title: Operation Olive Branch

text: According to HRW, Turkish border guards have been indiscriminately shooting at refugees attempting to flee the conflict zone into Turkey. The deputy Middle East director at the HRW said: "Syrians fleeing to the Turkish border seeking safety and asylum are being forced back with bullets and abuse." Several witnesses who were asylum seekers affirmed that they were beaten, suffered abuses, and were denied medical care. The official statement from the HRW calls on Turkey to "respect the principle of nonrefoulement, which prohibits rejecting asylum seekers at borders when that would expose them to the threat of persecution, torture, and threats to life and freedom. Turkey must also respect the right to life and bodily integrity, including the absolute prohibition on subjecting anyone to inhuman and degrading treatment."


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Videos emerged on social media which showed Turkish soldiers stepping on and kicking the corpse of a YPG fighter. More videos on social media then emerged, including one such video that showed Turkish soldiers beating a Kurdish civilian while questioning him.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Less than a week after the operation began, Redur Xelil, a senior SDF official, said that at least 66 civilians had been killed by aerial and artillery bombardment by Turkish forces, and accused Turkey of committing war crimes. Amnesty International reported that civilians were being killed by the Turkish Army due to indiscriminate shelling of civilian areas, an act that is in violation of international law. According to Amnesty, the situation "painted a grim picture" throughout numerous villages in Afrin, within which civilians were subjected to indiscriminate shelling that lasted for hours. Amnesty also reported the shelling by the YPG of Azaz, though these actions were to a lesser extent. Lynn Maalouf of Amnesty International stated: "The use of artillery and other imprecise explosive weapons in civilian areas is prohibited by international humanitarian law and all parties should cease such attacks immediately."


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Syrian news media outlets and Kurdish fighters stated that Turkish forces were bombing schools. The SOHR also stated that Turkey had bombed the main water plant of the city of Afrin, which supplies water to more than 100,000 civilians. Sixteen civilians were reported dead when Turkish forces bombed the only hospital in Afrin city. Those killed included two pregnant women. Turkey denied the reports. Turkish drone footage released the next day showed the hospital intact.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: On 16 February, YPG forces stated that Turkey was using chemical gas attacks that wounded several people in Afrin. The SOHR then confirmed the incident and added that there were several individuals who had difficulty breathing and had dilated pupils. Also, Syrian state news agency SANA, citing a doctor in an Afrin hospital, mentioned the incident. Turkey later denied usage of chemicals, calling the accusations "baseless".


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: On 22 February, Syrian government news outlets stated that Turkey was bombing humanitarian aid convoys that were on their way to Afrin. As a result, the Syrian Arab Red Crescent stated that they had suspended all aid convoys to Afrin because it was unsafe for them to head there. On the same day, a video surfaced that showed Turkish backed rebels executing a civilian driving a farm tractor. This was followed by another video by the same group that showed a summary execution of six civilians, including one woman near Jendires. In another bombing in the same area, Kurdish militia claimed that Turkish air strikes had killed 13 civilians, including several children.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Several videos emerged showing Turkish-backed Syrian militants mutilating the bodies of YPG fighters. One such video showed the mutilated body of a dead female YPG fighter with her breasts cut off. Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (TFSA) fighters who appear in the video call the female fighter a "female pig" and are heard saying "shame on them for sending women to fight". They are shown in the film stepping on the female YPG fighter's breasts. The TFSA said that it will investigate allegations that its fighters mutilated the corpse of a female member of the YPG.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: "The Independent" stated that Turkish allied forces were forcibly converting Yazidis, a Kurdish-speaking religious minority, to Islam and destroying Yazidi places of worship after capturing their villages.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: The human rights organization Geneva Call stated that the YPG has been recruiting child soldiers during "Operation Olive Branch". Geneva Call also stated that it had received "a worrying number of allegations on the use of child soldiers" by the YPG, even though the latter had previously signed an agreement to protect children in conflict zones. While pro-Turkish media reiterated these statements, with Daily Sabah stating that the YPG/YPJ had kidnapped children to use them in the defense of Afrin, the YPG denied all statements. SDF officials have claimed that child soldiers are only 16-18 and do not serve on the frontlines, which is a similar arrangements to states like the UK who avoid the ban on under-18 military recruitment through a treaty reservation.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: The United Nations reported that civilians were prevented from leaving the city of Afrin by the YPG/YPJ, and were at "high risk" of being "killed, injured, besieged, used as human shields or displaced as a result of the fighting."


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: On 24 January 2018, a rocket was fired from inside Syria, hitting the 17th century Çalık Mosque in Kilis, Turkey. The explosion killed two people who had been in the mosque for prayers and injured 11. The dome of the mosque was destroyed.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: On 28 January 2018, Syria's antiquities department and the SOHR, said that Turkish shelling had seriously damaged the ancient temple of Ain Dara at Afrin. Syrian government called for international pressure on Turkey "to prevent the targeting of archaeological and cultural sites". Satellite imagery has shown that more than half of the temple is destroyed. Turkish Armed Forces denied the report.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: On 18 March, Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army militants toppled a statue of Kawa, a Kurdish mythological figure, during the capture of Afrin city.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: On 23 March 2018 reports stated that Turkish airstrikes destroyed many important archaeological buildings including the Julianus Church, which is one of the oldest Christian churches in the world, in the Brad ancient Christian heritage site near Afrin, which has been in UNESCO's world heritage list since 2011. On 24 March, the Turkish government denied the reports.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Turkish PM said that Turkey's economy would not be affected by the operation. However, on 7 March, Moody's Investors Service downgraded Turkey's debt, warning of an erosion of checks and balances under the leadership of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and saying that the Afrin offensive, having strained ties with Washington and drawn the country deeper into the Syrian civil war, had added an extra layer of geopolitical risk.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: In January 2019 Kurds stated that Turkey was stealing olive crops from Afrin. Turkey has admitted taking the olives, explaining: "We do not want revenues to fall into PKK hands". One of the Kurdish-led groups that has attacked the Turkish forces in Afrin calls itself "Wrath of Olives".


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: In Istanbul, the offices of Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was attacked when supporters of the operation vandalized the building and wrote sexist and racist writing on the walls.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Turkey's Directorate of Religious Affairs called all mosques on Turkey to read Quran’s chapter 48 on conquest (Al-Fath) and invited community to pray for Turkish soldiers.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Rising anti-American sentiment has also occurred since the start of the operation. A poll conducted in Turkey during the operation revealed that 90 percent of respondents believed that the United States is "behind" the PKK and YPG.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: A poll by pro-Turkish government A&G company found that 90% of Turkish respondents expressed support for the operation. The poll also had 89% of respondents viewing the PYD as a threat.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: The Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), Good Party, Republican People's Party (CHP), Patriotic Party and Democrat Party all supported the intervention, while the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), Turkish Communist Party and the Labour Party opposed the intervention.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: While the CHP supported the operation, both its leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu and deputy leader Öztürk Yılmaz expressed concern at the involvement of the Syrian National Army, with Yılmaz accusing the SNA of being al-Qaeda. In response, Erdoğan and other AKP officials defended the SNA and accused Yılmaz of supporting the YPG.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Less than a week after the operation began, İsmail Kahraman, the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly in Turkey and deputy of AKP, called for an open jihad in Afrin. He said: "Look, we are now in Afrin. We are a big state. Without jihad, there can be no progress, one cannot stand on their feet." When on 7 March a HDP deputy criticised the government for planning "ethnic cleansing" in Afrin, deputies of the governing AKP party physically attacked their HDP colleagues in parliament, leaving two HDP deputies injured.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: On the website of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople it is written that Turkish Armenians are praying for Turkish soldiers "who are fighting against terrorists". Yetvart Danzikian, the editor-in-chief of Turkish-Armenian Agos newspaper in Turkey, asserted that it is wrong to state that the Armenians support the Patriarch. He added that there are "strong nationalists winds" in Turkey and going against the operation would lead to arrest and imprisonment. In a letter, addressed to President Erdoğan and


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: published by Turkey's Hürriyet daily, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch, Bartholomew I of Constantinople, has also lent his support to the Turkish military operation. Hürriyet's report is reproduced by Greek media, some of which stress, however, that the letter is not uploaded in the Ecumenical Patriarchate's official website.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: The Turkish Medical Association stated that the war could end in large-scale human tragedy to which Erdoğan responded by calling the doctors of the association "filth", "agents of imperialism", and "terrorist lovers". The Turkish interior ministry then opened an investigation into the association. At least eleven doctors were then arrested. Erdoğan stated that the association will lose it "Turkish" tag in its official name and clarified that the organization "will not be able to use the notion of Turkishness, nor the name Turkey." He then added: "This institution has nothing to do with Turkishness and nothing about them is worthy of the notion of Turkishness."


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: On 19 March, a group of at least seven students at Boğaziçi University conducted an anti-war protest to which Erdoğan responded by saying that the students were "terrorists" and "communist, traitor youth". He then started an investigation into the students and threatened to expel them from the university. He added: "we won't give these terrorist youth the right to study at these universities." The president of Boğaziçi University claimed that the protesters had assaulted the participants of a commemoration event on the campus for fallen Turkish soldiers and said their action was "an attack on freedom of expression". Days later, an additional fifteen students were arrested following the incident.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: The Turkish Football Federation (TFF) supported the military operation as well. A TFF delegation which included its chairman Yıldırım Demirören and two trainers of national teams visited the town of Kilis. The Football clubs Besiktas and Galatasaray, both from Istanbul have expressed their support for the military campaign.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Turkish mainstream newspapers featured front page titles such as "We said we would strike despite the US and Russia. We struck the traitors", "We hit them in their den", "Iron fist to terror, olive branch to civilians", and "Our jets hit Afrin. Turkey's heart beats as one" from the "Sözcü", "Sabah", "Habertürk", and "Hürriyet" newspapers respectively. , editor-in-chief of the pro-AKP "Yeni Şafak", wrote that the US is the real enemy and that it has a plan to "divide and destroy Turkey" by allying itself to PKK and ISIS. He called for the Incirlik Air Base to be shut down as "since the Syria war started, terrorist organizations are being controlled from this base." He also remarked that if it is not closed down "there will come a time when thousands of people surround and siege the İncirlik Base."


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT World) reported that Free Syrian Army "has captured a weapon from the YPG, which is thought to have been supplied to the SDF by the United States."


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: A newscaster who worked for Akit TV, a television channel that is a part of Yeni Akit, a conservative and Islamist Turkish news outlet that supports the AKP and has close ties with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, resigned after threatening to kill civilians that lived in Turkey's secular neighborhoods in response to accusations of the civilians being killed in Afrin by the Turkish army. Andrew Gardner, Amnesty International's senior adviser on Turkey, stated that there has been an "alarming" increase of similar rhetoric in Turkey. In an interview with Al Jazeera, Gardner added: "But inciting to violence is something different and it is on the rise in Turkey. This is harmful for human rights and harmful for the society."


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Turkish government ministers ordered the Turkish press to follow a 15-point list of "expectations" for reporting on the conflict, which included not mentioning attacks on civilians or protests against the operation, relying on Turkish government statements and ignoring statements by "domestic arms of the PKK", which include the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), ignoring any protests against the Afrin operation, and keeping in mind "national interest" and "patriotic journalism". Journalists were admonished not to "report news that boosts the morale of the PKK/PYD". Reporters without Borders notes that the goal of these directives is to essentially "put the Turkish media at the service of the government and its war goals." On 21 January Erdoğan warned that anyone in Turkey protesting against the operation would pay a "heavy price." Erdoğan then added: "Know that wherever you go out on the streets our security forces are on your necks."


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: In a 1 March 2018 report titled "No one in Turkey dares report accurately on the war in Syria", "The Economist" assessed that "the climate of fear, the ongoing state of emergency and the nationalist zealotry unleashed by the coup have made objective coverage of the war in Afrin impossible" and pointed to arrest as "the weapon of last resort" as well as a "nuanced system of incentives and sanctions". As of 23 January 2018, at least 24 journalists writing columns against the operation had been arrested in Turkey. In addition to the arrest of journalists, hundreds of known arrests occurred of social media users who criticized the operation. The Anadolu Chief Public Prosecutor's Office said that the posts were violations of the following crimes proscribed by articles of the Turkish Penal Code, including Article 301, which prohibit insulting public officials or the president, degrading the Turkish nation, and spreading terrorist propaganda.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: During a news segment on Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), a newscaster is now being investigated by TRT's news division after she stated on air that civilians died due to Turkish bombardment. The news division stated: "After this sad mistake, our speaker has immediately been withdrawn from the air, and a new friend was assigned to replace her. Also, an investigation has been launched against our speaker."


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: After the Turkish Medical Association stated that "every clash, every war, causes physical, psychological, social and environmental health problems and causes human tragedy", they were issued arrest warrants against 11 board members of the Turkish Medical Association for spreading terrorist propaganda.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Turkish authorities have arrested numerous leaders and high-ranking members of pro-Kurdish and left-wing political parties. On 6 February 2018, Mehmet Arslan, co-leader of the Democratic Regions Party, has been arrested for criticizing the operation. Days later, more have been arrested which include Onur Hamzaoğlu, a spokesman for the Peoples' Democratic Congress (HDK), Musa Piroğlu, chairman of the Revolutionary Party, Naci Sönmez and Eylem Tunceli, Co-Chairs of the Green Left Party (YSGP), Fadime Çelebi, Deputy Chair of the Socialist Party of the Oppressed, Kezban Konukçu, spokeswoman for the Socialist Solidarity Party, and Ahmet Kaya, co-chair of the Socialist Refoundation Party (SYKP). More arrests occurred on 19 February when dozens of politicians and journalists were arrested overnight including provincial heads of several Turkish cities that belong to the HDP. Among those arrested also included members of the Human Rights Association (IHD) and leaders of the Democratic Society Congress, a pro-Kurdish NGO.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, the Foreign Minister of Turkey, called those who criticize the operation as being nothing but "Marxists, communists, and atheists" who are no different than the YPG. Prime Minister Binali Yildirim stated that those social users who make posts that criticize the operation or depict the military incursion as an attack on Kurds would be considered the "biggest villainy". In May 2019, eleven members of Turkey's leading medical association were imprisoned for criticising the invasion.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: On 19 February 2018, Turkish authorities announced that all protests, meetings, rallies, and concerts held in Turkey's capital Ankara will be prohibited for the duration of the operation.


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: In regards to the arrests, Hugh Williamson, the Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch, said: "Detaining and prosecuting people for tweets calling for peace is a new low for Turkey's government." He then added, "Turkish authorities should respect people's right to peacefully criticize any aspect of government policy, including military operations, and drop these absurd cases."


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: The Syrian Foreign Ministry on 20 January condemned "the Turkish aggression against the town of Afrin", calling it "an inseparable part of Syria". President of Syria Bashar al-Assad denounced the Turkish invasion as terrorism, saying "Turkey's aggression in the Syrian city of Afrin cannot be separated from the policy pursued by the Turkish regime since the outbreak of the Syrian crisis and built on support for terrorism and various terrorist groups".


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: On 19 March, after the capture of the city of Afrin by the Turkish forces, Syria's foreign ministry demanded that Turkey immediately withdraw from Afrin, saying in two letters sent to the UN Secretary-General and the President of the UNSC that Turkey's occupation of the city was "illegal and contradicts the principles and purposes of UN Charter and international law." Among other things, the Syrian foreign ministry said: ″As part of the crimes committed by the Turkish army forces, including the ethnic cleansing policy, the properties of the citizens have been looted, their homes destroyed and many of them were detained.″


title: Operation Olive Branch

text: On 6 April, at the Non-Aligned Movement mid-term ministerial conference in Azerbaijan, Syria's permanent representative to the United Nations Ambassador Bashar Jaafari said that "Turkey has to withdraw its troops from Afrin. I am hoping that there will be pressure on Turkey to this end", adding that Syria expects Turkish troops to withdraw from Syrian soil as part of the trilateral mechanism created among Russia, Turkey and Iran: "Turkey's Afrin operation is a military aggression which violates the UN Security Council resolutions concerning Syria as well as the principles of the Non-Aligned Movement."


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: Music from Another Dimension! is the fifteenth and most recent studio album by American rock band Aerosmith, released on November 6, 2012 by Columbia Records. This is their first studio album since 2004's "Honkin' on Bobo" and the first to feature all-new material since 2001's "Just Push Play", marking the longest gap between Aerosmith's studio albums. The album was released in a single CD edition, along with a deluxe version. It is the last album in Aerosmith's recording contract with Sony/Columbia Records and was produced by Jack Douglas, Steven Tyler, Joe Perry and Marti Frederiksen (three tracks). It is also their longest studio album with total track time of nearly 68 minutes.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: The album includes the singles "Legendary Child", "Lover Alot", "What Could Have Been Love", and "Can't Stop Lovin' You".


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: "Another Dimension" debuted at number five on the "Billboard" 200 selling 63,000 copies its first week, a sharp contrast to previous debuts.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: In February 2010, Aerosmith announced a world tour, entitled the "Cocked, Locked, Ready to Rock Tour", which took the band to 42 locations through September 2010. On the tour, tension between the band members flared due to a series of on-stage incidents between Tyler and Perry, and the announcement of Tyler as a new talent judge on the television program "American Idol", which Tyler did not inform his band members about before signing on to the program. When announcing the 2010 tour, the band said that the next item on the agenda was the band's next studio album. It was also revealed that the group did in fact do some recording with producer Brendan O'Brien in 2008 but halted because of the health problems of band members. Bassist Tom Hamilton told the "Boston Herald" in September 2010 that Tyler believes he has the time and energy to continue fronting the band while also being a judge on "American Idol". Hamilton explained, "Steven's been very emphatic in saying that the way his time is arranged on the show leaves room to work on a record. He's been taking great pains to remind everybody of that, so hopefully that's the way it will come out." On November 5, 2010, guitarist Brad Whitford said the recording sessions would probably be in Los Angeles, where "American Idol" is headquartered, and a world tour would follow.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: In a November 2010 interview reported at NME.com, drummer Joey Kramer confirmed that the band had every intention to finish and release their long-delayed album in 2011, stating, "Really, at this point in time, the only thing that's going to stop us is if someone out-and-out dies. Other than that, we've already been through what we've been through and stood the test of time. What else is there?" On January 18, 2011, shortly before the start of Tyler's debut as an "American Idol" judge for the 2011 season, Tyler declared that "Joe (Perry) has got some licks and I've got a bunch of songs that I've written for solo and/or Aerosmith" and the band would start prepping the album that week. In June 2011, Joe Perry announced that the band was going to meet at the recording studio to produce the next album of the band in July. Throughout the summer of 2011, the band worked on the album and regularly provided video updates of the recording sessions to their fans. On August 30, it was announced that the new album would be released around May 2012 and that the album would be produced by Jack Douglas, who produced four albums for the band in the 1970s, and also helped provide production on 2004's "Honkin' on Bobo". Aerosmith toured Japan and Latin America in the fall of 2011 In January 2012, Tyler said that all of the album had been written, but that he just had to finish writing and recording the lyrics for the album, which he did while in the midst of his second season as a judge on "American Idol". Perry remarked "I never felt for a minute he was lagging in the studio because of his other job. He did his whole thing [on Idol] and then showed up at eight at night and was in the studio until two in the morning.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: On May 22, 2012, the album's first single, "Legendary Child" was released and on May 23, the band performed the song on the season finale of "American Idol". Immediately after the band debuted their new single "Legendary Child" on May 23, the band released the new album's track list, title, and release date. At the time, the track list consisted of only twelve songs and was scheduled for release on August 28, 2012. In June 2012, it was announced that the album's release date would be pushed back to November 6, 2012.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: On May 30, Aerosmith and Cheap Trick performed for Walmart shareholders and then began the "Global Warming Tour" on June 16 in Minneapolis, which took the band to 25 locations across North America through August 12. During the tour, Aerosmith performed new material from the album, including the single "Legendary Child", as well as the album track "Oh Yeah". In addition, "Beautiful" was played on the PA system before Aerosmith's show at the Hollywood Bowl on August 6.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: On August 15, 2012 Aerosmith released a video with bassist Tom Hamilton on their official YouTube channel, asking fans which artwork he should choose for their second single, "What Could Have Been Love". However, both images shown were blurred out. "Lover Alot" and "What Could Have Been Love" were released on radio simultaneously on August 22 and on the iTunes Store on August 28. On August 28, a revised track list consisting of 15 songs was released. On August 31, Kramer premiered "Street Jesus" on an Austin, Texas radio station, where it was largely well received by hardcore fans.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: On October 17, 2012, "Rolling Stone" premiered the opening track "Luv XXX". The entire album was premiered, track-by-track, leading up to the album's release on November 6, 2012. There was a major leak of the album on October 17 when "Rolling Stone" uploaded all of the songs to their media player without placing any type of protection on them. The fifteen songs on the regular edition of the album proceeded to circulate on the internet.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: On October 20, 2012, as part of Pepsi's NFL Anthems project, Aerosmith released a rewritten version of "Legendary Child" titled, "Legendary Child - Patriots Anthem". The lyrics have been reworked as a tribute to the New England Patriots. The song is available for free download at www.pepsianthems.com.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: The album was mostly produced by Jack Douglas, who produced five albums for the band in the 1970s and early 1980s ("Get Your Wings", "Toys in the Attic", "Rocks", "Draw the Line", "Rock in a Hard Place") as well as helped produce the band's blues cover album "Honkin' on Bobo" (2004). Lead singer Steven Tyler and lead guitarist Joe Perry also co-produced the record, like they have on every record since 1997. Marti Frederiksen, who has produced and/or co-written much of the band's material since 1997, co-produced and/or co-wrote four of the album's tracks, including the singles "Lover Alot", "What Could Have Been Love", and "Can't Stop Lovin' You".


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: Tyler and Perry remain the band's principal songwriters, with Tyler having credits on eleven songs and Perry on seven songs; four of Perry's credits are solo. Every song, other than Diane Warren's "We All Fall Down" features at least one Aerosmith band member's songwriting input. In addition, Tyler and Perry have renewed their exclusive songwriting partnership, writing the songs "Luv XXX" and "Out Go the Lights" together, without outside help. This marks the first time since "Fever" (1993) that this has happened. Guitarist Brad Whitford and bassist Tom Hamilton have their first songwriting credits since "Pump" (1989), each of them co-writing three songs apiece. Hamilton also contributed 2 solo writing credits for the first time. Drummer Joey Kramer has his first songwriting credits since "Permanent Vacation" (1987).


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: In addition to Diane Warren, who previously wrote "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" for the band (which remains their only #1 Billboard Hot 100 hit), the album also includes the return of familiar outside songwriting collaborators Desmond Child ("Another Last Goodbye") and Jim Vallance ("Legendary Child"), who each co-wrote one track apiece. This marked Child's first contribution since "Nine Lives" while Vallance had been absent since "Get A Grip". New as an Aerosmith songwriting collaborator is Marco Moir (Brad Whitford's current guitar tech), who co-wrote "Lover Alot". Also garnering their first songwriting credits on Aerosmith songs are the band's touring keyboardist Russ Irwin (who co-wrote "What Could Have Been Love") and Kramer's son Jesse Sky (who co-wrote "Lover Alot").


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: Perry says that 2004's "Honkin' on Bobo" was actually supposed to be this album, but the energy wasn't right at the time. However, like "Honkin' on Bobo", Perry says that this album was recorded with "live, in-the-room excitement". He also says that, like with their albums from the 1970s (and unlike their albums from the 1980s and 1990s), he found himself going back and listening to the completed tracks constantly. He also revealed that the album does indeed include older material, including a riff that is at least 20 years old, stating that it may end up in several songs, "in a mini-opera kind of way". During the recording process, Perry described the sound of the music as "[It] sounds like dinosaurs eating cars - musical dinosaurs with [a] sick beat. Is that a good thing?" "Legendary Child", "Lover Alot", and "Oh Yeah" are described as rockers. The former two have been released as singles and have garnered airplay on rock radio. "American Idol" runner-up Lauren Alaina provides backing vocals to "Oh Yeah", a song that was a nightly staple throughout the band's "Global Warming Tour". "What Could Have Been Love" is described as a ballad, and has already been released as a single and has garnered airplay on adult contemporary radio stations. "Luv XXX" is described by Steven Tyler as "Beatlesque" and includes backing vocals from John Lennon's son Julian Lennon. "Freedom Fighter" is described as a "politically conscious rocker" and also includes backing vocals by Johnny Depp. Country star Carrie Underwood duets with Tyler on "Can't Stop Lovin' You", which is described as "a country-western crossover ballad". In addition, former Aerosmith guitarist Rick Dufay (who was in the band from 1981–84) plays on the song "Shakey Ground", which is a cover of an R&B song originally done by The Temptations in 1975. "Shakey Ground" is now slated to appear on the Walmart exclusive version of the record. Tom Hamilton is also set to have his first-ever lead vocal on the song "Up on a Mountain", which is planned for release as a bonus track.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: Tom Hamilton said the album name was suggested by Jack Douglas, and he said "It’s kind of that we feel such a connection to our early days working with Jack, it just created a vibe that was very familiar from those early 70′s records. It’s almost like these young punks from another dimension who came out to have their influence on the album." This led to a B movie inspired cover, designed by the band's road documentarian Casey Tebo. The album features two different covers: one for the regular release, and one for the deluxe release. The vinyl version features a similar cover to the deluxe edition, though the vinyl includes the same track listing as the standard edition of the CD release, spread out over two red vinyl albums (a standard release CD is also included inside one of the sleeves of the vinyl release).


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: "Music From Another Dimension" debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200 selling just 63,000 copies its first week, a sharp contrast to previous debuts. The album received mostly mixed reviews from music critics, with online review site Metacritic calculating an aggregate score of 54/100 based on 22 reviews.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: Before the first trailer was released, two small clips of the band in the studio were released, the first an interview with a guitar solo, and the second a jam in the Boneyard (Joe Perry's home recording studio).


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: On August 24, 2012, Aerosmith released the first trailer for the album on YouTube. It included pro-shot live footage (possibly from the upcoming bonus DVD for the album), interviews with the band, scenes of the band inside the studio, and snippets from the single "Legendary Child".


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: On September 7, 2012, Aerosmith released the second trailer for the album on Vimeo. The beginning of the video was made to look like a comic-book with pictures of Aerosmith recording and discussing the album, a new song, "Luv XXX" played in the background. After a thirty-five second clip of the new song, the video transferred into a room where the members and producer, Jack Douglas, were tossing around ideas. Then, it cut to several studio clips of the band rehearsing and recording the album with a commentary by Tom Hamilton. Following that, the video cut to another clip of the new song and then finished.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

text: On September 17, 2012, Aerosmith released the third trailer for the album on Vimeo. The preview started off with Joe Perry and producer, Jack Douglas, in the studio discussing a song from the upcoming album, then it cut to the same opening in the episode one. After the intro, the video cut to a clip filmed in the summer of 2011 of Tom Hamilton, Joe Perry and Joey Kramer discussing one of Perry's contributions to the album and working out the guitar riffs. The third clip in the video was of the band at Vindaloo Studios with a voice-over commentary by Kramer; the commentary lasted for two more clips. The second to last clip was of the band discussing a few songs in an office with Douglas; it included Steven Tyler playing guitar. The last clip was a montage of small studio sessions.


title: Flex Seal

text: Flex Seal is an American brand of adhesive bonding products made by the family-owned company Swift Response in Weston, Florida. Founded in 2011, the company employs 100 people led by its pitchman and chief executive officer Phil Swift. Flex Seal has become a popular internet meme because of its television advertisement demonstrations of the product in absurd and exaggerated situations, such as a boat sawed fully in half and made seaworthy again with the product.


title: Flex Seal

text: The company makes a line of adhesive bonding products that are based around the concept of liquid rubber.


title: Flex Seal

text: Flex Shot was released as an alternative to a caulk gun. Flex Tape was released as a waterproof tape. Flex Glue was released as a fix-all adhesive.


title: Flex Seal

text: Flex Seal has gained attention for its television advertising, which "Inside Edition" says has some exaggerated implied claims about the lifespan of the bond. "Inside Edition" later tested the Flex Paste product and found that it performed as advertised.


title: Flex Seal

text: Since 2013, the company has sponsored NASCAR Xfinity Series team JD Motorsports, sponsoring drivers who have included Ross Chastain, Landon Cassill, and Jeffrey Earnhardt. During one 2017 race, Flex Tape was used to repair crash damage on the car the company sponsored, which was driven by Garrett Smithley.


title: You Don't Mess Around with Jim

text: You Don't Mess Around with Jim is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Jim Croce, released in April 1972.


title: You Don't Mess Around with Jim

text: The album was recorded over a three to four-week period for approximately $18,000, with most funding coming from the PolyGram Group in Baarn, the Netherlands, on the basis of hearing an 8-song demo tape assembled by production team Cashman & West. The deal with PolyGram was made after team attorney Phil Kurnit approached a contact within the record company who then had PolyGram executives listen to the demo tape.


title: You Don't Mess Around with Jim

text: After having the finished album rejected by up to 40 record labels, Croce was signed to ABC Records after Cashman & West had a chance meeting with ABC promotion man Marty Kupps. Kupps urged label head Jay Lasker to sign Croce after hearing cuts from a cassette tape of the finished album.


title: You Don't Mess Around with Jim

text: The record spent 93 weeks on the charts, longer than any other Jim Croce album. Due to the strong performance of the posthumous single release "Time in a Bottle" (#1 pop, No. 1 AC), "You Don't Mess Around with Jim" was the best selling album in the U.S. for five weeks in early 1974. It was listed at No. 6 on the 1974 "Cash Box" year-end album charts. Two singles were originally released from the album in 1972: the title track (#8 pop) and "Operator (That's Not the Way It Feels)" (#17 pop).


title: You Don't Mess Around with Jim

text: The lyrics of the title track concern the fate of a 'pool-shooting son-of-a-gun' by the name of 'Big' Jim Walker when his 'mark', Willie 'Slim' McCoy, from South Alabama, shows up to get a refund from being hustled or get revenge. The song is notable for the line, "You don't tug on Superman's cape/You don't spit into the wind/You don't pull the mask off that ol' Lone Ranger/And you don't mess around with Jim." However, after the song ends with Jim being thoroughly thrashed by his victim ("he'd been cut 'n 'bout a hundred places/ and he'd been shot in a couple more"), the chorus now goes, "You don't mess around with Slim."


title: Laika-class submarine

text: The Laika class, Russian designation Project 545 "Laika" (), also referred to as Husky class (), are series of nuclear-powered, modular, fifth-generation multi-purpose submarines currently under development by Malakhit Marine Engineering Bureau for the Russian Navy.


title: Laika-class submarine

text: On 16 December 2014, it became known Malakhit was developing a new fifth-generation nuclear submarine as an internal initiative. On 17 March 2016, the codename "Husky" was disclosed, and finally on 8 August 2016, a contract was signed with the Russian Defence Ministry for development of the submarine. In April 2018, Malakhit CEO Vladimir Dorofeyev reported the preliminary design of the prospective Husky class nuclear submarine was complete. A year later, in April 2019, Malakhit announced it had launched R&D work on the submarine under a new codename "Laika".


title: Laika-class submarine

text: On 24 December 2019, during the Russia's Defence Ministry Board session held in Moscow, project number and some technical characteristics of the submarine were revealed. The lead vessel of the class is expected to be built by 2027–2030.


title: Laika-class submarine

text: The submarines are reported to combine the roles of multi-purpose and strategic submarines, being able to use both cruise and ballistic missiles depending on the task and modular configuration. The submarines will have a smaller displacement than the current fourth-generation s and incorporate the double hull design with the outer hull made of composite materials. The composites are also expected to be used for control surfaces and propulsion system.


title: Laika-class submarine

text: The main armament is to include the 3M-54 Kalibr and P-800 Oniks anti-ship cruise missiles as well as the 3M22 Zircon hypersonic cruise missiles. The vessels are also projected to be armed with MARVed ballistic missiles currently in development by the Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau. According to President of the United Shipbuilding Corporation Alexei Rakhmanov, the submarines are to be highly unified in their key components in order to substantially reduce the costs for the Russian Defence Ministry.


title: Laika-class submarine

text: The Project 545 submarines reportedly feature the displacement of 11,340 tons, maximum speed of 35 knots, 90 days of autonomy and maximum submersion depth of 600 meters.


title: Service number

text: A service number is an identification code used to identify a person within a large group. Service numbers are most often associated with the military; however, they may be used in civilian organizations as well. National identification numbers may be seen as types of service numbers.


title: Service number

text: The term "serial number" is often seen as a synonym of service number; however, a serial number more accurately describes manufacture and product codes, rather than personnel identification. In the Canadian military, a "serial number" referred to a unique number assigned each unit that mobilized for the Second World War.


title: Service number

text: In the First Australian Imperial Force soldiers were allotted numbers known as regimental numbers. These were allotted to NCOs and other ranks but not to officers or nurses, who had no numbers. Regimental numbers were rarely unique. Each battalion or corps had its own sequence, usually starting at 1, although some units were formed in the field and this did not occur. The result was that several dozen soldiers had the prestigious number 1, which was usually given to the Regimental Sergeant Major or the Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant. When soldiers were transferred from one unit to another, they often kept their number if it was not already held by someone else. Otherwise, they might be allotted a new number or the letter A or B might be added to make the number unique with their unit again. Re-enlisted soldiers often used the additional letter R. In 1917, the AIF switched to a scheme whereby reinforcements were drawn from the common pool instead of being supplied on a per-unit or corps basis. These were known as "general reinforcements" and they were allotted unique numbers in the range of 50000–80000. Despite the limitations of the scheme, in researching a soldier, it is handy to know the regimental number.


title: Service number

text: In 1921, the assignment of identifying numbers based on regiments was abolished in the Australian Army and replaced with an Army-wide system. This meant that soldiers in all branches of the Army received a unique number, and if they re-enlisted they kept their previously allocated number.


title: Service number

text: The problems inherent in the First World War scheme were acknowledged and all members of the Second Australian Imperial Force were allocated a unique service number known as an Army number. The first letter represented the state of enlistment: N: New South Wales; V: Victoria; Q: Queensland; S: South Australia; W: Western Australia; T: Tasmania; D: Northern Territory. The serial numbers of female soldiers followed this with an F. AIF serial numbers then had an X. A low number indicated an early enlistment. General Sir Thomas Blamey was VX1. Soldiers transferring from the Militia often kept their old number with 100,000 added, while PMF officers had 200,000 added.


title: Service number

text: Following the Second World War, the system employed by the Australian Army was quite complex, as the Second AIF was disbanded and an Interim Army was established. A dual system existed until July 1947 as existing personnel kept their Second AIF numbers until that point, while new enlistments received a service number starting from X500000, while maintaining the state-based prefix of the old Second AIF system. For the second half of 1947, numbers were allocated starting from X700000, again prefixed with the state of recruitment. However, from September 1947, another system based on military districts was introduced for members of the Australian Regular Army, while personnel who enlisted specifically for service during the Korean War with K-Force received numbers beginning from 400,000, although those who volunteered for service with the Regular Army Supplement received a new number beginning with 900,000 and others who transferred from the Interim Army to K-Force received a new number beginning with 905,000, beginning with a number from 1 to 8 representing each state and territory (beginning with Queensland), including Papua New Guinea. This system (the 900,000 series) remained in use until 2002, when it was replaced with an integrated system based on the Personnel Management Key Solution (PMKeyS) system, which moved the Australian Defence Force away from service numbers to employee numbers.


title: Service number

text: During the Second World War, units were allocated blocks of Regimental Numbers to issue out, usually in the 5 or 6 digit range, though extremely low numbers were also possible due to the blocks.


title: Service number

text: The use of the SIN was granted by Revenue Canada to the CF for service numbers as a temporary measure and was revoked in the 1990s. The new Service Number used a random alphabetic letter and 8 numbers in the same format as SINs to avoid changing service forms.


title: Service number

text: Current officers of the Hong Kong Police use a 5 digit number and are worn by all ranks below senior officers.


title: Service number

text: The same numbering pattern is used by the Hong Kong Correctional Services and the Hong Kong Fire Services.


title: Service number

text: Soldiers in the British Army are given an eight-digit number, e.g. 25232301. Prior to 1920, each regiment issued their own service numbers which were unique only within that regiment, so the same number could be issued many times in different regiments. When a serviceman moved, he would be given a new service number by his new regiment. Commissioned officers did not have service numbers until 1920. The modern system was introduced by Army Order 338 in August 1920. Numbers were then a maximum of seven digits, later groups of numbers up to eight digits were added.


title: Service number

text: Until 1960, National Servicemen who voluntarily remained in the Armed Forces continued to use their National Service numbers. Until 2007 and the introduction of the Joint Personnel Administration (JPA) system, Army Officers were issued with a six-digit Personal Number, as opposed to the eight-digit Army Number for enlisted personnel. Newly commissioned officers now receive an eight-digit service number, but six-digit Officers' Personal Numbers issued prior to the introduction of JPA remained unchanged.


title: Service number

text: In the Royal Navy, prior to the introduction of JPA, service numbers were also of eight digits but began and ended with a letter, depending initially on the depot where the sailor was recruited. The first letter designators were: P (Portsmouth), C (Chatham), and D (Devonport), with the final letter being a checksum. Later, the designators were reassigned and were used to distinguish between men and women within the Royal Navy as well as to distinguish between officers and ratings. A service number beginning with D designated a Royal Navy male rating, W a Royal Navy female rating, C male officers, and V female officers. P designated a Royal Marines other rank, while N a Royal Marine officer. Following the introduction of JPA, all newly issued Royal Navy service numbers became an eight-digit number format beginning with 3, with no distinction made between male, female, ratings, officers, and Royal Marines.


title: Service number

text: The Armed forces of the United States introduced service numbers in 1918, and discontinued their use in 1974. In 2011, the Department of Defense began implementing a new service number system in order to reduce identity theft. The first U.S. military member to hold a service number was Arthur Crean.


title: Service number

text: Social Security Numbers are today used as the primary means to identify members of the U.S. military. The common format for social security numbers is 123-45-6789.


title: Service number

text: Effective June 2011, the US military has introduced a plan to eliminate the use of Social Security Numbers on military and dependent ID cards, and replace them with a service number, in an effort to prevent identity theft against members of the armed services. All members have now been issued a DoD ID number for this purpose.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: Johnny Gaddaar () is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language neo-noir thriller film written and directed by Sriram Raghavan, produced under the banner Adlabs. It stars Neil Nitin Mukesh, in his film debut, alongside Dharmendra, Biswajit Chatterjee, Zakir Hussain, Rimi Sen, Vinay Pathak, Govind Namdeo, Dayanand Shetty and Ashwini Kalsekar. The film received critical acclaim and was a sleeper hit at the box-office.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: The film was later remade in Malayalam as "Unnam", in Telugu as "Kamina" and in Tamil as "Johnny". The movie is an adaptation of the 1963 French movie "Symphonie Pour Un Massacre" (The Corrupt) by Jacques Deray which was based on the 1962 French crime novel "Les Mystifies" by Alain Reynaud Fourton.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: The film starts out on a rainy night with a conversation between four cops in a police van, patrolling the streets of Mumbai. A car narrowly misses, colliding into them on the road, brakes and then continues on towards a house with iron gates. A man in a jacket gets out from the car, heads towards the garage, and opens the roller shutter door when he is shot from behind multiple times. At the same time, the cops in the van receive an alert on the radio that gunshots have been heard somewhere in the vicinity and they ask the driver to head towards the location of the gunshots.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: The entire movie is then shown as a flashback, building up to the present shooting, and scene of the cops in the van.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: The story is about a gang of five that run a gambling club and conduct other underhand deals. The five members are Vikram, Seshadri, Shardul, Prakash, and Shiva. When one of Seshadri's police contacts from Bengaluru, Kalyan informs him, on the phone about "French furniture" (code word for drugs) worth Rs. 5 crore that he can offer him for Rs. 2.5 crore, Seshadri calls for all five members to contribute Rs. 50 lacs each to set the deal in motion. Based on Shardul's promise of being able to sell the furniture for more than Rs. 5 crore, each member anticipates a profit of a further Rs. 50 lacs each, at least.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: They agree that Shiva is to take the money to Bengaluru by train, meet Kalyan, make the exchange and return on the same train. Vikram, who is dating Shardul's wife Mini and desperately wants to emigrate to Canada with her, plans to steal the money from Shiva in the train by using chloroform to make him unconscious. In the pretext of going to Goa for business work, he goes about his plot, driving to Pune (where he uses the name Johnny G to check into hotel) then takes a flight to Goa. In Goa, he meets advocate Gomes who is Seshadri's friend, to get his work done and to serve as an alibi later, if required. He makes sure the work is half done, flies back to Mumbai and checks-in to a hotel before boarding the train that Shiva takes, the train to Bengaluru enroute Pune. But plans go wrong, and Vikram ends up killing Shiva, who unmasks him before going unconscious. Now Sheshadri, Kalyan, Prakash, and Shardul one-by-one, find out Vikram's truth and are killed by him in cold blood. Finally, Vikram is killed by Prakash's wife Varsha, who mistakes him for Shardul, who she believed was Prakash's killer.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: In the opening credits the movie is dedicated to legendary Indian Cinema director Vijay Anand and writer James Hadley Chase. The film is a tribute to Vijay Anand's influence on the Hindi noir/thriller genre. It pays tribute to him in a scene in which Anand's movie "Johny Mera Naam" is being watched by a character. At the lobby of a hotel room, the receptionist is seen watching Vijay Anand's movie "Johnny Mera Naam", starring Dev Anand. It is from the scene of that movie that this one gets its title. When the female lead is introduced she is reading R.K. Narayan's The Guide, which was later made into a movie directed by Vijay Anand, starring Dev Anand.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: While the story is not based on any of James Hadley Chase's novels, it does follow a similar plot line. There are numerous references to James Hadley Chase within the film, the lead character himself is seen holding a copy of one of Chase's books. Director Sriram Raghavan has presented the same genre in his previous venture Ek Hasina Thi as well.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: The film also makes multiple references to Amitabh Bachchan classic "Parwaana" and also shows scenes of a major plot sequence of the movie.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: There are multiple tributes to the actor Dharmendra himself. While dying, Dharmendra plays the song "Mera Gora Rang Le Le" – his character's favourite song sung by the character's wife (Sonia Rakkar) in the movie, which is from his movie Bandini in which played in the movie. They are from Yakeen, Aadmi Aur Insaan and Naya Zamana.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: There are a couple of references to Hollywood movies too, for example when Shiva is introduced in the movie, he's watching Stanley Kubrick's last film, "Eyes Wide Shut". And Dharmendra's line "It's not the age. It's the mileage" echoes a line from the Indiana Jones movie "Raiders of the Lost Ark". Apart from the note-counting scene obviously inspired from "Scarface", there is a reference to "Titanic" as well as "Citizen Kane" in the scene where the female lead is assembling a huge jigsaw puzzle.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: The colour Red is used predominantly in the movie, as a homage to Sin City. Raghavan himself had confessed wanting to shoot the whole film in Black and White.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: But the main game is that Raghavan's inspiration for the plot and characterization was not Vijay Anand's film "Johny Mera Naam". Raghavan employs a rope-a-dope by implying that his movie as a tribute to Vijay Anand and also adding in "Parwaana" and James Hadley Chase as distraction, while the fact is that the movie was an adaptation of the 1963 French movie "Symphonie Pour Un Massacre" (The Corrupt) by Jacques Deray which was based on the 1962 French crime novel "Les Mystifies" by Alain Reynaud Fourton though there are also similarities with the Stanley Kubrick's film noir classic "The Killing" - in the plot elements like the ex-conman character, the cheating wife and no-one escape climax - which are not coincidental. The only stark difference is that Kubrick's Johnny isn't the gaddar (the traitor).


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: The film has fifteen songs and two remixes composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy (soundtrack) and Daniel B George (score), with lyrics by Jaideep Sahni. The album was met with high critical acclaim upon its release. The soundtrack was co produced by composers Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy and Adlabs, which is first of its kind in the history of Bollywood. The album was released on 13 September 2007 at IMAX, Wadala, Mumbai. Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, Dharmendra, Neil Nitin Mukesh and Sriram Raghavan were present at the launch among others.


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: Director Sriram Raghavan approached S-E-L to score a single for the film. As they were discussing, Ehsaan came up with a riff which Sriram felt fits the theme of the movie, which then turned out to be the title song "Johnny Gaddaar". Then they decided to go for another song, which was to be picturised in a club setting. Sriram wanted it to have an early '70s feel, along the lines of the famous R.D. Burman song, "Duniya Main". Hence they jammed and came up with the second track, the rich and vibrant "Dhoka". Sriram had seen rapper Hard Kaur on TV and was impressed with her. So he asked her and the trio to jam together, and they came up with the final song of the album, "Move Your Body". The album includes Tamil and Telugu versions of the tracks "Johnny Gaddaar" and "Move Your Body".


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: The album was met with high praise from critics upon release. Raja Sen of Rediff, who awarded the soundtrack four and a half stars was ecstatic about the soundtrack, ""Johnny Gaddaar is a delightfully harebrained work showing off extreme musical maturity. This is the soundtrack that breaks all the rules, the three buddies reveling in the recklessness director Sriram Raghavan gives them. This is what Modesty Blaise would dance to, an album of lunatic retro genius."". Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave the album a three-and-a-half stars, stating, ""In 'Johnny Gaddaar', don't even expect the kind of soundtrack that you hear in a conventional Bollywood film. Instead expect to get on a rhythmic ride which would hardly give you a breather throughout its 11 tracks. The music of 'Johnny Gaddaar' isn't anything that you have heard before in a mainstream Hindi film before. And this is where its strength lies!"". Atta Khan of Planet Bollywood in his 9 star review, praised the soundtrack ""Every once in a while a soundtrack comes along that leaves you in awe at its sheer audacity and pizzazz. Not to mention style, inspiration, variety, innovation and all round brilliance! In this reviewer's opinion, Johnny Gaddaar is such a soundtrack. The whole package here including the instrumentals is an integral USP of the movie giving it a (dark but hip) character that many soundtracks only dream of achieving. Yet at the same time it is a great stand alone audio product too. Its unconventional approach challenges every listener to expand their listening horizon and it's an offer everyone should wholeheartedly accept.""


title: Johnny Gaddaar

text: The soundtrack featured in the "Top 10 music Albums of the year" list by "Rediff", which said "Shankar, Ehsaan and Loy get it right again with twisted, unorthodox productions like Johnny Gaddaar". It also was featured in the "Top 15 albums of the year" list of "Planetbollywood", who remarked that ""SEL have succeed in re-defining themselves and maintaining the edge over their counterparts.""


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: The Millwall Bushwackers are the most notorious football firm associated with Millwall Football Club. The club and fans of Millwall have a historic association with football hooliganism, which came to prevalence in the 1970s and 1980s with a firm known originally as F-Troop, eventually becoming more widely known as the Millwall Bushwackers, who were one of the most notorious hooligan gangs in England. On five occasions The Den was closed by the Football Association and the club has received numerous fines for crowd disorder. Millwall's hooligans are regarded by their rivals as amongst the stiffest competition, with Manchester United hooligan Colin Blaney describing them as being within the 'top four' firms in his autobiography 'Undesirables' and West Ham hooligan Cass Pennant featuring them on his Top Boys TV YouTube channel, on which this fearsome reputation for violence was described.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: The stigma of violence attached to Millwall can be traced back over 110 years. Millwall played local rivals West Ham United away at Upton Park on 17 September 1906 in a Western League game. Both sets of supporters were primarily made up of dockers, who lived and worked in the same locality in east and south London. Many were rivals working for opposing companies and vying for the same business. A local newspaper, "East Ham Echo", reported that, "From the very first kick of the ball it was seen likely to be some trouble, but the storm burst when Dean and Jarvis came into collision (Millwall had two players sent off during the match). This aroused considerable excitement among the spectators. The crowds on the bank having caught the fever, free fights were plentiful." In the 1920s Millwall's ground was closed for two weeks after a Newport County goalkeeper, who had been struck by missiles, jumped into the crowd to confront some of the home supporters and was knocked unconscious. The ground was again closed for two weeks in 1934 following crowd disturbances after the visit of Bradford (Park Avenue). Pitch invasions resulted in another closure in 1947 and in 1950 the club was fined after a referee and linesman were ambushed outside the ground.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: In the 1960s, hooliganism in England became more widely reported. On 6 November 1965 Millwall beat west London club Brentford 2–1 away at Griffin Park and during the game a hand grenade was thrown onto the pitch from the Millwall end. Brentford's goalkeeper Chic Brodie picked it up, inspected it and threw it into his goal. It was later retrieved by police and determined to be a harmless dummy. There was fighting inside and outside the ground during the game between both sets of supporters, with one Millwall fan sustaining a broken jaw. "The Sun" newspaper ran the sensationalist grenade-related headline "Soccer Marches to War!" Trouble was reported at Loftus Road on 26 March 1966 during a match between Queens Park Rangers and Millwall, at a time when both sides were near the top of the league table pushing for promotion to Division Two, but the London derby was won 6–1 by QPR. In the second-half, a coin was thrown from the terraces, which struck Millwall player Len Julians on the head, drawing blood. The stadium announcer warned that the game would be abandoned if there were any more disturbances from the crowd, prompting some Millwall fans to invade the pitch in an unsuccessful attempt to get the game abandoned. When Millwall's unbeaten home record of 59 games came to an end against Plymouth Argyle in 1967, the windows of the away team's coach were smashed. In the same year, a referee was attacked and the FA ordered the club to erect fences around The Den's terracing.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: The BBC documentary "Panorama" was invited into the club by Millwall in 1977 to show the hooligan reputation was a myth and being blown out of proportion by reporting. Instead the BBC portrayed hooliganism as being deeply rooted in Millwall, and attempted to link them to the far-right political party National Front. The show was extremely damaging for the club.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: On 11 March 1978 a riot broke out at The Den during an FA Cup quarter-final between Millwall and Ipswich Town, with the home team losing 6–1. Fighting began on the terraces and spilled onto the pitch; dozens of fans were injured, with some hooligans turning on their own team's supporters leaving some innocent fans bloodied. Bobby Robson, then manager of Ipswich, said of Millwall fans afterward, "They [the police] should have turned the flamethrowers on them". In 1982 Millwall club chairman Alan Thorne threatened to close the club because of violence sparked by losing in the FA Cup to non-league side Slough Town.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: The 1985 Kenilworth Road riot, after an FA Cup sixth-round match between Luton Town and Millwall on 13 March 1985, became one of the worst and widely reported incidents of football hooliganism to date. On that night, approximately 20,000 people packed into a ground that usually only held half that number to watch Luton beat Millwall 1–0. violence started before the match when Luton Town fans hurled bricks, bottles and other projectiles from the roofs of buildings at Millwall fans making their way from the train station to the stadium. Overcrowding on the terrace holding the Millwall fans forced police to open security gates to allow supporters onto the pitch side to avoid a crush in the oversold terrace. Numerous pitch invasions, fighting in the stands and missile-throwing occurred, of which one such object hit Luton's goalkeeper Les Sealey. It led to a ban on away supporters by Luton from their Kenilworth Road ground for four years. Luton were asked by Millwall to make the Wednesday night match all-ticket, but this was ignored. As a result, rival hooligan firms gained access to the stadium. As well as the Millwall hooligans and those belonging to Luton's firm the MIGs, many of the 31 fans arrested after the violence were identified as being from Chelsea's Headhunters firm and West Ham United's Inter City Firm. The FA commissioned an inquiry which concluded that it was "not satisfied that Millwall F.C. took all reasonable precautions in accordance with the requirements of FA Rule 31(A)(II)." A £7,500 fine was levied against Millwall, though this was later withdrawn on appeal. The penalty that Millwall faced was perhaps that the club's name was now "synonymous with everything that was bad in football and society".


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: In May 2002, hundreds of hooligans attaching themselves to Millwall were involved in disorder around the ground, after the team lost a play-off game to Birmingham City. It was described by the BBC as one of the worst cases of civil disorder seen in Britain in recent times. A police spokeswoman said that 47 police officers and 24 police horses were injured, and the Metropolitan Police considered suing the club after the events. The then chairman Theo Paphitis responded that Millwall could not be blamed for the actions of a mindless minority who attach themselves to the club. "The problem of mob violence is not solely a Millwall problem, it is not a football problem, it is a problem which plagues the whole of our society", he said. Paphitis later introduced a membership scheme whereby only fans who would be prepared to join and carry membership cards would be allowed into The Den. Scotland Yard withdrew its threat to sue, stating: "In light of the efforts made and a donation to a charity helping injured police officers, the Metropolitan Police Service has decided not to pursue legal action against Millwall F.C. in relation to the disorder". Some legal experts said it would have been difficult to hold a football club responsible for something that occurred away from its ground and involved people who did not attend the match. The scheme introduced by Paphitis now only applies to perceived high-risk away games. Many fans blame the scheme for diminishing Millwall's away support, such as at Leeds United where fans are issued with vouchers which are then exchanged for tickets at a designated point of West Yorkshire Police's choosing on the day of the game. Also, early kick-off times arranged by the police often result in only a few hundred fans making the trip.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: The most infamous recent example of the rivalry between Millwall and West Ham flaring up was when, in the 2009–10 season, The Lions were drawn against The Hammers in the Football League Cup. The police halved the number of tickets given to travelling Millwall fans from 3,000 to 1,500, sparking anger among Lions fans.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: On the evening of 25 August 2009, clashes between some Millwall and West Ham fans outside Upton Park resulted in 20 people being injured, including one Millwall fan who was stabbed. The game itself saw about fifty West Ham supporters invade the pitch on three occasions, forcing the game to be temporarily suspended once. The police later said the violence, because of its large scale, was organised beforehand.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: The Football Association later handed Millwall three charges and West Ham four. Millwall were cleared of all charges while West Ham were found guilty of two: violent, threatening, obscene and provocative behaviour and failing to prevent their fans entering the field of play. The Hammers were fined £115,000 by the FA.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: In January 1988, when Millwall were knocked out of the FA Cup by Arsenal in a third round match at Highbury, 41 Millwall hooligans, were arrested after clashing with Arsenal's firm The Herd. In August 1993, Millwall relocated to the New Den and ended that season third in Division One, entering the playoffs to try and win a place in the FA Premier League. However, they were eliminated in the playoff semi-finals by Derby County, and the game at the New Den had to be halted twice due to pitch invasions by Millwall hooligans. There was also widespread fighting in the stands.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: In October 2004, during a Football League Cup tie at home to Liverpool, Millwall fans taunted their Liverpool counterparts with songs making fun of the Hillsborough disaster which had claimed the lives of 96 Liverpool fans in 1989. This escalated into violent clashes between fans of the two teams. Seven months later, three Liverpool fans received three-month prison sentences and a further two avoided prison sentences but received banning orders. Three Millwall fans received three-month prison sentences and six-year banning orders.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: In January 2009, hundreds of Millwall fans perceived as "high risk" individuals gained access to an FA Cup fourth-round match away at Hull City. The game, won 2–0 by Hull, was overshadowed when seats, coins and plastic bottles were thrown by some away supporters. There were conflicting reports in the media as to whether missiles were initially thrown by Hull supporters following chanting and jeering by Millwall fans at Jimmy Bullard (an ex-West Ham player) just prior to the fixture. On 25 August 2009, Millwall played away at West Ham United in the Football League Cup, losing 3–1 after extra time. One Millwall supporter was stabbed during clashes between the two sets of fans outside the ground. The game saw hundreds of West Ham fans invade the pitch on three occasions, forcing the game to be temporarily suspended once. The police later said the violence, because of its scale, was organised beforehand. In the aftermath of the disorder, Millwall were handed three charges by the FA and later cleared of all of them; West Ham received four charges and were found guilty on two counts: violent, threatening, obscene and provocative behaviour, and entering the field of play. West Ham were fined £115,000, an amount seen as an insult by Millwall, which staunchly defended the actions of its own fans and the club's inability to do any more than it had for a match at a rival's ground.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: Former club chairman Reg Burr once commented: "Millwall are a convenient coat peg for football to hang its social ills on", an example being the reporting of convicted murderer Gavin Grant. Although he had played for eight different clubs, playing his fewest games (four) for Millwall, and was signed to Bradford City at the time, the BBC used the headline, "Former Millwall striker Gavin Grant guilty of murder".


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: After a game against Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road in September 2010, manager Kenny Jackett said Millwall's hooligan problems are to a certain extent exaggerated by media sensationalism. "I see it as unjust. We are an easy club to criticise and in my time [at the club], the way we have been reported is unfair", he said. Other examples of this include archive footage of their hooligan element's past bad behaviour being shown, when disorder has occurred at other grounds, not involving them. During a game between Millwall and Huddersfield Town, "The Observer" reported that a Huddersfield Town fan had thrown a coin at a linesman, and that some Millwall fans had intervened, and handed the culprit over to police. The "News of the World", however, bore the headline: "Millwall Thugs Deck Linesman With Concrete". This has led to a siege mentality among supporters of the club, which gave rise to the Millwall fans' famous terrace chant, No one likes us, we don't care, being sung in defiant defence of themselves and their team.


title: Millwall Bushwackers

text: In April 2013, Millwall met Wigan Athletic in a semi-final of the FA Cup. Millwall lost the game 2–0. Towards the end of the match, violence broke out in part of the stand allocated to Millwall, with individuals fighting amongst themselves and then against police, resulting in 14 arrests, of which two were Wigan supporters.


title: Mehdi Nebbou

text: Nebbou was born on 10 January 1974 in Bayonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France, to a German mother and an Algerian father. His brother is the film director Safy Nebbou.


title: Mehdi Nebbou

text: In 2004, the director Samir Nasr offered him the leading role in the film "Seeds of Doubt", which won the Golden Gate Award for best film at the San Francisco Film Festival. 2005 was a turning point in Nebbou's career thanks to the film "Schläfer" by German film director Benjamin Heisenberg. The film received excellent reviews and was selected for the 2005 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Mehdi Nebbou

text: In 2007, for his performance in "Teresas Zimmer", directed by German film director Constanze Knoche, he won the award for best actor at First Steps Awards.


title: Mehdi Nebbou

text: In 2008, Nebbou worked in the Ridley Scott film "Body of Lies" with Leonardo DiCaprio. In it, he portrayed Nizar, an Iraqi linguistics doctorate turned Al-Qaeda operative who approaches CIA to defect after being enlisted by his jihadist superiors for suicide bombing. In addition, he played in several French TV series and films, among them as a disabled ex-middleweight boxing world champion in "Douce France" for which he won the award for best actor in 2009 at the Rochelle TV Festival. He played Mustafa Larbi, a sadistic and unpredictable drug dealer, in Season 2 of "Spiral", the successful Canal+ TV series.


title: Mehdi Nebbou

text: In 2010, he portrayed Bruno in the Salvatore Allocca Italian romantic comedy "Come trovare nel modo giusto l'uomo sbagliato" and in 2011, Amin in the French action film "Forces spéciales" with Diane Krüger.


title: Mehdi Nebbou

text: In 2012, he had his breakthrough into the Indian film industry thanks to the film "English Vinglish" starring Sridevi.


title: Mehdi Nebbou

text: He portrayed the lead in "Les heures souterraines" directed by Philippe Harel inspired by the novel of Delphine de Vigan in 2014.


title: Mehdi Nebbou

text: In 2016, he is the co-lead in the Romanian movie "The Fixer" directed by Adrian Sitaru about human traffic in Europe and under-age prostitution. The film is pre-selected for the Oscars 2018.


title: Mehdi Nebbou

text: In 2017, he is one of the leads in the second seasons of the Norwegian cult series "Occupied" and in the German series "Deutschland 86".


title: Mehdi Nebbou

text: He will be one of the leads in the new Netflix series "Baby" directed by Andrea De Sica and Anna Negri.


title: Cyient

text: Cyient (formerly Infotech Enterprises Limited) is an Indian multinational technology company that is focused on engineering, manufacturing, data analytics, and networks and operations. Infotech Enterprises Ltd. was established in 1991 in Hyderabad. Infotech Enterprises was re-branded as Cyient in 2014 and was featured among the top 30 outsourcing companies in the world in 2018.


title: Cyient

text: Cyient was established as Infotech Enterprises Ltd. in 1991 in Hyderabad by B. V. R. Mohan Reddy. In 1995, the company received its first ISO 9002 certification from BVQi London for its conversion services. Infotech Enterprises started its operations as a private limited to provide engineering service to global markets. It encountered a strong resistance to the very concept of engineering outsourcing, but found immediate opportunity in the GIS arena. Cyient became a public limited company in 1997, had an IPO of equity shares at ₹ 20/- per share and listed in all major stock exchanges in India. Around 1999, it signed a breakthrough contract to provide GIS conversion and consultation mapping services worth US$5.5 million to US based Analytical Surveys, Inc. Within the same year, the company acquired Cartographic Sciences from Analytical Surveys, Inc. In June 1999, the company acquired Dataview Solutions Limited, a UK based GIS Software Company. The company continued to pursue engineering services, and finally got a major breakthrough with a leading aircraft engine manufacturer in the year 2000 for engineering services.


title: Cyient

text: In 2000, Cyient announced the acquisition of a German company, Advanced Graphics Software GmbH (AGS), a mechanical engineering software and services company specialising in 3D CAD/CAM. In 2002, Infotech announced a strategic business relationship with the Pratt & Whitney division of United Technologies Corporation, a Fortune 100 company. Pratt & Whitney were to participate with up to ~18% equity stake in Infotech, demonstrating long-term partnering intent and endorsing Infotech's business competence. In 2005, Infotech acquired Tele Atlas India Pvt Ltd. Tele Atlas parent company joined as a strategic partner with preferential allotment of shares. Cyient's founder, B V R Mohan Reddy, was elected Chairman of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Southern Region in 2008. On January 15, 2010, Daxcon was acquired by Infotech Enterprises America, Inc; a wholly owned subsidiary of Infotech Enterprises Limited, India. In March 2013, Cyient became public with its own initial public offering (IPO).


title: Cyient

text: Infotech Enterprises Limited adopted the Cyient name in 2014. On May 7, 2014, Cyient Limited, formerly known as Infotech Enterprises Limited, officially announced its new name based on approval from a shareholders' vote. The process of determining the new identity, bearing connotations to the words "client" and "science", while "Cyient" referencing "Infotech Enterprises", involved various brand specialists, and the new name was tested in 17 languages. After changing its name, Cyient relocated its US headquarters in Connecticut to a new building. Infotech Enterprises acquired Softential, Inc in 2014, Cyient also acquired Invati Insights in 2014, with the new entity named Cyient Insights. In 2015, Cyient acquired Pratt & Whitney Global Services Engineering Asia and Rangsons Electronics. On February 8, 2017, Cyient Inc. agreed to acquire Certon Software Inc. On April 25, 2022, Cyient announced to acquire the Finnish plant and product engineering services company Citec.


title: Cyient

text: Founded in Hyderabad, India, by February 2017 Cyient had around 14,000 employees in 21 countries in Asia, Europe, and North America. Among other facilities, it has offices in Electronic City in Bangalore, India. Globally, offices are located in countries such as Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.


title: Cyient

text: In January 2017, Cyient opened facilities at the Incubation Centre of the Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation in Warangal, also began to build a 70,000 square feet Technology Development Centre at Madikonda Special Economic Zone in Warangal. In February 2017, Cyient and ANSYS agreed to "set up a simulation lab at Cyient’s Experience Centre in Hyderabad." The Cyient-ANSYS Simulation Lab is to be able in particular to develop proof-of-concepts (POC) for Cyient and its clients.


title: Cyient

text: With its United States headquarters in the state of Connecticut, in return for a pledge to add 85 jobs to the state, in February 2017, Cyient Inc. in East Hartford received a $500,000 loan from the state Department of Economic and Community Development for new machinery and equipment. At the time, Cyient was a supplier to Connecticut engine builders and employed 456 full-time workers in Connecticut.


title: Cyient

text: Cyient Limited as of 2014 provides "software-enabled engineering & geographic information system (GIS) services."


title: Cyient

text: In 2012, the company was awarded the Indo-American Corporate Excellence Award for Best Indian Company operating in the US under the Technology & Communications Category.


title: Cyient

text: It was named supplier of the year from The Boeing Company for the second time in 2013, winning the next year as well for the third time.


title: Galina Brezhneva

text: Galina Leonidovna Brezhneva (; 18 April 1929 – 30 June 1998) was the daughter of Soviet politician and longtime General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and Viktoria Brezhneva.


title: Galina Brezhneva

text: Galina Brezhneva was born on 18 April 1929 in Sverdlovsk. As a teenager, she refused to become a member of the Komsomol; later, she refused to study for an academic degree. She married for the first time to circus artist Yevgeny Timofeyevich Milaev (1910–1983) in 1951. He had twin children, Alexander "Sasha" and Natalya "Natasha" (born 1948) from his first marriage to Natalya Yurchenko who died from blood poisoning during childbirth. They had one daughter, Viktoria Yevgenyevna Milaeva (1952–2018). She was married briefly to Igor Kio, a union that lasted only nine days. By 1971, her father Leonid Brezhnev had become displeased with the way things were going in Galina's life. He wanted to arrange a marriage for her, after having her second marriage annulled. She ended up selecting Yuri Churbanov from a number of suitors. Churbanov was chosen even though he was already married and had children. By the end of Brezhnev's life, Galina was much less visible, and during the leadership of Yuri Andropov, she disappeared from the public eye altogether. Brezhneva made a public comeback during Konstantin Chernenko's short rule, and appeared in a conference commemorating International Women's Day. At the conference, she wore only one piece of jewelry, the Order of Lenin that she had been awarded by Andrei Gromyko in 1978 for her fiftieth birthday.


title: Galina Brezhneva

text: Later, after Churbanov had been arrested on charges of corruption, Brezhneva divorced him. She married for a fourth and final time at the age of 64, to a 29-year-old man. Before her death, Brezhneva was a guest on British television to talk about life in the USSR. In her later life, Brezhneva gradually became a heavy drinker, and her daughter placed her in a psychiatric hospital where she died on 30 June 1998, aged 69.


title: Galina Brezhneva

text: Historian Larisa Vasil'eva wrote in her book that "Galina Brezhneva was an all-too-typical product of what came to be known as the Era of Stagnation". Brezhneva was a heavy drinker and was known to be heavy-tempered. She had little self-discipline, and had a seemingly natural tendency toward self-gratification. She was known for her passion for jewellery and diamonds. Why and how Brezhneva received her diamonds was unknown to the majority at the time, though according to a former director of Yuvelirtorg, the state-run jewellery company in the USSR, all jewelry and valuables seized from criminals were given to members of the "nomenklatura". Many rumors circulated in Soviet society about Brezhneva, most notably during Leonid Brezhnev's tenure as General Secretary; these rumors have been colloquially termed "diamond legends". In one such story, Brezhneva, during her visit to the Georgian SSR, visited a museum where she noticed two relics on display. She then demanded the two relics to be given to her as a gift. The museum director refused to comply and instead called the First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, Eduard Shevardnadze, to discuss the matter with General Secretary Brezhnev. Shevardnadze told Brezhnev that given her Georgian national heritage, her behaviour was unacceptable; Brezhnev agreed and ordered his daughter back to Moscow. Others stories included personal favors provided by Brezhneva to Soviet and other communist politicians, including Erich Honecker together with his wife Margot Honecker, Dimitri Ustinov, Wojciech Jaruzelski, Viktor Kulikov, Fidel Castro together with Raul Castro and Che Guevara, Sergei Gorshkov, Alexei Leonov, Jiang Qing, Todor Zhivkov, Le Duc Tho, Alexei Kosygin, Nikolai Tikhonov, Mengistu Haile Mariam, Egon Krenz, Vladimir Shatalov, Zhu De, Andrei Gromyko, Gustáv Husák, János Kádár, Heinz Hoffmann, Souphanouvong, Anatoly Dobrynin, Kim Jong-il, Erich Mielke, Ali Nasir Muhammad, Babrak Karmal, Nikolai Ogarkov, Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Markus Wolf, Samora Machel, Valentina Tereshkova, Daniel Ortega, Zhou En-lai, Pavel Kutakhov, Maurice Bishop, Jacqueline Creft, Willi Stoph, Nicolae Ceaușescu together with his wife Elena Ceaușescu, Lê Duẩn, Nikolay Krylov, Walter Ulbricht, Lin Biao, Pavel Batitsky, Hilde Benjamin, Vo Nguyen Giap and Gus Hall.


title: Galina Brezhneva

text: Stories such as these greatly affected Leonid Brezhnev. He said once to a party colleague that "The world respects you, but your own family causes you pain". At the height of "perestroika", a reform initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, many of the rumours about Brezhneva became increasingly wild and questionable; new details and information, possibly apocryphal, were increasingly included in the rumours. In popular culture, these rumours helped depict the Brezhnev era as an "Era of Stagnation". Many of the rumours stemmed from the fact that most of Brezhneva's friends and colleagues had earlier been arrested, and the majority of them had been linked to some sort of corruption or vice.


title: Galina Brezhneva

text: In January 1982, as part of Andropov's anti-corruption campaign while Leonid Brezhnev was still alive, several prominent jewellery smugglers who all had links with Brezhneva were arrested, some of them even receiving the death sentence. It was later proven that Brezhneva was smuggling jewellery out of the Soviet Union on such a scale as to threaten the business of De Beers Consolidated Mines, a group of companies focused on the mining of diamonds. Brezhneva was detained by the authorities, being summoned in one instance to the KGB headquarters for questioning. Her being the daughter of Leonid Brezhnev resulted in dismissal of the charges against her; she was, however, internally exiled by the Andropov administration. When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary, the criminal investigations against Brezhneva and her brother, Yuri Brezhnev, were resumed. Her brother, a former First Deputy of the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and her husband, Yuri Churbanov, were both arrested on charges of corruption. However, investigators were never able to produce any solid charges against Brezhneva for her post-1982 criminal activities. In her later life, Brezhneva had become an alcoholic and usually signed statements without reading them properly.


title: Wallacea

text: Wallacea is a biogeographical designation for a group of mainly Indonesian islands separated by deep-water straits from the Asian and Australian continental shelves. Wallacea includes Sulawesi, the largest island in the group, as well as Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Halmahera, Buru, Seram, and many smaller islands. The islands of Wallacea lie between the Sunda Shelf (the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Bali) to the west, and the Sahul Shelf including Australia and New Guinea to the south and east. The total land area of Wallacea is .


title: Wallacea

text: Wallacea is defined as the series of islands stretching between the two continental shelves of Sunda and Sahul, but excluding the Philippines. Its eastern border (separating Wallacea from Sahul) is represented by a zoogeographical boundary known as Lydekker's Line, while the Wallace Line (separating Wallacea from Sunda) defines its western border.


title: Wallacea

text: The Weber Line is the midpoint, at which Asian and Australian fauna and flora are approximately equally represented. It follows the deepest straits traversing the Indonesian Archipelago.


title: Wallacea

text: The Wallace Line is named after the Welsh naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, who recorded the differences between mammal and bird fauna between the islands on either side of the line. The islands of Sundaland to the west of the line, including Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, share a mammal fauna similar to that of East Asia, which includes tigers, rhinoceros, and apes; whereas the mammal fauna of Lombok and areas extending eastwards are mostly populated by marsupials and birds similar to those in Australasia. Sulawesi shows signs of both.


title: Wallacea

text: During the ice ages, sea levels were lower, exposing the Sunda shelf that links the islands of Sundaland to one another and to Asia and allowing Asian land animals to inhabit these islands.


title: Wallacea

text: The islands of Wallacea have few land mammals, land birds, or freshwater fish of continental origin, which find it difficult to cross open ocean. Many species of birds, reptiles, and insects were better able to cross the straits, and many such species of Australian and Asian origin are found there. Wallacea's plants are predominantly of Asian origin, and botanists include Sundaland, Wallacea, and New Guinea as the floristic province of Malesia.


title: Wallacea

text: Similarly, Australia and New Guinea to the east are linked by a shallow continental shelf, and were linked by a land bridge during the ice ages, forming a single continent that scientists variously call Australia-New Guinea, Meganesia, Papualand, or Sahul. Consequently, Australia, New Guinea, and the Aru Islands share many marsupial mammals, land birds, and freshwater fish that are not found in Wallacea.


title: Wallacea

text: Although the distant ancestors of Wallacea's flora and fauna may have been from Asia or Australia-New Guinea, Wallacea is home to many endemic species. There is extensive autochthonous speciation and proportionately large numbers of endemics; it is an important contributor to the overall mega-biodiversity of the Indonesian archipelago.


title: Wallacea

text: Fauna species include the endemic anoa (dwarf buffalo) of Sulawesi and the babirusa (deer pig). Maluku shows a degree of species similarity with Sulawesi, but with fewer flora and fauna. Smaller mammals including primates are common. Seram Island is noted for its butterflies and birdlife including the Moluccan king parrot.


title: Wallacea

text: Wallacea was originally almost completely forested, mostly tropical moist broadleaf forests, with some areas of tropical dry broadleaf forest. The higher mountains are home to montane and subalpine forests, and mangroves are common in coastal areas. According to Conservation International, Wallacea is home to over 10,000 plant species, of which approximately 1,500 (15%) are endemic.


title: Wallacea

text: Endemism is higher among terrestrial vertebrate species; of 1,142 species found there, almost half (529) are endemic. 45% of the region retains some sort of forest cover, and only 52,017 km, or 15 percent, is in a pristine state. Of Wallacea's total area of 347,000 km, about 20,000 km are protected.


title: Wallacea

text: Australia may be isolated by sea, but technically through Wallacea, it can be zoologically extended. Australian Early-Middle Pliocene rodent fossils have been found in Chinchilla Sands and Bluffs Down in Queensland, but a mix of ancestral and derived traits suggest murid rodents made it to Australia earlier, maybe in the Miocene, over a forested archipelago, i.e. Wallacea, and evolved in Australia in isolation.


title: Wallacea

text: Australia's rodents make up much of the continent's placental mammal fauna and include various species from stick-nest rats to hopping mice. Other mammals invaded from the east. Two species of cuscus, the Sulawesi bear cuscus and the Sulawesi dwarf cuscus, are the westernmost representatives of the Australasian marsupials.


title: Wallacea

text: The tectonic uplift of Wallacea during the collision between Australia and Asia 23 million years ago allowed the global dispersal of passerine birds from Australia across the Indonesian islands. Bustards and megapodes must have somehow colonized Australia. Cockatiels similar to those from Australia inhabit Komodo Island in Wallacea.


title: Wallacea

text: A few species of "Eucalyptus", a predominant genus of trees in Australia, are found in Wallacea: "Eucalyptus deglupta" on Sulawesi, and "E. urophylla" and "E. alba" in East Nusa Tenggara. For land snails Wallacea and Wallace's Line do not form a barrier for dispersal.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: The Long Walk of the Navajo, also called the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo (), was the 1864 deportation and attempted ethnic cleansing of the Navajo people by the United States federal government. Navajos were forced to walk from their land in what is now Arizona to eastern New Mexico. Some 53 different forced marches occurred between August 1864 and the end of 1866. Some anthropologists claim that the "collective trauma of the Long Walk...is critical to contemporary Navajos' sense of identity as a people".


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: The traditional Navajo homeland spans from Arizona through western New Mexico, where the Navajo had houses, planted crops and raised livestock. There was a long historical pattern in the Southwest of groups or bands raiding and trading with each other, with treaties being made and broken. This included interactions between Navajo, Spanish, Mexican, Pueblos, Apache, Comanche, Ute, and later European Americans. Individual civilians and Native Americans could be victims of these conflicts and also instigate conflicts to serve their special interests.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: Hostilities escalated between European Americans and Navajos following the scalping of the respected Navajo leader Narbona in 1849. In August 1851, Colonel Edwin Vose Sumner established Fort Defiance for the U.S. government (near present-day Window Rock, Arizona) and Fort Wingate (originally Fort Fauntleroy near Gallup, New Mexico). Prior to the Long Walk, there were a series of treaties signed in 1849, 1858, and 1861.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: There are many examples of friction between invading European Americans and Navajo groups between 1846 and 1863. Manuelito "(Hastiin Chʼil Haajiní)" and Barboncito "(Hastiin Dághaaʼ)" reminded the Navajo that the Army was bringing in troops to wage war, it had flogged a Navajo messenger, and opened fire on tribal headsman Agua Chiquito, during talks for peace. They argued that the army had refused to bring in feed for their many animals at Ft. Defiance, took over the prime grazing land, and killed Manuelito's livestock that was there. On April 30, 1860, Manuelito and Barboncito with 1,000 Navajo warriors attacked the fort and almost took control.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: Typical truces and treaties said the army would protect the Navajo. However, the army allowed other Native American tribes and Mexicans to steal livestock and capture Navajo to be used as slaves. A truce between the army and Navajo was signed on February 15, 1861. They were again promised protection, but as part of the truce, two of the Navajo's four sacred mountains were taken from them, as well as about one-third of their traditionally held land. In March, a company of 52 citizens led by Jose Manuel Sanchez drove off a bunch of Navajo horses, but Captain Wingate followed the trail and recovered the horses for the Navajo, who had killed Sanchez. Another group of settlers ravaged Navajo rancherias in the vicinity of Beautiful Mountain. Also during this time, a party of Mexicans and Pueblo Indians captured 12 Navajo in a raid, and three were brought in.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: On August 9, 1861, Lt. Col. Manuel Antonio Chaves of the New Mexico Volunteer Militia took command of a garrison of three companies numbering 8 officers and 206 men at Fort Fauntleroy. Chaves was later accused of holding back supplies intended for the 1,000 or more Navajos that had remained close to the fort and was maintaining remarkably lax discipline. Horse races began on September 10 and continued into the late afternoon of September 13. Col. Chaves permitted Post Sutler A. W. Kavanaugh to supply liquor freely to the Navajos. There was a dispute about which horse won a race. A shot rang out, followed by a fusillade. Almost immediately 200 Navajo, well-armed and mounted, advanced towards the Guard, shooting at the men. They were fired upon by the soldiers and scattered, leaving 12 dead bodies and forty prisoners. On hearing this, Gen. Canby demanded a full report from Chaves, who did not comply. Col. Canby sent Captain Andrew W. Evans to the fort, named Fort Lyon since September 25, and he took command. Manuel Chaves, suspended from command, was confined to the limits of Albuquerque pending court-martial. (The charges were dismissed after two months.) In February 1861, Manuel Chaves took the field with 400 militia and ransacked Navajo land, basically without federal authority.