title: Spanish Americans

text: Juan Ponce de León, a Spanish conquistador, named Florida in honor of his discovery of the land on April 2, 1513, during Pascua Florida, a Spanish term for the Easter season.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded the city of St Augustine in 1565; the first European-founded city in what is now the continental United States.


title: Spanish Americans

text: In the early 1880s, Tampa was an isolated village with a population of less than 1000 and a struggling economy. However, its combination of a good port, Henry Plant's new railroad line, and humid climate attracted the attention of Vicente Martinez Ybor, a prominent Spanish-born cigar manufacturer; the neighborhood of Ybor City was named after him.


title: Spanish Americans

text: The El Centro Español de Tampa remains one of the few surviving structures specific to Spanish immigration to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a legacy that garnered the Centro Español building recognition as a U.S. National Historic Landmark (NHL) on June 3, 1988.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Spanish immigration to Hawaii began when the Hawaiian government and the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (HSPA) decided to supplement their ongoing importation of Portuguese workers to Hawaii with workers recruited from Spain. Importation of Spanish laborers, along with their families, continued until 1913, at which time more than 9,000 Spanish immigrants had been brought in, most recruited to work primarily on the Hawaiian sugar plantations.


title: Spanish Americans

text: The importation of Spanish laborers to Hawaii began in 1907, when the British steamship SS "Heliopolis" arrived in Honolulu Harbor with 2,246 immigrants from the Málaga province of Spain. However, rumored poor accommodations and food on the voyage created political complications that delayed the next Spanish importation until 1911, when the SS "Orteric" arrived with a mixed contingent of 960 Spanish and 565 Portuguese immigrants, the Spanish having boarded at Gibraltar, and the Portuguese at Oporto and Lisbon. Although Portuguese immigration to Hawaii effectively ended after the arrival of the "Orteric", the importation of Spanish laborers and their families continued until 1913, ultimately bringing to Hawaii a total of 9,262 Spanish immigrants.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Six ships between 1907 and 1913 brought over 9,000 Spanish immigrants from the Spanish mainland to Hawaii. Although many of the Portuguese immigrants who preceded them to Hawaii arrived on small wooden sailing ships of less than a thousand gross tonnage capacity, all of the ships involved in the Spanish immigration were large, steel-hulled, passenger steamships.


title: Spanish Americans

text: The majority of them descend from Canarian settlers who arrived in Louisiana between 1778 and 1783. Its members are descendants of colonists from the Canary Islands, which is part of Spain off the coast of Africa. They settled in Spanish Louisiana between and intermarried with other communities such as French, Acadians, Creoles, Mainland Spaniards, and other groups, mainly through the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Isleños originally settled in four communities including Galveztown, Valenzuela, Barataria, and San Bernardo. Following significant flooding of the Mississippi River in 1782, the Barataria settlement was abandoned and the survivors were relocated to San Bernardo and Valenzuela with some settling in West Florida.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Hispanos of New Mexico (less commonly referred to as "Neomexicanos" or "Nuevomexicanos") are people of Spanish descendants of the Spanish and Mexican colonists who settled the area of New Mexico and Southern Colorado. From 1598 to 1848, most settlers in New Mexico were of Spanish ancestry (either directly or through Mexico), Like "Californios" and "Tejano"s. The descendants of the settlers still retain a community of thousands of people in this state and that of southern Colorado.


title: Spanish Americans

text: New Mexico belonged to Spain for most of its modern history (16th century – 1821) and later to Mexico (1821–1848). The original name of the region was Santa Fé de Nuevo Mexico. The descendants of the settlers still retain a community of thousands of people in this state. Also, there is a community of Nuevomexicanos in Southern Colorado, due to shared colonial history.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Currently, the majority of the Nuevomexicano population is distributed between New Mexico and Southern Colorado. Most of the Nuevomexicanos that live in New Mexico live in the northern half of the state. There are hundreds of thousands of Nuevomexicanos living in New Mexico. Those who claim to be descendants of Spanish settlers in this state currently account as the first predominant ancestry in the state.


title: Spanish Americans

text: There is also a community of people in Southern Colorado descended from Nuevomexicanos that migrated there in the 19th century. The stories and language of the Nuevomexicanos from Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado were studied by Nuevomexicano ethnographer, linguist, and folklorist Juan Bautista Rael and Aurelio Espinosa.


title: Spanish Americans

text: "Little Spain" was a Spanish-American neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan during the 20th century.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Little Spain was on 14th Street, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues. A very different section of Chelsea existed on a stretch of 14th Street often referred to by residents as "Calle Catorce," or "Little Spain". The Church of Our Lady of Guadelupe (No. 299) was founded in 1902, when Spaniards started to settle in the area. Although the Spanish business have given way to such nightclubs as Nell's and Oh Johnny on the block between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, the Spanish food and gift emporium known as Casa Moneo has been at 210 West 14th since 1929. In 2010 the documentary "Little Spain", directed and written by Artur Balder, was filmed in New York City. The documentary pulled together for first time an archive that reveals the untold history of the Spanish-American presence in Manhattan. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century. The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Other important commerces and Spanish business of Little Spain were restaurants like La Bilbaína, Trocadero Valencia, Bar Coruña, Little Spain Bar, Café Madrid, Mesón Flamenco, or El Faro Restaurant, established 1927, and still today open at 823 Greenwich St. The Iberia was a famous Spanish dress shop.


title: Spanish Americans

text: The heart of the Spanish American community in that area were the two landmarks: the Spanish Benevolent Society and the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe, founded at the turn of the 19th century, being the first parish in Manhattan with mass in Latin and Spanish.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Another area of influence is the Unanue family of Goya Foods. Its founder, Prudencio Unanue Ortiz, migrated from Spain in the 20th century and established Goya Foods, the largest Hispanic-owned food company in the United States. The family's members include Joseph A. Unanue and Andy Unanue. Goya Foods is the 377th largest private American company.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Many Spanish Americans still retain aspects of their culture. This includes Spanish food, drink, art, annual fiestas. Spaniards have contributed to a vast number of areas in the United States of America. The influence of Spanish cuisine is seen in the cuisine of the United States throughout the country.


title: Spanish Americans

text: In the early 20th century Prudencio Unanue Ortiz and his wife Carolina established Goya Foods, the largest Hispanic-owned food company in the United States.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Spanish was the second European language spoken in North America after Old Norse, the language of the Viking settlers. It was brought to the territory of what is the contemporary United States of America in 1513 by Juan Ponce de León. In 1565, the Spaniards founded St. Augustine, Florida, the oldest, continuously occupied European settlement in the modern U.S. territory.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Like other descendants of European immigrants, Spaniards have adopted English as their primary language.


title: Spanish Americans

text: "Main articles: Spanish missions in Arizona, California, Carolinas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, New Mexico, Texas, Ajacán Mission"


title: Spanish Americans

text: Many Spanish Americans are more active in Catholic church activities than was common in past generations in Spain; they rarely change their religious affiliation and participate frequently in family–centered ecclesiastical rituals. In both Spain and the United States events such as first communions and baptisms are felt to be important social obligations that strengthen clan identity.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Since Spanish American entrance into the middle class has been widespread, the employment patterns described above have largely disappeared. This social mobility has followed logically from the fact that throughout the history of Spanish immigration to the United States, the percentage of skilled workers remained uniformly high. In the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, 85 percent of Spanish immigrants were literate, and 36 percent were either professionals or skilled craftsmen. A combination of aptitude, motivation, and high expectations led to successful entry into a variety of fields.


title: Spanish Americans

text: In 1980, 62,747 Americans claimed only Spaniard ancestry and another 31,781 claimed Spaniard along with another ethnic ancestry. 2.6 million or 1.43% of the total U.S. population chose to identify as "Spanish/Hispanic", however this represents a general type of response which will encompass a variety of ancestry groups.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Spanish Americans are found in relative numbers throughout United States, particularly in the Southwestern and Gulf Coast. According to the 1980 U.S. census 66.4% reported "Spaniard" as their main ancestry, while 62.7% reported "Spanish/Hispanic" as their main ancestry.


title: Spanish Americans

text: At a national level the ancestry response rate was high with 90.4% of the total United States population choosing at least one specific ancestry, 11.0% did not specify their ancestry, while 9.6% ignored the question completely. Of those who chose Spaniard, 312,865 or 86.7% of people chose it as their first and main response.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Note: Spaniard excludes Spanish Basque. As with the previous census ‘Spanish’ was considered a general response which may have encompassed a variety of ancestral groups. Over two million self-identified with this response.


title: Spanish Americans

text: In 2000, 299,948 Americans specifically reported their ancestry as "Spaniard", which was a significant decrease over the 1990 data, where in those who reported "Spaniard" numbered 360,858. Another 2,187,144 reported "Spanish"


title: Spanish Americans

text: and 111,781 people, reported "Spanish American." To this figures we must adhere some groups of Spanish origin or descent that specified their origin, instead of in Spain, in some of the Autonomous communities of Spain, specially Spanish Basques (9,296 people), Castillians (4,744 people), Canarians (3,096 people), Balearics (2,554 people) and Catalans (1,738 people). Less of 300 people indicated be of Asturian, Andalusian, Galician and Valencian origin.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Statistics for those who self-identify as ethnic Spaniard, Spanish, Spanish American in the 2010 American Community Survey.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Of the 759,781 people that reported Spaniard, 652,884 were native-born and 106,897 were foreign-born. 65.3% of the foreign-born were born in Europe, 25.1% were born in Latin America, 8.3% from Asia, 0.6% in Northern America, 0.5% in Africa and 0.1% in Oceania.


title: Spanish Americans

text: In 2013, an estimated 746,000 Hispanics of Spanish origin were living in the United States, making them the ninth largest Hispanic origin population residing in the United States. This number also includes people who self-identify as Hispanic of Spanish origin, such as those who immigrated or have family or ancestors who immigrated from Spain.


title: Spanish Americans

text: With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 a number of intellectual political refugees found asylum in the United States. Supporters of the overthrown Spanish Republic, which had received aid from the Soviet Union while under attack from National rebel forces, were sometimes incorrectly identified with communism, but their arrival in the United States well before the "red scare" of the early 1950s spared them the worst excesses of McCarthyism.


title: Spanish Americans

text: Until the end of the dictatorship in Spain in 1975 political exiles in the United States actively campaigned against the abuses of the Franco regime.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: Armen Vardani Sarkissian (; also written as Sarksyan and Sargsyan) (born 23 June 1952) is an Armenian politician, physicist and computer scientist who served as the 4th president of Armenia from 9 April 2018 to 1 February 2022. He served as Prime Minister of Armenia from 4 November 1996 to 20 March 1997 and was the country's longest-serving ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1998 to 2018. Sarkissian was elected on 2 March 2018 and assumed the presidency on 9 April 2018. He resigned on 23 January 2022. Sarkissian gave a reason for his resignation saying that the country’s constitution does not give the president sufficient powers to influence events.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: Sarkissian graduated from the Yerevan State University Department of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia and the National Competitiveness Council of Armenia. From 1976 to 1984, he was assistant then associate professor of Physics at Yerevan State University. In 1982, he became a visiting research fellow and eventually a professor at the University of Cambridge.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: In 1988, he established and subsequently became the Head of the Department of Computer Modeling of Complex Physical Phenomena at the same university's Department of Theoretical Physics. Sarkissian was one of the co-creators of the 1991 Tetris spinoff game Wordtris.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: In October 1991, Sarkissian established the Armenian Embassy in London, the first Armenian diplomatic mission in the West. In addition to his diplomatic mission in the UK, he went on to become Senior Ambassador of Armenia to the European Union, to Belgium and the Netherlands, Luxembourg and the Vatican. In 1995–96, he was the Head of Mission of Armenia to the European Union.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: Sarkissian was appointed Prime Minister of Armenia by President Levon Ter-Petrosyan in November 1996, serving for 4 months until resigning on 20 March 1997, being succeeded by Robert Kocharyan. The official reason for his resignation states that he resigned due to the need to get treatment for a serious illness, however there is some speculation that a dispute with Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan was the real reason for Sarkissian's resignation.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: After serving as Armenian Prime Minister between 1996 and 1997, he was appointed as Special Advisor to the President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and as a Governor of EBRD from 1998 to 2000.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: Armen Sarkissian was also one of the directors of Eurasia House. and Vice Chairman of the EastWest Institute. He held many honorary and executive positions in a number of international organizations including Member of Dean's Advisory Board at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, Dean's Advisory Board at Harris School of Public Policy Studies at University of Chicago, Board member of International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX), the International Economic Alliance and Global Leadership Foundation. He was an Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the School of Mathematical Sciences at Queen Mary and Westfield College (now Queen Mary University of London).


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: He was a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: Since 2013, he has served on the board of trustees of the International School in Dilijan. In January 2018, he received Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan's offer to be the ruling Republican Party's nominee in the country's first presidential election since the 2015 constitutional reforms.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: President Serzh Sargsyan on 19 January 2018 recommended the candidacy of Sarkissian for President to be supported by the ruling Republican Party during the 2018 Armenian presidential election. He also enjoyed additional support from the Armenian Revolutionary Federation bloc as well as from the Tsarukian Parliamentary bloc.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: He was elected president by a majority of the National Assembly on 2 March 2018 with 90 votes in a 105-member House. Sarkissian was the only candidate in the election.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: Sarkissian was inaugurated on 9 April 2018. The inauguration ceremony took place at the Karen Demirchyan Complex in Yerevan. After the ceremony, he visited the Yerablur military pantheon, and laid a wreath at the monument with Defense Minister Vigen Sargsyan.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: On inauguration day, the government led by Karen Karapetyan resigned and parties in the National Assembly had a week to put forward their proposals for prime minister. Former president Serzh Sargsyan was unanimously nominated by the members of ruling parties in the National Assembly on 16 April, and was confirmed as prime minister on 17 April. However, Sarkissian's election as prime minister was met by large-scale protests, and he resigned six days after taking the office. Karapetyan was subsequently appointed to serve as acting prime minister. On 8 May 2018, Nikol Pashinyan was elected prime minister by the National Assembly in a 59–42 vote.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: Sarkissian visited Tbilisi on 26 May 2018 in his first official foreign visit to participate in the centennial celebrations of the founding of the Democratic Republic of Georgia. During his visit, he held talks with his Georgian counterpart Giorgi Margvelashvili as well as held meetings with Bidzina Ivanishvili and Sauli Niinistö.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: In June 2018, Sarkissian proposed changes to the constitution to balance the President's power with the Prime Minister's power. On the eve of the centennial anniversary of the end to First World War, Sarkissian told the Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen in an interview said that he would say the following to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in regards to the Armenian genocide:


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: While visiting the Kazakhstani city of Almaty in May 2019, he said that his country could become an "international financial center" and can become a "cooperation bridge between Eurasia and EU". He said his remarks at the 15th annual Eurasian Media Forum, of which he is a co-founder.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: A 2022 investigation by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project found that Sarkissian had obtained a St. Kitts and Nevis passport at 2014 at the latest. Shortly after the OCCRP sent a letter to Sarkissian, he resigned as President and the Armenian National Security Services started an investigation in Sarkissian. Under Armenian law, a president is not allowed to hold dual citizenship. According to Sarkissian, he was given the passport after investing $500,000 in a luxury hotel in St. Kitts and Nevis. He said he had requested in 2013 to return and renunciate the passport.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: In the early stages of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Sarkissian gave numerous interviews to international news organizations during which he appealed for action against the Government of Turkey and the actions of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, telling CNBC’s Hadley Gamble to “Imagine Caucasus becoming another Syria?” In another interview to the German Bild tabloid, he compared the situation in Stepanakert to German towns during World War II. After the ceasefire agreement was signed in early November, Sarkissian held a meeting with Karekin II, where they both made a call to declare 22 November as the Day of Remembrance of the Heroes who fell for the Defense of the Motherland in the Artsakh Liberation War. On 16 November, in an address to the nation, he concluded that snap parliamentary elections and Pashinyan's resignation were inevitable in light of the protests, proposing that a process be overseen and managed by an interim "National Accord Government". In early 2021, he called for the creation of a "Fourth Republic".


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: He married Nouneh Sarkissian (born 1954), a researcher at the Matenadaran, in 1978. Together, they have two adult children. Besides Armenian and Russian, two languages that Sarkissian grew up speaking, he also is fluent in English as a results of his time spent in the United Kingdom. Until December 2011, Sarkissian held British citizenship. As of April 2019, Sarkissian has a net worth of over 3 million Euros (over 1,600,000,000 in Armenian Drams). He was a personal friend of Soviet intelligence officer Gevork Vartanian.


title: Armen Sarkissian

text: On 5 January 2021, the presidential office of Armenia announced that he underwent a leg surgery on 3 January in London, and that he tested positive for the COVID-19. He began his treatment in London and only returned to Yerevan on 20 February.


title: British Army of the Rhine

text: There have been two formations named British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). Both were originally occupation forces in Germany, one after the First World War and the other after the Second World War. Both formations had areas of responsibility located around the German section of the River Rhine.


title: British Army of the Rhine

text: The first British Army of the Rhine was set up in March 1919 to implement the occupation of the Rhineland. It was originally composed of five corps, composed of two divisions each, plus a cavalry division:


title: British Army of the Rhine

text: Most of these units were progressively dissolved, so that by February 1920 there were only regular battalions:


title: British Army of the Rhine

text: In August 1920 Winston Churchill, as Secretary of State for War, told Parliament that the BAOR was made up of approximately 13,360 troops, consisting of staff, cavalry, Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, infantry, machine gun corps, tanks and the usual ancillary services. The troops were located principally in the vicinity of Cologne at an approximate cost per month of £300,000. "The Cologne Post" was a newspaper published for members of the BAOR during this period.


title: British Army of the Rhine

text: The second British Army of the Rhine was formed on 25 August 1945 from the British Liberation Army. Its original function was to control the corps districts which were running the military government of the British zone of Allied-occupied Germany. After the assumption of government by civilians, it became the command formation for the troops in Germany only, rather than being responsible for administration as well.


title: British Army of the Rhine

text: As the potential threat of Soviet invasion across the North German Plain into West Germany increased, BAOR became more responsible for the defence of West Germany than its occupation. It became the primary formation controlling the British contribution to NATO after the formation of the alliance in 1949. Its primary combat formation was British I Corps. From 1952 the commander-in-chief of the BAOR was also the commander of NATO's Northern Army Group (NORTHAG) in the event of a general war with the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies. The BAOR was formerly armed with tactical nuclear weapons. In 1967, the force was reduced in strength to 53,000 soldiers, compared with 80,000 ten years earlier.


title: British Army of the Rhine

text: With the end of the Cold War, the 1993 Options for Change defence cuts resulted in BAOR being reduced in size, and in 1994 it became British Forces Germany (BFG). This force, roughly 25,000 strong, was divided between Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps, 1st Armoured Division, other combat support and combat service support forces, and administrative elements headed by United Kingdom Support Command (Germany). Garrisons which closed at this time included Soest (home of the 6th Armoured Brigade), Soltau (home of the 7th Armoured Brigade) and Minden (home of the 11th Armoured Brigade).


title: British Army of the Rhine

text: Following the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review, the permanent deployment of British Army units in Germany began to be phased out, with the last military base handed back to the German Bundeswehr in February 2020.


title: Lisa Spoonauer

text: Lisa Ann Spoonauer (December 16, 1972 – May 20, 2017) was an American former character actress best known for the role of Caitlin Bree in "Clerks", which she reprised for an episode in "".


title: Lisa Spoonauer

text: Spoonauer was born in Rahway, New Jersey, and raised in Freehold Township. She attended Brookdale Community College, where she was spotted (in an acting class) by "Clerks" director Kevin Smith, who was having difficulty casting the part of Caitlin. He offered her the role and a script, and she later accepted. Spoonauer's only other film credit is for the Gabe Torres' film "Bartender".


title: Lisa Spoonauer

text: Spoonauer began dating her "Clerks" co-star Jeff Anderson in 1993, and they were married for one year from 1998 to 1999. According to the documentary "Snowball Effect: The Story of Clerks", included on the 10th anniversary DVD release, Anderson proposed to her on the set of the film.


title: Lisa Spoonauer

text: Spoonauer later married her second husband Tom Caron and relocated to Jackson Township, where she became a restaurant manager and event planner. Spoonauer has a daughter with Caron and a stepson from Caron's previous marriage.


title: Lisa Spoonauer

text: Spoonauer died at age 44 on May 20, 2017, of an accidental overdose of hydromorphone. It has also been revealed that she was fighting cancer, anemia, lung disease and immune deficiency, which were all factors in her death.


title: Lisa Spoonauer

text: Her brother Mike, on a fundraising page for Patient Advocate Foundation Inc., related that she had been long suffering from a chronic illness. Spoonauer had travelled to the Mayo clinic in 2014 for treatment—a Facebook post from that time revealed that she had already been seeing "countless other specialists over the last 7 years".


title: Lisa Spoonauer

text: "Clerks" co-stars Brian O'Halloran and Marilyn Ghigliotti both shared the news and posted tributes to their personal Facebook accounts on May 23, 2017.


title: Lisa Spoonauer

text: Kevin Smith posted a tribute to Spoonauer via his personal Instagram account and during an episode of his podcast "Hollywood Babble-On". "Clerks III", released in 2022, is dedicated to Spoonauer.


title: Kel-Tec P50

text: The Kel-Tec P50 is a FN 5.7×28mm semi-automatic pistol designed in the United States by Kel-Tec in 2021.


title: Kel-Tec P50

text: In December 2020, an image of a magazine cover showcasing the P50 was leaked on KTOG, an online forum dedicated to Kel-Tec. The image advertised the pistol's ability to feed from 50 round 5.7×28mm magazines, and it is described as the "most unique Kel-Tec yet." The image subsequently spread to the rest of the Internet, which coincided with a trademark of the name P50, registered by Kel-Tec in February 2020.


title: Kel-Tec P50

text: In January 2021, Kel-Tec's official website revealed details about the P50, saying that the weapon was going to begin shipping in March 2021, with an MSRP of $995.


title: Kel-Tec P50

text: The P50 is a straight blowback semi-automatic pistol that feeds from FN P90 magazines. Like the P90, the rounds are rotated at a 90 degree angle from the magazine into the chamber. A Picatinny rail is located on the upper receiver, and a second rail is located below the magazine. The trigger pull is 5 lb (22N). The barrel and moving parts are made from steel, with a polymer frame and lower receiver to reduce weight. The P50 has an unusually long barrel for a handgun, helping to improve its muzzle velocity. At nine inches, it is over double the length of the barrel of the FN Five-seven, and only one inch less than the P90's barrel.


title: Kel-Tec P50

text: Kel-Tec has stated that they have no intention of creating any braces or other accessories for the P50, leaving the aftermarket to "do their thing". At 50 yards, the P50 has an average shot grouping of . The bolt is longer than that of an average handgun, which helps reduce recoil, making the P50 "significantly more accurate than 9mm machine pistols or their semiauto lookalikes". With a sling attached, the P50 can consistently make accurate shots from ranges up to .


title: Kel-Tec P50

text: "Shooting Illustrated" called the P50 "rather bulky for a handgun", but noted that this increase in size gave it better velocity and magazine capacity than other handguns and that it could be used in home defense as a more compact alternative to a shotgun or rifle. They called the trigger "outstanding", and noted its light recoil, and said that the P50 was a "serious competitor" to other 5.7x28mm designs such as the FN Five-seven and Ruger-57.


title: Kel-Tec P50

text: "The National Interest" praised the low recoil, customisation options from the various rails, and the "one of a kind" top-break access, describing it as "unique, buzzworthy, and the all-around coolest new gun of 2021." "Outdoor Life" called the P50 "a cross between a space gun and a bullet hose", and named it as one of the best guns of the year.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: Nellee Hooper (born Paul Andrew Hooper on 15 March 1963) is a British record producer, remixer and songwriter known for his work with many major recording artists beginning in the late 1980s. He also debuted as a motion picture music composer with Scottish composer Craig Armstrong and Marius De Vries for the soundtrack for Baz Luhrmann's "Romeo + Juliet" in 1996.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: Hooper has produced seven Grammy Award-winning recordings for artists including Smashing Pumpkins, U2, Soul II Soul, and Sinéad O'Connor. He has been awarded "Q"'s Best Producer award and twice been Music Week Producer of the Year.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: Born in Bristol, Hooper began his career in 1982 as a percussionist and backing vocalist with Bristol post-punk band Maximum Joy. He later became a DJ as a member of The Wild Bunch, the Bristol-based sound system and group that became Massive Attack.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: Between 1989 and 1992, he produced the debut album for Soul II Soul ("Club Classics Vol. I") and Björk's first outing ("Debut"), which in 1995 Mixmag magazine ranked the 31st and 3rd best dance albums of all time, as well as Massive Attack's second album ("Protection").


title: Nellee Hooper

text: The 1995 BRIT Awards honoured Hooper as Best Producer for his work on Massive Attack's "Protection", Björk's "Post" and Madonna's "Bedtime Stories" albums.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: In 1998 he won a BAFTA Award (Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music) for his work arranging the score and soundtrack for Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: Hooper continued to work steadily into the 2000s. He received a Grammy nomination in 2003 for his work on No Doubt's "Rock Steady" and Lamya's "Learning from Falling" albums. His other work has included producing the singles "GoldenEye" (1995) for Tina Turner, "Under the Bridge" (1998) for All Saints and "Down Boy" (2002) for Holly Valance as well as providing remixes for artists like Janet Jackson and Sade.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: He has worked with Gwen Stefani on her solo albums and on U2's 2004 release "How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb", for which he won a Grammy Award. He also produced the debut solo album of Andrea Corr of The Corrs, titled "Ten Feet High", released on 25 June 2007. It sold one million copies.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: Hooper produced the full-length debut album for Disney actress/singer Emily Osment, "Fight Or Flight" in 2010.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: In 2011 Hooper produced Paloma Faith's "Fall to Grace", nominated for two Brit awards for Best Female and Album of the Year.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: Soul II Soul's 1989 Album "Club Classics Vol. One" (known as "Keep on Movin’" in the US), produced by Hooper, was awarded two Grammys: "Back to Life" won Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and "African Dance" won Best R&B Instrumental Song.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: Sinead O'Connor took the Best Alternative Music Performance Grammy for her album "I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got".


title: Nellee Hooper

text: Single The End Is the Beginning Is the End won the Best Hard Rock Performance award at the 1997 Grammys.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: "How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb" won Album of the Year at the 2006 Grammys. The single "Sometimes You Can't Make it on Your Own" won two awards; Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Song of the Year.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: Nellee Hooper was responsible for the BAFTA award-winning soundtrack to Baz Luhrmann's "Romeo + Juliet" in 1996. He worked with Scottish composer Craig Armstrong and English composer Marius van Wyk de Vries. It was Hooper's first and only motion picture score. Hooper armed the soundtrack with sequences of bombastic choral and flamboyant orchestral forces, and fused it with his well-known hip hop, electronica and trip hop genres. Hooper since has not been active in the motion picture industry.


title: Nellee Hooper

text: In 2021, Hooper joined blockchain company Throne as an advisor alongside Gee Roberson the manager of Kanye West. Throne, is a NFT marketplace for digital creators and collectors.


title: Llŷr Ifans

text: Llyr Ifans is best known for appearing opposite his brother Rhys Ifans in the cult film, "Twin Town", in 1997. A sequel with the suggested title "Swansea Al Akbar" was mooted but the plans were called off in 2011.


title: Llŷr Ifans

text: In September 2007, Ifans appeared at Clwyd Theatr Cymru in their production of "A Toy Epic", which ran at the Mold venue and then was taken on a short tour around Wales.


title: Llŷr Ifans

text: In 2015, Ifans gave "an enjoyably louche performance as the town's resident middle-aged delinquent, Nogood Boyo" in the S4C film of Dylan Thomas's "Under Milk Wood".


title: Llŷr Ifans

text: He is the younger brother of actor Rhys Ifans who appeared with him in the film "Twin Town". Both are Welsh-language speakers. Llŷr is married to law expert law expert D'Arcy O'Reilly.


title: Llŷr Ifans

text: Ifans is a supporter of Welsh independence. "Our industry, culture and economy have suffered greatly – but there is no point looking back at the injustices of the past," he said. "It is time for us to show the world that we are a modern and confident country, that we are proud of our bilingualism and are ready to take the next big step towards independence. It's inevitable that we will make mistakes along the way but we will learn from them as they will be our own mistakes, and we won't have to suffer as a result of the mistakes and patronising attitudes of others".


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: Claims of the existence of other moons of Earth—that is, of one or more natural satellites with relatively stable orbits of Earth, other than the Moon—have existed for some time. Several candidates have been proposed, but none have been confirmed. Since the 19th century, scientists have made genuine searches for more moons, but the possibility has also been the subject of a number of dubious non-scientific speculations as well as a number of likely hoaxes.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: Although the Moon is Earth's only natural satellite, there are a number of near-Earth objects (NEOs) with orbits that are in resonance with Earth. These have been called "second" moons of Earth or "minimoons".


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: , an asteroid discovered on 27 April 2016, is possibly the most stable quasi-satellite of Earth. As it orbits the Sun, 469219 Kamoʻoalewa appears to circle around Earth as well. It is too distant to be a true satellite of Earth, but is the best and most stable example of a quasi-satellite, a type of near-Earth object. They appear to orbit a point other than Earth itself, such as the orbital path of the NEO asteroid 3753 Cruithne. Earth trojans, such as , are NEOs that orbit the Sun (not Earth) on the same orbital path as Earth, and appear to lead or follow Earth along the same orbital path.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: Other small natural objects in orbit around the Sun may enter orbit around Earth for a short amount of time, becoming temporary natural satellites. , the only confirmed examples have been in Earth orbit during 2006 and 2007, and in Earth orbit between 2018 and 2020.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: The first major claim of another moon of Earth was made by French astronomer Frédéric Petit, director of the Toulouse Observatory, who in 1846 announced that he had discovered a second moon in an elliptical orbit around Earth. It was claimed to have also been reported by Lebon and Dassier at Toulouse, and by Larivière at Artenac Observatory, during the early evening of March 21, 1846.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: Petit proposed that this second moon had an elliptical orbit, a period of 2 hours 44 minutes, with apogee and perigee. This claim was soon dismissed by his peers. The perigee is similar to the cruising altitude of most modern airliners, and within Earth's atmosphere. Petit published another paper on his 1846 observations in 1861, basing the second moon's existence on perturbations in movements of the actual Moon. This second moon hypothesis was not confirmed either.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: Petit's proposed moon became a plot point in Jules Verne's 1870 science fiction novel "Around the Moon".


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: In 1898 Hamburg scientist Dr. Georg Waltemath announced that he had located a system of tiny moons orbiting Earth. He had begun his search for secondary moons based on the hypothesis that something was gravitationally affecting the Moon's orbit.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: Waltemath described one of the proposed moons as being from Earth, with a diameter of , a 119-day orbital period, and a 177-day synodic period. He also said it did not reflect enough sunlight to be observed without a telescope, unless viewed at certain times, and made several predictions of its next appearances. "Sometimes, it shines at night like the sun but only for an hour or so."


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: E. Stone Wiggins, a Canadian weather expert, ascribed the cold spring of 1907 to the effect of a second moon, which he said he had first seen in 1882 and had publicized the find in 1884 in the "New-York Tribune" when he put it forward as probable cause of an anomalous solar eclipse of May of that year. He said it was also probably the "green crescent moon" seen in New Zealand and later in North America in 1886, for periods of less than a half-hour each time. He said this was the "second moon" seen by Waltemath in 1898. Wiggins hypothesized that the second moon had a high carbon atmosphere but could be seen occasionally by its reflected light.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: The existence of these objects put forward by Waltemath (and Wiggins) was discredited after the absence of corroborating observation by other members of the scientific community. Especially problematic was a failed prediction that they would be seen in February 1898.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: The August 1898 issue of "Science" mentioned that Waltemath had sent the journal "an announcement of a third moon", which he termed a "wahrhafter Wetter- und Magnet-Mond" ("real weather and magnet moon"). It was supposedly in diameter, and at a distance of from Earth, closer than the "second moon" that he had seen previously.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: In 1918, astrologer Walter Gornold, also known as "Sepharial", claimed to have confirmed the existence of Waltemath's moon. He named it Lilith. Sepharial claimed that Lilith was a 'dark' moon invisible for most of the time, but he claimed to be the first person in history to view it as it crossed the Sun.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: In 1926 the science journal "Die Sterne" published the findings of amateur German astronomer W. Spill, who claimed to have successfully viewed a second moon orbiting Earth.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: In the late 1960s John Bagby claimed to have observed over ten small natural satellites of Earth, but this was not confirmed.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: William Henry Pickering (1858–1938) studied the possibility of a second moon and made a general search ruling out the possibility of many types of objects by 1903. His 1923 article "A Meteoric Satellite" in "Popular Astronomy" resulted in increased searches for small natural satellites by amateur astronomers. Pickering had also proposed the Moon itself had broken off from Earth.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: In early 1954 the United States Army's Office of Ordnance Research commissioned Clyde Tombaugh, discoverer of Pluto, to search for near-Earth asteroids. The Army issued a public statement to explain the rationale for this survey. Donald Keyhoe, who was later director of the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), a UFO research group, said that his Pentagon source had told him that the actual reason for the quickly-initiated search was that two near-Earth objects had been picked up on new long-range radar in mid-1953. In May 1954, Keyhoe asserted that the search had been successful, and either one or two objects had been found. At The Pentagon, a general who heard the news reportedly asked whether the satellites were natural or artificial. Tombaugh denied the alleged discovery in a letter to Willy Ley, and the October 1955 issue of "Popular Mechanics" magazine reported:


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: At a meteor conference in Los Angeles in 1957, Tombaugh reiterated that his four-year search for natural satellites had been unsuccessful. In 1959, he issued a final report stating that nothing had been found in his search.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: It was discovered that small bodies can be temporarily captured, as shown by , which was in Earth orbit in 2006–2007.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: In 2010, the first known Earth trojan was discovered in data from Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and is currently called .


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: In 2011, planetary scientists Erik Asphaug and Martin Jutzi proposed a model in which a second moon would have existed 4.5 billion years ago, and later impacted the Moon, as a part of the accretion process in the formation of the Moon.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: In 2018, it was confirmed two dust clouds orbited Earth at the Moon's , known as the Kordylewski clouds. These were nicknamed "Earth's hidden moons".


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: The interpretation of some bodies has led to sometimes bold statements in the astronomy press, though often allowing for other interpretations:


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: Although no other moons of Earth have been found to date, there are various types of near-Earth objects in 1:1 resonance with it, they orbit at a similar distance as Earth the Sun, rather than the planet itself. Their orbits are unstable, and will fall into other resonances or be kicked into other orbits over thousands of years. The orbit of a satellite of Earth fundamentally depends on the gravity of the Earth–Moon system, whereas the orbit of a co-orbiting object would negligibly change if Earth and the Moon were suddenly removed because a quasi-satellite is orbiting the Sun on an Earth-like orbit in the vicinity of Earth.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: Over time co-orbital objects can be close to or switch between being quasi-satellites. 3753 Cruithne was once nicknamed "Earth's second moon", after its discovery in 1986. Though it turned out that it actually orbits the Sun, being a case of a co-orbiting object with a horseshoe orbit relative to Earth.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: Some co-orbiting objects are called quasi-satellites because of their very close orbit and very similar orbital period with Earth, seemingly orbiting Earth. The known current quasi-satellites of Earth are particularly 469219 Kamoʻoalewa and , as well as , , and .


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: Earth possesses two known trojans, and , which are small Solar System bodies also orbiting the Sun in a 1:1 resonance with Earth, rather than the Earth itself, but staying with the gravitationally-stable Earth–Sun leading Lagrange point.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: Computer models by astrophysicists Mikael Granvik, Jeremie Vaubaillon, and Robert Jedicke suggest that these "temporary satellites" should be quite common; and that "At any given time, there should be at least one natural Earth satellite of 1 meter diameter orbiting the Earth." Such objects would remain in orbit for ten months on average, before returning to solar orbit once more, and so would make relatively easy targets for crewed space exploration. Minimoons were further examined in a study published in the journal "Icarus".


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: It has been proposed that NASA search for temporary natural satellites, and use them for a sample return mission.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: The earliest known mention in the scientific literature of a temporarily-captured orbiter is by Clarence Chant about the Meteor procession of 9 February 1913:


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: On 14 September 2006, an object estimated at 5 meters in diameter was discovered in near-polar orbit around Earth. Originally thought to be a third-stage Saturn S-IVB booster from Apollo 12, it was later determined to be an asteroid and designated as . The asteroid re-entered solar orbit after 13 months and is expected to return to Earth orbit after 21 years.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: In April 2015, an object was discovered orbiting Earth, and initially designated , but more detailed investigation quickly showed the object to be the "Gaia" spacecraft, and the object's discovery soon was retracted.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: On 3 October 2015, a small object, temporarily designated WT1190F, was found to be orbiting Earth every ~23 days, and had been orbiting since at least late 2009. It impacted Earth on 13 November 2015 at 06:18:21.7 UTC. The impact time is the time of atmospheric entry, when passing the altitude of .


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: On 8 February 2016 an object ~0.5 meter in diameter was discovered orbiting Earth with a period of 5 days and given the temporary designation XC83E0D, and most likely lost. The object was later identified as the lost artificial satellite SR-11A, or possibly its companion SR-11B, which were launched in 1976 and lost in 1979.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: On 8 April 2016, an object, given the temporary designation S509356, was discovered with an orbital period of 3.58 days. Although it has the typical area-to-mass ratio (m/kg) of satellites, it has a color typical of S-type asteroids. It was later identified as the Yuanzheng-1 stage from the launch of Chinese navigation satellites.


title: Claimed moons of Earth

text: On 8 December 2017, the object YX205B9 was discovered with an orbital period of 21 days, on an eccentric orbit taking it from slightly beyond the geocentric satellite ring to almost twice the distance of the Moon. It was later identified as the booster stage from the Chang'e 2 mission.


title: Rubber duck

text: A rubber duck or a rubber duckie is a toy shaped like a stylized duck, generally yellow with a flat base. It may be made of rubber or rubber-like material such as vinyl plastic. Rubber ducks were invented in the late 1800s when it became possible to more easily shape rubber, and are believed to improve developmental skills in children during water play.


title: Rubber duck

text: The yellow rubber duck has achieved an iconic status in Western pop culture and is often symbolically linked to bathing. Various novelty variations of the toy are produced, and many organisations use yellow rubber ducks in rubber duck races for fundraising worldwide.


title: Rubber duck

text: The history of the rubber duck is linked to the emergence of rubber manufacturing in the late 19th century. The earliest rubber ducks were made from harder rubber when manufacturers began using Charles Goodyear's invention, vulcanized rubber. Consequently, these solid rubber ducks were not capable of floating and were instead intended as chew toys.


title: Rubber duck

text: Sculptor Peter Ganine created a sculpture of a duck in the 1940s. He then patented it and reproduced it as a floating toy, of which over 50 million were sold.


title: Rubber duck

text: Besides the ubiquitous yellow rubber duck with which most people are familiar, there have been numerous novelty variations on the basic theme, including character ducks representing professions, politicians, or celebrities, a concept introduced by Mark Boldt's Rubba Ducks. There are also ducks that glow in the dark, quack, change color, have interior LED illumination, or include a wind-up engine that enables them to "swim". In 2001, "The Sun", a British tabloid reported that Queen Elizabeth II had a rubber duck in her bathroom that wore an inflatable crown. The duck was spotted by a workman who was repainting her bathroom. The story prompted sales of rubber ducks in the United Kingdom to increase by 80% for a short period.


title: Rubber duck

text: Rubber ducks are collected by enthusiasts. The 2011 Guinness World Record for World's Largest Rubber Duck Collection stood at 5,631 different rubber ducks, and was awarded to Charlotte Lee. In 2013, the rubber duck was inducted into the Toy Hall of Fame, a museum in Rochester, New York, along with the game of chess. Toys are selected based on factors like icon-status, longevity, and innovation.


title: Rubber duck

text: Ernie, a popular Muppet from the television series "Sesame Street", has performed the song "Rubber Duckie" multiple times since the series began. Ernie frequently spoke to his duck and carried it with him in other segments of the show. On a special occasion, Little Richard performed the song.


title: Rubber duck

text: C. W. McCall's hit song "Convoy" (and the movie and novel it inspired) are narrated from the viewpoint of a character who replaced the bulldog hood ornament on his Mack truck with a bathtub toy and used the on-air handle of "Rubber Duck".


title: Rubber duck

text: Rubber ducks have also become a protest symbol simultaneously in Belgrade, Brazil, and Moscow in 2017, and in Bangkok in 2020.


title: Rubber duck

text: The world's largest rubber duck was created by Dutch artist, Florentijn Hofman in 2007, measuring and weighing about . Since 2007, several ducks of various sizes created by Hofman have been on display in countries and territories such as Amsterdam, Netherlands; Lommel, Belgium; Osaka, Japan; Sydney, Australia; São Paulo, Brazil; Hong Kong, China; Kaohsiung, Taiwan; and Seoul, Korea; until 14 November 2014, and went on display in the United States after 20 October 2013.


title: Rubber duck

text: In 2013, China's "Great Firewall" blocks searches for "big yellow duck" because Chinese activists were photo-shopping the "Rubber Duck" sculpture into the Tank Man photo of the Tiananmen Square Massacre. If the term "Big Yellow Duck" were searched, a message appeared stating that according to relevant laws, statutes, and policies, the results of the search could not be shown.


title: Rubber duck

text: Rubber duck races, also known as derby duck races, have been used as a method of fundraising for organizations worldwide. People donate money to the organization by sponsoring a duck. At the end of the fundraising drive, all of the ducks are dumped into a waterway, with the first to float past the finish line winning a prize for its sponsor.


title: Rubber duck

text: There are hundreds of races held in the United States and internationally. The largest race in the United States is the annual Freestore Foodbank Rubber Duck Regatta in Cincinnati, Ohio. First run in 1995, the Rubber Duck Regatta now features over 150,000 ducks raced to raise money for the organization. Since its beginning in 1995 the Rubber Duck Regatta in Cincinnati Ohio has raised over $9 million, and over $1 million has been raised for each year's race since 2014.


title: Rubber duck

text: The annual Aspen Ducky Derby was first run by the Rotary Club of Aspen, Colorado, in 1991. The derby now features 30,000 ducks and takes place each August in Aspen's Rio Grande Park. Through its past 20 years, the Aspen Ducky Derby has raised more than $2.3 million to benefit 65 nonprofit groups.


title: Rubber duck

text: In Fort Wayne, Indiana, for over 30 years the Weigand Construction Duck Race takes place in the summer at Johnny Appleseed Park to support the organization SCAN, whose mission is to eliminate the abuse and neglect of children in northeast Indiana through family services, education and community partnerships.


title: Rubber duck

text: One of the more famous rubber duck races is the Great Knoxville Rubber Duck Race. This race received attention when the Tennessee Supreme Court ruled that it was a lottery, which stopped the race for a few years. After the state amended its constitution to allow lotteries with special exceptions, the race was reinstituted. The Derby Duck race sees over 40,000 ducks race to benefit the Boys and Girls Club of Tennessee Valley.


title: Rubber duck

text: A famous rubber duck race is the Halifax Duck Derby. This race has 10,000 rubber ducks in the Halifax Harbour along Bishops Landing. There is a grand prize of $1 million Canadian dollars; other prizes include a trip to anywhere in Canada, large-screen TVs, and more. This race has been very successful in raising money and awareness for its organizations.


title: Rubber duck

text: The Lumsden Duck Derby is a Labour Day tradition in the town of Lumsden, Saskatchewan, northwest of Regina. Founded in 1988 to help the town raise funds for a new ice rink, nowadays the Derby races 25,000 rubber ducks down a stretch of the Qu'Appelle River and features a grand prize of CAD$1 million. The town makes a day out of it, with a pancake breakfast, bands and other entertainments, kids' activities, and a "parade to the post."


title: Rubber duck

text: The Estes Park Rotary Duck Race raises money for sixty-eight different charities. Contestants must choose which charity to donate their money to when they buy their ticket.


title: Rubber duck

text: The Great Brisbane Duck Race is held on the Brisbane River each year to raise funds for the PA Research Foundation. The race saw 30,000 rubber ducks enter the race in 2011. The PA Research Foundation also holds a Team Duck Race Challenge where groups are invited to raise funds and participate in either the motorised or non-motorised Team Duck Race with a large tall rubber duck that teams can decorate, brand, and modify.


title: Rubber duck

text: One other race was conducted in Australia in January 1988. It was run from the "High-level bridge" to the "Low-level bridge" near Katherine, Northern Territory on the Australia Day long weekend. Acting on behalf of the town's Bicentennial Committee, Royal Australian Air Force officers Andrew Cairns and Jock MacGowan constructed the release cage from PVC pipe, purchased and numbered the ducks, printed tickets, and even arranged a helicopter flypast.


title: Rubber duck

text: In Stockbridge, Edinburgh since 1988, the Stockbridge Community Festival has held the annual Stockbridge Duck Race to raise money for local charities. 1000 rubber ducks are released into the Water of Leith at the Stockbridge to float downstream to the finishing post at the Falshaw Bridge. The 2010 race was memorable for a sudden rain shower at the finish line. The 2011 race was held on 3 July with proceeds going to local charities Stockbridge House & St. Columba's Hospice.


title: Rubber duck

text: For over 25 years, Bibury in Gloucestershire has hosted an annual Duck Race on Boxing Day. The charity event, which attracts thousands of spectators, is split into two races; one featuring the iconic yellow ducks, the other featuring the more realistic decoy ducks, both held on the River Coln.


title: Rubber duck

text: On 31 August 2008, the Great British Duck Race was held near Hampton Court Palace in London. The race broke the world record for the number of ducks used together, with a total of 250,000. The ducks used in the race were a bright blue color, after stewards in the previous year faced problems from spectators throwing their own ducks into the water.


title: Rubber duck

text: Each year, on Easter Monday, a duck race is organised in Glenridding by the local mountain rescue team to raise funds. Another is the Manchester Duck Race, held at Spinningfields on the River Irwell each Good Friday, with several thousand ducks.


title: Rubber duck

text: Every July a charity race called "Entencup" is held in Nuremberg. The beneficiary changes each time, among them the Nuremberg Zoo.


title: Rubber duck

text: During a Pacific storm on 10 January 1992, three 40-foot containers holding 28,800 Friendly Floatees plastic bathtub toys from a Chinese factory were washed off a ship, containing 7,200 each of blue turtles, yellow ducks, red beavers, and green frogs. Two-thirds of the toys floated south and landed three months later on the shores of Indonesia, Australia, and South America. The remaining 10,000 toys headed north to Alaska and then completed a full circle back near Japan, caught up in the North Pacific Gyre current as the so-called Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Many of the toys then entered the Bering Strait between Alaska and Russia and were trapped in the Arctic ice. They moved through the ice at a rate of one mile per day, and in 2000 they were sighted in the North Atlantic. The movement of the toys had been monitored by American oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer. Bleached by sun and seawater, the ducks and beavers had faded to white, but the turtles and frogs had kept their original colors.


title: Rubber duck

text: Between July and December 2003, The First Years Inc. offered a $100 US savings bond reward to anybody who recovered a Floatee in New England, Canada or Iceland. More of the toys were recovered in 2004 than in any of the preceding three years. However, still more of these toys were predicted to have headed eastward past Greenland and make landfall on the southwestern shores of the United Kingdom in 2007.


title: Rubber duck

text: These toys were the subject of Donovan Hohn's 2011 book "Moby-Duck: The True Story of 28,800 Bath Toys Lost at Sea".


title: Rubber duck

text: In August 2008, NASA'S Jet Propulsion Laboratory undertook studies of Greenland's Jakobshavn Glacier to determine how interior glacial meltflow during the summer influenced its movement. A sophisticated football-sized probe that had a GPS device, pressure sensor, thermometer and accelerometer was lowered by rope into one of the glacier's moulins. The probe's equipment was designed to find structures such as waterfalls inside the ice. Unfortunately the probe went silent, so ninety rubber ducks marked in English, Danish, and Inuit with the text "science experiment" and "reward", along with an email address to contact if found, were also put into the moulins and it was hoped that the ducks would eventually exit and be found by hunters or fishermen around Baffin Bay. As of 2012, none of the ducks were found or returned, possibly due to being trapped in large aquifers later discovered inside the ice.


title: The Wasteland (2021 film)

text: The Wasteland (), also known during the production stage as The Beast (), is a 2021 Spanish horror drama film directed by David Casademunt from a screenplay by Casademunt, Fran Menchón, and Martí Lucas. The film stars Inma Cuesta, Asier Flores, and Roberto Álamo. It was released on Netflix on 6 January 2022.


title: The Wasteland (2021 film)

text: Diego is a boy who lives with his parents in a shack in the middle of nowhere. His mother, Lucía, is kind, while his father, Salvador, is stern and solemn. One evening, Diego's father tells him about a beast that follows a person around and feeds on their fear.


title: The Wasteland (2021 film)

text: One day, the family finds a badly injured man in a boat. Salvador attempts to heal the man. The man wanders into the shack and picks up a rifle, pointing it at Diego and Lucía. A gunshot is heard, and the man is seen, shot in the head. While going through his belongings, they find a family portrait. That night, Diego's father tells him about his sister, who saw the beast at their home. Salvador, who cannot see the beast, tells Diego that if anyone spots it, their life becomes hopeless. Salvador decides to go find the man's family on his own.


title: The Wasteland (2021 film)

text: Over the following days, Lucía sees a presence approaching the shack each night; Diego doesn't see it. His mother begins to act erratically and cuts off her hair. She tells Diego that the presence is outside and pushes him out, telling him the beast desires her. Diego forces his way back into the shack and finds his mother badly injured on the floor. He then sees the beast walking towards them. Diego eventually finds enough courage to face the beast; he picks up a gun and shoots at it. He then sets the shack on fire and drags his mother outside. He puts her in a wheelbarrow and wheels towards the river, only to find out that she has died. He floats her body down the river and walks purposefully away.


title: The Wasteland (2021 film)

text: Spanish filmmaker David Casademunt initially conceived the original concept for the film in 2012 and began to develop the idea into a screenplay. In September 2017, the film officially entered development as part of the Sitges Film Festival Pitchbox program, with Casademunt set to direct the project from his own screenplay. Within the following year, the film received backing from Ventana Sur's Blood Window pitching program in Latin America and funding from The Madrid Film School. The script was completed by August 2018, and the Toronto International Film Festival invited Casademunt to their Filmmaker Lab for backing and financing. He described the selection as a "huge prize" and said that he would create a film that "could be loved by all audiences".


title: The Wasteland (2021 film)

text: In February 2020, Spanish production company Rodar y Rodar joined the project as the main producer. Marina Padró of Rodar y Rodar called Casademunt a "new promise of the Spanish cinema". Frequent collaborators Fran Menchón and Martí Lucas were credited as co-writers of the screenplay, and Casademunt described the feature as "a film about the demons we have inside [and] how these demons transform us into defective adults." During a press conference in October 2020, it was announced that Netflix had acquired worldwide distribution rights to the project. Inma Cuesta, Roberto Álamo, and Asier Flores were cast in lead roles in February 2021.


title: The Wasteland (2021 film)

text: Principal photography began in early February 2021 and lasted until July of that year. Filming predominantly took place in a moorland in the province of Teruel, as well as in the municipalities of Blancas and Villarquemado, with the lagoons of Gallocanta and serving as shooting locations.


title: The Wasteland (2021 film)

text: The film was set for a world premiere on 11 October 2021 at the 54th Sitges Film Festival, as part of the festival's official selection.


title: The Wasteland (2021 film)

text: Reviewing for "Cinemanía", Miguel Ángel Romero gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and considered that Inma Cuesta and Asier Flores reflect the delicacy of the human mind. He also pointed out that the film helps in the visibility of mental illnesses at a time when mental health advocacy is paramount.


title: The Wasteland (2021 film)

text: Raquel Hernández Luján of "HobbyConsolas" gave it 68 out of 100 points, considering the atmosphere, the performances, and the musical score to be the best about the film, while negatively assessing that the film features repetitive parts and moments in which the internal logic is compromised.


title: Tarifa

text: Tarifa (, Arabic: طريفة) is a Spanish municipality in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia. Located at the southernmost end of the Iberian Peninsula, it is primarily known as one of the world's most popular destinations for windsports. Tarifa lies on the Costa de la Luz ("coast of light") and across the Strait of Gibraltar facing Morocco.


title: Tarifa

text: Besides the city proper, the municipality also comprises several villages, including Tahivilla, Facinas, and Bolonia.


title: Tarifa

text: It was thought that Tarifa was once the site of the Roman settlement of Julia Transducta (also known as Julia Joza, or just Transducta).


title: Tarifa

text: However, that settlement is now thought to have been where Algeciras now stands, while there is strong evidence that Casas de Porro, Valdevaqueros (Tarifa) was the site of the settlement of Mellaria.


title: Tarifa

text: Tarifa was given its present name after the attack of Tarif ibn Malik in 710, a Berber military commander of Musa bin Nusayr.


title: Tarifa

text: The village of Bolonia near Tarifa was also populated in Roman times (called Baelo Claudia). Roman ruins still exist near the village today.


title: Tarifa

text: After the Islamic conquest of southern Spain, the city was fortified starting from the 10th century. Later Tarifa was held by the taifa of Algeciras (1031) and by that of Seville (1057), and subsequently by the Almoravids. After the latter's fall, it lived a short period under another taifa of Algeciras (1231), until becoming part of the Kingdom of Granada. In 1292 it was conquered by Sancho IV of Castile, and two years later it resisted a siege by North African Islamic troops.


title: Tarifa

text: The town resisted another siege in 1340 from Marinid, eventually leading to the Battle of Río Salado.


title: Tarifa

text: Despite its formidable defenses, Tarifa remained sparsely populated for the rest of the middle ages. The destruction of Algeciras after the 1369 Nasrid conquest turned Tarifa into the sole power base for the Castilian navy in the Strait area, and the influence of the Admiralcy of Castile increased thereafter. Tarifa enjoyed a great deal of privileges confirmed by the Castilian monarchs, while being simultaneously threatened by Muslim raids that resulted into frequent killings and kidnappings.


title: Tarifa

text: Owing to its largely military function after 1292, military activity weighted heavily in the place's social structure in the early 15th century. The town was donated to Fadrique Enríquez, Admiral of Castile, in 1447. The seigneuralization was fiercely opposed by the inhabitants. Occupied by Gonzalo de Saavedra, Tarifa returned to the nominal status of "", while largely controlled by the former. The mid-century 15th-century saw the fostering of positive collaboration with the Portuguese across the strait.


title: Tarifa

text: After 1492, Tarifa lost part of its military value. Owing to its good pastures, husbandry played a notable role in the economy. It however lacked land dedicated to cereal crops. Already since the conquest and increasingly in the late middle ages, fishing activity provided riches to Tarifa, and an industry of the "almadraba" around tuna had developed in the early 16th century. In the early 16th century, the city became part of the seigneurial land of the Adelantado Mayor de Andalucía. Population increased in the 16th century, with around 3,500–4,000 inhabitants by 1587.


title: Tarifa

text: In 1514 it became the seat of a marquisate (Marquiss of Tarifa), including also Bornos, Espera and Alcalá de los Gazules.


title: Tarifa

text: In the course of the Peninsular War, Tarifa was besieged by French troops on 20 December 1810, and again on 18 December 1811. In both of these cases the town was defended by British troops from Gibraltar as the Spanish and British were allies against the French. During the 1811–12 Siege of Tarifa there were 3,000 defending troops with 1,200 of those British, including Colonel Charles Holloway who as commanding Royal Engineer made improvements to Tarifa's defences.


title: Tarifa

text: On 19 December the town was attacked again by General Laval, who bombarded the town over Christmas to the point where surrender was demanded on 30 December. Both the British and Spanish commanders refused to comply and their defiance was rewarded by rain that started the next day. By 5 January the attacking force realised that their powder was wet and their guns were bogged down in mud, and retreated.


title: Tarifa

text: The name "Tarifa" is derived from the name of the Umayyad Caliphate military commander, Tarif ibn Malik.


title: Tarifa

text: At exactly 36 degrees latitude, the Punta de Tarifa is the southernmost point of continental Europe. (The only parts of Europe farther south are islands - including the Greek island of Gavdos, which is the southernmost point of Europe.) The North African capitals of Algiers and Tunis actually lie farther north than Tarifa.


title: Tarifa

text: Tarifa features a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa), bordering a warm-summer (Csb) Mediterranean climate according to the Köppen climate classification. The influence of the ocean creates a very small annual variation in temperatures. The average daily high in the hottest month, August, is only 9.3°C above the average lowest temperature during the month of January, and more than 10°C cooler than temperatures experienced further inland in the Guadalquivir valley. Thus Tarifa features a unique microclimate. Summers are strongly moderated by the cool waters of the Atlantic Ocean much more so than neighbouring cities along Spain's Mediterranean and Atlantic coast. Likewise, winters are some of the mildest in continental Europe. Rain falls primarily during the winter, with summer being largely dry as is the norm in this type of climate.


title: Tarifa

text: Tarifa is located within the Intercontinental Mediterranean Biosphere Reserve, a renowned place to watch migrating birds, in particular the storks which cross the Straits of Gibraltar in spring and autumn. Also whale and dolphin watching can be done as there are several species living on the 14 kilometre-wide Straits, for instance the common dolphin, Pilot whale, sperm whale and orca.


title: Tarifa

text: There are regular ferry services connecting Tarifa with Tangier (40 minutes) and Ceuta (1 hour) from the ferry port .


title: Tarifa

text: Bus services run from the bus station on Calle Batalla de Salado. There are regular services between Tarifa and Algeciras, about 20 km to the northeast, and Seville about 200 km to the north. Direct buses also run to Málaga and Cádiz. In high summer a special kitesurfing bus runs along the A7 between Tarifa bus station and Camping Jardin de las Dunas, stopping at popular hotels and campsites along the route.


title: Tarifa

text: There is a taxi rank on the Avenida Andalucía. It is about 5 minutes walk from the bus station and is located just outside the Puerto de Jerez (the main entrance to the old town) at the junction of Avenida Andalucía and Calle Batalla de Salado.


title: Tarifa

text: The intentional community "Molino de Guadalmesi", which is part of the Global Ecovillage Network (GEN), is located about 13 km north-east from Tarifa.


title: Baarle-Nassau

text: Baarle-Nassau () is a municipality and town in the southern Netherlands, located in the province of North Brabant. It had a population of in . The town is the site of a complicated borderline between Belgium and the Netherlands, with 22 small exclaves of the Belgian town Baarle-Hertog, some of which contain counter-exclaves of Nassau.


title: Baarle-Nassau

text: Baarle-Nassau is closely linked, with complicated borders, to the Belgian exclaves of Baarle-Hertog. Baarle-Hertog consists of 26 separate parcels of land. Apart from the main parcel, known as Zondereigen and located north of the Belgian town of Merksplas, there are 22 Belgian exclaves in the Netherlands and three other parcels on the Dutch-Belgian border. There are also six Dutch exclaves located within the largest Belgian exclave, one within the second-largest, and an eighth within Zondereigen. The smallest Belgian parcel, H7, locally named , measures .


title: Baarle-Nassau

text: The border's complexity results from numerous medieval treaties, agreements, land-swaps and sales between the Lords of Breda and the Dukes of Brabant. Generally speaking, predominantly agricultural or built environments became constituents of Brabant, while other parts devolved to Breda. These distributions were ratified and clarified as a part of the borderline settlements arrived at during the Treaty of Maastricht in 1843.


title: Baarle-Nassau

text: For clarification and the interest of tourists, the border is made visible on all streets with iron pins. This way it is always clear whether one is in Belgium (Baarle-Hertog) or in the Netherlands (Baarle-Nassau). This is also visible on the house numbers: the style of house numbers is different in both countries, and often one will find the Dutch or Belgian flag next to the number.


title: Baarle-Nassau

text: These are all part of Baarle-Hertog municipality, and are surrounded by Baarle-Nassau municipality (Netherlands).


title: Baarle-Nassau

text: Baarle-Nassau has two primary schools: Basisschool De Uilenpoortand and Bernardusschool, the latter in the Ulicoten section. There is a single secondary school in Baarle-Nassau, De La Salle, which has , lower , and levels.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: The 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season was a near average tropical cyclone season within the South Pacific Ocean to the east of 160°E. The season officially started from November 1, 2021, and officially ended on April 30, 2022, however a tropical cyclone could form at any time between July 1, 2021, and June 30, 2022, and would count towards the season total. During the season, tropical cyclones will be officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology and New Zealand's MetService. The United States Armed Forces through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center will also monitor the basin and issue unofficial warnings for American interests. The FMS attaches a number and an F suffix to tropical disturbances that form in or move into the basin while the JTWC designates significant tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix. The BoM, FMS and MetService all use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale and estimate windspeeds over a period of ten minutes, while the JTWC estimated sustained winds over a 1-minute period, which are subsequently compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale .


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: Ahead of the cyclone season formally starting, the Fiji Meteorological Service , Australian Bureau of Meteorology , New Zealand's MetService and National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2021. The outlook took into account the ENSO neutral conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analogue seasons, that had ENSO neutral and La Nina conditions occurring during the season. The outlook called for a near-average number of tropical cyclones for the 2021–22 season, with nine to twelve named tropical cyclones, predicted to occur between 135°E and 120°W, compared to an average of just over 10. At least four of the tropical cyclones were expected to intensify further and become severe tropical cyclones, while it was noted that a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone could occur during the season.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, the FMS and the BoM issued their own seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region. The BoM issued two seasonal forecasts for the Southern Pacific Ocean, for their self-defined eastern and western regions of the South Pacific Ocean. They predicted that the Western region between 142.5°E and 165°E, had a 59% chance of seeing activity above its average of 4 tropical cyclones. The BoM also predicted that the Eastern Region between 165°E and 120°W, had a 46% chance of seeing activity above its average of 6 tropical cyclones. Within their outlook the FMS predicted that between four and six tropical cyclones would occur within the basin compared to an average of around 7. At least one of these tropical cyclones was expected to intensify further and become a Category 3 or higher severe tropical cyclone.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: On December 13, Tropical Cyclone Ruby moved into the basin from the Australian region, as a Category 2 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale. It dissipated four days later, on December 17.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: On December 17, the FMS reported that a tropical disturbance had developed in an area of low vertical wind shear, about to the northeast of Port Vila in Vanuatu. The FMS designated the tropical disturbance as "02F". Deep convection associated with the system persisted on a convergence line, away from the system's low-level circulation center. By December 20 the FMS issuing their final warning.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: On January 5, the FMS reported that a tropical disturbance had developed. It was designated as "03F".


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: 03F caused heavy rain in Fiji as a tropical depression, leading to flooding and infrastructure damage. 4,000 people had to be evacuated from their homes. On January 10, a man drowned in Fiji while attempting to cross a flooding river.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: During February 6, Tropical Low 18U moved into the basin from the Australian region and was classified as Tropical Disturbance 08F by the FMS. On February 8, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) for the system, it was upgraded to a tropical depression by the FMS. The next day, the JTWC issued its first warning on the system, classifying it as "Tropical Cyclone 11P" and the FMS reported that the depression had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale and named it "Dovi".


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: On February 10, Dovi continued to move south-southwest and made landfall on Isle of Pines in New Caledonia, where it became slow-moving and intensified into a category 2 system. The FMS reported that the system intensified to a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained winds of 65 kn (120 km/h; 75 mph) while the JTWC reported that Dovi had become equivalent to a Category 1 system on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) as a defined eye began to clear on infrared satellite imagery.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: At around 00:00 UTC on February 11, Dovi moved into MetService's area of responsibility and the FMS ceased advisories on the system. Three hours later, MetService subsequently reported that cyclone reached to a category 4 system. Despite MetService reporting a peak of 10-minute sustained winds of 95 kn (175 km/h; 110 mph), the JTWC only reported a peak of 1-minute sustained winds of 80 kn (150 km/h; 90 mph). Dovi weakened into a Category 3 system as it began extratropical transition, with the JTWC issuing their final advisory that day. MetService reclassified it as an extratropical low the next day. On February 12 UTC (Sunday 13 February NZDT), Dovi made landfall as an extratropical storm in the Waitomo District in New Zealand's North Island. Severe weather was felt across much of the island, with heavy rain causing flooding and slips.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: Dovi caused widespread flooding in both Vanuatu and New Caledonia, with the heavy winds also bringing down power and telephone lines in New Caledonia. Authorities in New Caledonia issued a rescue alert across the territory. The town of Featherston was placed under a boil water notice after flooding contaminated the town's water supply. Heavy wind brought down trees, damaging property and causing widespread power outages, while the Auckland Harbour Bridge was closed to traffic. The worst affected regions were Wellington, Taranaki, Waikato, and Auckland. $54,840,000 NZD of damage was done by Dovi in New Zealand. One person was seriously injured in Raglan after a tree fell onto the car they were driving.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: During April 3, the FMS and the BoM started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 10F/31U, which had developed about to the northwest of Port Vila in Vanuatu. The next day, in an unofficial bulletin, the JTWC classified the system as a "tropical cyclone", when it reached 35 knots on the Saffir-Simpson scale.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: During May 16, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 11F had developed, about 600 km (375 mi) to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu. At this time, the system had a broad low-level circulation centre, which had light winds of 5–10 mph (10–20 km/h) associated with it. Over the next day, atmospheric convection consolidated over the low level circulation center, within a favourable environment for further development with robust outflow, low-moderate vertical windshear and warm sea-surface temperatures of around 29–30 °C (84–86 °F). As a result, the JTWC issued a tropical cyclone formation alert (TCFA) on the disturbance and warned that there was a high potential for the disturbance to develop into a tropical cyclone, as it moved south-westwards towards Vanuatu. The FMS subsequently reported that the disturbance had developed into a tropical depression, while it was located about 435 km (270 mi) to the northeast of Port Vila. The JTWC subsequently cancelled the TCFA during May 18, after the depression had veered westwards from its south-westwards track, into an area of high vertical wind shear, while its low level circulation became fully exposed and decoupled from its central deep overcast.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: Later that day, the JTWC initiated advisories on the depression and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 26P, after a fresh area of atmospheric convection had started to grow and expand over the low-level circulation. The FMS subsequently reported that the depression had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone and named it Gina, after winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) had been observed near the systems centre. The newly named system subsequently struggled to overcome the effects of the vertical windshear and maintain deep persistent atmospheric convection, as it moved south-westwards along the subtropical ridge of high pressure.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: Heavy rain associated with Gina caused flooding to be reported in various parts of Vanuatu, including at Port Vila's Bauerfield Airport which caused both domestic and international flights to be cancelled.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: On January 13, 2022, the Weather Prediction Center (WPC) noted a subtropical storm approximately to the west-southwest of the Juan Fernández Islands. The small storm dissipated the next day. Similar to previous storms that formed in this region, it was unofficially named "Humberto" by researchers.


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: Within the Southern Pacific, a tropical depression is judged to have reached tropical cyclone intensity should it reach winds of and it is evident that gales are occurring at least halfway around the center. With tropical depressions intensifying into a tropical cyclone between the Equator and 25°S and between 160°E - 120°W named by the FMS. However should a tropical depression intensify to the south of 25°S between 160°E and 120°W it will be named in conjunction with the FMS by MetService. Should a tropical cyclone move out of the basin and into the Australian region it will retain its original name. The names that were used for 2021–22 season are listed below:


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: If a tropical cyclone enters the South Pacific basin from the Australian region basin (west of 160°E), it will retain the name assigned to it by the BoM. The following storms were named in this manner:


title: 2021–22 South Pacific cyclone season

text: This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific to the east of longitude 160°E during the 2021–22 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, landfalls, deaths, and damages. All data is taken from RSMC Nadi and/or TCWC Wellington, and all of the damage figures are in 2021 or 2022 USD.


title: Map–territory relation

text: The map–territory relation is the relationship between an object and a representation of that object, as in the relation between a geographical territory and a map of it. Polish-American scientist and philosopher Alfred Korzybski remarked that "the map is not the territory" and that "the word is not the thing", encapsulating his view that an abstraction derived from something, or a reaction to it, is not the thing itself. Korzybski held that many people do confuse maps with territories, that is, confuse conceptual models of reality with reality itself. These ideas are crucial to general semantics, a system Korzybski originated.


title: Map–territory relation

text: The relationship has also been expressed in other terms, such as "the model is not the data", "all models are wrong", and Alan Watts' "The menu is not the meal." The concept is thus quite relevant throughout ontology and applied ontology regardless of any connection to general semantics per se (or absence thereof). Its avatars are thus encountered in semantics, statistics, logistics, business administration, semiotics, and many other applications.


title: Map–territory relation

text: A frequent coda to "all models are wrong" is that "all models are wrong (but some are useful)," which emphasizes the proper framing of recognizing map–territory differences—that is, how and why they are important, what to do about them, and how to live with them properly. The point is not that all maps are useless; rather, the point is simply to maintain critical thinking about the discrepancies: whether or not they are either negligible or significant in each context, how to reduce them (thus iterating a map, or any other model, to become a better version of itself), and so on.


title: Map–territory relation

text: The expression first appeared in print in "A Non-Aristotelian System and Its Necessity for Rigour in Mathematics and Physics", a paper that Alfred Korzybski gave at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in New Orleans, Louisiana on December 28, 1931. The paper was reprinted in "Science and Sanity", 1933, pp. 747–761. In this book, Korzybski acknowledges his debt to mathematician Eric Temple Bell, whose epigram "the map is not the thing mapped" was published in "Numerology".


title: Map–territory relation

text: The Belgian surrealist artist René Magritte illustrated the concept of "perception always intercedes between reality and ourselves" in a number of paintings including a famous work entitled "The Treachery of Images", which consists of a drawing of a pipe with the caption, "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" ("This is not a pipe").


title: Map–territory relation

text: In "Understanding Media", Marshall McLuhan expanded this argument to electronic media with his introduction of the phrase "The Medium is the Message" (and later in the book titled "The Medium is the Massage".) media representations, especially on screens, are abstractions, or virtual "extensions" of what our sensory channels, bodies, thinking and feeling do for us in real life.


title: Map–territory relation

text: This concept occurs in the discussion of exoteric and esoteric religions. Exoteric concepts are concepts which can be fully conveyed using descriptors and language constructs, such as mathematics. Esoteric concepts are concepts which cannot be fully conveyed except by direct experience. For example, a person who has never tasted an apple will never fully understand through language what the taste of an apple is. Only through direct experience (eating an apple) that experience can be fully understood.


title: Map–territory relation

text: Lewis Carroll, in "Sylvie and Bruno Concluded" (1893), made the point humorously with his description of a fictional map that had "the scale of a mile to the mile". A character notes some practical difficulties with such a map and states that "we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well."


title: Map–territory relation

text: Jorge Luis Borges's one-paragraph short story "On Exactitude in Science" (1946) describes a map that has the same scale as its territory.


title: Map–territory relation

text: Laura Riding, in her poem "The Map of Places" (1927), deals with this relation: "The map of places passes. The reality of paper tears."


title: Map–territory relation

text: The economist Joan Robinson (1962): "A model which took account of all the variegation of reality would be of no more use than a map at the scale of one to one."


title: Map–territory relation

text: Korzybski's argument about the map and the territory also influenced the Belgian surrealist writer of comics Jan Bucquoy for a storyline in his comic "Labyrinthe": a map can never guarantee that one will find the way out, because the accumulation of events can change the way one looks at reality.


title: Map–territory relation

text: Author Robert M. Pirsig uses the idea both theoretically and literally in his book "" when the main character/author becomes temporarily lost due to an over reliance on a map, rather than the territory that the map describes.


title: Map–territory relation

text: In 2010, French author Michel Houellebecq published his novel, "La carte et le territoire", translated into English as "The Map and the Territory". The title was a reference to Alfred Korzybski's aphorism. The novel was awarded the French literary prize, the Prix Goncourt.


title: Map–territory relation

text: Author James A. Lindsay made the idea that the map is not reality a primary theme of his 2013 book "Dot, Dot, Dot: Infinity Plus God Equals Folly". In it, he argues that all of our scientific theories, mathematics, and even the idea of God are conceptual maps often confused "for the terrain" they attempt to explain. In a foreword to the book, physicist Victor J. Stenger expresses agreement with this point of view.


title: Map–territory relation

text: Ralph Rumney (5 June 1934 – 6 March 2002), English artist, and member of the Situationist International titled one of his autobiographical memoirs "The Map is not the Territory."


title: Map–territory relation

text: Gregory Bateson, in "Form, Substance and Difference", from "Steps to an Ecology of Mind" (1972), argued the essential impossibility of knowing what any actual territory is. Any understanding of any territory is based on one or more sensory channels reporting adequately but imperfectly:


title: Map–territory relation

text: Elsewhere in that same volume, Bateson argued that the usefulness of a map (a representation of reality) is not necessarily a matter of its literal truthfulness, but its having a structure analogous, for the purpose at hand, to the territory. Bateson argued this case at some length in the essay "The Cybernetics of “Self”: A Theory of Alcoholism" (1971).


title: Map–territory relation

text: To paraphrase Bateson's argument, a culture that believes that common colds are transmitted by evil spirits, that those spirits fly out of people when they sneeze, can pass from one person to another when they are inhaled or when both handle the same objects, etc., could have just as effective a "map" for public health as one that substituted microbes for spirits.


title: Map–territory relation

text: Another basic quandary is the problem of accuracy. Jorge Luis Borges' "On Exactitude in Science" (1946) describes the tragic uselessness of the perfectly accurate, one-to-one map:


title: Map–territory relation

text: A more extreme literary example, the fictional diary of Tristram Shandy is so detailed that it takes the author one "year" to set down the events of a single "day" – because the map (diary) is more detailed than the territory (life), yet must fit into the territory (diary written in the course of his life), it can never be finished. Such tasks are referred to as "supertasks".


title: Map–territory relation

text: With this quotation of Josiah Royce, Borges describes a further conundrum of when the map is contained within the territory, infinite regress:


title: Map–territory relation

text: Neil Gaiman retells the parable in reference to storytelling in "Fragile Things" (it was originally to appear in "American Gods"):


title: Map–territory relation

text: The development of electronic media blurs the line between map and territory by allowing for the simulation of ideas as encoded in electronic signals, as Baudrillard argues in "Simulacra and Simulation" (1994, p. 1):


title: Map–territory relation

text: The philosopher David Schmidtz draws on this distinction in his book "Elements of Justice", apparently deriving it from Wittgenstein's private language argument.


title: Map–territory relation

text: The fundamental trade-off between accuracy and usability of a map, particularly in the context of modelling, is known as Bonini's paradox, and has been stated in various forms, poetically by Paul Valéry: "Everything simple is false. Everything which is complex is unusable."


title: Map–territory relation

text: Historian of religion Jonathan Z. Smith concluded his eponymous essay collection, "Map is not Territory" with a rejoinder to scholars that echoes the Borgesian analysis (1978, p. 309):


title: Carlo Cudicini

text: Carlo Cudicini (; born 6 September 1973) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is the son of the former Milan goalkeeper Fabio Cudicini, and the grandson of Ponziana defender Guglielmo Cudicini. Cudicini is currently a club ambassador and loan player technical coach at Chelsea.


title: Carlo Cudicini

text: Cudicini started his professional career at Serie A side Milan in 1992, but struggled to break into the first team and was loaned to Como before moving to Prato and then Lazio in 1996. Having only made a single league appearance for Lazio, he moved a year later to Castel di Sangro and then to Premier League side Chelsea in 1999, initially on loan. He dislodged Ed de Goey from the number one spot and was voted Chelsea's Player of the Year for the 2001–02 season and remained first choice until Petr Čech was signed in 2004. Cudicini left Chelsea in January 2009, having made 141 league appearances for the club, and joined local rivals Tottenham Hotspur. At Tottenham, he remained second- or third-choice throughout his spell, and only made 19 league appearances for the club. In 2013, Cudicini signed for Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer, where he played the final season of his career.


title: Carlo Cudicini

text: Cudicini played 20 times for the Italy under-18 team between 1990 and 1992, and made a single appearance for the under-21 team, but never played for the senior team. In 2003, during his successful period at Chelsea, The Football Association attempted to select him for the England national team, but he was ineligible.


title: Carlo Cudicini

text: Cudicini made only two appearances for Milan (1992–95) in the Champions League, one in the Coppa Italia and none in Serie A during that period in the club's history. He featured on the bench in the 1993 Champions League final against Marseille. He was loaned to Como for a season in 1993–94, and was subsequently transferred to Prato in 1995, and then to Lazio in 1996 where he suffered a serious wrist injury, and consequently only made one senior appearance. He then moved to Castel di Sangro in 1997, where his injury problems persisted. However, he was recommended to the Chelsea manager Gianluca Vialli by his friend, the Lazio goalkeeper Luca Marchegiani, and was sold to Chelsea for a fee of £300,000 in 1999.


title: Carlo Cudicini

text: After making his debut against Skonto Riga in a UEFA Champions League qualifier, Cudicini ended his first season at Chelsea with just 3 appearances in all competitions. He was however on the bench as Chelsea won the 2000 FA Cup Final. The following season, he started to appear more regularly and shared the starting spot with Ed de Goey (Cudicini started 23 league games, De Goey 15). Despite a brief challenge from Mark Bosnich in the 2001–02 season, he retained his first team place with a string of excellent performances.


title: Carlo Cudicini

text: He was voted Chelsea's Player of the Year for the 2001–02 season by fans, reflecting the value he added to a team struggling for consistency. In December 2001, he saved two penalties in a span of seven days from Sunderland's Kevin Phillips and Liverpool's Gary McAllister.