title: Drew Gooden

text: In his freshman year, the Jayhawks went 24–10 and lost to Duke in the round of 32 during the 2000 NCAA basketball tournament. The next season, the Jayhawks went 26–7 and fell to Illinois in the 2001 NCAA tournament Sweet Sixteen.


title: Drew Gooden

text: In 2002, he led the nation in rebounding and was named NABC national player of the year. The Jayhawks went 33–4, including 16–0 in Big 12 Conference play to win Kansas its first conference championship since 1998. The Jayhawks advanced to their first Final Four in the 2002 NCAA tournament since 1993, however, they lost to the eventual national champion Maryland in the semifinal.


title: Drew Gooden

text: For being named NABC Player of the Year for 2002, Gooden's jersey (#0) was retired in 2003. The ceremony occurred at halftime of a Kansas home game with Kansas State in what would have been Gooden's senior year had he not foregone his senior year for the NBA.


title: Drew Gooden

text: Gooden declared himself for the draft after his junior year. Out of Kansas, Gooden was selected as the 4th overall pick by the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2002 NBA draft. In March 2003, Gooden and Gordan Giriček were traded to the Orlando Magic for Mike Miller, Ryan Humphrey, and two draft picks.


title: Drew Gooden

text: On July 23, 2004, the Cleveland Cavaliers acquired Gooden, Anderson Varejão, and Steven Hunter for Tony Battie and two second-round draft picks from the Orlando Magic via trade.


title: Drew Gooden

text: Gooden re-signed with the Cavaliers for three more years on August 14, 2006. He agreed to a three-year, $23 million contract.


title: Drew Gooden

text: On February 21, 2008, at the 2007–08 season's trade deadline, Gooden was traded by the Cavs (along with Larry Hughes, Cedric Simmons, and Shannon Brown) to the Chicago Bulls as a part of a three-team, 11-player deal involving the Seattle SuperSonics.


title: Drew Gooden

text: On February 18, 2009, at the 2008–09 season's trade deadline, Gooden was traded to the Sacramento Kings in a six-player deal that included Andrés Nocioni and Cedric Simmons.


title: Drew Gooden

text: On March 1, Gooden was bought out of his contract making him a free agent after playing just one game for the Kings.


title: Drew Gooden

text: On July 25, 2009, Gooden posted a message on his Twitter page that said "Dallas Here I Come!!!" Dallas Mavericks owner, Mark Cuban, retweeted Gooden's tweet, adding "Welcome Drew.. !". On July 30, Gooden officially signed with the Mavericks.


title: Drew Gooden

text: On February 13, 2010, Gooden was traded to the Washington Wizards along with Josh Howard, James Singleton, and Quinton Ross for Caron Butler, Brendan Haywood, and DeShawn Stevenson. Four days later, he was traded again, this time to the Los Angeles Clippers as part of a three-team, six-player trade that sent Antawn Jamison from Washington to the Cleveland Cavaliers, Žydrūnas Ilgauskas, a 2010 first-round pick and the rights to Emir Preldžič from the Cavaliers to Washington, Al Thornton from Los Angeles to Washington, and Sebastian Telfair from Los Angeles to Cleveland. Gooden changed his number from #90 to #0 during his tenure with the Clippers.


title: Drew Gooden

text: On July 1, 2010, Gooden agreed to a 5-year/$32 million contract with the Milwaukee Bucks, which would make the Bucks his ninth team in as many seasons in the league. On April 9, 2011, he recorded his first career triple-double in a win over the Cavaliers with 15 points, 13 rebounds, and 13 assists.


title: Drew Gooden

text: On March 14, 2012, Gooden recorded his second career triple-double in a win over the Cavaliers with 15 points, 10 rebounds, and 13 assists.


title: Drew Gooden

text: On February 26, 2014, Gooden signed a 10-day contract with the Washington Wizards. On March 8, 2014, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Wizards. On March 18, 2014, he signed with the Wizards for the rest of the season.


title: Drew Gooden

text: On July 18, 2014, Gooden re-signed with the Wizards. In the team's season opener on October 29, 2014, against the Miami Heat, Gooden was named the starting power forward in what was his first of just seven starts for the season. He subsequently scored a season-high 18 points and did not top that mark for the rest of the season.


title: Drew Gooden

text: Gooden's final NBA game was played on April 13, 2016 in a 109 - 98 win over the Atlanta Hawks where he recorded one point and one steal in 2 minutes of playing time. July 7, 2016, the Wizards declined their option on Gooden's contract, making him an unrestricted free agent.


title: Drew Gooden

text: Gooden is half Finnish; his father, Andrew Gooden, met Drew's mother, Ulla, while playing pro basketball in Äänekoski, Finland. Gooden's parents divorced later on, and he stayed with his father in California. In August 2014, Gooden attempted to get Finnish citizenship in order to play for their national team, but he failed to do so before the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup.


title: Drew Gooden

text: At the beginning of the 2006–07 season, Gooden appeared with a patch of hair on the back of his head. He refers to this hair style as a "duck tail." Gooden said, "It is drawing a lot of attention ... One thing I've found out is even negative publicity is good publicity. At least I had the (guts) to do it." He claims women love it: "I went from getting compliments to now being sexy."


title: Alkmaar

text: Alkmaar () is a city and municipality in the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland, about 30 km north of Amsterdam. Alkmaar is well known for its traditional cheese market. For tourists, it is a popular cultural destination. The municipality has a population of 109,896 as of 2021.


title: Alkmaar

text: The earliest mention of the name Alkmaar is in a 10th-century document. As the village grew into a town, it was granted city rights in 1254. The oldest part of Alkmaar lies on an ancient sand bank a couple meters above the surrounding region; it afforded some protection from inundation during medieval times. Its vicinage consists of some of the oldest polders in existence. Older spellings include Alckmar.


title: Alkmaar

text: On June 24, 1572, after the Geuzen captured the town, five Franciscans from Alkmaar were taken to Enkhuizen and hanged (martyrs of Alkmaar).


title: Alkmaar

text: In 1573 the city underwent a siege by Spanish forces under the leadership of Don Fadrique, son of the Duke of Alva. The citizens sent urgent messages for help to the Prince of Orange; he responded by promising to open the floodgates of the dykes and flood the region if the need arose, which despite the protestations of the peasantry, fearful for their harvest, he proceeded to do.


title: Alkmaar

text: Some of his dispatches fell into the hands of Don Fadrique, and, with the waters beginning to rise, the Spaniards raised the siege and fled. It was a turning point in the Eighty Years War and gave rise to the expression "Bij Alkmaar begint de victorie" ("Victory begins at Alkmaar"). The event is still celebrated every year in Alkmaar on 8 October, the day the siege ended.


title: Alkmaar

text: In 1799, during the French Revolutionary Wars, an Anglo-Russian expeditionary force captured the city but was ultimately defeated in the Battle of Castricum. After that battle, on 18 October 1799, the two opposing sides held the Convention of Alkmaar which met to determine the fate of the defeated Anglo-Russian force. The French victory was commemorated on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris as "Alkmaer".


title: Alkmaar

text: The North Holland Canal, opened in 1824, was dug through Alkmaar. In 1865 and 1867 the railways between Alkmaar and Den Helder and between Alkmaar and Haarlem were built respectively.


title: Alkmaar

text: In the second half of the 20th century, Alkmaar expanded quickly with development of new neighbourhoods. On 1 October 1972, the town of Oudorp and the southern portions of Koedijk and Sint Pancras were added to the municipality of Alkmaar.


title: Alkmaar

text: The municipality of Alkmaar historically consists of the following cities, towns, villages and districts: Alkmaar, Bergermeer, Daalmeer, De Hoef, De Horn, De Nollen, Het Rak, Huiswaard, Koedijk (southeastern part), Overdie, Oudorp and Omval. On 1 January 2015 the municipalities of Graft-De Rijp and Schermer were merged into Alkmaar. The historical village of De Rijp is thus since a part of Alkmaar.


title: Alkmaar

text: These once separate villages are now all linked together by the suburban sprawl of buildings that arose between the late 1970s and early 1990s. During this time, the population of Alkmaar almost doubled.


title: Alkmaar

text: The municipal council of Alkmaar consists of 39 seats, which are divided as follows after the 2018 elections:


title: Alkmaar

text: There are direct trains to Den Helder, Hoorn, Zaandam, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Ede, Arnhem, Nijmegen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Eindhoven, Maastricht and Haarlem. For exact details see Alkmaar railway station.


title: Alkmaar

text: The waterway Noordhollandsch Kanaal, which opened in 1824, runs through Alkmaar. . it can be crossed (among other ways) using two of the five operating vlotbruggen, Koedijkervlotbrug and Rekervlotbrug.


title: Alkmaar

text: Alkmaar has many medieval buildings that are still intact, most notably the tall tower of the Grote or Sint-Laurenskerk, where many people from Alkmaar hold wedding ceremonies. The other main attraction, especially in the summer months, is Alkmaar's cheese market at the Waagplein, one of the country's most popular tourist attractions. The cheese market traditionally takes place from the first Friday in April through the first Friday in September. Every Friday morning (10:00–12:30) the Waagplein is the backdrop for this traditional cheese market. After the old-fashioned way of the hand clap, traders and carriers will weigh the cheeses. It is one of only four traditional Dutch cheese markets still in existence. The traditional fare of this cheese market is those cheeses made in the local area, as opposed to the well-known brands of Dutch cheeses, including the Edam and Gouda cheeses. It is not actually possible to buy cheese at the market itself, which is really only a demonstration of how this merchants' market operated in times gone by. However, the demonstration, which takes place in front of the medieval weighing house, is surrounded by many specialized stalls where it is possible to buy all kinds of cheese (and non-cheese) related products. The Waag is also home to the local tourist office and a cheese museum. Alkmaar has 399 registered rijksmonuments, of which most are situated along the city's old canals.


title: Alkmaar

text: Alkmaar has two large theatres and a big cinema (which was originally two cinemas). A red light district is situated at the Achterdam, and Alkmaar has a nightlife scene as well which takes place in the pubs in front of the cheesemarket. Every year, at the end of May Alkmaar hosts the four-day event Alkmaar Pride, which has a canal pride parade on Saturday.


title: Alkmaar

text: Alkmaar is home to the professional football team AZ (Alkmaar Zaanstreek). In 2006, the club moved to a new 17,000 capacity stadium, the DSB Stadion, now named the AFAS Stadion. In 2008–2009, AZ won the Eredivisie, the Dutch football league. It was the second league title for the club after the Eredivisie in 1980/81 with only one league defeat. Notable coaches include former FC Barcelona coach Ronald Koeman, and Netherlands national football team coach Louis van Gaal.


title: Alkmaar

text: The city also has a velodrome where the Dutch national track cycling championships are held every year. The city hosted the 2019 European Road Championships.


title: High German consonant shift

text: In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift is a phonological development (sound change) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum in several phases. It probably began between the third and fifth centuries and was almost complete before the earliest written records in High German were produced in the eighth century. From Proto-Germanic, the resulting language, Old High German, can be neatly contrasted with the other continental West Germanic languages, which for the most part did not experience the shift, and with Old English, which remained completely unaffected.


title: High German consonant shift

text: The High German consonant shift altered a number of consonants in the southern German dialects – which includes Standard German, Yiddish, and Luxembourgish – and so explains why many German words have different consonants from the related words in English, Dutch and the Scandinavian languages. The term is sometimes used to refer to a core group of nine individual consonant modifications. Alternatively, it may encompass other phonological changes that took place in the same period.


title: High German consonant shift

text: For the core group, there are three changes, which may be thought of as three successive phases. Each phase affected three consonants, making nine modifications in total:


title: High German consonant shift

text: Since phases 1 and 2 affect the same voiceless sounds, some scholars find it more convenient to treat them together, thus making for only a two-phase process: shifts in voiceless consonants (phases 1–2 of the three-phase model) and in voiced consonants (phase 3). The two-phase model has advantages for typology, but it does not reflect chronology.


title: High German consonant shift

text: Of the other changes that sometimes are bracketed within the High German consonant shift, the most important (sometimes thought of as the fourth phase) is:


title: High German consonant shift

text: This phenomenon is known as the "High German" consonant shift, because the core group affects the High German languages of the mountainous south. It is also known as the "second Germanic" consonant shift to distinguish it from the "(first) Germanic consonant shift" as defined by Grimm's law and its refinement, Verner's law.


title: High German consonant shift

text: The High German consonant shift did not occur in a single movement, but rather as a series of waves over several centuries. The geographical extents of these waves vary. They all appear in the southernmost dialects, and spread northwards to differing degrees, giving the impression of a series of pulses of varying force emanating from what is now Austria and Switzerland. Whereas some are found only in the southern parts of Alemannic German (which includes Swiss German) or Bavarian (which includes Austrian), most are found throughout the Upper German area, and some spread on into the Central German dialects. Indeed, Central German is often defined as the area between the / and the / boundaries, thus between complete shift of Germanic (Upper German) and complete lack thereof (Low German). The shift > was more successful; it spread all the way to the North Sea and affected Dutch as well as German. Most of these changes have become part of modern Standard German.


title: High German consonant shift

text: The High German consonant shift is a good example of a chain shift, as was its predecessor, the first Germanic consonant shift. For example, phases 1 and 2 left the language without a phoneme, as this had shifted to or . Phase 3 filled this gap ( > ), but left a new gap at , which phase 4 then filled ( > ).


title: High German consonant shift

text: The effects of the shift are most obvious for the non-specialist when comparing Modern German lexemes containing shifted consonants with their Modern English or Dutch unshifted equivalents. The following overview table is arranged according to the original Proto-Indo-European (PIE) phonemes. Note that the pairs of words used to illustrate sound shifts are cognates; they need not be semantic equivalents.


title: High German consonant shift

text: The first phase, which affected the whole of the High German area, affected the voiceless plosives , and in intervocalic and word-final position. These became geminated (long) fricatives, except in word-final position where they were shortened and merged with the existing single consonants. Geminate plosives in words like "apple" or "cat" were not affected, nor were plosives preceded by another consonant like in "sharp" or "heart". These remained unshifted until the second phase.


title: High German consonant shift

text: The letter stands for a voiceless fricative that is distinct somehow from . The exact nature of the distinction is unknown; possibly was apical while was laminal (a similar distinction exists in Basque and formerly in Old Spanish). It remained distinct from throughout Old High German and most of the Middle High German period, and was not affected by the late Old High German voicing of prevocalic to .


title: High German consonant shift

text: In many West Central German dialects, the words ("that, what, it") did not shift to , even though "t" was shifted in other words. It is not quite clear why these exceptions occurred.


title: High German consonant shift

text: In the second phase, which was completed by the 8th century, the same sounds became affricates in three environments: in word-initial position; when geminated; and after a liquid ( or ) or nasal ( or ).


title: High German consonant shift

text: The shift did not take place where the plosive was preceded by a fricative, i.e. in the combinations . also remained unshifted in the combination .


title: High German consonant shift

text: Following also prevented the shift of in words which end in in modern Standard German, e.g. , . These stems had in OHG inflected forms (, ).


title: High German consonant shift

text: These affricates (especially ) have simplified into fricatives in some dialects. was simplified to in a number of circumstances. In Yiddish and some German dialects, this occurred in initial positions, e.g., Dutch : German : Yiddish 'horse'. In modern standard German, the pronunciation for word-initial is also a very common feature of northern and central German accents (i.e. in regions where does not occur in the native dialects; compare German phonology).


title: High German consonant shift

text: There was an even stronger tendency to simplify after and . This simplification is also reflected in modern standard German, e.g. 'to throw' ← OHG ← , 'to help' ← OHG ← . Only one standard word with remains: 'carp' ← OHG .


title: High German consonant shift

text: The third phase, which had the most limited geographical range, saw the voiced plosives become voiceless.


title: High German consonant shift

text: Of these, only the dental shift "d" > "t" universally finds its way into standard German (though with relatively many exceptions, partly due to Low and Central German influence). The other two occur in standard German only in original geminates, e.g. , vs. Dutch , "rib, bridge". For single consonants, "b" > "p" and "g" > "k" are restricted to High Alemannic German in Switzerland, and south Bavarian dialects in Austria.


title: High German consonant shift

text: This phase has been dated as early as the 4th century, though this is highly debated. The first certain examples of the shift are from the (, oldest extant manuscript after 650), a Latin text of the Lombards. Lombard personal names show > , having , , for , , . According to most scholars, the pre-Old High German runic inscriptions of show no convincing trace of the consonant shift.


title: High German consonant shift

text: This shift probably began in the 8th or 9th century, after the first and second phases ceased to be productive; otherwise the resulting voiceless plosives would have shifted further to fricatives and affricates.


title: High German consonant shift

text: In those words in which an Indo-European voiceless plosive became voiced as a result of Verner's law, phase three of the High German shift returns this to its original value (*t > d > t):


title: High German consonant shift

text: The combination was shifted to only in some varieties of OHG. Written OHG normally has shifted (e.g. "to bind"), but in Middle High German and modern standard German the unshifted pronunciation prevails (cf. ). (Although in OHG both and "to find" are encountered, these represent earlier forms and , respectively; note the corresponding alternation in Old Saxon and . In this case, corresponds to original Proto-Germanic while * is a later, specifically West Germanic, form, created by analogy with the Verner's law alternant , as in Proto-Germanic "they found", "found".)


title: High German consonant shift

text: Noteworthy exceptions are modern , and , for which however Middle High German preferred , , . (As all of these three words end in , the modern unvoiced pronunciation might be caused by analogy with , whose stems from original Germanic unshifted before .) In other cases, modern is due to the later loss of a vowel (e.g. from OHG ) or borrowing (e.g. from Low German).


title: High German consonant shift

text: It is possible that "pizza" is an early Italian borrowing of OHG (Bavarian dialect) , a shifted variant of (German , 'bite, snack').


title: High German consonant shift

text: Other consonant changes on the way from West Germanic to Old High German are included under the heading "High German consonant shift" by some scholars who see the term as a description of the whole context, but are excluded by others who use it to describe the neatness of the threefold chain shift. Although it might be possible to see > , > and > as a similar group of three, both the chronology and the differing phonetic conditions under which these changes occur speak against such a grouping.


title: High German consonant shift

text: What is sometimes known as the fourth phase shifted the dental fricatives to plosives. This shift occurred late enough that unshifted forms are to be found in the earliest Old High German texts, and thus it can be dated to the 9th or 10th century. This shift spread much further north than the others, eventually reaching all continental West Germanic languages (hence excluding only English). It is therefore not uniquely High German; it is nonetheless often grouped together with the other shifts, as it did spread from the same area. The shift took several centuries to spread north, appearing in Dutch only during the 12th century, and in Frisian and Low German not for another century or two after that.


title: High German consonant shift

text: In early Old High German, as in Old Dutch and Old Saxon, the voiceless and voiced dental fricatives and stood in allophonic relationship (as did , and , ), with in final position and used initially and medially. The sound then became , while became . In Old Frisian, the voiceless fricatives were only voiced medially, and remained voiceless initially except in some pronouns and determiners, much as in Old and Modern English. Thus, modern Frisian varieties have word-initially in most words, and medially.


title: High German consonant shift

text: In dialects affected by phase 4 but not by the dental variety of phase 3 (Central German, Low German, and Dutch), two Germanic phonemes merged: "þ" becomes "d", but original Germanic "d" remains unchanged:


title: High German consonant shift

text: A peculiar development took place in stems which had the onsets and in OHG. They were merged in MHG and subsequently shifted to in Upper German and in Central German. Modern German has in , , , , but in , , , . The stems with the Upper German development appear to have undergone the High German consonant shift several times, e.g. ("to force") < MHG < OHG < Germanic .


title: High German consonant shift

text: In 1955, Otto Höfler suggested that a change analogous to the fourth phase of the High German consonant shift may have taken place in Gothic (East Germanic) as early as the 3rd century AD, and he hypothesised that it may have spread from Gothic to High German as a result of the Visigothic migrations westward (c. 375–500 AD). This has not found wide acceptance; the modern consensus is that Höfler misinterpreted some sound substitutions of Romanic languages as Germanic, and that East Germanic shows no sign of the second consonant shift.


title: High German consonant shift

text: Most dialects of Norwegian and Swedish show a shift that is much like the one in Frisian, with > and > . This shift reached Swedish only around the 16th century or so, as the Gustav Vasa Bible of 1541 still shows the dental fricatives (spelled ). This shift may be part of the same development as in the West Germanic languages, or it may have occurred independently. Danish – geographically between West Germanic and Swedish/Norwegian areas – would have had to experienced this shift first, before it could have spread further northwards. However, Danish does not form a dialect continuum with the West Germanic languages, and the shift occurred only word-initially in it, while it retains medially. On the other hand, Danish exhibits widespread lenition phenomena, including shifts from plosives to fricatives and further to approximants word-medially, so it is conceivable that these changes counteracted the earlier hardening of the dental fricatives that had reached Danish from the south (thus initially > , followed by lenition > ), but only after these changes had propagated further north to the remaining Scandinavian dialects.


title: High German consonant shift

text: West Germanic *ƀ (presumably pronounced ), which was an allophone of used in medial position, shifted to (Upper German) Old High German between two vowels, and also after . Unshifted languages retained a fricative, which became between vowels and in coda position.


title: High German consonant shift

text: In strong verbs such as German 'heave' and 'give', the shift contributed to eliminating the forms in German, but a full account of these verbs is complicated by the effects of "" by which and appear in alternation in different parts of the same verb in the early forms of the languages. In the case of weak verbs such as 'have' (compare Dutch ) and 'live' (Dutch ), the consonant differences have an unrelated origin, being a result of the West Germanic gemination and a subsequent process of levelling.


title: High German consonant shift

text: This shift also is only partly completed in Central German, with Ripuarian and Moselle Franconian retaining a fricative pronunciation. For example: Colognian , Luxembourgish , meaning "he lives".


title: High German consonant shift

text: The Proto-Germanic voiced dental fricative , which was an allophone of in certain positions, became a plosive in all positions throughout the West Germanic languages. Thus, it affected High German, Low German, Dutch, Frisian and Old English alike. It did not spread to Old Norse, which retained the original fricative. Because of its much wider spread, it must have occurred very early, during Northwest Germanic times, perhaps around the 2nd century.


title: High German consonant shift

text: English has partially reversed this shift through the change > , for example in "father", "mother", "gather" and "together". In dialects with th-stopping, either disappears and merges with or becomes a dental plosive that contrasts with the alveolar .


title: High German consonant shift

text: The West Germanic voiced velar fricative shifted to in Upper German dialects of Old High German in all positions. This change is believed to be early and complete by the 8th century at the latest. Since the existence of a was necessary for the south German shift > , this must at least predate phase 3 of the core High German consonant shift.


title: High German consonant shift

text: The same change occurred independently in Anglo-Frisian (c. 10th century for Old English, as suggested by changing patterns of alliteration), except when preceding or following a front vowel where it had earlier undergone Anglo-Frisian palatalisation and ended up as . Southern Dutch has retained the original , despite the fact it is spelled with , rendering it indistinguishable in writing from its counterparts in other languages. In Northern Dutch, all instances of initial have merged with the voiceless due to the lack of minimal pairs (in dialects that strongly distinguish between the two sounds, word-initial appears only in loanwords).


title: High German consonant shift

text: The shift is only partly complete in Central German. Most Central German dialects have fricative pronunciation for between vowels () and in coda position (). Ripuarian has word-initially, e.g. Colognian "good".


title: High German consonant shift

text: In standard German, fricative is found in coda position in unstressed ( "blessed" but feminine ). One will still very frequently hear fricative in coda position in other cases as well in standard German as pronounced by people from northern and central Germany. For example, and are often pronounced (with a short vowel as in Dutch "dag" , cf. Standard German ) and . Compare German phonology. This pronunciation reaches as far south as Franconia, thus into Upper German areas.


title: High German consonant shift

text: High German experienced the shift > in all positions, and > before another consonant in initial position (original may in fact have been apical , as OHG and MHG distinguish it from the reflex > , spelled ⟨z⟩ or ⟨ȥ⟩ and presumed to be laminal ):


title: High German consonant shift

text: In the cluster , this change was not reflected in spelling and the modern standard pronunciation, which is partly based on Low German accents, uses . Therefore, is in Modern Standard German, though virtually all High German dialects have in this word.


title: High German consonant shift

text: The > shift occurred in most West Germanic dialects but notably not in Dutch, which instead had > , while West Frisian retains in all positions. The two other changes did not reach any further than Limburgish (eastern dialects only) and some southern dialects of Low German:


title: High German consonant shift

text: Other changes include a general tendency towards terminal devoicing in German and Dutch, and to a far more limited extent in English. Thus, in German and Dutch, , and (German), (Dutch) at the end of a word are pronounced identically to , and (German), (Dutch). The in German (day) is pronounced as in English "tack", not as in English "tag". However, this change is not High German in origin but is generally thought to have originated in Frankish, as the earliest evidence for the change appears in Old Dutch texts at a time when there was still no sign of devoicing at all in Old High German or Old Saxon.


title: High German consonant shift

text: Nevertheless, the original voiced consonants are usually represented in modern German and Dutch spelling. This is because related inflected forms, such as the plural , have the voiced form, since here the plosive is not terminal. As a result of these inflected forms, native speakers remain aware of the underlying voiced phoneme, and spell accordingly. However, in Middle High German, these sounds were spelled differently: singular , plural .


title: High German consonant shift

text: Since the High German consonant shift took place before the beginning of writing of Old High German in the 8th century, the dating of the various phases is an uncertain business. The estimates quoted here are mostly taken from the (p. 63). Different estimates appear elsewhere, for example Waterman, who asserts that the first three phases occurred fairly close together and were complete in Alemannic territory by 600, taking another two or three centuries to spread north.


title: High German consonant shift

text: Sometimes historical constellations help us; for example, the fact that Attila is called in German proves that the second phase must have been productive after the Hunnish invasion of the 5th century. The fact that many Latin loan-words are shifted in German (e.g., Latin > German ), while others are not (e.g., Latin > German ) allows us to date the sound changes before or after the likely period of borrowing. However, the most useful source of chronological data is German words cited in Latin texts of the late classical and early medieval period.


title: High German consonant shift

text: Precise dating would in any case be difficult, since each shift may have begun with one word or a group of words in the speech of one locality, and gradually extended by lexical diffusion to all words with the same phonological pattern, and then over a longer period of time spread to wider geographical areas.


title: High German consonant shift

text: However, "relative" chronology can easily be established by the observation that, for example, "t" > "tz" must precede "d" > "t", which in turn must precede "þ" > "d"; otherwise words with an original "þ" could have undergone all three shifts and ended up as "tz". By contrast, as the form for "give" is attested in Old Bavarian, showing both > > and > > , it follows that > and > must predate phase 3.


title: High German consonant shift

text: Alternative chronologies have been proposed. According to a theory by the controversial German linguist Theo Vennemann, the consonant shift occurred much earlier and was already completed in the early 1st century BC. On this basis, he subdivides the Germanic languages into High Germanic and Low Germanic. Few other linguists share this view.


title: High German consonant shift

text: Roughly, the changes resulting from phase 1 affected Upper and Central German, as did the dental element of phase 2 ("t-" > "z-"). The other elements of phase 2 and all of phase 3 impacted only Upper German, while those changes from phase 4 affected the entire German and Dutch-speaking region (the West Germanic dialect continuum). The generally accepted boundary between Central and Low German, the – line, is sometimes called the Benrath line, as it passes through the Düsseldorf suburb of Benrath, while the main boundary between Central and Upper German, the – line can be called the Speyer line, as it passes near the town of Speyer, some 200 kilometers further south.


title: High German consonant shift

text: However, a precise description of the geographical extent of the changes is far more complex. Not only do the individual sound shifts within a phase vary in their distribution (phase 3, for example, partly affects the whole of Upper German and partly only the southernmost dialects within Upper German), but there are even slight variations from word to word in the distribution of the same consonant shift. For example, the – line lies further north than the – line in western Germany, coincides with it in central Germany, and lies further south at its eastern end, although both demonstrate the same shift /k/ > /x/.


title: High German consonant shift

text: The subdivision of West Central German into a series of dialects, according to the differing extent of the phase 1 shifts, is particularly pronounced. It is known as the Rhenish fan (, ) because on the map of dialect boundaries, the lines form a fan shape. Here, no fewer than eight isoglosses run roughly West to East and partially merge into a simpler system of boundaries in East Central German. The table on the right lists the isoglosses (bold) and the main resulting dialects (italics), arranged from north to south.


title: High German consonant shift

text: Some of the consonant shifts resulting from the second and third phases appear also to be observable in Lombardic, the early mediaeval Germanic language of Italy, which is preserved in runic fragments of the late 6th and early 7th centuries. However, the Lombardic records are not sufficient to allow a complete taxonomy of the language. It is therefore uncertain whether the language experienced the full shift or merely sporadic reflexes, but b > p is clearly attested. This may mean that the shift began in Italy, or that it spread southwards as well as northwards. Ernst Schwarz and others have suggested that the shift occurred in German as a result of contacts with Lombardic. If, in fact, there is a relationship here, the evidence of Lombardic would force us to conclude that the third phase must have begun by the late 6th century, rather earlier than most estimates, but this would not necessarily require that it had spread to German so early.


title: High German consonant shift

text: If, as some scholars believe, Lombardic was an East Germanic language and not part of the German language dialect continuum, it is possible that parallel shifts took place independently in German and Lombardic. However, extant words in Lombardic show clear relations to the Bavarian language. Therefore, Werner Betz and others prefer to treat Lombardic as an Old High German variety. There were close connections between Lombards and Proto-Bavarians. For example, the Lombards settled in Tullner Feld — about west of Vienna — until 568, but it is evident that not all Lombards went to Italy after that time; the rest seem to have become part of the then newly formed Bavarian groups.


title: High German consonant shift

text: According to Jonas of Bobbio (before 650) in Lombardy, when Columbanus came to the Alemanni at Lake Constance shortly after 600, he made ("barrels", English "cup", German ) burst. This shows that in the time of Columban the shift from "p" to "f" had occurred neither in Alemannic nor in Lombardic. But the (643; surviving manuscript after 650) attests the forms ('throwing a corpse out of the grave', German and ), ('a horse', OHG , 'throws the rider off'), and many similar shifted examples. So it is best to see the consonant shift as a common Lombardic—Bavarian—Alemannic shift between 620 and 640, when these tribes had plenty of contact.


title: High German consonant shift

text: As an example of the effects of the shift one may compare the following texts from the later Middle Ages, on the left a Middle Low German citation from the (1220), which does not show the shift, and on the right the equivalent text from the Middle High German "" (1274), which shows the shifted consonants; both are standard legal texts of the period.


title: High German consonant shift

text: The High German consonant shift – at least as far as the core group of changes is concerned – is an example of an exceptionless sound change and was frequently cited as such by the Neogrammarians. Modern standard German is a compromise form between East Central German and northern Upper German, mainly based on the former but with the consonant pattern of the latter. However, individual words from all German dialects and varieties have found their way into the standard. When a German word contains unshifted consonants, it is often a loanword from either Low German or, less often, Central German. Either the shifted form has become obsolete, as in:


title: High German consonant shift

text: However, the majority of unshifted words in German are loaned from Latin, Romance, English or Slavic:


title: High German consonant shift

text: Other ostensible irregularities in the sound shift, which we may notice in modern Standard German, are usually clarified by checking the etymology of an individual word. Possible reasons include the following:


title: 13th BRICS summit

text: The 2021 BRICS summit is the thirteenth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It was the third time that India hosted the BRICS Summit after 2012 and 2016. The summit was hosted virtually by video conference.


title: 13th BRICS summit

text: India hosted the first meeting of BRICS finance and central bank deputies through video conference. The meeting was co-chaired by Michael Patra, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India and Tarun Bajaj, Secretary Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, India.


title: Glowplug

text: A glowplug (alternatively spelled as glow plug or glow-plug) is a heating device used to aid in starting diesel engines. In cold weather, high-speed diesel engines can be difficult to start because the mass of the cylinder block and cylinder head absorb the heat of compression, preventing ignition. Pre-chambered engines use small glowplugs inside the pre-chambers. Direct-injected engines have these glowplugs in the combustion chamber.


title: Glowplug

text: The glowplug is a pencil-shaped piece of metal with a heating element at the tip. This heating element, when electrified, heats due to its electrical resistance and begins to emit light in the visible spectrum, hence the term "glowplug". The visual effect is similar to the heating element in a toaster. The fuel injector spray pattern then impinges directly upon the hot tip of the glow plug during the injection of fuel at top dead center. This ignites the fuel even when the engine is insufficiently hot for normal operation, which reduces the cranking time required to start the engine.


title: Glowplug

text: Diesel engines, unlike gasoline engines, do not use spark plugs to induce combustion. Instead, they rely solely on compression to raise the temperature of the air to a point where the diesel combusts spontaneously when introduced to the hot, high pressure air. The high pressure and spray pattern of the diesel ensures a controlled, complete burn. The piston rises, compressing the air in the cylinder; this causes the air's temperature to rise. By the time the piston reaches the top of its travel path, the temperature in the cylinder is very high. The fuel mist is then sprayed into the cylinder; it instantly combusts, forcing the piston downwards, thus generating power. The pressure required to heat the air to that temperature, however, requires a large and strong engine block.


title: Glowplug

text: The temperature at the top of the compression stroke depends on many factors, particularly the compression ratio of the cylinder and the starting temperature of the inducted air. When the engine is cold, the temperature of the inducted air is low and it receives little heat from the engine cylinder walls. In addition, as the air is compressed and becomes heated, some of this heat is lost to the cold cylinder walls, further reducing the temperature at the top of the compression stroke. The glow plug solves this.


title: Glowplug

text: There are two different glow plug types: the in-cylinder variety and the in-manifold ("Thermostart") variety. In the case of in-cylinder, there is a plug in every cylinder direct injected (or in the case of indirect injected, the glow plug is in the prechamber providing a hot spot to encourage ignition). In the case of the in-manifold one, there is only one for all the cylinders.


title: Glowplug

text: In general, diesel engines do not require any starting aid. Therefore, some diesel engines, especially direct injected ones, do not have starting aid systems such as glowplugs. This however depends upon the displacement and combustion chamber design, and engines with a lot of combustion chamber surface, such as precombustion chamber and swirl chamber injected engines, may require the use of glowplugs to start properly. The minimum starting temperature without using glowplugs is 40 °C for precombustion chamber injected, 20 °C for swirl chamber injected, and 0 °C for direct injected engines. Engines with a displacement of more than one litre per cylinder usually incorporate a flame-start system rather than glowplugs, if a starting aid system is required.


title: Glowplug

text: In older generation diesel-engine vehicles, unlike in a gasoline-engine vehicle, for a 'cold start' the operator did not simply turn the key to the "start" position and have the engine immediately start. Instead, the operator activated the glow plug(s) for a time first. Early diesels used the 'Thermostart' type glowplug in the inlet manifold. These take 20 seconds to achieve working temperature and the vehicle operator had to manually time (or guess) when the 20 seconds had elapsed. With in-cylinder glow plugs, technological improvements included a warning light on the dash to indicate how long the preheating should last. The preheating phase was also made to be automatically activated when the operator turned the key to the "on" position for a long duration; the glowplug relay switches the glowplugs on, and a light "(see picture at right)" on the instrument cluster illuminates. This process is called "pre-heating" or "glowing". Many modern diesels automatically activate their glow plugs when the operator unlocks the vehicle or opens the door to the car, thus simplifying the process and shortening the time the operator has to wait before the engine will start. According to Bosch: "Older engines with Thermostart manifold plugs used a glow period of up to 20 seconds whereas more modern engines use around a 6 to 8 second heat period and provide after glow at a reduced voltage."


title: Glowplug

text: With in-cylinder glow plugs, when a pre-set time has elapsed, the glowplug relay switches off the "wait-to-start" light. A pre-heating cycle usually lasts for 2 to 5 seconds. The operator then proceeds to turn the key to the "start" position. The relay switches off the glowplugs after the engine is running (or, in older cars, at the same time the "wait to start" light goes out). In some cars, in order to maintain compliance with emissions regulations, the glow plugs may be operated immediately after engine start, or during periods of extended idle where engine temperature has decreased, as combustion efficiency is greatly reduced when the engine is below operating temperature.


title: Glowplug

text: With a Thermostart plug in the inlet manifold, within a few seconds diesel vapours start to fill the inlet manifold. As the plug continues to heat up, it opens a valve permitting diesel from a special reservoir mounted directly above the Thermostart into the Thermostart plug. This fresh diesel is also vaporised and adds to that in the inlet manifold. At 20 seconds, provided air is available, the diesel near the plug ignites and as the engine is cranked, the ignited diesel is drawn into the combustion chambers - to which more diesel is added after the compression stroke. This additional diesel immediately ignites, starting the engine with ease. Vehicles fitted with Thermostart glow plugs do not usually activate via the normal ignition switch. A button elsewhere is provided (along with, in some cases, the button to activate the starting motor). Where a Thermostart is activated by the same switch as the ignition, it is usually activated by turning the switch one 'notch' counter-clockwise. After the 20 second period has elapsed, cranking is achieved by turning the ignition switch a further notch counter-clockwise. Once the engine has fired and is running, the ignition switch is released, allowing it to spring back to the off position. The operator should then turn the ignition switch to the on position - usually one notch clockwise


title: Glowplug

text: If the car had been running very recently, or if the ambient temperature was hot, the "wait to start" light might not come on. In this case, the operator may proceed to turn the key to the "start" position and start the engine without having to wait.


title: Glowplug

text: With a Thermostart, it is entirely up to the operator to choose whether to activate the glow plug. In the case of ignition key controlled Thermostart, turning the key two notches to the right initiates unheated cranking.


title: Glowplug

text: A glowplug resembles a short metal pencil. The heating filament is fitted into its tip. Glowplug filaments must be made of certain materials, such as platinum and iridium, that resist oxidation and high temperature.


title: Glowplug

text: Glow plugs in model engines differ from those in full-size diesel engines. Full-size engines only use the glow plug for starting. Model engines use a glow plug as an integral part of the ignition system because of the catalytic effect of the platinum wire, on the methanol-base fuel they are designed to run on.


title: Glowplug

text: Model engine glow plugs are also used as re-usable igniters in theatrical pyrotechnics and the special effects industry to remotely ignite pyrotechnic devices using flash and smoke composition powders.


title: Glowplug

text: T. Kohno et al, from Toyota, in SAE paper 790435, 'The low load performance of Rotary Engine' found that by installing a continuous Glow Plug in the leading site of a two plug housing, along with a Reed-Valve device, to prevent blow-back of mix into intake ducts, improved the RCE fuel economy around 9%. Also patent DE3207059, Karl Fracke, granted April 1983.


title: Jo Stone-Fewings

text: Jonathan Stone-Fewings (born 1967) is an English actor. He studied at Hereford College of Arts and at the Welsh College of Music and Drama, and began his career in 1989. He has been a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) since 1994. He first performed with the National Theatre playing Barrildo in Declan Donnellan's "Fuenteovejuna" at the Cottesloe Theatre.


title: Jo Stone-Fewings

text: In 2008 he took over the lead role of "Richard Hannay" in "The 39 Steps" at the Criterion in London's West End. He performed the role of Gerry in the revival of Brian Friel's "Dancing at Lughnasa" at the Old Vic in London and has recently performed the role of Orsino in "Twelfth Night" for the RSC.


title: Vineyard

text: A vineyard (; ) is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture. Vineyards are often characterised by their "terroir", a French term loosely translating as "a sense of place" that refers to the specific geographical and geological characteristics of grapevine plantations, which may be imparted to the wine itself.


title: Vineyard

text: The earliest evidence of wine production dates from between 6000 and 5000 BC. Wine making technology improved considerably with the ancient Greeks but it wasn't until the end of the Roman Empire that cultivation techniques as we know them were common throughout Europe.


title: Vineyard

text: In medieval Europe the Church was a staunch supporter of wine, which was necessary for the celebration of the Mass. During the lengthy instability of the Middle Ages, the monasteries maintained and developed viticultural practices, having the resources, security, stability and interest in improving the quality of their vines. They owned and tended the best vineyards in Europe and "vinum theologium" was considered superior to all others.


title: Vineyard

text: European vineyards were planted with a wide variety of the "Vitis vinifera" grape. However, in the late 19th century, the entire species was nearly destroyed by the plant louse "phylloxera" accidentally introduced to Europe from North America. Native American grapevines include varieties such as "Vitis labrusca", which is resistant to the bug. "Vitis vinifera" varieties were saved by being grafted onto the rootstock of Native American varieties, although there is still no remedy for "phylloxera", which remains a danger to any vineyard not planted with grafted rootstock.


title: Vineyard

text: The quest for vineyard efficiency has produced a bewildering range of systems and techniques in recent years. Due to the often much more fertile New World growing conditions, attention has focussed heavily on managing the vine's more vigorous growth. Innovation in "palissage" (training of the vine, usually along a trellis, and often referred to as "canopy management") and pruning and thinning methods (which aim to optimize the Leaf Area/Fruit (LA/F) ratio relative to a vineyard's microclimate) have largely replaced more general, traditional concepts like "yield per unit area" in favor of "maximizing yield of desired quality". Many of these new techniques have since been adopted in place of traditional practice in the more progressive of the so-called "Old World" vineyards.


title: Vineyard

text: Other recent practices include spraying water on vines to protect them from sub-zero temperatures (aspersion), new grafting techniques, soil slotting, and mechanical harvesting. Such techniques have made possible the development of wine industries in New World countries such as Canada. Today there is increasing interest in developing organic, ecologically sensitive and sustainable vineyards. Biodynamics has become increasingly popular in viticulture. The use of drip irrigation in recent years has expanded vineyards into areas which were previously unplantable.


title: Vineyard

text: For well over half a century, New York's Cornell University, the University of California, Davis, and California State University, Fresno, among others, have been conducting scientific experiments to improve viticulture and educate practitioners. The research includes developing improved grape varieties and investigating pest control. The International Grape Genome Program is a multi-national effort to discover a genetic means to improving quality, increasing yield and providing a "natural" resistance to pests.


title: Vineyard

text: The implementation of mechanical harvesting is often stimulated by changes in labor laws, labor shortages, and bureaucratic complications. It can be expensive to hire labor for short periods of time, which does not square well with the need to reduce production costs and harvest quickly, often at night. However, very small vineyards, incompatible widths between rows of grape vines and steep terrain hinder the employment of machine harvesting even more than the resistance of traditional views which reject such harvesting.


title: Vineyard

text: Numbers of New World vineyard plantings have been increasing almost as fast as European vineyards are being uprooted. Between 1990 and 2003, the number of U.S. vineyards increased from , while Australian vineyard numbers more than doubled from and Chilean vineyards grew from . The size of individual vineyards in the New World is significant. Europe's 1.6 million vineyards are an average of each, while the average Australian vineyard is , providing considerable economies of scale. Exports to Europe from New World growers increased by 54% in the six years up to 2006.


title: Vineyard

text: There have also been significant changes in the kinds of grapes that are grown. For example, in Chile, large areas of low-quality grapes have been replaced with such grapes as Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon.


title: Vineyard

text: In Argentina, due to an economic down-turn, acreage of Malbec was significantly reduced in the 1980s, but in the 1990s, during the quality revolution incited by Malbec Pioneer Nicolás Catena Zapata, growers started planting more Malbec, most notably in higher altitudes where cooler temperatures and more intense sunlight yields more concentrated yet smoother and more complex malbecs. Grape changes are often in response to changing consumer demand but sometimes result from vine pull schemes designed to promote vineyard change. Alternatively, the development of "T" budding now permits the grafting of a different grape variety onto existing rootstock in the vineyard, making it possible to switch varieties within a two-year period.


title: Vineyard

text: Local legislation often dictates which varieties are selected, how they are grown, whether vineyards can be irrigated and exactly when grapes can be harvested, all of which in serves to reinforce tradition. Changes in the law can also change which grapes are planted. For example, during Prohibition in the U.S. (1920–1933), vineyards in California expanded sevenfold to meet the increasing demand for home-brewing. However, they were largely planted in varieties with tough skins that could be transported across the country to home wine-makers and the resulting wine was of a low quality.


title: Vineyard

text: According to the International Organisation of Vine and Wine, in April 2015, China () overtook France () in terms of land devoted to vineyards, in second place behind Spain (), the world's largest producer.


title: Vineyard

text: Terroir refers to the combination of natural factors associated with any particular vineyard. These factors include things such as soil, underlying rock, altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun, and microclimate (typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.). No two vineyards have exactly the same terroir, although any difference in the resulting wine may be virtually undetectable.


title: Vineyard

text: Vineyards are often located on hillsides and planted in soil that is of only marginal value to other plants. A common saying is that "the worse the soil, the better the wine." Planting on hillsides, especially those facing north (in the southern hemisphere) or south (in the northern hemisphere), is most often in an attempt to maximize the amount of sunlight that falls on the vineyard. For this reason, some of the best wines come from vineyards planted on quite steep hills, conditions which would make most other agricultural products uneconomic. The stereotypical vineyard site for wine grapes (in the Northern hemisphere) is a hillside in a dry climate with a southern exposure, good drainage to reduce unnecessary water uptake, and balanced pruning to force the vine to put more of its energy into the fruit, rather than foliage.


title: Vineyard

text: The terroir philosophy is predominantly French in origin, the flavour and character of the place defining the individuality and the special attributes of wines and combined with hundreds of years of the finest wine making traditions, terroir gives wines their distinctive taste and signature. However, wildfires in California and Australia have also influenced the character of vineyard plantations and grapes in those areas.


title: Vineyard

text: A vignette is a 500-square-metre vineyard which is part of a larger consolidated vineyard. Investors purchase a piece of land within a vineyard, and outsource the grape maintenance and production operations to an outside grape grower or wine producers. Because they are contracting under a co-operative structure, they benefit from economies of scale and hence cheaper labour and operational costs.


title: Chris Carson

text: Christopher Dewayne Carson (born September 16, 1994) is a former American football running back. He played professionally for five seasons for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL), after playing college football at Butler Community College before transferring to Oklahoma State in 2016. A neck injury during the 2021 NFL season prematurely ended his career.


title: Chris Carson

text: Born in Biloxi, Mississippi, Chris Carson grew up in Lilburn, Georgia, and played high school football at its Parkview High School. He received numerous offers before committing to Oklahoma State.


title: Chris Carson

text: Carson played two seasons for Butler Community College in El Dorado, Kansas, east of Wichita, then transferred to Oklahoma State in 2015 and played two seasons under head coach Mike Gundy. As a junior in 2015, he had 17 carries for 104 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns against UTSA; for the season, he had 517 rushing yards, four rushing touchdowns, and 17 receptions for 170 receiving yards. On November 19, 2016, against TCU, he had 17 carries for 146 yards and a touchdown. Overall, he finished the 2016 season with 559 rushing yards, nine rushing touchdowns, 13 receptions, 128 receiving yards, and a receiving touchdown.


title: Chris Carson

text: In the 2017 NFL Draft, Carson was selected by the Seattle Seahawks in the seventh round, 249th overall. Two weeks later on May 12, the Seahawks signed him to a four-year, $2.46 million contract with a signing bonus of $65,129.


title: Chris Carson

text: In his NFL debut on September 10, 2017, Carson had six rushes for 39 yards and one reception for 10 yards in a 17–9 loss to the Green Bay Packers. In Week 2, against the San Francisco 49ers, his role expanded with 20 carries for 93 yards. Carson emerged as the Seahawks main running back ahead of veterans Thomas Rawls and Eddie Lacy, starting Weeks 3 and 4. In Week 3, against the Tennessee Titans, he had his first career receiving touchdown on a ten-yard reception from Russell Wilson. However, in Week 4 against the Indianapolis Colts on "Sunday Night Football", Carson was carted off with a significant ankle injury. The next day, it was revealed that Carson broke his ankle and was placed on injured reserve. Overall, he finished his rookie season with 208 rushing yards to go along with seven receptions for 59 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown.


title: Chris Carson

text: Carson returned from his injury to contribute immediately for the Seahawks in the 2018 season. In Week 3, against the Dallas Cowboys, he had 32 carries for 102 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown to go along with two receptions for 22 receiving yards in the 24–13 victory. In Week 5, in the 33–31 loss to the Los Angeles Rams, he had 116 rushing yards. Carson was named NFC Offensive Player of the Month for December. Carson went on to have a great second season finishing fifth in the NFL in rushing yards (1,151) and tied for seventh in the NFL with nine rushing touchdowns. Carson was the first Seahawks running back to rush for over 1,000 yards since Marshawn Lynch in 2014. The Seahawks as a whole, led the league in rushing behind Carson's efforts leading the way. The Seahawks made the playoffs and faced off against the Dallas Cowboys in the . Carson had 13 carries for 20 yards in his playoff debut, a 24–22 loss.


title: Chris Carson

text: In Week 1 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Carson rushed 15 times for 46 yards and a touchdown and caught six passes for 35 yards and a touchdown in the 21–20 win. In Week 4, against the Arizona Cardinals, Carson had 145 scrimmage yards (104 rushing, 41 receiving) in the 27–10 victory. In Week 5 against the Los Angeles Rams, Carson rushed 27 times for 118 yards and caught a five-yard touchdown pass on a fourth down late in the game during the 30–29 win. In Week 6 against the Cleveland Browns, Carson rushed 24 times for 124 yards and a touchdown and caught four passes for 35 yards in the 32–28 win. In Week 10 against the San Francisco 49ers on Monday Night Football, Carson rushed 25 times for 89 yards and a touchdown in the 27–24 overtime win. In Week 13 against the Minnesota Vikings on "Monday Night Football", Carson rushed 23 times for 102 yards and a touchdown during the 37–30 win. During Week 15 against the Carolina Panthers, Carson finished with 133 rushing yards and two touchdowns as the Seahawks won 30–24. In Week 16, Carson suffered a fractured hip and was placed on injured reserve on December 24, 2019, ending his season. Carson finished the 2019 season with 1,230 rushing yards and seven rushing touchdowns to go along with 37 receptions for 266 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns. He was ranked 96th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020.


title: Chris Carson

text: In Week 1 against the Atlanta Falcons, Carson rushed six times for 21 yards and caught six passes for 45 yards and two receiving touchdowns during the 38–25 road victory. He became the Seahawks' first running back to record multiple receiving touchdowns in a game since Dan Doornink did so in Week 9 of the 1981 season.


title: Chris Carson

text: In Week 2 against the New England Patriots on "Sunday Night Football", Carson rushed for 72 yards and recorded 36 receiving yards and a touchdown during the 35–30 win.


title: Chris Carson

text: In Week 4 against the Miami Dolphins, Carson totaled 100 yards from scrimmage and two rushing touchdowns during the 31–23 win. In Week 7 against the Arizona Cardinals on "Sunday Night Football," Carson ran for 34 yards and had seven receiving yards before suffering a foot injury, causing him to miss the next four weeks. He returned in Week 12 on "Monday Night Football" against the Philadelphia Eagles, rushing for 41 yards and a touchdown, adding 18 receiving yards on 2 catches during the 23–17 win. In Week 13 against the New York Giants, Carson recorded 110 yards from scrimmage and a receiving touchdown during the 17–12 loss. The next week, in a home game against the New York Jets, he rushed for 76 yards and a touchdown, and also had 3 receptions for 22 yards. Carson finished the 2020 season with 141 rushing attempts for 681 rushing yards and five rushing touchdowns, adding 37 receptions for 287 yards and four receiving touchdowns.


title: Chris Carson

text: On March 27, 2021, Carson re-signed on a two-year contract with the Seahawks. He suffered a neck injury in Week 4, missed the following game, then was placed on injured reserve on October 15, 2021. On November 19, it was revealed that Carson needed neck surgery, which prematurely ended his 2021 season. Carson finished the 2021 season with 54 rushing attempts for 232 yards and 3 rushing touchdowns along with 6 receptions for 29 yards.


title: Chris Carson

text: On July 26, 2022, Carson announced his retirement from football after five seasons due to the neck injury he sustained in the 2021 season. The Seahawks waived him with a failed physical designation, which guarantees him injury protections under the NFL’s CBA.


title: Gustaf III Airport

text: Gustaf III Airport , also known as Saint Barthélemy Airport, Rémy de Haenen Airport, sometimes as St. Jean Airport (), is a public use airport located in the village of St. Jean on the Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy.


title: Gustaf III Airport

text: Due to its very short runway, very close proximity to automotive traffic on a nearby road, and the necessity of a license to land at the airport, "The History Channel" documentary "Most Extreme Airports" ranked it the third most dangerous airport in the world, behind Toncontín International Airport and Lukla Airport.


title: Gustaf III Airport

text: Both the airport and the island's main town of Gustavia are named after King Gustav III of Sweden, under whom Sweden obtained the island from France in 1784 (it was sold back to France in 1878). In 1984, the Swedish Minister of Communications, Hans Gustafsson, inaugurated the terminal building of the Gustaf III Airport. In 2015 the airport got the name "Aéroport de Saint-Barthélemy-Rémy-de-Haenen", named after Rémy de Haenen, an aviation pioneer and later .


title: Gustaf III Airport

text: The airport is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. Most visiting aircraft carry fewer than twenty passengers, such as the Twin Otter, a common sight throughout the northern West Indies and as a curiosity, the Canadian-built de Havilland Dash 7 is the largest aircraft ever allowed to operate at this airport. The short airstrip is at the base of a gentle slope ending directly on the beach. The arrival descent is extremely steep over the hilltop traffic circle; departing planes fly right over the heads of sunbathers (although small signs advise sunbathers not to lie directly at the end of the runway). The airport is located at the island's second-largest town, St. Jean. The most common aircraft flying in for commercial service are the Pilatus PC-12, Cessna 208B Grand Caravan, de Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter, and Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander.


title: Mike Francesa

text: Michael Patrick Francesa (born March 20, 1954) is an American sports-radio talk-show host. Together with Chris Russo, he launched "Mike and the Mad Dog" in 1989 on WFAN in New York City, which ran until 2008 and is one of the most successful sports-talk radio programs in American history.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On December 15, 2017, Francesa retired from his own show, "Mike's On: Francesa on the FAN", which had been airing in the afternoon-drive slot formerly occupied by "Mike and the Mad Dog". He was succeeded by Chris Carlin, Maggie Gray and Bart Scott in the same time slot for the first ratings book of 2018.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On April 27, 2018, WFAN announced that Francesa would return to the station for a -hour afternoon show, a shorter shift than his original slot. Francesa hosted this shortened afternoon drive WFAN slot during a tumultuous tenure through the end of 2019 before he retired for a second time, moving to a half-hour evening slot on WFAN while also producing content for the Entercom-owned Radio.com platform, which began in January 2020. On March 24, 2020, Francesa was tapped to return to the station for a daytime slot on Sundays, and on May 26, 2020, he returned to WFAN on weekdays for an hour each day. On July 24, 2020, Francesa retired for the third time, citing the desire for more time with his family. Currently, he hosts The Mike Francesa Podcast with BetRivers Network.


title: Mike Francesa

text: Francesa was born and raised in Long Beach, New York. He is the second son of Michael Anthony Francesa and his mother Marilyn, who abandoned the family when Francesa was eight years old. He has an older brother John and had a younger brother named Marty who committed suicide on November 27, 1990. Francesa attended Maria Regina High School in Uniondale (now known as Kellenberg Memorial High School) and graduated from St. John's University in 1977 (transferring there after one year at the University of South Florida), majoring in communications and athletic administration. He first married a woman named Kate in 1983 but divorced in 1994.


title: Mike Francesa

text: Francesa started his career by spending six years at "College and Pro Football Newsweekly". He was hired by CBS Sports in 1982 as a researcher, focusing primarily on college sports. At CBS Sports, he was initially a behind-the-scenes, statistics-wielding editorial assistant, but network executives were so impressed by his knowledge that he was made a studio analyst for college basketball and football and acquired such a reputation that "The New Yorker" termed him "Brent Musburger's brain." Francesa said that the most common complaint about him while he was a studio analyst at CBS Sports was about his New York accent.


title: Mike Francesa

text: ESPN tried to lure Francesa as its studio expert for college football, college basketball and the NFL in 1991, but he declined their offer.


title: Mike Francesa

text: When WFAN was launched in 1987, Francesa applied for a host job. However, station management was looking for top-shelf types rather than someone with no experience, and he was only offered a producer's job, which he ended up rejecting. With his then-wife Kate's encouragement, Francesa continued to pursue WFAN. Finally, WFAN gave him a job as a weekend host talking college football and basketball in August 1987. Because of the positive reviews, Francesa began to guest-host other shows.


title: Mike Francesa

text: Because of his initial success as a weekend and fill-in host, he was teamed with local New York City host Ed Coleman, and the duo had a popular show on the 10 a.m. – 2 p.m. slot. In 1989, WFAN was looking for hosts to replace the controversial Pete Franklin in the afternoon drive time period between 3 and 7 p.m. Station management decided to team the knowledgeable, but somewhat dry Francesa with the young and vibrant Chris Russo. While Francesa's brand of sports commentating was considered hard-hitting and serious, Russo's was lighter, unconventional, and more entertaining. The show was dubbed "Mike and the Mad Dog". The show quickly gained popularity and was a staple of the New York sports scene from 1989 to 2008. The duo won the 2000 Marconi Award for Major Market Personality of the Year. They were the first sports-talk hosts ever to win the award.


title: Mike Francesa

text: Francesa also hosted a weekly radio show called "The NFL Now", which originated from WFAN and aired from 1987 to 2016. It eventually became syndicated and at one time was simulcast on MSNBC and later via video Webcast on NBCSports.com. "The NFL Now" became a syndicated program again when WBZ-FM in Boston started airing the show, a few weeks after the station's launch.


title: Mike Francesa

text: Francesa also provided the nightly "Sportstime" commentary on the CBS Radio Network and Westwood One. Francesa regularly contributed to the "Imus in the Morning" program with his views on sports while it aired on WFAN and Westwood One.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On August 14, 2008, it was announced that Russo had decided to leave WFAN, and thus ended the "Mike and the Mad Dog" show two weeks shy of its 19th anniversary. This ended two months of speculation regarding the show's future. At the same time, Francesa signed a five-year deal to stay at WFAN. On September 8, 2008, Francesa's new solo WFAN program began, titled "Mike'd Up", the same name as that of his former weekly television program on WNBC. Francesa's show was simulcast on the YES Network from 2008 until 2014.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On January 17, 2012, the show was renamed "Mike's On". After Francesa left the show "" on WNBC, the television station retained the rights to the name of the show. NBC and CBS did not reach an agreement for the rights, causing WFAN to change the name.


title: Mike Francesa

text: During his show's time on the YES Network, Francesa's trademark show introduction was: "From the studios of WFAN in New York and simulcast across the country on the YES Network, this is "Mike's On": Francesa on the FAN."


title: Mike Francesa

text: On September 10, 2012, Francesa fell asleep live on air during a segment with Yankees beat reporter Sweeny Murti. He later denied that he had fallen asleep after national ridicule and mockery, including that from callers to the show.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On March 24, 2014, Francesa's show began broadcasting nationally on Fox Sports 1. He changed his trademark intro to the show to "From the studios of WFAN in New York and simulcast across the country on Fox Sports 1, this is "Mike's On: Francesa on the FAN."" The relationship with Fox Sports was tumultuous at times, and Francesa's contract ended on September 11, 2015. Francesa took primary responsibility for the failure of the relationship. During his entire solo run, Francesa hosted the top-rated drive-time sports-talk show in the New York market.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On March 30, 2016, Francesa and Russo hosted a "Mike and the Mad Dog" reunion show at Radio City Music Hall.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On December 24, 2016, Francesa aired his last "Mike Francesa Football Sunday" after CBS declined to renew it for 2017.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On January 19, 2016, Francesa stated that he planned to leave WFAN when his contract with the station expired at the end of 2017. On May 3, 2017, WFAN announced "WFAN Presents: Mike Francesa, A Night to Remember", to be held at the LIU Post Tilles Center on November 15 at 7:30 p.m. WFAN broadcast Francesa's penultimate radio show live from the Paley Center for Media. His final day on WFAN was December 15, 2017. Francesa signed off at 6:26 p.m. EST on December 15, 2017, with these final words:


title: Mike Francesa

text: "I want to thank you guys, the listeners, the audience. Because without you—we don't last a week. We don't last a month. So, what I'd like to say to you is, 'I will miss you. I thank you. And, from the bottom of my heart, I love you. Goodbye.'"


title: Mike Francesa

text: On April 24, 2018, just over four months after having retired from WFAN, Francesa announced his intention to return. The station confirmed the decision, stating that he would return to afternoon drive, albeit with a shorter show running from 3:00–6:30 p.m. Monday through Friday.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On August 23, 2018, Francesa launched a subscription-based mobile app known as Mike's On, which provides a live video stream of his daily WFAN show, archived interviews from previous shows, his Sunday NFL show and Saturday college football show and occasional live reactions to sporting events. The $8.99-per-month price of the service was widely criticized by the media.


title: Mike Francesa

text: After returning to WFAN, Francesa won the fall 2018 ratings book, the first since his return, with an average of 6.4 percent of the listening audience as compared to the 5.8 registered by "The Michael Kay Show"'s 5.8, the show opposite Francesa's time slot on the New York ESPN affiliate WEPN-FM. The total included both the over-the-air radio listening audience and WFAN's online streaming audience, which has traditionally been included in the total audience rating because WFAN has different advertising on each format. Without the stream, Francesa would have still won the fall 2018 book during the time slot by a share of 5.9–5.8 over Kay's show.


title: Mike Francesa

text: In the winter 2019 ratings book, Francesa received a 6.2 percent share of the listening audience compared to the 5.9 received by "The Michael Kay Show" during the same time slot. The total included both the over-the-air share as well as the WFAN online streaming. However, Kay beat Francesa 5.9–5.5 in the radio segment, and both hosts claimed victory on their respective shows. After hearing that Kay was celebrating victory over the disputed ratings book, Francesa said on his April 15, 2019, show that "I have nothing but sadness and pity for you that you would actually claim a victory that wasn't real” as well as saying that "you're ESPN, and you get beat like a rented mule for 20 years, it's got to hurt." Francesa later tweeted that "there was only one possible way to read [the ratings]" and that "anyone, and that means anyone, who says differently is either a fool or a liar." Francesa also felt the stress of a close ratings battle for the first time in his sports-radio career, and became embroiled in a heated argument with WFAN management about the availability of a Craig Carton post-sentencing interview on the last few days of the ratings book after Carton had been interviewed by Kay.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On April 28, 2019, Francesa became the center of controversy again, appearing to shame both the New York Giants and their 2019 sixth-round draft pick Corey Ballentine after Ballentine was wounded in a drive-by shooting the day before. Francesa said that the incident contrasted with the "great character" of the draft class that the Giants claimed to have picked, despite evidence that the shooting was completely random. After some media members picked up on the comments, such as Francesa's fellow WFAN hosts Boomer and Gio, Francesa retreated from the opinion on his next day's show, but launched a fiery rant on their morning show the same day, accusing them of purposely distributing misinformation about him and his comments.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On September 3, 2019, it was announced that WFAN's owner Entercom had acquired the intellectual property of the Mike's On app, and that its content would be integrated into the company's Radio.com platform, with no additional subscription required. The Mike's On app was discontinued by the end of September, with its content having been made available for free. Francesa never revealed the number of paying customers for his app, which was roundly criticized by the media throughout its existence.


title: Mike Francesa

text: While delivering his "5 Minute Morning" recording on November 4, 2019, Francesa appeared to release flatulence while on the air, which was turned into a mainstream news story on several online publications, including the "New York Daily News". Francesa later denied that the incident had occurred, saying on his afternoon show the same day that it was "fake news" and that the media was desperate for a headline.


title: Mike Francesa

text: In the fall 2019 ratings book, Francesa's third full book since his return, his WFAN show lost to "The Michael Kay Show" in direct head-to-head ratings, dethroning Francesa from the top of the New York sports ratings for the first time in his career, spanning back to 1989. In the book, Francesa was outrated by Kay 7.4–5.5, with Francesa's total share rising to 6.0 after including streaming. In response to his first-ever ratings-book loss, Francesa criticized Kay and his cohosts, claiming that "celebrating [their] success now would be the same as spiking the football after finally scoring a TD in a game that is 77–0!"


title: Mike Francesa

text: During his radio comeback, Francesa's show was the target of criticism for reasons ranging from his frequent inaccurate predictions to his treatment of callers. His show was described as "grumbles and contentious conversations with callers on a regular basis" by "Deadspin", and Francesa was noted for responding negatively to a caller who told him that Stan Lee had died. Video clips of Francesa making inaccurate predictions often went viral on Twitter, with players such as Virginia basketball's Ty Jerome coming onto the show to specifically address them. Francesa also received attention for maintaining that Tiger Woods had "nil" chance after the second round to win the 2019 Masters Tournament, which Woods later won, and then later claiming that the video clips that contained the inaccurate predictions were doctored or altered.


title: Mike Francesa

text: In a November 2019 interview, Francesa's former "Mike and the Mad Dog" cohost Chris Russo called Francesa's radio comeback "unhealthy". Russo revealed that he and Francesa had not spoken since March 2018 and said: "Mike should never have come back. He should have stayed retired." Russo also conjectured that Francesa may have realized toward the end of his second afternoon drive run that it was a mistake.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On November 5, 2019, Francesa announced his retirement from WFAN for a second time, announcing he would leave the station that December. On December 6, 2019, he hosted his final afternoon show, giving thanks to both the station and the listeners.


title: Mike Francesa

text: Francesa's departure left WFAN needing a replacement for its afternoon-drive slot, which was eventually filled by Joe Benigno and Evan Roberts, who had formerly hosted the midday show.


title: Mike Francesa

text: After Francesa left his afternoon-drive show, WFAN announced that he would not be leaving the station altogether and would instead host a shortened show in a later timeslot. On December 16, 2019, Francesa revealed that he would host a 30-minute show on WFAN from 6:00 to 6:30 p.m., with an additional hour on Radio.com. Francesa announced that the show would be mostly freeform, saying that "I can do whatever I want. I don’t have to do sports. I can do politics. I can do whatever I want" in terms of content.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On January 6, 2020, Francesa debuted the first show in his new format, hosting a half-hour show on WFAN nights during the week while also hosting on Entercom's Radio.com platform. Francesa announced plans to branch out to more than New York sports, talking about national sports as well as political matters. On the first day of his new show, Francesa announced that his political coverage would be "played down the middle," claiming to provide an unbiased centrist perspective.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On March 24, 2020, Francesa returned to daytime sports radio at WFAN for the first time after his second retirement, taking a temporary weekend gig from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on Sundays. Downsizing at the station during the COVID-19 pandemic played a part in WFAN's decision to rehire Francesa. In May 2020, WFAN announced a revamp to its afternoon plans, scheduling Francesa for his first weekday show on the network since his second retirement with a 6:00–7:00 p.m. time window.


title: Mike Francesa

text: On July 24, 2020, Francesa retired from broadcasting his daily WFAN and Radio.com show for the third time, citing the desire to spend more time with his family.


title: Mike Francesa

text: Since retirement, Francesa has been podcasting with the BetRivers Network, hosting the "Mike Francesa Podcast".


title: Mike Francesa

text: Francesa played a bookie in the 2019 film "Uncut Gems", starring Adam Sandler. He also had a role playing himself in the 2003 TV movie "Undefeated".


title: Mike Francesa

text: Currently a resident of Manhasset, New York, Francesa married his current wife Rose (whom he usually calls Roe) on July 14, 2000, and they have three children, fraternal twins Emily Grace and Jack Patrick and Harrison James. In November 2019, Francesa bought a home in South Florida, reportedly to reduce his tax burden.


title: Mike Francesa

text: In April 2007, Francesa criticized Democratic presidential nominees Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton after they called for the resignation of Don Imus following comments that Imus had made about the Rutgers women's basketball team.


title: Mike Francesa

text: In 2016, Francesa supported Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump. He has expressed support for Trump's position on the national anthem at sporting events, tweeting that the "NFL has lost its way" by allowing players to kneel during the anthem. Francesa also brushed off reports that Trump's finances were in trouble, pointing out that he was still able to win the 2016 election.


title: Mike Francesa

text: Despite having voted for Trump, Francesa claimed in January 2020 that he would provide an "unbiased" moderate political perspective on his Radio.com show.


title: Mike Francesa

text: During the first week of June 2006, Francesa missed several days on the radio for what was termed as "personal reasons.” Soon after returning on June 8, 2006, he revealed that following medical tests he needed to change his diet because of his struggle with his weight. He also admitted to having an angioplasty procedure. Francesa underwent emergency knee surgery on August 31, 2006 to repair a shattered kneecap suffered during a golf game the previous day.


title: Mike Francesa

text: Francesa owns horses through his JEH Racing Stable. In 2021, his two-year-old High Oak won the Grade II Saratoga Special Stakes. In 2022, in partnership with Lee Einsidler's LRE Racing, his horse Casa Creed won the Grade I Fourstardave Handicap at Saratoga. JEH Racing Stable is named for his children Jack, Emily and Harrison.


title: Mike Francesa

text: In 2012, Mike Francesa was ranked first among the 100 most important sports-talk radio hosts in the U.S. by "Talkers Magazine". Francesa credited colleagues at WFAN for his success, with a special salute to Russo. He remained the top sports-talk radio host by "Talkers" in 2013 and 2014. Francesa won the 2000 Marconi Award for Major Market Personality of the Year and won again in 2012.


title: Mike Francesa

text: New York Post columnist Phil Mushnick and Francesa have waged a long-running public battle, which has continued into 2022. At the root of Mushnick's dislike of Francesa is his perception of the latter's egotism, condescension, "know-it-all" attitude, and pomposity. Mushnick's counterpart at the New York Daily News, Bob Raissman, sounded similar themes in 2017 - but noted that Francesa's polarizing approach was what got so many listeners to tune in.


title: Primary education in the United States

text: Primary education in the United States (also called elementary education) refers to the first seven to nine years of formal education in most jurisdictions, often in elementary schools, including middle schools. Preschool programs, which are less formal and usually not mandated by law, are generally not considered part of primary education. The first year of primary education is commonly referred to as "kindergarten" and begins at or around age 5 or 6. Subsequent years are usually numbered being referred to as "first grade", "second grade", and so forth. Elementary schools normally continue through sixth grade, which the students normally complete when they are age 11 or 12. Some elementary schools graduate after the 4th or 5th grade and transition students into a middle school.


title: Primary education in the United States

text: In 2016, there were 88,665 elementary schools (66,758 public and 21,907 private) in the United States.


title: Primary education in the United States

text: Some private schools, and public schools, are offering pre-kindergarten (also known as pre-K) as part of elementary school. Twelve states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Vermont) as well as the District of Columbia offer some form universal pre-kindergarten according to the Education Commission of the States (ECS).


title: Primary education in the United States

text: The first three to five years of an individual’s life can be the most critical period of their education (preschool). During this time period young minds work on several physical, intellectual, and emotional developments, including curiosity, formation of character, personality, cognition, language skills, and social skills.


title: Primary education in the United States

text: Since 1965, the federal government has promoted the growth of state-funded programs such as Head Start, a program under the United States Department of Health and Human Services. By 2020, it had served over 37 million preschool-aged children and their families; in fiscal year 2019 alone it served over 1 million children. Head Start also works to educate the whole child in addition to providing health and nutrition services to low-income families.


title: Primary education in the United States

text: Elementary schools are schools that span grades K or 1 through 4, 5, or 6. Students may attend either a 4-year, 5-year, 6-year or 7-year public or private elementary school. Upon successful completion of their elementary education students then proceed to middle school, also known as junior high school. Depending on the school district, some students attend separate middle schools, beginning at 6th grade and then completing at 8th grade before they transition to high school, also known as senior high school. Additionally, students may have the option of attending elementary schools that include all eight primary grades. In this case, the student will directly proceed to high school, or senior high school.


title: Primary education in the United States

text: In most U.S. elementary schools, a class of students is assigned to a particular teacher and classroom for an entire school year. Those students will spend the vast majority of that school year together in that one classroom learning from that one teacher, and that teacher is expected to carefully supervise their students at all times (apart from lunch and recess). Well-financed schools can hire specialists to provide instruction in specific subject matter like art, music, and science; at such schools, a teacher will hand off their entire class to specialists for such units and then resume supervision of the class afterwards. This is distinct from the course model followed at the middle school, high school, and college levels, in which students enroll in various courses each semester which is usually taught in different classrooms by different teachers, and therefore must race from one classroom to the next during the school day.


title: Lady Death

text: Lady Death is a fictional goddess appearing in American comic books published by Coffin Comics. Created by Brian Pulido, Lady Death first appeared in "Evil Ernie" #1 in December 1991.


title: Lady Death

text: Lady Death then reappeared in the "Evil Ernie: The Resurrection" miniseries published by Pulido under his now-defunct company Chaos! Comics in 1994. The character was also the subject of a released in July 2004 by ADV Films.


title: Lady Death

text: Incarnations of the character have been illustrated by such comic book artists as Steven Hughes, Mike Deodato, Jr., Romano Molenaar, Dheeraj Verma and Ivan Reis. Brian Pulido has optioned publishing licenses through various independent companies such as Avatar Press. , Lady Death was published by Pulido's Coffin Comics, LLC.


title: Lady Death

text: In addition, Lady Death has been depicted in artworks by a number of well-known fantasy artists such as Dorian Cleavenger, Gerald Brom, Boris Vallejo, Joe Jusko and Julie Bell.


title: Lady Death

text: Lady Death was originally published by Chaos Comics and remains one of the best examples of the bad girl titles that took the American comic book industry by storm during the late 1990s. The earliest issues of Lady Death were written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Steven Hughes. Lady Death was originally conceived as a violent anti-hero, but subsequent iterations have toned down the more controversial aspects of the character.


title: Lady Death

text: In August 2002, Chaos! Comics filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and the intellectual property rights to Lady Death were sold to CrossGen Entertainment. Pulido continued to work on Lady Death for Crossgen, creating a new series titled "Medieval Lady Death" that was released in February 2003. This version of Lady Death made substantial changes to the character in an attempt to capture a larger mainstream audience.


title: Lady Death

text: Despite "Medieval Lady Death" enjoying reasonable sales, CrossGen Entertainment ran into financial difficulties of its own and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on June 18, 2004, in Tampa, Florida. During the bankruptcy proceedings, the rights to Lady Death were sold to Avatar Press. The other Chaos! Comics properties were sold to Tales of Wonder.


title: Lady Death

text: In 2004, a feature-length animated motion picture based upon the original version of Lady Death was released. Produced by ADV films, the premiered at Comic-Con International in San Diego on July 23, 2004. The film was poorly received and was not a major financial success.


title: Lady Death

text: In July 2005, Avatar Press unveiled a new version of Lady Death. Both "Medieval Lady Death" as well as the "Classic Lady Death" were published in separate series. Pulido wrote both series, which featured art by several Avatar Press artists, including Juan Jose Ryp, Daniel HDR, Richard Ortiz, Ron Adrian, Di Amorin and Gabriel Guzman.


title: Lady Death

text: In 2010, Avatar Press created a separate imprint, Boundless, to publish new comics starring the character later that year. Pulido and Mike Wolfer wrote the ongoing series.


title: Lady Death

text: In 2015, Pulido launched new Lady Death stories via Kickstarter and later in April 2016, Pulido began publishing new stories under his company Coffin Comics, LLC.


title: Lady Death

text: Lady Death originated as a hallucination by a troubled boy named Ernest "Ernie" Fairchild. Ernie believed Lady Death was his dream girl: a violent, sexy supervillain. She promised to "love Ernie forever" in exchange for his loyalty and a vow to kill everyone on Earth. Initially, Lady Death's appearances in Ernie's stories were that of a muse and confidant. Eventually it is revealed that she is her own demonic entity. Her true intentions and her past remained a mystery. As Ernie's story progressed, Lady Death moved on and led her own.


title: Lady Death

text: The setting for the original Lady Death comic was medieval Sweden. The woman who would become Lady Death was born a mortal named Hope. Her father was a local nobleman named Matthias who was despised by the peasants as a cruel tyrant for forcibly conscripting peasants into military service as feudal levies. The exact nature of the war that Matthias was prosecuting is not specified, although evidence from the recent revision of the character by Avatar Press suggests that it may have been one of the Northern Crusades (also known as the Baltic Crusades).


title: Lady Death

text: Unknown to his innocent daughter, Matthias had a dark secret. Although congratulated by the Church for his work against the pagans and was outwardly pious, Matthias was secretly dabbled in black magic and demonology. He was actually a descendant of the fallen angels who had led the rebellion against God. By contrast, Hope's mother was a woman so pure and innocent that her bloodline reached Heaven. Hope's mother died when Hope was still in her late teens, and she was left to live with her father.


title: Lady Death

text: Eventually, Matthias' cruelty triggered a peasant uprising. Matthias narrowly escaped death at the hands of the rebels by summoning a demon, but Hope was captured by the rebels and accused of witchcraft. Faced with the prospect of execution by burning at the stake, Hope uttered an incantation that she had overheard her father use. This incantation summoned a demon who offered her a bargain – he would rescue her from death if she would renounce her humanity and serve the powers of Hell. Hope accepted the bargain and was transported into the infernal realms.


title: Lady Death

text: Once in Hell, Hope became entangled in a civil war that was raging between Lucifer and an army of renegade devils led by a powerful sorcerer. Hope was devastated when she learned that the ambitious sorcerer challenging Lucifer for the control of Hell was her own father.


title: Lady Death

text: Gradually corrupted by the nature of her surrounding, Hope was tainted with evil. She allied herself with an exiled craftsman who forged weapons for the infernal armies. While speaking to him, she declared that the innocent woman she had once been was dead and that she would henceforth only be known as Lady Death.


title: Lady Death

text: In her new persona, Lady Death led an uprising against the Lords of Hell. During the final battle, Lucifer cursed her never to return to Earth while the living walked. Lady Death swore an oath that she would circumvent Lucifer's curse by exterminating all life on Earth.


title: Lady Death

text: Lady Death finally ended Lucifer's control over her by casting him through Heaven's Gate (a place where evil cannot go), and in doing so became the new ruler of Hell. Many of the beings living in hell believe that the ascension of Lady Death signaled the beginning of the age of judgment – the final battle between good and evil for the fate of the Earth.


title: Lady Death

text: Avatar Press began publishing "Lady Death" titles in 2005. Since they only have the rights to Lady Death alone, and not the rest of the Chaos! Comics characters that were intertwined with her original story, Lady Death has been given a new origin story, with notable differences to the story told at Chaos! Comics.


title: Lady Death

text: Hope is the daughter of Mary and Marius. Marius is a crusader who has been waging endless campaigns against the pagans, always returning with only his most loyal soldiers, while the peasant levies were slaughtered. This angered the survivors.