title: Culture of Vietnam

text: Prior to Han Chinese migration from the north, the Yue tribes cultivated wet rice, practiced fishing and slash-and-burn agriculture, domesticated water buffalo, built stilt houses, tattooed their faces, and dominated the coastal regions from shores all the way to the fertile valleys in the interior mountains. They also practiced teeth blackening. Water transport was paramount in the south, so the Yue became advanced in shipbuilding and developed maritime warfare technology mapping trade routes to Eastern coasts of China and Southeast Asia.


title: Culture of Vietnam

text: The ancient Han Chinese referred to the various tribal groups of people living in southern China and northern Vietnam as the Baiyue people (a group that existed from 1000 BC to 1000 AD), saying that they possessed habits like adapting to water, having their hair cropped short, and possessing body tattoos. The ancient Northern Yue are considered one of the progenitor groups of modern Lingnan culture (Cantonese culture), while the Southern Yue people are considered one of the progenitor groups of modern Vietnamese culture. Ancient Han Chinese had described ancient Yue people occupying Nanyue as barbaric, comparing their language to animal shrieking and had regarded them as lacking morals and modesty.


title: Culture of Vietnam

text: During the Ming rule of Vietnam after the Ming–Hồ War, the Vietnamese were ordered to stop grow their hair long, switch to Han Chinese style clothing, and stop the practice of teeth blackening so that they could have white teeth and long hair like the Chinese.


title: Culture of Vietnam

text: A royal edict was issued by the Lê dynasty in 1474 forbidding Vietnamese from adopting foreign languages, hairstyles and clothing of the Lao, Champa or the "Northerners" which referred to the Ming. The edict was recorded in the 1479 Complete Chronicle of Dai Viet (Ngô Sĩ Liên).


title: Culture of Vietnam

text: According to Nayan Chanda, the Vietnamese had adopted Sinocentric views towards their surrounding neighbors such as the Chams and Cambodians, and considered non-Sinospheric cultures as barbaric. David G. Marr noted that a possible reason for social stratification, such as with the Montagnards and the Việt, were that other ethnic groups did not share the same passion for wet-rice cultivation as the Vietnamese Kinh people did.


title: Culture of Vietnam

text: By the Nguyễn dynasty the Vietnamese themselves were ordering Cambodian Khmer to adopt Han culture style by ceasing habits like cropping hair and ordering them to grow it long besides making them replace skirts with trousers. Han Chinese Ming dynasty refugees numbering 3,000 came to Vietnam at the end of the Ming dynasty. They opposed the Qing dynasty and were fiercely loyal to the Ming dynasty. The Chinese refugees married with local Vietnamese and their descendants became known as Minh Hương. They did not wear Manchu hairstyle unlike later Chinese migrants to Vietnam during the Qing dynasty.


title: Culture of Vietnam

text: Both the Lingnan and historical Northern Vietnamese cultures are similar in possessing Nanyue and Han Chinese culture.


title: Culture of Vietnam

text: Vietnam celebrates many holidays, including traditional holidays which have been celebrated in Vietnam for thousands of years, along with modern holidays imported predominantly from western countries.


title: Culture of Vietnam

text: Among the traditional holidays, the two most important and widely celebrated are the Lunar new year (Tết), followed by the Mid-autumn lantern festival (Tết Trung Thu), although the latter has been losing ground in recent years.


title: Culture of Vietnam

text: Vietnam has a number of UNESCO-listed World Heritage Sites, as well as cultural relics deemed as intangible heritage. These are split into specific categories:


title: Culture of Vietnam

text: There are a number of other potential world heritage sites, as well as intangible cultural heritage which Vietnam has completed documents on for UNESCO's recognition in the future.


title: Paweł Mąciwoda

text: Paweł Mąciwoda (; born on 20 February 1967) is a Polish bassist who began playing with the hard rock band Scorpions in 2003 and became an official member in January 2004.


title: Paweł Mąciwoda

text: Born in Wieliczka, Mąciwoda began playing bass guitar semi-professionally at the age of 15 with his father's encouragement. His young age on the rock and roll circuit earned him the nickname "Baby", but within a few years Mąciwoda was touring Europe with a jazz fusion band called the Little Egoists, and for overlapping periods of time performed as a member of the avant-garde rock bands Düpą and Püdelsi, both based in Kraków. At about the same time he also released a solo album entitled "Radio Wieliczka". His other band credits during his early years included the popular jazz-rock band Walk Away, headed by the world-famous violinist Michał Urbaniak and lead vocalist Urszula Dudziak, with whom he recorded the album "Magic Lady".


title: Paweł Mąciwoda

text: In 2009, he appeared on the WU-HAE's "Opera Nowohucka" album alongside such artists as Grzegorz Markowski, Maciej Maleńczuk and Olaf Deriglasoff.


title: Paweł Mąciwoda

text: As of 2011, Mąciwoda has been collaborating with friend and fellow musician Efrem Wilder in the outfit Stirwater. The name Stirwater is derived from the English translation of Mąciwoda last name "Mąciwoda". The collaboration between musicians ended after a couple of years but they managed to get a single recorded. It was called "Water water" and it was number two for a couple of weeks on the Polish radio station Trójka in the summer of 2012. After that the band broke up but the project Stirwater is continued as he is playing and recording with fellow musicians from all over the world e.g. Florian Hofer from Germany or Atma Anur from UK.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy is a compilation album of singles by British rock band The Who, released in 1971 as Track 2406 006 in the UK and as Decca DL 79184 in the US. It entered the US "Billboard" 200 chart on 20 November 1971, peaking at number 11, and the UK chart on 3 December 1971, peaking at number 9.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: "Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy" was compiled by Pete Townshend. The band's manager Kit Lambert attempted to have the track order changed but failed because too many copies had already been pressed. The UK release was held up because The Who and Bill Curbishley had failed to clear it with Lambert.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: The album is named after the members of the band: "Meaty" is Daltrey, who was quite fit at the time; "Beaty" is Moon, for his drumming; "Big" is Entwistle, who was a large person, often referred to as "The Ox" (lending his nickname to the instrumental of the same name); and "Bouncy" was Townshend, who jumped about quite acrobatically during performances.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: The album's original title was "The Who Looks Back". Most of the tracks on this album would also appear on many subsequent compilations of Who material.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: Several songs on the album had previously been released on long-playing albums. The Who's debut "My Generation" included the title track, "A Legal Matter", and "The Kids Are Alright". "A Quick One" included "Boris the Spider", the one song written by John Entwistle, and in its American configuration "Happy Jack." "I Can See for Miles" appeared on "The Who Sell Out", and "Pinball Wizard" on "Tommy". "Pictures of Lily" and "Magic Bus" previously appeared on the US compilation album "".


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: Aside from two songs, "Boris the Spider" and "I'm a Boy", every track on the album had been released as a single in the UK; further, all except "A Legal Matter", "Magic Bus", and "The Seeker" were top ten hits. "Happy Jack", "I Can See for Miles", "Magic Bus", and "Pinball Wizard" had also been Top 40 hits in the US. "I'm a Boy" is represented by an alternate longer and slower version that was recorded 3 months after the original single release.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: The original vinyl album featured a longer alternative studio take of "Magic Bus" in fake stereo which was not included on the original compact disc version, because the true stereo or mono source could not be found for the long version of the song. This longer take appeared on "The Who Collection" compilation in 1988.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: On 25 July 2007, Universal Japan re-released "Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy" in a mini-LP sleeve that included the long alternative version of "Magic Bus" in fake stereo, as with the original album.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: In 2017, Polydor Records issued a remastered 180 gram vinyl LP of "Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy" using Half Speed Mastering techniques. This edition includes the same mixes of the songs found on the original 1971 issue.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: On the front cover the Who are looking at four children, one of whom is Who manager Bill Curbishley's younger brother Paul.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: The panoramic photograph featured on the inside cover of the gatefold vinyl packaging is an exterior shot of the side of the Railway Hotel, a pub that was sited on the bridge next to Harrow & Wealdstone station in north-west London. The Railway Hotel was a popular hangout for Mods and soon after Keith Moon joined the band, the Who became a regular attraction there from June 1964, performing every Tuesday night. It was here that Kit Lambert, their manager, first saw the band, and here that Pete Townshend accidentally cracked his guitar's neck on the low ceiling above the stage. In response to laughter from the crowd, he then smashed his guitar for the first time in public; a gimmick he maintained for many years when playing live. The band were filmed at the venue on 11 August – a copy of the recording turning up in 2002.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: The Railway Hotel was destroyed by fire in March 2000, after becoming empty and vandalised. The site is now occupied by blocks of flats where the buildings, such as Moon House and Daltrey House, are named after the band members.


title: Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy

text: Robert Christgau remarked that "In England, this is a greatest hits album [but] in the U.S., where some of these songs have never been released and most have never made the charts, it's a mishmash revelation". Dave Marsh, however, greeted the collection as a disappointment for true fans because Townshend had publicly promised a rich, surprising, and comprehensive collection. Noting that less than half the tracks were new to the U.S. in any way, Marsh wrote somewhat bitterly on the predictable "greatest hits" nature of the tracklist: ""Meaty Beaty" isn't half what it pretends to be, nor is it anywhere near what it COULD have been. It's not the album we dreamed about, Peter, but since there's so much other stuff lying around unissued, do you think you could try it again?" At the time there were many rarities in the Who catalog – b-sides, demos, and other tracks that were UK-only, live, or previously unreleased – and Marsh complained, "Why reissue things for the second (third) time on an album when you have such an incredible backlog of material?"


title: Hossam Hassan

text: Hossam Hassan Hussein (; born 10 August 1966) is an Egyptian professional football coach and former player who played as a striker. A prolific goalscorer, he is Egypt's all-time top scorer with 83 goals in 176 appearances. His twin brother Ibrahim also played professional football, and they shared teams for most of their extensive careers.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: Hassan represented the national team in the 1990 World Cup and seven Africa Cup of Nations tournaments. He is regarded as one of the best players in African football history and is the third most capped player in men's international football.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: Other than two spells abroad in Switzerland and Greece, Cairo-born Hassan played mainly for hometown's Al Ahly, for which he made his first-team debuts aged 18, playing his last match for the club sixteen years later. He ranked first in the club in several categories and won a total of 25 titles with it, including 11 leagues; he was only one of two players ever to find the net in derbies for each team.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: During his spell at Neuchâtel Xamax in Switzerland he is most remembered for scoring four goals in one game against Celtic in the 1991–92 UEFA Cup


title: Hossam Hassan

text: In 2000, already at 34, Hassan left Al-Ahly, going to represent Al Ain SCC, Zamalek SC – adding three more leagues and the 2002 CAF Champions League – Al-Masry Club, Tersana and Al-Ittihad Al-Sakndary, while continuing to score at length. He retired aged almost 42, having played most of the time with his sibling Ibrahim, including abroad.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: He appeared for the nation at the 1990 FIFA World Cup, helping the "Pharaohs" achieve two draws while narrowly going down 0–1 to England. Ibrahim was also an undisputed starter.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: Aged 40, Hassan was captain of the national team at the 2006 African Cup of Nations, and played three times and netted once for the hosts, winning the last of his three continental competitions.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: On 29 February 2008, Hassan was named both general manager and coach of former club Al-Masry, before signing at modest Itesalat.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: After the sacking of French coach Henri Michel, he was named manager of former side Zamalek, on 30 November 2009. his first match in charge was on 3 December, which ended in a controversial 1–2 away loss against Haras El Hodood, as opposing player Ahmed Eid Abdel Malek was not supposed to play in that match, having been sent off the previous one (Abdel Malek ended up playing, and scored Hodood's first goal).


title: Hossam Hassan

text: Hassan's first win at Zamalek came on the 12th, against Al-Masry (3–0). In twelve matches he took the club from 14th place to second, only losing one game and drawing another, before being sacked.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: He later had short spells with Ismaily, Al Masry and Misr Lel Makkasa. He then became the head coach of Jordan, where he led the team during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification, including the AFC Fifth Round against Uzbekistan, then at the AFC–CONMEBOL play-off against Uruguay.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: Later on, he returned to Egypt to coach Zamalek, Al Ittihad Alexandria, then Al Masry from 2015 to 2018, where he reached the 2017 Egypt Cup Final, and semi-final of the 2018 CAF Confederation Cup. Afterwards, he managed Pyramids and Smouha, before returning to coach Al Ittihad Alexandria in October 2020.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: Hassan is openly supported longtime president Hosni Mubarak during the 2011 Egyptian revolution, which eventually led to the politician's resignation.


title: Hossam Hassan

text: He, along with his brother Ibrahim, led marches in support of Mubarak. He is the father of four children.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: The 2000 Backlash was the second Backlash professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on April 30, 2000, at the MCI Center in Washington, D.C., and presented by Castrol GTX. Nine professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event's card. The concept of the pay-per-view was based around the backlash from WrestleMania 2000.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: The main event was a singles match for the WWF Championship with Shane McMahon as special guest referee, in which The Rock (aided by Stone Cold Steve Austin) defeated Triple H to win the championship. Featured matches on the undercard included Chris Benoit defeating Chris Jericho by disqualification to retain the WWF Intercontinental Championship and a six-man Hardcore match for the WWF Hardcore Championship, which Crash Holly won to retain the championship.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: In 1999, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) held a pay-per-view (PPV) entitled Backlash as the post-WrestleMania XV event. The first show was originally titled "Backlash: In Your House", but the promotion discontinued the "In Your House" series of events to establish monthly PPVs in which Backlash was the first. The concept of the pay-per-view was based around the backlash from WWF's flagship event, WrestleMania. A second Backlash event was scheduled for April 30, 2000, at the MCI Center in Washington, D.C., thus establishing Backlash as an annual PPV for the WWF. The 2000 event featured the backlash from WrestleMania 2000.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: The event featured nine professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either villains or fan favorites as they followed a series of events which built tension, culminating in a wrestling match or series of matches.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: After Vince McMahon betrayed The Rock at WrestleMania, Vince joined forces with Triple H, Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley, Shane McMahon, and D-Generation X to fully complete the formation of the heel faction, the McMahon-Helmsley Faction. The Faction's new objectives revolved around keeping Triple H as WWF Champion, though they also helped Stephanie win the Women's Championship, through dirty tactics of interfering in matches, and ambushing dissenters at inopportune times. On the first episode of "Raw Is War" after WrestleMania, The Rock won the right to face Triple H for the WWF Championship at Backlash, but the Faction made stipulations to the title match that would give Triple H a full advantage: Vince and Stephanie would be allowed to be ringside for the match, and Shane was named the referee for the match.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: In addition to The Rock, another noted figure who opposed the Faction was referee Earl Hebner, who started to feud with Triple H, culminating on the April 17 episode of "Raw is War", where Triple H defended his WWF Title against Chris Jericho. During the match, Hebner came to relieve the original referee, who had gotten knocked out, which caused Triple H to argue with Hebner. The distraction allowed Jericho to take advantage and pin Triple H to win the title, though Hebner visibly called a fast pinfall. The Faction then brought Hebner and the original referee Mike Chioda to the ring, where Chioda admitted that Hebner made an unfair pinfall. Triple H then had Hebner fired, and reversed the decision, allowing Triple H to regain the title. Later that night, WWF CEO Linda McMahon, the only member of the McMahon family to not be a member of The Faction, arrived, and announced that she declared The Rock to be "outnumbered" at Backlash, and decided that she would allow one WWF wrestler to be in The Rock's corner at Backlash: Stone Cold Steve Austin, who had not been seen in the WWF since the previous year's Survivor Series. On the final episode of "SmackDown!" prior to Backlash, Austin made his first WWF appearance in 6 months, where he dropped a concrete barrier from a crane onto the "DX Express" bus, causing it to explode.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: The event opened with Edge and Christian defending the WWF Tag Team Championship against D-Generation X (X-Pac and Road Dogg). X-Pac performed an X Factor on Edge but the referee was distracted, allowing Christian to attack X-Pac with the ring bell. Christian pinned X-Pac to retain the title.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: Next, Dean Malenko defended the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship against Scotty 2 Hotty. Scotty attempted a Superplex on Malenko, who countered into a Super DDT on Scotty to retain the title.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: After that, The APA (Faarooq and Bradshaw) faced The Big Boss Man and Bull Buchanan. Boss Man attacked Bradshaw with a nightstick and Buchanan performed a Scissors Kick on Bradshaw to win the match.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: Later, Crash Holly defended the WWF Hardcore Championship against Matt Hardy, Jeff Hardy, Hardcore Holly, Perry Saturn, and Tazz. Tazz applied the Tazzmission on Hardcore Holly but Saturn hit Tazz with a Stop sign to break the hold. After Matt and Jeff dove onto Saturn and Hardcore Holly, Crash pinned Tazz to retain the title.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: Next, The Big Show, impersonating Hulk Hogan, faced Kurt Angle. Big Show performed a Chokeslam on Angle to win the match.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: After that, The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) faced T & A (Test and Albert). Trish Stratus distracted Bubba, allowing Test to perform a Big Boot on Bubba to win the match. After the match, Bubba put Trish through a table.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: Later, Eddie Guerrero defended the WWF European Championship against Essa Rios. Guerrero performed a Spinning Crucifix Toss dropped into a Neckbreaker on Rios to retain the title.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: In the eighth match, Chris Benoit defended the WWF Intercontinental Championship against Chris Jericho. Benoit applied the Crippler Crossface on Jericho but Jericho countered the hold into the Walls of Jericho, with Benoit touching the ropes to force Jericho to break the hold. After the referee was incapacitated, Benoit hit Jericho with the title belt for a near-fall. Benoit attempted a Diving Headbutt on Jericho but Jericho countered by attacking Benoit with the title belt after the referee recovered, meaning Benoit won by disqualification and retained the title. Upset by the decision, Jericho put referee Tim White in the Walls of Jericho after the match.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: In the main event, Triple H defended the WWF Championship against The Rock with Shane McMahon as the special guest referee. Vince McMahon hit Rock with the title belt and Triple H pinned Rock for a near-fall. After Shane refused to count out Triple H, Rock performed a double Rock Bottom through an announce table on Triple H and Shane. Triple H performed a Pedigree on Rock whilst Pat Patterson and Gerald Brisco appeared to officiate the match. Triple H pinned Rock for a near-fall. Vince hit Rock with a chair and told Patterson and Brisco to make a fast count. Stone Cold Steve Austin appeared and hit Triple H, Patterson, Brisco, Shane and Vince with a chair. Linda McMahon appeared with Earl Hebner and Hebner officiated the match. Rock performed a Spinebuster and a People's Elbow on Triple H to win the title.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: After the match, as the Rock celebrated, Austin returned to the ring, driving his truck and towing the burned-out wreck of the "DX Express" bus behind it, and joined the Rock in celebration with a couple of beers.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: Backlash 2000 received 675,000 buys, up from 398,000 received by Backlash 1999. The event has been praised and cited by many as the best post-WrestleMania pay-per-view of all time and one of the best secondary pay-per-views of all time. Dave Meltzer of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" rated the Intercontinental Title match 3.75 out of 5 stars, the same rating as the main event. The highest rated match was Dean Malenko vs. Scotty 2 Hotty for the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship, rated 4 out of 5 stars. Angle vs. Show was rated 0 stars, the WWF Tag Team Championship Match was rated 3 stars and Guerrero vs. Rios received 2.75 stars.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: The ongoing feud between The Rock and the McMahon-Helmsley Faction would continue for the next couple months. On "Raw Is War" the Monday after Backlash, Vince made The Rock defend his WWF Championship against Shane in a cage match, which The Rock was successful in defending the title. Triple H would end up getting a rematch at Judgment Day, an Iron Man Match, with Triple H's old friend, Shawn Michaels, as the guest referee. Triple H would get the deciding victory in the final seconds when The Undertaker interfered, attacking Triple H, which Michaels called as a victory by disqualification for Triple H, giving Triple H back the WWF Championship. The Undertaker, now in a new biker gimmick, joined The Rock in a feud with The Faction, with Kane joining in as well, which culminated in a 3-on-3 tag team match at King of the Ring against Triple H, Vince, and Shane, where The Rock won the WWF Championship again by pinning Vince.


title: Backlash (2000)

text: Meanwhile, Austin would not appear on WWF television again until September (building into Unforgiven), when he would start to investigate who ran him over at the Survivor Series the year before.


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum ("Where Am I, Where Are You") is an Indian romantic drama television series that aired from 17 June 2019 to 14 March 2020 on Star Plus. Produced by Sandiip Sikcand under SOL Productions, it starred Karan Grover and Dipika Kakar.


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: "Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum" revolves around the lives of Dr. Rohit Sippy and Sonakshi Rastogi, two different individuals belonging to different worlds unaware of the fact that their worlds, though poles apart, are meant to collide.


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: Calm and practical, Dr. Rohit Sippy is a heart surgeon, swearing by logic and science. Chirpy and vivacious, Sonakshi Rastogi is a television actress, living in a world of fiction and dreams. The two are broken souls with troubled pasts. Rohit's former girlfriend Raima has been comatose for four years. Sonakshi was betrayed by her former boyfriend Karan. Rohit and Sonakshi meet but their worlds are poles apart. They bicker and argue, but slowly see each other in a new light and become friends.


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: Sonakshi falls in love with Rohit. Unable to move on at first, Rohit refuses to acknowledge his feelings for Sonakshi but later realises his love for her. Raima finally wakes up from coma. Stubborn at first, she later understands their love and leaves. Free from guilt, Rohit marries Sonakshi. He reveals that his father Naren cheated on his mother Veena, by having an extramarital affair with another woman. Pooja who was adopted by Naren's sister Nishi Sippy and her husband Yash Kapoor, treat her like their daughter. But in reality, Pooja is Naren's daughter from the extra-marital affair.


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: Rohit's brother Rohan, whose wife Tanya is pregnant, has an affair with Sonakshi's sister Pari. When this comes out, Veena slaps Pari. Sonakshi and Pari's mother Suman reveals Naren's truth to Veena, shattering her. Naren plans to transfer ownership of his property to Veena and Pooja. Nishi, who wants the property tries to kill him and blames Sonakshi. Pari turns out to be pregnant with Rohan's child. Tanya miscarries. Nishi blackmails Rohit to divorce Sonakshi. Helpless, he agrees. Sonakshi believes Rohit betrayed her and loses her faith in love.


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: Sonakshi loses her job and is searching for work. Rohit has separated himself from his family. Nishi has taken over the property. Discharged from the hospital, Naren is on a wheelchair. Pari plots to get Rohan back to secure her child's future but Sonakshi reprimands her. Rohit gets affected by a virus in her attempts to save him. When Sonakshi finds out the truth, she reunites with Rohit and they expose Nishi, getting her arrested. Veena throws Rohan out. Aakash and Deepa marry, while Rohit and Sonakshi get remarried.


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: In May 2019, Saif Ali Khan introduced Karan Grover and Dipika Kakar as Dr. Rohit Sippy and Sonakshi Rastogi.


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: In February 2020, Grover confirmed about the series going off air on 14 March 2020. The shooting of the series wrapped up on 28 February 2020.


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: In September 2019, Farnaz Shetty joined the cast as Raima Sengupta. In December 2019, Kishwer Merchant replaced Tanaaz Irani as Nishi Sippy.


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: The series maintained its position in top 11 to 20 shows throughout its runtime with a decent viewership. It


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: Producer Sandiip Sikcand speaking about the end of the series said, “The ratings never went above 1.8. The moment we brought in some drama during Sonakshi's wedding, which was very TV— a psychopath lover and all that, the ratings touched 2.3. And everybody was abusing us. So we said wedding is done, let's come back to our normal KHKT storytelling. Again we came down to 1.7-1.8. And then when the whole drama against Sonakshi was going on we touched a 1.9 again. All this analysis has made one thing very clear, that online everyone say, 'excellent show', but that does not translate into ratings." SOL productions founder and managing director Fazila Allana explained, “Star had maintained from the start that they want to break the 2 GRP barrier for the 9pm slot. It is a tough spot and is against a number one show. We came close but couldn't cross it. The channel probably had their own research and decided that they want to experiment with a different kind of story. Even KHKT was an experiment and it worked up to a point.”


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: "Times Now" said, “Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum is a fresh, never seen before love story between a television actress and a doctor.”


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: "Times of India" noted, “Dipika and Karan's fresh pairing looks quite interesting. Both of them have perfectly portrayed their inner vulnerabilities.”


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: "The Indian Express" stated, “Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum is different from what Indian television has to offer now.”


title: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

text: "The Quint" reviewed, “Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum steers clear of melodrama, and takes a more realistic approach. And the ensuing drama is also peppered with a good dose of well-written humour and lighthearted moments. Dipika is very natural, looks beautiful and really owns every scene she is in, proving her versatility as an actor. Karan's expressions and comic timing really work for the show. Karan and Dipika's onscreen relationship is progressive, and their chemistry, in comic, emotional and romantic scenes, is easy and refreshing.”


title: National Development Council (India)

text: The National Development Council (NDC) or Rashtriya Vikas Parishad is the apex body for decision creating and deliberations on development matters in India, presided over by the Prime Minister. It was set up on 6 August 1952 to strengthen and mobilize the effort and resources of the nation in support of the Five Year Plans made by Planning Commission, to promote common economic policies in all vital spheres, and to ensure the balanced and rapid development of all parts of the country. The Council comprises the Prime Minister, the Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief Ministers of all States or their substitutes, representatives of the Union Territories and the members of the NITI Aayog (erstwhile Planning Commission).


title: National Development Council (India)

text: NDC (National Development Council) has been proposed to be abolished. But till date no resolution has been passed to abolish it. Since the inception of NITI Aayog's Governing Council (which has almost the same composition and roles as NDC), the NDC has had no work assigned to it nor did it have any meetings. During the tenure of former Prime Ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh it was felt that Planning Commission has outlived its life and needs some reform. In 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced Planning Commission's abolition and created NITI Aayog through an executive resolution.↵It is neither a constitutional body nor a statutory body..


title: National Development Council (India)

text: The first meeting was chaired by Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru on 8–9 November 1952. So far 57 meetings had been held. The 57th Meeting of National Development Council was held on 27 December 2012 at Vidhan Bhavan, Mumbai.


title: National Development Council (India)

text: The National Development Council is presided over by the Prime Minister of India and includes all Union Ministers, Chief Ministers of all the States and Administrators of Union Territories and Members of the NITI Aayog. Ministers of State with independent charge are also invited to the deliberations of the Council.


title: National Development Council (India)

text: The 56th meeting of NDC was held on 22 October 2011 to consider the 12th Plan approach paper. The meeting was presided over by Dr Manmohan Singh Prime Minister of India. Dr Montek Singh Ahluwalia, the Dy Chairman of Planning Commission, raised six major issues for consideration at the NDC:


title: National Development Council (India)

text: 1. Determining the state level five year plans for the Twelfth Plan period early and set targets for growth and other social indicators. They need to be built into consistent national targets for the Twelfth Plan. Create an economic environment that would support the efforts of farmers and entrepreneurs. It will determine much of the outcome in terms of the flow of investment to the State, and the growth of both output and employment.


title: National Development Council (India)

text: 2. Mobilization and allocation of resources for the Plan. Since inclusive growth depends on the development of rural and urban infrastructure, provision of health services extension of education and skill development, adequate provisioning shall be done for these sectors. Centre’s Gross Budgetary Support for the Plan as a ratio of GDP shall be increased while reducing the fiscal deficit. That requires raising of the ratio of tax revenues to GDP, and cut untargeted subsidies. States have to aim at much better revenue performance and also exercise progressive control over subsidies. Early implementation of the GST would not only raise more revenue for both the Centre and the States, it would also create a single market in the country and remove many of the distortions in the indirect tax system. Both the Centre and the States must explore the scope for public private partnership, wherever possible to leverage limited public resources.


title: National Development Council (India)

text: 3. Agriculture needs more attention and priority at State Government levels (e.g. exempting horticultural products entirely from the application of the APMC Act.)


title: National Development Council (India)

text: 4. Management of energy resources will be a major challenge because rapid growth will require a significant expansion in domestic energy supplies and also a much greater focus on energy efficiency. The viability of the power sector as a whole depends critically upon the financial viability of the distribution system. The total losses of the distribution system, if properly accounted, are probably as high as Rs 70,000 crores. If the States could cover these losses by subsidies, the system would not be at risk. However, state budgets cannot provide subsidies on this scale and the losses are effectively being funded by the banking system. AT&C losses shall be reduced to 15% by the end of the Twelfth Plan. The electricity tariffs have to be adjusted in line with costs. There is an urgent need to implement a package of distribution reforms combined with tariff increases, which will make the distribution companies viable for all additional sales. The Twelfth Plan version of the Accelerated Power Development Reform Programme should be tailored to provide resources to States taking credible steps along these lines. New energy efficient building standards should be made mandatory.


title: National Development Council (India)

text: 5. Management of water resources - demand for water in the country is outstripping supply, leading to serious water shortages and unsustainable drawal of ground water in many parts of the country. Whereas we increase the amount of water that is effectively available, the real solution lies in increasing the efficiency of water use. At present, almost 80% of our water is used in agriculture, and it is used very inefficiently. Water use in agriculture can be cut to half with known technology, e.g., by switching from flood irrigation of paddy to SRI. Water availability can be improved by treating sewage water before it enters our fresh water system. At present, only about 30% of sewage water is treated. There are similar problems with industrial effluents. With urbanisation and industrialisation set to accelerate, these pressures on our fresh water systems will increase. Corrective action in all these areas lies largely in the domain of state governments. The Approach paper called for a comprehensive re-examination of water policy including changes in the laws. It also calls for empowered water regulatory authorities which can ensure effective allocation of water to different uses and also different areas. Some States have introduced innovative schemes for rational use of water by involving farmers actively. Future assistance under AIBP should be linked to moves which ensure more rational use of water.


title: National Development Council (India)

text: 6. Improve implementation of Plan schemes on the ground. Over the past several years, we have greatly expanded the volume of resources devoted to various flagship programmes in health, education, clean drinking water, sanitation, area development programme, etc. The while these schemes focus on the right areas, their implementation leaves a great deal to be desired. Report of the Chaturvedi Committee made a number of recommendations on the need for streamlining the centrally sponsored schemes. Ways of improving governance, promoting innovation, extending e-governance to the panchayat level, introducing transparency in government programmes and use of the UID number combined with the benefits of IT become areas of priority. The Aadhar platform can be used to improve efficiency in many of these programmes. The Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System will be used to serve as a management information and decision support system which will enable tracking of the Central government disbursements under a Centrally Sponsored Scheme. There is a need to track funds from the State Governments down through different levels in the state Government to the final expenditure incurred at the implementing level.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Karyn Kupcinet (born Roberta Lynn Kupcinet; March 6, 1941 – November 28, 1963) was an American stage, film, and television actress. She is the daughter of Chicago newspaper columnist and television personality Irv Kupcinet.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Karyn Kupcinet had a brief acting career during the early 1960s. Six days after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, her body was found at her West Hollywood, California home. With her death officially ruled an unsolved homicide, and occurring so close to the JFK assassination, her name has become one of hundreds added to the multiplicity of theories that emerged after the assassination. In the 1960s, Irv Kupcinet publicly dismissed the theories linking his daughter to the president's death. In 1992, "The Today Show" referred briefly via a caption to her alleged connection to the assassination, which prompted Irv Kupcinet to describe the television broadcast as "an atrocious outrage" and "calumny". Karyn Kupcinet's death remains officially unsolved.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Kupcinet was born Roberta Lynn Kupcinet in Chicago, Illinois to Irv Kupcinet, a sportswriter for the "Chicago Daily Times", and his wife, Esther Kupcinet (née Solomon). She acquired the nickname "Cookie" during her childhood. She made her acting debut at age 13 in the Chicago production of "Anniversary Waltz", and went on to attend Pine Manor College for a semester, eventually studying at the Actors Studio in New York City.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Kupcinet's interest in acting was encouraged by her mother, and was given access to producers through the reputation of her father and his "Kup's Column" in the "Sun-Times". In 1961, Jerry Lewis offered Kupcinet a role in the film "The Ladies Man", where she appeared in a bit part as one of dozens of young ladies in a Hollywood boardinghouse. In 1962, she appeared in the role of Annie Sullivan in a Laguna Beach summer theater production of "The Miracle Worker". She appeared in guest roles on television, including "The Donna Reed Show", "The Wide Country", "G.E. True", "Going My Way", "The Andy Griffith Show", and "Death Valley Days". In addition to guest spots, Kupcinet had a regular role in the prime-time series "Mrs. G. Goes to College" (retitled "The Gertrude Berg Show" during its short run).


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Kupcinet's last onscreen appearance was on "Perry Mason" in the role of Penny Ames, entitled, "The Case of the Capering Camera". The episode aired on CBS on January 16, 1964, nearly two months after her death.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: By 1961, Kupcinet was living in Hollywood and was getting positive reviews for her acting. In March 1962, a "Los Angeles Times" interviewer, assigned to help Kupcinet promote "The Gertrude Berg Show", noted her talking exclusively about food and her weight.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: In December 1962, Kupcinet filmed a guest-star appearance on "The Wide Country" and had her first meeting with one of the series' stars, Andrew Prine, and began a relationship with him. However, the relationship was problematic; Kupcinet was abusing diet pills along with other prescription drugs, and she had been arrested for shoplifting.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: The problems in Kupcinet's relationship with Prine were mainly due to Prine's objections to making the relationship exclusive. After Kupcinet underwent an illegal abortion in July 1963, the relationship cooled and Prine began dating other women. In turn, Kupcinet began spying on Prine and his new girlfriend.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department later determined Kupcinet had delivered threatening and profane messages, consisting of words and letters she had cut out of magazines, to Prine and herself. When Prine told her by telephone about anonymous messages that had been Scotch-taped to the door of his Los Angeles house, she said she had received them, too. They met to show the messages to each other. She seemed puzzled. Soon after her death, investigators for the sheriff's department found her fingerprints on the papers and the Scotch tape.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: The weight problems had started in high school when Kupcinet began taking diet pills. Her weight remained an issue while at Pine Manor College. The pressure to stay thin intensified after Kupcinet arrived in Hollywood, and she soon began abusing diet pills along with other prescription drugs.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: On the last day of her life, Kupcinet had dinner with future "Lost in Space" cast member Mark Goddard and his wife, Marcia Rogers Goddard, at their house on Coldwater Canyon Drive in Beverly Hills (near Mulholland Drive). (Later in Marcia’s life she became a prominent art consultant, art collector and political activist based in Los Angeles.) The Goddards expected her to arrive at 6:30 pm, but she showed up in a taxicab an hour late. The couple later said Kupcinet only toyed with her food during the meal and avoided eating. Marcia Goddard told two officers from the L.A. County Sheriff's Office that during dinner with Kupcinet (Marcia’s statements have been paraphrased by author James Ellroy) "... her lips seemed numb. Her voice was funny. She moved her head at odd angles." The Goddards also noticed that her pupils were constricted.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Mark Goddard told authorities that he confronted Kupcinet about her altered state during the meal, and she began to cry, putting her arm around him. At one point during the meal, Kupcinet told her friends an unsubstantiated story about a baby that had been abandoned on her doorstep earlier that day. At 8:30 pm, a taxicab arrived to take her home, and she promised to telephone the Goddards soon.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Kupcinet apparently went straight home after dining with her friends. She was visited by freelance writer Edward Stephen Rubin shortly afterward. The two were then joined by actor Robert Hathaway around 9:30 pm. They told detectives they watched TV, including "The Danny Kaye Show", with Kupcinet. They all drank coffee until she fell asleep, sitting next to them on the couch. She awoke and went to her room. The men either turned the TV set off or simply lowered the volume (three days later it was still playing with a low volume), and made sure the door was locked behind them before departing at about 11:15 pm. Hathaway said Rubin and he returned to his place and were later joined by Kupcinet's boyfriend, Andrew Prine, who was also Hathaway's neighbor. The three young men watched television and talked until around 3:00 am.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: The Goddards went to Kupcinet's apartment on November 30, after she failed to telephone the couple as promised. Mark Goddard later stated that he had a "funny feeling" that something was wrong. Upon arriving at Kupcinet's apartment, the couple found her nude body lying on the couch. Mark Goddard initially assumed that she had died from a drug overdose. Upon searching Kupcinet's apartment, investigators from the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office found prescriptions for Desoxyn, Miltown, Amvicel, and other medications. Authorities also found a note written by Kupcinet that reflected in some detail her emotions regarding issues in her life (i.e., parents, self-image, problems with boyfriend) and people she admired.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Coroner Harold Kade concluded that due to the fracture of the hyoid bone in Kupcinet’s throat, she had been strangled. Her death was officially ruled a homicide.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Investigators from the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office determined that the story Kupcinet had told the Goddards about an abandoned baby on her doorstep, which she had also told Andrew Prine by telephone, was false. Neither the sheriff's office nor the Los Angeles Police Department had received a report of a baby found abandoned anywhere in her apartment building on the day before or after Kupcinet's murder.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: During the course of their investigation, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department named Andrew Prine as one of their chief suspects. When questioned by law enforcement, Prine said he had talked with Kupcinet twice by phone on Wednesday, the day before her murder, claiming he was trying to patch up a lover's quarrel between them. Detectives considered it possible that after Prine learned the anonymous threat letters both he and Kupcinet had received had been created by Kupcinet herself, that and their unresolved argument gave him a motive for murder. In addition, both Edward Rubin and Robert Hathaway, the two men who had possibly been the last to see her alive, were friends of Prine. They were also eventually named as suspects.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: In 1988, Kupcinet's father Irv published a memoir in which he revealed that he and his wife Essee believed that Andrew Prine had nothing to do with their daughter's


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: murder. He was suspicious of a person, still alive when he wrote his memoir, who had no connection to Prine.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Kupcinet's death was first mentioned in connection with the John F. Kennedy assassination in 1967 by researcher Penn Jones Jr. in the self-published book "Forgive My Grief II". Jones cited an Associated Press wire service story about an unidentified woman who placed a phone call on November 22, 1963, from the vicinity of Oxnard, California, about fifty miles northwest of Los Angeles, and Jones claimed this woman was Kupcinet.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: The woman, who dialed her local operator roughly twenty minutes before the shooting of the president in Dallas, stated that he was going to be shot. Jones alleged that "Karyn Kupcinet" was attempting to warn someone of the impending assassination. Jones claimed that she was told of the imminent assassination by her father Irv, who allegedly had been given advance notice by Jack Ruby, the Dallas nightclub owner who fatally shot President Kennedy's accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald. Jones speculated that Irv Kupcinet may have met Ruby in Chicago in the 1940s.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Jones speculated Karyn Kupcinet had been murdered by representatives of the Italian-American Mafia who silenced her and sent a message to her father to remain silent about why President Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald had been shot and who was actually responsible.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Irv Kupcinet denied that he or his daughter had prior knowledge of the shootings of the president or Oswald. This was supported by Kupcinet's friends, actor Earl Holliman, Holliman's then-girlfriend, and Karyn's boyfriend Andrew Prine, all of whom traveled to Palm Springs with Karyn on November 22. Kupcinet reportedly seemed upset and shocked about television and radio coverage of the shootings that she saw and heard in Palm Springs. She did not reveal any foreknowledge of the events.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: In 2013, the "Ventura County Star" commemorated the 50th anniversary of the JFK assassination with a long article about the unknown woman who had used a phone in the vicinity of Oxnard, 50 miles away from Karyn Kupcinet's home, immediately before the assassination. Citing FBI documents that were declassified decades after the events of November 1963, the "Ventura County Star" article claims that two telephone operators with General Telephone Company who listened to the unknown woman talking for approximately fifteen minutes gave the FBI a description of her voice. FBI agents questioned the two operators several hours after the assassination. Their description of the woman's voice did not match Kupcinet's, especially in regard to Kupcinet's age. The 2013 "Ventura County Star" article adds that the two operators believed the woman on the phone was "mentally disturbed".


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: Regarding Irv Kupcinet's alleged connection to Jack Ruby, the Warren Commission did not find any proof that Kupcinet had interacted with Ruby in Chicago before 1947, when Ruby moved from Chicago to Dallas. The Commission questioned many Chicagoans who had interacted with Ruby. None of them had prior knowledge that he was going to shoot Oswald.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: In the early 1990s, during the production and subsequent release of Oliver Stone's film "JFK", Irv Kupcinet attacked the movie and the theories surrounding it. When the film's box-office success led to a wave of media attention about the JFK conspiracy, NBC's "Today Show" broadcast a list of mysterious deaths, including that of Karyn Kupcinet. Irv Kupcinet responded to the "Today" broadcast in his column in the "Chicago Sun-Times" of February 9, 1992:


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: The book left the impression that some on the list may have been killed to silence them because of knowledge of the assassination. Nothing could be further from the truth in my daughter's case. The list apparently has developed a life of its own and for "Today" to repeat the calumny is reprehensible. Karyn no longer can suffer pain by such an inexcusable mention, but her parents and her brother Jerry can.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: On September 30, 1999, an episode of "E! True Hollywood Story", titled "Death of a Dream: Karyn Kupcinet", detailed Kupcinet's life and theories regarding her death.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: In 1971, Irv Kupcinet and his wife also founded the Karyn Kupcinet International School for Science, a summer research internships program at the Weizmann Institute of Science.


title: Karyn Kupcinet

text: In 2007, Kupcinet's niece, actress Kari Kupcinet-Kriser, and Washburn University professor Paul Fecteau, began work on a book about Kupcinet's unsolved murder.


title: PeerTube

text: PeerTube is a free and open-source, decentralized, ActivityPub federated video platform powered by WebTorrent, that uses peer-to-peer technology to reduce load on individual servers when viewing videos.


title: PeerTube

text: Started in 2017 by a programmer known as "Chocobozzz", development of PeerTube is now supported by the French non-profit Framasoft. The aim is to provide an alternative to centralized platforms such as YouTube, Vimeo, and Dailymotion.


title: PeerTube

text: Each PeerTube instance provides a website to browse and watch videos, and is by default independent from others in terms of appearance, features and rules.


title: PeerTube

text: Several instances, with common rules (e.g. allowing for similar content, requiring registration) can form federations, where they follow one's videos, even though each video is stored only by the instance that published it. Federations are independent from each other and asymmetrical: one instance can follow another to display their videos without them having to do the same. Instances' administrators can each choose to mirror individual videos or whole friend instances, creating an incentive to build communities of shared bandwidth.


title: PeerTube

text: Videos are made available via HTTP to download, but playback favors a peer-to-peer playback using HLS and WebTorrent. Users connected to the platform act as relay points that send pieces of video to other users, lessening the bandwidth of each to the server and thus allowing smaller hardware to operate at a lower cost.


title: PeerTube

text: PeerTube was created by a web developer known as "Chocobozzz" as a peer-to-peer alternative to YouTube, utilizing the WebTorrent protocol to share videos. He was contacted in 2017 by Framasoft, which had a campaign called "Contributopia", the goal of which is to create alternatives to centralized platforms. In order to support him and his work, notably on improving the design and usability, Framasoft hired the developer.


title: PeerTube

text: In 2018, Framasoft launched a crowdfunding on which raised €53,100 — more than double the initial goal of €20,000.


title: PeerTube

text: The first beta of PeerTube was released in March 2018 and the first stable version in October 2018. In June 2018, only a few months after the first beta, 113 instances are publicly available on the web that together host more than videos.


title: PeerTube

text: In June 2018, as a result of its videos disappearing amid changes regarding the monetization of YouTube channels, the Blender Foundation began experimenting with hosting a PeerTube instance to distribute copies of the foundation's videos.


title: PeerTube

text: In May 2020, Framasoft published a roadmap of the software for the later half of the year and created a fundraising campaign requiring €60,000 for aiding the development.


title: PeerTube

text: Five months later (on October 2020), PeerTube announced that they reached their fundraising goal of €60,000 after a €10,000 donation from Debian. Throughout the later half of 2020, PeerTube has added features such as global search, improved playlists, and more moderation tools.


title: PeerTube

text: End 2020, the meta-search engine Sepia Search was launched by Framasoft, allowing a global search on all PeerTube instances at once. To-date (2021) Sepia Search totalises close to 800 individual instances.


title: PeerTube

text: In January 2021, Framasoft announced the release of PeerTube v3.0 with the help of the successful fundraising campaign.


title: PeerTube

text: On April, the 28th of 2022, the "European Data Protection Supervisor" (EDPS) launched the official ActivityPub video platform EU Video of the EU institutions, bodies and agencies (EUIs), based on PeerTube.


title: PeerTube

text: PeerTube uses WebTorrent technology. Each server hosts a torrent tracker and each web browser viewing a video also shares it. This allows to share the load between the server itself and the clients as well as the bandwidth used through P2P technology.


title: PeerTube

text: The system works via a federation of instances run by independent entities. Each PeerTube server can host any number of videos by itself, and can additionally federate with other servers to let users watch their videos in the same user interface. This federation permits collectively hosting a large number of videos in a unified platform, without having to build an infrastructure comparable to that of the web giants. Each server is operated by and stays under the sole administration of a distinct entity.


title: PeerTube

text: PeerTube uses the ActivityPub protocol in order to allow decentralization and compatibility with other fediverse services, which can prevent vendor lock-in and makes it more resilient against censorship.


title: PeerTube

text: The software relies on the PostgreSQL DBMS and is integrated in popular video platforms like Reddit and Kodi.


title: Iqbal Masih

text: Iqbal Masih (; 1983 – 16 April 1995) was a Pakistani Christian child labourer and activist who campaigned against abusive child labour in Pakistan.


title: Iqbal Masih

text: He was assassinated on 16 April 1995. On 23 March 2022, he was posthumously awarded with the Sitara-e-Shujaat by the government of Pakistan.


title: Iqbal Masih

text: Explaining the background behind bonded labourers in Pakistan, American professor C. Christine Fair states that "Large numbers of Christians in the Punjab and Sindh, in particular, are trapped in bonded labour or slavery in work like brick kilns and carpet-weaving. Around 80% of brick kiln workers in some areas are Christians working to pay off family debts long since paid in absolute terms, yet who are illiterate and remain powerless to do anything about their circumstances. The plight of Pakistan's bonded labourers came to international attention briefly with…12-year-old Christian Iqbal Masih".


title: Iqbal Masih

text: Iqbal Masih was born in 1983 in Muridke, a commercial city outside of Lahore in Punjab, Pakistan, into a poor Catholic Christian family. At the age of four, he was sent to work by his family to help them pay off their debts. Iqbal's family borrowed 600 rupees (less than US$12.00 at the time) from a local employer who owned a carpet weaving business. In return, Iqbal was required to work as a carpet weaver until the debt was paid off. Every day, he would rise before dawn and make his way along dark country roads to the factory, where he and most of the other children were tightly bound with chains to the carpet looms to prevent escape. Iqbal knew his debt would not be paid off any time soon and one day could not take it anymore. He ripped one of the carpets and got into serious trouble with the home factory owner Hussain Khan.


title: Iqbal Masih

text: At the age of 10, Iqbal escaped his slavery, after learning that bonded labour had been declared illegal by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. He escaped and attempted to report his employer Ashad to the police, but the police brought him back to the factory seeking a finder's fee for returning escaped bonded labourers. Iqbal escaped a second time and attended the Bonded Labour Liberation Front (BLLF) school for former child slaves and quickly completed a four-year education in only two years. Iqbal helped over 3,000 Pakistani children that were in bonded labour escape to freedom and made speeches about child labour all over the world.


title: Iqbal Masih

text: He expressed a desire to become a lawyer to better equip him to free bonded labourers, and he began to visit other countries, including Sweden and the United States, to share his story, encouraging others to join the fight to eradicate child slavery.


title: Iqbal Masih

text: In 1994 he received the Reebok Human Rights Award in Boston, and in his acceptance speech he said: "I am one of those millions of children who are suffering in Pakistan through bonded labour and child labour, but I am lucky that due to the efforts of Bonded Labour Liberation Front, I go out in freedom I am standing in front of you here today. After my freedom, I joined BLLF School and I am studying in that school now. For us slave children, Ehsan Ullah Khan and BLLF have done the same work that Abraham Lincoln did for the slaves of America. Today, you are free and I am free too."


title: Iqbal Masih

text: Iqbal was fatally shot by the "carpet mafia," a gang that killed slaves if they ran away from a carpet factory; while visiting relatives in Muridke on 16 April 1995, Easter Sunday. He was only 12 years old.


title: Iqbal Masih

text: His mother said she did not believe her son had been the victim of a plot by the "carpet mafia". However, the BLLF disagreed because Iqbal had received death threats from individuals connected to the Pakistani carpet industry. His funeral was attended by approximately 800 mourners.


title: Iqbal Masih

text: Following his death, Pakistani economic elites responded to declining carpet sales by denying that they were using bonded child labour in their factories and by employing the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) to brutally harass and arrest activists working for the BLLF. The Pakistani press conducted a smear campaign against the BLLF, arguing that child labourers received high wages and favourable working conditions.


title: Khoa

text: Khoa, khoya, khowa or mawa is a dairy food widely used in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, encompassing India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. It is made of either dried whole milk or milk thickened by heating in an open iron pan. It is lower in moisture than typical fresh cheeses such as ricotta. It is made up of whole milk instead of whey.


title: Khoa

text: A concentration of milk to one-fifth volume is normal in the production of khoa. Khoa is used as the base for a wide variety of Indian sweets. About 600,000 metric tons are produced annually in India. Khoa is made from both cow and water buffalo milk. Khoa is made by simmering full-fat milk in a large, shallow iron pan for several hours over a medium fire. The gradual evaporation of its water content leaves only the milk solids. The ideal temperature to avoid scorching is about . Another quick way of making khoa is to add full fat milk powder to skimmed milk and mixing and heating until it becomes thick. This may, however, not have the same characteristics as traditionally made khoa.


title: Khoa

text: Khoa is normally white or pale yellow. If prepared in the winter, it may be saved for use in the summer, and may acquire a green tinge and grainier texture from a harmless surface mould. This is called "hariyali" (green khoa) and is used in recipes where the khoa is thoroughly cooked, e.g., "gulab jamun". With the advent of refrigeration, the production of hariyali is rare.


title: Khoa

text: Khoa is classified into different types, based on moisture content. Different types of khoa are used for different preparations.


title: Pete Sessions

text: Peter Anderson Sessions (born March 22, 1955) is an American politician from Texas who is the U.S. representative for Texas's 17th congressional district. A member of the Republican Party, he has served in the U.S. House of Representatives for 11 terms. He chaired the House Rules Committee from 2013 to 2019 and is a former chair of the National Republican Congressional Committee. He was defeated for reelection by Democrat Colin Allred in 2018. On October 3, 2019, Sessions announced that he was running for Congress again in 2020. He was elected to the 17th district congressional seat on November 3, 2020.


title: Pete Sessions

text: Sessions was born in Waco, Texas, the son of Alice June (née Lewis) and William Steele Sessions, a former director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He grew up in Waco and in the suburbs of Washington, D.C. In 1978, he graduated from Southwestern University, where he was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. He worked for Southwestern Bell for 16 years and rose to the rank of district manager for marketing in Dallas.


title: Pete Sessions

text: The Boy Scouts of America recognized Sessions as a "Distinguished Eagle Scout." He holds a position on the Circle Ten Council of the BSA. His two sons are also active in scouting.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 1991, Sessions finished sixth in a special election for the House of Representatives. In 1993, he left his job with Southwestern Bell to again run for Congress, against 5th District incumbent Democratic Representative John Bryant. He toured the district with a livestock trailer full of horse manure, claiming that the Clinton Administration's health care plan stank more than the manure. He lost by 2,400 votes. He subsequently became vice president for public policy at the National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA), a Dallas-based conservative public policy research institute.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 1996, when Bryant ran for a Senate seat, Sessions was elected to succeed him in the 5th District, defeating Democratic nominee John Pouland with 47% of the vote. He was reelected in 1998, defeating schoolteacher Victor Morales with 56% of the vote. In 2000, he defeated Regina Montoya Coggins with 54% of the vote. When redistricting after the 2000 census made the 5th slightly more Democratic, he moved to the newly created 32nd District, in which he ran in the 2002 election and defeated Pauline Dixon with 68% of the vote.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2004, Sessions defeated 13-term Democratic incumbent Martin Frost, who had moved to the 32nd after redistricting in 2003 eliminated Frost's former district. Sessions won 54–44% in what was considered the most expensive U.S. House race in the nation. According to the Associated Press, "The race also was one of the nastiest, with Frost unearthing a decades-old streaking incident by Sessions in his college days and questioning his commitment to security with an ad featuring the World Trade Center towers in flames. In response, he criticized Frost for booking Peter Yarrow of the 1960s group Peter, Paul and Mary for a fundraiser. Yarrow had faced an indecency with a child charge years earlier."


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2010, Sessions faced Dallas businessman and attorney Grier Raggio and Libertarian John Jay Myers. The election was initially considered one of the top dark-horse battles in the country, but Sessions was reelected. In 2012, he faced Democratic candidate Katherine Savers McGovern and independent candidate Seth Hollis. Sessions was endorsed by the "Dallas Morning News" and was reelected. In the 2014 Republican primary, Sessions defeated conservative Katrina Pierson, an African American aligned with the Tea Party movement, polling 28,954 votes (63.6%) to her 16,560 (36.4%). Pierson, originally allied with U.S. Senator Ted Cruz, later joined Donald Trump's presidential campaign staff.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2016, Sessions polled 49,632 votes (61.4%) to gain renomination in the Republican primary, which had a much greater turnout than in 2014. The runner-up, Russ K. Ramsland of Dallas, received 19,105 votes (23.6%). Paul M. Brown of Richardson received 9,488 (11.7%), and Cherie Myint Roughneen received 2,601 (3.2%).


title: Pete Sessions

text: Sessions lost his bid for reelection in 2018 to Democrat Colin Allred, a former professional NFL football player.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In October 2019, Sessions announced his candidacy for the 2020 election in Texas's 17th congressional district, about from his former district. The district includes his boyhood home Waco, and Sessions bought a house there soon after announcing his candidacy. Sessions's bid received a chilly reception from some Republicans in the district, including the retiring incumbent, Bill Flores, but he led the field in a crowded 12-way Republican primary–the real contest in this heavily Republican district. He then defeated healthcare executive Renee Swann in a runoff, securing the Republican nomination and all but assuring his return to Congress.


title: Pete Sessions

text: Through August 2017, Sessions voted with his party in 98.8% of votes in the 115th session of Congress and voted in line with President Trump's position in 97.5% of votes.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In November 1997, Sessions was one of 18 House Republicans to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry against President Bill Clinton. The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations. This was an early effort to impeach Clinton, predating the eruption of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. That scandal led to a more serious effort to impeach Clinton in 1998. On October 8, 1998, Sessions voted for legislation to open an impeachment inquiry. On December 19, 1998, he voted in favor of all four proposed articles of impeachment against Clinton (only two of which received the majority of votes needed to be adopted).


title: Pete Sessions

text: Sessions voted against the second impeachment of Donald Trump after the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In the 2010 election, while he was chair of the National Republican Congressional Committee, the party gained control of the House with a net gain of 63 seats and 89 new freshman members.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2014, Sessions was originally a candidate for the post of House majority leader, to replace Eric Cantor, but withdrew from the internal House Republican Conference election, leaving the field clear for Kevin McCarthy of California.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2012, Sessions was named chair of the House Rules Committee for the 113th Congress by Speaker of the House John Boehner. He retained his chairmanship into the 115th Congress.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In late 2001 and early 2002, Sessions cosigned letters to two Cabinet members asking them to shut down casinos operated by several Native American tribes. Within 18 months of sending the letters, he received a total of $20,500 from tribes associated with Jack Abramoff. In response to criticism, his office said that he wrote the letters because he believed that gambling is a local issue, falling under his long-held support for federalism.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2008, Sessions added a $1.6 million earmark for dirigible research to an appropriations bill. The earmark benefited a Chicago company, Jim G. Ferguson & Associates, that had no experience in government contracting or dirigible research. Former Sessions aide and convicted felon Adrian Plesha was a lobbyist for the firm. In September, Plesha sued Jim G. Ferguson & Associates for non-payment of fees and expenses connected with his lobbying effort on their behalf.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In March 2016, Sessions introduced a House resolution to "recognize magic as a rare and valuable art form and national treasure."


title: Pete Sessions

text: Sessions opposed allowing states to determine their own policies regarding the legality of cannabis and the regulation of legal cannabis markets. As chair of the House Rules Committee, he repeatedly stifled proposed amendments relaxing federal laws against cannabis, including one that would have allowed medical marijuana access to veterans in states where the drug is legal.


title: Pete Sessions

text: Sessions supported the 1033 program, under which the U.S. military transfers surplus military equipment to local law enforcement agencies; the program is controversial because of its association with militarization of police. In 2015 and 2017, he cosponsored Republican legislation to reverse the Obama administration's restrictions on the 1033 program.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2012, Sessions voted against disaster relief for the victims of Hurricane Sandy. In August 2017, in the wake of Hurricane Harvey, which devastated parts of Texas, he called for disaster relief for its victims.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2016, Sessions criticized the independent, nonpartisan Office of Congressional Ethics (OCE), calling it "a political witch hunt" and "an outside process that's very controversial, is not working well and is highly unpopular because of its original mandate and jurisdiction is hugely flawed." In 2017, he publicly defended a House Republican plan to dismantle the OCE; the plan was abandoned after a public uproar.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2017, Sessions sponsored a bill to delay for nine years the full implementation of 2015 ozone standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration; the bill passed the House, largely on party lines.


title: Pete Sessions

text: Sessions supported the North Texas Invasive Species Barrier Act of 2014, a bill that would exempt the North Texas Municipal Water District (NTMWD) from prosecution under the Lacey Act for transferring water containing invasive species from Oklahoma to Texas. The Lacey Act protects plants and wildlife by creating civil and criminal penalties for various violations, including transferring invasive species across state borders. Sessions argued that the bill was necessary to prevent "more than 1.5 million customers of the North Texas Municipal Water District" from facing "restricted access to water as a result of the discovery of invasive species in Lake Texoma."


title: Pete Sessions

text: Sessions drew controversy in 2016 when he asserted that the site of the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, the scene of a terrorist mass shooting, was not a gay club.


title: Pete Sessions

text: Sessions favors repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA or "Obamacare"). He supported the March 2017 version of the American Health Care Act, the House Republicans' replacement for the ACA. On May 4, 2017, he voted to repeal the ACA and pass the American Health Care Act.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In September 2010, Sessions remarked after watching the Princeton University men's basketball team, "How often can you go see a bunch of white guys play basketball?" He also reportedly said that the players stayed entirely below the rim. The comments were described as an allusion to the phrase "White Men Can't Jump", and were called inappropriate by New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell.


title: Pete Sessions

text: Less than two weeks after his "white guys" comments, Sessions made controversial comments about the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) giving money to and supporting "African Americans like Sanford Bishop. And when you have to retreat back to ... your hard base you're having to make tough decisions."


title: Pete Sessions

text: Sessions supported Trump's 2017 executive order imposing a temporary ban on immigration from seven predominantly Muslim nations, saying, "Just as President Obama suspended the refugee program in 2011 for six months, the Trump administration is working to protect national security by making adjustments in the refugee vetting process. It is critical that we address the threat of individuals who come to our country to create chaos and threaten our freedom."


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2017, Sessions suggested that Congress could appropriate funds for part of construction of a U.S.-Mexico border wall demanded by Trump as part of "a Republican-only bill" to continue funding the government.


title: Pete Sessions

text: Sessions came under scrutiny for his personal ties to disgraced banker Allen Stanford, who in 2012 was convicted of orchestrating a $7 billion Ponzi scheme. Sessions received over $44,000 in political contributions from Stanford and his associates. He also took multiple trips to Fire Island and to the Caribbean to attend Stanford-sponsored events; these trips included private travel on Stanford's fleet of jets and accommodations. In 2014, VICE News obtained records from Stanford's internal files that indicated that in 2007 and 2008, before the scandal came to light, Sessions had intervened on Stanford's behalf with the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control, allowing Stanford to bypass certain Cuban embargo restrictions. Also, in 2004, Sessions and two other Republican representatives, Bob Ney and John E. Sweeney, wrote to Venezuelan banking regulators, "vouching for Stanford's character when Stanford was trying to obtain a charter to open a bank in the country, at a time when regulators there were reluctant because of reports they had received that Stanford was running a Ponzi scheme and engaged in money laundering."


title: Pete Sessions

text: Sessions and Rudy Giuliani were involved in back-channel talks attempting to persuade Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro to leave office in 2018. The effort was backed in part by private interests. The negotiations were opposed by White House officials including then-National Security Adviser John Bolton, "The Washington Post" reported.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2017, Sessions, as chair of the House Rules Committee, stalled a bill imposing additional sanctions against Russia and Iran from moving to the floor, saying that some parts of the bill, which passed the Senate on a 98–2 vote, could create "huge problems to companies in Dallas, Texas, that I represent" and place them at a competitive disadvantage.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In July 2018, Sessions argued that it was unnecessary to increase federal funding for election security. The U.S. intelligence community had concluded that Russia interfered in the 2016 election and that it was continuing to interfere in election systems as of July 2018.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In early February 2009, Sessions made the following comment about the Republican Party legislative strategy in the House of Representatives: "Insurgency, we understand perhaps a little bit more because of the Taliban. And that is that they went about systematically understanding how to disrupt and change a person's entire processes." He continued: "I'm not trying to say the Republican Party is the Taliban... I'm saying an example of how you go about [it] is to change a person from their messaging to their operations to their front-line message. And we need to understand that insurgency may be required when the other side, the House leadership, does not follow the same commands, which we entered the game with."


title: Pete Sessions

text: In January 2012, it was reported that Sessions received a so-called "VIP" or "Friends of Angelo" loan in 2007 from troubled mortgage lender Countrywide Financial, which was granted at a lower interest rate than was available to the public. Former Countrywide CEO Angelo Mozilo created the program to boost the company's standing with politicians, celebrities and well-connected business figures. Sessions received a $1 million loan from Countrywide at below-market rates, which he never declared in financial disclosures. His name and those of other legislators who received similar loans subsequently appeared in a House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform's ethics investigation into improper gifts. He was cleared of any wrongdoing by the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform when its investigation found he did not receive any preferential treatment or a below-market interest rate on his mortgage from Countrywide.


title: Pete Sessions

text: During the 2013 government shutdown, after being questioned about his position on the shutdown and his presence at the National World War II Memorial, which was open while other National Park Service monuments and parks remained closed, he replied, "We're not the French; we don't surrender." As chair of the House Rules Committee, Sessions had in fact introduced HR 368 to a vote in the House, which allowed the shutdown to take place; he voted for the bill.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2022, Sessions was one of 39 Republicans to vote for the Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2022, an antitrust package that would crack down on corporations for anti-competitive behavior.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In 2008, Sessions introduced legislation that created a commemorative silver dollar coin celebrating the centennial of the Boy Scouts of America. The bill passed the House on a 403–8 vote and the Senate unanimously; it was signed into law by President George W. Bush.


title: Pete Sessions

text: On October 10, 2019, the "Texas Tribune," among other news outlets, reported that Sessions was identifiable as "Congressman-1" in an indictment by the Southern District of New York charging Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman with illegal campaign contributions aimed at removing former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Marie L. Yovanovitch. In 2018, after meeting with Parnas and Fruman, Sessions authored a letter in his capacity as House Rules Committee chair calling for Yovanovitch's removal. On October 15, "The Washington Post" reported that the grand jury investigating the matter had issued subpoenas to Sessions, with which his spokesperson said he would cooperate. Sessions denied that he took any action as a result of his meetings with Parnas and Fruman.


title: Pete Sessions

text: In February 1984, Sessions married Juanita "Nete" Diaz; the couple had two sons. In August 2011, they divorced after 27 years of marriage. In August 2012, Sessions married Karen Diebel, a 2010 congressional candidate in Florida and a Trump Administration appointee to the Millennium Challenge Corporation.


title: Volumetric flask

text: A volumetric flask (measuring flask or graduated flask) is a piece of laboratory apparatus, a type of laboratory flask, calibrated to contain a precise volume at a certain temperature. Volumetric flasks are used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard solutions. These flasks are usually pear-shaped, with a flat bottom, and made of glass or plastic. The flask's mouth is either furnished with a plastic snap/screw cap or fitted with a joint to accommodate a PTFE or glass stopper. The neck of volumetric flasks is elongated and narrow with an etched ring graduation marking. The marking indicates the volume of liquid contained when filled up to that point. The marking is typically calibrated "to contain" (marked "TC" or "IN") at 20 °C and indicated correspondingly on a label. The flask's label also indicates the nominal volume, tolerance, precision class, relevant manufacturing standard and the manufacturer's logo. Volumetric flasks are of various sizes, containing from a fraction of a milliliter to hundreds of liters of liquid.


title: Volumetric flask

text: Calibration and toleration standards for volumetric flasks are defined in the following standard specifications and practices: ASTM E288, E542, E694, ISO 1042, and GOST 1770-74. According to these specifications, volumetric flasks come in two different classes. The higher standard flasks (Class A, Class 1, USP or equivalent depending on the country) are made with a more accurately placed graduation mark, and have a unique serial number for traceability. Where this is not required, a lower standard (Class B or equivalent) is used for qualitative or educational work.


title: Volumetric flask

text: Volumetric flasks are generally colourless but may be amber-coloured for the handling of light-sensitive compounds such as silver nitrate or vitamin A.


title: Volumetric flask

text: A modification of the volumetric flask exists for dealing with large quantities of solids that are to be transferred into a volumetric vessel for dissolution. Such a flask has a wide mouth and known as a "Kohlrausch volumetric flask". This kind of volumetric flask is commonly used in analysis of the sugar content in sugar beets.


title: Volumetric flask

text: While conventional volumetric flasks have a single mark, industrial volumetric tests in analytical chemistry and food chemistry may employ specialized volumetric flasks with multiple marks to combine several accurately measured volumes.


title: Volumetric flask

text: A highly specialized kind of the volumetric flask is the "Le Chatelier flask" for use with the volumetric procedure in specific gravity determination.


title: V/STOL

text: A vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft is an airplane able to take-off or land vertically or on short runways. Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft are a subset of V/STOL craft that do not require runways at all. Generally, a V/STOL aircraft needs to be able to hover. Helicopters are not considered under the V/STOL classification as the classification is only used for aeroplanes, aircraft that achieve lift (force) in forward flight by planing the air, thereby achieving speed and fuel efficiency that is typically greater than the capability of helicopters.


title: V/STOL

text: Most V/STOL aircraft types were experiments or outright failures from the 1950s to 1970s. V/STOL aircraft types that have been produced in large numbers include the F-35B Lightning II, Harrier, Yak-38 Forger and V-22 Osprey.


title: V/STOL

text: A rolling takeoff, sometimes with a ramp (ski-jump), reduces the amount of thrust required to lift an aircraft from the ground (compared with vertical takeoff), and hence increases the payload and range that can be achieved for a given thrust. For instance, the Harrier is incapable of taking off vertically with full weapons and fuel load. Hence V/STOL aircraft generally use a runway if it is available. I.e. short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) or conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) operation is preferred to VTOL operation.


title: V/STOL

text: V/STOL was developed to allow fast jets to be operated from clearings in forests, from very short runways, and from small aircraft carriers that would previously only have been able to carry helicopters.


title: V/STOL

text: The main advantage of V/STOL aircraft is closer basing to the enemy, which reduces response time and tanker support requirements. In the case of the Falklands War, it also permitted high-performance fighter air cover and ground attack without a large aircraft carrier equipped with aircraft catapult.


title: V/STOL

text: Although many aircraft have been proposed and built, with a few being tested, the F-35B is the first and only supersonic V/STOL aircraft to have reached operational service, having entered service in 2016.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Salem Saberhagen is a fictional character from the American Archie Comics comic series "Sabrina the Teenage Witch". Salem is an American Shorthair cat who lives with Sabrina Spellman, Hilda Spellman and Zelda Spellman in the fictional town of Greendale, located near Riverdale. A formerly human witch, Salem was sentenced by the Witch's Council to spend 100 years as a cat, as punishment for trying to take over the world. Salem first appeared alongside Sabrina in "Archie's Mad House" #22 in 1962, and was created by George Gladir and Dan DeCarlo.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Earlier comics portray Salem as a normal orange-colored feline who does not speak. With the debut and success of the 1990s live-action "Sabrina the Teenage Witch" sitcom, Salem's backstory and character underwent several retcons to bring it more in line with the sitcom's version. A late 1990s story initially revealed Salem was turned into a cat for jilting Enchantra, the Head Witch, at the altar. A similar version of events was presented in a 1990s live-action television film, where he was imprisoned in the form of a cat for attempting to use his magic to make a mortal love him. However, the comics eventually gave Salem a similar backstory that was shown in the sitcom and its spinoff, "". Further details about Salem's past before his transformation into a cat were revealed in the 2000s manga-inspired version of the comic, written and drawn by Tania del Rio.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: In the graphic novel "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina", Salem is given a more serious role to fit with the series' darker tone. In this version, Salem often acts as a conscience to Sabrina, questioning her hot-headed or more daring ideas.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Salem has a rapier wit and is often the first character to come up with the one-liners or obvious puns in a scene. In addition to world domination, his ambitious plotting often includes attempts to become wealthy, achieve celebrity status, regain his magical powers, and return to his human form. He consistently gives bad advice to Sabrina, often involving using magic to solve a problem, which always ends up leaving Sabrina with even more problems than with which she began. His favorite pastimes include playing with yarn, lint spotting, surfing the internet, and reading Sabrina's diary. He loves Lizard Flakes, a snack for cats which is said to be fattening and full of cholesterol. In the show's pilot, he made the remark to Sabrina that he misses being able to dance. In some episodes, Salem acts more like a cat than a human, as if he was really one all along.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Despite his arrogance, greed, and sarcasm, he is shown in many episodes to genuinely care about the Spellmans, especially Sabrina. He also has a soft-spot for Harvey, to the point that he once expressed a wish that he would be best man at Harvey and Sabrina's wedding. Harvey learned Salem's true identity sometime around the end of high school, but prior to this Sabrina would occasionally use a 'Doctor Dolittle' spell that would allow Harvey to talk with Salem and believe there was nothing unusual about it when circumstances prompted Sabrina and her aunts to go away and Harvey was left in charge of Salem's care.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Salem was a witch, sentenced by the Witch's Council to spend 100 years as a cat with no magical powers. In the original comic (depending on the story), he retains limited powers via incantations, but requires Sabrina's magic finger to enact them. In the series, he retains no powers and was sentenced as punishment for his attempt to take over the world. In the film, he was cursed to spend a century as a cat because he had used his powers to impress a mortal. At the beginning of the television series, he had already served 25 years. Salem generally serves as some of the show's comic relief, with his quick-witted quips and deadpan delivery. Despite his megalomaniacal desires for world domination, he is genuinely a good person and protective guardian to Sabrina. In the series he would generally serve two roles: one as a mentor / "familiar" - commonly an animal that helps a young witch, for Sabrina, as she found it easier to talk with him about her problems, or the mischievous anti-hero in the episode, such as finding an illegal way to become human again without being punished. He has shown on multiple occasions to be very emotionally attached to Sabrina; in the fourth season, when Sabrina left to live with her father in Paris, Salem missed her so much he started a civil war on Pluto, in order to get her back to Westbridge.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: The leaders of his attempted revolution were also turned into house pets. Newt, the pet of Hilda and Zelda's cousin Monty, was heavily involved with the scheme, for the promised reward of Denmark. Another follower, Duke (played by Dick Van Dyke), had a reduced sentence and was set free during the series, though Salem tried to use him to take over the world again. A talking guinea pig named Stonehenge ("Stony" for short) was introduced in the first made-for-television film, but whether or not he was ever human is unknown. Hilda was also one of Salem's followers; her punishment was to keep Salem free of worms during his period as a feline, although she was pardoned at the end of season five. During season one, Salem was visited by his parole officer, to whom he insisted that his transformation is under way, but he accidentally lets it slip that he still yearns for control of the planet. By the end of the series, Salem never did turn back into his human form, and a brief period where he was transferred into the body of one of Sabrina's classmates resulted in an extra fifty years being added to his sentence, even after he confessed to his mistakes when he realized that Sabrina was to be punished for his actions.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Members of Salem's blood family include his daughter, Annabelle, whom Salem cares deeply for but is estranged from due to his shame about being a cat. Salem managed to make it to her wedding and performed all the duties of father of the bride. Salem is visited by his mother and initially dreads the impending visit as she is highly critical. Upon her learning he is a cat, she cannot help but be delighted by how cute his new form is and pampered him to the point Sabrina missed her own mother and went to visit her. It is revealed later in the episode that Salem's mother was unknowingly allergic to cats. Another member is Salem's grandfather, who is a hobo. According to Salem, Salem's grandmother claims he (Salem's grandfather) was lost at sea. He also mentioned having an uncle Goliath and Morty. In one episode, Salem mentions that his father's name was Gummo, implying that he died.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Salem often uses Yiddish words and mentioned his cousin Cheryl's Bat Mitzvah in "Sabrina in Wonderland".


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: The sitcom's creators were very supportive of animal rights, so Salem was often played by an animatronic model rather than one of the 4 actual cats who are used for the non-dialogue scenes (or at least used for scenes where Salem is moving and it was not required for the audience to actually see his lips move). The four trained cats portraying the character were named Elvis, Lucy, Salem, and Witch. This part was performed by three puppeteers and two different animatronic puppets. The mechanical Salems were originally made by Animal Makers, but in early 1998 they were fired, and their puppets were replaced with ones made by The Chiodo Brothers. The new mechanical Salem(s) were controlled by 3 puppeteers, who could manipulate Salem's body in more than 30 ways via rod, cables, and radio control. Animal Makers posted a video of some of the puppets highlights on its website.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: In a few instances where his human form is shown in flashbacks, he is portrayed with his face in shadows, but with a body shape and military uniform similar to Fidel Castro (Castro himself is depicted as being a friend of Salem).


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: In the sitcom and "Sabrina: The Animated Series", Salem was voiced by actor Nick Bakay In one sitcom episode titled "Jealousy", Salem says he needs to make a phone call to Bakay, saying, "I need to call in to Nick Bakay's sports show on ESPN radio. All he ever talks about is the Buffalo Bills, and his voice? LORD, is it annoying!"


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: The sitcom version of Salem also made a guest appearance on the Disney-ABC owned shows "Boy Meets World", "You Wish", and "Teen Angel" on November 7, 1997 and Disney's One Saturday Morning on Friday Night with Valarie Rae Miller on September 11, 1998.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: In the Filmation series, Salem (similar to the comics) was portrayed as an ordinary orange-colored cat who could only meow. Salem's meows were provided by Dallas McKennon. In these appearances, Salem possessed limited magical abilities, including the ability to teleport himself. A running gag in this series was Salem's recurring feud with Jughead's dog Hot Dog.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Salem was a main character in "" and its follow-up series "Sabrina: Friends Forever" and "Sabrina's Secret Life." Salem here retains his backstory from the live-action sitcom, including his last name being "Saberhagen", being black colored, and having been a former witch turned into a cat as punishment by the Witch's Council. Unlike the live-action sitcom, but similar to the previous Filmation series, Salem possesses a limited range of magical powers.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Nick Bakay reprised Salem for "Sabrina, the Animated Series". Louis Chirillo provided Salem's voice in "Sabrina: Friends Forever", while Maurice LaMarche took over for "Sabrina's Secret Life". An animated spin-off focusing on him was also slated to debut in the 2001-02 season before it was scrapped for unknown reasons.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Salem appeared in the 2013 series "". Ian James Corlett voices Salem. His voice in this series was an imitation of actor Paul Lynde. Unlike in previous incarnations, Salem is a spy for Enchantra the head witch, and the Spellman family are unaware of his human form.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Salem appears in the Netflix television series, which is an adaptation of the "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina" comics. Instead of being a human originally like in previous iterations of the character, Salem is a familiar. This version of the character also doesn't speak though it was hinted that he might in the future by series creator Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa. Although, he currently only communicates via telepathy, represented in the form of a meow or a hiss. He also has very little physical communication with Sabrina due to Kiernan Shipka, the actress who portrays Sabrina, being allergic to cats.


title: Salem Saberhagen

text: Salem is voiced by Luke Cook, who also plays Lucifer Morningstar, in the episode "Chapter Thirty-Five: The Endless" from part 4 where Sabrina is transported into a sitcom version of the series.


title: Samsung Galaxy A20

text: The Samsung Galaxy A20 is an Android smartphone developed by Samsung Electronics, launched in April 2019. It runs on the Android 9 (Pie) operating system with One UI. The Galaxy A20 model has 32GB internal storage, 3GB RAM, and a 4000 mAh battery. It is a successor to the previous smartphone models by Samsung, Galaxy J6 and Galaxy A6.


title: Samsung Galaxy A20

text: The Samsung Galaxy A20 has a 6.4-inch HD+ Super AMOLED Infinity-V Display with a 720 x 1560 resolution. The phone measures 158.4 X 74.7 X 7.8 mm and weighs 169 g. It is powered by an Octa-core (2x1.6 GHz Cortex-A73 & 6x1.35 GHz Cortex-A53) CPU and a Mali-G71 MP2 GPU. It has 32 GB internal storage which can be expanded up to 512 GB via MicroSD. The Galaxy A20 also has 3GB RAM a non-removable 4000 mAh battery with a dual Nano sim card slot.


title: Samsung Galaxy A20

text: The Samsung Galaxy A20 runs on Android 9 (Pie) with Samsung's custom skin One UI. The device is upgradable to Android 11.


title: Blanka

text: Blanka was originally designed as a pink-skinned human character by Akira "Akiman" Yasuda, and underwent several re-conceptualizations during the production of "Street Fighter II" before reaching his final depiction as a feral savage with green skin and long orange hair.


title: Blanka

text: Blanka's backstory is that he was once human, but after a plane-crash in Brazil, he mutated, resulting in his green colouring and his ability to generate electricity. Blanka was generally well received by critics and fans, becoming one of the most popular characters in the franchise.