title: People's National Party

text: The PNP was defeated in the first universal elections held in Jamaica in 1944, winning only four of the 32 seats (one elected independent joined the party afterwards). The 1949 Jamaican general election was much closer. The PNP received more votes (203,048) than the JLP (199,538), but the JLP secured more seats; 17 to the PNP's 13. Two seats were won by independents. The voter turnout was 65.2%.


title: People's National Party

text: In 1954, the PNP expelled Richard Hart, a Marxist, and three other PNP members for their (alleged) communist views. The other three members were Frank Hill, Ken Hill and Arthur Henry, and they were collectively referred to as "the four Hs". Under "the four Hs", the unions they officered had the largest following of any union outside of the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union.


title: People's National Party

text: Hart and the other members of "the four Hs" were very active in the trade union movement in Jamaica. In the 1940s and 1950s. Hart worked as a member of the Executive Committee of the Trade Union Council from 1946 to 1948. He served as Assistant Secretary of the Caribbean Labour Congress from 1945 to 1946 and Assistant Secretary from 1947 to 1953.


title: People's National Party

text: The expulsion of the 'Four Hs' signalled a parting of ways between the PNP and the Trade Union Congress (TUC), which was aligned to the PNP. The National Workers Union (NWU) effectively filled the vacuum left by the TUC.


title: People's National Party

text: The PNP came to office 1955, and held power until just before independence in 1962. In the 1955 Jamaican general election, the PNP won for the first time, securing 18 out of 32 seats. The JLP ended up with 14 seats, and there were no independents. The voter turnout with 65.1%. As a result, Norman Manley became the new chief minister.


title: People's National Party

text: The 1959 Jamaican general election was held on 28 July 1959, and the number of seats was increased to 45. The PNP secured a wider margin of victory, taking 29 seats to the JLP's 16.


title: People's National Party

text: During this period of government, it promoted actively reformist social democratic policies, including opening secondary education to many poorer Jamaicans through state funding of scholarships.


title: People's National Party

text: In the 1961 Federation membership referendum Jamaica voted 54% to leave the West Indies Federation. After losing the referendum, Manley took Jamaica to the polls in April 1962, to secure a mandate for the island's independence. On 10 April 1962, of the 45 seats up for contention in the 1962 Jamaican general election, the JLP won 26 seats and the PNP 19. The voter turnout was 72.9%.


title: People's National Party

text: This resulted in the independence of Jamaica on 6 August 1962, and several other British colonies in the West Indies followed suit in the next decade. Bustamante had replaced Manley as premier between April and August, and on independence, he became Jamaica's first prime minister.


title: People's National Party

text: On 21 February, in the 1967 Jamaican general election, the JLP were victorious again, winning 33 out of 53 seats, with the PNP taking 20 seats.


title: People's National Party

text: In 1972, under the leadership of Norman Manley's son Michael Manley, the PNP returned to office committed to democratic socialism and a foreign policy focused on strengthening relations with the Global South. The PNP won 37 seats to the JLP's 16. In the 1976 Jamaican general election, the PNP won another landslide, winning 47 seats to the JLP's 13. The turnout was a very high 85 percent.


title: People's National Party

text: In 1980, after several years characterised by inflation and rising unemployment, the JLP led by Edward Seaga overwhelmingly defeated the PNP in a campaign noteworthy for its alarming level of violence. The JLP won 51 seats to the PNP's nine seats.


title: People's National Party

text: Manley led the party in a boycott of the snap election called in 1983. The party was absent from parliament for more than five years. The PNP was returned to office under Manley's leadership in 1989, winning 45 seats to the JLP's 15.


title: People's National Party

text: Manley retired from politics in 1992, and was replaced as party leader by P. J. Patterson. Patterson led the PNP to victory in 1993, 1997, and 2002, becoming the first political leader in Jamaican history to win three successive general elections. In 1993, the PNP won 52 seats to the JLP's eight seats, and in 1997 the PNP won 50 of the 60 seats available.


title: People's National Party

text: In the 2002 election, held on 16 October 2002, the party won 52.2% of the popular vote and 34 of the 60 seats in the House of Representatives.


title: People's National Party

text: On 26 February 2006, Portia Simpson-Miller was elected as Patterson's successor, becoming the first female president of the PNP, and became the first female Prime Minister of Jamaica. The PNP lost the August 2007 election to the JLP by a narrow margin of 32 seats to 28, with a turnout of 61.46%. This election ended 18 years of PNP rule, and Bruce Golding became the new prime minister.


title: People's National Party

text: In the 29 December 2011 general election, the PNP was returned to power with 42 of the 63 seats in Jamaica's parliament. At first, 41 seats were counted in favour of the PNP. A recount with official results cost the former agriculture minister, Christopher Tufton, his seat, putting the PNP at 42 and the JLP at 21. The number of seats had been increased to 63, and the voter turnout was 53.17%.


title: People's National Party

text: On 5 January 2012, Portia Simpson-Miller was sworn in as Prime Minister for the second time in her political career. On the following day, she assigned 20 cabinet ministers to various ministries, and eight state ministers.


title: People's National Party

text: In the 2016 Jamaican general election on 25 February, Simpson-Miller lost to Andrew Holness by a narrow margin. A recount granted the PNP an additional seat, resulting in a one-seat loss. The PNP won 31 seats to the JLP's 32. As a result, Simpson-Miller became Opposition Leader for a second time. The voter turnout dipped below 50% for the first time, registering just 48.37%.


title: People's National Party

text: Following calls from within her own party for her to step down as party leader, Simpson-Miller announced she would not seek re-election on 4 December 2016. She was replaced by Peter Phillips, the Shadow Minister of Finance and former rival, on 26 March 2017. She stepped down as an MP in June 2017.


title: People's National Party

text: In the September 2020 general elections, the PNP returned to the opposition benches winning a paltry 14 of the 63 seats in the Jamaican parliament in what was described as a political carnage toppling the hierarchy of the PNP. Many senior and well-established party members lost their seats, including Peter Bunting, Dayton Campbell, Fenton Ferguson, Horace Dalley, Ian Hayles, Luther Buchanan, Wykeham McNeill, Dwayne Vaz and Richard Azan. On 4 September 2020 Peter Phillips announced that he would step down as Opposition Leader and retire from representational politics. The turnout at this election was just 37%, probably affected by the coronavirus pandemic.


title: People's National Party

text: On 7 November 2020 the PNP elected Mark Golding as its 6th President after he defeated challenger Lisa Hanna in the 2020 People's National Party leadership election by 1,740 votes to 1,444.


title: People's National Party

text: The party adheres to social democracy and republicanism, and is an observer member of the Socialist International.


title: Samuel DiPiazza

text: Samuel A. DiPiazza Jr. is a former CEO of PricewaterhouseCoopers, and is the current chairman of Warner Bros. Discovery.


title: Samuel DiPiazza

text: He received dual degrees in accounting and economics from the University of Alabama where he became a member of Theta Chi Fraternity. He then went on to get his Master of Accountancy from the University of Houston. He is a licensed CPA.


title: Samuel DiPiazza

text: Samuel DiPiazza is on the board of the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation. On October 12, 2005, Samuel DiPiazza was appointed to a second four-year term as chairman of the PricewaterhouseCoopers global, beginning on January 1, 2006. He stepped down as the global chairman on June 30, 2009, making way for Dennis Nally.


title: Samuel DiPiazza

text: On January 21, 2014, Samuel DiPiazza was elected to the ProAssurance board of directors as the Chairman of the Audit Committee.


title: Samuel DiPiazza

text: Samuel DiPiazza is also chairman of the board of trustees of the Mayo Clinic, a position he has held since February 2014.


title: 24/7 service

text: In commerce and industry, 24/7 or 24-7 service (usually pronounced "twenty-four seven") is service that is available at any time and usually, every day. An alternate orthography for the numerical part includes 24×7 (usually pronounced "twenty-four by seven"). The numerals stand for "24 hours a day, 7 days a week". Less commonly used, 24/7/52 (adding "52 weeks") and 24/7/365 service (adding "365 days") make it clear that service is available every day of the year.


title: 24/7 service

text: Synonyms include around-the-clock service (with/without hyphens) and all day every day, especially in British English, and nonstop service, but the latter can also refer to other things, such as public transport services which go between two stations without stopping.


title: 24/7 service

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary" (OED) defines the term as "twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week; constantly". It lists its first reference to 24/7 to be from a 1983 story in the US magazine "Sports Illustrated" in which Louisiana State University player Jerry Reynolds describes his jump shot in just such a way: 24-7-365.


title: 24/7 service

text: 24/7 service might be offered by a supermarket, convenience store, ATM, automated online assistant, filling station, restaurant, concierge services or a staffed datacenter, or a staffing company that specializes in providing nurses since often nurses cover shifts 24/7 at hospital which are open 24/7. 24/7 services may also include taxicabs, security services, and in densely populated urban areas, construction crews.


title: 24/7 service

text: Public 24/7 services often include those provided by emergency medical providers, police, fire and emergency telephone numbers, such as 9-1-1 in North America.


title: 24/7 service

text: Transport services like airports, airlines, and ferry services, and in some cases trains and buses, may provide 24-hour service. Examples of public transport services operating 24/7 include the New York City Subway, PATCO, the Copenhagen Metro, and two lines of the Chicago "L". Some public transportation services, including two lines of the SEPTA system, some lines of the London Underground, the Barcelona Metro, and the Istanbul Metro, only offer 24-hour service on Friday and Saturday nights.


title: 24/7 service

text: Industrial and manufacturing facilities—especially those that operate near or at capacity, or which depend upon processes (such as production lines) that are costly to suspend—often provide 24/7 services. Similarly, utilities generally must provide multiple 24/7 services. For instance, an electricity provider will handle outage reports 24/7 and dispatch emergency repair technicians 24/7, in addition to monitoring electrical infrastructure and producing electricity at all times. The same applies to telecommunications and internet service providers.


title: 24/7 service

text: 24/7 services that can utilize virtual offices, such as call centers, may employ daytime agents in alternating time zones.


title: 24/7 service

text: In some cases, 24/7 services may be temporarily unavailable under certain circumstances. Such scenarios may include scheduled maintenance, upgrades or renovation, emergency repair, and injunction. 24/7 services which depend upon the physical presence of employees at a given location may also be interrupted when a minimum number of employees cannot be present due to scenarios such as extreme weather, death threats, natural disasters, or mandatory evacuation.


title: 24/7 service

text: 24/7 services often employ complex schemes that ensure their resistance to potential disruption, resilience in the event of disruption, and minimum standards of overall reliability.


title: 24/7 service

text: Critical infrastructure may be supported by failover systems, electric generators, and satellite communications. In the event of catastrophic disaster, some 24/7 services prepare entirely redundant, parallel infrastructures, often in other geographic regions.


title: 24/7 service

text: 24/7 workplaces can put employees under conditions that limit their personal life choices and development. Calls for a rehumanisation of the 24/7 workplace have therefore been voiced. Some have also remarked on the "collective mania" especially in the US that takes a sort of pride in the "work at all times" attitude exemplified by the 24/7 concept.


title: 24/7 service

text: In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the Sunday trading laws prevent many stores from truly opening 24/7, but they sometimes advertise as such. Some core services such as filling stations are exempt from the law requiring them to close. A campaign against changing the law was supported by many bodies, including the Church of England, the Church in Wales, and many secular bodies in an effort called Keep Sunday Special.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Cerebral angiography is a form of angiography which provides images of blood vessels in and around the brain, thereby allowing detection of abnormalities such as arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: It was pioneered in 1927 by the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon, who also helped develop thorotrast for use in the procedure.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Typically a catheter is inserted into a large artery (such as the femoral artery) and threaded through the circulatory system to the carotid artery, where a contrast agent is injected. A series of radiographs are taken as the contrast agent spreads through the brain's arterial system, then a second series as it reaches the venous system.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: For some applications cerebral angiography may yield better images than less invasive methods such as computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: In addition, cerebral angiography allows certain treatments to be performed immediately, based on its findings. In recent decades, cerebral angiography has so assumed a therapeutic connotation thanks to the elaboration of endovascular therapeutic techniques. Embolization (a minimally invasive surgical technique) over time has played an increasingly significant role in the multimodal treatment of cerebral MAVs, facilitating subsequent microsurgical or radiosurgical treatment. Another type of treatment possible by angiography (if the images reveal an aneurysm) is the introduction of metal coils through the catheter already in place and maneuvered to the site of aneurysm; over time these coils encourage formation of connective tissue at the site, strengthening the vessel walls.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Prior to the advent of modern neuroimaging techniques such as MRI and CT in the mid-1970s, cerebral angiographies were frequently employed as a tool to infer the existence and location of certain kinds of lesions and hematomas by looking for secondary vascular displacement caused by the mass effect related to these medical conditions. This use of angiography as an "indirect" assessment tool is nowadays obsolete as modern non-invasive diagnostic methods are available to image many kinds of primary intracranial abnormalities directly. It is still widely used however for evaluating various types of vascular pathologies within the skull.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Cerebral angiography is used for diagnosis but may be followed by treatment procedures in the same setting. Cerebral angiography is used to image various intracranial (within the head) or extracranial (outside the head) diseases.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Intracranial diseases are: non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage, non-traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage, intracranial aneurysm, stroke, cerebral vasospasm, cerebral arteriovenous malformation (for Seltzer-Martin grading and plan for intervention), dural arteriovenous fistula, embolisation of brain tumours such as meningioma, cavernous sinus haemangioma, for Wada test, and to obtain haemodynamics of cerebral blood flow such as cross flow, circulation time, and collateral flow.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Extracranial diseases are: Subclavian steal syndrome, rupture of the carotid artery, carotid artery stenosis, cervical spine trauma, epistaxis (nose bleeding) and plan for embolisation of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma before operation.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Although computed tomography angiography (CTA) and Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has been used widely in evaluation of intracranial disease, cerebral angiography provides higher resolution on the conditions of blood vessel lumens and vasculature. Cerebral angiography is also the standard of detecting intracranial aneurysm and evaluating the feasibility of endovascular coiling.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Certain conditions such as contrast allergy, renal insufficiency, and coagulation disorders are contraindicated in this procedure.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Before the procedure, focused history and neurological examination is performed, available imaging, and blood parameters are reviewed. When reviewing imaging, arch anatomy and variants are evaluated to select suitable catheters to assess the vessels. Complete blood count is reviewed to ensure adequate amount of haemoglobin in subject's body, and to rule out the presence of sepsis. Serum creatinine is assessed to rule out renal dysfunction. Meanwhile, prothrombin time is assessed to rule out coagulopathy. Informed consent regarding the risks of the procedure is taken. Anticoagulants are withheld if possible. Fasting is required 6 hours before the procedure and insulin requirement is reduced by half for those diabetics who are fasting. Bilateral groins (for femoral artery access) and left arm/forearm (for brachial artery/radial artery access) are prepared. Neurological status of the patient before sedation or anesthesia is recorded.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Sedation drug such as intravenous midazolam and painkiller such as fentanyl can be used if the subject is restless or painful. The subject is then lie down on supine position with arm at the sides. Uncooperative subjects may have their forehead tapped to reduce motion. The subject is advised to stay as still as possible especially when fluoroscopy images are taken. The subject is also advised to avoid swallowing when images of neck are taken. These measures are taken to reduce motion artifact in the images.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Right common femoral artery (RFA) is the preferred site of access. If RFA access is not optimal, then brachial artery access is chosen. Either a micropuncture system or an 18G access needle can be used with or without ultrasound guidance. There are four types of catheters that can be used: angled vertebral catheter for usual cases, Judkins right coronary catheter (Terumo) for tourtous vessels, Simmons's catheter and Mani's head hunter catheter (Terumo) for extremely tortous vessels. A 5Fr sheath is also placed within and flushed with heparinised saline to prevent clotting around the sheath. In terms of guidewire, Terumo hydrophilic Glidewire 0.035 inches can be used.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: To prevent embolism (either due to blood clot or air embolism, "double flush" and "wet connect" techniques are used. In "double flush" technique, a saline syringe is used to aspirate blood from the catheter. Then, a second heparinised saline syringe is used to flush the catheter. "Wet connect" is the technique that connects syringe to a sheath without air bubbles within.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Digital subtraction angiography is the main technique of imaging the cerebral blood vessels. Catheter should be advanced over the guidewire. Rotating the catheter during advancement is also helpful. Roadmap (superimposing previous image on live fluoroscopic image) is used to advance catheters or guidewires before any vessel bifurcation can help to prevent vessel dissection. After the catheter is in position, guidewire is removed slowly with heparinised saline dripping into the catheter at the same time to prevent air embolism. Prior to contrast injection, backflow of the catheter should be established to ensure there is no wedging, dissection, or intracatheter clotting. During the catheterisation of vertebral artery, extra care should be taken to prevent vessel dissection or vasospasm. Delayed or incomplete contrast washout may indicate vasospasm or dissection.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Cervical arch angiogram is taken if there is any suspicion of aortic arch narrowing, or any anatomical variants such as bovine arch (brachiocephalic trunk shares a common origin with left common carotid artery). If such abnormality is present, it results it difficulty in cannulation of the main branches of the aortic arch. The catheter of choice to cannulate this area is pigtail catheter with multiple side holes. Contrast injection rate of 20 to 25ml/sec is given with total volume of 40 to 50 ml of contrast. The frame rate of fluoroscopy is 4 to 6 frames per second. The image is taken in with the x-ray tube in left anterior oblique position.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: To image the vessels of the neck such as common carotid, internal and external carotid arteries, AP, lateral, and 45 degrees bilateral oblique positions are taken. Contrast injection rate is 3 to 4 ml/sec with total volume of 7 to 9 ml. The frame rate of fluoroscopy is 3 to 4 frames/sec.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: To image the anterior cerebral circulation such as internal and external carotid arteries and its branches, AP, Towne's and lateral views are taken. The petrous part of the temporal bone should be superimposed at the mid or lower orbits when taking the AP/Towne's view. Contrast injection rate is 6 to 7 ml/sec with total volume of contrast at 10 ml. The frame rate of fluoroscopy is 2 to 4 frames/sec. Neck extension can help to navigate into tortous cerival part of the internal carotid artery.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: At the level of carotid bifurcation, AP and oblique images are taken. At the cavernous (C4) and ophthalmic segments (C6) of the internal carotid artery, Caldwell and lateral views are taken. At the supraclinoid segment (C5-clinoid, C6-ophthalmic, and C7-bifurcation to posterior communicating artery (PCOM) segments), AP view is used to access the terminal branches such as anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA) while oblique view (25 to 35 degrees) is used to access the ACA, anterior communicating artery (ACOM), and MCA bifurcations. Lateral view is useful to visualise the PCOM while submentovertical view is useful to project ACOM above the nasal cavity, thus making it easier to access the anatomy of ACOM. Transorbital oblique view is useful to access the MCA anatomy.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: To image the posterior circulation, such as vertebral and basilar arteries, AP, Towne's view, lateral projections near the back of the head and upper part of the neck is taken. In this case, petrous bone should be projected at the bottom or below the orbits to visualise the basilar artery and its branches in AP/Towne's view. The rate of injection is 3 to 5 ml/sec, for a total of 8ml. The fluoroscope will be catching images at a rate of 2 to 4 frames per second. Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) can be seen in AP view.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Any activation of primary collateral system (ACOM and PCOM arteries) or secondary collateral system (pial-pial and leptomeningeal-dural) in case of occlusion of internal carotid artery should also be documented. Leptomeningeal collaterals or pial collaterals are the small arterial connections that join the terminal branches of ACAs, MCAs, and PCAs on the surface of the brain.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Manual compression or percutaneous closure device can be used to stop the bleeding from common femoral artery. Groin haematoma should be monitored during intensive care unit (ICU) monitoring. The puncture should be immobilised (to prevent movement) for 24 hours post puncture. Neurological examination should be performed and new neurological deficit should be documented. Significant neurological changes should be evaluated with MRI scan or a repeat cerebral angiography to rule out acute stroke or vessel dissection. Painkiller should be administered if there is any puncture site pain.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: The most common complication is groin haematoma which occurs in 4% of those affected. Neurologic complications such as transient ischemic attack in 2.5% of the cases. There is also the risk of stroke with permanent neurological defect in 0.1% of the cases and may lead to death in 0.06%. Rarely, 0.3 to 1% of the cases experience cortical blindness from 3 minutes to 12 hours after the procedure. It is a condition where those affected experienced loss of vision with normal pupillary light reflex, and normal extraocular muscles movement. The condition can sometimes be accompanied by headaches, mental state changes, and memory losses.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Some risk factors of complications are if the subject is having subarachnoid haemorrhage, atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, frequent transient ischemic attacks, age more than 55 years, and poorly controlled diabetes. Besides, longer procedures, increased in number of catheter exchanges, and the use of larger size of catheters also increases the risk of complications.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Cerebral angiography was first described by Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire, Portuguese physician and politician in 1927. He performed this procedure on six patients. Two developed Horner's syndrome due to leaking of contrast material around the carotid artery, one developed temporary aphasia, and another died due to thromboembolism to the anterior circulation of the brain.


title: Cerebral angiography

text: Prior to the 1970s the typical technique involved a needle puncture directly into the carotid artery, as depicted in the 1973 horror film "The Exorcist", which was replaced by the current method of threading a catheter from a distant artery due to common complications caused by trauma to the artery at the puncture site in the neck (particularly hematomas of the neck, with possible compromission of the airway).


title: Daniell cell

text: The Daniell cell is a type of electrochemical cell invented in 1836 by John Frederic Daniell, a British chemist and meteorologist, and consists of a copper pot filled with a copper (II) sulfate solution, in which is immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid and a zinc electrode. He was searching for a way to eliminate the hydrogen bubble problem found in the voltaic pile, and his solution was to use a second electrolyte to consume the hydrogen produced by the first. Zinc sulfate may be substituted for the sulfuric acid. The Daniell cell was a great improvement over the existing technology used in the early days of battery development. A later variant of the Daniell cell called the gravity cell or crowfoot cell was invented in the 1860s by a Frenchman named Callaud and became a popular choice for electrical telegraphy.


title: Daniell cell

text: The Daniell cell is also the historical basis for the contemporary definition of the volt, which is the unit of electromotive force in the International System of Units. The definitions of electrical units that were proposed at the 1881 International Conference of Electricians were designed so that the electromotive force of the Daniell cell would be about 1.0 volts. With contemporary definitions, the standard potential of the Daniell cell at 25 °C is actually 1.10 V.


title: Daniell cell

text: In the Daniell cell, copper and zinc electrodes are immersed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate and zinc sulfate, respectively. At the anode (negative electrode), zinc is oxidized as per the following half reaction:


title: Daniell cell

text: Note that positively charged copper ions move towards the positive electrode, driven by a reduction in chemical energy.


title: Daniell cell

text: These processes result in the accumulation of solid copper at the cathode and the corrosion of the zinc electrode into the solution as zinc cations.


title: Daniell cell

text: In classroom demonstrations, a form of the Daniell cell known as two half cells is often used due to its simplicity. The two half cells each support one half of the reactions described above. A wire and light bulb may connect the two electrodes. Excess electrons produced by the oxidation of zinc metal are “pushed” out of the anode, which is therefore the negative electrode, travel through the wire and are "pulled" into the copper cathode where they are consumed by the reduction of copper ions. This provides an electrical current that illuminates the bulb.


title: Daniell cell

text: Since neither half reaction will occur independently of the other, the two half cells must be connected in a way that will allow ions to move freely between them. A porous barrier or ceramic disk may be used to separate the two solutions while allowing the flow of sulfate ions. When the half cells are placed in two entirely different and separate containers, a salt bridge is often used to connect the two cells. The salt bridge typically contains a high concentration of potassium nitrate (a salt that will not interfere chemically with the reaction in either half-cell). In the above wet-cell during discharge, nitrate anions in the salt bridge move into the zinc half-cell in order to balance the increase in ions. At the same time, potassium ions from the salt bridge move into the copper half-cell in order to replace the ions being precipitated onto the copper electrode.


title: Daniell cell

text: If the cell is connected to a potential source (e.g. a battery charger) such that the potential difference of the source is slightly higher than the cell emf (1.1 V) then the current flow could be reversed and the reaction would become:


title: Daniell cell

text: Hence, the Daniell cell is "reversible," if the current drawn from (or fed to) it is small. The Daniell cell can be used to ‘generate’ electricity, by consuming an electrode, or to store electricity.


title: Daniell cell

text: Daniell first constructed his cell in 1836. His original design consisted of a 3.5 inch diameter copper cylinder. A copper disc perforated with numerous holes was placed across the cylinder recessed down from the top. A tube of ox gullet hung from a large hole in the centre of the perforated copper disc. A 0.5 inch diameter zinc rod hung inside this ox-gullet tube suspended from wooden supports. The copper vessel was filled with sulfuric acid solution saturated with copper sulfate to above the level of the perforated disc. The ox-gullet tube was filled with sulfuric acid solution. Copper sulfate crystals were piled on the perforated copper disc to keep the solution saturated. The ox-gullet acts as a porous membrane allowing passage of ions. Daniell states that a porous earthenware tube may be used instead of the ox gullet for practical ease but this arrangement will produce less power. Another suggestion made by Daniell to improve the cell was to replace the copper with platinum and copper sulfate with platinum chloride, but he remarks "such an arrangement would be perfect, but too costly for ordinary applications". It is the porous pot form of the cell that came to be widely used in telegraphy.


title: Daniell cell

text: The porous pot cell consists of a central zinc anode dipped into a porous earthenware pot containing a zinc sulfate solution. The porous pot is, in turn, immersed in a solution of copper sulfate contained in a copper can, which acts as the cell's cathode. The use of a porous barrier allows ions to pass through but keeps the solutions from mixing. Without this barrier, when no current is drawn the copper ions will drift to the zinc anode and undergo reduction without producing a current, which will shorten the battery's life. The replacement of sulfuric acid with zinc sulfate was the innovation of J. F. Fuller in 1853. It prolongs the life of the cell.


title: Daniell cell

text: Over time, copper buildup will block the pores in the earthenware barrier and cut short the battery's life. Nevertheless, the Daniell cell provides a longer and more reliable current than the Voltaic pile because the electrolyte deposited copper, which is a conductor, rather than hydrogen, which is an insulator, on the cathode. It is also safer and less corrosive. With an operating voltage of roughly 1.1 volts, it saw widespread use in telegraph networks until it was supplanted by the Leclanché cell in the late 1860s.


title: Daniell cell

text: Sometime during the 1860s, a Frenchman by the name of Callaud invented a variant of the Daniell cell which dispensed with the porous barrier. Instead, a layer of zinc sulfate sits on top of a layer of copper sulfate, the two liquids are kept separate by their differing densities, often with a layer of oil added on top to prevent evaporation. This reduces the internal resistance of the system and thus the battery yields a stronger current.


title: Daniell cell

text: This variant, called a gravity cell, consists of a glass jar in which a copper cathode sat on the bottom and a zinc anode is suspended beneath the rim in the zinc sulfate layer. Copper sulfate crystals are scattered around the cathode and the jar then filled with distilled water. As the current is drawn, a layer of zinc sulfate solution forms at the top around the anode. This top layer is kept separate from the bottom copper sulfate layer by its lower density and by the polarity of the cell. A disadvantage of the gravity cell is that a current has to be continually drawn to keep the two solutions from mixing by diffusion, so it is unsuitable for intermittent use. In addition, it was vulnerable to loss of integrity if too much electric current is drawn, which also causes the layers to mix.


title: Daniell cell

text: Sometimes called the crowfoot cell due to the distinctive shape of the electrodes, this arrangement is less costly for large multicell batteries and it quickly became the battery of choice for the American and British telegraph networks. Even after most telegraph lines started being powered by motor-generators, the gravity battery continued to be used in way stations to power the local circuit at least into the 1950s. In the telegraph industry, this battery was often assembled on site by the telegraph workers themselves, and when it ran down it could be renewed by replacing the consumed components. The zinc sulfate layer is clear in contrast to the deep blue copper sulfate layer, which allows a technician to determine the battery life with a glance. On the other hand, this setup means the battery could only be used in a stationary appliance, otherwise the solutions would mix or spill.


title: Daniell cell

text: A variant of the Daniell cell was invented in 1837 by the Guy's hospital physician Golding Bird who used a plaster of Paris barrier to keep the solutions separate. Bird's experiments with this cell were of some importance to the new discipline of electrometallurgy, but Bird himself did not pursue this field; his interest was in electrotherapy. A surprising result from Bird's experiments was the deposition of copper on the porous plaster and in veins running through it without any contact with the metal electrodes. So surprising, in fact, that it was at first disbelieved by electrochemical investigators, including Michael Faraday. Bird himself had to carefully examine his apparatus for inadvertent contact, perhaps through the growth of copper "whiskers", before he was convinced of the result. Deposition of copper, and other metals, had been previously noted, but always previously it had been metal on metal electrode.


title: Daniell cell

text: John Dancer, a Liverpool instrument maker, in 1838 was the first to take commercial advantage of the unique features of the Daniell cell for copper plating. In a process now known as electrotyping he found he could make objects to any desired shape by using the porous barrier as a mould. Many others, however, had made the same discovery and in a patent dispute with Thomas Spencer it was pointed out that Bird had priority for the principle. Credit for invention of electrotyping is usually given to the Russian Moritz von Jacobi.


title: Davichi

text: Davichi () is a South Korean pop duo formed in 2008. The duo consists of vocalists Lee Hae-ri and Kang Min-kyung. Their name, "Davichi", is derived from the Korean phrase "shining over everything" (다 비치).


title: Davichi

text: The duo has released three studio albums and six extended plays to date, and featured on several soundtracks for television dramas such as "Big" (2012), "" (2013), "It's Okay, That's Love" (2014), "Descendants of the Sun" (2016) and "" (2016). Since their debut with the single "I Love You Even Though I Hate You", they have experienced consistent commercial success, with seven number-one singles in Korea. They have a less pop aesthetic than usually defines K-pop and Hallyu, focusing more on power ballads influenced with R&B.


title: Davichi

text: The duo released their debut studio album, "Amaranth", on February 4, 2008. The promotional track "I Love You Even Though I Hate You" won the "Rookie of the Month" award for February at the Cyworld Digital Music Awards. The duo subsequently promoted the track "Sad Promise" from the album. On July 8, they released a repackaged edition of their first album titled "Vivid Summer Edition", with "Love and War" as the promotional single.


title: Davichi

text: In the final months of 2008, Davichi won awards for "Best New Artist" at the Mnet Asian Music Awards, Golden Disk Awards, and the Seoul Music Awards.


title: Davichi

text: On March 5, 2009, Davichi released the extended play "Davichi in Wonderland", with the lead single "8282". The song proved to be popular among the general public and continued Davichi's chart success.


title: Davichi

text: The following year on May 6, 2010, Davichi released their second EP, "Innocence", with the lead single "Time, Please Stop". The music video to the lead single featured T-ara's Eun-jung.


title: Davichi

text: On August 16, 2011, it was announced that Davichi would be releasing their third extended play, "Love Delight", later in the month. On August 27, it was revealed by Davichi's label, Core Contents Media, that the entire "Love Delight" album had been leaked on the internet. Despite the leak quickly making its way through internet portal sites, the company chose not to change the release date. "Love Delight" was released on August 29, along with the music video to their lead single, "Don't Say Goodbye". The song went on to chart at number one on Korea's "Gaon" Digital Chart and the "Billboard" K-Pop Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks.


title: Davichi

text: On October 7, 2012, it was announced that the members of Davichi would be leaving their label to form an independent company. However, less than one month later, it was revealed that the duo had retracted their decision to leave Core Contents Media and renewed their contracts.


title: Davichi

text: On March 3, 2013, the music video for the pre-release single "Turtle", from Davichi's second studio album "Mystic Ballad", was released. The music video starred 5dolls's member Hyoyoung. "Turtle" went on to chart at number one on South Korea's Gaon Single Chart. On March 18, Davichi released the title track "Just the Two of Us", along with the full album, which featured collaborations with Duble Sidekick, Verbal Jint, Jung Suk-won, and Ryu Jae-hyun. Promotions for "Just the Two of Us" began on March 21 on "M! Countdown". The single took the number one spot on "M! Countdown", marking Davichi's fifteenth music show win.


title: Davichi

text: On April 1, Davichi released the digital single "Be Warmed (feat. Verbal Jint)". The song was originally listed on the track listing for "Mystic Ballad", but was taken out for unknown reasons. The song was met with instant success in South Korea. On June 27, Davichi released the digital single album "Memories of Summer" with the track "Because I Miss You Today", which was produced by Choi Kyu-sung.


title: Davichi

text: On February 23, 2014, it was announced that Davichi's contract had expired and that a renewal of their contract with Core Contents Media seemed unlikely. It was soon later announced that the duo had indeed not re-signed, but that they would be releasing a final studio album with the company as a 'parting gift'. On June 4, Davichi released "Again", featuring Kim Tae-min, Park Sang-won, and F-ve Dolls's Seunghee. On June 18, the duo released "Pillow", a previously unreleased debut song. The EP "6,7" was digitally released the day after. On July 3, Davichi released "Don't Move" as their last single under Core Contents Media, with the music video featuring T-ara N4's Dani and Speed's Sungmin.


title: Davichi

text: On July 13, Davichi released "It's Okay, That's Love", which was featured throughout the SBS drama "It's Okay, That's Love". Shortly after that, on July 17, the duo signed an exclusive contract with CJ E&M after their contract with Core Contents Media expired.


title: Davichi

text: Davichi released new EP "Davichi Hug" on January 21, 2015, with the two lead singles, "Crying Again" and "Sorry, I'm Happy". The EP was released under the CJ E&M label MMO Entertainment. On December 16, they released the digital single "WHITE" featuring Jay Park, their first release under CJ E&M label B2M Entertainment.


title: Davichi

text: On October 13, 2016, Davichi released their sixth extended play, "50 x Half" with double title tracks "Beside Me" and "Love Is To Give". On October 28, Davichi announced their solo concert entitled Davichi In Tempo <50 X HALF>. Two concerts were held in Seoul at Yonsei University Grand Hall from December 30–31.


title: Davichi

text: On October 11, 2017, Davichi released their digital single titled "To Me". On December 15, 2017 Davichi announced their solo concerts entitled Davichi La êve Concert 2017 would be held in Seoul at Yonsei University Grand Hall from December 23–24.


title: Davichi

text: On January 16, 2018, B2M Entertainment announced that Davichi would be releasing their third studio album to celebrate their 10-year anniversary. Davichi released their third studio album "&10" on January 25 with the title track "Days Without You".


title: Davichi

text: Davichi released single "Unspoken Words" on May 17, 2019. The song lyrics about the heart of a woman who still misses her lover after a breakup.


title: Davichi

text: Davichi released new single "Just Hug Me" on April 12, 2021. The song was described as a mid-tempo ballad with lyrics about the woman who want her ex-lover to hug her warmly


title: Davichi

text: Davichi released new single "First Loss" on October 18, 2021. They also released the single "Everyday Christmas" on December 6, 2021.


title: Davichi

text: On May 16, 2022, Davichi released their seventh extended play, "Season Note", with the lead single "Fanfare".


title: Ghoulies

text: Ghoulies is a 1985 American horror comedy film directed by Luca Bercovici in his directorial debut, and co-written with producer Jefery Levy. It stars Peter Liapis, Lisa Pelikan, Michael Des Barres, Jack Nance, Scott Thomson, and Mariska Hargitay in her film debut. It is the first film in the "Ghoulies" film series and was followed by three sequels.


title: Ghoulies

text: During a ceremony with a satanic cult, Malcolm, the leader, is about to sacrifice his child named Jonathan Graves when his mother, Anastasia, places a talisman around his neck that shocks Malcolm. He orders a participant named Wolfgang to take the child away, and sacrifices her instead. At some point, Malcolm died and the cultists disbanded. Twenty-five years later, an adult Jonathan and his girlfriend Rebecca inherit his late father's estate, where they find several books on magic and a basement full of occult paraphernalia. When they later throw a party and invite their friends, Jonathan recruits them to perform a ritual in the basement for fun. Everyone leaves when nothing happens, but a small creature begins to materialize in the basement.


title: Ghoulies

text: The next day, Jonathan tells Rebecca of his decision to quit college and work on the estate instead, to which she expresses concern. While cleaning up the house, Malcolm's ghost influences Jonathan to go into the basement to perform another ritual. Rebecca's concern grows when Jonathan refuses to eat, explaining that he is fasting. That evening, he conjures several creatures called Ghoulies, and proclaims himself as their master, demanding them to hide their existence from everyone but him. One day, Rebecca comes home to find Jonathan performing a ritual, much to her shock. He explains that he is trying to learn about the parents he never knew, and promises to stop his behavior. While they both lay in bed, a Ghoulie secretly draws an occult diagram under the bed which prompts Jonathan to chant in another language, and a furious Rebecca leaves him.


title: Ghoulies

text: Jonathan summons two dwarves named Grizzel and Greedigut to his service, who promise to give him everything he desires. They explain that he must perform a dangerous ritual with seven other people to obtain the knowledge and power he seeks. Later, Rebecca returns and asks Jonathan to leave with her, but he refuses. He then reveals his glowing eyes to her and she runs away, but the dwarves bewitch her to return to Jonathan. He invites his friends and bewitches them to participate in the ritual. As Jonathan chants, Malcolm is resurrected from the grave. After the ceremony, Jonathan's friends remain oblivious and are invited to stay the night.


title: Ghoulies

text: Malcolm proclaims himself the real master to the Ghoulies and dwarves, and commands them to kill the group. Meanwhile, Jonathan apologizes to Rebecca and breaks the spell by placing the talisman around her neck, but she falls into a deep sleep. She eventually wakes up to see Jonathan in a trance, and runs away. After she removes the talisman around her neck, the Ghoulies attack her and she falls down a flight of stairs. Jonathan brings her to the basement to resurrect her, where he finds the dead bodies of his friends underneath sheets.


title: Ghoulies

text: Malcolm appears with the dwarves, revealing that he used Jonathan to resurrect him in order to capture his youth and sacrifice him. As a battle ensues, Malcolm resurrects Rebecca to distract Jonathan, but the dwarves alert him of the trap. Wolfgang appears with his own magical powers and fights off Malcolm. The house begins to crumble, and Wolfgang defeats Malcolm before they both disappear. Jonathan's friends and Rebecca are resurrected, and they escape to drive away as the dwarves watch. Riding with Jonathan and Rebecca, Mike asks about what happened, but Jonathan assures him it is over. However, Mike is alarmed when the Ghoulies rise behind him.


title: Ghoulies

text: "Ghoulies" originated as a one-location horror film by Luca Bercovici and his writing partner Jeffery Jevy. The concept was pitched by Bercovici to executive producer Charles Band, with whom he previously worked as an actor on the film "Parasite" (1982).


title: Ghoulies

text: Principal photography began on January 30, 1984, in Los Angeles, California, after being in pre-production for five months. During its fifth week of filming, Hemdale Film Corporation was initially set to handle the film's domestic distribution. However, the company remained uncredited when they later filed a lawsuit against executive producer Charles Band and Ghoulies Productions, citing "misrepresentation" after Band allegedly misled the company regarding the home video sales and distribution.


title: Ghoulies

text: Coincidentally, the film was in production at the same time as Joe Dante's film "Gremlins" (1984) which Warner Bros. briefly sued the filmmakers from using the name, but the latter lost. Halfway through shooting, Band ran out of money and the filmmakers scrambled funds for months, which allowed "Gremlins" to be released first.


title: Ghoulies

text: The film premiered in Los Angeles on January 18, 1985, opening in 350 theaters before premiering in New York on March 1.


title: Ghoulies

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" dismissed the film as "a cut-rate 'Gremlins'" with "unexceptional performances" and "a lot of badly simulated gore". "Variety" wrote that the film "has a quaint corniness about it, as of it were a cheapie horror movie from the 1950s ... Special effects and production values are mediocre, which in this case is part of the fun". Michael Wilmington of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote: "Cinematographer Mac Ahlberg contributes eerily lit camera work that occasionally achieves surprising atmosphere and delicacy, and John Carl Buechler's creations, the ghoulies themselves—foul, reptilian little beings coated with some obscene glittering, mucous-like moisture—have a certain nauseating charm. From there, however, it's a steep slide downhill". Kim Newman of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" called it "an unashamed rip-off which contrives to ignore its obvious inspiration ("Gremlins") and comes up with yet another prime example of the comic book-ish vitality, wit and simplicity which has become Band's trademark".


title: Ghoulies

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 8% approval rating, based on 13 reviews.


title: Singular value

text: In mathematics, in particular functional analysis, the singular values, or "s"-numbers of a compact operator formula_1 acting between Hilbert spaces formula_2 and formula_3, are the square roots of the (necessarily non-negative) eigenvalues of the self-adjoint operator formula_4 (where formula_5 denotes the adjoint of formula_6).


title: Singular value

text: The singular values are non-negative real numbers, usually listed in decreasing order ("σ"("T"), "σ"("T"), …). The largest singular value "σ"("T") is equal to the operator norm of "T" (see Min-max theorem).


title: Singular value

text: If "T" acts on Euclidean space formula_7, there is a simple geometric interpretation for the singular values: Consider the image by formula_6 of the unit sphere; this is an ellipsoid, and the lengths of its semi-axes are the singular values of formula_6 (the figure provides an example in formula_10).


title: Singular value

text: The singular values are the absolute values of the eigenvalues of a normal matrix "A", because the spectral theorem can be applied to obtain unitary diagonalization of formula_11 as formula_12. Therefore,


title: Singular value

text: Most norms on Hilbert space operators studied are defined using "s"-numbers. For example, the Ky Fan-"k"-norm is the sum of first "k" singular values, the trace norm is the sum of all singular values, and the Schatten norm is the "p"th root of the sum of the "p"th powers of the singular values. Note that each norm is defined only on a special class of operators, hence "s"-numbers are useful in classifying different operators.


title: Singular value

text: In the finite-dimensional case, a matrix can always be decomposed in the form formula_13, where formula_14 and formula_15 are unitary matrices and formula_16 is a rectangular diagonal matrix with the singular values lying on the diagonal. This is the singular value decomposition.


title: Singular value

text: Min-max theorem for singular values. Here formula_19 is a subspace of formula_20 of dimension formula_21.


title: Singular value

text: This concept was introduced by Erhard Schmidt in 1907. Schmidt called singular values "eigenvalues" at that time. The name "singular value" was first quoted by Smithies in 1937. In 1957, Allahverdiev proved the following characterization of the "n"th "s"-number:


title: UCI Road World Championships

text: The UCI Road World Championships are the annual world championships for bicycle road racing organized by the (UCI). The UCI Road World Championships consist of events for road race and individual time trial, and a mixed team relay.


title: UCI Road World Championships

text: All the world championship events are ridden by national teams, not trade teams such as in most other major races. The winner of each category is entitled to wear the rainbow jersey in races of that category (either mass start or time trial) until the next championships.


title: UCI Road World Championships

text: The first world championships took place in 1921, though the only event that was contested was the men's road race for amateurs. The first professional world championship took place in July 1927 at the Nürburgring in Germany where Italian Alfredo Binda won the professional men's race and Belgian Jean Aerts won the men's amateur race. The women's road race was introduced in 1958. A men's team time trial, contested by national teams, was introduced in 1962. Beginning in 1972, the team time trial was discontinued in Olympic years only. Individual time trials in all categories were added in 1994, which was also the last year for the original incarnation of the men's team time trial. In 2012, the men's team time trial was reinstated, and a women's team time trial added to the program; both were contested by trade teams. In 2019, the team time trial events for men and women were replaced by a mixed relay team time trial.


title: UCI Road World Championships

text: Until 1995, there were separate races for male professional and amateur riders. In 1996, the amateur category was replaced with a category for men under-23 years old, with the professional category becoming an open (later elite) category.


title: UCI Road World Championships

text: Since 1995, the race has been held towards the end of the European season in late September, usually following the . Before that, the event had always been a summer race, held in late August or the first week of September (except for 1970, when it was a mid-season summer event).


title: UCI Road World Championships

text: The world championships are located in a different city or region every year. The event can be held over a relatively flat course which favors cycling sprinters or a hilly course which favors a climbing specialist or all-rounder. In each case, the course is usually held on a circuit, of which the riders complete multiple laps.


title: UCI Road World Championships

text: The world championship road race and two of the three Grand Tours (namely the and the ) form the Triple Crown of Cycling.


title: UCI Road World Championships

text: Medal table includes only medals achieved in senior events. Mixed nation team events such as the Team Time Trial from 2012 to 2018 are excluded.


title: Universal Media Disc

text: The Universal Media Disc (UMD) is a discontinued optical disc medium developed by Sony for use on its PlayStation Portable handheld gaming and multimedia platform. It can hold up to 1.8 gigabytes of data and is capable of storing video games, feature-length films, and music. UMD was the trademark of Sony Computer Entertainment for their optical disk cartridge (ODC).


title: Universal Media Disc

text: While the primary application for UMD discs is as a storage medium for PSP games, the format is also used for the storage of motion pictures and, to a lesser degree, television shows for playback on the PSP. The video is encoded in the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC format, with the audio in ATRAC3plus or PCM. Video stored on UMD is typically encoded in 720×480 resolution, but is scaled down when displayed on the PSP.


title: Universal Media Disc

text: The American punk rock band The Offspring released their "" on the format. The BBC released a number of its programmes on UMD in the UK, including "The Office", "The Mighty Boosh", "Doctor Who" and "Little Britain". WWE also released some wrestler highlights and documentary content on UMD format, such as "The Monday Night Wars", "Jake "the Snake" Roberts: Pick Your Poison", and "WWE Raw Homecoming" (a special episode of "WWE Raw" celebrating the return to USA Network); the only WWE pay-per-view released on UMD format was WrestleMania XXIV.


title: Universal Media Disc

text: Tupac's performance, "Live at the House of Blues", was also released on the UMD, which also included several music videos, including "Hit 'Em Up".


title: Universal Media Disc

text: According to the official ECMA specification Sony designed the UMD to support two possible future enhancements and products.


title: Universal Media Disc

text: DVD region coding has been applied to most UMD movies and music. However, all PSP games are region-free.


title: Universal Media Disc

text: UMDs offer large capacity and the capability to store quality audio/video content; however, the format's proprietary nature and the lack of writers and blank media made adoption difficult. The UMD format never saw implementation on any device other than the PlayStation Portable, and as a result the market was very limited compared to those for other optical media formats. Buyers were generally put off by the high price of UMD releases, which often retailed at comparable prices to but lacked the extra content found on DVDs. Poor sales of UMD movies early in the format's life caused major studios like Universal and Paramount to rescind their support. Retail support of the format experienced similar troubles, and in 2006 Wal-Mart began phasing out shelf space devoted to UMD movies, with other chains soon following suit. By 2006 most non-specialty retail stores had stopped bringing in new UMD movies and no longer had a separate section devoted to them, with a few stray unsold titles mixed in among the regular PSP games.


title: Universal Media Disc

text: In August 2007, Multimedia Recovery brought to the market their UMD Replacement Case after many complaints from PlayStation Portable owners that the outer casing of the UMD disc was cracking or pulling apart due to the poor design, which causes the UMD to become unreadable in the PlayStation Portable.


title: Universal Media Disc

text: In late 2009, Sony began pushing developers away from the UMD format and towards digital distribution on the PlayStation Network in preparation for the launch of the digital-download-only PSP Go, which was the first (and only) PSP model to not include a UMD drive. However the system experienced lackluster sales compared to previous models, with most consumers still choosing the UMD-compatible PSP-3000 model, which continued to be sold alongside the PSP Go. Despite the earlier push for PlayStation Network releases around the PSP Go's launch, over half of the PSP's library was only ever available in UMD format including "" and "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep", though there have been a few PlayStation Network–only releases since the PSP Go's launch, such as "LocoRoco Midnight Carnival". Still, most new games continued to be distributed via UMD, and, aside from those published by SCE, not all have been released on PlayStation Network. In 2011, the PSP-E1000, a budget PSP model with a UMD slot but without Wi-Fi (and thus no internet connectivity), was released, and is the final revision of the PlayStation Portable.


title: Universal Media Disc

text: The successor of the PlayStation Portable, the PlayStation Vita, dropped UMD support entirely in a move similar to the PSP Go, focusing instead on digital downloads and opting for low-profile flash-based media for its retail software. The year 2014 marked the discontinuation of the PlayStation Portable, which rendered UMDs no longer available.


title: Universal Media Disc

text: UMD can be dumped into normal disc image files (.iso or .cso), using a cracked PSP for the optical drive. This file can be loaded by a cracked PSP or PS Vita from a MemoryStick, using a hacked version of the game download functionality.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: The Russia House is a 1990 American spy film directed by Fred Schepisi and starring Sean Connery, Michelle Pfeiffer, Roy Scheider, James Fox, John Mahoney, Klaus Maria Brandauer and director Ken Russell. Tom Stoppard wrote the screenplay based on John le Carré's 1989 novel of the same name. It was the first US motion picture to be shot substantially on location in the Soviet Union.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Bartholomew "Barley" Scott-Blair (Sean Connery), the head of a British publishing firm, arrives in Moscow on business. At a writers' retreat near Peredelkino, he speaks of an end to tensions with the West, heard by the mysterious "Dante" (Klaus Maria Brandauer), who demands that Barley promise to do the right thing if the opportunity arises.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: A few months later, unable to locate Barley at a trade show, a young Soviet named Katya Orlova (Michelle Pfeiffer) asks publisher Nicky Landau (Nicholas Woodeson) to give Barley a manuscript. Landau sneaks a look and delivers it to British government authorities. The manuscript is a document detailing the Soviet Union's capability for waging nuclear war. An investigation reveals "Dante" is renowned Soviet physicist Yakov Efraimovich Saveleyev, author of the manuscript.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: British intelligence officers track Barley to his holiday flat in Lisbon and interrogate him about his ties to Katya, but realize he knows as little as they do. MI6 realizes the manuscript is also of vital importance to the CIA, with both agencies seeking Barley to work on their behalf. British agent Ned (James Fox) gives Barley some fundamental training as a spy.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Barley returns to the Soviet Union to seek out Dante and confirm he is a genuine informant. He meets with Katya and is instantly smitten. Through her, he confirms that Dante is indeed Saveleyev, and he also denies to Katya that he is a spy.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: The British run the operation through its first phase while apprising the CIA of its results. The CIA team, headed by Russell (Roy Scheider), is concerned at the manuscript's description of the Soviet nuclear missile programme in complete disarray and suggests the United States has engaged in a pointless arms race.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Katya sets up a meeting with Yakov, going to great lengths to avoid being followed. Barley explains that the manuscript is in the hands of British and American authorities. Yakov feels betrayed, but Barley convinces him that the manuscript can still be published, and is given another volume of the manuscript after assuring Yakov he is sympathetic to the scientist's cause.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Impressed by the additional volume, Russell's boss Brady (John Mahoney) and U.S. military officer Quinn (J. T. Walsh) interrogate Barley to be certain of his loyalties. Russell states he would help the British operation out of a true ideological belief in , although this would not be good news to his "customers" in the weapons industry, who need an arms race for continued prosperity.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Convinced the manuscripts are truthful, the CIA and MI6 create a "shopping list" of questions to extract as much strategic warfare information as Dante can provide. "Russia House" handler Ned senses something is amiss with Barley, but the British-American team continues its plans.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Barley returns to the Soviet Union and declares his love to Katya, admitting he is an operative. Katya confesses that Yakov is not acting like himself and fears he may be under KGB observation or control. She gives Barley Yakov's address in Moscow.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Under full British-American surveillance, Barley takes the shopping list to Yakov's apartment. Ned suddenly concludes that the Soviets know all about the operation and will steal the list to learn what the British and Americans know, and is convinced that Barley has made a deal to turn over the questions to the KGB. Russell disagrees, and instructs the mission to proceed as planned. The meeting with Yakov is expected to be brief, but after seven hours, Russell admits he was wrong. The team must now pretend the questions were deliberately false.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Barley sends a note to Ned explaining that during a pre-arranged phone call to Katya, Dante used a code word to let her know that he had been compromised by the KGB and that her life was in danger. Barley admits he traded the shopping list to the Soviets, in exchange for the release of Katya and her family to the West. He admits his actions might be unfair, but tells Ned, "You shouldn't open other people's letters."


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Ned visits Barley, who has returned to his flat in Lisbon, to wait for Katya. When her ship arrives, Barley greets Katya and her family at the docks, ready to begin a new life with them.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: "The Russia House" was filmed from October to December 1989, mostly on location in Moscow and Leningrad. It was the first major American production to be filmed substantially in the Soviet Union. The film's opening and closing sequences were filmed on location in Lisbon, Portugal. The sequence at the safe house was shot on Bowen Island, near Vancouver, British Columbia. The remainder of the film was shot in London. The film was shot using an anamorphic process called Technovision.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: The critically acclaimed music to "The Russia House" was composed and conducted by veteran composer Jerry Goldsmith. The score featured a mixture of Russian music and jazz to complement the nationalities and characteristics of the two main characters. There were four main featured soloists, with only one receiving a card on the opening titles - Branford Marsalis on soprano saxophone. Other soloists include a duduk player (an Armenian double reed instrument), pianist Mike Lang and double bassist John Patitucci. A soundtrack album has been released twice. The first edition was released as a film tie in on 11 December 1990 through MCA Records and features 17 tracks of score (including one piece of diegetic (source) music at a running time just over 61 minutes.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: An expanded CD album of just under 76 minutes was released in December 2017 by Quartet Records, which was remastered by Mike Matessino featuring a number of cues not on the original MCA album, one track of three unused cues and an alternate. The booklet included in the package featured an in depth look at the film and music, by British saxophonist/film music historian/author Dirk Wickenden, incorporating new comments from Mike Lang. Dirk Wickenden dedicated his liner notes to his saxophonist granddad, George Ernest Tallent (1906 - 1976). The limited edition CD sold out within hours of release but luckily for those who missed it first time around, a non-limited CD edition was issued again by Quartet Records, in August 2021.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Hal Hinson in "The Washington Post" wrote: "Making a picture about the political situation in a country as much in flux as the Soviet Union can be disastrous, but the post-glasnost realities here seem plausible and up to the minute. "The Russia House" doesn't sweep you off your feet; it works more insidiously than that, flying in under your radar. If it is like any of its characters, it's like Katya. It's reserved, careful to declare itself but full of potent surprises. It's one of the year's best films." Peter Travers in "Rolling Stone" wrote: "At its best, "The Russia House" offers a rare and enthralling spectacle: the resurrection of buried hopes." "Time Out" less enthusiastically wrote: "Overtaken by East-West events, and with an over-optimistic ending which sets personal against political loyalty, it's still highly enjoyable, wittily written, and beautiful to behold in places, at others somehow too glossy for its own good."


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Tom Stoppard's adapted screenplay was criticised by Vincent Canby in "The New York Times": "There is evidence of Mr. Stoppard's wit in the dialogue, but the lines are not easily spoken, which is not to say that they are unspeakable. They are clumsy." Roger Ebert held a similar view in the "Chicago Sun-Times": "What's good are the few emotional moments that break out of the weary spy formula: Connery declaring his love for Pfeiffer, or the British and Americans getting on each other's nerves. But these flashes of energy are isolated inside a screenplay that is static and boring, that drones on lifelessly through the le Carré universe, like some kind of space probe that continues to send back random information long after its mission has been accomplished."


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Sean Connery was praised for his portrayal of Barley, "bluff, incorrigible, jazz-loving... his finest performance in ages." "Variety" wrote: "As the flawed, unreliable publisher, Connery is in top form." Peter Travers in "Rolling Stone" thought he captured "the 'splendid quiet' that le Carré found in Blair." Hal Hinson in "The Washington Post" wrote: "This may be the most complex character Connery has ever played, and without question it's one of his richest performances. Connery shows the melancholy behind Barley's pickled charm, all the wasted years and unkept promises." Desson Howe, also in "The Washington Post", wrote: "Sean Connery, like Anthony Quinn, takes a role like a vitamin pill, downs it, then goes about his bighearted business of making the part his idiosyncratic own." However, he received criticism from the "New York Times", who thought that the "usually magnetic Mr. Connery... is at odds with Barley, a glib, lazy sort of man who discovers himself during this adventure. Mr. Connery goes through the movie as if driving in second gear."


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Michelle Pfeiffer also garnered critical plaudits for delivering "the film's most persuasive performance... Miss Pfeiffer, sporting a credible Russian accent, brings to it a no-nonsense urgency that is missing from the rest of the movie," according to "The New York Times". Desson Howe in "The Washington Post" wrote: "As Katya, a mother who risks her love to smuggle a document and falls for a Westerner in the process, her gestures are entirely believable, her accent (at least to one set of Western ears) is quietly perfect." Peter Travers in "Rolling Stone" wrote that "Pfeiffer, who gets more subtle and incisive with each film, is incandescent as Katya." Hal Hinson in "The Washington Post" congratulated her for portraying a rounded character: "Her triumph goes beyond her facility with the Russian accent; other actresses could have done that. She's great at playing contradictions, at being tough yet yielding, cloaked yet open, direct yet oblique. What's she's playing, we suspect, is the great Russian game of hide-and-seek. But Pfeiffer gives it a personal dimension. Katya holds herself in check, but her wariness, one senses, is as much personal as it is cultural -- the result, perhaps, of her own secret wounds. It's one of the year's most full-blooded performances." However, Pfeiffer also had her detractors. "Variety" thought that her "Russian accent proves very believable but she has limited notes to play." "Time Out" wrote that "Pfeiffer can act, but her assumption of a role for which her pouty glamour is inappropriate – a Russian office-worker seen rubbing shoulders in the bus queues – is a jarring note."


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Michelle Pfeiffer was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama, but lost to Kathy Bates in "Misery" (1990).


title: The Russia House (film)

text: Twilight Time released a limited edition version of the film on Blu-ray on July 12, 2016. The release included booklet notes by Julie Kirgo, a vintage promotional documentary about the making of the film, a trailer and an isolated score (non diegetic) and source (diegetic) music track.


title: The Russia House (film)

text: The film was re-released on Blu-Ray by Sandpiper Pictures on June 14, 2022. Their release included the trailer. It was also a single-layer Blu-Ray, where the previous release had contained a larger file size, on a dual-layer Blu-Ray.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: Bradford (Park Avenue) Association Football Club is an association football club based in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. The team compete in , at the sixth tier of the English football league system. The name derived from their former home at Park Avenue, and was used to avoid confusion with Bradford derby rivals Bradford City.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: The club was founded in 1907 and moved from the Southern League into the Football League the next year. They were promoted into the First Division at the end of the 1913–14 season, but suffered consecutive relegations by 1922. They won the Third Division North title in 1927–28 and remained in the Second Division until 1950. Promoted from the Fourth Division in 1960–61, the club were relegated from the Third Division in 1963. The club failed in their Football League re-election bid in 1970 and spent the next four seasons in the Northern Premier League before disbanding.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: The present club is a reincarnation that was established in 1987. They moved from the Central Midlands League into the North West Counties League in 1990, gaining promotion from Division Two in 1990–91. They moved into their present home at Horsfall Stadium in 1994 and won that season's North West Counties League Division One title, and then the Northern Premier League Premier Division in 2000–01. Relegated in two successive seasons in 2006, they won the Northern Premier League First Division title in 2007–08 and gained promotion from the Premier Division via the play-offs in 2012.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: The original club was formed in 1863 as the Bradford Football Club, playing rugby football, and achieved its first major success by winning the Yorkshire Cup in 1884. A member of the Rugby Football Union (RFU), Bradford FC became a founding member of the breakaway Northern Rugby Football Union (after an internal RFU dispute over broken-time payments) in 1895. Bradford were runners-up the 1897–98 Challenge Cup, won the championship in 1903–04, and won the 1905–06 Challenge Cup.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: In 1907, what is known as "The Great Betrayal" occurred when a narrow majority of members decided to abandon the Northern Union game (later known as rugby league) in favour of association football, still based at the Park Avenue ground. The minority faction left and formed a new club within the Northern Union, Bradford Northern. Bradford Northern applied for and was granted Bradford FC's place in the 1907–08 Northern Rugby Football Union season.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: Bradford FC began playing association football in 1895, alternating home Saturdays at Park Avenue with the Northern Union. The club shared the West Yorkshire League championship with Hunslet in 1895–96, also winning the Leeds Workpeople's Hospital Cup. Bradford played in the FA Amateur Cup in 1896–97, progressing to the FA Cup in 1897–98 and 1898–99. It entered the Yorkshire League in 1897–98, finishing next to last, and was banished to Birch Lane the following season, closing down at the end of the 1898–99 season due to mounting losses.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: The success of cross-town neighbours Manningham after switching to association football, (where it was renamed Bradford City A.F.C.), prompted the Northern Union club to abandon rugby in 1907 and apply to join the Football League. They were not accepted, instead joining the Southern League (although the club was based in the north) and filling a gap left by Fulham (who joined the Football League). Their nearest opponents were Northampton Town, whose ground was 130 miles distant.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: In 1908, Bradford FC was elected to the Second Division of the Football League. The club was promoted to the First Division in 1914 after finishing second, and achieved its highest-ever league position (ninth) at the end of the 1914–15 season. In 1914, Donald Bell, a man who would go on to win the Victoria Cross, played four games. At the outbreak of war, he asked to be released to serve. Rising to the rank of lieutenant, in 1916 he received the VC for conspicuous bravery on the Somme before being killed later that year.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: After the First World War the club began a steady decline, relegated to the Second Division in 1921 and to the Third Division North in 1922. In 1928, the club were the Division 3N champions and were promoted back to the Second Division. They were relegated again in 1950, and placed in the Fourth Division after a 1958 reorganisation. Although the club won promotion to the Third Division in 1961, they were relegated back to the Fourth Division in 1963.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: After several difficult seasons, in 1970 they were replaced in the Football League by Cambridge United. The club joined the Northern Premier League, selling Park Avenue in 1973 and sharing facilities with Bradford City]]. Bradford (Park Avenue) went into liquidation on 3 May 1974 with debts of £57,652 and immediately re-formed as a Sunday league club playing in the league club's former colours.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: After playing at Bingley Road and Hope Avenue in 1974 in Bradford Amateur Sunday League Division Four, the club moved to Avenue Road and won promotion in 1975. The next season, they were again promoted into the newly formed Bradford Sunday Alliance League.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: Although the stands and other buildings at Park Avenue were demolished in 1980, the playing field and terraces remained. The stadium was renovated for amateur football during the mid-1980s, and the Sunday League club played a full season there in 1987–88. However, it was forced to move out at the end of the season to accommodate an indoor cricket school on part of the pitch.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: A new club was formed to return Bradford (Park Avenue) to Saturday football for the 1988–89 season, joining the West Riding County Amateur Football League and then the Central Midlands League for 1989–90. The club moved to the North West Counties League from 1990 to 1991, playing matches at rugby-league grounds such as McLaren Field and Mount Pleasant, Batley. The Sunday side formed in 1974 merged with the new Saturday club in 1992. In 1995, Bradford (Park Avenue) won the North West Counties League, re-joining the Northern Premier League and moving to Horsfall Stadium.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: At the beginning of the 2004–05 season they were founding members of the Conference North, although they were relegated to the Northern Premier League at the end of the season (after finishing seventh) and to Northern Division North the following season. The club returned to the Northern Premier League as champions in the 2007–08 season.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: The club reached the FA Cup quarterfinals in 1912–13, 1919–20 and 1945–46. Since re-forming they have reached the first round three times, in 2003–04, 2011–12 and 2012–13. Since dropping into non-league football, the club's best FA Trophy performance has been the fourth round in 1998–99. In the FA Vase, the club reached the second round in 1994–95.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: In February 2008, chief executive Bob Blackburn unveiled plans for a 20,000-seat stadium at Phoenix Park in Thornbury, within the Leeds metropolitan district, but the site had to be sold before this was realised. In July 2008 Blackburn predicted on a supporters' forum that the club would reach the Football League within four years. In 2012, Bradford gained promotion to the Conference North by beating F.C. United of Manchester 1–0 in the playoff final.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: The traditional colours of Bradford (PA) were red, amber and black; they were inherited from the original Bradford RFC, and retained by the Bradford & Bingley RFC and Bradford Bulls RLFC (all of whom claim a common genealogy). The fact that red, amber and black (with white) have been worn by three of the city's senior football clubs (Bradford (Park Avenue) AFC, Bradford RFC [Bradford & Bingley RFC] and Bradford Northern RLFC [Bradford Bulls], all descended from the original Bradford FC based at Park Avenue) has evoked the assumption that these were the official sporting colours of Bradford.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: The colours have also been used by other sports organisations in Bradford (such as cycling, hockey and athletics as well as being the principal colours used by Bradford University sports teams), principally as a red, amber and black band on a white shirt (as worn by Bradford Northern and as an away kit by Bradford (PA)). Red, amber and black are also the colours of the Bradford Cricket Club, formed in 1836. The cricket club played at Park Avenue, where Yorkshire C.C.C. traditionally played several matches a season. Bradford FC was formed in 1863 by Bramham College alumni, and in 1880 joined Bradford CC at Park Avenue.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: In 1911, Bradford changed its colours to green and white after the appointment of former Celtic player Tom Maley, brother of Willie Maley (who also played for Celtic before becoming their first manager). Avenue was the only club to wear green and white in the English First Division, between 1914 and 1921. The club reverted to red, amber and black with white in 1924, reviving green and white from 1958 to 1967. The reformed Bradford (Park Avenue) club has worn green and white since 1988. Avenue's club crest was the 1907 version of the Bradford coat of arms; this has also been used by the re-formed club, although it was replaced by the municipality in 1974.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: Bradford's traditional rivals (Manningham RFC) and their successor, Bradford City, have worn claret and amber stripes; Bradford usually wears hoops. Bradford City also used the 1907 Bradford coat of arms as its crest until 1966.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: Red, amber and black has occasionally returned in away strips, notably the club's 2007 centenary shirt (which featured the three colours as hoops). During the 2012–13 season, the club introduced a white home shirt with a red, amber and black sash to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the original club. The club retained a green-and-white striped away shirt.


title: Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

text: Although officially Bradford Football Club, the club was obliged to append Park Avenue (the location of the club's original stadium) in brackets to its name in 1907 to avoid confusion with Bradford City. However the club was historically always referred to simply as Bradford in fixture lists, classified results and the national press. However, since dropping into non-league the Park Avenue (or simply PA) are used as City are by far the better known team.


title: Demolition

text: Demolition (also known as razing, cartage, and wrecking) is the science and engineering in safely and efficiently tearing down of buildings and other artificial structures. Demolition contrasts with deconstruction, which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving valuable elements for reuse purposes.


title: Demolition

text: For small buildings, such as houses, that are only two or three stories high, demolition is a rather simple process. The building is pulled down either manually or mechanically using large hydraulic equipment: elevated work platforms, cranes, excavators or bulldozers. Larger buildings may require the use of a wrecking ball, a heavy weight on a cable that is swung by a crane into the side of the buildings. Wrecking balls are especially effective against masonry, but are less easily controlled and often less efficient than other methods. Newer methods may use rotational hydraulic shears and silenced rock-breakers attached to excavators to cut or break through wood, steel, and concrete. The use of shears is especially common when flame cutting would be dangerous.


title: Demolition

text: The tallest planned demolition of a building was the 52-storey 270 Park Avenue in New York City, which was built in 1960 and torn down in 2019–2021 to be replaced by 270 Park Avenue.


title: Demolition

text: Before any demolition activities can take place, there are many steps that must be carried out beforehand, including performing asbestos abatement, removing hazardous or regulated materials, obtaining necessary permits, submitting necessary notifications, disconnecting utilities, rodent baiting and the development of site-specific safety and work plans.


title: Demolition

text: In some cases a crane with a wrecking ball is used to demolish the structure down to a certain manageable height. At that point undermining takes place as described above. However, crane mounted demolition balls are rarely used within demolition due to the uncontrollable nature of the swinging ball and the safety implications associated.


title: Demolition

text: High reach demolition excavators are more often used for tall buildings where explosive demolition is not appropriate or possible. Excavators with shear attachments are typically used to dismantle steel structural elements. Hydraulic hammers are often used for concrete structures and concrete processing attachments are used to crush concrete to a manageable size, and to remove reinforcing steel. For tall concrete buildings, where neither explosive nor high reach demolition with an excavator is safe or practical, the "inside-out" method is used, whereby remotely operated mini-excavators demolish the building from the inside, whilst maintaining the outer walls of the building as a scaffolding, as each floor is demolished.


title: Demolition

text: To control dust, fire hoses are used to maintain a wet demolition. Hoses may be held by workers, secured in fixed location, or attached to lifts to gain elevation.


title: Demolition

text: Loaders or bulldozers may also be used to demolish a building. They are typically equipped with "rakes" (thick pieces of steel that could be an I-beam or tube) that are used to ram building walls. Skid loaders and loaders will also be used to take materials out and sort steel.


title: Demolition

text: The technique of Vérinage is used in France to weaken and buckle the supports of central floors promoting the collapse of the top part of a building onto the bottom resulting in a rapid, symmetrical, collapse.


title: Demolition

text: The Japanese company Kajima Construction has developed a new method of demolishing buildings which involves using computer-controlled hydraulic jacks to support the bottom floor as the supporting columns are removed. The floor is lowered and this process is repeated for each floor. This technique is safer and more environmentally friendly, and is useful in areas of high population density.


title: Demolition

text: To demolish bridges, hoe rams are typically used to remove the concrete road deck and piers, while hydraulic shears are used to remove the bridge's structural steel.


title: Demolition

text: Fred Dibnah used a manual method of demolition to remove industrial chimneys in Great Britain. He cut an ingress at the base of the chimney—supporting the brickwork with wooden props—and then burning away the props so that the chimney fell, using no explosives and usually hand-operated power tools.


title: Demolition

text: Large buildings, tall chimneys, smokestacks, bridges, and increasingly some smaller structures may be destroyed by building implosion using explosives. Imploding a structure is very fast—the collapse itself only takes seconds—and an expert can ensure that the structure falls into its own footprint, so as not to damage neighboring structures. This is essential for tall structures in dense urban areas.


title: Demolition

text: Any error can be disastrous, however, and some demolitions have failed, severely damaging neighboring structures. One significant danger is from flying debris, which, when improperly prepared for, can kill onlookers.


title: Demolition

text: Another dangerous scenario is the partial failure of an attempted implosion. When a building fails to collapse completely the structure may be unstable, tilting at a dangerous angle, and filled with un-detonated but still primed explosives, making it difficult for workers to approach safely.


title: Demolition

text: A third danger comes from air overpressure that occurs during the implosion. If the sky is clear, the shock wave, a wave of energy and sound, travels upwards and disperses, but if cloud coverage is low, the shock wave can travel outwards, breaking windows or causing other damage to surrounding buildings.


title: Demolition

text: Controlled implosion, being spectacular, is the method that the general public often thinks of when discussing demolition; however, it can be dangerous and is only used as a last resort when other methods are impractical or too costly. The destruction of large buildings has become increasingly common as the massive housing projects of the 1960s and 1970s are being leveled around the world. At and , the J. L. Hudson Department Store and Addition is the tallest steel framed building and largest single structure ever imploded.


title: Demolition

text: It takes several weeks or months to prepare a building for implosion. All items of value, such as copper wiring, are stripped from a building. Some materials must be removed, such as glass that can form deadly projectiles, and insulation that can scatter over a wide area. Non-load bearing partitions and drywall are removed. Selected columns on floors where explosives will be set are drilled and high explosives such as nitroglycerin, TNT, RDX, or C4 are placed in the holes. Smaller columns and walls are wrapped in detonating cord. The goal is to use as little explosive as possible so that the structure will fail in a progressive collapse, and therefore only a few floors are rigged with explosives, so that it is safer due to fewer explosives, and costs less. The areas with explosives are covered in thick geotextile fabric and fencing to absorb flying debris. Far more time-consuming than the demolition itself is the clean-up of the site, as the debris is loaded into trucks and hauled away.


title: Demolition

text: An alternative approach to demolition is the deconstruction of a building with the goal of minimizing the amount of materials going to landfills. This "green" approach is applied by removing the materials by type material and segregating them for reuse or recycling. With proper planning this approach has resulted in landfill diversion rates that exceed 90% of an entire building and its contents in some cases. It also vastly reduces the CO emissions of the removing of a building in comparison to demolition.


title: Demolition

text: The development of plant and equipment has allowed for the easier segregation of demolition waste types on site and the reuse within the construction of the replacement building. On site crushers allow the demolished concrete to be reused as type 1 crushed aggregate either as a piling mat for ground stabilization or as aggregate in the mixing of concrete.


title: Demolition

text: Timber waste can be shredded using specialist timber shredders and composted, or used to form manufactured timber boards, such as MDF or chipboard.


title: Demolition

text: Safety is paramount; a site safety officer is usually assigned to each project to enforce all safety rules and regulations.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: Bruno Correa Fernandes Caboclo (born September 21, 1995) is a Brazilian professional basketball player for the Capitanes de Ciudad de México of the NBA G League. He plays at the forward positions.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: Born in Osasco, Brazil, Caboclo was raised in Barueri and Pirapora do Bom Jesus in the state of São Paulo. At age 13, he began playing basketball for Grêmio Recreativo Barueri, a social club that invites children from local public schools to play sports.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: In January 2013, Caboclo linked up with coach Rafael Franco at Score Academy in Raleigh, North Carolina. In his first game, against top-five-ranked junior college Vincennes University, the forward with an almost wingspan missed three-pointer after three-pointer. Coach Franco told Caboclo he had to be aggressive and had to rebound, and the scoring would come, and was temporarily banned from shooting threes.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: In April 2013, Caboclo returned to Brazil and signed with Pinheiros of the Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB). In 2013–14, he played 17 games, averaging 4.8 points and 3.1 rebounds per game.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: On June 26, 2014, Caboclo was selected with the 20th overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft by the Toronto Raptors. During draft night, it was infamously reported by Fran Fraschilla during Caboclo's selection that he was "two years away from being two years away." On July 9, 2014, he signed with the Raptors and joined them for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On November 21, 2014, he made his NBA debut against the Milwaukee Bucks. In 12 minutes of action, he recorded 8 points, 1 rebound and 1 block in the 124–83 win. On December 25, 2014, he was assigned to the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League. He was recalled by the Raptors on January 1, 2015 after appearing in three games for the Mad Ants while averaging 4.3 points, 2.7 rebounds and 13.0 minutes per game. He was reassigned to the Mad Ants on February 18, and recalled again on March 8.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: In July 2015, Caboclo re-joined the Raptors for the 2015 NBA Summer League. On September 29, 2015, the Raptors exercised their third-year team option on Caboclo's rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2016–17 season. During the 2015–16 and 2016–17 seasons, he had multiple assignments with Raptors 905 of the NBA Development League. In April 2017, Caboclo led Raptors 905 to the D-League Finals. In Game 3 of the series, Caboclo led the way with a game-high 31 points and 11 rebounds as Raptors 905 downed the Rio Grande Valley Vipers 122–96 to take the best-of-three series 2–1.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: On February 8, 2018, Caboclo was traded to the Sacramento Kings in exchange for Malachi Richardson. On March 23, he was assigned to the Reno Bighorns, Sacramento's G League affiliate and recalled two days later.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: On August 20, 2018, Caboclo signed a training camp contract with the Houston Rockets. He was waived on October 13. He was then added to the training camp roster of the Rockets’ G League affiliate, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: On January 24, 2019, Caboclo signed with the Memphis Grizzlies on a 10-day contract. On February 3, 2019, Caboclo signed a second 10-day contract. On February 13, 2019, Caboclo signed a multi-year contract with the Grizzlies. On March 25 he recorded his first double-double and scored a career high 24 points against the Oklahoma City Thunder. Caboclo was assigned to the Memphis Hustle on January 13, 2020.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: On February 26, 2021 Limoges CSP officially announced signing Bruno Caboclo for the rest of the season. He averaged 10 points and 5 rebounds per game.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: On August 12, 2021, Caboclo signed with São Paulo FC of the Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB). He won the 2021–22 BCL Americas championship with São Paulo, the team's first continental title. He averaged 23.9 points and 11.1 rebounds, both second-best averages in the league. He led the competition in blocks per game, with 3.6, and efficiency with 32.8 per game. In the final on April 10, 2022, he had a team-high 29 points, 7 rebounds and 3 blocks. He was named the league's Most Valuable Player after the Tournament. Later, he was also named the MVP of the 2021–22 NBB season.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: On November 4, 2022, Caboclo was named to the opening night roster for the Capitanes de Ciudad de México.


title: Bruno Caboclo

text: Caboclo has been a member of the senior Brazilian national basketball team. With Brazil, he played at the 2017 FIBA AmeriCup and at the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.


title: Radiance

text: In radiometry, radiance is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received by a given surface, per unit solid angle per unit projected area. Radiance is used to characterize diffuse emission and reflection of electromagnetic radiation, and to quantify emission of neutrinos and other particles. The SI unit of radiance is the watt per steradian per square metre (). It is a "directional" quantity: the radiance of a surface depends on the direction from which it is being observed.


title: Radiance

text: The related quantity spectral radiance is the radiance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength.


title: Radiance

text: Historically, radiance was called "intensity" and spectral radiance was called "specific intensity". Many fields still use this nomenclature. It is especially dominant in heat transfer, astrophysics and astronomy. "Intensity" has many other meanings in physics, with the most common being power per unit area.