title: Kishinev pogrom

text: The Kishinev pogrom of 1903 captured the attention of the international public and was mentioned in the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine as an example of the type of human rights abuse which would justify United States involvement in Latin America. The 1904 book "The Voice of America on Kishinev" provides more detail as does the book "Russia at the Bar of the American People: A Memorial of Kishinef".


title: Kishinev pogrom

text: The Russian ambassador to the United States, Count Arthur Cassini, characterised the 1903 pogrom as a reaction of financially hard-pressed peasants to Jewish creditors in an interview on 18 May 1903:


title: Kishinev pogrom

text: American media mogul William Randolph Hearst "adopt[ed] Kishinev as little less than a crusade", according to Stanford historian Steven Zipperstein. As part of this publicity, Hearst sent the Irish nationalist journalist Michael Davitt to Kishinev as "special commissioner to investigate the massacres of the Jews", becoming one of the first foreign journalists to report on the pogrom.


title: Kishinev pogrom

text: Due to their involvement in the pogrom, two men were sentenced to seven and five years' imprisonment respectively and a further twenty-two to one or two years.


title: Kishinev pogrom

text: This pogrom was instrumental in convincing tens of thousands of Russian Jews to leave for the West or Palestine. As such, it became a rallying point for early Zionists, especially what would become Revisionist Zionism, inspiring early self-defense leagues under leaders like Ze'ev Jabotinsky.


title: Kishinev pogrom

text: A second pogrom took place in Kishinev on 19–20 October 1905. This time, the riots began as political protests against the Tsar, but turned into an attack on Jews wherever they could be found. By the time the riots were over, 19 Jews had been killed and 56 were injured. Jewish self-defense leagues, organized after the first pogrom, stopped some of the violence, but were not wholly successful. This pogrom was part of a much larger series of 600 pogroms that swept the Russian Empire at the time.


title: Kishinev pogrom

text: Russian authors such as Vladimir Korolenko wrote about the pogrom in "House 13", while Tolstoy and Gorky wrote condemnations blaming the Russian government—a change from the earlier pogroms of the 1880s, when most members of the Russian intelligentsia were silent. Tolstoy worked with Sholem Aleichem to produce an anthology dedicated to the victims, with all publisher and author proceeds going to relief efforts, which became the work Esarhaddon, King of Assyria. Sholem Aleichem went on to write the material for the famous Fiddler on the Roof.


title: Kishinev pogrom

text: It also had a major impact on Jewish art and literature. After interviewing survivors of the Kishinev pogrom, the Hebrew poet Chaim Bialik (1873–1934) wrote "In the City of Slaughter," about the perceived passivity of the Jews in the face of the mobs. In the 1908 play by Israel Zangwill titled "The Melting Pot", the Jewish hero emigrates to America in the wake of the Kishinev pogrom, eventually confronting the Russian officer who led the rioters.


title: Kishinev pogrom

text: More recently, Joann Sfar's series of graphic novels titled "Klezmer" depicts life in Odessa, Ukraine, at this time; in the final volume (number 5), "Kishinev-des-fous", the first pogrom affects the characters. Playwright Max Sparber took the Kishinev pogrom as the subject for one of his earliest plays in 1994. The novel "The Lazarus Project" by Aleksander Hemon (2008) provides a vivid description of the pogrom and details its long-reaching consequences.


title: Kishinev pogrom

text: In Brazil, the Jewish writer Moacyr Scliar wrote the fiction and social satire book "O Exército De Um Homem Só" (1986), about Mayer Guinzburg, a Brazilian-Jew and Communist activist whose family are refugees from the Kishinev pogrom.


title: Kishinev pogrom

text: The Victims of Chișinău Pogrom Monument () is a memorial stone to the victims of Kishinev pogrom, unveiled in 1993 in Alunelul park Chișinău, Moldova.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: Victor Crowley (also known as Hatchet IV) is a 2017 American slasher comedy film written and directed by Adam Green. It is the fourth installment in Green's "Hatchet" film series, and a sequel to "Hatchet III". Kane Hodder returns to the role of the titular killer Victor Crowley. Critical reaction for the film was generally mixed, however it has been seen as the best sequel in the series.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: In 1964, Del (Jonah Ray) proposes to his girlfriend Sue (Kelly Vrooman) in Honey Island Swamp. However the couple hears Victor Crowley's (Kane Hodder) moans. Fearing that someone has been hurt, they investigate and find a hunter, who is decapitated by Crowley. The couple flees, but Crowley catches up with them and kills them.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: In 2017, survivor of the Crowley massacre Andrew Yong (Parry Shen), who is believed by some people to have committed the murders himself, appears on his ex-wife, Sabrina's, show "The Sabrina Show", to promote his new book about the events.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: Meanwhile, Chloe (Katie Booth), her boyfriend Alex (Chase Williamson), and her best friend Rose (Laura Ortiz) plan to get Andrew to help them film a trailer for a movie they're making about the Crowley massacre. Andrew’s manager Kathleen (Felissa Rose) quickly ushers him out of the signing, much to the chagrin of Chloe, who never got to pitch her idea.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: Andrew and Kathleen head out on a private charter plane with Sabrina and her crew: Austin (Brian Quinn), Casey (Tiffany Shepis), Jay (Tezz Yancey), and Zach (Blake Woodruff). However the plane's engine explodes and crashes in Honey Island Swamp, killing the pilots.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: Elsewhere in the swamp, Chloe, Rose and Alex are about to begin filming their trailer alongside eccentric, swamp tour guide/local actor Dillon (Dave Sheridan). Rose and Dillon head off to investigate while Alex tries to calm Chloe down. Rose plays a video of Reverend Zombie (Tony Todd) reciting the voodoo curse that originally brought Crowley back.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: At the plane wreckage, the survivors find Casey trapped underneath the seats with the water slowly rising. Rose and Dillon arrive and attempt to help the survivors when Crowley's screams are heard. Chloe and Alex find the old Crowley house, now a museum and memorial. Crowley then attacks the pair, killing Alex. Chloe flees and makes it to the plane wreckage, but is grievously wounded by Crowley, who drags her away, leaving her injured but alive as bait.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: Kathleen begins to suffer from a panic attack and flees the plane. Austin attempts to stop her, but is killed by Crowley. Kathleen manages to contact the emergency services, but is killed by Crowley before she can say anything. Upon finishing Chloe off, Crowley attacks the plane, making it sink further and drowning Casey.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: As the group begin to argue, Crowley attacks the plane again with a belt sander, and he almost damages the circuitry which restores power to the plane. Dillon locks himself in the pilot's cabin, hoping to radio for help and start the engine so they can use it to kill Crowley.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: Andrew, Sabrina and Rose all flee in separate directions with Sabrina stealing Kathleen's phone from Rose before heading to Dillon's boat. At the boat, Crowley decapitates Sabrina. He then chases after Rose and throws her at Andrew and Dillon, who got the engine working. A stand-off between the three and Crowley ensues where Rose attempting to use Crowley's hatchet also fails to stop him, instead giving him the weapon back. Dillon tackles Crowley into the turbine, splattering Rose and Andrew in his and Crowley's blood.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: In a mid-credits scene, Marybeth Dunston (Danielle Harris) watches a news report on the crash and the discovery of several mutilated bodies. Realizing Crowley has once again returned, she grabs a shotgun saying, "I've been waiting for you, motherfucker."


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: Additionally, Danielle Harris reprises her role as Marybeth Dunston from "Hatchet II" and "Hatchet III" in the film's mid-credits scene.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: In November 2015, reports emerged that a fourth entry in the "Hatchet" series was in development. Simultaneously, various outlets alleged that a "New Nightmare"-esque premise was proposed by series creator Adam Green, but was rejected by the studio. However, "Dread Central" debunked these claims and instead revealed that Green opted not to move forward with the pitch. Green would later become disenchanted in continuing the franchise and was adamant there wouldn't be another installment. It wasn't until George A. Romero convinced Green to finally make the film at the Rock and Shock convention. Green immediately began work on the script, under the title "Arwen's Fancy Dinner".


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: Principal photography began in secret under the working title "Arwen's Revenge". Production spanned eleven days, while an entire day of filming was lost due to a set collapsing. Cast members Kane Hodder, Parry Shen, Laura Ortiz, Dave Sheridan, and Brian Quinn were officially revealed in August 2017.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: In July 2017, it was announced that an official '10th Anniversary Event' screening of the original "Hatchet" film would be playing at the FrightFest Film Festival of 2017, featuring newly released footage. The same event, which took place on August 22, 2017 in Los Angeles, brought forth the announcement that it was actually the premiere of a secretly filmed "Hatchet" sequel titled "Victor Crowley". Green said on the matter, "I couldn't be happier to partner with Dark Sky Films and bring Victor Crowley back to horror fans around the world. Resurrecting the series for its tenth anniversary was our way of saying thank you to everyone in The Hatchet Army and beyond who have supported this series since its inception. This bloodbath is for all of you."


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: "Victor Crowley" debuted on August 22, 2017 in Los Angeles, California The film began screening in select theatres across the United States on October 5, 2017 on special one night events featuring Adam Green collectively known as the "Victor Crowley Road Show".


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Victor Crowley" holds an approval rating of 67% based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10.


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: The film was met with mixed reviews, with many critics naming it the best sequel in the series. Steve Barton of "Dread Central" awarded the film a quality rating of 4 out of 5, stating that ""Victor Crowley" is a smartly written, outrageously funny, and incredibly gory affair that's nothing short of a gift for slasher fans who appreciate their films wrapped in viscera with gallons of blood to spare." JoBlo.com said of the film "VICTOR CROWLEY may be the best of the sequels to HATCHET, perhaps the best in the series." Kalyn Corrigan of "Bloody Disgusting" called it "the Gory Slasher Film You're Craving!", while critiquing "Sure, they spend a little too much time on the plane, and it would've been nice to see some of the more human characters last a bit longer during the runtime, but... in all honesty, it's just nice to have a series in the same iconic style that we can count on to carry us through the years of big studio films and over produced predictable cash grabs." Alternately, Brad Miska also reviewing for "Bloody Disgusting" said "While "Hatchet" has since become an iconic franchise, none of the sequels have been able to recreate the magic of the first film. The latest, "Victor Crowley", is easily the worst of the bunch."


title: Victor Crowley (film)

text: In October 2019, Danielle Harris revealed that two more films were planned by the studio, with the intention of shooting both back-to-back. In May 2020, Green said that a fifth film was a "safe bet" due to the financial success of "Victor Crowley".


title: Rainer Bock

text: Bock was born in Kiel. After graduating from school, Bock ran a café in his hometown, where there was also a cabaret programme. After studying acting at a private drama school in Kiel, he made his debut in 1982 as a theatre actor on the stages of Kiel.


title: Rainer Bock

text: He had already worked as a stage actor for about 25 years, beginning in 1982, in Kiel, at the National Theatre Mannheim, the Staatstheater Stuttgart, and at the Bavarian State Theatre in Munich, before his film work increased by the end of the 2000s. In 2011, four films he acted in were presented at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival.


title: Rainer Bock

text: Bock appeared in internationally known films directed by Steven Spielberg, Quentin Tarantino and Michael Haneke, and played minor roles in the TV shows "Homeland", "Better Call Saul", and "SS-GB".


title: I Have a Lover

text: I Have a Lover () is a 2015-2016 South Korean television series starring Kim Hyun-joo, Ji Jin-hee, Park Han-byul and Lee Kyu-han. It aired on SBS's Saturdays and Sundays at 22:00 (KST) time slot from August 22, 2015 to February 28, 2016 for 50 episodes. Kim Hyun-joo and Ji Jin-hee previously starred together in "Miss Kim's Million Dollar Quest" (2004).


title: I Have a Lover

text: The ambitious and successful lawyer Do Hae-gang (Kim Hyun-joo) and her husband, Choi Jin-eon (Ji Jin-hee) have a dysfunctional relationship. They lose their child and Jin-eon starts an affair with a much younger girl, Seol-ri (Park Han-byul). Dokgo Yong-gi is Do Hae-gang's unknown twin sister. After the couple divorce, Hae-gang gets into a mysterious car accident and loses her memory. Baek Seok (Lee Kyu-han), mistaking Hae-gang as Yong-gi, saves Hae-gang and makes her live as Yong-gi. Hae-gang becomes Baek-seok's fiancé and lives with his family. What will happen when Jin-eon and Hae-gang meet again? Will the couple be able to go back to how they used to be before?


title: Backspacer

text: Backspacer is the ninth studio album by the American rock band Pearl Jam, released on September 20, 2009. The band members started writing instrumental and demo tracks in 2007, and got together the following year to work on an album. It was recorded from February through April 2009 with producer Brendan O'Brien, who had worked on every Pearl Jam album except their 1991 debut "Ten" and 2006's self-titled record—although this was his first production credit since 1998's "Yield". Material was recorded at Henson Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California, and O'Brien's own Southern Tracks Recording in Atlanta, Georgia. The album—the shortest of the band's career—features lyrics with a more optimistic look than the politically infused predecessors "Riot Act" and "Pearl Jam", something frontman Eddie Vedder attributed to the election of Barack Obama.


title: Backspacer

text: The band released the album through its own label Monkeywrench Records with worldwide distribution by Universal Music Group via a licensing agreement with Island Records. Physical copies of the record were sold through Target in North America, and promotion included a deal with Verizon, a world tour, and moderately successful singles "The Fixer" and "Got Some"/"Just Breathe". Reviews for "Backspacer" were largely positive, praising the sound and composition, and the album became Pearl Jam's first chart topper in the U.S. "Billboard" 200 since 1996's "No Code", while also topping the charts in Canada, Australia and New Zealand.


title: Backspacer

text: In 2007, after Pearl Jam's 2006 tour had ended, the band members began recording demo material on their own while staying in occasional contact via e-mail. Guitarist Mike McCready revealed at the time that he'd tested out some ideas with guitarist Stone Gossard and drummer Matt Cameron in separate sessions as well. After the band was invited to record The Who's "Love, Reign o'er Me" for the "Reign Over Me" soundtrack, they opted to call long-time collaborator Brendan O'Brien to produce their cover. During the experience, O'Brien and Pearl Jam decided it was a good time for them to work again on a studio album. This ninth album would mark O'Brien's first production credit with Pearl Jam since 1998's "Yield". The band allowed O'Brien greater latitude in determining the sound of "Backspacer". "At this point, I think we're willing to let somebody cut the songs up a little bit," said lead vocalist Eddie Vedder. "In the past, Brendan would say, 'It's a great song, but I think you should do it in a different key,' and we'd say no. But now that we've heard Bruce <nowiki>[Springsteen]</nowiki> has listened to his suggestions, I think we will too." Bassist Jeff Ament said, "He brings a brutally honest approach to what he thinks is working and what isn't, and it really moves things along... We don't get weighted down with ideas that maybe aren't even that good. He's one of the few people outside of the band that we trust with our music, and we're really, really looking forward to making this record."


title: Backspacer

text: The band began working on the album in May 2008, making demos in Seattle, Washington before recording sessions at Henson Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California, where O'Brien usually works. Ament said it was "the first time since the first record that we've really rehearsed instead of just going to the studio with a handful of ideas." On May the band had "about five ideas that have been worked on," which were given some instrumental beds later in the summer. Additional demos were put to tape in December, following a trip by all bandmembers but Vedder to Ament's home in Montana. The singer later proceeded to put rough vocals on those tracks, and also brought in his own material for the band members to work on.


title: Backspacer

text: In February 2009, Pearl Jam went for a two-week session at Henson. It was the first time the band spent a considerable amount of time recording outside of Seattle since 1996's "No Code". McCready said, "[When] we got together with Ed and it really started getting more cohesive, we took that momentum down to Los Angeles with Brendan... It was a great idea to get us out of Seattle. You've got to get out [of] your comfort zone, and we've talked about doing that for the past 10 years and kind of haven't, so we trusted Brendan's judgment." In April 2009, the band went for a two-week session to finish the album with O'Brien at his mixing facility at Southern Tracks in Atlanta, Georgia. The album took a total of thirty days in the studio to get finished, and O'Brien stated "we had 90% of the record cut in the first nine days".


title: Backspacer

text: The album title was chosen in part because of nostalgia for the historical name of the backspace key on typewriters that went out of use in the 1950s and also as a reference to looking back on one's life. Vedder is known to use typewriters when writing lyrics and letters. Vedder said, ""Backspacer" [means] actually you kind of have to go back and look at your mistake." Gossard said, "There are some retrospective moods on this record, where Ed is looking at both his past and his future." The album title "Backspacer" was also used for the name of a leatherback turtle that was sponsored by Pearl Jam for Conservation International and National Geographic's Great Turtle Race.


title: Backspacer

text: McCready said, "I'd sum it up as kind of a tight, concise, rock 'n' roll record with kind of pop or maybe new wave elements to it... It's a really quick record, but I like that element to it. I like the sparseness of the songs and the way that Brendan pulled us together and made us play as good as we could." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said that "prior to "Backspacer", Pearl Jam wouldn't or couldn't have made music this unfettered, unapologetically assured, casual, and, yes, fun." Vedder stated, "The new record feels good so far—really strong and uptempo, stuff we can sink our teeth into", and added that the band's live performances inspired the album's sound: "At one of our gigs, without flashpots and electricity, there's only so much room for those difficult listening songs. That's one reason we kept the arrangements lean." The singer cited Guided by Voices as a reference in creating the shorter and faster songs of "Backspacer". Gossard said that "Backspacer" is "what we could have done for the last five records, in terms of re-engaging with the roots of why this band works," and that "there are plenty of ballads, too... and there are some shifts in how Jeff and Matt and I are all relating—I think this record's got a chance to sound significantly different." Ament said, "There are a couple of great things that Ed brought in that could be real departures for us. Whatever wave Ed caught with [his soundtrack for] "Into the Wild" has taken him to different places."


title: Backspacer

text: Lyrically, "Backspacer" displays a more positive outlook than the band's last few albums. Vedder credited the election of President Barack Obama as inspiration for the optimistic lyrics. Regarding the lyrics, Vedder said, "I've tried, over the years, to be hopeful in the lyrics, and I think that's going to be easier now." Gossard stated, "We've made a couple of political and pointed records, the last two in particular, and just to move away from that is great, because it allows you to go back to that when you need to and it refreshes everybody, and it comes down to a beat and a melody and your friends and a lyric and a poem and something that's important to you." Vedder stated he did not spend "more than half hour" writing the lyrics to each song: "If it's not going to happen quick then I don't want to do it, because it means there's another one out there that is going to happen quick, and is going to hit you like a lightning bolt."


title: Backspacer

text: Vedder called "Gonna See My Friend" a "drug song," but elaborated that the song is about going to see a friend to stay off drugs, and he stated that "Got Some" is about a "drug dealer," but added what the drug the dealer is selling is actually a great rock song. The lyrics to "Johnny Guitar," described by Vedder as "almost an Elvis Costello homage," were inspired by a collage of album covers pasted on the bathroom wall of the band's rehearsal space. Vedder noticed the album cover for Johnny "Guitar" Watson's 1979 album, "What the Hell Is This?", and imagined a man who becomes attracted to one of the various women on the cover and then wonders why this woman would rather be one of Watson's many girlfriends instead of his only one. Vedder described "Just Breathe" as "as close to a love song as we've ever gotten," and said that the subject of the song is the happiest times of people's lives when they should just take in the moment and "breathe for a minute." He also said that "Unthought Known" concerns the human psyche, and "Supersonic" is about the love for music. According to Vedder, "Speed of Sound" is taken from the perspective of a man still sitting in a bar after everyone else has left, but he added that even though the song is sad it became more "confident" when played with the whole band. He said "Force of Nature" is "about the strength of one person in the relationship, when they can withstand some of the faults in another." "The End" has been described as an "aching love song."


title: Backspacer

text: The artwork for the album was handled by editorial cartoonist Dan Perkins, who goes by the pen name Tom Tomorrow. Perkins spent six months working on the artwork. In 2009, Village Voice Media, publishers of 16 alternative weeklies, suspended all syndicated cartoons across their entire chain, including Perkins' strip "This Modern World". Perkins lost twelve client papers in cities including Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York City and Seattle, prompting his friend Vedder to post an open letter on the Pearl Jam website in support of the cartoonist. Perkins referred to the artwork as "dreams and memories," while Gossard referred to the artwork as a "bizarro otherworldy dreamscape." The album's cover art features nine images created by Perkins, and was revealed through a contest on the band's official website. The nine images were hidden on various websites, and the contest asked Internet users to search for the websites containing the images, whereby the images would be placed on a grid on the Pearl Jam website after clicking on them. After finding all of the images, users were rewarded with a demo version of the song "Speed of Sound". On the cover and spine of the limited edition gatefold sleeve version, the "Backspacer" keys glow in the dark.


title: Backspacer

text: Pearl Jam did not re-sign its record deal with J Records, and the band released the album through its own label Monkeywrench Records in conjunction with Universal Music Group in the United States and through Universal's Island Records internationally. Pearl Jam reached a deal with Target to be the exclusive big-box store retailer for the album in the United States. The album also saw release through the band's official website, independent record stores, online retailers, and iTunes. Those who purchase the compact disc or iTunes version of the album can access a "virtual 'vault'" which features eleven concerts that span from 2005 to 2008, of which up to two can be chosen to download for free; the iTunes edition was also released as an iTunes LP. Tying in with the release of the album, the entire album has been made available as downloadable content for the "Rock Band" series of video games. A deal with Verizon made the songs from the album available as both ringtone and ringback.


title: Backspacer

text: Pearl Jam promoted the album with tours in North America and Oceania in 2009. On October 4, 2009, the band headlined the Austin City Limits Music Festival. The appearance took place amidst a fourteen-date North American leg of the tour. Afterward, the band continued to tour in Oceania. In November 2009, they appeared in Australia, with their first performance in Perth, and after, gigs in Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. Their next concert performances followed in New Zealand. After their last date there, Pearl Jam returned to the United States for a final American leg in May 2010, and a European leg in June 2010.


title: Backspacer

text: The lead single "The Fixer" (backed with B-side "Supersonic," also from the album), was made available through the band's official website. "The Fixer" entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 56 and reached number three on the Alternative Rock Tracks charts. A music video was made for "The Fixer." Footage from the video, directed by Cameron Crowe, was used for a commercial for Target advertising "Backspacer" which features "The Fixer." The song was also nominated for Best Rock Song at the 52nd Grammy Awards. The band also released the double a-side single "Got Some"/"Just Breathe" a month after "Backspacer" and "Amongst the Waves" the following summer.


title: Backspacer

text: "Backspacer" received mainly positive reviews from music critics, and is the band's best reviewed studio album of the 2000s according to Metacritic, where it received a score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 24 professional critics. AllMusic staff writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album four and a half out of five stars, saying that "it sounds as if they enjoy being in a band, intoxicated by the noise they make." Ann Powers of the "Los Angeles Times" gave the album four out of four stars, describing it as "11 breakneck rockers and candidly emotional ballads, adding up to barely more than a half hour of optimally toned catharsis" and praising the "lightness and dexterity of the playing" and "Vedder's hard-driving, often playful vocals", and called its music "Accessible without sacrificing sophistication, aggressive without flailing". "Rolling Stone" staff writer Rob Sheffield gave "Backspacer" four out of five stars, saying that it contains "the shortest, tightest, punkiest tunes they've ever banged out," and that "Eddie Vedder's heart-on-fire vocals are the main attraction, as always." He added, "After toughing out the Bush years, Pearl Jam aren't in the mood for brooding; at long last, surf's up." Dave Simpson of "The Guardian" also gave the album four out of five stars. In the review he stated that "the Seattle quartet have rarely sounded this energised." Simpson observed that "this is a record made by mature men with perspective: full of reflection and eclecticism, finding space for both U2 guitar motifs and Buzzcocks solos." He added that "the ninth Pearl Jam album may even be the best of the lot." Evan Sawdey of PopMatters gave the album a rating of 7/10 and wrote that Pearl Jam "have finally re-discovered who they are, and sound stronger than ever because of it".


title: Backspacer

text: Paul Brannigan of "Q" gave the album four out of five stars. He said the album is "largely characterised by joyous new wave-influenced rock'n'roll, and for the first time in their 19-year career, Pearl Jam actually sound—whisper it—fun. No, honestly." Josh Modell of "Spin" gave the album four out of five stars. He said, "For the first time in years, Pearl Jam are seizing the moment rather than wallowing in it." "Time" reviewer Josh Tyrangiel said, "The songs here are built on hooks, covered with guitar fuzz, and then trimmed back a bit so the melody abides." Tyrangiel added, "Nothing revolutionary, but "Backspacer" provides an adrenaline jolt that shouldn't be underestimated either." Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a B, saying that "Backspacer" is "the sort of sweaty rock & roll that belongs in a bar with cracked-leather booths and $2 beers," and that it "grows same-y, but tracks like the surfing-as-life-metaphor anthem 'Amongst the Waves' do indeed make something old feel, if not new, good again." "The New York Times" said that "Pearl Jam... [refuses]—mostly—to equate maturity with slowing down," but added, "Pearl Jam's quandary is that with fewer outside targets or frustrations to rail against, it risks turning sanctimonious... Pearl Jam's music doesn't align well with satisfaction." Joshua Love of Pitchfork said that the album "seems to suggest in its tossed-off 37 minutes that Pearl Jam have no greater concern and regard for what they do than the rest of the world can muster," and he added that "with the spotlights long since extinguished, Pearl Jam seem content to do things by the book."


title: Backspacer

text: At the 53rd Grammy Awards, "Backspacer" was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Rock Album, losing to Muse's "The Resistance". Several year-end lists included the album amongst the best releases of 2009. AllMusic listed it on their Favorite Rock Albums of 2009, "Billboard" ranked it eighth on their Top 10 Albums of 2009, while "Rolling Stone" put "Backspacer" at 11th on their list, Popmatters had it as 31st, and "Q" on the 35th spot.


title: Backspacer

text: The album debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 with 189,000 copies sold in its first week of release, the only independent release to top the "Billboard" 200 that year. It is the first Pearl Jam album to reach number one in the United States since "No Code" debuted at number one in 1996. 7,000 of those copies were on vinyl, the highest first week total for LPs in 2009. On the "Billboard" 200 dated May 22, 2010, "Backspacer" logged its 32nd week on the chart, making the album Pearl Jam's longest-charting album since 1998's "Yield". "Backspacer" was certified Gold by the RIAA on January 28, 2010 and has sold 635,000 copies , according to Soundscan. It also topped the charts in Canada, where it was certified Platinum; Australia, also going Platinum; and New Zealand, being certified Gold.


title: Backspacer

text: The iTunes LP edition also features a video of a live performance of "The Fixer" as well as a short documentary on the making of the album.


title: Thurn und Taxis

text: The Princely House of Thurn and Taxis ( ) is a family of German nobility that is part of the "Briefadel". It was a key player in the postal services in Europe during the 16th century, until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, and became well known as the owner of breweries and builder of many castles. The current head of the House is Albert, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis. The family is one of the wealthiest in Germany and has resided at St. Emmeram Castle in Regensburg since 1812. They resided in this city since 1748.


title: Thurn und Taxis

text: They are one of the mediatised Houses for their former Sovereign Imperial counties, later mediatised to Kingdom of Wurttemberg (Principality of Buchau, now Bad Buchau), Kingdom of Bavaria and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.


title: Thurn und Taxis

text: The Tasso family (from the Italian word for "badger") was a Lombard family in the area of Bergamo. The earliest records place them in Almenno in the Val Brembana around 1200, before they fled to the more distant village of Cornello to escape feuding between Bergamo's Colleoni (Guelf) and Suardi (Ghibelline) families. Around 1290, after Milan had conquered Bergamo, Omodeo Tasso organized 32 of his relatives into the Company of Couriers ("Compagnia dei Corrieri") and linked Milan with Venice and Rome. The recipient of royal and papal patronage, his post riders were so comparatively efficient that they became known as "bergamaschi" throughout Italy.


title: Thurn und Taxis

text: Ruggiero de Tassis was named to the court of the emperor Frederick the Peaceful in 1443. He organized a post system between Bergamo and Vienna by 1450; from Innsbruck to Italy and Styria around 1460; and Vienna with Brussels around 1480. Upon his success, Ruggiero was knighted and made a gentleman of the Chamber. was appointed Chief Master of Postal Services at Innsbruck in 1489. Philip of Burgundy elevated Janetto's brother to captain of his post in 1502. Owing to a payment dispute with Philip, Francisco opened his post to public use in 1506. By 1516, Francisco had moved the family to Brussels in the Duchy of Brabant, where they became instrumental to Habsburg rule, linking the rich Habsburg Netherlands to the Spanish court. The normal route passed through France, but a secondary route across the Alps to Genoa was available in times of hostility.


title: Thurn und Taxis

text: At the death of Francisco in 1517, emperor Charles V appointed Francisco's nephew Johann Baptista von Taxis (1470-1541) as "Generalpostmeister" of the Reichspost. Johann Baptista was briefly succeeded by his eldest son, Franz II von Taxis (1514-1543), after whose untimely death the family split into two further branches. The youngest son, Leonhard I von Taxis, succeeded as "Generalpostmeister" and is the ancestor of the princely Thurn and Taxis family. Johann Baptista's second-eldest son, Raymond de Tassis (1515-1579), took over the office of postmaster-general to the Crown of Spain and settled in Spain. Raymond married into Spanish nobility, and his eldest son Juan de Tassis was created Count of Villamediana in 1603 by Phillip III. The Spanish line of the family became extinct with Juan de Tassis, 2nd Count of Villamediana, a celebrated poet who died in mysterious circumstances in 1622.


title: Thurn und Taxis

text: The name "Thurn und Taxis" arose from the translation into German of the family's French title ("de La Tour et Tassis" or "de Tour et Taxis"). Charles V named Giovanni Battista de Tassis as master of his post in 1520; Maximilian I expanded their network throughout the Holy Roman Empire. In 1624, the family members were elevated to "grafen" (counts), and they formally adopted the German form of their name in 1650. They were named 'princely' in 1695 at the behest of Emperor Leopold I.


title: Thurn und Taxis

text: The family operated the Thurn-und-Taxis Post, successor to the Imperial Reichspost of the Holy Roman Empire, between 1806 and 1867. Their postal service was gradually lost over the centuries, with the Spanish network being bought by the crown in the 18th century and the German post being purchased by Prussia after the fall of the Free City of Frankfurt in 1866. The family seat was established in Regensburg, Germany, and it has remained at St. Emmeram Castle there since 1748.


title: Thurn und Taxis

text: Rainer Maria Rilke wrote his "Duino Elegies" while visiting Princess Marie of Thurn and Taxis ("née" Princess of Hohenlohe) at her family's Duino Castle. Rilke later dedicated his only novel ("The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge") to the princess, who was his patroness. Princess Marie's relation to Regensburg's Thurn and Taxis family is rather distant, however – she was married to Prince Alexander of Thurn and Taxis, a member of the family's Czech branch that in the early 19th century settled in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) and became strongly connected to Czech national culture and history.


title: Thurn und Taxis

text: Until 1919, the titles of the head of the princely house were "Seine Durchlaucht der Fürst von Thurn und Taxis, Fürst zu Buchau und Fürst von Krotoszyn, Herzog zu Wörth und Donaustauf, gefürsteter Graf zu Friedberg-Scheer, Graf zu Valle-Sássina, auch zu Marchtal, Neresheim usw., Erbgeneralpostmeister" (His Serene Highness the Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Prince of Buchau and Prince of Krotoszyn, Duke of Wörth and Donaustauf, Princely Count of Friedberg-Scheer, Count of Valle-Sássina, Marchtal, Neresheim etc., Hereditary Postmaster General).


title: Thurn und Taxis

text: The current head of the house of Thurn and Taxis is Albert II, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, son of Johannes and his wife, Gloria. The family is one of the wealthiest in Germany. The family's brewery was sold to the Paulaner Group of Munich in 1996, but it still produces beer under the brand of "Thurn und Taxis".


title: Thurn und Taxis

text: The Thurn and Taxis family came to massive media attention during the late 1970s through mid-1980s when Prince Johannes married Countess Mariae Gloria of Schönburg-Glauchau, a member of an impoverished but mediatized noble family. The couple's wild, "jet set" lifestyle and Princess Gloria's over-the-top appearance (characterized by bright hair colours and "avant-garde" clothes) earned her the nickname of "Princess TNT".


title: Justin McElroy

text: Justin Tyler McElroy ( , born November 8, 1980) is an American podcaster, comedian, and former video game journalist. He is known for his work on podcasts (such as "My Brother, My Brother and Me", "The Adventure Zone", and "Sawbones") and as the co-founder of video game journalism website "Polygon".


title: Justin McElroy

text: McElroy was born in 1980 to Clint McElroy, former co-host of WTCR-FM's morning radio show in Huntington, West Virginia, and his wife Leslie. McElroy attended Marshall University, and lives in Huntington . He has been married to Dr. Sydnee Smirl McElroy since 2006. They have two children: Charlie Gail “Chuck” McElroy, born on August 12, 2014, and Cooper Renee McElroy, born on February 13, 2018.


title: Justin McElroy

text: McElroy worked for the "Ironton Tribune" as a reporter from 2005, covering Ohio University Southern, the Ironton and Coal Grove areas and feature stories. After becoming news editor for the paper he then worked at "Joystiq" as a journalist from 2007 to 2012. During this time, he was the producer of the Joystiq podcast.


title: Justin McElroy

text: In 2012, McElroy co-founded "Polygon", a video game website, along with his brother Griffin and Christopher Grant, and was formerly an editor-at-large at said website. In 2018, Justin and Griffin both announced their departure from "Polygon", in order to focus on their podcasting careers and families.


title: Justin McElroy

text: Since 2010, Justin McElroy has co-hosted the comedy podcast "My Brother, My Brother and Me" along with his brothers Griffin and Travis. The podcast began in 2010 as a form of "self-entertainment" before it was added to the Maximum Fun network. The podcast takes the form of a humorous "advice show", in which the brothers answer questions that have been directly submitted by listeners, as well as questions that listeners have found on Yahoo! Answers. In 2010, the show was consistently listed among the top 10 comedy podcasts on iTunes, and it has received positive critical reception. The podcast was later turned into a 2017 television show, which originally aired on Seeso and now streams on VRV.


title: Justin McElroy

text: Since June 21, 2013, Justin and his wife Sydnee have co-hosted the podcast "Sawbones", a "marital tour of misguided medicine" and a humorous exploration of medical history, focusing on the many ways the medical community has been wrong in the past. A book based on this podcast, "The Sawbones Book: The Horrifying, Hilarious Road To Modern Medicine", was published by Weldon Owen on October 9, 2018.


title: Justin McElroy

text: In 2014, the McElroy brothers launched a tabletop role-playing game podcast entitled "The Adventure Zone". Initially focusing on "Dungeons & Dragons", the show began to explore other game systems in later seasons. During the first campaign, subtitled "Balance", Justin McElroy portrays Taako, an elf wizard. In the second campaign, "Amnesty", Justin portrays Wayne "Duck" Newton, a forest ranger. In the third campaign, "Graduation", he portrayed an unnamed Firbolg student. Justin plays a monk named Amber Gris in the fourth campaign, "Ethersea".


title: Justin McElroy

text: The first sub-arc of "The Adventure Zone: Balance", named "Here There Be Gerblins", was later adapted into a graphic novel in cooperation with artist Carey Pietsch, and was published by First Second Books in 2018. The book topped "The New York Times"' best-selling trade fiction list, becoming the first graphic novel to do so. It was followed by a second graphic novel, "Murder on the Rockport Limited!", in 2019, a third installment, "Petals to the Metal", in 2020, and a fourth, "The Crystal Kingdom", in 2021.


title: Justin McElroy

text: Justin and his brothers also co-host a yearly podcast with Tim Batt and Guy Montgomery, released every American Thanksgiving since 2015, called "'Til Death Do Us Blart" where they review the film "". The brothers also host the documentary podcast "The McElroy Brothers Will Be in Trolls World Tour," which ultimately resulted in the announcement that all three were set to make cameo appearances in the film.


title: Justin McElroy

text: In 2018, Justin McElroy launched "The Empty Bowl", a "meditative podcast about cereal" with Dan Goubert, writer of the "Cerealously" blog.


title: Justin McElroy

text: Beginning in 2015, Justin and his brother Griffin began hosting a gaming comedy show for "Polygon" called "Monster Factory". The series—in which the two use powerful character creation tools from popular video and computer games to create hideous characters—was praised by "The Mary Sue" as one of the "funniest series on YouTube". The series briefly went on hiatus after the pair left Polygon, but resumed output in December 2018.


title: Justin McElroy

text: Justin appeared with his brothers on the July 24, 2017, episode of "@midnight", during which host Chris Hardwick publicly acknowledged that "@midnight" was ending.


title: Justin McElroy

text: Justin has appeared twice as a guest on "The George Lucas Talk Show," once during the May the 4th, 2020 fundraiser "The George Lucas Talk Show All Day Star Wars Movie Watch Along""," and later on the December 22, 2020, episode "The George Lucas Holiday Special."


title: Justin McElroy

text: McElroy has appeared as a voice actor in several animated TV shows. In 2017, he appeared as Billiam Milliam in the animated comedy series "OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes". In 2018, he appeared in the Cartoon Hangover-produced animated mini-series "Slug Riot". He also provided voice commentary for the 2017 video game "100ft Robot Golf", along with Griffin and Travis.


title: Justin McElroy

text: In September 2018, following a successful podcasting campaign, Justin and his brothers confirmed that they would be voicing the character Skyscraper in the film "Trolls World Tour", with Justin also voicing Techno Drop Button and Tumbleweed.


title: Justin McElroy

text: In 2006, McElroy received an award for the best business reporting in Ohio from the Associated Press in recognition of his work with the "Ironton Tribune". In 2009, McElroy received a Shorty Award in the video games category.


title: Justin McElroy

text: In 2021, a newly discovered species of millipede was named "Nannaria mcelroyorum" in recognition of the McElroy family's podcasts, which entertained the scientists during their field work. The millipede is found in West Virginia as well as the wider Appalachian region.


title: Justin McElroy

text: In 2021, McElroy added the "Berries and Cream" sound from a 2007 Starburst commercial to the video-sharing app TikTok, which has since been used in 354.1K videos.


title: Ocado

text: Ocado Group is a British business based in Hatfield, England, which licenses grocery technology. It owns a 50% share of Ocado.com (the other 50% is owned by UK retailer Marks & Spencer) and licenses its grocery fulfilment technology to global retailers, such as Kroger in the USA and Coles Group in Australia. The company was floated on the London Stock Exchange on 21 July 2010, and is a member of the FTSE 100 Index.


title: Ocado

text: Ocado.com or Ocado Retail Limited (ORL) is a British online supermarket and describes itself as 'the world's largest dedicated online grocery retailer'.


title: Ocado

text: Ocado was founded in April 2000 by Jonathan Faiman, Jason Gissing and Tim Steiner, former merchant bankers with Goldman Sachs. Ocado was launched in January 2000 as a concept and started trading as a business in partnership with Waitrose in January 2002. When the company first started, Faiman, Gissing and Steiner ran every part of the business themselves.


title: Ocado

text: In September 2006, Michael Grade became non-executive chairman of Ocado, shortly after Goldman Sachs were appointed as financial advisers, fuelling speculation which had already started about a listing for the company. In November 2008, the John Lewis Partnership transferred its shareholding of 29% into its staff pension fund. In May 2010 the John Lewis Partnership entered into a 10-year branding and supply agreement with Ocado. In February 2011, the John Lewis pension fund sold off its entire Ocado shareholding.


title: Ocado

text: On 13 July 2009, Ocado released its first app for the iPhone. The app, called 'Ocado on the Go', allows users to do their grocery shopping without the need for a PC. On 19 April 2010, the company extended the app to Android devices. The Android app has a number of features that the iPhone app does not have, including the ability to control the app using only the voice. In 2015, Ocado launched the first grocery app for the Apple Watch.


title: Ocado

text: In July 2010, following considerable speculation, Ocado undertook a stock market Initial public offering.


title: Ocado

text: In August 2017, Ocado launched an app for Amazon’s Alexa voice assistant, that will allow users to add products to an existing Ocado order or basket via voice command. The company states it is the first UK supermarket to launch an app for Alexa.


title: Ocado

text: In 2015 Ocado launched the Ocado Smart Platform, its proprietary end-to-end solution for operating retail businesses online.


title: Ocado

text: In November 2017, Ocado's shares rose by 20% following the fulfillment of an Ocado Smart Platform deal with the French Casino Group.


title: Ocado

text: In January 2018, Ocado completed negotiations for an Ocado Smart Platform deal with Canada's second largest supermarket chain Sobeys, owned by Empire Company. Michael Medline, CEO of Empire and Sobeys, said its e-commerce (robotics system for home deliveries) business would start in approximately two years.


title: Ocado

text: In May 2018 Ocado signed an Ocado Smart Platform deal with Kroger, the US retail company, to build up to 20 Customer Fulfillment Centres (CFCs) using Ocado's automated technologies.


title: Ocado

text: In the early morning of 5 February 2019, Ocado's customer fulfilment centre (CFC) in Andover, Hampshire, which handles 10 per cent of its fulfilments, caught fire. The fire continued to burn the following day, engaging more than 25 fire engines and 300 firefighters from multiple fire services, as far as Kent. A 500-metre exclusion zone was set up and residents as far as 1.6 km away were to be evacuated as a precaution. The fire burned for more than 3 days, with the roof collapsing in the process. The fire was found to have started due a fault in a battery charging unit, and was exacerbated by worker responses. The warehouse was rebuilt, and was operational by August 2021.


title: Ocado

text: On 27 February 2019, Ocado and Marks and Spencer announced a Joint Venture, whereby M&S acquired a 50% share in Ocado's UK retail business.


title: Ocado

text: On 4 June 2019, "Computerworld UK" reported Ocado’s intent to use robotic packers to handle all 55,000 products it stocks, utilizing technology developed in collaboration with SOMA, the Soft Manipulation consortium. Ocado will initially use suction cup-based robots to handle durable objects, but plans to deploy “soft hands” robotic technology to handle delicate products such as fresh fruits and vegetables.


title: Ocado

text: Ocado's products included own brand groceries from the Waitrose supermarket chain until September 2020, when Ocado launched a joint venture with Marks and Spencer. They also sell their own Ocado brand and a selection of name brand groceries and other items, including flowers, toys and magazines.


title: Ocado

text: Since January 2014, Ocado have provided the website, warehousing and delivery services for one of their main grocery rivals Morrisons supermarkets, allowing them to operate online using Ocado's network of depots to deliver Morrisons groceries to online customers. The fulfilment of Morrisons.com grocery website customer orders comes from Ocado’s Dordon Customer Fulfilment Centre (CFC) in the Midlands, with deliveries brought to the customer's doorstep via Morrisons liveried fleet. Morrisons made an initial capital payment of up to £170m to Ocado to acquire the Dordon site and associated mechanical handling equipment, as well as a licence and integration fee. A further £46m was invested to expand Dordon in order to accommodate Morrisons range, integrate with Morrisons systems and establish a network of delivery spokes. On an annual basis, Morrisons pay service costs and a contribution to research and development expenditure.


title: Ocado

text: Ocado Technology, a division of Ocado Group, designs most of Ocado's technology in-house, including but not limited to: website and apps; automated warehouses and robots; Machine Learning-based fraud detection and customer service systems; forecasting and routing systems. They describe themselves as specialists in: automation and robotics; big data and the cloud; web and app development; algorithms and smart optimisation; and discrete event-simulation.


title: Ocado

text: Ocado's warehouses are built with a giant 3D grid structure inside, within which groceries are stored in crates. On top, robots (over 1,000 per warehouse) coordinate in swarm-like behaviour to collect and move the crates. The robots bring the crates up from the grid into their interior and take them to pickers so the groceries inside the crate can be packed into orders. They then move the crate back into the grid. The robots can work together to 'dig' for the crates, moving crates out of the way to collect one buried lower in a stack. The movement of the robots and the storage location of the crates is managed and optimised by a central 'control system' using artificial intelligence. In this way, Ocado can pick a 50 item order in minutes.


title: Ocado

text: These 'hive' style warehouses are located in Andover and Erith. The Erith site is 36 acres, capable of processing 220,000 orders a week, with up to 3,500 robots running on its grid. Ocado's older warehouses, located in Hatfield and Dordon, are based on a complex conveyor system and use Artificial Intelligence to plan and optimise picking sequence, product location, and crate routing.


title: Ocado

text: Ocado Technology was involved in two EU-funded Horizon 2020 robotics research projects: SecondHands and SOMA and continues to experiment with robotics for automating picking and packing of grocery orders.


title: Ocado

text: Ocado has six technology development centres in Europe: Hatfield and London in the UK; Kraków and Wroclaw in Poland; Sofia in Bulgaria; Barcelona in Spain.


title: Ocado

text: The Ocado Smart Platform is Ocado's proprietary solution for operating retail businesses online. It is an 'end to end' solution, comprising Ocado's software and hardware from website and apps to automated fulfilment to delivery. Clients include the supermarket chain, Morrisons.


title: Ocado

text: Jez Frampton, CEO of Interbrand and non-executive director of Ocado, claims the name "Ocado" is "a made-up word, intended to evoke fresh fruit". Neil Taylor, an Interbrand consultant, stated that the name was derived from "avocado".


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: Since its establishment in 1947, Pakistan has had an asymmetric federal government and is a federal parliamentary democratic republic. At the national level, the people of Pakistan elect a bicameral legislature, the Parliament of Pakistan. The parliament consists of a lower house called the National Assembly, which is elected directly, and an upper house called the Senate, whose members are chosen by elected provincial legislators. The head of government, the Prime Minister, is elected by the majority members of the National Assembly and the head of state (and figurehead), the President, is elected by the Electoral College, which consists of both houses of Parliament together with the four provincial assemblies. In addition to the national parliament and the provincial assemblies, Pakistan also has more than five thousand elected local governments.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: The Election Commission of Pakistan, a constitutionally-established institution chaired by an appointed and designated Chief Election Commissioner, supervises the general elections. The Pakistan Constitution defines (to a basic extent) how general elections are held in Part VIII, Chapter 2 and various amendments. A multi-party system is in effect, with the National Assembly consisting of 342 seats and the Senate consisting of 100 seats (after ex-FATA merger) elected from the four provinces. The Constitution dictates that the general elections be held every five years when the National Assembly has completed its term or has been dissolved and that the Senatorial elections be held to elect members for terms of six years. By law, general elections must be held within two months of the National Assembly completing its term.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: Between 1947 and 1958, there were no direct elections held in Pakistan at the national level. Provincial elections were held occasionally. The West Pakistan provincial elections were described as "a farce, a mockery and a fraud upon the electorate"


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: The first direct elections held in the country after independence were for the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab between 10–20 March 1951. The elections were held for 197 seats. As many as 939 candidates contested the election for 189 seats, while the remaining seats were filled unopposed. Seven political parties were in the race. The election was held on an universal basis with approximately one-million voters. The turnout remained low: in Lahore, the turnout was 30 percent of the listed voters, and in rural areas of Punjab it was much lower.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: On 8 December 1951 the North West Frontier Province held elections for Provincial legislature seats. In a pattern that would be repeated throughout Pakistan's electoral history, many of those who lost accused the winners of cheating and rigging the elections. Similarly, in May, 1953 elections to the Provincial legislature of Sindh were held and they were also marred by accusations of rigging.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: In April 1954, the general elections were held for the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly, in which the Pakistan Muslim League lost to the pan-Bengali nationalist United Front alliance. Incumbent Prime Minister of East Pakistan Mr. Nurul Amin lost his parliament seat to a veteran student leader and language movement stalwart Khaleque Nawaz Khan in Mr. Amin's home constituency Nandail of Mymensingh district. Nurul Amin's crushing defeat to young Turk of United front alliance effectively eliminates Pakistan Muslim League from the political landscape of the then East Pakistan.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: The 1970 Pakistani general election, was the first direct general election after independence of Pakistan from British India. After a decades-long struggle, the military government was forced to transfer power to democratically-elected officials. In East Pakistan, the election was portrayed as referendum on self-governance for the Bengali citizens of Pakistan, who made up nearly 55% of Pakistan's population and were yet not given rights consistent with those of West Pakistanis.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: The election was won by Awami League, having 167 seats out of 313, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was to be the first democratically-elected Prime Minister of Pakistan. But the military government, at the request of opposition leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, refused to transfer power to the elected Parliament, causing the beginning of the Bangladesh Liberation War.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: All data and calculations are provided by Election Commission of Pakistan as Public domain. The General elections in 1985 were non-partisan general elections, but many technocrats belong to the one party to another.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: After the Liberation of East Pakistan, democracy returned to the country. In 1977, the general elections were held but due to election violence instigated by the right-wing PNA, the martial law took advance against the left oriented Pakistan Peoples Party, or PPP.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: In 1988, the general elections were held again which marked the PPP coming in power but dismissed in two years following the amid lawlessness situation in the country. In 1990, the general elections saw the right-wing alliance forming the government but dismissed in 1993 after the alliance collapse. The general elections in 1993 saw the PPP forming government after successfully seeking plurality in the Parliament. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto made critical decisions during her era, ranging from working to strengthening the education, defense, foreign policy and pressed her policies hard to implement her domestic programs initiatives. Despite her tough rhetoric, Prime Minister Bhutto's own position deteriorated in her native province, Sindh, and lost her support following the death of her younger brother. Tales of high-scale corruption cases also maligned her image in the country and was dismissed from her post by her own hand-picked president in 1996. The 1997 general elections saw the centre-right, Pakistan Muslim League (N), or PML (N), gaining the exclusive mandate in the country and supermajority in the parliament. Despite Sharif's popularity in 1998 and popular peace initiatives in 1999, the conspiracy was hatched against Sharif by General Musharraf, accusing Sharif of hijacking the plane and pressed terrorism charges against Sharif in the military courts; thus ending Sharif's government.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: Ordered by the Supreme Court, General Musharraf held general election in 2002, bearing Sharif and Benazir Bhutto from keeping the public office. With Zafarullah Jamali becoming the Prime minister in 2002, he left the office for Shaukat Aziz in 2004. After the deadly 9/11 attacks in the United States and Musharraf's unconditional policy to support the American war in the Afghanistan, further damaged Musharraf's credibility in the country. In an unsuccessful attempt to dismiss the Judicial system, Musharraf dramatically fall from power. The 2008 general elections allowed the PPP, assisted with the left-wing alliance, further consolidated in opposition to Musharraf, though it was plagued with loadshedding, law and order situation, foreign policy issues, and poor economic performances. In recent elections held in 2013, the PML (N) won the majority seats in the elections and is expected to be forming government in last weeks of May 2013.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: All data and calculations are provided by Election Commission of Pakistan as Public domain. All elections were contested under a separate electorate system, the 1990 elections had allegations of vote-rigging confirmed by foreign observers. The 'MQM' contested the 1988 elections under the name "Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz", it boycotted the 1993 National elections.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: This election led to strong showings for the PPP and the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML-N), who signed the Bhurban Accord in response to the election results. The election was held in Pakistan on 18 February 2008, after being postponed from 8 January 2008. The original date was intended to elect members of the National Assembly of Pakistan, the lower house of the Majlis-e-Shoora (the nation's parliament). Pakistan's two main opposition parties, the PPP and the PML (N) won the majority of seats in the election. The PPP and PML (N) formed the new coalition government with Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister of Pakistan. Following the election, Pervez Musharraf acknowledged that the process had been free and fair. He conceded the defeat of the PML (Q) and pledged to work with the new Parliament. The voter turnout for the election was 35,170,435 people (44%). By-elections for 28 seats (23 provincial and 5 national) have been delayed numerous times, with most of them now held on 26 June 2008.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: Promulgation of 1956 constitution, Iskandar Ali Mirza became first President of Pakistan; he was also noted of being the first East-Pakistani Bengali president of Pakistan. In an indirect elections, the electors of the Awami League voted for Mirza's bid for presidency in 1956. Wanting a control democracy, President Mirza dismissed four prime ministers in less than two years and his position in the country was quickly deteriorated amid his actions. In 1958, Mirza imposed the martial law under its enforcer General Ayub Khan, but was also dismissed the same year. Assuming the presidency in 1958, Ayub Khan introduced a "System of Basic Democracy" which mean, "the voters delegate their rights to choose the president and the members of the national and provincial assemblies to 80,000 representatives called Basic Democrats."


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: Under this system, the first direct presidential election was held on January 2, 1965. Some 80,000 'basic democrats', as members of urban and regional councils, caucused to vote. There were two main contestants: Pakistan Muslim League led by President Ayub Khan and the Combined Opposition Parties (COP) under the leadership of Fatima Jinnah. In this highly controversial election with the means of using the state machinery to rigging the votes, the PML secured a thumping majority of 120 seats while the opposition could clinch only 15 seats. Fatima Jinnah's Combined Opposition Party (COP) only secured 10 seats whereas the NDF won 5 seats in East Pakistan and 1 in West Pakistan. The rest of the seats went to the independents.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: Witnessing the events in 1965, the new drafted constitution created the Electoral College system, making the president as mere figurehead. In 1973, Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry became the first president from the PPP in an indirect polling. With the martial law remained effective from 1977 till 1988, civil servant Ghulam Ishaq Khan ran for the presidency on a PPP ticket in a deal to support Benazir Bhutto for presidency. With special powers granted to President GI Khan, he dismissed two elected government during period 1990 and 1993; he too was forced out from the office the same year. After the 1993 general election, the PPP nominated Farooq Leghari who soon secured majority votes in the parliament. Originally elected for five-year term, Leghari was forced resigned from the presidency after forcing out Benazir Bhutto from the government in 1996. In 1997 general election, Nawaz Sharif called for fresh presidential elections and nominated Rafiq Tarar for the presidency. In an indirect election, Tarar received heavy votes from the electors of Electoral College, becoming the first president from the PML (N). In 1999 martial law against Sharif, Musharraf appointed himself President in 2001. In 2004, he secured his reappointment for the presidency; though the opposition and religious alliance boycotted the elections. In 2007, Musharraf again restored his appointment after the opposition parties also boycotted the elections. As Musharraf was forced out from power, Asif Zardari of PPP became president after a close presidential elections in 2008. The Pakistani general election of 2013 were held on 11 May 2013. Problems with providing electricity was one of the major issues with the winning candidate, Nawaz Sharif, promising to reform electrical service and provide reliable service. Mamnoon Hussain won this election.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry became president in 1973 with PPP's support in four provinces. GI Khan was candidate of PPP in return of supporting Benazir Bhutto in 1988. Pervez Musharraf gained political support from PML (Q) as their president in 2004 and 2007; both elections were controversial as leading parties PPP and PML (N) boycotted the elections


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: The Constitution of Pakistan more broadly and briefly defines how general elections (to a basic extent) are conducted, giving the time of elections, and the framework under which the elections are to be conducted, in Article 222-226 in chapter 2:


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: The duties of conducting elections are established in the Constitution of Pakistan. Established in 1956, the Election Commission of Pakistan holds the purpose of elections to houses of Parliament, four provincial assemblies and for election of such other public offices as may be specified by law or until such law is made by the Parliament. The Election Commission is constituted with comprising the Chief Election Commissioner as its chairman (who is a judge or retired judge of the Supreme Court or a senior civil servant who has served at least 20 years or has retired in BPS-22 or is a technocrat) and four appointed members from each four provinces, each of whom is a judge of the four high courts of the four provinces; all appointed by the president by constitution.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: After approving the consultations from the chief justices of high courts of four provinces and the chief election commissioner, the president constitutionally approves the appointments of the designated members of the Election Commission. The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the president, in his/her discretion, for a term of 3 years. The Constitution grants the c


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: Pakistan has a parliamentary system in which, the executive and legislature are elected directly by public voting in constituencies on first-past-the-post system through a secret ballot. Article 222–229 of the Constitution of Pakistan forbids the candidate from the membership of National Assembly and the provincial assemblies simultaneously. In direct elections, a candidate who obtains the highest number of votes in a constituency, is declared elected as a member of National Assembly or a provincial assembly.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: The seats in the National Assembly are allocated to each of four provinces, the FATA and the federal capital on the basis of population in accordance with the last officially published census. Members to the seats reserved for women and non-Muslims, are elected in accordance with the law through proportional representation system of political partys' lists of candidates on the basis of total number of general seats secured by each political party in the National Assembly or a provincial assembly. The National Assembly has 342 seats, usually elected for five year terms; however, if the National Assembly is dissolved, a general elections must be called within ninety days, according to the constitution.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: The Senate consists of 104 members, of whom 14 members are elected by each provincial assembly, eight members are elected from FATA by members of National Assembly from these areas, two members (one woman and one technocrat) are elected from the federal capital also by members of National Assembly; four women and four technocrats are elected by members of each provincial assembly. One seat in the Senate is reserved for minorities in each province.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: It is the responsibility of the Chief Election Commissioner to hold and make arrangements for the Senate elections in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote through electoral colleges. The term of the members of the Senate is 6 years. However, the term of the first group of the senators, who shall retire after completion of first 3 years of the Senate, is determined by drawing of lots by the Chief Election Commission.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: The president of Pakistan is elected through presidential elections. In an indirect election, with the winner being determined by votes casts by the electors of the Electoral College. The Electoral College is composed of elected senators, members of the National Assembly and provincial assemblies. The president is a ceremonial post, head of state, and merely a figurehead with the executive powers granted to prime minister, by the Constitution. The Constitution grants both men and women the right to run for presidency. However it states that a presidential candidate must be a Muslim and not less than 45 years of age. The president is elected for a term of 5 years.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: It is the duty of Chief Election Commissioner to conduct elections for the office of the president in a special session of the Parliament and all the provincial assemblies in accordance with the provisions of Second Schedule of the Constitution.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: In order to decentralize administrative and financial authority to be accountable to Local Governments, for good governance, effective delivery of services and transparent decision making through institutionalized participation of the people at grassroots level, elections to the local government institutions are held after every four years on non party basis by the Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: Members of Union Council including Union Administrator and Vice Union Administrator are elected through direct elections based on adult franchise and on the basis of joint electorate. However, for the election to the reserved seats for Women in Zila council proportionately divided among Tehsils or Towns shall be all members of the Union Councils in a Tehsil or Town. It is the responsibility of the Chief Election Commissioner to organize and conduct these elections.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: First local government election was held in 1959 under the dictatorship of ayub khan. second local government election was held in 1979 under the dictatorship of general zia ul haq. third local government election was under right after the cope of Pervaiz Musharaf in 2000, and finally first time in history of Pakistan local body election held in Pakistan on December 7, 2013. Balochistan was the province where LB Polls held. Punjab, Sindh and KP are all set to conduct the polls. These first time BD Election held due to the immense pressure of new merging political power of PTI on the central government of PMLN.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: Zimni Elections or by-elections are held due to fill the vacant seat due to resignation,disqualification or death of a respective person.Election Commission of Pakistan is hosting zimni elections since It was founded.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: 175 Candidates from across Punjab contested in these by-elections. 3,131 Polling Stations were created in 20 Constituencies out of which 731 were for men, 700 for women, and 1700 were combined polling stations. The ECP has declared 1304 polling stations sensitive and 690 highly sensitive. Polling stations from Lahore (4 Seats) and Multan (1 Seat) have been declared sensitive.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: A person who is a citizen of Pakistan, is enrolled as a voter in any electoral roll under the Electoral Rolls Act 1974 and in case of National/Provincial Assemblies is not less than 25 years of age and in case of Senate not less than 30 years of age, is of good character and is not commonly known as one who violates Islamic injunctions, has adequate knowledge of Islamic teachings and practices, obligatory duties prescribed by Islam as well as abstains from major sin, is sagacious, righteous and non-profligate, honest and ameen, has not been convicted for a crime involving moral turpitude or for giving false evidence, and has not, after establishment of Pakistan, worked against the integrity of the country or opposed the ideology of Pakistan and is graduate, can contest the elections and become a member of the Parliament or a Provincial Assembly.


title: Elections in Pakistan

text: A person, who is a citizen of Pakistan, is not less than 18 years of age on the first day of January of the year in which the rolls are prepared or revised, is not declared by a competent court to be of un-sound mind and is or is deemed to be a resident of an electoral area, can get their selves enrolled as a voter in that electoral area. The citizens registered on the electoral rolls are only eligible to cast their votes.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: Lapland, also known by its Swedish name Lappland (, , ), is a province in northernmost Sweden. It borders Jämtland, Ångermanland, Västerbotten, Norrbotten, Norway and Finland. Nearly a quarter of Sweden's land area is in Lappland.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: Lapland originally extended eastward. However, in 1809 the Russian Empire annexed the eastern part of Sweden, and created the Grand Duchy of Finland, which in effect split Lapland into a Swedish part and a Finnish part, both of which still exist today. It primarily consists of Västerbotten County in the south and Norrbotten County in the north, forming the further inland areas of the two counties. Lapland has the coldest climates of Sweden with vast seasonal differences caused by the high latitudes and the interior location.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: The history of Lapland is in many ways connected to the history of Norrbotten County and Västerbotten County, since Lapland is a historic region connected to these counties. During the Middle Ages, Norrbotten/Lapland was considered a no man's land. The area was in fact populated by nomadic Sami people, but the region became increasingly settled by Swedish, Finnish and Norwegian settlers - especially along the coasts and large rivers. From the Middle Ages on, the Swedish kings tried to colonise and Christianise the area using settlers from what is now Finland and southern Sweden. Today, despite large-scale assimilation into the dominant Swedish culture, Finnish and Sami minorities continue to maintain their cultures and identities.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: Despite independent cultural presence, religious beliefs were subject to conversion in the 17th and 18th centuries resulting in Laplanders generally leaving their original shamanism and converting to . Since the 19th century, Lapland has been particularly characterised by Laestadian Lutheranism.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: During the industrialization of Sweden in the late-19th century, natural resources (hydroelectricity, timber and minerals) from Lapland and surrounding provinces played a key role. Still, mining, forestry and hydroelectric power are the backbone of the local economy, together with municipal services. The unemployment has however been relatively high for several decades and many young people leave for the larger cities by the coast or in southern Sweden.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: Located in Sweden, Lapland is known for containing the Vindelfjällen Nature Reserve, one of the largest nature reserves in Sweden. Other parts of Lapland have been named a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Laponian area, and the province contains some of the oldest and most spectacular national parks of northern Europe, e.g. Sarek National Park, established in 1909. Lapland has an area of 109,702 square km (c. 42,300 sq miles), larger than Austria and almost equal to Portugal. Its land area is also larger than the Benelux countries combined, being more than double the size of Switzerland and quite a bit larger than the island of Ireland.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes but are cultural and historical entities. Administratively, Lappland constitutes the western part of two counties of Sweden, Norrbotten County in the north and Västerbotten County in the south. In contrast to most other areas of Sweden, there is more of an identification with the "counties" rather than to "provinces". Thus, most people in these counties refer to the entire county, including the areas in Lapland, when they say 'Norrbotten' or 'Västerbotten'.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: Citizens of Sami descent are eligible to stand and vote in elections for the Swedish Sami Parliament, which is the case with Sami people elsewhere in Sweden as well. The Sami language has an official minority status in Kiruna Municipality, Gällivare Municipality, Jokkmokk Municipality and Arjeplog Municipality.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: As of 31 December 2017, the population of Swedish Lapland is 91,333. Together with the rest of historical Lapland, the sum of the population is approximately 250,000. The largest cities are Kiruna (, ) with 23,178 inhabitants, Gällivare with 18,123 inhabitants and Lycksele with 12,177 inhabitants.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: Lapland itself was never considered a duchy but on 18 January 1884 the Privy Council gave all Provinces the right of use to a ducal coronet for their arms. Blazon Swedish version: "Argent, a Wildman statant Gules wrapped with birch leaves Vert on the head and around the waist holding a Club Or in dexter over the shoulder." The wildman used to be depicted with more features, impressively drawn muscles and a dour expression on his face.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: The wildman wielding a club as heraldic symbol of Lapland first appeared at the coronation of Charles IX of Sweden in 1607, then at the same king's burial in 1611. The colour red of his skin was decided only in 1949; before then various colours had been used (natural skin colour in the first half of the 20th century). The wildman, though unusual in heraldry, is an old symbol of the uncivilised north and appeared in books and woodcuts of the 16th century. A statue depicting the wildman is placed in Storuman at .


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: Lapland has a subarctic climate in its lower areas, whereas a polar variety can be found in Tarfala, where the average high for the warmest month of the year (July) is lower than in mean temperatures. The southern parts of the province are significantly milder than the northern, due to the vast geographical differences. However, since Lapland is all made up of inland areas, maritime moderation is less significant than in the counties' coastal areas and in neighbouring Norway, resulting in harsh winters. Southern areas at a lower elevation such as Lycksele also have relatively warm summers. Due to the arctic circle, the northern areas of the province experience midnight sun and a moderate polar night with some civil twilight during opposite sides of the year.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: The culture of the Sami people, the national minority group Tornedalians and the conservative Lutheran Laestadian movement is prominent in the region.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: Football in the province is administered by Norrbottens Fotbollförbund and Västerbottens Fotbollförbund.


title: Lapland (Sweden)

text: An EU-subsidised government tourism marketing organisation aiming to promote tourism in Northern Sweden has taken the brand name "Swedish Lapland". This name also covers towns in the coastal area of Gulf of Bothnia as well as the border area to Finland though neither areas are a part of the geographical province Swedish Lapland, rather the Lapland area as a whole in northern Scandinavia.


title: Eugenia uniflora

text: Eugenia uniflora, the pitanga, Suriname cherry, Brazilian cherry, Cayenne cherry, cerisier carré, monkimonki kersie or ñangapirí, is a flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae, native to tropical South America’s east coast, ranging from Suriname, French Guiana to southern Brazil, as well as Uruguay and parts of Paraguay and Argentina.


title: Eugenia uniflora

text: It is often used in gardens as a hedge or screen. The tree was introduced to Bermuda for ornamental purposes but is now out of control and listed as an invasive species.


title: Eugenia uniflora

text: "Eugenia uniflora" is a large shrub or small tree with a conical form, growing slowly to high. When bruised, crushed, or cut, the leaves and branches have a spicy resinous fragrance, which can cause respiratory discomfort in susceptible individuals. The leaves are without stipules, ovate, glossy, and held in opposite pairs. New leaves are bronze, copper, or coppery-pinkish in color, maturing to deep glossy green, up to long. During winter, the leaves turn red.


title: Eugenia uniflora

text: Flowers have four white petals and are borne on long slender stalks, with a conspicuous central cluster of white stamens ending in yellow anthers. Flowers develop into ribbed fruits long, starting as green, then ranging through orange, scarlet, and maroon as they ripen. Because fruit-eating birds distribute the seeds, they can become a weed in suitable tropical and sub-tropical habitats, displacing native flora.


title: Eugenia uniflora

text: The edible fruit is a botanical berry. The taste ranges from sweet to sour, depending on the cultivar and level of ripeness (the darker red to black range is quite sweet, while the green to orange range is strikingly tart). Its predominant food use is as a flavoring and base for jams and jellies. The fruit is high in vitamin C and a source of provitamin A.


title: Eugenia uniflora

text: The leaves are spread on some house floors in Brazil so that they exude a smell that repels flies when crushed underfoot.


title: Eugenia uniflora

text: "Eugenia uniflora" has several significant pharmacological properties. Its essential oil is antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antitumor and analgesic, and it has shown antiviral and antifungal activity. It has performed against microorganisms such as "Trichomonas gallinae" (in vitro), "Trypanosoma cruzi" and "Leishmania amazonensis".


title: Eugenia uniflora

text: It also shows significant anti-inflammatory properties, and is used extensively as a folk remedy in South America against stomach diseases.


title: Mud volcano

text: A mud volcano or mud dome is a landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases. Several geological processes may cause the formation of mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes are not true igneous volcanoes as they do not produce lava and are not necessarily driven by magmatic activity. Mud volcanoes may range in size from merely 1 or 2 meters high and 1 or 2 meters wide, to 700 meters high and 10 kilometers wide. Smaller mud exudations are sometimes referred to as mud-pots.


title: Mud volcano

text: The mud produced by mud volcanoes is mostly formed as hot water, which has been heated deep below the Earth's surface, begins to mix and blend with subterranean mineral deposits, thus creating the mud slurry exudate. This material is then forced upwards through a geological fault or fissure due to local subterranean pressure imbalances. Mud volcanoes are associated with subduction zones and about 1100 have been identified on or near land. The temperature of any given active mud volcano generally remains fairly steady and is much lower than the typical temperatures found in igneous volcanoes. Mud volcano temperatures can range from near to occasionally , some being used as popular "mud baths".


title: Mud volcano

text: About 86% of the gas released from these structures is methane, with much less carbon dioxide and nitrogen emitted. Ejected materials are most often a slurry of fine solids suspended in water that may contain a mixture of salts, acids and various hydrocarbons.


title: Mud volcano

text: A mud volcano may be the result of a piercement structure created by a pressurized mud diapir that breaches the Earth's surface or ocean bottom. Their temperatures may be as low as the freezing point of the ejected materials, particularly when venting is associated with the creation of hydrocarbon clathrate hydrate deposits. Mud volcanoes are often associated with petroleum deposits and tectonic subduction zones and orogenic belts; hydrocarbon gases are often erupted. They are also often associated with lava volcanoes; in the case of such close proximity, mud volcanoes emit incombustible gases including helium, whereas lone mud volcanoes are more likely to emit methane.


title: Mud volcano

text: Approximately 1,100 mud volcanoes have been identified on land and in shallow water. It has been estimated that well over 10,000 may exist on continental slopes and abyssal plains.


title: Mud volcano

text: Dozens of mud volcanoes can be found on the Taman Peninsula of Russia and the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea, Ukraine along with the south-western portion of Bulgaria near Rupite. In Italy, they can be found in Emilia-Romagna (Salse di Nirano and Salse di Regnano), in the northern front of the Apennines as well as the southern part (Bolle della Malvizza), and in Sicily. On 24 August 2013, a mud volcano appeared in the centre of the via Coccia di Morto roundabout in Fiumicino near Rome.


title: Mud volcano

text: Mud volcanoes can be found in the Berca Mud Volcanoes near Berca in Buzău County, Romania, close to the Carpathian Mountains. They were declared a natural monument in 1924.


title: Mud volcano

text: Many mud volcanoes exist on the shores of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Tectonic forces and large sedimentary deposits around the latter have created several fields of mud volcanoes, many of them emitting methane and other hydrocarbons. Features over high occur in Azerbaijan, with large eruptions sometimes producing flames of similar scale.


title: Mud volcano

text: Turkmenistan is home to numerous mud volcanoes, mainly in the Western part of the country including Cheleken Peninsula, which borders the Caspian Sea.


title: Mud volcano

text: Iran and Pakistan possess mud volcanoes in the Makran range of mountains in the south of the two countries. A large mud volcano is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. It is known as "Baba Chandrakup" (literally Father Moonwell) on the way to Hinglaj and is a Hindu pilgrim site.


title: Mud volcano

text: Azerbaijan and its Caspian coastline are home to nearly 400 mud volcanoes, more than half the total throughout the continents. Most mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan are active; some are protected by the Azerbaijan Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, and the admission of people, for security reasons, is prohibited. In 2001, one mud volcano from Baku made world headlines when it started ejecting flames high.


title: Mud volcano

text: In Azerbaijan, eruptions are driven from a deep mud reservoir which is connected to the surface even during dormant periods, when seeping water shows a deep origin. Seeps have temperatures that are generally above ambient ground temperature by – .


title: Mud volcano

text: On 4 July 2021, a mud volcano eruption on Dashli Island in the Caspian Sea, near an oil platform off the coast of Azerbaijan, caused a massive explosion and fireball, which was seen across the region, including from the capital Baku, which is to the north. The flames towered into the air. There were no reports of injuries or damage to any oil platforms. The last previous volcanic eruption on the island was recorded in 1945 and the preceding one in 1920.


title: Mud volcano

text: Extensive mud volcanism on the Andaman accretionary prism, located at the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean.


title: Mud volcano

text: Mud volcanism is a common phenomenon in Indonesia with dozens of structures present onshore and offshore.


title: Mud volcano

text: The Indonesian Lusi mud eruption is a hybrid mud volcano, driven by pressure from steam and gas from a nearby (igneous) volcanic system, and from natural gas. Geochemical, petrography and geophysical results reveal that it is a hydrothermal system connected at depth with the neighboring Arjuno-Welirang volcanic complex.


title: Mud volcano

text: Drilling or an earthquake in the Porong subdistrict of East Java province, Indonesia, may have resulted in the Sidoarjo mud flow on 29 May 2006. The mud covered about 440 hectares, (2.73 mi), and inundated four villages, homes, roads, rice fields, and factories, displacing about 24,000 people and killing 14. The gas exploration company involved was operated by PT Lapindo Brantas and the earthquake that may have triggered the mud volcano was the 6.3 magnitude Yogyakarta earthquake of 27 May 2006. According to geologists who have been monitoring Lusi and the surrounding area, the system is beginning to show signs of catastrophic collapse. It was forecasted that the region could sag the vent and surrounding area by up to in the next decade. In March 2008, the scientists observed drops of up to in one night. Most of the subsidence in the area around the volcano is more gradual, at around per day. A study by a group of Indonesian geoscientists led by Bambang Istadi predicted the area affected by the mudflow over a ten-year period. More recent studies carried out in 2011 predict that the mud will flow for another 20 years, or even longer. Now named Lusi – a contraction of "Lumpur Sidoarjo", where "lumpur" is the Indonesian word for "mud" – the eruption represent an active hybrid system.


title: Mud volcano

text: In the Suwoh depression in Lampung, dozens of mud cones and mud pots varying in temperature are found.


title: Mud volcano

text: There are many mud volcanoes in Iran: in particular, in the provinces of Golestan, Hormozgan, and Sistan and Baluchestan, where Pirgel is located.


title: Mud volcano

text: There are 10 active mud volcanoes in the Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc which can be found along a north to south trend, parallel to the Mariana trench. The material erupted at these mud volcanoes consists primarily of blue and green serpentinite mud which contains fresh and serpentinized peridotite material from the subduction channel. Fluid from the descending Pacific Plate is released by dehydration and alteration of rocks and sediment. This fluid interacts with mafic and ultramafic rocks in the descending Pacific Plate and overriding Philippine Plate, resulting in the formation of serpentinite mud. All of these mud volcanoes are associated with faults, indicating that the faults act as conduits for the serpentine mud to migrate from the subduction channel to the surface. These mud volcanoes are large features on the forearc, the largest of which has a diameter of ~ and is over high.


title: Mud volcano

text: In Pakistan there are more than 130 active mud volcanoes or vents in Balochistan province; there are about 10 locations with clusters of mud volcanoes. In the west, in Gwadar District, the mud volcanoes are very small and mostly sit in the south of Jabal-e-Mehdi toward Sur Bandar. Many more are in the northeast of Ormara. The remainder are in Lasbela District and are scattered between south of Gorangatti on Koh Hinglaj to Koh Kuk in the North of Miani Hor in the Hangol Valley. In this region, the heights of mud volcanoes range between . The most famous is Chandragup. The biggest crater is of V15 mud volcano found at 25°33'13.63"N. 65°44'09.66"E is about in diameter. Most mud volcanoes in this region are in out-of-reach areas having very difficult terrain. Mount Mehdi Mud Volcano near Miani Hor is also famous for large mud glacier around its caldera. Dormant mud volcanoes stand like columns of mud in many other areas.


title: Mud volcano

text: In the Turtle Islands, in the province of Tawi-Tawi, the southwestern edge of the Philippines bordering Malaysia, presence of mud volcanoes are evident on three of the islands – Lihiman, Great Bakkungan and Boan Islands. The northeastern part of Lihiman Island is distinguished for having a more violent kind of mud extrusions mixed with large pieces of rocks, creating a 20-m (66-ft) wide crater on that hilly part of the island. Such extrusions are reported to be accompanied by mild earthquakes and evidence of extruded materials can be found high in the surrounding trees. Submarine mud extrusions off the island have been observed by local residents.


title: Mud volcano

text: The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term "mud volcano", the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide.


title: Mud volcano

text: However, there are mud volcanoes and mud geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.


title: Mud volcano

text: The mud volcano feature in Yellowstone was previously a mound until a thermal explosion in the 1800s ripped it apart.


title: Mud volcano

text: There are many mud volcanoes in Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean, near oil reserves in southern parts of the island of Trinidad. As of 15 August 2007, the mud volcano titled the Moruga Bouffle was said to being spitting up methane gas which shows that it is active. There are several other mud volcanoes in the tropical island which include:


title: Mud volcano

text: A number of large mud volcanoes have been identified on the Barbados accretionary complex, offshore Barbados.


title: Mud volcano

text: The eastern part of Venezuela contains several mud volcanoes (or mud domes), all of them having an origin related to oil deposits. The mud of from Maturín, contains water, biogenic gas, hydrocarbons and an important quantity of salt. Cattle from the savanna often gather around to lick the dried mud for its salt content.


title: Mud volcano

text: Volcan El Totumo, which marks the division between Bolívar and Atlantico in Colombia. This volcano is approximately high and can accommodate 10 to 15 people in its crater; many tourists and locals visit this volcano due to the alleged medicinal benefits of the mud; it is next to a "cienaga", or lake. This volcano is under legal dispute between the Bolívar and Atlántico Departamentos because of its tourist value.


title: Mud volcano

text: As well as the Runaruna Mud Volcano the size of the splatter cones associated with some of New Zealands many geothermal mud pools or mudpots might qualify, depending upon definition.


title: Jessabelle

text: Jessabelle is a 2014 American supernatural horror film directed by Kevin Greutert and written by Ben Garant. The film stars Sarah Snook, Mark Webber, Joelle Carter, David Andrews, Amber Stevens, and Ana de la Reguera. The film was released by Lionsgate on November 7, 2014.


title: Jessabelle

text: The pregnant Jessabelle "Jessie" Laurent (Sarah Snook) is about to move to her fiancé, Mark's (Brian Hallisay) house when their car is hit by a truck just when they are backing up their car from the driveway, killing Mark and causing Jessie's miscarriage. Two months afterward, Jessie, who now uses a wheelchair, moves in with her estranged father, Leon (David Andrews) in St. Francisville, Louisiana. She resides in her mother's former bedroom. Her mother, Kate, died due to a brain tumor shortly after she was born, with Leon subsequently leaving her to be raised by her aunt.


title: Jessabelle

text: One day, Jessie finds a box containing four videotapes shot by Kate (Joelle Carter). Addressing Jessie by her full name, she congratulates her on her 18th birthday and gives a tarot reading about Death that tells of a transition, taught to her by a friend whom she met at a local church. Kate warns that an unwanted presence is haunting Jessie, a reading that turns out to be true, as Jessie feels that a gaunt black-haired woman (Amber Stevens) is haunting her ever since she moved back into her father's house. Jessie also has a vivid dream where she is strapped to a bed by her mother and witnesses a voodoo ritual being conducted, where blood flowing into a breathing machine chokes her. Leon repeatedly tries to dissuade Jessie from watching the tapes by breaking the first one and throwing Jessie's wheelchair into the bayou.


title: Jessabelle

text: One day, Jessie has a frightening encounter in the bathtub with the same woman during a physical therapy session. After lifting Jessie onto Kate's old wheelchair, Leon coerces her physical therapist into leaving the house. After telling Jessie that the Kate in the tapes is not her mother due to the tumors she had, Leon attempts to burn all of the tapes, but a supernatural force burns him alive inside the yard shed.