accepted as a general definition of polysynthesis.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Johanna Mattissen suggests that polysynthetic languages can be fundamentally divided into two typological categories, which differ in the way morphemes are organised to form words. She calls the two types for affixal and compositional polysynthesis respectively.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Affixally polysynthetic languages, as the name suggests, are those that use only non-root-bound morphemes to express concepts that in less synthetic languages are expressed by separate words such as adjectives and adverbs. They also use these bound morphemes to make other nouns and verbs from a basic root, which can lead to very complex word forms without non-lexical suffixes. These bound morphemes often relate to body parts, other essential items of the culture of the language's speakers or features of the landscape where the language is spoken. Deictics and other spatial and temporal relations are also very common among these bound morphemes in affixally polysynthetic languages.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Affixally polysynthetic languages do not use noun incorporation or verb serialisation, since this violates the rule concerning the number of roots allowable per word. Many make a weak distinction between nouns and verbs, which allows using affixes to translate these parts of speech.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Examples of affixally polysynthetic languages include Inuktitut, Cherokee, Athabaskan languages, the Chimakuan languages (Quileute) and the Wakashan languages.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: In compositionally polysynthetic languages, there usually can be more than one free morpheme per word, which gives rise to noun incorporation and verb serialisation to create extremely long words. Bound affixes, though less important in compositionally polysynthetic languages than in affixally polysynthetic languages, tend to be equally abundant in both types.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: It is believed that all affixally polysynthetic languages evolved from compositionally polysynthetic ones via the conversion of morphemes that could stand on their own into affixes.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Because they possess a greater number of free morphemes, compositionally polysynthetic languages are much more prone than affixally polysynthetic ones to evolve into simpler languages with less complex words. On the other hand, they are generally easier to distinguish from non-polysynthetic languages than affixally polysynthetic languages.


title: Polysynthetic language

text: Examples of compositionally polysynthetic languages include Classical Ainu , Sora, Chukchi, Tonkawa, and most Amazonian languages.


The Ranks and insignia of the Japan Self-Defense Forces are the military insignia used by the Japan Self-Defense Forces.


title: Ranks and insignia of the Japan Self-Defense Forces

text: Following the end of World War II in Asia, after the surrender of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy were dissolved by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers during the occupation of Japan. The symbols below represent the ranks of the Japan Self-Defence Forces: the Japan Ground Self-Defence Force, the Japan Air Self-Defence Force, and the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force, which replaced the imperial military in 1954. The 1938–1945 Japanese military and naval ranks were phased out after World War II. The Self-Defence Force breaks away from the Sino-centric tradition of non-branch-specified ranks; each JSDF rank with respect to each service carries a distinct Japanese title, although equivalent titles in different branches are still similar, differing only in the use of the morphemes "riku" (ground) for the army ranks, "kai" (maritime) for the naval ranks, and "kū" (air) for the aviation ranks.


text: The pentagramic stars on the insignia represent cherry blossoms. Because Japanese soldiers take an oath to die to protect the lives and wealth of Japanese citizens, they have been compared to delicate cherry blossoms that break easily.


title: Kamen Rider Black

text: The series has spawned a manga adaptation that ran in "Shōnen Sunday" during its broadcast; a direct sequel, "Kamen Rider Black RX", in 1988; and a remake, "Kamen Rider Black Sun", in 2022.


title: Kamen Rider Black

text: The Creation King, the pinnacle of the cult Gorgom. As his life begins to extinguish, the elected Creation King will inherit his power. On the night of their 19th birthday, stepbrothers Kotaro Minami and Nobuhiko Akizuki were kidnapped by Gorgom and submitted to a mutant cyborg surgery to become the candidates for the next Gorgom Creation King. Both of them are called Century Kings and are destined to best each other in a final battle - whoever wins will become the next Creation King. Kotaro escaped before getting brainwashed (which is the final step in the surgery), with help from his foster father, and turned against Gorgom. He soon finds out the horrific truth from his stepfather: Gorgom originally killed his true parents and, since both Kotaro and Nobuhiko were born on the day of a solar eclipse, are referred to as "Black Sun" and "Shadow Moon". Kotaro, taking on the name of Kamen Rider Black, was determined to rescue his stepbrother from Gorgom while protecting Japan. However, later in the series, Nobuhiko emerged as Shadow Moon to fight Kotaro with the survivor becoming the next Creation King.


title: Kamen Rider Black

text: is an upcoming reboot of "Kamen Rider Black", to be broadcast as part of the "Kamen Rider" 50th Anniversary Project.


title: Kamen Rider Black

text: The reboot was announced at a press conference on April 3, 2021, with Kazuya Shiraishi heading the project as director. The series was announced to release in spring 2022, with a worldwide release being considered. The show's staff was confirmed in October 2021, with Izumi Takahashi as a screenwriter, Shinji Higuchi as a concept designer, and Kiyotaka Taguchi as special effects director. The first visual of the show was slated to be revealed the following month. The show's two leading actors were confirmed in November 2021, with Hidetoshi Nishijima as Kotaro Minami/Kamen Rider Black Sun and Tomoya Nakamura as Nobuhiko Akizuki/Kamen Rider Shadow Moon.


title: Gina Jin

text: Jin Chen (, born 5 September 1990), also known as Gina Jin, is a Chinese actress of Hui ethnicity. She is recognized for her role in the web dramas "" and "".


title: Gina Jin

text: In 2013, Jin played her first leading role in the war drama "Tong Bai Hero". The same year, she made her film debut in the romance film "Forever Love", and was nominated at the Shanghai International Film Festival for her performance in the thriller film "Carpooling Shock".


title: Gina Jin

text: In 2015, Jin rose to fame for her role as Yueya in the fantasy period drama "". The same year, she gained increased recognition for her role in the wuxia drama "The Legend of Qin".


title: Gina Jin

text: In 2016, Jin starred as the female lead for the segment "Chang Ting" in the fantasy historical drama "Legend of Nine Tails Fox" alongside Wang Kai.


title: Gina Jin

text: The same year she starred in the historical drama "The Imperial Doctress" playing the role of Empress Wang, and fantasy action drama "Chinese Paladin 5" playing dual roles as twin sisters.


title: Gina Jin

text: In 2017, Jin played lead roles in the romance drama "Little Valentine", and action adventure drama "". In 2018, Jin starred alongside Jiro Wang in the historical romance comedy series "Mengfei Comes Across".


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Gun laws in New Jersey regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of New Jersey. New Jersey's firearms laws are among the most restrictive in the country.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: The Constitution of New Jersey has no provision explicitly guaranteeing the right of citizens to keep and bear arms.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Hollow-point ammunition is available for unrestricted purchase from most retailers wherever firearms are sold, and may be transported by purchasers without special licensing. However, hollow-point bullets may not be carried outside of a place of target practice, dwelling, premises or land possessed by a person, even if one has a valid permit to carry a handgun, except when being transported directly to and from these places. LEOSA (HR 218) qualified and retired or separated LEOs carrying anywhere in the US are exempt from state laws and may legally carry hollow-point ammunition or any ammunition that is not prohibited under the Gun Control Act of 1968 or the National Firearm Act. Additionally the NJ Superior Court in "State v Brian Aitken" has ruled that there is no exception for moving between residences with hollow-point bullets.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: In New Jersey, anyone seeking to purchase (but not to possess or use at exempt locations) firearms is required to obtain a lifetime Firearm Purchaser Identification card, commonly referred to as FPIC, for the purchase of rifles and shotguns. To purchase a handgun, a separate permit is needed from the Chief of Police of their municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police if the municipality does not have a local police department. A permit is required for each handgun to be purchased and expires after 90 days but may be extended for an additional 90 days at the discretion of the Chief of Police or Superintendent of State Police. These, like the initial Firearms Purchaser Identification Card (FPIC), are provided to applicants on a may-issue basis. They require in-depth application questioning, multiple references and background checks via the State Bureau of Identification and New Jersey State Police; however, authorities do not have discretion and must issue permits to applicants who satisfy the criteria described in the statutes. Reasons for denial include being convicted of a crime (equivalent to a felony) or disorderly persons offense (equivalent to a misdemeanor) in the case of domestic violence. As of August 2013 anyone on the terror watchlist is also disqualified.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: NJ law states that Firearms Purchaser Identification approval and/or handgun purchase permit(s) must be issued within 30 days. However, this is not always adhered to with some applicants waiting months to receive their permits. Applicants are able to appeal the denial of permits. The Firearm Purchaser ID card is also required to purchase handgun ammunition at dealers in the state. "Handgun ammunition" is interpreted as any caliber that can be used in a handgun, therefore some calibers that are typically used in rifles and shotguns require one to show a FPIC to purchase.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Private firearm transfers require a background check conducted through a federally licensed gun dealer. The dealer is required to keep a record of the sale. There are limited exceptions, including for transfers between members of an immediate family and for law enforcement officers.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Only two forms are required to obtain a FPIC or permit to purchase a handgun: the "Application for Firearms Purchaser Identification Card and/or Handgun Purchase Permit", STS-33, and "Consent For Mental Health Records Search", SP-66. Additionally, the Chief of Police for the Municipality or the Superintendent of State Police may require an applicant to be fingerprinted or complete a "Request for Criminal History Record Information", form SBI 212A. Fingerprinting is usually done at private facilities such as Morpho (Safran) and the SBI 212A form can be submitted online or on paper. The method of submission is determined by the local police department. Many police departments and the NJSP are moving toward online submission and phasing out the paper SBI 212A.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Some municipalities have required additional forms, photographs and other requirements such as notarization. These forms are not required for approval per NJSA 2C:58-3a. This has been affirmed by the Appellate Court in two cases, one against the City of Paterson by resident Jeremy Perez, and another against Jersey City by resident Michael McGovern where the court ruled against the cities in violation.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Each FPIC application fee is $5 and each permit to purchase a handgun is $2. Fingerprinting is charged a fee by the private facility contracted by the state, approximately $50 to $60. The SBI 212A "Request for Criminal History Record Information" application fee is $18 if submitted on paper or $20 if submitted online. Each police department has its own policy with regard to which method they choose for background checks. Some may require fingerprinting for each application, but most only require it for the initial FPIC.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: New Jersey limits handgun purchases to one per 30-day period. Upon completing a New Jersey State police form, an FID card holder may be granted permission to purchase more than one handgun a month by declaring good reason. Reasons may include: recreational shooting; the purposes of collectors; when it is required for certain employment; and when obtaining firearms as the beneficiary of a will. The State application required for this increase, Form SP-015, specifically requires the make, model and serial number of each firearm to be transferred prior to the exemption, keeping the spirit of the purchasing limit safe from circumvention.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: New Jersey outlawed the manufacture and sale of self-made firearms/homemade firearms in 2018 and the transfer and possession in 2019 along with 3D printing guns, including possessing or sharing computer code that can be used to program the printing of such guns. The law is being challenged in court.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: New Jersey “shall-issue” a Permit to Carry a Handgun to both residents and non-residents in accordance with New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen. One must submit an application to the chief law enforcement officer of one's municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police in areas where there is no local police department. Armored car employees are required to apply to the Superintendent of State Police. Non-residents may apply to the Superintendent of State Police. By judicial ruling, New Jersey is a "shall-issue" permit system, in which authorities must issue a permit if the applicant meets the minimum requirements. Additionally, training and range qualification is required. After a background check and review by the law enforcement agency, permit applications are forwarded to the Superior Court where they are approved or denied.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: New Jersey formerly had a “justifiable need” standard by which an applicant was required to show a special, specific need, such as a substantiated threat, to be issued a permit. Supreme Court case New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen voided this requirement.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Qualified retired law enforcement officers may carry under LEOSA, which allows retired and current law enforcement officers who qualify and meet certain criteria to carry concealed firearms. There is no requirement for qualified retired or separated officers to apply for the state permit when carrying under LEOSA, 18 U.S. Code § 926C, since the federal law trumps state law through the Supremacy Clause. As of the end of 2013, there were 1,212 active Handgun Carry Permits in New Jersey, out of a population of nearly 9 million residents.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: New Jersey A4769 places a proactive requirement on the side of business owners that wish to allow carry of a firearm on their premises, effectively making the default such that all private property would be illegal for New Jersey gun owners to carry firearms on. This is also being challenged in court on the basis that, "Even business owners who are happy to serve permit holders carrying concealed handguns may be reluctant to advertise that fact, lest they alienate other customers with strong anti-gun views."


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: There are a few exempted locations where one may carry and possess firearms. These locations are one's home, place of business, premises or land possessed, or to a gunsmith for purposes of repair. Members of rifle or pistol clubs that submit their names to the state police annually are allowed to possess and transport their firearms to "a place of target practice." Those who are not members of a rifle or pistol club can carry their firearms to "an authorized target range." One may also carry firearms to the woods or fields or waters of the state for purposes of hunting or fishing. One must have a valid hunting or fishing license and the firearms must be appropriate for hunting or fishing to be covered under this exemption.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Interstate transportation is covered under the Safe Passage provision of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA), 18 USC § 926A, which states:


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: However, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in "Association of New Jersey Rifle and Pistol Clubs v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey" has found that this provision only applies to transporting a firearm in a vehicle, and that carrying a firearm in a locked container in checked luggage in an airport terminal to declare it to the airline constitutes unlawful possession and is not protected under the law. This decision was a direct result of a 2005 incident where Gregg C. Revell, a Utah Resident with a valid Utah Concealed Firearm Permit was traveling through Newark Airport en route to Allentown, Pennsylvania. Because of a missed flight, he was given his luggage, which included a properly checked firearm, and was forced to spend the night in a hotel in New Jersey. When he returned to the airport the following day to check his handgun for the last portion of the trip, he was arrested for illegal possession of a firearm. Revell lost his lawsuit after The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held in "Gregg C. Revell v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey", [222] held that "Section 926A does not apply to Revell because his firearm and ammunition were readily accessible to him during his stay in New Jersey." This opinion will apply to NJ airports. If a traveler misses a flight or for any other reason their flight is interrupted and the airline tries to return their luggage that includes a checked firearm, the traveler cannot take possession of the firearm if they are taking a later flight. The Association of New Jersey Rifle and Pistol Clubs (ANJRPC) later also sued the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which resulted in a similar decision.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Firearms classed as "assault firearms" but acquired before May 1, 1990, and registered with the state are legal to possess. Police officers may possess assault weapons for duty purposes and may possess personal assault weapons with recommendation by their agency. FFLs are also allowed to possess "assault firearms."


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Under New Jersey law, a firearm is classified as an "assault firearm" if it meets the following criteria:


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: A firearm that meets the above criteria is considered to be “assault firearm” and may only be possessed by a licensed firearms dealer, active duty law enforcement officers and active duty military personnel.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: In New Jersey, it is illegal to possess any magazine that is capable of accepting more than 10 rounds of ammunition for semi-automatic weapons. Sales to law enforcement agencies or to federally licensed firearm dealers are exempt.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: This definition shall not include a semi-automatic rifle which has an attached tubular device and which is capable of operating only with .22 caliber rimfire ammunition.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: In his final day in office in January 2018, Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie signed legislation making the gun accessory known as a bump stock illegal.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: The New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law is a 2002 state law that requires that all Dealers offer at least One smart gun for sale in their store.


title: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Under New Jersey's red flag law, a judge may issue a gun violence restraining order authorizing the police to confiscate a person's firearms if the judge determines that the person poses a significant risk of personal injury to himself or others. A hearing must be held within ten days. At the hearing the person's firearms may be forcibly confiscated for a period of up to one year.


title: Media proprietor

text: A media proprietor, media mogul or media tycoon refers to a entrepreneur who controls, through personal ownership or via a dominant position in any media-related company or enterprise, media consumed by many individuals. Those with significant control, ownership, and influence of a large company in the mass media may also be called a tycoon, baron, or business magnate. Social media creators and founders can also be considered media proprietors.


title: Media proprietor

text: In the United States, newspaper proprietors first became prominent in the 19th century with the development of mass circulation newspapers. In the 20th century, proprietorship expanded to include ownership of radio and television networks, as well as film studios, publishing houses, and more recently internet and other forms of multimedia companies. Reflecting this, the term "press baron" was replaced by "media baron", and the term "media mogul" (or "Hollywood mogul" when applied to people specifically working in the motion picture industry, having actually spawned a similarly named computer game) was popularized in colloquial English.


title: Media proprietor

text: Media proprietors often claim that their publications are editorially independent, but this is questioned.


title: Media proprietor

text: Social networking services such as Facebook are sometimes considered media companies, due to their influence. Media and technology play a significant role in mass-media production.


title: Yael Shelbia

text: Yael Shelbia Cohen (; born 31 August 2001) is an Israeli model and actress. She has appeared in a number of international modeling campaigns. She became a leading model for Israeli brands Castro from 2017 and Renuar from 2018, and currently stars in the Israeli television series "Palmach" on Teen Nick and Yes TV Kids.


title: Yael Shelbia

text: She uses her middle name Shelbia as her professional surname, which was inherited from her Djerbian great-grandmother's Tunisian-Jewish family (of both Sephardi Jewish and Mizrahi Jewish descent). She began by uploading selfies she took by herself on Instagram shortly before her 16th birthday. As a result of finding her photos on her Instagram account, she later received an offer to take photos from the professional photographer Marina Moskowitz.


title: Yael Shelbia

text: She has received additional media attention due to her Orthodox Jewish background, as she keeps Kosher and observes Shabbat, which initially had led to controversy in Shelbia's Orthodox Jewish religious community; back in her native Israel.


title: Yael Shelbia

text: As of 2020, Shelbia has served as a soldier in the Israeli Air Force of the Israel Defense Forces, rather than serving in the Sherut Leumi as a civilian. The latter is what most religious Jewish girls in Israel opt to do.


title: Yael Shelbia

text: Her modeling soon led to controversy and opposition in her Ulpana school, which threatened to send a letter to the Israeli Education Ministry to expel her. Her family however, had been supportive of her career, so long as it would not interfere with her religious studies. And after consultation with Israel's Education Ministry, she was allowed to continue her studies on condition of following certain guidelines. However, combining a modeling career with a religious lifestyle, has led to difficulties, including in terms of modesty of clothing. During a modeling campaign in Milan, she had to live on crackers for four days, as she could not find kosher food. She says she had lost many modeling contracts back then, due to her keeping of the Sabbath and choices in clothing.


title: Yael Shelbia

text: The speed of the success of her career both in Europe and Israel, has led to comparisons to fellow Israeli models Shlomit Malka, Dorit Revelis and Sofia Mechetner.


title: Yael Shelbia

text: In 2018, she modelled for Kim Kardashian's brand KKW Beauty, where her photos were chosen by Kim Kardashian. In 2019, Shelbia was chosen to lead Kylie Jenner's Biotic Skincare range.


title: Yael Shelbia

text: Also in 2019, she was cast for her debut acting role in a television series about the Israeli Palmach forces. It is a teen adventure period drama series set in 1946, two pivotal years before the State of Israel was founded. A seemingly innocent training farm secretly functions as a Strike Forces (also known as Palmach) training base and recruitment center for exceptional teens, as well as a home-base for illegal Jewish immigration missions and special ops against the British Mandate. The show debuted in 2020, and Shelbia stars as Ruth Hirsch.


title: Yael Shelbia

text: In 2019, she began dating American businessman Brandon Korff (son of Rabbi Yitzhak Aharon Korff, and grandson of billionaire Sumner Redstone).


title: Little Lulu

text: Little Lulu is a comic strip created in 1935 by American author Marjorie Henderson Buell. The character, Lulu Moppet, debuted in "The Saturday Evening Post" on February 23, 1935, in a single panel, appearing as a flower girl at a wedding and mischievously strewing the aisle with banana peels. "Little Lulu" replaced Carl Anderson's "Henry", which had been picked up for distribution by King Features Syndicate. The "Little Lulu" panel continued to run weekly in "The Saturday Evening Post" until December 30, 1944. A later variation of the character is "Little Audrey " from Harveytoons.


title: Little Lulu

text: "Little Lulu" was created as a result of Anderson's success. Schlesinger Library curator Kathryn Allamong Jacob wrote:


title: Little Lulu

text: Marjorie Henderson Buell (1904–1993), whose work appeared under the pen name "Marge", had created two comic strips in the 1920s: "The Boy Friend" and "Dashing Dot", both with female leads. She first had Little Lulu published as a single-panel cartoon in "The Saturday Evening Post" on February 23, 1935. The single-panel strip continued in the "Post" until the December 30, 1944 issue, and continued from then as a regular comic strip. Buell herself ceased drawing the comic strip in 1947. In 1950, "Little Lulu" became a daily syndicated series by Chicago Tribune–New York News Syndicate, and ran until 1969.


title: Little Lulu

text: Comic-book stories of the character scripted by John Stanley appeared in ten issues of Dell's "Four Color" before a "Marge's Little Lulu" series appeared in 1948 with scripts and layouts by Stanley and finished art by Irving Tripp and others. Stanley greatly expanded the cast of characters and changed the name of Lulu's portly pal from "Joe" to "Tubby", a character that was popular enough himself to warrant a "Marge's Tubby" series that ran from 1952 to 1961. "Little Lulu" was widely merchandised, Writer/artist John Stanley's work on the "Little Lulu" comic book is highly regarded. He did the initial Lulu comics, later working with artists Irving Tripp and Charles Hedinger (Tripp inking Hedinger before eventually assuming both duties), writing and laying out the stories.


title: Little Lulu

text: He continued working on the comic until around 1959. Stanley is responsible for the many additional characters in the stories. After Stanley, other writers produced the Lulu stories for Gold Key Comics, including Arnold Drake. The comics were translated into French, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, Portuguese, and other languages. After Buell's retirement in 1972 she signed the rights to Western Publishing. "Marge's" was dropped from the title, and the series continued until 1984.


title: Little Lulu

text: The main characters of the Little Lulu comic strip include the following. Full details and supporting and minor characters can be found in the main article of Little Lulu characters. Variations from the comic strip and other media representations are discussed in the main article.


title: Little Lulu

text: A daily comic strip, entitled "Little Lulu", was syndicated by the Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate from June 5, 1950, through May 31, 1969. Artists included Woody Kimbrell (1950–1964), Roger Armstrong (1964–1966), and Ed Nofziger (1966–1969).


title: Little Lulu

text: Little Lulu appeared in ten issues of Dell Comics' "Four Color" comic book series (#74, 97, 110, 115, 120, 131, 139, 146, 158, 165), before graduating to her own title: "Marge's Little Lulu" in 1948.


title: Little Lulu

text: With the Dell Comics/Western Publishing split that created Gold Key Comics, "Little Lulu" went to Gold Key with issue No. 165. Tubby got his own comic series from 1952 to 1961, first appearing in "Four Color" No. 381, 430, 444, and #461; then his own title "Marge's Tubby" from No. 5 thru 49. In this series, Tubby had his own adventures without Lulu, especially with the Little Men from Mars.


title: Little Lulu

text: Upon retirement, Marge sold "Little Lulu" to Western Publishing. The comic was re–named "Little Lulu" with No. 207 (September 1972). Publication of the comics ceased in 1984 (with issue No. 268, the last few under the Whitman Comics name), when Western discontinued publishing comics. Artist Hy Eisman retained stories intended for #269–270 (scripted by Paul Kuhn) because the artwork was returned to him after the comic was cancelled. Three of these are to be reprinted in the Lulu fanzine "The HoLLywood Eclectern" (HE). "The Case of the Disappearing Tutu", slated to be the lead story in "Little Lulu" No. 270, appears in HE No. 47 (2008).


title: Little Lulu

text: There were also two giant-sized "Annual"s (#1–2, 1953–1954), 14 Dell Giants (with seasonal and other themes), a regular-sized unnumbered special on visiting Japan and three Gold Key "Special"s (two with Lulu on Halloween and summer camp and one with Tubby and the Little Men from Mars). Lulu also appeared in 20 issues of "March of Comics" and was reprinted in several "Golden Comics Digests".


title: Little Lulu

text: Between 1985 and 1992 Another Rainbow Publishing published a hardbound 18-volume set, the "Little Lulu Library", collecting the stories in the Four Color issues, plus the regular series through No. 87.


title: Little Lulu

text: While Western Publishing's "Little Lulu" stopped being released in 1984, in Brazil new "Lulu" stories, penned by local artists, kept being published by Editora Abril. Primaggio Mantovi was responsible for overseeing the production. "Luluzinha", Abril's main monthly "Lulu" comic series, ended in 1993.


title: Little Lulu

text: "Little Lulu" was featured on numerous licensed products, and she was the centerpiece of an extensive advertising campaign for Kleenex tissues during the 1940s–50s, being the first mascot for Kleenex tissues; from 1952 to 1965 the character appeared in an elaborate animated billboard in Times Square in New York City. and she was also seen in Pepsi-Cola magazine ads during that period. Kleenex commercials featuring Little Lulu were regularly seen in the 1950s on Perry Como's TV show. Buell (the comics' creator) played an active role in merchandising Little Lulu, often taking a hands-on role in terms and negotiations. Currently, the trademarks on Little Lulu are held by NBCUniversal (which manages the properties of DreamWorks Classics, as well as its parent company, DreamWorks Animation).


title: Little Lulu

text: Between 1943 and 1948, Lulu appeared in 26 theatrical animated shorts produced by Famous Studios for Paramount Pictures, replacing the "Superman" shorts of the 1940s. Paramount went on to create a similar character, "Little Audrey", after failing to renew the Lulu license (and therefore avoiding the payment of royalty fees).


title: Little Lulu

text: Lulu was voiced by Cecil Roy, while Tubby was voiced by Arnold Stang. The theme song for the shorts was written and composed by Buddy Kaye, Fred Wise, and Sidney Lippman, and performed by the singing group Helen Carroll and the Satisfiers. All musical arrangements were done by Winston Sharples and Sammy Timberg.


title: Little Lulu

text: Some of the shorts listed below were released into the public domain, and are marked with an asterisk (*) in the original release date column.


title: Little Lulu

text: In the 1960s, Paramount and Famous Studios produced two new "Little Lulu" cartoons, "Alvin's Solo Flight" (a "Noveltoon" cartoon), and "Frog's Legs" (a "Comic Kings" cartoon), both based on two of John Stanley's comic stories. Cecil Roy reprised her role as Lulu, but Arnold Stang did not return as Tubby, as by that time, he already left Famous Studios to work at Hanna-Barbera Productions where he would perform the voices for "Top Cat".


title: Little Lulu

text: ABC aired two half-hour live-action specials based on the comic on Saturday morning as part of ABC Weekend Special. "Little Lulu" was released on November 4, 1978 and "The Big Hex of Little Lulu" on September 15, 1979. The cast included:


title: Little Lulu

text: "Little Lulu" was adapted for the Japanese TV series "Ritoru Ruru to Chitchai Nakama" (Little Lulu and Her Little Friends), was directed by Seitaro Kodama, produced by the Japanese studio Nippon Animation and written by Niisan Takahashi. the TV series was issued in Japan by ABC and NET. Lulu was interpreted by Eiko Masuyama in the first 3 episodes and Minori Matsushima for the remainder, Keiko Yamamoto interpreted to Tubby Tompkins, Alvin was performed by Sachiko Chichimatsu and Annie and Iggy Inch were performed by Junko Hori and Yoneko Matsukane respectively. The music was composed by Nobuyoshi Koshibe, The main theme in the original language was composed by and the end theme "Watashi wa Lulu" (I am Lulu) was composed only by Mitsuko Horie. An English-dubbed version of the anime was made for the American market by ZIV International in 1978, this same company distributed globally the TV series, the show lasted from 1976 to 1977 with 26 episodes in total.


title: Little Lulu

text: In 1995, "Little Lulu" was adapted for "The Little Lulu Show", an HBO animated series with the voices of Tracey Ullman (Season 1) and Jane Woods (Seasons 2–3) as Lulu Moppet. The series was produced by the America's CINAR (now WildBrain) after Marge's death in 1993. The series ended in 1998, but continued to air on Family Channel and as formerly seen on Teletoon Retro in the United States.


title: Little Lulu

text: In 2009 "Luluzinha Teen e sua Turma" (English: "Teen Little Lulu and her Gang"), a Brazilian comic book series depicting Lulu and her friends as teenagers, was launched. The book was created in an attempt to rival "Monica Adventures", another comic book which also adapts a popular franchise (in this case, Brazilian "Monica's Gang") by using a manga style and presenting its original characters now as teenagers.


title: Little Lulu

text: "Luluzinha Teen e sua Turma" became very popular in its introduction, being one of the best-selling comics in Brazil for a while, second only to its "rival". Nevertheless, unlike "Monica Adventures" (which is still being published), "Little Lulu"'s teen spin-off was canceled in 2015, after 65 issues.


title: Little Lulu

text: Lulu fans hold an annual gathering at the San Diego Comic Con in which they perform a play adapted from a classic Lulu story.


title: Little Lulu

text: Published by Another Rainbow Publishing, were a series of six-book box sets released from 1985 to 1992. They were published in reverse order, with Set VI being released first, then counting down to Set I. Each of the six sets contains three volumes, each with about six comics. The comics are printed in black and white; however, the covers are printed in full color. The books are about 9" by 12", with the pages being larger than the original comic book pages.


title: Little Lulu

text: In 2004, Dark Horse Comics obtained the rights to reprint "Little Lulu" comics. 18 black and white volumes, plus an unnumbered color special, were published through early 2008. After a short hiatus, the series resumed in mid-2009 in full color. Volumes 4 and 5 were originally published before the first three volumes, as it was felt that their content was more accessible.


title: Little Lulu

text: In 2010, Dark Horse reprinted the companion Tubby series ("Little Lulu's Pal Tubby") in volumes similar to their "Lulu" volumes.


title: Little Lulu

text: In May 2018, Drawn & Quarterly announced that they will be reprinting John Stanley's "Little Lulu" comics in a multi-volume best-of series, beginning in spring 2019. Drawn & Quarterly reprinted a selection of John Stanley's stories for Free Comic Book Day 2019.


title: Little Lulu

text: As a cameo appearance, "Little Lulu" was planned for the 1988 film "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", but rights to the character could not be obtained in time. She was relegated to appear in the planned sequel, which has been indefinitely delayed. In 1994, an organization called Friends of Lulu was founded that lasted until 2011, its name was based on Little Lulu. In 2006, Buell's family donated a collection of Buell's artwork and related papers as "Marge Papers" to the Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America. She finally makes a cameo appearing on a comic cover in "The Simpsons" episode "Husbands and Knives" (2007), being read by Alan Moore.


title: Little Lulu

text: In Brazil, the expression for "boys' club" (an environment that excludes women) is "clube do Bolinha" (meaning "Tubby's club").


title: Little Lulu

text: Michelle Ann Abate. "From Battling Adult Authority to Battling the Opposite Sex: Little Lulu as Gag Panel and Comic Book". Chapter 3 in "Funny Girls: Guffaws, Guts, and Gender in Classic American Comics". Jackson MS: University of Mississippi Press, 2019. pp. 63–89.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Pope Sylvester II ( – 12 May 1003), originally known as Gerbert of Aurillac, was a French-born scholar and teacher who served as the bishop of Rome and ruled the Papal States from 999 to his death. He endorsed and promoted study of Arab and Greco-Roman arithmetic, mathematics and astronomy, reintroducing to Europe the abacus and armillary sphere, which had been lost to Latin Europe since the end of the Greco-Roman era. He is said to be the first in Europe to introduce the decimal numeral system using the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. He is credited with the invention of the first mechanical clock in 996.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Gerbert was born about 946 in the town of Belliac, near the present-day commune of Saint-Simon, Cantal, France. Around 963, he entered the Monastery of St. Gerald of Aurillac. In 967, Count Borrell II of Barcelona (947–992) visited the monastery, and the abbot asked the count to take Gerbert with him so that the lad could study mathematics in Catalonia and acquire there some knowledge of Arabic learning.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Gerbert studied under the direction of Bishop Atto of Vich, some 60 km north of Barcelona, and probably also at the nearby Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll. Like all Catalan monasteries, it contained manuscripts from Muslim Spain and especially from Cordoba, one of the intellectual centres of Europe at that time: the library of al-Hakam II, for example, had thousands of books (from science to Greek philosophy). This is where Gerbert was introduced to mathematics and astronomy. Borrell II was facing major defeat from the Andalusian powers so he sent a delegation to Córdoba to request a truce. Bishop Atto was part of the delegation that met with al-Ḥakam II, who received him with honour. Gerbert was fascinated by the stories of the Mozarab Christian bishops and judges who dressed and talked like the Arabs, well-versed in mathematics and natural sciences like the great teachers of the Islamic madrasahs. This sparked Gerbert's veneration for the Arabs and his passion for mathematics and astronomy.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Gerbert learned of Hindu–Arabic digits and applied this knowledge to the abacus, but probably without the numeral zero. According to the 12th-century historian William of Malmesbury, Gerbert got the idea of the computing device of the abacus from a Moorish scholar. The abacus that Gerbert reintroduced into Europe had its length divided into 27 parts with 9 number symbols (this would exclude zero, which was represented by an empty column) and 1,000 characters in all, crafted out of animal horn by a shieldmaker of Rheims. According to his pupil Richer, Gerbert could perform speedy calculations with his abacus that were extremely difficult for people in his day to think through using only Roman numerals. Due to Gerbert's reintroduction, the abacus became widely used in Europe once again during the 11th century.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Although lost to Europe since the terminus of the Greco-Roman era, Gerbert reintroduced the astronomical armillary sphere to Latin Europe via the Islamic civilization of Al-Andalus, which was at that time at the "cutting edge" of civilization. The details of Gerbert's armillary sphere are revealed in letters from Gerbert to his former student and monk Remi of Trèves and to his colleague Constantine, the abbot of Micy, as well as the accounts of his former student and French nobleman Richer, who served as a monk in Rheims. Richer stated that Gerbert discovered that stars coursed in an oblique direction across the night sky. Richer described Gerbert's use of the armillary sphere as a visual aid for teaching mathematics and astronomy in the classroom.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Historian Oscar G. Darlington asserts that Gerbert's division by 60 degrees instead of 360 allowed the lateral lines of his sphere to equal to six degrees. By this account, the polar circle on Gerbert's sphere was located at 54 degrees, several degrees off from the actual 66° 33'. His positioning of the Tropic of Cancer at 24 degree was nearly exact, while his positioning of the equator was correct by definition. Richer also revealed how Gerbert made the planets more easily observable in his armillary sphere:


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: He succeeded equally in showing the paths of the planets when they come near or withdraw from the earth. He fashioned first an armillary sphere. He joined the two circles called by the Greeks "coluri" and by the Latins "incidentes" because they fell upon each other, and at their extremities he placed the poles. He drew with great art and accuracy, across the "colures", five other circles called parallels, which, from one pole to the other, divided the half of the sphere into thirty parts. He put six of these thirty parts of the half-sphere between the pole and the first circle; five between the first and the second; from the second to the third, four; from the third to the fourth, four again; five from the fourth to the fifth; and from the fifth to the pole, six. On these five circles he placed obliquely the circles that the Greeks call "loxos" or "zoe", the Latins "obliques" or "vitalis" (the zodiac) because it contained the figures of the animals ascribed to the planets. On the inside of this oblique circle he figured with an extraordinary art the orbits traversed by the planets, whose paths and heights he demonstrated perfectly to his pupils, as well as their respective distances.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Richer wrote about another of Gerbert's last armillary spheres, which had sighting tubes fixed on the axis of the hollow sphere that could observe the constellations, the forms of which he hung on iron and copper wires. This armillary sphere was also described by Gerbert in a letter to his colleague Constantine. Gerbert instructed Constantine that, if doubtful of the position of the pole star, he should fix the sighting tube of the armillary sphere into position to view the star he suspected was it, and if the star did not move out of sight, it was thus the pole star. Furthermore, Gerbert instructed Constantine that the north pole could be measured with the upper and lower sighting tubes, the Arctic Circle through another tube, the Tropic of Cancer through another tube, the equator through another tube, and the Tropic of Capricorn through another tube.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: In 969, Borrell II made a pilgrimage to Rome, taking Gerbert with him. There Gerbert met Pope John XIII and Emperor Otto I. The pope persuaded Otto I to employ Gerbert as a tutor for his young son, Otto II. Some years later, Otto I gave Gerbert leave to study at the cathedral school of Rheims where he was soon appointed a teacher by Archbishop Adalberon. When Otto II became sole emperor in 973, he appointed Gerbert the abbot of the monastery of Bobbio and also appointed him as count of the district, but the abbey had been ruined by previous abbots, and Gerbert soon returned to Rheims. After the death of Otto II in 983, Gerbert became involved in the politics of his time. In 985, with the support of his archbishop, he opposed King Lothair of France's attempt to take Lorraine from Emperor Otto III by supporting Hugh Capet. Hugh became king of France, ending the Carolingian line of kings in 987.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Adalberon died on 23 January 989. Gerbert was a natural candidate for his succession, but King Hugh appointed Arnulf, an illegitimate son of King Lothair, instead. Arnulf was deposed in 991 for alleged treason against Hugh, and Gerbert was elected his successor. There was so much opposition to Gerbert's elevation to the See of Rheims, however, that Pope John XV (985–996) sent a legate to France who temporarily suspended Gerbert from his episcopal office. Gerbert sought to show that this decree was unlawful, but a further synod in 995 declared Arnulf's deposition invalid. Gerbert then became the teacher of Otto III, and Pope Gregory V (996–999), Otto III's cousin, appointed him archbishop of Ravenna in 998.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: With imperial support, Gerbert was elected to succeed Gregory V as pope in 999. Gerbert took the name of Sylvester II, alluding to Sylvester I (314–335), the advisor to Emperor Constantine I (324–337). Soon after he became pope, Sylvester II confirmed the position of his former rival Arnulf as archbishop of Rheims. As pope, he took energetic measures against the widespread practices of simony and concubinage among the clergy, maintaining that only capable men of spotless lives should be allowed to become bishops. In 1001, the Roman populace revolted, forcing Otto III and Sylvester II to flee to Ravenna. Otto III led two unsuccessful expeditions to regain control of the city and died on a third expedition in 1002. Sylvester II returned to Rome soon after the emperor's death, although the rebellious nobility remained in power, and died a little later. Sylvester is buried in St. John Lateran.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Gerbert of Aurillac was a humanist long before the Renaissance. He read Virgil, Cicero and Boethius; he studied Latin translations of Porphyry and Aristotle. He had a very accurate classification of the different disciplines of philosophy. He was the first French pope.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Gerbert was said to be one of the most noted scientists of his time. Gerbert wrote a series of works dealing with matters of the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music), which he taught using the basis of the trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric). In Rheims, he constructed a hydraulic-powered organ with brass pipes that excelled all previously known instruments, where the air had to be pumped manually. In a letter of 984, Gerbert asks Lupitus of Barcelona for a book on astrology and astronomy, two terms historian S. Jim Tester says Gerbert used synonymously. Gerbert may have been the author of a description of the astrolabe that was edited by Hermannus Contractus some 50 years later. Besides these, as Sylvester II he wrote a dogmatic treatise, "De corpore et sanguine Domini"—On the Body and Blood of the Lord.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: The legend of Gerbert grows from the work of the English monk William of Malmesbury in "De Rebus Gestis Regum Anglorum" and a polemical pamphlet, "Gesta Romanae Ecclesiae contra Hildebrandum", by Cardinal Beno, a partisan of Emperor Henry IV who opposed Pope Gregory VII in the Investiture Controversy. According to the legend, Gerbert, while studying mathematics and astrology in the Muslim cities of Córdoba and Seville, was accused of having learned sorcery. Gerbert was supposed to be in possession of a book of spells stolen from an Arab philosopher in Spain. Gerbert fled, pursued by the victim, who could trace the thief by the stars, but Gerbert was aware of the pursuit, and hid hanging from a wooden bridge, where, suspended between heaven and earth, he was invisible to the magician.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Gerbert was supposed to have built a brazen head. This "robotic" head would answer his questions with "yes" or "no". He was also reputed to have had a pact with a female demon called Meridiana, who had appeared after he had been rejected by his earthly love, and with whose help he managed to ascend to the papal throne (another legend tells that he won the papacy playing dice with the Devil).


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: According to the legend, Meridiana (or the bronze head) told Gerbert that if he should ever read a Mass in Jerusalem, the Devil would come for him. Gerbert then cancelled a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, but when he read Mass in the church Santa Croce in Gerusalemme ("Holy Cross of Jerusalem") in Rome, he became sick soon afterwards and, dying, he asked his cardinals to cut up his body and scatter it across the city. In another version, he was even attacked by the Devil while he was reading the Mass, and the Devil mutilated him and gave his gouged-out eyes to demons to play with in the Church. Repenting, Sylvester II then cut off his hand and his tongue.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: The inscription on Gerbert's tomb reads in part "Iste locus Silvestris membra sepulti venturo Domino conferet ad sonitum" ("This place will yield to the sound [of the last trumpet] the limbs of buried Sylvester II, at the advent of the Lord", mis-read as "will make a sound") and has given rise to the curious legend that his bones will rattle in that tomb just before the death of a pope.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: The alleged story of the crown and papal legate authority given to Stephen I of Hungary by Sylvester in the year 1000 (hence the title 'apostolic king') is noted by the 19th-century historian Lewis L. Kropf as a possible forgery of the 17th century. Likewise, the 20th-century historian Zoltan J. Kosztolnyik states that "it seems more than unlikely that Rome would have acted in fulfilling Stephen's request for a crown without the support and approval of the emperor."


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Hungary issued a commemorative stamp honouring Pope Sylvester II on 1 January 1938, and France honoured him in 1964 by issuing a postage stamp.


title: Pope Sylvester II

text: Gerbert's writings were printed in volume 139 of the "Patrologia Latina". Darlington notes that Gerbert's preservation of his letters might have been an effort of his to compile them into a textbook for his pupils that would illustrate proper letter writing. His books on mathematics and astronomy were not research-oriented; his texts were primarily educational guides for his students.


title: Josh McEachran

text: Joshua Mark McEachran (born 1 March 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Milton Keynes Dons.


title: Josh McEachran

text: McEachran is a product of the Chelsea academy and won 38 caps and scored three goals for England at youth level. He spent several years with Chelsea as a professional but played little, and spent time on loan at clubs to at home and abroad. He moved on to Brentford in 2015, playing 90 league matches over four seasons, and spent 16 months with Birmingham City; both spells were disrupted by injury. He describes his midfield style as "a holder and a passer, dictating play".


title: Josh McEachran

text: A midfielder, McEachran began playing football for Garden City in the Oxford Mail Boys League, where he was spotted by a Chelsea scout. He joined the Blues' academy at the age of seven. He signed a two-year scholarship deal prior to the beginning of the 2009–10 season and helped the Blues' youth team win the FA Youth Cup for the first time in 50 years. The youth team's feats saw the entire squad collectively win Chelsea's Young Player of the Year award. He also broke into the reserve team and made 9 Premier Reserve League appearances. McEachran made 10 Premier Reserve League appearances during the 2010–11 season, helping the team to first place in the Premier Reserve League South, though he did not feature in the knockout stage, which Chelsea won, to win the league outright. He made sporadic appearances for the reserves during the 2011–12 and 2013–14 seasons.


title: Josh McEachran

text: McEachran received his first exposure to the first team during the 2009–10 season, when he travelled with the squad to a League Cup fifth round match versus Blackburn Rovers in December 2009 and trained with the first team throughout the first half of 2010. McEachran was named in Chelsea's Champions League squad for the 2010–11 season and received his maiden call when he was named as a substitute for a group stage match versus MŠK Žilina on 15 September 2010. He made his senior debut when he replaced Yossi Benayoun after 79 minutes of the 4–1 victory. He became the first player to be born after the Champions League began on 25 November 1992 to take part in the competition. McEachran made his Premier League debut on 25 September in a 1–0 defeat to Manchester City, replacing Ramires after 81 minutes. He made his first Chelsea start in the return Champions League match against Žilina on 23 November and also started the Blues' dead rubber group stage match versus Marseille on 8 December, completing his first 90 minutes for the club. With manager Carlo Ancelotti preferring to utilise him in a deep midfield role, he went on to make 17 appearances in his debut season. In recognition of his performances, McEachran was awarded the Chelsea Young Player of The Year award on 19 May 2011. McEachran's regular inclusion in the squad was viewed by pundits as a suggestion that the Chelsea administration recognised the importance of younger players in an otherwise ageing team.


title: Josh McEachran

text: On 15 July 2011, McEachran signed a new five-year contract and scored his first senior goal for the club in the friendly 2011 Premier League Asia Trophy final versus Aston Villa two weeks later. McEachran made just five appearances during the 2011–12 season and was frozen out by new manager André Villas-Boas. From January 2012 onwards, he spent much of his subsequent Chelsea career away on loan and was not called into a squad before departing from Stamford Bridge on 10 July 2015. McEachran made 22 appearances and scored no goals during five seasons as a senior player at Chelsea.


title: Josh McEachran

text: On 17 January 2012, McEachran completed a loan move to Premier League newcomers Swansea City until the end of the 2011–12 season. The move reunited him with Brendan Rodgers, his former Chelsea youth and reserve team manager. He made his debut in a 2–0 defeat to Sunderland on 21 January, coming off the bench in the 66th minute for Gylfi Sigurðsson. McEachran made his first start for the Swans in a FA Cup fourth round match against Bolton Wanderers, playing the full 90 minutes of the 2–1 defeat. After dropping back to the bench, he finished his spell with just five appearances. Looking back in January 2013, McEachran revealed that the move was "one of those things in life which just didn't work out" and that he learned "nothing" during his spell.


title: Josh McEachran

text: On 20 August 2012, McEachran joined Championship club Middlesbrough on loan for the entirety of the 2012–13 season. He made his debut for Middlesbrough the next day, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–2 victory over Burnley. He became regular for Boro, creating a strong midfield partnership with Grant Leadbitter and also playing on the left of midfield, though an ankle injury picked up on international duty hampered his progress in the second half of the season. He made 38 appearances during a season in which Middlesbrough challenged for a playoff place, but drifted well out of contention. McEachran was voted by the Boro supporters as the club's Young Player of the Year.


title: Josh McEachran

text: On 20 September 2013, McEachran joined Championship side Watford on loan until 2 January 2014, with an option to extend the loan until the end of the 2013–14 season. His debut came four days later with a start in the League Cup third round versus Norwich City, but he was substituted for Connor Smith on 38 minutes after suffering a back spasm. McEachran made just eight appearances for Watford before returning to Stamford Bridge when his initial loan expired.


title: Josh McEachran

text: On 23 January 2014, McEachran signed with Championship club Wigan Athletic on loan until the end of the 2013–14 season. The "Manchester Evening News" reported that he had taken a wage cut to go to the DW Stadium and manager Uwe Rösler commented that McEachran was "not at his best, so we have to make sure he recovers form, he recovers confidence and he is capable of performing consistently at a high tempo in the modern way of football". McEachran began his spell with regular substitute appearances and after building up his fitness he made something of a breakthrough into the starting lineup, making seven starts from late February through to the end of the season. He started in the Latics' FA Cup quarter-final and semi-final matches versus Manchester City and Arsenal respectively, though his first Wembley appearance in the latter match ended after a shootout defeat. After a fifth-place finish in the Championship saw the Latics qualify for the playoffs, he was left out of the squad for both legs of the semi-finals versus Queens Park Rangers, which resulted in a 2–1 aggregate defeat. McEachran finished his spell with 11 appearances.


title: Josh McEachran

text: On 17 August 2014, it was announced that McEachran had joined Dutch Eredivisie club Vitesse Arnhem on loan until the end of the 2014–15 season. One week later, McEachran made his debut, coming off the bench in the 74th minute for Marko Vejinović during a 2–1 defeat to PEC Zwolle. Either side of an ankle injury suffered in October, McEachran made sporadic appearances and spent time in the reserves, before breaking into the starting lineup in April 2015. Suspensions to Marko Vejinović and Davy Pröpper opened up a spot in midfield and McEachran made eight starts through to the end of the season. Four of those starts came in the Eredivisie European competition playoffs, with McEachran helping Vitesse to see off PEC Zwolle and Heerenveen to qualify for a place in the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League third qualifying round. He finished the campaign with 21 appearances.


title: Josh McEachran

text: On 10 July 2015, McEachran signed for Championship club Brentford on a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee, reported to be £750,000. On 25 July, it was announced that McEachran would be out for three months after suffering a fractured foot in a collision in training with Toumani Diagouraga. He finally made his debut as a substitute versus Cardiff City on 15 December and made his first start in a 2–1 victory over Reading two weeks later. By mid-January 2016, McEachran was an ever-present starter and made 15 further appearances before his season was ended through a re-fracture of his foot during a training session on 24 March 2016. He began the 2016–17 pre-season fully fit, but again injuries and fitness problems prevented him from holding down a starting place once the regular season got underway. By January 2017, McEachran had broken into the starting lineup and was showing his best form since joining the club, but he was ruled out for the rest of the season after suffering an ankle ligament injury during a 2–1 win over Sheffield Wednesday on 21 February.