title: World Health Assembly

text: Australia, Chile, China, Djibouti, Finland, Gabon, Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Romania, Sudan, and United States of America were elected to the executive board.


title: World Health Assembly

text: The 72nd World Health Assembly took place on May 20–28, 2019. Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Grenada, Guyana, Kenya, Singapore, Tajikistan, Tonga, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates were elected to the executive board. The President of WHA72 was Dr Bounkong Syhavong of the Lao People's Democratic Republic.


title: World Health Assembly

text: The 73rd World Health Assembly took place virtually on May 18–19, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: World Health Assembly

text: Keva Bain of The Bahamas was selected President of WHA73. Botswana, Colombia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, India, Madagascar, Oman, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland were elected to the executive board. Harsh Vardhan of India became the chairman of the executive board.


title: World Health Assembly

text: Multiple countries, led by the United States, called for the reinstatement of Taiwan's observer status in protest against Chinese pressure.


title: World Health Assembly

text: On May 25, delegates reached a consensus to hold a special session in November 2021 to consider the International Treaty for Pandemic Preparedness and Response.


title: World Health Assembly

text: The 74th World Health Assembly took place virtually on 24 May-1 June 2021, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 event focused on the theme, "Ending this pandemic, preventing the next: building together a healthier, safer and fairer world".


title: World Health Assembly

text: The WHA gathered for a special session (only the second in the history of the WHO) on 29 November 2021, to draft and negotiate an International Treaty on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response.


title: World Health Assembly

text: Taiwan was invited as an observer to the WHA for 8 years between 2008 and 2016, under the name "Chinese Taipei". However, since the 71st WHA in 2017, Chinese pressure has prevented Taiwan's participation in the WHA. Representatives from many countries, including the U.S. secretary of health and human services Alex Azar, have voiced support for Taiwan's inclusion in the Assembly in opposition to China's coercion and threats.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The United States Naval Observatory (USNO) is a scientific and military facility that produces geopositioning, navigation and timekeeping data for the United States Navy and the United States Department of Defense. Established in 1830 as the Depot of Charts and Instruments, it is one of the oldest scientific agencies in the United States, and remains the country's leading authority for astronomical and timing data for all purposes.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The observatory is located in Northwest Washington, D.C. at the northwestern end of Embassy Row. It is among the few pre-20th century astronomical observatories located in an urban area; initially located in Foggy Bottom near the city's center, it was relocated to its current location in 1893 to escape light pollution.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The USNO has conducted significant scientific studies throughout its history, including measuring the speed of light, observing solar eclipses, and discovering the moons of Mars. Its achievements including providing data for the first radio time signals, constructing some of the earliest and most accurate telescopes of their kind, and helping develop universal time. The Naval Observatory performs radio VLBI-based positions of quasars for astrometry and geodesy with numerous global collaborators (IERS), in order to produce Earth orientation parameters and to realize the celestial reference system (ICRF).


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: Aside from its scientific mission, the Naval Observatory campus hosts the official residence of the vice president of the United States.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: President John Quincy Adams, who in 1825 signed the bill for the creation of a national observatory just before leaving presidential office, had intended for it to be called the National Observatory.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The names "National Observatory" and "Naval Observatory" were both used for 10 years, until the Secretary of the Navy officially adopted the latter.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: Adams had made protracted efforts to bring astronomy to a national level at that time. He spent many nights at the observatory, watching and charting the stars, which had always been one of Adams' interests.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: Established by order of the United States Secretary of the Navy John Branch on 6 December 1830 as the Depot of Charts and Instruments, the Observatory rose from humble beginnings: Placed under the command of Lieutenant Louis M. Goldsborough, with an annual budget of $330; its primary function was the restoration, repair, and rating of navigational instruments.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: It was established as a national observatory in 1842 by federal law and a Congressional appropriation of $25,000. Lt. J.M. Gilliss was put in charge of "obtaining the instruments needed and books." Lt. Gilliss visited the principal observatories of Europe with the mission to purchase telescopes and other scientific devices, and books.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The observatory's primary mission was to care for the United States Navy's marine chronometers, charts, and other navigational equipment. It calibrated ships' chronometers by timing the transit of stars across the meridian. It opened in 1844 in Foggy Bottom, north of the present site of the Lincoln Memorial and west of the White House (see: Old Naval Observatory). The observatory moved to its present location in 1893 located on a 2000 foot circle of land atop "Observatory Hill", overlooking Massachusetts Avenue.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The first superintendent was Navy Commander M.F. Maury. Maury had the world's first vulcanized time ball, created to his specifications by Charles Goodyear for the U.S. Observatory. Placed into service in 1845, it was the first time ball in the United States and the 12th in the world. Maury kept accurate time by the stars and planets.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The time ball was dropped every day except Sunday, precisely at the astronomically defined moment of Mean Solar Noon; this enabled all ships and civilians within sight to know the exact time. By the end of the American Civil War, the Observatory's clocks were linked via telegraph to ring the alarm bells in all of the Washington, D.C. firehouses three times a day.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: In 1849 the Nautical Almanac Office (NAO) was established in Cambridge, Massachusetts as a separate organization. It was moved to Washington, D.C. in 1866, originally operating near Fort Myer. It relocated to the U.S. Naval Observatory grounds in 1893.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: On 20 September 1894, the NAO became a "branch" of USNO; however, it remained autonomous for several years afterward.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: An early scientific duty assigned to the Observatory was the U.S. contribution to the definition of the Astronomical Unit, or the , which defines a standard mean distance between the Sun and the Earth. This was conducted under the auspices of the congressionally-funded U.S. Transit of Venus Commission. The astronomical measurements taken of the transit of Venus by a number of countries since 1639 resulted in a progressively more accurate definition of the .


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: Relying strongly on photographic methods, the naval observers returned 350 photographic plates in 1874, and 1,380 measurable plates in 1882. The results of the surveys conducted simultaneously from several locations around the world (for each of the two transits) produced a final value of the solar parallax, after adjustments, of 8.809″, with a probable error of 0.0059″, yielding a U.S.-determined Earth-Sun distance of , with a probable error of . The calculated distance was a significant improvement over several previous estimates.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The telescope used for the discovery of the Moons of Mars was the 26 inch (66 cm) refractor (a telescope containing only lenses), then located at Foggy Bottom, Washington, DC. In 1893 it was moved to the present location.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: In 1934, the last (then) large telescope to be installed at USNO saw "first light". This 40 inch aperture instrument was also the second (and final) telescope made by famed optician, George Willis Ritchey. The Ritchey–Chrétien telescope design has since become the "de facto" optical design for nearly all major telescopes, including the famed Keck telescopes and the space-borne Hubble Space Telescope.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: Because of light pollution in the Washington metropolitan area, USNO relocated the 40 inch telescope to Flagstaff, Arizona. A new Navy command, now called the USNO Flagstaff Station (NOFS), was established there. Those operations began in 1955. Within a decade, the Navy's largest telescope, the 61 inch "Kaj Strand Astrometric Reflector" was built; it saw light at Flagstaff in 1964.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: USNO continues to maintain its dark-sky observatory, NOFS, near Flagstaff. This facility now oversees the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer. The alternate Master Clock, discussed below, continues to operate at Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: By the early 1870s the USNO daily noon-time signal was distributed electrically, nationwide, via the Western Union Telegraph Company. Time was also “sold” to the railroads and was used in conjunction with railroad chronometers to schedule American rail transport. Early in the 20th century, the service was broadcast by radio, with Arlington time signal available to those with wireless receivers.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: In November 1913 the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless (radio) signals with the U.S. Naval Observatory to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions, via an antenna in Arlington, Virginia.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington no longer obtains significant astrometric observations, but it continues to be a major authority in the areas of Precise Time and Time Interval, Earth orientation, astrometry, and celestial observation. In collaboration with many national and international scientific establishments, it determines the timing and astronomical data required for accurate navigation, astrometry, and fundamental astronomy, and calculation methods — and distributes this information (such as star catalogs) on-line and in the annual publications "The Astronomical Almanac" and "The Nautical Almanac".


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The general public knows about the “Master Clock”, the observatory’s highly accurate ensemble of atomic clocks, and its one-off time-ball re-enactment for the year-2000 celebration. The site houses the largest astronomy library in the United States (and the largest astrophysical periodicals collection in the world). The library includes a large collection of rare, often famous, physics and astronomy books from the past millennium.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: Former USNO director Gernot M. R. Winkler initiated the "Master Clock" service that the USNO still operates, and which provides precise time to the GPS satellite constellation run by the United States Space Force.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: In 1990 two departments were established: Orbital Mechanics and Astronomical Applications, with the Nautical Almanac Office a division in Astronomical Applications. The Orbital Mechanics Department operated under P. Kenneth Seidelmann until 1994, when the department was abolished and its functions transferred to a group within the Astronomical Applications Department.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: In 2010, USNO's astronomical 'department' known as the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station (NOFS) was officially made autonomous as an Echelon 5 command, separate from, but still reporting to the USNO in Washington. In the alpine woodlands above 7,000 feet altitude outside Flagstaff, Arizona, NOFS performs its national, Celestial Reference Frame (CRF) mission under dark skies in that region.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: A house situated on the grounds of the observatory, at Number One Observatory Circle, has been the official residence of the vice president of the United States since 1974. It is protected by tight security control enforced by the Secret Service. The house is separated from the Naval Observatory.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: It formerly served as the residence of the observatory's superintendent, and later was the residence of the chief of naval operations, and finally the vice president.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The U.S. Naval Observatory operates two “Master Clock” facilities, one in Washington, DC, and the other at Schriever SFB near Colorado Springs, CO.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The observatory also operates four rubidium atomic fountain clocks, which have a stability reaching 7. The observatory plans to build several more of this type for use at its two facilities.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The clocks used for the USNO timescale are kept in 19 environmental chambers, whose temperatures are kept constant to within 0.1°C. The relative humidities are kept constant in all maser, and most cesiums enclosures, to within 1%. Time-scale management only uses the clocks in Washington, DC, and of those, preferentially uses the clocks that currently conform reliably to the time reports of the majority. It is the combined ‘vote’ of the ensemble that constitutes the otherwise-fictitious “Master Clock”. The time-scale computations on 7 June 2007 weighted 70 of the clocks into the standard.


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The U.S. Naval Observatory provides public time service via 26 NTP servers on the public Internet, and via telephone voice announcements:


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The voice announcements always begin with the local time (daylight or standard), and include a background of 1 second ticks. Local time announcements are made on the minute, and 15, 30, and 45 seconds after the minute. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is announced 5 seconds after the local time. Upon connecting, only the second-marking ticks are heard for the few seconds before the next scheduled local time announcement


title: United States Naval Observatory

text: The United States Naval Observatory Instrument shop has been designing and manufacturing precise instrumentation since the early 1900s.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: The 2002 United States elections were held on November 5, in the middle of Republican President George W. Bush's first term. Republicans won unified control of Congress. In the gubernatorial elections, Democrats won a net gain of one seat. The elections were held just a little under fourteen months after the September 11 attacks. Thus, the elections were heavily overshadowed by the War on Terror, the impending Iraq War, the early 2000s recession, and the sudden death of Democratic Senator Paul Wellstone of Minnesota about one week before the election.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: Republicans won a net gain of two seats in the Senate and so gained control of a chamber that they had lost in 2001 after Senator Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party. Republicans picked up eight seats in the House of Representatives, making this one of three mid-term elections in which the party of the incumbent president did not lose seats in either the House or the Senate after 1934 and 1998.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: This is the only election in history where the President's party gained a house of Congress in a midterm election, the most recent midterm in which the President's party did not lose control of at least one house of Congress, and the most recent midterm election in which a political party maintained a trifecta on the government.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: Despite being the incumbent party in the White House, which is usually a disadvantage for the president's party during midterm congressional elections, Republicans achieved gains in both chambers of the United States Congress.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: During the 2002 U.S. Senate elections, all thirty-three regularly scheduled Class II Senate seats as well as a special election in Missouri were held.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: In the United States Senate elections, the Republican Party achieved an overall net gain of two seats with victories in Georgia, Minnesota, and Missouri, while the Democrats took a seat in Arkansas. Thus, the balance of power in the Senate changed from a 51–49 Democratic majority to a 51–49 Republican majority.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: During the 2002 House elections, all 435 seats in the House of Representatives plus 5 of the 6 nonvoting delegates from territories and the District of Columbia were up for election that year. These elections were the first to be held following redistricting in apportionment according to the 2000 United States Census.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: Republicans succeeded in expanding their majority in the House of Representatives by a net gain of eight, resulting in a 229–204 Republican majority. They won the nationwide popular vote by a margin of 4.8 points. This represented just the third time since the American Civil War that the president's party picked up seats in the House of Representatives, following the 1934 and 1998 elections.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: In addition to all regularly scheduled House elections, there were two special elections held, one for Oklahoma's 1st congressional district on January 8 and another for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district on November 30.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: During the 2002 gubernatorial elections, the governorships of the 36 states, 2 territories, and the District of Columbia were up for election.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: Going into the elections, Republicans held the governorships of 27 states and one territory (that being the Northern Mariana Islands); Democrats held those of twenty-one states, four territories, and the mayorship of the District of Columbia; and two governorships were held by incumbents of neither party (those being Angus King (I-Me.) and Jesse Ventura (IPM-Minn.)). Following the elections, Republicans sustained a net loss of one state governorship (but did gain the governorship of the territory of Guam); Democrats had an overall net gain of three state governorships and held on to all other territorial governorships and the mayorship of the District of Columbia; and there would be no governorships held by independents or third parties. Thus, the balance of power (excluding nonstate entities) would change from a 27–21 Republican majority to a 26–24 Republican majority.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: In some states where the positions were elective offices, voters elected candidates for state executive-branch offices (lieutenant governor (though some were elected on the same ticket as the gubernatorial nominee); secretary of state; state treasurer; state auditor; state attorney general; state superintendent of education; commissioner of insurance, agriculture, or labor; etc.) and state judicial-branch offices (seats on state supreme courts and, in some states, state appellate courts).


title: 2002 United States elections

text: In 2002, the seats of the legislatures of forty-six states and five nonstate entities were up for election.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: Republicans captured eight legislative chambers from Democrats and won the majority of state legislative seats for the first time in half a century.


title: 2002 United States elections

text: Nationwide, there were some cities, counties, school boards, special districts and others that elected members in 2002.


title: Dax Milne

text: Dax Milne (born June 23, 1999) is an American football wide receiver and return specialist for the Washington Commanders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at BYU and was drafted by Washington in the seventh round of the 2021 NFL Draft.


title: Dax Milne

text: Milne grew up in South Jordan, Utah and attended Bingham High School, where he played basketball and football. He was a member of three state championship teams in football and two in basketball. As a senior Milne was named second-team 6A All-State by the "Salt Lake Tribune" after catching 23 passes for 408 yards and eight touchdowns. Milne opted to play college football at BYU as a preferred walk-on over scholarship offers from Southern Utah and Weber State.


title: Dax Milne

text: Milne played in 10 games with three starts in his freshman season and finished the year with 69 yards and one touchdown on 10 receptions. Milne was awarded a scholarship three weeks into his freshman year. He caught 21 passes for 285 yards and two touchdowns as a sophomore. Milne finished his junior season with 70 catches for 1,188 yards and eight touchdowns and was a finalist for the Burlsworth Trophy. Following the end of the season, Milne declared that he would forgo his senior season to enter the NFL draft.


title: Dax Milne

text: Milne was selected by the Washington Football Team in the seventh round (258th overall) of the 2021 NFL Draft. He signed his four-year rookie contract on May 13, 2021.


title: Dax Milne

text: Milne's father, Darren, played college baseball at BYU and later Minor League Baseball in the Detroit Tigers organization.


title: Dax Milne

text: Milne has been friends with New York Jets quarterback and former BYU Cougars teammate, Zach Wilson, since childhood.


title: Janjaweed

text: The Janjaweed (; also transliterated "Janjawid") are a Sudanese Arab militia group that operate in Sudan, particularly Darfur, and eastern Chad. Using the United Nations definition, the Janjaweed comprise Sudanese Arab tribes, the core of whom are from the Abbala (camel herder) background with significant recruitment from the Baggara (cattle herder) people. This UN definition may not necessarily be accurate, as instances of members from other tribes have been noted.


title: Janjaweed

text: In the past, they were at odds with Darfur's sedentary population over natural grazing grounds and farmland, as rainfall dwindled and water became scarce. They are currently in conflict with Darfur rebel groups—the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army and the Justice and Equality Movement. Since 2003 they have been one of the main players in the Darfur conflict, which has pitted the largely nomadic tribes against the sedentary population of the region in a battle over resource and land allocation. As of August 2013, they are affiliated with the Rapid Support Forces (RSF).


title: Janjaweed

text: The origin of the word Janjaweed is unclear. It has been translated into English as "devils on horseback" from the Arabic words "jinn" "jinn, demon" and "ʾajāwīd" "horses". Other sources suggest its origin comes from the Persian word "jangavi", meaning "warrior", or a portmanteau of three words: "jan," after English "gun"; "jinn"; and "ʾajāwīd."


title: Janjaweed

text: In Darfur, a western province of Sudan, Gaddafi supported the creation of the Arab Gathering (Tajammu al-Arabi) of the Islamic Legion, which according to Gérard Prunier was "a militantly racist and pan-Arabist organization which stressed the 'Arab' character of the province." The two organizations shared members and a source of support, and the distinction between the two is often ambiguous.


title: Janjaweed

text: The nearly continuous cross-border raids that resulted greatly contributed to a separate ethnic conflict within Darfur that killed about 9,000 people between 1985 and 1988.


title: Janjaweed

text: The Janjaweed first appeared in 1988 after Chadian President Hissène Habré, backed by France and the United States, defeated the Libyan army, thereby ending Col. Muammar al-Gaddafi’s territorial designs on Chad. Gaddafi’s Chadian protégé, Acheikh Ibn-Oumar, retreated with his partisan forces to Darfur, where they were hosted by Sheikh Musa Hilal, the newly elevated chief of the Rizeigat Arab tribes of north Darfur. Hilal’s tribesmen had earlier smuggled Libyan weapons to Ibn-Omer’s forces. A French-Chadian incursion destroyed Ibn-Omer’s camp, but his weapons remained with his Mahamid hosts.


title: Janjaweed

text: Throughout the 1990s, the Janjaweed were Arab partisans, tolerated by the Sudan Government, who pursued local agendas of controlling land. The majority of Darfur’s Arabs, the Baggara confederation, began their presence in the war over grazing territory, and remain involved. In 1999-2000, faced with threats of insurgencies in Western and Northern Darfur, Khartoum’s security armed the Janjaweed forces.


title: Janjaweed

text: When the insurgency escalated in February 2003, spearheaded by the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army, and the Justice and Equality Movement, the Sudanese Government responded by using the Janjaweed as its main counter-insurgency force. Protracting the forces to attack and recover the rebel held areas of Darfur, the Janjaweed conducted a campaign targeting rebels in the region of Darfur. The U.S. State Department and others in 2004 named leading Janjaweed commanders, including Musa Hilal as suspected genocide criminals. By early 2006, many Janjaweed had been absorbed into the Sudan Armed Forces including the Popular Defense Forces and Border Guards. Meanwhile, the Janjaweed expanded to include some Arab tribes in eastern Darfur, not historically associated with the original Janjaweed. Chadian Arabs were also increasingly active in seeking to reestablish a political base in Chad, as part of the Unified Forces for a Democratic Change (FUC) coalition.


title: Janjaweed

text: By October 2007, only the United States' government had declared the Janjaweed killings in Darfur to be genocide, since they had killed an estimated 200,000-400,000 civilians over the previous three years. The UN Security Council called for the Janjaweed to be disarmed. On July 14, 2008, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court filed genocide charges against Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, accusing him of masterminding attempts to wipe out African tribes in Darfur with a campaign of murder, rape and deportation using the Janjaweed tribes.


title: Janjaweed

text: In August 2013, the NISS restructured the group to become the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) to fight against rebel groups in Darfur, South Kordofan, and the Blue Nile states.


title: Janjaweed

text: Musa Hilal, who heads a small but powerful Darfurian Arab tribe, is suspected by the US State Department of being a leader of the Janjaweed. The New Yorker quotes him: "I am a tribal leader. ... The government call to arms is carried out through the tribal leaders." He admits recruiting, but denies being in the military chain of command, according to Human Rights Watch.


title: Yavin

text: Yavin (also known as "Yavin Prime", to distinguish it from its moons) is a fictional planet in the "Star Wars" galaxy. It first appeared in the 1977 film "Star Wars" and is depicted as a large red gas giant with an extensive satellite system of moons. The hidden military base of the Rebel Alliance is located on its fourth moon, Yavin 4.


title: Yavin

text: The climactic space battle at the end of the film, in which the Rebel Alliance destroys the Death Star, takes place in orbit around the planet Yavin. In "Star Wars" fandom and the Expanded Universe, this event is especially significant as it is one method used to mark an epoch in the fictional "Star Wars" universe. Events in the "Star Wars Legends" continuity are typically dated in terms of years BBY ("Before the Battle of Yavin") or ABY ("After the Battle of Yavin").


title: Yavin

text: In early drafts of the "Star Wars" story, author George Lucas began inventing names of characters and planets and assigning roles and characteristics. In "The Star Wars" (1973), Yavin is described as a jungle planet inhabited by eight-foot-tall Wookiees. (This concept was eventually altered, although the setting of a Wookiee home planet re-emerged later as the planet Kashyyyk, as seen in the 2005 film "".)


title: Yavin

text: In Lucas's 1975 second draft, "The Adventures of the Starkiller Episode I: The Star Wars", the story's heroes land on Yavin in escape pods and are attacked by insect creatures. They find the Rebel Massassi Outpost and meet characters such as Bail Antilles and General Dodonna, and the Rebel commander is the Grand Moff Tarkin. It is here that Luke Skywalker ends his quest by being reunited with his aged father. In later revisions of the story, Tarkin becomes an Imperial officer and Luke's father is removed from the action—he later re-emerges in "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980) as the hidden identity of the main antagonist, Darth Vader. In the fourth draft (1976), Lucas added a scene in which Luke is also reunited on Yavin with his childhood friend, Biggs Darklighter, a scene which was actually shot but subsequently deleted from the final cut of the original "Star Wars" film. The scene was re-inserted in the 1997 "Star Wars Trilogy" Special Edition. The closing scene of a victorious award ceremony appears in early drafts, but it is originally set on a gaseous cloud planet called Ophuchi.


title: Yavin

text: According to Lucasfilm's "Star Wars" Story Group executive Leland Chee, "Yavin 4" ("Yavin Four" in dialogue) is the correct spelling, not "Yavin IV".


title: Yavin

text: The planet Yavin made its first appearance in the original 1977 "Star Wars" film. The planet is shown in space during the approach of the "Millennium Falcon" spaceship as a large red gas giant planet; orbiting this planet, Yavin 4, the fourth moon, appears on screen as a green/blue-colored Earth-like world. Scenes showing the Rebel Base are all set on this Moon, which is covered in dense, mist-covered jungles. The Rebel Alliance has established its base hidden in a complex of ancient temple ruins, known as the Massassi ruins. Tall observation towers stand above the treetops to monitor entries and exits from the base. Once discovered by the Galactic Empire, the Yavin Base is threatened by the Death Star, the Empire's giant space station which has the capability of destroying entire planets. The Rebellion launches an attack on the Death Star with X-wing and Y-wing starfighters; with seconds remaining before the Yavin moon is to be destroyed, Luke Skywalker launches proton torpedoes and successfully destroys the Death Star. The film concludes with a triumphant award ceremony on Yavin in which the heroes are decorated for their bravery.


title: Yavin

text: This battle has become known as the "Battle of Yavin", and its date is used as a place-marker for events in the expanded "Star Wars" universe. Events before the Battle of Yavin are marked by BBY ("Before the Battle of Yavin"), and events that occur after are marked by ABY ("After the Battle of Yavin").


title: Yavin

text: After the events of "Episode IV: A New Hope", the Rebellion abandons the moon to seek sanctuary elsewhere. However, Yavin base features once again in the 2016 standalone film, "Rogue One". Set a short time before "Episode IV", "Rogue One" follows the story of a young outlaw called Jyn Erso who becomes involved with the Rebels. Erso is brought to the base on Yavin 4 and several scenes in the base depict characters who originally appeared in earlier "Star Wars" films, including Senator Mon Mothma, Bail Organa and General Dodonna. Erso argues with the Rebel leadership on Yavin 4 about a planned attack on an Imperial base to steal the schematics of the Death Star. Defying their decision against the operation, Erso joins a task force to steal the Death Star plans, thus setting in motion the events that lead up to "Episode IV".


title: Yavin

text: As with other fictional "Star Wars" settings, several real-world filming locations have been used to create the Yavin Moon location. For the original 1977 film, Guatemala was chosen for second unit filming to create establishing shots for the Yavin base, and in March 1977, a crew led by Richard Edlund travelled to Guatemala. The exterior panoramic shots featuring the scenery of Yavin 4 were filmed overlooking the ancient Mayan pyramid complex of Tikal amid a dense rainforest. The Rebel outlook post was built from trash cans glued together and mounted on a pole; the special effects artist Lorne Peterson was persuaded to climb into the precarious structure to pose in Rebel uniform for the shot.


title: Yavin

text: The Rebel hangar scenes were shot inside a pair of disused WWII airship sheds at RAF Cardington in England. Shed 1 served as the Rebel hangar in "Episode IV". The exterior of the hangar entrance was shot at Cardington through a matte painting of a temple structure. When film crews returned to Cardington in 2015 to shoot "Rogue One", they used Shed 2.


title: Yavin

text: Yavin 4 was frequently featured in the "Star Wars" Expanded Universe. Following the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, in April 2014, most of the licensed "Star Wars" novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film were rebranded as "Star Wars Legends" and declared non-canon to the franchise.


title: Yavin

text: Yavin 4 is featured in the 2015 comic book miniseries "" as the home of Shara Bey and Kes Dameron, the parents of Poe Dameron. Oscar Isaac, who portrays Dameron in the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy, specifically requested that Yavin 4 be his character's home world after learning that scenes set on the moon were filmed in his home country, Guatemala.


title: Yavin

text: In issues of the "Star Wars" newspaper comic strip written by Archie Goodwin published between 1981 and 1983, the Rebels remain stationed for a time on Yavin 4 while it is being blockaded by the Empire. Similarly, in the "Star Wars Kids" comics published between 1997 and 1998, the Rebels remain on Yavin 4 until their base is infiltrated by a spy.


title: Yavin

text: In "Legends" continuity, the giant temples on the Yavin 4 moon are said to have been built ages ago by the Massassi to worship Naga Sadow, a Sith Lord who had enslaved and mutated the Massassi using Sith Alchemy. In the comic book series "Tales of the Jedi", it is stated that Yavin 4 was where Naga Sadow hid from the Republic in 5,000 BBY and was discovered several hundred years later by the fallen Jedi Freedon Nadd. According to the comic series, the Massassi warriors who built the ruins used by the Rebels were brought to the planet by the Sith Order in its early years.


title: Yavin

text: In the 1994 "Jedi Academy" trilogy of novels, Kevin J. Anderson suggests that Jedi Knight Exar Kun had the temples built. Enveloped in the dark side, Kun elevated himself to the stature of a god. He enslaved the Massassi and forced them to construct an intricate complex of massive temples that were used for arcane Sith ceremonies and rites as focus for the dark side. In the same series, Yavin 4 is the base of Jedi Master Luke Skywalker's Jedi Praxeum, where he personally trains the next generation of Jedi Knights. Once Skywalker has trained enough Jedi, this duty is taken up by the married Jedi Masters, Battlemaster Kam Solusar and his wife Chief Librarian Tionne Solusar, as well as another former apprentice of Skywalker's, Streen. The Praxeum is destroyed by the Yuuzhan Vong during their invasion of the moon in 26 ABY. The Praxeum is eventually relocated to the ancient Jedi homeworld, Ossus. The original Praxeum is the main setting of the "Young Jedi Knights" series, based on Skywalker's teenage niece and nephew, Jaina and Jacen Solo.


title: Yavin

text: In the young reader novel "The Lost City of the Jedi" (1992), it is discovered, as the title suggests, that the ancient Jedi built a lost city on Yavin 4.


title: Yavin

text: In the animated micro-series "" (2003), Yavin 4 is the site of a duel between Anakin Skywalker and Asajj Ventress, a follower of Count Dooku. Anakin defeats Asajj, sending her falling down a dark abyss.


title: Yavin

text: In "Star Wars" video games, Yavin 4 appears in the downloadable content for the video game "". Yavin 4 has also been added in the latest expansion (December 2014) of the MMORPG "". Titled "Shadow of Revan", the expansion establishes a connection with the previous game.


title: Yavin

text: The Super Star Destroyer "Knight Hammer" is destroyed here when it was diverted towards the planet's core after a collision with a Rebel vessel.


title: Yavin

text: The "Junior Jedi Knights" series features a second inhabited moon, Yavin 8, and mentions a third, Yavin 13. Yavin 8 is home to a mermaid like species, the melodies, and their various predators. Yavin 13 is shared by the rabbit-like Gerb species and the serpentine Slith. The fates of the two moons and their people are unclear after the Yuuzhan Vong invasion in "The New Jedi Order" series, with there being contradictory sources about whether the moons were wiped clean of all life or the invaders merely targeted any Force users on them.


title: Deepa Sahi

text: Deepa Sahi (born 30 November 1962) is an Indian actress and producer from an Army background, who is best known for her role as Maya in the 1993 movie "Maya Memsaab", opposite actor Farrukh Sheikh. She made her directorial debut with the movie "Tere Mere Phere" in 2011.


title: Deepa Sahi

text: Deepa Sahi, an ethnic Punjabi, was born in Dehradun in an Army background and is the youngest sibling in her family. She grew up in Meerut.


title: Deepa Sahi

text: Her family later shifted to Canada, but she continued to stay in India. She had an elder sister who died at the age of 18. Sahi pursued her education at Indraprastha College for Women, and was a gold medalist in Sociology from Delhi School of Economics. Sahi later joined the NSD with the aim of becoming a director.


title: Deepa Sahi

text: However, she started receiving acting offers from her NSD days, which prompted her to shift to acting. Sahi decided to direct her first film in the early days of her career but the film, "Nana Karte Pyaar" which was supposed to star Nana Patekar and Hema Malini failed to take off due to a recession.


title: Deepa Sahi

text: She is married to film director Ketan Mehta, who is the nephew of freedom fighter Usha Mehta. It is the second marriage for both of them.


title: Deepa Sahi

text: An alumnus of NSD, Delhi, Sahi started off with a theater career, with strong Leftist leanings and social activism a core value of the productions she was involved with.


title: Deepa Sahi

text: In her early film career she collaborated with noted auteur Govind Nihalini and made her debut with the 1984 film "Party".


title: Deepa Sahi

text: This was well received, and she subsequently acted in "Aghaat" (1985). Her thespian achievement, however, will always remain her role as the independent-minded and empowered lower-caste Punjabi woman she played in the highly acclaimed television film "Tamas" (1986).


title: Deepa Sahi

text: After marrying film director Ketan Mehta, she acted in several of his films including "Hero Hiralal" (1988), "Maya Memsaab" (1992) and "Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India!" (1995). She wrote the screenplay for "Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India!". "Maya Memsaab" was controversial for featuring an explicit sex scene between Sahi and then upcoming actor Shah Rukh Khan. Her other notable films include "Hum" (1991), "Trinetra" (1991) and "Ek Doctor Ki Maut" (1991).


title: Deepa Sahi

text: Her last film appearances was in her husband's film "Aar Yaa Paar" (1998) She got a Filmfare best supporting actress nomination for "Hum" and National Award (Jury) for "Maya Memsaab".


title: Deepa Sahi

text: In 2015, she returned to acting after 18 years appearing in her husband's film "Majhi – The Mountain Man" in a cameo role as Indira Gandhi.


title: Deepa Sahi

text: Besides this, she has produced 12 TV series and is promoter of Maya Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. one of India's leading animation studios. She was the CEO of Maya Entertainment from 2000 to 2002 and was responsible for the long-term strategy of the company; she made many entries into other animation avenues such as MAAC, etc. After her stint as the CEO of Maya Entertainment, she returned to her first love cinema. She made her directorial debut with the 2011 film "Tere Mere Phere". Together with Ketan Mehta, she co-founded an animation company, Cosmos-Maya


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Sodium chlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaClO. It is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water. It is hygroscopic. It decomposes above 300 °C to release oxygen and leaves sodium chloride. Several hundred million tons are produced annually, mainly for applications in bleaching pulp to produce high brightness paper.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Industrially, sodium chlorate is produced by the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solutions. All other processes are obsolete. The sodium chlorate process is not to be confused with the chloralkali process, which is an industrial process for the electrolytic production of sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: First, chloride is oxidised to form intermediate hypochlorite, ClO, which undergoes further oxidisation to chlorate along two competing reaction paths: (1) Anodic chlorate formation at the boundary layer between the electrolyte and the anode, and (2) Autoxidation of hypochlorite in the bulk electrolyte.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Under electrolysis hydrogen and sodium hydroxide are formed at the cathode and chloride ions are discharged at the anode (mixed metal oxide electrode is often used). The evolved chlorine does not escape as a gas but undergoes hydrolysis:


title: Sodium chlorate

text: The hydrolysis of chlorine is considered to be fast. The formation of H ions should make the boundary layer at the anode strongly acidic and this is observed at low chloride concentrations. However, large concentrations of chloride, as they occur in industrial chlorate cells, shift the hydrolysis equilibrium to the left. At the boundary layer the concentration of H is not high enough to permit diffusion into the bulk electrolyte. Therefore hydrogen is transported away from the anode mostly as hypochlorous acid rather than H. The hypochlorous acid dissociates in the bulk electrolyte where the pH is high and the hypochlorite ion diffuses back to the anode. More than two thirds of the hypochlorite is consumed by buffering before reaching the anode. The remainder is discharged at the anode to form chlorate and oxygen:


title: Sodium chlorate

text: The autoxidation of hypochlorous acid in the bulk electrolyte proceeds according to the simplified overall equation:


title: Sodium chlorate

text: The reaction requires a certain distance from the anode to occur to a significant degree, where the electrolyte is sufficiently buffered by the hydroxyl formed at the cathode. The hypochlorite then reacts with the rest of the acid:


title: Sodium chlorate

text: In addition to anode distance the autoxidation also depends on temperature and pH. A typical cell operates at temperatures between 80 °C and 90 °C and at a pH of 6.1–6.4.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Independent of the reaction route the discharge of 6 mol of chloride is required to yield 1 mol of chlorate. However, the anodic oxidation route requires 50% additional electric energy. Therefore, industrial cells are optimised to favour autoxidation. Chlorate formation at the anode is treated as a loss reaction and is minimised by design.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Other loss reactions also decrease the current efficiency and must be suppressed in industrial systems. The main loss occurs by the back reduction of hypochlorite at the cathode. The reaction is suppressed by the addition of a small amount of dichromate (1–5 g/L) to the electrolyte. A porous film of chromium hydroxide is formed by cathodic deposition. The film impedes the diffusion of anions to the cathode, whereas the access of cations and their reduction is facilitated. The film stops growing on its own after it reaches a certain thickness.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: The main commercial use for sodium chlorate is for making chlorine dioxide (ClO). The largest application of ClO, which accounts for about 95% of the use of chlorate, is in bleaching of pulp. All other, less important chlorates are derived from sodium chlorate, usually by salt metathesis with the corresponding chloride. All perchlorate compounds are produced industrially by the oxidation of solutions of sodium chlorate by electrolysis.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Sodium chlorate is used as a non-selective herbicide. It is considered phytotoxic to all green plant parts. It can also kill through root absorption.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Sodium chlorate may be used to control a variety of plants including morning glory, canada thistle, johnson grass, bamboo, Ragwort, and St John's wort. The herbicide is mainly used on non-crop land for spot treatment and for total vegetation control on areas including roadsides, fenceways, and ditches. Sodium chlorate is also used as a defoliant and desiccant for:


title: Sodium chlorate

text: If used in combination with atrazine, it increases the persistence of the effect. If used in combination with 2,4-D, performance is improved. Sodium chlorate has a soil sterilant effect. Mixing with other herbicides in aqueous solution is possible to some extent, so long as they are not susceptible to oxidation.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: The sale of sodium chlorate as a weedkiller was banned in the European Union in 2009 citing health dangers, with existing stocks to be used within the following year.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Chemical oxygen generators, such as those in commercial aircraft, provide emergency oxygen to passengers to protect them from drops in cabin pressure. Oxygen is generated by high-temperature decomposition of sodium chlorate:


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Heat required to initiate this reaction is generated by oxidation of a small amount of iron powder mixed with the sodium chlorate, and the reaction consumes less oxygen than is produced. Barium peroxide (BaO) is used to absorb the chlorine that is a minor product in the decomposition.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: An ignitor charge is activated by pulling on the emergency mask. Similarly, the Solidox welding system used pellets of sodium chlorate mixed with combustible fibers to generate oxygen.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Sodium chlorate can be mixed with sucrose sugar to make a highly explosive fuel, similar to that of gunpowder, that burns in airtight spaces. This is the reaction:


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Sodium chlorate can be used with hydrochloric acid (or also sulfuric acid and sodium chloride, the reaction of which generates HCl) to chlorinate aromatic compounds without the use of organic solvents. In this case its function is to oxidize the HCl to obtain either HOCl or Cl (depending upon the pH) in-situ which are the active chlorinating agents.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Sodium chlorate is toxic: "doses of a few grams of chlorate are lethal". (ld50 oral in rats 1200mg/kg) The oxidative effect on hemoglobin leads to methaemoglobin formation, which is followed by denaturation of the globin protein and a cross-linking of erythrocyte membrane proteins with resultant damage to the membrane enzymes. This leads to increased permeability of the membrane, and severe hemolysis. The denaturation of hemoglobin overwhelms the capacity of the G6PD metabolic pathway. In addition, this enzyme is directly denatured by chlorate.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Acute severe hemolysis results, with multi-organ failure, including DIC and kidney failure. In addition there is a direct toxicity to the proximal renal tubule. The treatment will consist of exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Sodium chlorate comes in dust, spray and granule formulations. Mixtures of chlorates and organic compounds pose a severe risk of explosions


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Marketed formulations contain a fire retardant. Most commercially available chlorate weedkillers contain approximately 53% sodium chlorate with the balance being a fire depressant such as sodium metaborate or ammonium phosphates.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Sodium chlorate is the active ingredient in a variety of commercial herbicides. Some trade names for products containing sodium chlorate include Atlacide, Defol, De-Fol-Ate, Drop-Leaf, Fall, Harvest-Aid, Kusatol, Leafex, and Tumbleaf. The compound may be used in combination with other herbicides such as atrazine, 2,4-D, bromacil, diuron, and sodium metaborate.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Sodium chlorate was an extensively used weed killer within the EU, until 2009 when it was withdrawn after a decision made under terms of EU Regulations. Its use as a herbicide outside the EU remains unaffected, as does its use in other non-herbicidal applications, such as in the production of chlorine dioxide biocides and for pulp and paper bleaching.


title: Sodium chlorate

text: Historian James Watson of Massey University in New Zealand wrote a widely reported article, "The Significance of Mr. Richard Buckley's Exploding Trousers" about accidents with sodium chlorate when used as a herbicide to control ragwort in the 1930s. This later won him an Ig Nobel Prize in 2005, and was the basis for the May 2006 "Exploding Pants" episode of MythBusters.


title: Shyheim

text: Shyheim Dionel Franklin (born November 14, 1977) is an American rapper from New York better known simply as Shyheim. He initially gained fame as a teenager, releasing his debut album "AKA the Rugged Child" at the age of 16 in 1994. He has spent the majority of his career affiliated with the Wu-Tang Clan, frequently collaborating with Method Man and Ghostface Killah.


title: Shyheim

text: As a teenager, Shyheim was considered one of hip hop's brightest prospects, being referred to as a "Wunderkind" and a "prodigy", even being admired by fellow rappers such as Jay-Z, who said he "looked up to him" in admiration in his autobiography "Decoded".


title: Shyheim

text: After 1996's The Lost Generation, Shyheim's career saw a string of underperforming releases over the next eighteen years, and was finally derailed due to a hit-and-run conviction. He was released from prison in early 2020.


title: Shyheim

text: Shyheim's Virgin Records debut, "AKA the Rugged Child". It included the hit single "On and On" the video of which featured Method Man, and the album rose to #7 on the US "Billboard" R&B chart.


title: Shyheim

text: Shyheim joined others, notably the Fugees, to provide a free concert to deaf children in a summer camp in 1996.


title: Shyheim

text: Shyheim released another album in 1996, "The Lost Generation", which featured members of G.P. Wu and Brooklyn Zu. He also shared the stage with the Notorious B.I.G., Tupac Shakur, and Big Daddy Kane at Madison Square Garden, for a live freestyle session. He also made an appearance on Big Daddy Kane's "Show & Prove," which featured Ol' Dirty Bastard, Sauce Money, Scoob and Jay-Z.


title: Shyheim

text: Shyheim resumed his career after almost a decade and released subsequent albums on the label he founded, Bottom Up Records. His third and fourth albums, "The Greatest Story Never Told" and "Enter the Bottom", were released to little fanfare in 2004 and 2008. Shyheim released his fifth solo album, "Disrespectfully Speaking", October 2009 on his label Bottom Up Records.


title: Shyheim

text: He has had roles in films such as the 1996 Pam Grier, Fred Williamson, Jim Brown, and Richard Roundtree vehicle "Original Gangstas", "In Too Deep", and "The Preacher's Wife" and he also starred in the television show "The Parent Hood". Shyheim appeared in a small role in the prequel "".


title: Shyheim

text: In July 2002, Shyheim was sentenced to a year in prison after second degree attempted robbery. On November 4, 2003, Shyheim was released from prison.


title: Shyheim

text: In January 2014, Shyheim turned himself into authorities facing charges for leaving the scene of an accident during a hit-and-run accident that left one person dead. On August 21, 2014, Shyheim was sentenced to 14 years in prison after he pled guilty to second degree manslaughter. He also received a concurrent term of seven years for a gun conviction, and is subject to five years' post release supervision. On January 6, 2020, Shyheim was released from prison after serving a five year sentence.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: The National Council (; ; ; ) is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, the upper house being the Council of States. With 200 seats, the National Council is the larger of the two houses.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: Adult citizens elect the council's members, who are called National Councillors, for four year terms. These members are apportioned to the Swiss cantons in proportion to their population. Both houses meet in the Federal Palace of Switzerland in Bern.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: When the Swiss federation was founded in 1848, the number of seats was not yet fixed, and was thus determined by the population of the individual cantons. According to the provisions of the federal constitution at that time, a canton was to receive one National Council member for every 20,000 citizens. Thus, the first National Council, which met in 1848, had 111 members.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: In 1963, the number of members was fixed at 200. The division of the seats between the individual cantons is determined by each canton's percentage of the national population, as revealed in the national census (including foreign residents), using the largest remainder method. A change in the division of the seats occurred in 2003, as a result of the 2000 census.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: Unlike the upper house where no translation is provided, simultaneous translation is provided into German, French, and Italian, but not Romansh.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: Under the Swiss Federal Constitution, elections for the National Council are held every four years by the Swiss people. The most recent election took place on Sunday, 20 October 2019.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: Since a popular initiative in 1918, elections have been by proportional representation, in which each canton forms an electoral district ("Wahlkreis"). There is no election threshold. Since 1971 women have been entitled to vote and stand in National Council elections.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: Since the reform of the census system and the adoption of the use of government administrative data for determining the population in 2007, the distribution of the seats in the National Council between the cantons has been based on the permanent resident population (including residents who are not entitled to vote) in the year following the most recent federal election. There is a proviso that each canton is entitled to at least one seat.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: The number of seats given to the cantons which are entitled to more than one seat is determined using the largest remainder method.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: Cantons which are only entitled to send one councillor to the National Council elect the candidate who wins a majority of votes.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: The cantons use a unique system of proportional representation, sometimes called a "free list". Each citizen may cast as many votes as there are seats available to their constituency, and may even cast up to two votes for the same candidate. For every vote received by a candidate, that candidate's party also receives a vote. Voters also list a party vote, in which all blank candidate votes contribute towards the party's total.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: In elections, political parties publish lists in the cantons with their candidates. Each list contains at most the number of candidates which the canton is entitled to send to the National Council.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: In addition, each party can produce multiple lists to the canton (e.g. men's, women's, youth, or seniors' lists; in larger cantons they might offer lists for individual cities or districts). It is also possible for several parties to enter a single shared list.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: Voters may choose a pre-prepared party list without making changes or they can alter it by cumulative voting or panachage. Thus, the voter can give his vote to a specific candidate and ignore the rest of that candidate's party. Alternatively, it is possible for the voter to split his or her vote among several candidates from different parties.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: The seats are then apportioned using the Hagenbach-Bischoff System. This system is unique in that it allows voters to split their vote across different parties, depending on which candidate the voter prefers.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: To determine a party's strength, the notion of "fictional voter" was introduced and is defined by the Swiss Federal Statistical Institute as: number of votes obtained by party A * (number of valid ballots / number of valid votes). Individual voters can choose to make fewer than the permissible number of votes. The number of valid votes / number of valid ballots closely matches the number of deputies a canton needs to elect. More exactly, this number represents the average number of valid votes per voter. The formula can then be summed up by: number of votes obtained by party A / average of valid votes per voters.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: The result is the number of fictional voters for a given party in a given canton. A total number of fictional voters can then be established and the party strength can be deduced.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: The number of deputies in each party is determined at the cantonal level using proportional representation with the Hagenbach-Bischoff system (except in single-member cantons.) The election's turnout is computed as: number of valid ballots cast / number of registered voters.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: The role and powers of the National Council are regulated by the "" (The Federal Law on the Federal Parliament (Parliament-Law)) and the fifth article of the Swiss Federal Constitution. The National Council, together with the Council of States, forms the Federal Parliament and exercises the highest legal authority in Switzerland, subject to the rights of the people and the cantons. Both chambers of the Federal Parliament are called "councils" ("Räte"). The National Council and the Council of States do not meet daily, but meet regularly for sessions. Usually, there are four sessions in a year, each lasting three weeks, with between two and five sittings per week. The spring session ("Frühjahrssession") begins on the first Monday in March, the summer session ("Sommersession") on the first Monday in June, the Autumn session ("Herbstsession") after the Federal Day, and the winter session ("Wintersession") on the last Monday in November. During the sessions, proposed legislation is debated. If there is not enough time in the regular sessions, an extra session can be convened. In special situations (political crises, wars, etc.) a quarter of the members of one of the two councils or the Federal Council can convene an extraordinary session. To date, there have been eight extraordinary sessions, most of them called by the social democratic parliamentary group.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: The National Council and the Council of States are constitutionally completely equal - a bill is only law when it has been accepted by both councils in the same version. All business is considered by both councils in turn. The presidents of the councils decide together which council will handle a given matter first ("Erstrat")


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: Sometimes, after the first reading, the National Council and the Council of States end up producing different texts, in which case a difference resolution procedure takes place, in which the bill is sent back and forth between the two councils. After a bill has been sent back three successive times, the two councils must meet together to discuss the matter.


title: National Council (Switzerland)

text: Each year the National Council elects a , who leads sessions of the National Council and joint sessions of the National Council and the Council of States. This office is distinct from and ranks lower than the President of the Swiss Confederation.


title: Nijisanji

text: Nijisanji (Japanese: にじさんじ) is a virtual YouTuber agency owned by AnyColor Inc. (formerly Ichikara Inc., changed 17 May 2021) The agency was founded in 2018 with the purpose of promoting the use of Live2D models and streaming as opposed to the 3D and clips format popularized by Kizuna AI. Notable domestic Nijisanji members include Tsukino Mito, Higuchi Kaede, Kuzuha, Kanae, Sasaki Saku, Honma Himawari, and Hyakumantenbara Salome.


title: Nijisanji

text: In the beginning of 2018, Ichikara Inc. founded the VTuber agency Nijisanji. Nijisanji helped popularize the use of Live2D models instead of the prior focus on 3D models as well as the shift toward livestreaming instead of edited video and clips that was the standard for VTubers like Kizuna Ai.


title: Nijisanji

text: The name NIJISANJI (written in capital letters) was created by mixing two words in Japanese, two-dimensional and three-dimensional . The name was created while imagining a new era of entertainment that connects the real and virtual worlds. There are two meanings implied in the NIJISANJI logo: there is the word which means rainbow and the word which means three o'clock. NIJISANJI's characters, or "Virtual Livers", are full of colorful characters and varied personalities, which is symbolized by the rainbow in the logo.


title: Nijisanji

text: The center piece of Nijisanji operation is their custom facial recognition app, utilizing the then-new iPhone X's native Animoji feature to capture the user facial expression to animate the Live2D avatar. The app can connect with streaming software.


title: Nijisanji

text: On July 17, auditions were started for a Chinese branch in Shanghai and Taipei, and in cooperation with CAPSULE Inc., would recruit from each eight people for a total of sixteen Livers. The partnership with CAPSULE Inc. would end in March 2019, with Ichikara revoking its license. CAPSULE Inc. would spinoff what it maintained into VEgo. VEgo itself would go inactive by the end of March 2020.


title: Nijisanji

text: A month after the end of the original Chinese branch, in April 2019, in cooperation with bilibili, new Chinese auditions would be started. From these, the jointly operated "VirtuaReal Project" would emerge later in May.


title: Nijisanji

text: Additionally in May, Ichikara launched its "Nijisanji Network" service where it would support other content creator and affiliated companies through the use of Nijisanji management and support resource. They also announce the first and only participants of the program being Indie VTuber Fairys-chan and Tenkai Tukasa. The service would eventually be shut down on 31 December 2019 with all its participants continuing activities on their own.


title: Nijisanji

text: In July, auditions began for an Indonesian branch of the agency, Nijisanji ID, which would launch later in September. In November and December, auditions began for Indian and Korean branches respectively (Nijisanji IN and KR), each beginning activity in January 2020.


title: Nijisanji

text: In January 2020, Nijisanji officially opened the English version of its Twitter accounts which were followed by an English YouTube account in June. Also as part of their attempt to appeal to the English speaking audience, they rebranded their Indian branch into a broader English branch (Nijisanji EN). However, in November, the three members of Nijisanji EN were returned to their original Nijisanji IN branch, while the audition for the only English speaking talents was held in December. Nijisanji IN was eventually dissolved and all its members graduated on April 30, 2021.


title: Nijisanji

text: In September 2020, Nijisanji created an "Aggressive Acts and Slander Countermeasure Team" to offer counselling to victims of harassment and take legal measures against perpetrators of harassment, specifically the online harassment plaguing the Japanese entertainment industry. This announcement came in the wake of Hololive VTuber Mano Aloe's retirement after only two weeks of activity due to online harassment.


title: Nijisanji

text: In October 2020, Nijisanji privated the various "Among Us" streams of its member after receiving a complaint by Masuoka, a programmer who made the popular Japanese translation mod of the game. Through a tweet, Masuoka specify that the reason for his complaint was that Nijisanji was using Masuoka mod without properly crediting him. Nijisanji have since entered negotiation with him to properly credits and license his work.


title: Nijisanji

text: On 1 December, Ichikara Inc. announced the official launch of NIJISANJI's first-wave auditions for English-speaking countries. The audition period lasted until 15 December.


title: Nijisanji

text: Nijisanji EN debuted its first wave in 16 May 2021 dubbed "LazuLight". It consisted of three female Livers: Elira Pendora, Pomu Rainpuff, and Finana Ryugu. A simultaneous commentary livestream on their English channel, hosted by Nijisanji ID members Hana Macchia and Bonnivier Pranaja was also held. It was followed by OBSYDIA in July and Ethyria in October.


title: Nijisanji

text: In June, Anycolor would announce a talent training initiative known as "Virtual Talent Academy". Its first auditions would be held on June 18, who would begin training starting from November. Upon completion, the graduate may be given the offer to debut in Nijisanji or freely move to other agencies to try to audition to them.


title: Nijisanji

text: On 12 December 2021, the fourth wave of Niji EN debuted, called "Luxiem". It was made up of five male Livers: Luca Kaneshiro, Shu Yamino, Ike Eveland, Mysta Rias, and Vox Akuma. A debut program was hosted by Elira Pendora and Oliver Evans. Luxiem marked the debut of the first English-speaking male talent wave from a big VTuber agency.


title: Nijisanji

text: On February 17, Anycolor announced the merger of Nijisanji ID and Nijisanji KR into the main Nijisanji branch starting on April 15, 2022. As part of the merger, the official social media accounts of the two branch would ceased operation and the ongoing audition for their latest generation for both would be cancelled.


title: Nijisanji

text: On March 16, ANYCOLOR announced a new wave of three NIJISANJI Livers originally from Virtual Talent Academy, the first VTA graduates to debut directly into NIJISANJI. The new wave, "Ranunculus", began their activities on March 20.


title: Nijisanji

text: On June 8, ANYCOLOR publicly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, opening at 4,810 yen per share. By October 18, the company was estimated to be worth over US$2.5 billion, with founder Riku Tazumi's 45% share netting him a personal wealth of roughly $1.1 billion, making him Japan's youngest billionaire.


title: Nijisanji

text: On July 13, ANYCOLOR announced the next wave of Virtual Talent Academy graduates to debut directly into NIJISANJI. The new wave, "VOLTACTION", began their activities on July 16.


title: Nijisanji

text: Nijisanji members are called "Virtual Livers" or "Livers", a portmanteau of "live streamers" and mainly stream on YouTube. Typical activities involve playing video games, singing or chatting with the audience. Over time, some "Livers" might get merchandise such as Nendoroid or pin-back buttons for anniversaries or special events.


title: Frances (film)

text: Frances is a 1982 American biographical drama film directed by Graeme Clifford from a screenplay written by Eric Bergren, Christopher De Vore, and Nicholas Kazan. The film stars Jessica Lange as Frances Farmer, a troubled actress during the 1930s whose career suffered as a result of her mental illness. It also features Kim Stanley, Sam Shepard, Bart Burns, Christopher Pennock, Jonathan Banks, and Jeffrey DeMunn in supporting roles.


title: Frances (film)

text: The film chronicles Farmer's life from her days as a high school student, her turbulent relationship with her emotionally abusive mother, her short lived film career in the 1930s, her institutionalization for alleged mental illness in the 1940s, her deinstitutionalization in the 1950s and her appearance on "This Is Your Life".


title: Frances (film)

text: "Frances" was released theatrically on December 3, 1982 by Universal Pictures. Lange's performance was unanimously praised and has been cited by many (including her) as her best performance.


title: Frances (film)

text: At the 55th Academy Awards, it received two nominations for Lange and Stanley as Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively.


title: Frances (film)

text: Born in Seattle, Washington, Frances Elena Farmer is a rebel from a young age, winning $100 in 1931 from The Scholastic Art and Writing Awards for a high school essay called "God Dies". In 1935, she becomes controversial again when she wins (and accepts) an all-expenses-paid trip to the USSR to visit its Moscow Art Theatre. Determined to become an actress, Frances is equally determined not to play the Hollywood game: she refuses to acquiesce to publicity stunts, and insists upon appearing on screen without makeup. She marries her first husband, Dwayne Steele, despite being advised not to, but cheats on him with alleged Communist Harry York on the night of her hometown's premiere of "Come and Get It". Her defiance attracts the attention of Broadway playwright Clifford Odets, who convinces Frances that her future rests with the Group Theatre.


title: Frances (film)

text: After leaving Hollywood for New York City and appearing in the Group Theatre play "Golden Boy", Frances learns, much to her chagrin, that the Group Theatre exploited her fame only to draw in more customers, replacing her with a wealthy actress for her family's needed financial backing for the play's London tour, and Odets ends their affair upon his wife's upcoming return from Europe. Her desperate attempts to restart her film career upon returning to Hollywood results in being cast in unchallenging roles in forgettable B-films. Her increased dependence on alcohol and amphetamines in the 1940s and the pressures brought on her by her wannabe mother, who becomes her legal guardian after her multiple legal problems, result in a complete nervous breakdown. After her first hospitalization at Kimball Sanitarium in La Crescenta where she was forced to undergo insulin shock therapy and hydrotherapy, she tells her mother that she doesn't want to return to Hollywood but instead wants to live alone in the countryside, assaulting and threatening Lillian in the resulting argument. While institutionalized at Western State Hospital, Frances is abused by the powers that be: she is subjected to electroconvulsive shock therapy, is cruelly beaten, periodically raped by the male orderlies and visiting soldiers from a nearby military base and involuntarily lobotomized before her release in 1950.


title: Frances (film)

text: In 1958, Frances is paid honor on Ralph Edwards' "This Is Your Life" television program, which Harry York watches from his home. When asked about alcoholism, illegal drugs and mental illness, Farmer denies them all and says, "If you're treated like a patient, you're apt to act like one". The film ends just after a party honoring her at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with Farmer walking down a street with Harry York, talking about her parents' deaths, how she sold their house and that she's a "faceless sinner" with a slower paced lifestyle ahead of her in the future. The end credits state that she moved to Indianapolis shortly afterwards, hosting a local daytime TV program ("Frances Farmer Presents") from 1958 to 1964 before dying alone, just as she had lived, on August 1, 1970 at age 56.


title: Frances (film)

text: The film was developed by the team who had made "The Elephant Man", writers Eric Bergren and Christopher De Vore, and producer Jonathan Sanger and Mel Brooks. Brooks was keen for David Lynch, who had directed "The Elephant Man", to direct. However, Lynch had signed an agreement with Universal. Sanger then suggested Graeme Clifford, who was well established as an editor, notably having made several films with Robert Altman. "He's very bright and completely in love with the story," said Brooks.


title: Frances (film)

text: The script was based upon William Arnold's "Shadowland", a fictional biography of Farmer. In pre-production, the producers reneged on their option to use the book as source material. Arnold filed an unsuccessful copyright infringement lawsuit but many of his fictional elements were incorporated into the final film.


title: Frances (film)

text: On the commentary of the DVD release, director Clifford stated, "We didn't want to nickel and dime people to death with facts." Mel Brooks was executive producer of the film, but received no credit for his participation.


title: Frances (film)

text: Many actresses were considered candidates for the role of Frances Farmer including Anne Archer, Susan Blakely, Blythe Danner, Susan Dey, Patty Duke, Mia Farrow, Sally Field, Jane Fonda, Goldie Hawn, Diane Keaton, Liza Minnelli, Susan Sarandon, Cybill Shepherd, Sissy Spacek, Meryl Streep, Natalie Wood and Tuesday Weld. Faye Dunaway turned it down.


title: Frances (film)

text: Jessica Lange had wanted to play the role since reading Farmer's memoirs in the late 1970s. She tried to interest Bob Rafelson and Bob Fosse to make the film but neither was interested. Then she says Clifford called her directly offering the role. (Clifford had edited Lange in "The Postman Always Rings Twice".)


title: Frances (film)

text: "She was very high-strung and had overpowering elements in her personality of self-destruction, but she was a real warrior," said Lange. "It was misguided heroics."


title: Frances (film)

text: "I began to identify with Frances Farmer's anger," said Lange. "She would release it no matter what the consequences were."


title: Frances (film)

text: Susan Blakely went on to portray Farmer in the 1983 CBS television film "Will There Really Be a Morning?"


title: Frances (film)

text: The original music score was composed by John Barry. According to Barry, his idea of carrying the main theme using a harmonica was initially disliked by producers until they heard it fully orchestrated.


title: Frances (film)

text: Along with some popular songs from the period, a notable piece of music was from Mozart's Piano Sonata No.11, K331, and the second movement of Beethoven's seventh Symphony also featured.


title: Frances (film)

text: The film originally ran for three hours and was cut down. This meant reduction of the amount of screen time dedicated to Frances and her parents, and Frances and her love interest. Clifford would subsequently claim he felt the film was too short.


title: Frances (film)

text: "Frances" holds a 66% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 29 reviews with the consensus: "This sordid biopic emphasizes the indignities visited upon Frances Farmer to the detriment of fleshing her out as a person, but Jessica Lange's towering performance invests the tragic figure with a humanity that the script lacks."


title: Caprylic acid

text: Caprylic acid (), also known under the systematic name octanoic acid or C8 Acid, is a saturated fatty acid, medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA). It has the structural formula , and is a colorless oily liquid that is minimally soluble in water with a slightly unpleasant rancid-like smell and taste. Salts and esters of octanoic acid are known as octanoates or caprylates. It is a common industrial chemical, which is produced by oxidation of the C8 aldehyde. Its compounds are found naturally in the milk of various mammals and as a minor constituent of coconut oil and palm kernel oil.


title: Caprylic acid

text: Two other acids are named after goats via the Latin word "capra": caproic acid (C6) and capric acid (C10). Together, these three fatty acids comprise 15% of the fatty acids in goat milk fat.


title: Caprylic acid

text: Caprylic acid is used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes.


title: Caprylic acid

text: Caprylic acid is an antimicrobial pesticide used as a food contact surface sanitizer in commercial food handling establishments on dairy equipment, food processing equipment, breweries, wineries, and beverage processing plants. It is also used as disinfectant in health care facilities, schools/colleges, animal care/veterinary facilities, industrial facilities, office buildings, recreational facilities, retail and wholesale establishments, livestock premises, restaurants, and hotels/motels. In addition, caprylic acid is used as an algicide, bactericide, fungicide, and herbicide in nurseries, greenhouses, garden centers, and interiors, and on ornamentation. Products containing caprylic acid are formulated as soluble concentrate/liquids and ready-to-use liquids.


title: Caprylic acid

text: Caprylic acid plays an important role in the body's regulation of energy input and output, a function which is performed by the hormone ghrelin. The sensation of hunger is a signal that the body requires an input of energy in the form of food consumption. Ghrelin stimulates hunger by triggering receptors in the hypothalamus. In order to activate these receptors, ghrelin must undergo a process called acylation in which it acquires an -OH group, and caprylic acid provides this by linking at a specific site on ghrelin molecules. Other fatty acids in the same position have similar effects on hunger.


title: Caprylic acid

text: Caprylic acid is taken as a dietary supplement. In the body, caprylic acid would be found as octanoate, or unprotonated caprylic acid.


title: Caprylic acid

text: Some studies have shown that medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) can help in the process of excess calorie burning, and thus weight loss; however, a systematic review of the evidence concluded that the overall results are inconclusive. Also, interest in MCTs has been shown by endurance athletes and the bodybuilding community, but MCTs have not been found to be beneficial to improved exercise performance.


title: Caprylic acid

text: Caprylic acid has been studied as part of a ketogenic diet to treat children with intractable epilepsy. Caprylic acid is currently being researched as a treatment for essential tremor.


title: Claire Wineland

text: Claire Lucia Wineland (April 10, 1997 – September 2, 2018) was an American activist, author, TEDx Speaker and a social media personality. Through her non-profit organization, Claire's Place Foundation, she provided support to children and families affected by cystic fibrosis (CF). She died from a blood clot one week after receiving a double lung transplant at the age of 21.


title: Claire Wineland

text: Wineland and a friend, Chynna Bracha Levin, wrote the book "Every Breath I Take, Surviving and Thriving with Cystic Fibrosis", published by BusinessGhost, Inc. on Sept. 21, 2012.


title: Claire Wineland

text: Wineland was born with cystic fibrosis in Austin, Texas. She enjoyed performing from a young age and appeared in "The Music Man" at age four. At age 13, her lungs failed and she was placed in a medically-induced coma. She was given a 1% chance of survival and awoke after 16 days.


title: Claire Wineland

text: Wineland founded the Claire's Place Foundation at age 13. Inspired by the community's support while she was in a coma, she launched the 501(c)(3) non-profit to provide support to children with cystic fibrosis and their affected families. The foundation offers both emotional and financial support through their Support Families Network and the Extended Hospital Stay Grants program. The Extended Hospital Stay Grant program provides financial assistance to families with children experiencing a hospital stay of at least 14 consecutive days due to cystic fibrosis. The grants have enabled families to pay their mortgage, rent, medical bills and other essential living expenses. Support Families offers personalized support and assistance in areas such as treatment, care processes and emotional support from other parent volunteers.


title: Claire Wineland

text: Wineland was chosen to be the keynote speaker at AARC Congress, the 63rd International Respiratory Convention and Exhibition. She was a TEDx speaker and spoke at a number of conferences worldwide. She appeared in an episode of "Red Band Society" and in the documentary series "My Last Days". She joined the Philips "Breathless Choir" as a soloist.


title: Claire Wineland

text: The Clairity Project is a website featuring a series of educational videos and vlogs hosted on YouTube which hope to inspire and educate others about living with a terminal illness. According to the website, Wineland's activism aimed "to shed some light on what it's really like to be sick, and change the way we view illness and those living with it.”


title: Claire Wineland

text: On August 7, 2017, after not uploading any videos for over a year, Wineland returned to YouTube with a new account under her real name. Her first uploaded video, "I stopped doing the Clarity Project because I got screwed over," revealed that The Clairity Project was operated by a video editing company and she had little to no control or input over the editing of her videos apart from their filming and creation. She revealed that after taking a break from creating videos for some months due to declining health, the company refused to allow her to log into any accounts relating to The Clairity Project. Due to no formal contracts over ownership of the project being in place, the company continued to profit from the project. Wineland stated she did not have the energy or the money to take the case to court.


title: Claire Wineland

text: On August 26, 2018, Wineland underwent a double lung transplant. Shortly after the surgery, Wineland suffered a stroke due to a blood clot which "cut off blood flow to the right side of her brain." She died on September 2, 2018, at UC San Diego Thornton Pavilion.


title: Claire Wineland

text: In 2016, Wineland was listed as one of "Seventeen" magazine's 17 Power Teens. She was a Fox Teen Choice Award honoree in 2015 and received the Gloria Barron Prize for Young Heroes and "Los Angeles Business Journal" Small Nonprofit of the Year Award in 2014.


title: Claire Wineland

text: The 2019 film "Five Feet Apart" was inspired by and dedicated to Wineland, who served as a consultant on the film.


title: Claire Wineland

text: YouTube Originals released "Claire," a documentary about Wineland, which was directed and produced by Academy Award winner Nicholas Reed (“The Lady in Number 6”) and Ryan Azevedo ("Unpinned") and produced by Paul Foley (“Unpinned”). It was released on the first anniversary of Wineland's death.


title: Yakov Rezantsev

text: Yakov Vladimirovich Rezantsev (; 4 January 1973) was a Russian lieutenant general (two-star rank). He has commanded the 49th Army of the Southern Military District.


title: Yakov Rezantsev

text: According to Ukrainian officials, he was killed in Chornobaivka near Kherson (Ukraine) during the 2022 Chornobaivka attacks of the Russian invasion of Ukraine; Russian sources have not confirmed his death.


title: Yakov Rezantsev

text: Yakov Rezantsev was born on 4 January 1973, in the village of Elbanka in the Ust-Pristansky District of Altai Krai.


title: Yakov Rezantsev

text: He started his military service in 1990, graduating from the Far Eastern Higher Combined Arms Command School named after Marshal of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky (1994), the Combined Arms Academy (2002) and the Military Academy of the General Staff (2008). He graduated from all military universities with gold medals.


title: Yakov Rezantsev

text: He passed the main command positions from the commander of a platoon of cadets to the commander of a motorized rifle brigade.


title: Yakov Rezantsev

text: From 2010 to 2011 he served as commander of the 57th Separate Guards Motorized Rifle Brigade. From 2011 to 2013 he was the commander of the 7th Military Base. In 2013 he was promoted to Major General. In 2018 he served as Chief of Staff of the 20th Guards Combined Arms Army of the Western Military District.


title: Yakov Rezantsev

text: From 2018 to 2022, he was the commander of the 41st Combined Arms Army of the Central Military District (Novosibirsk). From October 2020 he served as the commander of the 49th Combined Arms Army of the Southern Military District (Stavropol).


title: Yakov Rezantsev

text: According to Ukrainian officials, he was killed at the Chornobaivka aerodrome in Chornobaivka near Kherson (Ukraine) during the 2022 Chornobaivka attacks of the Russian invasion of Ukraine; his death was confirmed by "a Western security source" but Russian sources had not confirmed his death as of 25 March. According to the Ukrainians, he would be Russia's seventh general officer to be killed in the invasion and one of the two most highly ranked casualties of the war.


The Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy referred to the controversy surrounding the club name and logo previously used by Major League Baseball's Cleveland Guardians, an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio.


title: Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy

text: Although the controversial logo Chief Wahoo was officially removed in 2018, the Indian-themed name continued to be a part of the Native American mascot controversy which has led over 115 professional organizations representing civil rights, educational, athletic, and scientific experts to publish resolutions or policies that state that any use of Native American names and/or symbols by non-native sports teams is a harmful form of ethnic stereotyping that promote misunderstanding and prejudice which contributes to other problems faced by Native Americans.


text: Protest of both the logo and name started in the 1970s, but moved quickly toward the retirement of Chief Wahoo when the 2016 World Series drew international attention to the team. Local groups said they would continue to advocate for a change of the team name, and object to the sale of merchandise with the Chief Wahoo image.


text: Through the decades of protest, team representatives defended both the name and logo as part of their tradition, with no intention to disparage Native Americans.


text: The Cleveland Indians officially announced on July 3, 2020, that the club would review its name in the wake of nationwide protests against the murder of George Floyd. On December 14, 2020, team owner Paul Dolan announced that the renaming process would begin. The team continued to play as the Indians for the 2021 season while a new name was selected and other activities necessary for rebranding were implemented. During the 2021 season face paint and headdresses were banned from Progressive Field.


text: On July 23, 2021, the team announced that beginning in the 2022 season, their new name would be the Cleveland Guardians. The name change was made official on November 19, 2021.


text: The name "Indians" originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace "Naps" following the departure of their star player Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season.


text: An oft-repeated legend is that the name "Indians" was chosen because it was one of the nicknames previously applied to the old Cleveland Spiders baseball club during the time when Louis Sockalexis, a Native American, played in Cleveland. The attribution of the new name as being in honor of Sockalexis, a member of the Penobscot Tribe of Maine, is generally discredited given the discriminatory treatment of Native Americans in general, and Sockalexis in particular during that era.


text: Defenders often claim there is an intention to honor Native Americans and that there are ways to do so while retaining their current representations. Opponents of Native American mascots make no distinction between respectful or disparaging usage, both being based upon stereotypes. The resolution issued by the Society of Indian Psychologists in 1999 states: "Stereotypical and historically inaccurate images of Indians in general interfere with learning about them by creating, supporting and maintaining oversimplified and inaccurate views of indigenous peoples and their cultures. When stereotypical representations are taken as factual information, they contribute to the development of cultural biases and prejudices…"


text: This point of view echoes the position of the National Congress of American Indians, the oldest and largest organization representing enrolled tribal citizens in the United States: "Often citing a long held myth by non-Native people that 'Indian' mascots 'honor Native people,' American sports businesses such as the NFL’s Kansas City 'Chiefs', MLB’s Cleveland 'Indians' and Atlanta 'Braves', and the NHL’s Chicago Blackhawks, continue to profit from harmful stereotypes originated during a time when white superiority and segregation were common place."


text: Native American protesters in Cleveland also state that "retiring" Chief Wahoo would not be a sufficient solution to the issue, since both the name and logo would need to be changed to something that does not reference Native Americans in any way.


text: At the beginning of 2014, the use of Chief Wahoo was officially reduced to secondary status in favor of a block "C",


text: A small number of fans promoted "de-chiefing" of their team apparel by removing the Chief Wahoo logo as a silent protest while maintaining their support of the team. Team management declined to comment on the phenomenon, but pro-Wahoo fans made angry comments on social media.


text: Chief Wahoo hats continued to be worn by the players with home white jerseys and alternate navy blue jerseys both at home and on the road. This drew attention in both the United States and Canada during both the 2016 American League Championship Series and the 2016 World Series.


text: During Cleveland's 2016 playoff series with the Toronto Blue Jays, Renu Mandhane, chief commissioner of the Ontario Human Rights Commission called upon the media outlets in Canada to stop using the name in view of the commission's general policy opposing the use of indigenous names and images in sports. Douglas Cardinal, who is of Blackfoot descent and architect of the National Museum of the American Indian, filed a human rights complaints with Ontario's Superior Court of Justice and human rights tribunal seeking to ban the use of both the name and logo, as well as names and logos of other sports teams deemed offensive, in Ontario.


text: Protests continued as Cleveland returned to the World Series for the first time in 19 years. In August 2016, a team spokesman said the team was "very cognizant and sensitive to both sides of the conversation" but had "no plans of making a change." Hundreds of Native Americans protested outside the stadium during the first game of the series.


text: The National Congress of American Indians sent a request to Commissioner of Baseball Rob Manfred that members of the Native American community be included in any discussion; the request was in response to Commissioner Manfred's announcement that he planned to meet with Cleveland Indians owner Paul Dolan about the issue following the conclusion of the 2016 Major League Baseball season. In advance of this meeting, the president of the American Sociological Association (ASA) sent a letter to Commissioner Manfred stating that the ASA and many other scholarly organizations have issued policies based upon scientific research that the use of Native American names and logos reinforces stereotypes and creates a hostile environment for Native Americans. Discussions between the team and MLB continued at the beginning of the 2017 season, with pressure from Manfred that there should be progress towards elimination of the logo. In 2019, the Chief Wahoo logo was removed from uniforms and stadium signs. Merchandise featuring the logo continues to be sold at the Indians' ballpark and retail stores in Ohio to prevent trademark dilution, but is no longer sold on the league's website.


text: The Chief Wahoo image was the Indians logo beginning in 1947, and is part of an exhibit at the Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia maintained by Ferris State University in Michigan. For Dr. David Pilgrim, a sociology professor at Ferris State and an expert in racial imagery, the symbol is a "red Sambo" that hardly differs from the caricatures of Blacks popular in the Jim Crow era in which Wahoo was created, when such depictions of minority races were popularly used to inflame prejudice and justify discriminatory laws and behavior. Pilgrim explains how the exaggerated features serve their discriminatory purpose by emphasizing the differences of the depicted race, thereby reinforcing the idea that the caricaturized race is inferior. Bob DiBiasio, the team's then-Vice President of Public Relations, defended the use of Chief Wahoo, saying that fans only associate the Chief Wahoo image with baseball, while framing the team's decision to no longer "animate or humanize the logo" in terms of their "acknowledgement of the sensitivities involved."


text: The head of the Cleveland American Indian Movement has described the use of the mascot as "exploitative, bigoted, racist, and shameful."


text: Stanley Miller, while the executive director of the NAACP's Cleveland branch, lamented the lack of response to Chief Wahoo's use. In a 2008 interview, Miller said that if black Americans were depicted in an image akin to Chief Wahoo, "the NAACP would be up in arms about it. The Urban League would be up in arms about it."


text: Legal scholar Steve Russell, a citizen of the Cherokee Nation stated in 2001: "The Cleveland Indians are probably the least offensively named professional team, until you meet Chief Wahoo. It is like naming a team the 'African-American Freedom Fighters' and then making Sambo the mascot. It is like naming a team 'La Raza' and then resurrecting the Frito Bandito for mascot duty. No one can make the honor claim with a straight face, unless they seriously think Chief Wahoo is a straight face."


text: A particular problem with Chief Wahoo is that it includes a feather, which has special cultural significance to many Native American tribes. Ellen Baird, a Native American professor of sociology, says that the feather depicted in the logo is traditionally given to a warrior wounded in battle, and alleges that institutional racism prevents people from learning of this.


text: In a 2008 journal article "Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses", psychologist Stephanie Fryberg and colleagues studied the effects on American Indian high school students of exposure to Chief Wahoo and other depictions of Native Americans. While reporting positive associations to the images, effects included lower self-esteem, community worth, and fewer achievement-related possibilities for themselves. Follow-up research on American Indian college students again found that exposure to Chief Wahoo resulted in depressed predictions of future achievement. The researchers concluded based upon Social Representation Theory that these results were due to the relative absence of alternative positive images of Native Americans in contemporary society. Instead, mainstream characterizations of American Indians often invoke stereotypes such as alcoholism, higher school dropout and suicide rates; while sports mascots relegate Native Americans to the past, leaving little space for Native students to define a positive identity or think of themselves in terms of everyday social roles.


text: Subsequent research has found that exposure to the Chief Wahoo image "activated negative, but not positive, American Indian stereotypes", and that the predominantly European-American study participants' "motivation to control prejudice, prejudice level, and experience did not predict negative stereotype activation".


text: In 2010, the authors of a paper published in the "Journal of Applied Social Psychology" reported the results of two studies on the effects of American Indian mascots on observers. According to the authors, "both studies show that participants primed with an American Indian sports mascot increased their stereotyping of a different ethnic minority group." The alternative weekly publication "Cleveland Scene" sardonically interpreted these results to mean that "looking at Chief Wahoo, the mere existence of Chief Wahoo, can change your opinions of a whole separate ethnicity", adding that the study "probably confirms that Clevelanders and Indians fans are inclined to stereotype and hate just about every group in the world." The magazine "Pacific Standard" also framed the study in terms of the Indians' logo, headlining their story "Chief Wahoo's Revenge: One Stereotype Begets Another".


text: Richard Lapchick, director of the University of Central Florida's Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sports, has called the logo "the most blatantly offensive of all the symbols I've seen of Native Americans" during 40 years working in his field.


text: A 2012 report on the use of Native American mascots by the Oregon Superintendent of Public Instruction described Chief Wahoo as an example of a stereotypical Native American image.