text: Newcastle had been deeply concerned by Britain's poor start to the war, particularly by the loss of Menorca and the French occupation of key ports in the Austrian Netherlands. To try to boost Britain's position in the Mediterranean, he pushed for an invasion of Corsica, which was then controlled by neutral Genoa, to use as a naval base or for a British attack on Ostend to drive the French out. Pitt was alarmed that both prospects would lead Britain into war with Austria or Genoa. Instead, to placate Newcastle and George II, Pitt agreed to send a British contingent to fight in Germany in 1758.


title: Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

text: In 1758, Pitt began despatching expeditions around the world to seize French colonies. In 1758, they captured Senegal and Gambia in West Africa and Louisbourg in North America. He planned to intensify this the next year by despatching large expeditions to the West Indies and Canada. To do so, Pitt stripped the British Isles of troops and ships, which caused Newcastle to worry that they were ill-defended. His fears increased when the British received intelligence of French plans to launch an invasion of Britain. Pitt was determined to press ahead with that year's plans but agreed to lessen the scale of colonial expeditions for 1760 since he expected that 1759 would provide a knockout blow to the French war effort.


text: Newcastle had retained his previous belief that Britain needed to create as broad a coalition as possible and that Europe, rather than the Americas, would be decisive. He thus attempted to persuade a number of different states to join the anti-French alliance. He was largely unsuccessful since the Dutch, Danes and Portuguese remained neutral, and Sweden and Russia joined the French and Austrians in attacking Prussia. He authorised large sums to be paid as subsidies to the Prussians, who were fighting countries whose land forces dwarfed their own.


text: One of Newcastle's greatest personal achievements was his use of diplomacy to keep Spain out of the war until 1762, when it was too late to alter the balance of power significantly. In 1759, he and Pitt organised Britain's defences against a planned French invasion, which failed because of British naval victories at Lagos and Quiberon.


text: This "broad bottom government", under which Britain gained reputation abroad, gradually fell owing to the affection of the new king George III for John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, who, having supplanted Pitt, became prime minister in place of Newcastle in May 1762. George III had described Pitt as a "snake in the grass" and Newcastle as a "knave".


text: Despite their undeniably competent prosecution of the war, the new king did not trust either man with the future of Britain and cast them both into opposition. It marked arguably the last occasion upon which a British monarch was able to remove a prime minister purely out of personal animosity: that privilege would in future be ceded entirely to Parliament. As Bute was a Tory, this marked the end of the Whig monopoly on government which had been continual since the Hanoverian Succession in 1714.


text: The Duke went into opposition and lost his two Lord-Lieutenancies for opposing the peace of 1763. Along with Pitt, he felt the terms of peace were overly generous to France and Spain because of the position of strength held by the British. Many territories captured during the war were handed back, but the French presence had been effectively destroyed permanently in Canada and in India.


text: He spent much of his time at his house at Claremont, which he considered one of his finest achievements. Newcastle had been in government for almost 45 continuous years and initially enjoyed the new freedom that opposition gave him.


text: In 1765, he became Lord Privy Seal in the government of Lord Rockingham, who shared many similarities with Newcastle, and both men were both wealthy Whig grandees. Newcastle was at one point offered the position of Southern Secretary by the king, but he turned it down. He lasted for a few months before the government collapsed, which was replaced by that of the Duke of Grafton.


text: He remained in active opposition but accepted he would not hold office again. He continued to wield enormous patronage and influence, but his health swiftly gave way after a stroke in December 1767, which left him lame and impaired in speech and memory. In his final few months, he had counselled against the Coercive Acts on British America. He died in November 1768, aged 75, at his London home in Lincoln's Inn Fields. After his death, Claremont was sold to Robert Clive who had made his name in the Seven Years' War.


text: The Duke was industrious and energetic, and to his credit, the statesman who almost monopolised the patronage of office for half a century twice refused a pension and finally left office £300,000 poorer than he entered it because of his heavy spending on political campaigns, his lavish lifestyle and his neglect of the family budget.


text: Newcastle was widely caricatured, often being portrayed as a muddle-headed buffoon who struggled to understand the business of government. He was one of the most ridiculed politicians of the 18th century. A common and widely circulated example of his cluelessness is his reported response to being told by Ligonier that Annapolis needed to be defended, to which Newcastle allegedly replied, "Annapolis! Oh yes, Annapolis must be defended, to be sure. Annapolis must be defended—where is Annapolis?".


text: Horace Walpole, no friend of him, sketched his character thus: "A borrowed importance and real insignificance gave him the perpetual air of a solicitor... He had no pride, though infinite self-love. He loved business immoderately; yet was only always doing it, never did it. When left to himself, he always plunged into difficulties, and then shuddered for the consequences."


text: Historical opinion has generally been divided, with some historians drawing the conclusion that he was unfit for his office, but others regard him as a shrewd political operator who subtly navigated the complex European State System of the 18th century. He is both praised and criticised as being perhaps the greatest machine politics operator of the 18th century, who commanded immense voting strength in parliament. He could often organise majorities in the House of Commons for seemingly perplexing, unpopular and absurd policies of the government.


text: Generally, praise for Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War has gone to Pitt rather than Newcastle, who officially headed the government. Traditionally, accounts of the war have portrayed Pitt as a visionary who won the war by reversing Newcastle's previous unwise policy of focusing on European affairs; Francis Parkman records correspondence between Pitt and his military administrators and none between them and Newcastle. Others have defended Newcastle by contrasting his 'continental policy' with Lord North's failure to gather European allies during the American War of Independence, which led to Britain's eventual defeat in this conflict.


text: He was portrayed in the novel "Humphry Clinker" by Tobias Smollett as a bungling fool, ignorant of all geography, who is convinced that Cape Breton is not an island. Newcastle was played in the 1948 film "Bonnie Prince Charlie" by G. H. Mulcaster. He also features in the British television series "City of Vice", which covers the early years of the Bow Street Runners.


text: On 2 April 1717, he married Lady Harriet Godolphin, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Godolphin and granddaughter of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. The Duchess suffered from poor health and the couple had no children.


text: In 1731, at Houghton Hall, Sir Robert Walpole's country house in Norfolk, the Duke, with the Duke of Lorraine (later the Holy Roman Emperor), was made a Master Mason by the Grand Master, Lord Lovell, at an Occasional Lodge. In 1739, at the creation of London's Foundling Hospital, he acted as one of the charity's founding governors.


text: With the prospect that the dukedom of Newcastle upon Tyne would become extinct once again, King George II also created the Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne in 1756, with a special remainder for inheritance through his nephew, the 9th Earl of Lincoln.


text: In 1762, he was also created Baron Pelham of Stanmer, with inheritance to his cousin and male heir, Thomas Pelham.


text: On his death in 1768, the title Baron Pelham of Stanmer, together with the bulk of the Pelham estates in Sussex and the Duke's private papers, were left to Thomas, who was later created Earl of Chichester. Pelham and his brother were buried at All Saints' Church in Laughton, East Sussex.


text: The Holles and Clare estates, meanwhile, together with his Newcastle dukedom, were inherited by Lord Lincoln from whom the Duke had become estranged.


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: In numerical analysis, the Crank–Nicolson method is a finite difference method used for numerically solving the heat equation and similar partial differential equations. It is a second-order method in time. It is implicit in time, can be written as an implicit Runge–Kutta method, and it is numerically stable. The method was developed by John Crank and Phyllis Nicolson in the mid 20th century.


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: For diffusion equations (and many other equations), it can be shown the Crank–Nicolson method is unconditionally stable. However, the approximate solutions can still contain (decaying) spurious oscillations if the ratio of time step formula_1 times the thermal diffusivity to the square of space step, formula_2, is large (typically, larger than 1/2 per Von Neumann stability analysis). For this reason, whenever large time steps or high spatial resolution is necessary, the less accurate backward Euler method is often used, which is both stable and immune to oscillations.


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: The Crank–Nicolson method is based on the trapezoidal rule, giving second-order convergence in time. For linear equations, the trapezoidal rule is equivalent to the implicit midpoint method the simplest example of a Gauss–Legendre implicit Runge–Kutta method which also has the property of being a geometric integrator. For example, in one dimension, suppose the partial differential equation is


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: Letting formula_4 and formula_5 evaluated for formula_6 and formula_7, the equation for Crank–Nicolson method is a combination of the forward Euler method at formula_8 and the backward Euler method at "n" + 1 (note, however, that the method itself is "not" simply the average of those two methods, as the backward Euler equation has an implicit dependence on the solution):


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: Note that this is an "implicit method": to get the "next" value of "u" in time, a system of algebraic equations must be solved. If the partial differential equation is nonlinear, the discretization will also be nonlinear, so that advancing in time will involve the solution of a system of nonlinear algebraic equations, though linearizations are possible. In many problems, especially linear diffusion, the algebraic problem is tridiagonal and may be efficiently solved with the tridiagonal matrix algorithm, which gives a fast formula_12 direct solution, as opposed to the usual formula_13 for a full matrix, in which formula_14 indicates the matrix size.


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: The Crank–Nicolson method is often applied to diffusion problems. As an example, for linear diffusion,


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: applying a finite difference spatial discretization for the right-hand side, the Crank–Nicolson discretization is then


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: Given that the terms on the right-hand side of the equation are known, this is a tridiagonal problem, so that formula_19 may be efficiently solved by using the tridiagonal matrix algorithm in favor over the much more costly matrix inversion.


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: would lead to a nonlinear system of algebraic equations, which could not be easily solved as above; however, it is possible in some cases to linearize the problem by using the old value for formula_21, that is, formula_22 instead of formula_23. Other times, it may be possible to estimate formula_23 using an explicit method and maintain stability.


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: This is a solution usually employed for many purposes when there is a contamination problem in streams or rivers under steady flow conditions, but information is given in one dimension only. Often the problem can be simplified into a 1-dimensional problem and still yield useful information.


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: Here we model the concentration of a solute contaminant in water. This problem is composed of three parts: the known diffusion equation (formula_25 chosen as constant), an advective component (which means that the system is evolving in space due to a velocity field), which we choose to be a constant "Ux", and a lateral interaction between longitudinal channels ("k"):


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: where "C" is the concentration of the contaminant, and subscripts "N" and "M" correspond to "previous" and "next" channel.


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: The Crank–Nicolson method (where "i" represents position, and "j" time) transforms each component of the PDE into the following:


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: and substitute (), (), (), (), (), (), "α", "β" and "λ" into (). We then put the "new time" terms on the left ("j" + 1) and the "present time" terms on the right ("j") to get


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: To model the "first" channel, we realize that it can only be in contact with the following channel ("M"), so the expression is simplified to


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: In the same way, to model the "last" channel, we realize that it can only be in contact with the previous channel ("N"), so the expression is simplified to


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: To solve this linear system of equations, we must now see that boundary conditions must be given first to the beginning of the channels:


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: Let us solve this problem (in a matrix form) for the case of 3 channels and 5 nodes (including the initial boundary condition). We express this as a linear system problem:


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: Now we must realize that AA and BB should be arrays made of four different subarrays (remember that only three channels are considered for this example, but it covers the main part discussed above):


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: where the elements mentioned above correspond to the next arrays, and an additional 4×4 full of zeros. Please note that the sizes of AA and BB are 12×12:


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: When extending into two dimensions on a uniform Cartesian grid, the derivation is similar and the results may lead to a system of band-diagonal equations rather than tridiagonal ones. The two-dimensional heat equation


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: assuming that a square grid is used, so that formula_54. This equation can be simplified somewhat by rearranging terms and using the CFL number


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: For the Crank–Nicolson numerical scheme, a low CFL number is not required for stability, however, it is required for numerical accuracy. We can now write the scheme as


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: Solving such a linear system is not practical due to extremely high time complexity of solving a linear system by the means of Gaussian elimination or even Strassen algorithm. Hence an alternating-direction implicit method can be implemented to solve the numerical PDE, whereby one dimension is treated implicitly, and other dimension explicitly for half of the assigned time step and conversely for the remainder half of the time step. The benefit of this strategy is that the implicit solver only requires a tridiagonal matrix algorithm to be solved. The difference between the true Crank–Nicolson solution and ADI approximated solution has an order of accuracy of formula_58 and hence can be ignored with a sufficiently small time step.


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: Because the Crank-Nicolson method is implicit, it is generally impossible to solve exactly. Instead, an iterative technique should be used to converge to the . One option is to use Newton's method to converge on the prediction, but this requires the computation of the Jacobian. For a high-dimensional system like those in computational fluid dynamics or numerical relativity, it may be infeasible to compute this Jacobian.


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: A Jacobian-free alternative is fixed-point iteration. If formula_59 is the velocity of the system, then the Crank-Nicolson prediction will be a fixed point of the map formula_60. If the map iteration formula_61 does not converge, the parameterized map formula_62, with formula_63, may be better behaved. In expanded form, the update formula is


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: Because a number of other phenomena can be modeled with the heat equation (often called the diffusion equation in financial mathematics), the Crank–Nicolson method has been applied to those areas as well. Particularly, the Black–Scholes option pricing model's differential equation can be transformed into the heat equation, and thus numerical solutions for option pricing can be obtained with the Crank–Nicolson method.


title: Crank–Nicolson method

text: The importance of this for finance is that option pricing problems, when extended beyond the standard assumptions (e.g. incorporating changing dividends), cannot be solved in closed form, but can be solved using this method. Note however, that for non-smooth final conditions (which happen for most financial instruments), the Crank–Nicolson method is not satisfactory as numerical oscillations are not damped. For vanilla options, this results in oscillation in the gamma value around the strike price. Therefore, special damping initialization steps are necessary (e.g., fully implicit finite difference method).


title: Bleach (season 6)

text: The sixth season of the "Bleach" anime series is named the . In the English adaptation of the anime released by Viz Media, the title of the season is translated as The Arrancar. The episodes are directed by Noriyuki Abe, and produced by TV Tokyo, Dentsu and Studio Pierrot. The season adapts Tite Kubo's "Bleach" manga series from the rest of the 21st volume to the 26th volume (chapters 183–229), with the exception of episodes 128–131 (filler). The episodes' plot centers on the burgeoning war between the Soul Reapers and the arrancar led by former Soul Reaper captain Sōsuke Aizen.


title: Bleach (season 6)

text: The season aired on TV Tokyo from January 10 to June 27, 2007. The English adaptation of the "Bleach" anime is licensed by Viz Media, and began airing on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim in the United States on April 18 and ended on July 11, 2009.


title: Bleach (season 6)

text: Five DVD compilations, each containing four episodes of the season, were released by Aniplex between June 27 and October 24, 2007. Viz Media released the season in five DVD volumes from April 20 to August 24, 2010. It was also collected in two DVD boxes on September 28 and December 21, 2010, with the latter including the first two episodes of season 7. Manga Entertainment published the season in DVD volumes in the United Kingdom with the first released on April 11 and the second is on June 13, 2011. A DVD box followed it on September 26, 2011.


title: Bleach (season 6)

text: The episodes use four pieces of theme music: two opening themes and two ending themes. The opening themes are Yui's "Rolling Star", used for the first eleven episodes, and the remainder of the episodes feature "Alones" by Aqua Timez. The ending themes are Mai Hoshimura's , used until episode 120, and by Oreskaband, used in the remainder of the episodes.


title: Chandrapur

text: Chandrapur (earlier known as "Chanda", the official name until 1964) is a city and a municipal corporation in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra state, India. It is the district headquarters of Chandrapur district. Chandrapur is a fort city founded by Khandkya Ballal Sah, a Gond king of the 13th century. The city sits at the confluence of the Erai river and Zarpat river. The area around the city is rich in coal seams.. Hence, Chandrapur is also known as the "Black Gold City".


title: Chandrapur

text: The local people relate the name "Chandrapur" to the words "Chandra" (the moon) and "pur" (a settlement) after a legend. Scholars see the name as a derivative of "Indupur" (city of the moon) which stood near the Jharpat in the Treta Yuga.


title: Chandrapur

text: There are many Stone Age sites in Chandrapur District. Suresh Chopane, a renowned researcher, found many stone-age tools in the district, which has been displayed in his Rock Museum. Archeological finds, such as signs of pottery making, suggest inhabitation of the Chandrapur area in Neolithic times.


title: Chandrapur

text: From ancient times, Chandrapur has fallen under the control of many different rulers. Between 322 BCE and 187 BCE, much of India, including Maharashtra, was part of the Maurya Empire. From 187 BCE to 78 BCE, Chandrapur was part of the Shunga Empire which controlled much of central and eastern India. The Satavahana Empire controlled Chandrapur from the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE. The Vakataka dynasty ruled from the area from the mid 3rd century CE to 550 CE. The Kalachuri dynasty ruled in the area in the 6th and 7th centuries CE. The Rashtrakuta dynasty followed, controlling the Chandrapur region between the 7th and 10th centuries. The Chalukya dynasty ruled in the region to the 12th century CE. The Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Devagiri ruled a kingdom, including the Chandrapur area, in approximately 850 CE and continued until 1334 CE.


title: Chandrapur

text: The Gond people are part of the Adivasi (indigenous people) of India. In ancient times, the Gond diaspora spread throughout central India. After the passage of many kings, who were largely subservient to other rulers, the Gond king, Khandkya Ballal (1470 1495) came to the throne. He founded Chandrapur.


title: Chandrapur

text: As per legends, Khandkya, who resided in Sirpur, was covered in tumours. His wise and beautiful wife nursed him. She asked him to leave Sirpur and move to the north bank of the Wardha River. There, the king built a fort he named "Ballalpur" and thus founded the city of Ballarpur. One day, while hunting northwest of Ballalpur, the king became thirsty and rode up to the dry bed of the Jharpat river in search of water. He discovered water trickling from a hole, and after drinking, washed his face, hands and feet. That night, he slept soundly for the first time in his life.


title: Chandrapur

text: On his return, the queen was delighted to see that many of the tumours on her husband's body had disappeared. The king said it was the water that had cured him and took his wife to see the water hole. On clearing the grass and sand, they found five footprints of a cow in the solid rock, each filled with water. The water source at the spot was inexhaustible and considered holy. The place was called "Tirtha of Acalesvar of the Treta Yuga". When the king bathed in the water, all the tumours on his body vanished. That night at the water hole, Acalesvar appeared to the king in a dream and spoke comforting words. A temple was built over the water hole.


title: Chandrapur

text: One morning, at the water hole, the king saw a hare darting out of a bush and chasing his dog. Eventually, the dog killed the hare. The king found a white spot on the forehead of the hare. The queen said it was a good omen and a fortified city should be built with its layout based on the chase of the dog and hare. She said the place where the hare was killed would be unlucky for the city. The king's officers, the "Tel Thakurs" built the fortified city. The city became Chandrapur.


title: Chandrapur

text: Gond rule was lost in 1751 to the Maratha period. The last ruler of the Maratha dynasty, Raghuji Bhonsle III died in 1853 without issue. In 1853, Chandrapur was annexed to British India. During the British colonial period, the area of Chandrapur was called "Chanda". By 1871, Anglican and Scottish Episcopal missionaries had arrived in the city. In 1874, three tehsils were created: Viz Mul, Warora and Bramhpuri. The upper Godavai district of Madras was abolished and four tehsils were added to Chandrapur to form one tehsil with Sironcha, approximately 150 km to the south, as its centre of governance. In 1895, the headquarters was transferred to Chandrapur. In 1905, a new tehsil with headquarters at Gadchiroli was created through the transfer of zamindari estates from Bramhpuri and Chandrapur tehsil. In 1907, a small area of land was transferred from Chandrapur to the newer districts and another area of about 1560 km, comprising three divisions of the lower Sironcha tehsil (Cherla, Albak and Nugir) were transferred to Madras State. Between 1911 and 1955, no major changes occurred in the boundaries of the district or its tehsils.


title: Chandrapur

text: In 1956, with the reorganization of Indian states, Chandrapur district was transferred from Madhya Pradesh to Bombay state. In 1959, part of Adilabad district of Hyderabad state, was transferred to Chandrapur district. In May 1960, Chandrapur district became part of the Maharashtra state. In 1964, the city was renamed to Chandrapur. Following the 1981 Census of India, Chandrapur district was divided into Chandrapur district and Gadchiroli district.


title: Chandrapur

text: Chandrapur is located in central India in the eastern part of Maharashtra state at 19.57°N latitude and 79.18°E longitude. Chandrapur is situated at 189.90 meters above the mean sea level. The area of the city is about 162.41 km. The north–south length of the city is about 15.90 km, while the east–west length is about 10.90 km. The city slopes from the north to the south.


title: Chandrapur

text: Chandrapur lies at the confluence of the Erai and Zarpat rivers. The Erai river has a history of flooding. Flood marks are seen on the walls of the city. In the north of the city, a dam is constructed on the river Erai, having the capacity of 207 million cubic meters. The Gaontideo Nala originates from the uplands of the Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station. The Macchhi Nala originates from uplands of Central Forest Rangers College.


title: Chandrapur

text: Chandrapur lies on terrain rich in coal. Chandrapur is called a "geological museum" as there is a large variety of rocks as well as commercially valuable minerals and fossils. Samples of such rocks are collected at the Suresh Chopane Rock Museum.


title: Chandrapur

text: Chandrapur has a hot and dry climate. December is the coldest month, with a minimum average temperature of 9 °C and a maximum average temperature of 23.2 °C. May is the hottest month with a mean maximum temperature of 43 °C and a mean minimum temperature of 28.2 °C. On 2 June 2007, there was the highest recorded temperature of 49 °C.[In January 1899 & 2021] , there was the lowest recorded temperature of 2.8 °C.


title: Chandrapur

text: The monsoon season comes between June and September. Chandrapur's average annual rainfall is 1249.4 mm. The average number of rainy days is 59.2.


title: Chandrapur

text: Marathi is spoken by majority of the people in Chandrapur. The native Gondi is spoken by most of the Gonds in Chandrapur. People can also speak Hindi and English.


title: Chandrapur

text: Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan, the conference on Marathi literature, has been held twice in Chandrapur, in 1979 (Chair Vaman Krushna Chorghade) and in 2012 (Chair Vasant Aabaji Dahake).


title: Chandrapur

text: In 2016, the inaugural All India Gondi Religious Convention was convened by the Central Provinces and Berar Gondwana Samaj Sewa Samiti in Warora, 30 km north west of Chandrapur. The Chair was Raja Virshah Krushnashah Atram, a descendant of Khandkya Ballal Sah and current titular Gond king of Chandrapur.


title: Chandrapur

text: According to the 2012 India census, 71.84 percent of people in Chandrapur are Hindu, 15.64 percent are Buddhist, 10.07 percent are Muslims, 0.94 percent are Christians, 0.54 percent follow Jainism, 0.44 percent are Sikhs, 0.47 percent follow other religions and 0.05 percent identify with no particular religion.


title: Chandrapur

text: Chandrapur lies on major state highways MH MSH 6, MH MSH 9 and state highways MH SH 233, MH SH 243 and MH SH 264. Chandrapur is connected to many cities in Maharashtra by the Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation bus service. Bus Services are offered to Pune, Nagpur, Amravati,Yavatmal, Hyderabad, Raipur, etc. A proposed Chandrapur Pune expressway, via Yavatmal Beed, is in the planning stages.


title: Chandrapur

text: Chandrapur railway station is managed by the Nagpur CR railway division of the Central Railway. It lies on the New Delhi–Chennai main line. The Chanda Fort railway station is managed by the Nagpur SEC railway division of the South East Central Railway. It lies on the Balharshah–Gondia line. Other railway stations within city limits are Vivekanand Nagar railway station, Babupeth railway station and Choti Padoli railway station.


title: Chandrapur

text: Chandrapur Airport, operated by the Maharashtra Airport Development Company, is situated near Morwa on MH SH 264, about 12 km from the city. The airstrip is 950 m in length. Development of the airport is limited by surrounding obstructions, particularly the thermal power plant. Hence, the MADC is building a greenfield airport at Vihirgaon, 40 kilometres from Chandrapur. The nearest airport with scheduled flights is the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur.


title: Chandrapur

text: The Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, a 3,340 MW power station complex which is owned by the Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited, occupies an area of about from the city. It employs approximately 3,460 people and supplies more than 25 percent of the state's electricity. A masonry dam on the Erai river, 15 km from the station provides water to the station and to Chandrapur. On 16 January 1977, the station's foundation stone was laid by the Central Energy Minister, K. C. Pant.


title: Chandrapur

text: The Karmavir Dadasaheb Kannamwar High School (previously known as the Zilha Parishad Jubilee High School) was established in 1906. The Lokmanya Tilak Vidyalaya was founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The Chanda Sikshan Prasarak Mandal is a large educational institution with a number of campuses in Chandrapur.


title: Chandrapur

text: Chandrapur has a government medical college and a government engineering college. The city's colleges (apart from the medical college) are affiliated with Gondwana University.


title: Chandrapur

text: The Chandrapur Fort (earlier known as Chanda Fort) (today called "old city") is a fort located at confluence of Erai and Zarpat rivers. The fort was built by Gond king, Khandkya Ballal Sah. The fort has four gates: Jatpura Gate to the north, Anchaleshwar Gate to the east, Pathanpura Gate to the south and Binba Gate to the west. The fort also has Five small gates, called "khidkis" (windows): Bagad Khidki to the northeast, Hanuman Khidki to the southeast, Vithhal Khidki to the southwest and Chor Khidki to the northwest and Masan Kidki. The fort has strong walls 15–20 feet high.


title: Chandrapur

text: Mahakali Mandir (temple) is an often frequented temple in Chandrapur. The ancient temple was built by Dhundya Ram Sah, of Gond Dynasty around the 16th century. Tuesdays are a particularly significant day to visit. Within the mandir there is a small Ganesh temple and a Hanuman temple. At the two temple entrances, there are small shops for puja (worship) supplies such as coconut, flowers and cloth. Items for home décor and puja décor are sold near the temple. Near the rear entrance there is a Shani temple.


title: Chandrapur

text: The Anchaleshwar Mandir celebrates a form of the Lord Siva. It is situated adjoining Anchaleshwar Gate of Chandrapur fort on the banks of the Zarpat river. The official samadhi (mausoleum) of the Gond kings is located within the temple complex.


title: Chandrapur

text: The Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is located approximately 30 km north of Chandrapur near the Erai dam. This park was included in the project tiger since 1973. The total area of the reserve is 625.40 km. In 2014 the tiger population in Tadoba was 66, that number has gone up to 86. Tadoba is now a home to 86 Tigers despite years of lynching, poaching & other threats. There are many hotels and resorts near Moharli gate, Zari gate and Navegaon gate of the reserve, available for the tourists. The guided tours inside the park are available during early morning and evening time only.


title: Gayal

text: The gayal (Bos frontalis), also known as the Drung ox or mithun, is a large domestic cattle distributed in Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and in Yunnan, China.


title: Gayal

text: In his first description of 1804, Aylmer Bourke Lambert applied the binomial "Bos frontalis" to a domestic specimen probably from Chittagong.


title: Gayal

text: In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature fixed the first available specific name based on a wild population that the name for this wild species is valid by virtue of its being antedated by a name based on a domestic form. Most authors have adopted the binomial "Bos frontalis" for the domestic species as valid for the taxon.


title: Gayal

text: Phylogenetic analysis corroborates the taxonomic assessment that the gayal is an independent "Bos" species originating matrilineally from gaur, zebu and cattle.


title: Gayal

text: In 2020, Ranganathan Kamalakkannan et Al. found "phylogenetic analysis using complete mitochondrial genome sequences unambiguously suggested that gaur is the maternal ancestor of domestic mithun."


title: Gayal

text: Gayals are essentially inhabitants of hill-forests. In India, semi-domesticated gayals are kept by several ethnic groups living in the hills of Tripura, Mizoram, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland. They also occur in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. In northern Burma, they occur in the Kachin State, and in adjacent Yunnan are found only in the Trung () and Salween River basins.


title: Gayal

text: The role of the mithun is central to the lives of many residents of these areas, including transhumant ones who pair mithun management with sago palm harvesting:


title: Gayal

text: In Nagaland, the animals are kept semi-wild, and live in herds, being watched over by special caretakers assigned by the villages or the owner of the herd. They respond to a horn kept specially for the individual caretaker or actual owner to call them. From birth until the time of butchering or market, the Mithun remain in the herd, and roam mostly freely throughout the forests.


title: Gayal

text: To the Idu Mishmi, Nyishi people or Adi people (Bangni-Booker Lhobas incl pasi, padam, minyong, Galong now Galo), the possession of gayal is the traditional measure of a family's wealth. Gayal are not milked or put to work but given supplementary care while grazing in the woods, until they are ritually slaughtered or killed for local consumption. Mithuns are wild and each family has a very indigenous marking as a cut on the ear.


title: Gayal

text: The gayal is the state animal of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Gayals play an important role in the social life of the people in Arunachal Pradesh. Marriages are not fixed until the bridegroom's family gives at least one gayal to the bride's household.


title: Gayal

text: Gayals are left in the forest, where they usually stay within a small perimeter. Females are usually aggressive when with calves, and there are instances known when people have been severely injured after being gored by one. Males are usually more docile.


title: Gayal

text: In Mizoram and Manipur, it is called Sial, Siel, Se/Sia amongst the tribes of the Chin-Kuki-Mizo. It is the most essential and valuable commodity; the wealth of a person is often counted by the number of gayals. It is the sole animal used for sacrificial purposes and feast of merit. The tribes regard a human to be honourable if and when he holds a community feast of one or more gayal on one or more occasions.


title: Gayal

text: The National Research Centre on Mithun was established at Medziphema in the Chümoukedima District of Nagaland under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.


title: Gayal

text: The mandate of the institute was redefined in 1997 and 2006. Currently, the National Research Centre on Mithun is functioning for developing the scientific and sustainable mithun rearing system and for catering the needs of mithun farmers with the following mandates:


title: Kim Yashpal

text: Kim (born as Satyakim Yashpal, also known as Kim Yashpal) is a retired Indian actress and model, who is recognized for her work in Hindi cinema, particularly for starring in supporting roles, with the exception of her lead roles in "Phir Wahi Raat" (1980) and "Disco Dancer" (1982). The latter film is the highest grossing of her career.


title: Kim Yashpal

text: In the later years of her career, Kim appeared primarily in guest roles and item numbers. She officially retired from acting in 1993; aside from "Phir Wahi Raat" and "Disco Dancer", her notable roles include "Naseeb" and "Bulundi" in 1981, and "Commando" in 1988, all of which she appeared in supporting roles. Since her retirement, Kim has stayed out of the public media.


title: Kim Yashpal

text: Kim's early years in her career consisted of modeling, in which she appeared on the covers of various magazines, including Star & Style magazine. She then began acting in 1979, making an appearance in "Pehredaar", which then ultimately became a lost film.


title: Kim Yashpal

text: In 1980, Kim starred in Danny Denzongpa's psychological horror-film "Phir Wohi Raat" as Asha, a young woman who has recurring nightmares and goes through traumatic experiences. The film performed well at the box-office and brought her recognition.


title: Kim Yashpal

text: In 1981, Kim went to star in Manmohan Desai's Bollywood movie "Naseeb", playing the role of a young girl in the middle of love and criminal controversies. The film was a commercial-success, and was the second highest-grossing film of the year. She also starred in Esmayeel Shroff's crime film "Bulundi" as the sister of Raaj Kumar's character of a professor. It was a moderate hit at the box-office.


title: Kim Yashpal

text: In 1982, Kim was then cast in her first starring role as Rita Oberoi, the daughter of a criminal, in the Hindi film "Disco Dancer", the heroine to Mithun Chakraborty. The film turned to be a success at the box-office, and was the highest-grossing film of the year; The songs were also a major success, and her performance in the song "Jimmy Jimmy Aaja Aaja" brought her fame. The film was idolized as a classic in Bollywood cinema, and helped established her as an actress.


title: Kim Yashpal

text: Kim also appeared in Deepak Bahry's action film "Hum Se Hai Zamana" as Sona, the girlfriend of Danny Denzongpa's character, Karan; she was particularly praised for a scene where she runs away in a bikini after being pursued by bandits.


title: Kim Yashpal

text: Kim starred as Padmini in K S R Swamy's action film "Maha Shaktimaan", and was also cast as Monica in Raj N. Sippy's film "Andar Baahar", and as Soniya and Rashmi in Dilawar. She later appeared in Babbar Subhash's film "Commando", as Jhum Jhum, and in "" in a guest appearance; both films were hits at the box-office.


title: Kim Yashpal

text: Kim retired from the film industry in 1993. Her last films were guest roles in "Pratikar", "Honeymoon", "Balwaan", "Muskurahat", and "Bulund". She also appeared in a song for "Chandra Mukhi", however it was later deleted.


title: Kim Yashpal

text: Kim was in a relationship with fellow Bollywood actor Danny Denzongpa, for seven years throughout the 1980s.


title: The W

text: The W is the third studio album by American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan. It was released on November 21, 2000, by Loud Records. After their 1997 album "Wu-Tang Forever", several of the group's members released solo projects before "The W", which has a more rugged, less polished sound than that of most Wu-Tang related albums from that era. The album also features guest appearances from Isaac Hayes, Redman, Nas, Busta Rhymes, Snoop Dogg and Junior Reid. It is the group's last album to feature Ol' Dirty Bastard before his death in 2004, as he was absent from their next album, "Iron Flag" (2001).


title: The W

text: The album debuted at number five on the "Billboard" 200, and number one on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart with 301,000 copies sold in the first week. It produced several singles, which also charted as well. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Upon its release, "The W" received generally positive reviews from most music critics based on an aggregate score of 80/100 from Metacritic.


title: The W

text: "The W" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 80, based on 17 reviews. Aside from calling Wu-Tang "the best rap group ever," Kris Ex of "Rolling Stone" called the album "A sonic gestalt that exists somewhere between the Queensbridge projects and OutKast's "Stankonia."" "Entertainment Weekly"s David Browne remarked that the members sound "utterly mellow on their third album." He further stated ""The W" forgoes innovation and simply revels in the Clan's strengths: the way their star rappers toss around rhymes as if playing catch; RZA's skulking, string-enhanced beats." Kelefa Sanneh of "The Village Voice" declared it "The best-produced Wu-affiliated album since GZA's 1995 "Liquid Swords". "Q" stated ""The W" is largely a return to murky idiosyncratic form after 1997's filler-bloated "Wu-Tang Forever". Weighing in at a svelte 60 minutes, it plays to the group's main strengths: brutal hooks and scary ambience." Dave Heaton of "PopMatters" described it as "the sound of a group growing up and realizing that collaboration can lead to endless creativity" and commented on its significance in the group's catalogue, stating:


title: The W

text: Despite commenting that ""The W" isn't quite the masterpiece it sounds like after the first few tracks [...] it falls prey to inconsistency, resulting in half-formed tracks", AllMusic editor John Bush praised the album's "back-to-basics approach", writing that it succeeds "not only because it rightly puts the focus back on the best cadre of rappers in the world of hip-hop, but also because RZA's immense trackmaster talents can't help but shine through [...] When they're hitting on all cylinders, Wu-Tang Clan are nearly invincible." Steve Jones of "USA Today" called it "sharply focused." S. H. Fernando Jr. of "Vibe" called it "a dense, demented, 15-song opus that will now draw comparisons to the now classic "36 Chambers"." He further noted its "originality, innovation, and a mastery of the fundamentals of beats and rhymes", and commented "This album goes against the grain of everything that's going on in rap right now". Sasha Frere-Jones of "Spin" complimented RZA's diverse range of production and the group's word play; in "The Rolling Stone Album Guide", Frere-Jones called the production "possibly RZA's most consistent yet." In his consumer guide for "The Village Voice", critic Robert Christgau commented that he "can't swear they've taken their moral vision much beyond 'Handle your bid and kill no kids'", but praised RZA's production and stated "He serves up a bounty of song-centered musique trouvée and stomach-churning beats from anywhere [...] Far from straining, he's gone sensei, achieving a craft in which the hand leads the mind".


title: The W

text: "The W" appeared on numerous Albums of the Year lists by several American publishers, such as "Rolling Stone", "Spin", and "The Village Voice". The album also appeared on the same lists for several international publishers, such as "NME", "The Wire" and "Uncut" from the United Kingdom, and "Liberation" and "Les Inrockuptibles" from France, for which it was ranked number one in the latter. In 2005, "Hip Hop Connection" ranked the album number 70 on their 100 Greatest Rap Albums 1995–2005 list. One year later, the album was included in Gary Mulholland 261 Greatest Albums Since Punk and Disco. In 2008, "The W" was included in Tom Moon's "1000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die", and in 2009, Pitchfork Media ranked it number 162 on their Top 200 Albums of the 2000s list, stating ""The W" was as surprising as it was pleasing, packing some of the RZA's best production work, and some of the group's best music."


title: The W

text: "The W" debuted at number five on the US "Billboard" 200, and number one on the US Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums charts, selling 301,000 copies in the first week. On December 14, 2000, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of over a million copies in the United States. As of April 2014, the album has sold 1.1 million copies in the United States.


title: The American Friend

text: The American Friend () is a 1977 neo-noir film by Wim Wenders, adapted from the 1974 novel "Ripley's Game" by Patricia Highsmith. The film features Dennis Hopper as career criminal Tom Ripley and Bruno Ganz as Jonathan Zimmermann, a terminally ill picture framer whom Ripley coerces into becoming an assassin. The film uses an unusual "natural" language concept: Zimmermann speaks German with his family and his doctor, but English with Ripley and while visiting Paris.


title: The American Friend

text: Tom Ripley (Dennis Hopper) is a wealthy American living in Hamburg, Germany. He is involved in an artwork forgery scheme, in which he appears at auctions to bid on forged paintings produced by an accomplice to drive up the price. At one of these auctions, he is introduced to Jonathan Zimmermann (Bruno Ganz), a picture framer who is dying of leukemia. Zimmermann refuses to shake Ripley's hand when introduced, coldly saying "I've heard of you" before walking away.


title: The American Friend

text: A French criminal, Raoul Minot (Gérard Blain), asks Ripley to murder a rival gangster. Ripley declines, but in order to get even for Zimmermann's slight, suggests Minot use Zimmermann for the job. Ripley spreads rumors that Zimmerman's illness has suddenly worsened. Minot offers Zimmerman a great deal of money to kill the gangster. Zimmermann initially turns Minot down, but becomes greatly distressed by the thought that he may not have long to live and wants to provide for his wife and son. He agrees to go to France with Minot for a second medical opinion. Minot arranges to have the results falsified to make Zimmermann expect the worst. Zimmermann agrees to shoot the gangster in a Paris Métro station. Ripley visits Zimmermann in his shop before and after the shooting to get a picture framed. Zimmermann is unaware of Ripley's involvement in the murder plot, and the two begin to form a bond.


title: The American Friend

text: Minot visits Ripley again to report his satisfaction with Zimmermann's performance. Ripley, who has grown to like Zimmerman, is appalled when Minot says he plans to have him murder another rival gangster, this time on a speeding train using a garrote. Before Zimmermann can complete the murder, the target's bodyguard catches him. Ripley appears on the train and overpowers him. Zimmermann and Ripley execute the target and the bodyguard. They meet outside and Ripley confesses to suggesting him to Minot, and declines Zimmermann's suggestion to keep half the money for the second hit. Ripley asks Zimmermann to tell Minot that he did the job on the train alone. Back home, Zimmermann argues with his wife, Marianne, who does not believe his stories of being paid to undergo experimental treatments.


title: The American Friend

text: Zimmermann has been receiving mysterious phone calls and suspects the Mafia is trying to find him. His fears grow worse when Minot tells him that his own flat was recently bombed. Ripley picks up Zimmermann and they drive to his mansion to wait for the assassins Ripley expects to appear. Ripley and Zimmermann ambush and kill the assassins. Ripley piles their bodies into the ambulance in which they arrived. Before he and Zimmermann can leave to dispose of the bodies, Marianne arrives and tells Zimmermann that the French medical reports are fake. Ripley explains that she and her husband can settle matters later, but now they need to dispose of the bodies. They drive to the sea, Ripley in the ambulance and Marianne driving her husband in their car. On an isolated beach, Ripley douses the ambulance with gasoline and sets fire to it. Zimmermann drives away with Marianne, abandoning Ripley. Moments later, he dies at the wheel; Marianne pulls the emergency brake and survives. At the beach, Ripley says to himself, "We made it anyway, Jonathan. Be careful."


title: The American Friend

text: Wenders was a fan of Patricia Highsmith and wanted to adapt one of her novels to film, especially "The Tremor of Forgery" or "The Cry of the Owl". When he learned that the rights to these novels and Highsmith's other novels had been sold, he met with her and she offered him the unpublished manuscript of "Ripley's Game", which was published in 1974. Wenders also uses elements of "Ripley Under Ground", though he did not have the rights to do so.


title: The American Friend

text: Wenders wanted to cast John Cassavetes as Ripley, who declined and suggested Hopper for the part. After casting Hopper, an experienced director, Wenders decided to cast directors in all the gangster roles, including Gérard Blain, Nicholas Ray, and Samuel Fuller. He disliked the title "Ripley's Game" and shot the film under the title "Framed". He also considered the title "Rule Without Exception". He credits Hopper with suggesting the title "The American Friend".


title: The American Friend

text: American popular music is heard at several points in the film. Ripley quotes the song "Ballad of Easy Rider" from "Easy Rider", a film Hopper directed and starred in, and Bob Dylan's "One More Cup of Coffee" and "I Pity the Poor Immigrant." Zimmermann plays or sings songs by the Kinks, "Too Much on My Mind" and "Nothin' in the World Can Stop Me Worryin' 'Bout That Girl", in his shop. "Summer in the City", Wenders's first full-length feature film, was dedicated to The Kinks. Ripley tells Zimmermann that he's "bringing the Beatles back to Hamburg," and Zimmermann quotes their song "Drive My Car" later in the film.


title: The American Friend

text: In "A Girl and a Gun: The Complete Guide to Film Noir", David N. Meyer says: "Though the plot may not make a whole lot of sense the first time around—and the thick European accents of a couple of the major actors doesn't help—"The American Friend" is worth the effort. Few movies from any era or genre offer such rich characters, realistic human relationships, gripping action sequences, or sly humor." In "Out of the Past: Adventures in Film Noir", Barry Gifford writes, "Of all the 'homage' films made since the 1940s and '50s meant to evoke noir, "The American Friend" succeeds more than most because of the spaces, the sputters, and sudden shifts of energy that allow the characters to achieve veracity."


title: The American Friend

text: The film was entered into the 1977 Cannes Film Festival. It has a 91% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 22 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.33/10. The Critics' Consensus reads, ""The American Friend" is a slow burning existential thriller that does justice to the Patricia Highsmith source novel." Roger Ebert gave the film three stars (out of four), writing: "[Wenders] challenges us to admit that we watch (and read) thrillers as much for atmosphere as for plot. And then he gives us so much atmosphere we're almost swimming in it." David Nusair of "Reel Film Reviews" had a more mixed reaction, calling the film "occasionally thrilling" and praising "Ganz's subtle, thoroughly compelling performance" but criticizing what he called a "disastrous final half hour."


title: The American Friend

text: Highsmith initially disliked the film but later changed her mind. Joan Schenkar's biography "The Talented Miss Highsmith: The Secret Life and Serious Art of Patricia Highsmith" quotes Wenders: "I was really happy with the picture and couldn't wait to have Patricia see it. But then, to my great disappointment, she was quite disturbed by it, didn't conceal that either and didn't have anything good to say about it after the screening. I left utterly frustrated. Months later, I got a letter from her. She said she had seen the film a second time, this time in a public screening on the Champs-Élysées during a visit in Paris. And she had much better feelings about it now. ... And she was full of praise for Dennis Hopper, too, whom she had flat-out rejected the first time. She now wrote that my film had captured the essence of that Ripley character better than any other films. You can guess how relieved I was!" In a 1988 interview, Highsmith praised the film's "stylishness" and said the scenes on the train were "terrific."


title: The American Friend

text: The film was selected as the West German entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 50th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. It was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film by the U.S. National Board of Review.


title: The American Friend

text: "The American Friend" is the second Ripley big-screen adaptation, after Purple Noon. It was followed by 1999's The Talented Mr Ripley, 2002's Ripley's Game and 2005's Ripley Underground. The Ripley films do not form an official series, or precede or follow on from each other.


title: Little Women (1949 film)

text: Little Women is a 1949 American comedy-drama film with script and music taken directly from the earlier 1933 Hepburn version. Based on Louisa May Alcott's 1868–69 two-volume novel of the same name, it was filmed in Technicolor and directed by Mervyn LeRoy. The screenplay was written by Sally Benson, Victor Heerman, Sarah Y. Mason, and Andrew Solt. The original music score was composed by Adolph Deutsch and Max Steiner. The film also marked the American film debut of Italian actor Rossano Brazzi. Sir C. Aubrey Smith, whose acting career had spanned four decades, died in 1948; "Little Women" was his final film.


title: Little Women (1949 film)

text: In the small town of Concord, Massachusetts, during the Civil War, the March sisters—Meg (Janet Leigh), Jo (June Allyson), Amy (Elizabeth Taylor), and Beth (Margaret O'Brien)—live with their mother in a state of genteel poverty, their father having lost the family's fortune to an unscrupulous businessman several years earlier. While Mr. March (Leon Ames) serves in the Union Army, Mrs. March (Mary Astor), affectionately referred to as "Marmee" by her daughters, holds the family together and teaches the girls the importance of giving to those less fortunate than themselves, especially during the upcoming Christmas season. Although the spoiled and vain Amy often bemoans the family's lack of material wealth and social status, Jo, an aspiring writer, keeps everyone entertained with her stories and plays, while the youngest March daughter, the shy and sensitive Beth, accompanies Jo's productions on an out-of-tune piano.


title: Little Women (1949 film)

text: The spirited Jo, a tomboy in search of male companionship, strikes up a friendship with Theodore "Laurie" Laurence (Peter Lawford), the grandson of the March's wealthy, but cantankerous neighbor, James Laurence (C. Aubrey Smith). Later that winter, Jo so impresses Mr. Laurence with her forthrightness and her beneficial effect on the brooding Laurie, that he invites the March sisters to a fancy dress ball at his sumptuous home. At the ball, Meg is courted by John Brooke (Richard Stapley), Laurie's tutor, and Jo consents to dance with Laurie while Amy and Beth breathlessly view the scene from their perch atop the staircase. Mr. Laurence's gruff demeanor is softened upon meeting Beth, who reminds him of the beloved granddaughter he lost, and when he learns of her musical talent, he offers her the use of his grand piano. The beautiful evening ends on a sour note, however, when Amy and Beth overhear the snobbish Mrs. Gardiner (Isabel Randolph) and her daughter gossiping about Marmee.


title: Little Women (1949 film)

text: As the weeks pass, Laurie's affection for Jo grows, but Jo rebuffs him as a suitor, claiming that although she loves him as a friend, she will never marry. Meanwhile, Jo attempts to discourage Meg's deepening feelings for Mr. Brooke, fearing that a marriage will break the bond between the sisters. Spring arrives, and Marmee receives word that Mr. March has been wounded and sent to an Army hospital in Washington, D.C. Jo asks her wealthy Aunt March (Lucile Watson) for Marmee's train fare, but the two have a heated argument when the impatient Jo refuses to address Aunt March with the decorum the proud woman demands. As usual, Aunt March comes through for the family, but not before Jo has had her beautiful chestnut locks cut off and sold in order to pay for Marmee's trip. While carrying out Marmee's work for the poor in her absence, Beth contracts scarlet fever, and the distressed and frightened sisters realize how much they depend upon Marmee. Just as Marmee returns, however, Beth's fever breaks, and the entire family is reunited when Laurie arranges for the surprise return of Mr. March.


title: Little Women (1949 film)

text: A few months later, Meg marries Mr. Brooke and Laurie asks Jo to marry him, but she turns him down, explaining that she is uncomfortable in high society and wishes to devote her life to writing. Greatly disappointed, Laurie leaves for Europe, and Jo, saddened by the seeming loss of both Meg and Laurie, who she considers to be her best friend, moves to New York to pursue her career. While boarding at the home of the Kirke family, Jo meets Professor Bhaer (Rossano Brazzi), the Kirke children's German tutor, who introduces her to art museums and the opera. Bhaer later agrees to read Jo's stories, but she is devastated when he later criticizes her work, dismissing it as sensationalistic. Bursting into tears, Jo reveals that she feels abandoned by Laurie and hurt that Aunt March, who had long promised her a trip to Europe, has taken Amy instead. After consoling Jo, with whom he has fallen in love, Professor Bhaer advises her to write from her heart, and Jo decides to return home where she is needed, for Beth is again very ill. Upon her return to the now nearly empty March household, Jo learns that her beloved Beth is dying and spends the next few weeks caring for the courageous girl, who bears her suffering without complaint.


title: Little Women (1949 film)

text: After Beth's death, Jo assuages her grief by writing a novel entitled "My Beth", which she sends to Professor Bhaer for his opinion. Later, Meg, now the mother of twins, gently informs Jo that Laurie and Amy have fallen in love in Europe and are to be married. Although Jo is happy for the couple, she realizes for the first time how lonely she is and how much she wishes to be loved. A few weeks later, Laurie and Amy return as husband and wife, and the Marches joyfully celebrate the family's reunion. The festivities are interrupted when Professor Bhaer arrives with Jo's novel, which he has had published. However, when Laurie answers the door, Bhaer mistakenly assumes that Jo has married her friend; he politely declines Laurie's invitation to join the party, and departs. After Jo catches up to him, the two embrace and he proposes marriage. Jo happily accepts, then leads her future husband back to the warmth of the house, where her family awaits them.


title: Little Women (1949 film)

text: David O. Selznick was originally going to produce the film. Filming began in September 1946 but Selznick decided he could not tackle a major production so soon after the ordeal of filming "Duel in the Sun" (1946) so he sold the property and script to MGM. The cast for the David O. Selznick version included Jennifer Jones (Jo), Diana Lynn (Amy), Bambi Linn (Beth), Rhonda Fleming (Meg) and Anne Revere (Marmee).


title: Little Women (1949 film)

text: Originally intended as a 1948 release, the premiere of "Little Women" was delayed until March 1949, when it was presented as the Easter attraction at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. It is believed that the reason for the delay was to make the movie part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Silver Anniversary Celebration.


title: Little Women (1949 film)

text: "Little Women" became one of the top-grossing films of 1949. According to MGM records it earned $3,425,000 in the US and Canada, and $2,495,000 overseas resulting in a profit of $812,000.


title: Little Women (1949 film)

text: Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" wrote that the first part of the film was "a pretty agreeable assortment of period fun and sentiment", but the latter part "got away from the scriptwriters" with a "perceptible deflation" in its spirit once it became serious. Of June Allyson's performance, Crowther wrote that "Comparisons of course, are odious, but if memory serves us well, she can't hold a bayberry candle to the Jo of Katharine Hepburn of fifteen years ago." John McCarten of "The New Yorker" wrote that unlike the previous film version, the remake left him "dry-eyed" and agreed that Allyson "tries hard to be as diverting as Miss Hepburn was years ago, even to the extent of imitating her peculiar vocalizations every now and then, but somehow she isn't quite as persuasive as her predecessor." "Harrison's Reports" called the film "wholesome entertainment, with great sentimental appeal," but "beautiful as it is in its old-fashioned charm, human appeal, and comedy situations, its oozing sentiment, judged by present standards, seems out of tune." A mostly positive review in "Variety" praised LeRoy's direction as "tasteful" and, while agreeing that the Victorian sentiment of the book was "too meticulously preserved" in the film and "a bit out of joint with our times," found that Allyson's performance "dominates the film" and "shows that there is meat in the role for more than one actress."


title: Little Women (1949 film)

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 71% approval rating, based on five out of seven surveyed critics providing a positive review.


title: Rather Be

text: "Rather Be" is a song by English electronic music group Clean Bandit, featuring vocals by Jess Glynne. It was released on 5 December 2013 as the fourth single from the group's debut studio album, "New Eyes" (2014). It also appears on the deluxe version of Glynne's debut album, "I Cry When I Laugh" (2015). It was co-written by band members Jack Patterson and Grace Chatto, along with Jimmy Napes and Nicole Marshall, and produced by Patterson and Chatto. Warner Music Group released a number of official remixes for download, with DJs such as All About She and Cash Cash.


title: Rather Be

text: The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart and was the third fastest-selling single of 2014, and the highest-selling January single since "Spaceman" by Babylon Zoo in 1996. The song spent four weeks at number one, selling over one million copies since release and becoming only the seventh single to go 3× Platinum. "Rather Be" also reached number one in eleven additional countries including Austria, Finland, Germany, Norway and Sweden. It was the best selling single of 2014 in the Netherlands, was the tenth highest-selling single of the 2010s decade in the UK, and is certified Platinum or higher in eleven countries. In the United States, the song peaked at number ten on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was placed at number four on "Billboard"s 10 Best Songs of 2014 list.


title: Rather Be

text: "Rather Be" has also become an international hit in part due to the song's video becoming a viral hit on YouTube. Filmed in Tokyo and featuring Haruka Abe, it has over 698 million views. It won the Best Dance Recording category at the 2015 Grammy Awards in the United States.


title: Rather Be

text: "Rather Be" was written by Clean Bandit keyboardist Jack Patterson, Nicole Marshall and James Napier (frequent collaborator of Disclosure), and was produced by Clean Bandit cellist Grace Chatto and Patterson.


title: Rather Be

text: "Rather Be" performs in the key of G♯ minor, in common time and at a light tempo of 121 beats per minute. It follows a chord progression of G♯m–D♯m/F♯–E–B The track's instrumentation includes a violin, chiptune-style synth blips, a slow bass, piano and vocals. According to Pandora.com, the song features a "vocal counterpoint", a subtle "buildup/breakdown", use of "modal harmonies", the use of "chordal patterning" and "staccato synths".


title: Rather Be

text: "Rather Be" received its first play on 4 December 2013, when it featured as BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe's "Hottest Record in the World". The song's digital release date was originally planned to be 19 January 2014, but was moved to 17 January. The single was issued by Warner Music, and is the third to be taken from Clean Bandit's debut studio album. Warner Music Group also released a number of official remixes released for download, with DJs such as All About She and Cash Cash.


title: Rather Be

text: The song was met with critical acclaim in the music press, with both positive reviews from contactmusic and Digital Spy, who commented, "Co-penned with Disclosure hitmaker Jimmy Napes, 'Rather Be' blends classical-inspired violin with uplifting house beats and a vocal that sounds suspiciously like Natasha Bedingfield. The result is an infectious sound that feels fresh and exciting.". The song was placed at number four on "Billboard"s 10 Best Songs of 2014 list. In December 2014, the song received a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording, which it would go on to win in early 2015.


title: Rather Be

text: The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, selling 163,000 copies in the first week. It was the third fastest-selling single of 2014 (behind Band Aid 30's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" and Ben Haenow's "Something I Need"), and the highest-selling January single since "Spaceman" by Babylon Zoo in 1996. It stayed there for four weeks, the longest UK number one for three years. It is the second best-selling song of 2014 in the UK, selling over 1.13 million copies by the end of the year. On the US "Billboard" Hot 100, the song peaked at number ten, marking Clean Bandit's and Glynne's first US top 10. The song was a remarkable success worldwide, topping the charts in 13 different countries.


title: Rather Be

text: Upon its release "Rather Be" held the record for the most streams in a single week on Spotify in the United Kingdom. The track received 1.09 million plays over seven days in February 2014, surpassing the record previously held by Daft Punk's "Get Lucky", although this record has now been surpassed.


title: Rather Be

text: In August 2015, the British Phonographic Industry certified the song 3× Platinum (the sixth song of the century to achieve this). It stayed in the top 75 for 73 weeks, setting the record for the longest unbroken run (since equalled by "Thinking Out Loud" by Ed Sheeran). As of September 2017, the song has sold in the UK 1,283,000 copies in pure sales, it also gained 93 million in streams, making a total of 2,219,000 in combined units.


title: Rather Be

text: The music video was directed by the group and was uploaded to YouTube on 5 December 2013. It has since received more than 688 million views. The video was filmed in Tokyo, Japan and features Haruka Abe as a Japanese fan. During the video, Abe lip-syncs to Jess Glynne's vocals. Glynne herself also appears in the video. The band comments:


title: Rather Be

text: "The video is about a Japanese fan of the band who becomes delirious and has hallucinations of band members and our logo appearing unexpectedly in her daily life as a chef. Filming in Tokyo was an amazing experience: we spent almost a week there and everyone was so helpful. We made it ourselves as always, which was quite scary as we've never produced anything so far away before. We had a bit of trouble filming the scene on the train though. Turns out it's considered incredibly rude to make noise on a train so when we started dancing around to the track in the carriage with the extras, it didn't go down well! Got shouted at."


title: Rather Be

text: On 16 January 2014, the group performed "Rather Be" in BBC Radio 1's "Live Lounge", together with a cover version of Lorde's "Royals". They performed it as part of their sets at the Summertime Ball, Glastonbury and T in the Park. They also performed at the 2015 Brit Awards nomination launch party along with their new single "Real Love".


title: The Microphones

text: The Microphones are an American indie folk, indie rock, and experimental project from Olympia, Washington. The project was founded in 1996 and ended in 2003, with a short reunion following in 2007 and revivals in 2019 and 2020. Across every iteration of the Microphones, it has been fronted by Phil Elverum. Elverum is the principal songwriter and producer behind the band's albums, but he has also collaborated with other local musicians on his other recordings and tours. Many of Elverum's recordings from the project's initial period were released by the label K Records.


title: The Microphones

text: Since 2003, Elverum has recorded and performed primarily under the name Mount Eerie. He played a one-off concert in Anacortes, WA under the name the Microphones in June 2019 and announced the release of a new Microphones album, "Microphones in 2020", in August 2020.


title: The Microphones

text: Phil Elverum became involved in the Washington music scene while working at the Business, a record store in his home town of Anacortes, in the mid-1990s. Elverum began experimenting with recording equipment in the back of the store, which led to the store's owner Bret Lunsford releasing two cassettes ("Microphone" and "Wires and Cords") on his label, KNW-YR-OWN. Elverum also played drums in Lunsford's band, D+, before moving to Olympia in 1997 to attend Evergreen State College.


title: The Microphones

text: While in Olympia, Elverum caught the attention of K Records owner and musician Calvin Johnson. After recording for some time at the Dub Narcotic studios, Elverum was able to complete his first full-length album, a CD entitled "Tests", which was released in 1998 on Elsinor Records. "Tests" combined songs from his earlier cassette releases and the recently recorded Dub Narcotic recordings. At the same time, Elverum released his first 7" single, "Bass Drum Dream" on Up Records.


title: The Microphones

text: Elverum slowly gained recognition as a talented producer and recording engineer in the studio. While helping, often anonymously, with many of the area's artists, he began work on his second full-length, "Don't Wake Me Up", released on K Records in 1999. Elverum toured for a few months following the release with fellow K Records artist Mirah, and, showcasing his talents on the road, was able to build a small but loyal fanbase and gain appreciation in the indie music scene. While performing in another K Records band, Old Time Relijun, Elverum began recording "It Was Hot, We Stayed in the Water". Released on K Records in 2000, the album was Elverum's most ambitious yet, featuring layers of harmonic guitars, noise, and Beach Boys-esque harmonies.


title: The Microphones

text: Elverum's next release, "The Glow Pt. 2", was released by K Records in 2001. It was noted by critics for its production and songwriting. Probably his best-known album, it explored intensely personal themes, recalling lost loves and childhood memories. Sometimes sad, simple, and gentle ("I Felt Your Shape"), other times intense and layered with noise, guitars, and drums ("The Moon"). Pitchfork Media named "The Glow Pt. 2" as the top album of 2001, and #73 on their 200 Top Albums of the 2000s. Tiny Mix Tapes named it the 5th best album of the 2000s.


title: The Microphones

text: After a lengthy tour of Europe and North America (known as the "Paper Opera Tour")"", Elverum returned to Dub Narcotic to begin work on his follow-up to "The Glow Pt.2". Released by K Records in 2003, "Mount Eerie" was named after the mountain on Fidalgo Island where Elverum spent much of his childhood. Containing five long songs, the album features a narrative arc, in which Elverum dies, is eaten by vultures, and discovers the face of the Universe. It represents a turning point and a realization period in Elverum's life. Like its predecessor, "Mount Eerie" was also praised by critics for its ambitious and imaginative production.


title: The Microphones

text: Elverum toured North America and Europe again in 2002, playing mostly solo shows (billed as the "I Will Move Away Forever and Never Come Back Ever" tour) before settling in Finnkonevika, Kjerringøy, Norway, where he spent the winter living in a log cabin. In February 2003, he toured Japan with Calvin Johnson, Kyle Field, and the Tokyo band Moools, which resulted in the album "Live in Japan". The album was credited to "the Microphones", with quotation marks to suggest that Elverum was transitioning between musical projects. "Live In Japan" was released by K Records in early 2004, by which time Elverum had already begun to perform shows under the name Mount Eerie.


title: The Microphones

text: In January 2007, a one-off 7" single was released under the Microphones moniker, titled "Two Songs by the Microphones". In 2008, "The Glow Pt. 2" was reissued by K Records with an additional disc of outtakes and rarities. In March 2011, Elv(e)rum re-recorded the Microphones' song "I Lost My Wind" for the compilation "Collaborate With a 1940s Wire Recorder". In 2013, the Microphones' four studio albums (in addition to the singles compilation "Song Islands") were remastered and reissued on Elverum's own label, P.W. Elverum & Sun, Ltd. In 2016, a compilation of the Microphones' early cassette releases was released as "Early Tapes: 1996–1998."


title: The Microphones

text: Elverum played a one-off concert in Anacortes, WA under the name the Microphones in June 2019, performing alongside D+, Black Belt Eagle Scout, and Little Wings.


title: The Microphones

text: On August 7, 2020, Elverum released a new Microphones album: "Microphones in 2020". The album is a 44:44 single song about Elverum's own life and search of meaning.


title: The Microphones

text: On January 13, 2022, Elverum announced a comprehensive retrospective box set, "Completely Everything, 1996–2021" which will contain the entire Microphones discography; Elverum also implied that it would be the final release from the Microphones.


title: The Microphones

text: According to Kyle Cochrun of "PopMatters ""The band shirked traditional song structures, buried melodies under dissonance, added or abandoned the rhythm section at unexpected moments, caked guitar distortion on soft-spoken campfire jingles, relished in a decidedly scattershot soundscape, and dismantled any forward momentum they worked to build".


The Industrial Revolution in the United States was an epoch during the first 100 years of United States history where the economy progressed from manual labor and farm labor to a greater degree of industrialization based on labor. There were many improvements in technology and manufacturing fundamentals with results that greatly improved overall production and economic growth in the United States.


title: Industrial Revolution in the United States

text: The Industrial Revolution occurred in two distinct phases, the First Industrial Revolution occurred during the latter part of the 18th century through the first half of the 19th century and the Second Industrial Revolution advanced following the American Civil War. Among the main contributors to the First Industrial Revolution were Samuel Slater's introduction of British industrial methods in textile manufacturing to the United States, Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin, Éleuthère Irénée du Pont's improvements in chemistry and gunpowder making, and other industrial advancements necessitated by the War of 1812, as well as the construction of the Erie Canal among other developments.


text: As Western Europe industrialized in the mid-to-late 1700s, the United States remained agrarian with resource processing, gristmills, and sawmills being the main industrial, non-agrarian output. As demand for U.S. resources increased, canals and railroads became important to the economic growth as transportation necessitated and the U.S. population was sparse, especially in areas where resources were being extracted such as the American frontier. This made it necessary to expand technological capabilities, which led to an Industrial Revolution in America as entrepreneurs, businesses competed with and learned from each other to develop better technology, fundamentally altering the U.S. economy. Some technologies that advanced the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. were appropriated from British designs by ambitious British entrepreneurs hoping to use the technology to create successful companies in the U.S. Much of the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. originated in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania, where iron ore, steel, textile, and industrial sectors experienced breakthroughs and emerged as global manufacturing leaders.


text: One entrepreneur who is most associated with starting up the textiles industry in the U.S. and who initially brought the textile technology to the U.S. was Samuel Slater. Slater learned that Americans were interested in textile techniques used in England, but since exporting such technical designs were illegal in England, he memorized as much as he could and departed for New York. Moses Brown, a leading Rhode Island industrialist secured the services of Slater, with Slater promising to recreate British textile designs. After an initial investment by Brown to fulfill initial requirements, a mill successfully opened in 1793 being the first water-powered roller spinning textile mill in America. By 1800, Slater's mill had been duplicated by many other entrepreneurs as Slater grew wealthier and his techniques more and more popular, with Andrew Jackson calling Slater the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution". But Slater also earned the pejorative "Slater the Traitor" from many in Great Britain who felt he betrayed them in bringing British textile techniques to the Americas.


text: With the invention of the modern mechanical cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1794, farmers now had the means to make cotton farming much more profitable. The era of King Cotton was underway by the early 1800s such that by the mid-1800s, Southern plantations supplied 75% of the world's cotton. The introduction of this new cotton gin was as unexpected as it was unprecedented. British textiles had expanded with no change in ginning principles in centuries. For the cotton producer, up front costs were higher but productivity improvement were clear and Whitney's original 1794 gin design was copied by many and improved upon.


text: The du Pont family emigrated to the United States due to repercussions from the French Revolution, bringing with them expertise in chemistry and gunpowder. E.I. du Pont observed that the quality of American gunpowder was poor, and so opened the Eleutherian Mills a gunpowder mill on Brandywine Creek in 1802. The mill served as home for du Pont's family as well as a center of business and social life, with employees living on or near the mill. The company grew rapidly and by the mid-19th century had become the largest supplier of gunpowder to the United States military.


text: In the late 1700s, Pennsylvanian Robert Fulton proposed plans for steam-powered vessels to both the United States and British governments. Having developed significant technical knowledge in both France and Great Britain, Fulton returned to the United States working with Robert Livingston to open the first commercially successful steamboat operating between New York City and Albany. Fulton built a new steamboat sturdy enough to take down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, he was an early member on a commission to plan the Erie Canal, and Fulton designed the first working muscle-powered submarine, the Nautilus.


text: In the 1780s, the Erie Canal was proposed, then re-proposed in 1807 with a survey being funded in 1808. Construction began in 1817 and the original canal was about 363 miles with 34 numbered locks, from Albany to Buffalo. Prior to the canal, bulk goods were limited to shipping by pack animal, there were no railways and water was the most cost-effective way to ship bulk goods. Use of this new canal was faster than using carts pulled by draft animals and cut transport costs by about 95%. The canal gave New York City's port a significant advantage over all other U.S. port cities and contributed to a growth in population in New York state as well as opening up regions farther west to settlement.


text: The First Industrial Revolution which lasted into the mid-19th century, was marked by shift in labor, where in the United States an outwork system of labor shifted towards a factory system of labor. Throughout this period, much of the U.S. population remained in small scale agriculture. Despite a smaller percentage of the population working in industry then, the U.S. government did take action to try and expand and aid U.S. industry. This can be seen early in the nation's history with Alexander Hamilton's proposal of the "American School" ideas which supported high tariffs to protect U.S. industry. This idea was embraced by the Whig Party in the early 19th century with their support for Henry Clay's American System. This plan, proposed shortly after the War of 1812, supported not only tariffs to protect U.S. industry but also canals and roads to support the movement of manufactured goods around the country. As was the case in Britain, the First Industrial Revolution in the United States revolved heavily around the textile industry. Early U.S. textile plants were located next to rivers and streams as they would use the running water to power the machinery in the plant. This meant that much of the factories of the First Industrial Revolution existed in the Northeastern United States


text: To aid the expansion of industry, Congress chartered the Bank of the United States in 1791, giving loans to help merchants and entrepreneurs secure needed capital. However, Jeffersonians saw this bank as an unconstitutional expansion of federal power, so when its charter expired in 1811, the Jeffersonian-dominated Congress did not renew it. State legislatures were persuaded to charter their own banks to continue helping merchants, artisans, and farmers who needed loans, and, by 1816, there were 246 state-chartered banks. With these banks, states were able to support internal transportation improvements, such as the Erie Canal, which stimulated economic development.


text: The Industrial Revolution altered the U.S. economy and set the stage for the United States to dominate technological change and growth in the Second Industrial Revolution and the Gilded Age. The Industrial Revolution also saw a decrease in labor shortages which had characterized the U.S. economy through its early years. This was partly due to a transportation revolution happening at the same time, low population density areas of the U.S. were better able to connect to the population centers through the Wilderness Road and the Erie Canal, with steamboats as well as rail transport. This led to a phenomenon of urbanization which increased the labor force available around larger cities such as New York City and Chicago, lessening the classic American labor shortages of the time. Also, quicker movement of resources and goods around the country drastically increased trade efficiency and output while allowing for an extensive transport base for the U.S. to grow during the Second Industrial Revolution.


text: Techniques to make interchangeable parts were developed in the US, and allowed easy assembly and repair of firearms or other devices, minimizing the time and skill needed to repair or assemble devices. By the beginning of the Civil War, rifles with interchangeable parts had been developed, and after the war, more complex devices such as sewing machines and typewriters were made with interchangeable parts. In 1798, Eli Whitney obtained a government contract to manufacture 10,000 muskets in less than two years. By 1801, he had failed to produce a single musket and was called to Washington to justify his use of Treasury funds. There, he created a demonstration for Congress in which he assembled muskets from parts chosen randomly from his supply. While this demonstration was later proved to be fake, it popularized the idea of interchangeable parts, and Eli Whitney continued using the concept to allow relatively unskilled laborers to produce and repair weapons quickly and at a low cost. Another important innovator is Thomas Blanchard, who in 1819 invented the Blanchard lathe, which could produce identical copies of wooden gun stocks.


text: Interchangeable parts made the development of the assembly line possible. In addition to making production faster, the assembly line eliminated the need for skilled craftsmen because each worker would only do one repetitive step instead of the entire process.


text: The first Industrial Revolution had a profound effect on labor in the U.S. Companies from the era, such as the Boston Associates, would recruit thousands of New England farm girls to work in textile mills. These girls often received much lower wages than men, though the work and pay gave young women a sense of independence that they did not feel working on a farm. The First Industrial Revolution also marked the beginning of the rise of wage labor in the United States. As wage labor grew over the next century, it would go on to profoundly change American society.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: Mark Pugh (born January 18, 1985) is an American professional wrestler best known as Mark Briscoe. He is currently signed with Ring of Honor, where he is the current one-half of ROH World Tag Team Champions with Jay Briscoe in their thirteenth reign. He is also former ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Champions.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: He and Jay have also wrestled in Japan, working for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) - where they held the IWGP Tag Team Championship once, and the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship twice (along with Toru Yano) - and Pro Wrestling Noah, where they are former GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champions.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: Jay and Mark Briscoe made their debuts for Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) at "Delaware Invasion" on January 20, 2001, being brought in to job as part of a three-on-one handicap match against Trent Acid. At the inaugural "Best of the Best" event, a show somewhat atypical of CZW in that it is a tournament spotlighting athletic junior heavyweight wrestling as opposed to violent hardcore matches, the two advanced past the first round in a three-way match with Nick Mondo where the stipulation was whoever took the fall would be eliminated. They were then matched against each other in the second round, with Jay winning and advancing further. This match was seen by fans as the best of the tournament, and seen in retrospect as having been responsible in large part for helping launch the brothers' careers, as they were new to the independent circuit and very young at the time.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: After losing in title opportunities at "Breakaway Brawl" and "A New Beginning", the brothers won the CZW Tag Team Championship on July 14, 2001, as they defeated the original H8 Club at "H8 Club: Dead?" They lost it, however, in their first defense, to Johnny Kashmere and Justice Pain on July 28, 2001, at "What About Lobo?" Mark wasn't used for several months after that, but Jay continued on as a singles wrestler in that time, even facing Justice Pain for the CZW Heavyweight Championship at "September Slam" on September 8, which he did not win.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: At the end of 2001 and into 2002, CZW's territory (that is, the area at which they held the majority of their events) was shifting from Sewell, New Jersey to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in order to hold events regularly at the old ECW arena, beginning with December 15's "Cage of Death 3". At this event, they faced Nick Gage and Nate Hatred, but wore masks and were identified as The Midnight Outlaws. This was likely to get around the fact that Jay was only 17 and Mark only 16 at the time; this meant, as they were under 18 years of age, that they could not legally work in a sport wrestling exhibition in the state of Pennsylvania. As CZW regularly began holding shows in the Philadelphia area, the Midnight Outlaws made appearances at the next four CZW events. At "A Higher Level of Pain" on April 13, 2002, Jay appeared across the ring from the Midnight Outlaws, tagging with Ruckus against Mark and someone else. By this time, he had turned 18. Jay and Ruckus were won the match, and this was the last time either Jay or Mark appeared for CZW until April 12, 2003, where Jay and Mark both returned for Best of the Best 3. Jay was a surprise entrant after being taunted by A.J. Styles, and Mark filling in for the injured Ruckus. Jay advanced to the semi finals, where he lost to B-Boy, and Mark lost his fill-in match to Sonjay Dutt. The two faced off with the Backseat Boyz for the CZW World Tag Team Championship at "Truth or Consequences" on June 14, but failed to win the belts.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: On December 11, 2010, at Cage of Death XII The Briscoes Returned to CZW challenging newly crowned CZW World Tag Team Champions Philly's Most Wanted of Blk Jeez and Joker to a title match in January. On January 7, 2011, at "From Small Beginnings Come Great Things" Philly's Most Wanted retained the CZW World Tag Team Championships against the Briscoe Brothers in a no contest. The Briscoes then challenged Philly's Most Wanted to a no disqualification rematch. On February 12, 2011, at "Twelve: The Twelfth Anniversary Event" The Briscoe Brothers defeated Philly's Most Wanted to become the new CZW World Tag Team Champions. They lost the title back to Philly's Most Wanted on May 14, 2011. The Briscoes returned to CZW again on November 10, 2012, facing Dave and Jake Crist in a losing effort.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: Mark Briscoe made his Jersey All Pro Wrestling (JAPW) debut on March 24, 2001, at "March Madness Night 2", losing to Insane Dragon and Dixie teaming with his brother Jay Briscoe. It is unclear how, if at all, JAPW's ownership and management worked around Pennsylvania's child labor law, as both brothers were underage at the time of this and two subsequent appearances in the old ECW arena. They made three other appearances in JAPW in 2001, and unsuccessful challenge for Dragon and Dixie's JAPW Tag Team Championship on June 15 at "Here to Stay".


title: Mark Briscoe

text: The six men went on to meet in a rematch of sorts at the next event, "Royal Consequences 2" on August 10, 2002, Jay Briscoe and Insane Dragon defended the titles against Da Hit Squad and the team of Mark Briscoe and Deranged in a tables, ladders, and chairs match, which Da Hit Squad won. Two shows later, on September 20 at "Family Crisis 2", Da Hit Squad successfully retained the title over the Briscoes in a regular match.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: The Briscoes did not appear for JAPW again until late 2005, again in a tables, ladders, and chairs match for the tag team title, this time against the teams of Teddy Hart and Homicide, the Backseat Boyz, and The S.A.T. The match, which took place at JAPW's "8th Year Anniversary Show", was won Hart and Homicide. At the next show, "Fall Out", the S.A.T. defeated them and thus became number one contenders to the tag team championship. More recent JAPW appearances came in early 2006, losing along with the Outcast Killers to the S.A.T. once again at "Wild Card II" in a tag team title match, and then at "Brotherly Love" to the team of Sabu and Sonjay Dutt, a match they also lost. In October 2008, the Briscoes competed at JAPW's 11th Anniversary Show against LAX (Homicide and Hernandez). During a brawl outside the ring, Mark suffered a large gash on the side of his head.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: Mark Briscoe was unable to wrestle on ROH's first-ever show "The Era of Honor Begins" in Philadelphia because of Pennsylvania's child labor laws; however, Mark did accompany his brother Jay to the ring at the event in a loss to Amazing Red. Mark was subsequently able to perform at "Honor Invades Boston", where he defeated his brother in the second-to-last match of the night. The Brothers went on briefly to feud against each other, during which time Jay scored a non-title win over ROH Champion Xavier at "Glory By Honor". This earned him a title shot at "All-Star Extravaganza", which he did not win. At "Scramble Madness", back in Boston, the brothers' storyline involved them picking their own partners for a tag team match. Jay picked past foe Amazing Red, whereas Mark's partner was Christopher Daniels, as he seemingly joined The Prophecy. Daniels pinned Red to win the match. The Brothers' feud against one another concluded at the "First Anniversary Show", when Jay defeated Mark in a match, and the two hugged afterward to signify their reunion. Mark never explicitly left the Prophecy, but in forming a team with his brother, he stopped teaming with them.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: Newly united as a team in ROH, the Briscoes began, in 2003, to feud with A.J. Styles and Amazing Red, then holders of the ROH Tag Team Championship, losing in title matches at "Night of Champions", "The Epic Encounter", and "Death Before Dishonor", which by stipulation was their last match for the title for as long as Styles and Red held it. Before the last match, a poll was held on ROH's website, asking the fans if they wanted to see a third match between the two teams. Over 80% of respondents voted 'yes'. At "Beating the Odds", they returned from a brief absence to score a pair of wins which were depicted in the storyline as being improbable, Mark over ROH veteran B. J. Whitmer and Jay in a Four Corner Survival match with ROH World Champion Samoa Joe, NWA World Heavyweight Champion A.J. Styles, and Chris Sabin, pinning Sabin to earn a future title shot at Joe. At ROH's Maryland debut, "Tradition Continues", Joe retained over Jay.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: The Brothers took part in the gauntlet match at "Glory By Honor 2", which was held to fill the tag team championship left vacant by Red suffering a serious knee injury. They defeated and eliminated the Special K team of Hydro and Angeldust as well as The Ring Crew Express, before being eliminated by the other Special K team in the match, Izzy and Dixie, due to outside interference from Angeldust. After Izzy and Dixie later won the tag team title, the Brothers were granted a shot at it, at "Main Event Spectacles". The reason given in the storyline was they were given the shot since they only lost in the gauntlet match because Special K cheated. In the opening segment of that event, they were aligned with Jim Cornette, because, in the storyline, Cornette wanted to create new champions. They attacked his former client, Samoa Joe, who Cornette abandoned since he already was a champion. They went on to win the belts later in the show. At "The Conclusion", "The Battle Lines Are Drawn", and "The Last Stand", which was by stipulation Joe's last shot at the tag team title for as long as the Briscoe Brothers held it, they retained the belts over Joe and a different partner each time, A.J. Styles, Bryan Danielson, and Jerry Lynn respectively. Since Joe took pinfalls at "The Conclusion" (to Mark) and "The Last Stand" (to Jay), both brothers subsequently earned shots at his world title. Both fell; Mark at "Final Battle 2003" and Jay at "At Our Best" in a memorable and bloody steel cage match.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: They dropped the tag team title to the CM Punk and Colt Cabana at ROH's Chicago-area debut, "ROH Reborn: Stage Two", working in ROH for the first time as outward heels. At the next show, "Round Robin Challenge III", the title switched three times among the teams in the round robin challenge, the Second City Saints (Punk and Cabana), the Briscoe Brothers, and the Prophecy team of Dan Maff and B. J. Whitmer. The Briscoes defeated Maff and Whitmer in the fourth match of the night to win the title for a second time, and then lost it back to Punk and Cabana in the main event. The Brothers both participated in ROH's inaugural Survival of the Fittest tournament, with Mark going over Alex Shelley in his qualifier and Jay falling to Homicide. Mark did not, however, win the elimination final. After losing a two out of three falls tag team title match to Punk and Cabana at "Death Before Dishonor II Part 1", ending that feud, they lost in separate singles matches to members of The Rottweilers the next night. Between that and their victory in tag team action at "Testing the Limit", it is likely that a feud was planned between the Briscoes and the Rottweilers.


title: Mark Briscoe

text: The Briscoe Brothers returned to ROH at the "Fourth Anniversary Show" in 2006, forcibly including themselves in a match that was at first between the teams of Tony Mamaluke and Sal Rinauro and Jason Blade and Kid Mikaze. They won in their re-debut. They then feuded for the tag team championship again, but much as they had against Styles and Red three years earlier, they lost in three shots against the champions at the time, Austin Aries and Roderick Strong, at "Ring of Homicide", "Destiny", and "Unified". As before, the storyline was that this cost them any chance at the belts for as long as those champs held them. It was around this time that the Brothers became enforcers for Jim Cornette's heel character as ROH Commissioner, fighting battles against his enemies, most notably Homicide and his partner Samoa Joe at "Glory By Honor V: Night Two" and in anything goes, falls count anywhere, elimination match at "Dethroned". During this time, they also feuded with Kenta and his partners Davey Richards and Naomichi Marufuji, facing Kenta and Richards at "Time to Man Up" and Kenta and Marufuji at "Glory By Honor V: Night One".