title: Alpine, Texas

text: Alpine makes a central base for exploring area attractions: the Big Bend National Park, Big Bend Ranch State Park, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Davis Mountains State Park with its Indian Lodge, the Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center and Botanical Gardens, and the McDonald Observatory, perched atop Mt Locke at 6,790 feet. Also worth visiting are Marathon with its iconic Gage Hotel; the historic hotel Limpia of Fort Davis; Marfa with the Chinati Foundation Museum of Minimalist Art; the ghost town of Terlingua and the golf resort of Lajitas; and the River Road, FM 170, a 120-mile scenic route through the majestic Rio Grande Valley between Presidio and the Big Bend parks.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Museum of the Big Bend has fun and informative displays, a children's corner, and a gift shop on the campus of Sul Ross State University, giving background information on sights in the Big Bend region.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Turner Range and Animal Science Center hosts several rodeos and horse shows during the year at the covered S.A.L.E. Arena. At other times, students can be seen practicing their skills in the outdoor arena. The facility is near the main campus of Sul Ross.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Blue Creek Trail follows a scenic hiking path, mostly along dry stream channels, passing towering rocks of vivid earth tones. The first part is easy going, easy return, but the trail extends for many miles with greater challenges. Summer is hot, so take plenty of water, or hike in the fall, winter, or spring.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Arlington Southwest Cemetery, located 4 miles east of Alpine, is a memorial funded by the Big Bend Veterans for Peace. Each gravestone serves as a memorial for each individual soldier from Texas killed during the invasion and occupation of Iraq of the early 21st century.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Texas Cowboy Poetry Gathering, usually late February, is a celebration of the oral tradition of working cowboys in poetry, song, and music.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Trappings of Texas, in April, is an exhibit and sale of custom gear and Western art held at the Museum of the Big Bend.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Cinco de Mayo includes a parade, enchilada dinner, music and dancing, car show, and Grand Mercado at Kokernot Field.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Theater of the Big Bend, for over 50 years, this local theater troupe has performed various popular plays and musicals at the Kokernot Lodge outdoor amphitheater.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Viva Big Bend music festival, in July, more than 50 bands play at venues from Marathon to Marfa, Fort Davis to Alpine.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Drive Big Bend has driving tours, music, parties, and a car show at Kokernot Field for antique, classic, and performance automobiles.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Big Bend Ranch Rodeo, in August, displays the skills of working cowboys (rather than rodeo professionals).


title: Alpine, Texas

text: Big Bend Octane Fest, hosted by The Stable Performance Cars in early October. This weekend-long festival includes a car show, driving tours around the Big Bend, Marfa, Alpine, Fort Davis, and Marathon areas, auctions, and more, for antique, classic, and performance automobiles.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: No Country For Old Men, in October, this bike race lists itself as "America's Premiere 1000 Mile Road Race".


title: Alpine, Texas

text: ARTWALK, The weekend before Thanksgiving, art spills from the galleries onto the streets and Arbolitos Park, with chalk art on the sidewalks, live music, and a parade of flags.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: A mural in the former post office at 109 West E St was painted as part of the New Deal public works programs during the Great Depression. Surviving murals from the project are found in 60 or so Texas cities and towns. Completed in 1940, this mural is by a Spanish-born and trained artist, Jose Moya del Pino, who was living and working in San Francisco. In the foreground, three figures recline on a rocky overlook (somewhat improbably, but this is art, not photography). They are each reading: a book, a magazine, and a tabloid newspaper, celebrating how the post office brings information and education to small towns and even cattle ranches. On the horizon, the Twin Sisters Mountain mark the location, with the town in the middle distance, including, at the behest of townspeople, the characteristic red-brick buildings of the Sul Ross State campus.


title: Alpine, Texas

text: In recent years, Alpine has served as an unofficial stop for bicyclists riding across the United States due to its location on the Adventure Cycling Association's Southern Tier Bicycle Route.


title: Unleashed in the East

text: Unleashed in the East is the first live album by the English heavy metal band Judas Priest, released in September 1979 on Columbia Records. It was recorded live over two nights in Tokyo during their Hell Bent for Leather Tour in February 1979. Upon release "Unleashed" became the band's best-selling album up to that point, reaching the US Top 100 and the UK Top Ten, eventually the album became one of the five Judas Priest albums to gain a RIAA platinum certification. It is the first Priest album to be produced by Tom Allom who would remain at the helm for the next decade for the band, and the last release to feature drummer Les Binks.


title: Unleashed in the East

text: To what extent the album was really live remains a matter of contention, with the album sometimes being called "Unleashed in the Studio". Years later, after he had left Priest, Rob Halford noted in various interviews that the music was indeed live, but that his vocals had been ruined in the original recording and were later dubbed in a concert-like studio setting.


title: Unleashed in the East

text: The 2001 CD reissue featured four "bonus tracks", "Rock Forever," "Delivering the Goods," "Hell Bent for Leather" and "Starbreaker", which had been issued on the 7" bonus disc that came with the original 1979 Japanese vinyl release. Three of these were from their then-current album "Killing Machine" (released in the US as "Hell Bent for Leather"), which was not well represented on the original release. "Delivering the Goods" and "Starbreaker" had been exclusive to the Japanese release, although the former would be one of the B-side tracks to the "Living After Midnight" 12 inch, released in March 1980.


title: Unleashed in the East

text: These four tracks were previously available on the Japanese pressing of the album (titled "Priest in the East" and having the same track-list as the remaster), and were recorded at the same time as the original nine tracks. Additionally, two more songs were recorded from the same concerts but were only available as B-sides on various singles:


title: Unleashed in the East

text: "Evil Fantasies" was on the "Living After Midnight" 12 inch, along with "Delivering the Goods." This live version of "Evil Fantasies" had an official CD release on "Single Cuts" (2011), albeit with a 6-second edit to the start, which trims Halford's chat slightly.


title: Unleashed in the East

text: "Beyond the Realms of Death" was pressed with "Rock Forever" and "Hell Bent for Leather" on a special 3 track live EP that came with initial UK pressings of "Unleashed In The East". There is also a 1979 UK cassette version with 12 songs: "Rock Forever", "Hell Bent for Leather" and "Beyond the Realms of Death" in addition to the original 9 tracks. To date, this version of 'Beyond the Realms of Death' has not been released on CD.


title: Unleashed in the East

text: All the extra songs are fully produced, and are of the same quality as the original nine tracks. Certain bootlegs have turned up with all fifteen tracks in the original setlist order, to better reflect the actual concerts of the 1979 tour. (For the record, all the "Unleashed in the East" recordings were taken from shows on 10 February 1979 at Kosei Nenkin Kaikan Tokyo, and 15 February 1979 at Nakano Sunplaza Tokyo. Additionally, there were two shows on 10 February: an afternoon and an evening show. The two 10 February shows can be found as a bootleg under the title "Tyranny Unleashed In The East.") Two more songs, "White Heat, Red Hot" and "Take on the World" were performed but never officially recorded.


title: Unleashed in the East

text: However, the "Take On the World" 12 inch single, released in late 1978, included a live version of "White Heat, Red Hot" recorded at The Agora in Cleveland, Ohio on 9 May 1978 (on the "Stained Class" Tour). Live versions of "Beyond the Realms of Death" and "Starbreaker" recorded from the same 1978 Cleveland show were released as b-sides to the "Evening Star" 7 inch single and "Take on the World" 12 inch single, respectively. These tracks are available on the "Priest, Live and Rare" CD. They are "not" the same versions as on "Unleashed in the East". The band was possibly trying to avoid repetition by not including songs on the official full-length live album that were already available as live versions on singles.


title: Rahul Madhav

text: Rahul Madhav (born 29 December 1984) is an Indian actor who mainly appears in Malayalam cinema. He has also acted in Tamil and Kannada films. His notable films are "Vaadamalli", "Thani Oruvan", "Memories" and "100 Days of Love".


title: Rahul Madhav

text: Rahul Madhav made his debut in the industry with the Tamil movie "Adhe Neram Adhe Idam", directed by M. Prabhu, who was the associate director of S. J. Surya. Later, he got an offer from the Tamil industry to play the lead role in "Yugam" (2012), directed by Sribavansekar, during the shooting of this movie he got an offer from Mollywood to present one of the lead characters in "Bangkok Summer" (2011), which was directed by Pramod Pappan.


title: Rahul Madhav

text: However, it was his next film, "Vaadamalli" (2011), where he plays a student who comes from the slums and his people from the slums sponsor his education, that gave him recognition. Later Rahul and Richa Panai were paired for the third time in a film which failed to take off.


title: Rahul Madhav

text: Rahul got a breakthrough in his acting career after presenting the lead role in the Malayalam movie "Lisammayude Veedu", directed by Babu Janardhanan, which was released in 2013. He presented the character Sivankutty while Meera Jasmine played opposite to him. His performance was noticed by many film personalities. It was actor Prithviraj who suggested him to Jeethu to play a supporting character in the thriller movie "Memories". Later, he had appeared in many Malayalam and Tamil films. His role in "Thani Oruvan" was well received.


title: Rahul Madhav

text: Rahul made his debut in Kannada with the movie "Kiragorina Gayyaligalu", directed by D. Sumana Kittur, which was released in 2016.


title: Rahul Madhav

text: In 2017, he had six releases in Malayalam and one release in Kannada, he also signed his first film in Tulu, titled "Kudla Connection".


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: "Beautiful Dreamer" is a parlor song by American songwriter Stephen Foster. It was published posthumously in March 1864, by Wm. A. Pond & Co. of New York. The first edition states on its title page that it is "the last song ever written by Stephen C. Foster, composed but a few days prior to his death." However, Carol Kimball, the author of "Song", points out that the first edition's copyright is dated 1862, which suggests, she writes, that the song was composed and readied for publication two years before Foster's death. There are at least 20 songs, she observes, that claim to be Foster's last, and it is unknown which is indeed his last. The song is set in time with a broken chord accompaniment.


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: The song tells of a lover serenading a "Beautiful Dreamer" who is oblivious to worldly cares and may actually be dead. Foster's works feature many dead young women, including his sister Charlotte and "Jeanie". Helen Lightner writes, "This sentimental ballad is folk-like in character with its repetitious but lovely melody and its basic harmonic accompaniment ... The quiet and calm of this mood is portrayed by the monotony of the arpeggiated accompaniment, by the repetitiveness of the melodic pattern, and by the strophic form itself."


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: The song has been recorded by Bing Crosby with John Scott Trotter & his Orchestra (March 22, 1940); The Nutmegs; Steve Conway with Jack Byfield & His Orchestra; Thomas Hampson with Jay Ungar (mandolin), David Alpher (piano), and Molly Mason (guitar); John Leyton (with revised lyrics by Ken Lewis and John Carter); Jerry Lee Lewis; Slim Whitman; and Roy Orbison on the album "In Dreams" (a top ten Australian single in 1964). The documentary "" is named after the song, and in the documentary Brian Wilson quips that the first letters of the words "Beautiful Dreamer, Wake" compare with his own initials, Brian Douglas Wilson. The song is also featured on Marty Robbins' posthumous album "Long, Long Ago" (1984) and on Ray Price's posthumous farewell album "Beauty Is... Ray Price, the Final Sessions" (2014).


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: Jim Reeves recorded a version while on tour in South Africa in 1962, sung in Afrikaans under the title "Bolandse Nooientjie". (A brief translation is fraught; "lass of the hinterland" is one possibility.) Although Reeves could not speak Afrikaans, this was remedied by South African composer and songwriter Gilbert Gibson, who stood behind Reeves and whispered the words of the song to him, who would then sing the same words into the microphone.


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: Gerry Goffin and Jack Keller wrote a doo-wop version for Tony Orlando which took considerable liberties with the original; the opening quatrain, for instance is "Beautiful Dreamer/Wake unto me/Can't you see me, baby/I'm on my bended knee." Orlando released this version as a single in 1962 and it quickly became a regular part of the Beatles' set list, from 1962 through the Beatles Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro Tour in early 1963. A recording of a 1963 Beatles performance of the song on the BBC was released in 2013 on their album "On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2". Rory Storm and The Hurricanes also featured the song in their live performances. This version has been recorded by Billy J. Kramer with The Dakotas.


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: Bobby Darin recorded a bluesy version of the song with all-new lyrics, but the song was unreleased until 1999 (on the album "Bobby Darin: The Unreleased Capitol Sides"). No attribution is given for the new lyrics; one possibility is that Darin might have written these himself. These lyrics tell about a lonely woman who dreams of a love of her own, and a lonely man who dreams of love too. The reference to a queen is retained in Darin's version, asking if the woman is a "queen without a throne".


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: Udo Jürgens recorded a German language version as "Beautiful Dreamgirl" in 1964. Wolfgang Roloff aka "Ronny" (1930-2011) another one in 1975: "Träumendes Mädchen" ("Dreaming Girl").


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: Bette Davis hums the song in her Academy Award-winning performance, Best Actress, of 1938, "Jezebel".


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: The song appeared in "An American Tail" in the scene of the cats underground hideout being played on the piano.


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: The song was central to the plot of the film "Mighty Joe Young", as it is used throughout the film to calm the title character, a large gorilla.


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: The tune is a motif in the film "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947 film)", where Virginia Mayo's character plays it at key points.


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: In the 1952 biopic of Stephen Foster entitled "I Dream of Jeanie", there is a scene where Stephen Foster, played by Bill Shirley, sings this song as a serenade to one of his two love interests in the film. A recording of the Foster version was released with the "Truth or Square" episode of SpongeBob SquarePants featuring the voice of Roger Bumpass in 2009.


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: In the climax of the cult pageant film "Drop Dead Gorgeous", a rendition of the song by Mandy Barnett can be heard over the chaos of beauty queens destroying a building.


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: The song is also used in "Gone with the Wind" (1939); "Second Chorus" (1940); "An Old-Fashioned Girl" (1949); "Shane" (1953); "Goin' South" (1978); "Duel in the Sun"; "The Night of the Grizzly"; "She Done Him Wrong" (1933); "Picnic" (1955); "The Death Collector" (1976); "How to Make an American Quilt" (1995); "Children of the Dust" (1995), "Batman" (1989); "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" (1947); the animated "An American Tail"; "Friends 'Til the End"; "Office Space"; the Marx Brothers's" Go West" (1940); "The Old Chisholm Trail"; "The Naked Spur"; and "Domino Kid" (1957); "Peggy Sue Got Married" (1986); and "Transamerica" (2005). In "Young Frankenstein" (1974), the song is also referenced, when the ghoulish Marty Feldman, hearing a shrill and anguished female wail from a remote dungeon, smiles and (almost) sings "beautiful screamer...". In "Kansas Raiders" (1950) the song is played on harmonica around the campfire in one scene. In "Lorelei (film)" (2021) the song is featured in several scenes and gives the film its title.


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: An excerpt from the song was also sung by Colonel Paul Foster (Michael Billington (actor)) in an episode of UFO (TV series) entitled "Ordeal".


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: The instrumental version of this song, aired on the episode, "Cain," on the television series, Gunsmoke. Its first airing was March 9, 1957.


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: The song was also covered in the show The Magicians (American TV series), sung as a lullaby during Season 4, Episode 10, "All That Hard, Glossy Armor."


title: Beautiful Dreamer

text: The song is pivotal to E. B. White's 1970 novel "The Trumpet of the Swan". Louis the trumpeter swan learns the tune during his long journey to find his voice via a stolen trumpet and a chalk slate. In a climactic scene, he belts out its poetry on his trumpet at dawn, declaring his love in the Philadelphia Zoo to the beautiful swan Serena, the object of his long unrequited love. White also includes the public domain sheet music in the novel, perhaps to encourage similarly dramatic loving gestures. The song was also used in "The Diviners" book 2, "Lair of Dreams" by Libba Bray.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: Cornu aspersum (syn. "Cryptomphalus aspersus"), known by the common name garden snail, is a species of land snail in the family Helicidae, which includes some of the most familiar land snails. Of all terrestrial molluscs, this species may well be the most widely known. It was classified under the name Helix aspersa for over two centuries, but the prevailing classification now places it in the genus "Cornu".


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The snail is relished as a food item in some areas, but it is also widely regarded as a pest in gardens and in agriculture, especially in regions where it has been introduced accidentally, and where snails are not usually considered to be a menu item.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The adult bears a hard, thin calcareous shell in diameter and high, with four or five whorls. The shell is variable in coloring and shade of color, but generally it has a reticulated pattern of dark brown, brownish-golden, or chestnut with yellow stripes, flecks, or streaks (characteristically interrupted brown colour bands). The aperture is large and characteristically oblique, its margin in adults is whitish and reflected.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The body is soft and slimy, brownish-grey, and able to be retracted entirely into the shell, which the animal does when inactive or threatened. When injured or badly irritated the snail produces a defensive froth of mucus that might repel some enemies or overwhelm aggressive small ants and the like. It has no operculum; during dry or cold weather it seals the aperture of the shell with a thin membrane of dried mucus; the term for such a membrane is "epiphragm". The epiphragm helps the snail retain moisture and protects it from small predators such as some ants.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The snail's quiescent periods during heat and drought are known as aestivation; its quiescence during winter is known as overwintering. When overwintering, "Cornu aspersum" avoids the formation of ice in its tissues by altering the osmotic components of its blood (or haemolymph); this permits it to survive temperatures as low as . During aestivation, the mantle collar has the ability to change its permeability to water. The snail also has an osmoregulatory mechanism that prevents excessive absorption of water during hibernation. These mechanisms allow "Cornu aspersum" to avoid either fatal desiccation or hydration during months of either kind of quiescence.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: During times of activity the snail's head and "foot" emerge. The head bears four tentacles; the upper two are larger and bear eye-like light sensors, and the lower two are tactile and olfactory sense organs. The snail extends the tentacles by internal pressure of body fluids, and retracts all four tentacles into the head by invagination when threatened or otherwise retreating into its shell. The mouth is located beneath the tentacles, and contains a chitinous radula with which the snail scrapes and manipulates food particles.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The shell of "Cornu aspersum" is almost always right-coiled, but exceptional left-coiled specimens are also known; see Jeremy (snail) for an example.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The accepted name of the species was long considered to be Helix aspersa, a member of the genus "Helix". However, in a number of publications since 1990, it has instead been placed in various genera previously considered as subgenera of "Helix". One such genus is "Cornu", which is appropriate if the species is considered as congeneric with the species previously known as "Helix aperta". Then the name would be Cornu aspersum. Previously there was debate whether "Cornu" was a valid generic name (because it was first applied to teratological specimens), but a 2015 ruling has confirmed that it is so. Until this was established, Italian research teams and others used the generic name "Cantareus" instead. Other workers, including Ukrainian and Russian research teams, who regard "H. aspersa" and "H. aperta" as being in different genera, call the former Cryptomphalus aspersus. It also still remains an arguable position to retain "Helix" as the generic name.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: Many subspecific varieties have been described on the basis of shell characters (e.g.). The most prominent example nowadays is the subspecies "Cornu aspersum maximum" (Taylor, 1883), originally described as a large shelled form from Algeria (but perhaps including similar forms from elsewhere). In the recent scientific literature the name has been applied both to large Algerian snails and to a large form found in snail farms. Some Algerian forms are indeed genetically quite distant from the usual, most widespread form, but the large form in snail farms is different again. It is also problematic that there was a prior use of the name "Helix aspersa maxima" unassociated with Algeria. The subspecies "maximum" is formally considered by some authorities as a junior synonym of "Cornu aspersum".


title: Cornu aspersum

text: Like other Pulmonata, the individuals of the species "Cornu aspersum" are hermaphrodites, producing both male and female gametes. Reproduction is usually sexual, although self-fertilisation sometimes occurs. During a mating session of several hours, two snails exchange sperm. "Cornu aspersum" is one of the species that uses love darts during mating.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: About two weeks after fertilisation, the snail lays a batch of about 80 spherical pearly-white eggs into crevices in the topsoil, or sheltered under stones or the like. In a year it may lay approximately six batches of eggs. The size of the egg is 4 mm.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The young snails take one to two years to reach maturity. In some regions snail farms produce these snails commercially.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: "Cornu aspersum" is native to the Mediterranean region and its present range stretches from northwest Africa and Iberia, eastwards to Asia Minor and Egypt, and northwards to Britain.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: "Cornu aspersum" is a typically species; it has been spread to many geographical regions by humans, either deliberately or accidentally. Nowadays it is cosmopolitan in temperate zones, and has become naturalised in regions with climates that differ from the mediterranean climate in which it evolved. Its passive anthropochory is the likeliest explanation for genetic resemblances between populations. Its anthropochorous spread may have started as early as during the Neolithic revolution some 8500 BP. Such anthropochory continues, sometimes resulting in locally catastrophic destruction of habitat or crops.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: Its increasing non-native distribution includes parts of Europe, such as Bohemia in the Czech Republic since 2008. It is present in Australia, New Zealand, North America, Costa Rica and southern South America. It was introduced to Southern Africa as a food animal by Huguenots in the 18th century, and into California as a food animal in the 1850s; it is now a notorious agricultural pest in both regions, especially in citrus groves and vineyards. Many jurisdictions have quarantines for preventing the importation of the snail in plant matter.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: A number of North African endemic forms and subspecies have been described on the basis of shell characters. "Cornu aspersum aspersum", in French commonly called the "petit gris" is native to the Mediterranean area and Western Europe, but has been spread widely elsewhere. The name "Cornu aspersum maximum" has been applied to a large form kept in heliculture (in French commonly called the "gros gris"), but this is genetically distinct from large Algerian forms earlier given this name.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: "Cornu aspersum" is a primarily a herbivore with a wide range of host plants. It feeds on numerous types of fruit trees, vegetable crops, rose bushes, garden flowers, and cereals. It also is an omnivorous scavenger that feeds on rotting plant material and on occasion will scavenge animal matter, such as crushed snails and worms. In turn it is a food source for many other animals, including small mammals, many bird species, lizards, frogs, centipedes, predatory insects such as glowworms in the family Lampyridae, and predatory terrestrial snails.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The species may on occasion be of use as an indicator of environmental pollution, because it deposits heavy metals, such as lead, in its shell.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: Parasites of "Cornu aspersum" include a number of nematodes. Metacercariae of various species of the digenean genus "Brachylaima" have also been reported, and those have potential for being harmful to people because the adults can infect humans.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The snail secretes thixotropic adhesive mucus that permits locomotion by rhythmic waves of contraction passing forward within its muscular foot. Starting from the rear, the contraction of the longitudinal muscle fibres above a small area of the film of mucus causes shear that liquefies the mucus, permitting the tip of the tail to move forward. The contracted muscle relaxes while its immediately anteriad transverse band of longitudinal fibres contract in their turn, repeating the process, which continues forward until it reaches the head. At that point the whole animal has moved forward by the length of the contraction of one of the bands of contraction. However, depending on the length of the animal, several bands of contraction can be in progress simultaneously, so that the resultant speed amounts to the speed imparted by a single wave, multiplied by the number of individual waves passing along simultaneously.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: A separate type of wave motion that may be visible from the side enables the snail to conserve mucus when moving over a dry surface. It lifts its belly skin clear of the ground in arches, contacting only one to two thirds of the area it passes over. With suitable lighting the lifting may be seen from the side as illustrated, and the percentage of saving of mucus may be estimated from the area of wet mucus trail dabs that it leaves behind. This type of wave passes backwards at the speed of the snail's forward motion, therefore having a zero velocity with respect to the ground.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The snail moves at a top speed of 1.3 centimetres per second (47 meters per hour or ~50 yards per hour), and has a strong homing instinct, readily returning to a regular hibernation site.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The species is known as an agricultural and garden pest, an edible delicacy, and occasionally a household pet. In French cuisine, it is known as "petit gris", and is served for instance in Escargot a la Bordelaise. Also in Lleida, a city of Catalonia, there is a gastronomic festival called L’Aplec del Caragol dedicated to this type of snail, known as "bover", and attracts over 200,000 guests every year. From Crete are known a dish called "chochloi mpoumpouristoi"(snails turned upside down), the snails cooked alive in a hot pan, on a thick layer of sea salt. Other dishes with snails are snails with rosemary, etc. The practice of rearing snails for food is known as heliciculture. For purposes of cultivation, the snails are kept in a dark place in a wired cage with dry straw or dry wood. Coppiced wine-grape vines are often used for this purpose. During the rainy period the snails come out of hibernation and release most of their mucus onto the dry wood/straw. The snails are then prepared for cooking. Their texture when cooked is slightly chewy.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: There are a variety of snail-control measures that gardeners and farmers use in an attempt to reduce damage to valuable plants. Traditional pesticides are still used, as are many less toxic control options such as concentrated garlic or wormwood solutions. Copper metal is also a snail repellent, and thus a copper band around the trunk of a tree will prevent snails from climbing up and reaching the foliage and fruit. Caffeine has proven surprisingly toxic to snails, to the extent that spent coffee grounds (not decaffeinated) make a safe and immediately effective snail-repellant and even molluscicidal mulch for pot-plants, or for wherever else the supply is adequate.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: Garden snails can be easily controlled and trapped with a simple trap created by cutting a plastic bottle in half and burying the bottom half so the top is level with the soil, then partially filling the bottle bottom with any variety of beer. Snails are attracted to the carbohydrates and yeast in beer, and crawl into the trap and drown. This method requires that the trap be checked every day and dead snails removed and the trap refilled with beer as it evaporates over time. Traps should be spaced every three to four meters from one another for coverage of a large garden.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The decollate snail ("Rumina decollata") will capture and eat garden snails, and because of this it has sometimes been introduced as a biological pest control agent. However, this is not without problems, as the decollate snail is just as likely to attack and devour other species of gastropods that may represent a valuable part of the native fauna of the region.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: "Cornu aspersum" has gained some popularity as the chief ingredient in skin creams and gels (crema/gel de caracol) sold in the US. These creams are promoted as being suitable for use on wrinkles, scars, dry skin, and acne to reduce pigmentation, scarring, and wrinkles.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: Secretions of "Cornu aspersum" produced under stress have skin-regenerative properties because of antioxidant superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) activities. The secretions can stimulate fibroblast proliferation and rearrange the actin cytoskeleton stimulate extracellular matrix assembly and regulation of metalloproteinase activities for regeneration of wounded tissue.


title: Cornu aspersum

text: The mucus of "Cornu aspersum" contains a rich source of substances that can be used to treat biotic human diseases. Nine fractions of compounds with varying molecular weight were purified from the mucus and was tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. Results found three fractions exhibited predominant antibacterial activity against the gram-positive strain.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: Tarpon Springs is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. The population was 23,484 at the 2010 census. Tarpon Springs has the highest percentage of Greek Americans of any city in the US. Downtown Tarpon Springs has long been a focal point and is undergoing beautification.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: The region, with a series of bayous feeding into the Gulf of Mexico, was first settled by white and black farmers and fishermen around 1876. Some of the newly arrived visitors spotted tarpon jumping out of the waters and so named the location Tarpon Springs. The name is said to have originated with a remark of Mrs. Ormond Boyer, an early settler from South Carolina, and who, while standing on the shore of the Bayou and seeing fish leaping exclaimed, "See the tarpon spring!' However, for the most part, the fish seen splashing here were mullet rather than tarpon. In 1882, Hamilton Disston, who in the previous year had purchased the land where the city of Tarpon Springs now stands, ordered the creation of a town plan for the future city. On February 12, 1887, Tarpon Springs became the first incorporated city in what is now Pinellas County. Less than a year later on January 13, 1888, the Orange Belt Railway, the first railroad line to be built in what is now Pinellas County, arrived in the city. During this time the area was developed as a wintering spot for wealthy northerners.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: In the 1880s, John K. Cheyney founded the first local sponge business. The industry continued to grow in the 1890s. Many people from Key West and the Bahamas settled in Tarpon Springs to hook sponges and then process them. A few Greek immigrants also arrived in this city during the 1890s to work in the sponge industry.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: In 1905, John Cocoris introduced the technique of sponge diving to Tarpon Springs by recruiting divers and crew members from Greece. The first divers came from the Saronic Gulf islands of Aegina and Hydra, but they were soon outnumbered by those from the Dodecanese islands of Kalymnos, Symi and Halki. The sponge industry soon became one of the leading maritime industries in Florida and the most important business in Tarpon Springs, generating millions of dollars a year. The 1953 film "Beneath the 12-Mile Reef", depicting the sponge industry, takes place and was filmed in Tarpon Springs.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: In 1947, a red tide algae bloom wiped out the sponge fields in the Gulf of Mexico, causing many of the sponge boats and divers to switch to shrimping for their livelihood, while others left the business. Eventually, the sponges recovered, allowing for a smaller but consistent sponge industry today. In the 1980s, the sponge business experienced a boom due to a sponge disease that killed the Mediterranean sponges. Today there is still a small active sponge industry.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: In 2007 and 2008, the City of Tarpon Springs established Sister City relationships with Kalymnos, Halki, Symi, Hydra, and Larnaca, Cyprus, honoring the close historical link with these Greek-speaking islands.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: There are several districts or properties in Tarpon Springs that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places:


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: Many sites related to the sponge industry within the Greektown District also have been recognized. They include but are not limited to two sponge packing houses:


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Tarpon Springs has a total area of , of which is land and (45.83%) is water.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: Tarpon Springs' climate borders on humid subtropical and tropical savanna, with warm temperatures year-round, although winter nights are cool. Annual precipitation is around . Winters are warm, with daytime highs of to , and nightly lows of to . Freezing temperatures ( or lower) occur infrequently, while snowfall is extremely rare; there was accumulation in 1977 and 1989, while the years 1899, 1954, 1958, 1973, 2001, 2006, 2010, and 2014 either saw light snow mixed with rain, or flurries. The record low temperature of was observed on four different dates: December 1, 1962, December 13, 1962, December 14, 1962, and January 13, 1985.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: Summers are hot and very humid, causing frequent afternoon thunderstorms that can occasionally produce hail, and, even tornadoes or waterspouts off the Gulf of Mexico. Daytime temperatures usually range from to , with temperatures over very rare. The record high temperature of was observed on July 10, 1997. Spring and fall are generally warm.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 21,003 people, 9,067 households, and 5,947 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 10,759 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.07% White, 6.15% African American, 0.29% Native American, 1.04% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.81% from other races, and 1.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.33% of the population. 11.8% of the total population reported their ancestry as Greek, which is included in the 90.07% White statistic. 8.87% reported speaking Greek at home, while 3.46% speak Spanish, and 1.09% French.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: There were 9,067 households, out of which 22.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.78.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.2% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 24.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: The median income for a household in the city was $38,251, and the median income for a family was $46,316. Males had a median income of $36,356 versus $25,252 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,504. About 7.7% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: The town's Rose Cemetery, where black residents are interred, is believed to contain burials which began in the late 1800s; the earliest legible marked burial is from 1904. The cemetery contains the grave of Richard Quarls, a Confederate veteran of the American Civil War who fought alongside his enslaver before moving to Tarpon Springs and choosing the new name "Christopher Columbus", and veterans of subsequent wars.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: Tarpon Springs is known for elaborate religious ceremonies hosted by the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Cathedral, part of the Greek Orthodox Church, including the January 6 Epiphany, celebration that includes youths diving for a cross and the blessing of the waters and the boats. Since the first Greek immigrants depended on the sea and their boats for their livelihood, their attachment to a religious service centered on requesting divine protection for what used to be a highly risky job can be easily explained.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: The celebration attracts Greek Americans from across the country, and the city's population is known to triple in size for that day. The Metropolitan of Atlanta usually presides over the blessings, sometimes joined by the Archbishop of America. The blessings conclude with the ceremonial throwing of a wooden cross into the city's Spring Bayou, and boys ages 16 to 18 dive in to retrieve it: whoever recovers the cross is said to be blessed for a full year.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: Dodecanese Avenue in the Greektown Historic District of Tarpon Springs is both part of the traditional Greek community and the city’s primary tourist destination. The street winds its way from Pinellas Avenue west along the Anclote River. Numerous restaurants serve traditional Greek cuisine and fresh seafood.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: The nearby beaches, part of the Pinellas County parks, are popular for water activities. Sandy barrier islands off shore shift position over time with the waves and storms. They are accessible by boat and are especially ideal for shell spotting and watching bottlenose dolphins at play. One permanent island, Anclote Key, is a State Park Preserve with a historic lighthouse, bird nesting colonies and pristine beaches.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: The Tarpon Springs Heritage Museum in Craig Park offers a permanent exhibition about the history and culture of the Greek Community. The Cultural Center at 101 W. Pinellas Avenue has a changing roster of exhibits about local and regional traditional culture. The Safford House Museum on Parkin Court is a historical house museum that tells the fascinating story of one of the city's early families. The Depot Museum on Tarpon Avenue provides an overview of Tarpon Springs history. The Tarpon Springs Performing Arts Center is a 300-seat theater located inside of historic City hall, 324 Pine Street, and operates year-round bringing an array of nationally touring artists, musicians, dancers, etc. as well as a variety of community theatre plays featuring local actors and directors.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: The Tarpon Springs Police Department has 48 sworn officers. Of those, 29 are assigned to the patrol division.


title: Tarpon Springs, Florida

text: The Tarpon Springs Public Library is the public library that services Tarpon Springs, Pinellas, and the greater Tampa Bay area. The library was founded in 1916 Julia Roswell Smith Inness who was the daughter of the owner of the Century Publishing Company. The library is a member of the Pinellas Public Library Cooperative.


title: Menaka

text: Menaka was born during the churning of the ocean by the devas and asuras. She is one of the most mesmerising apsaras (celestial nymphs) in the three worlds, with quick intelligence and innate talent, but desired a family.


title: Menaka

text: Vishvamitra, one of the most respected and revered sages in ancient India, frightened the devas and even tried to create another heaven - Indra, frightened by his powers, sent Menaka from heaven to earth to lure him and break his meditation. Menaka successfully incited Vishwamitra's lust and passion when he saw her beauty. She succeeded in breaking the meditation of Vishvamitra. However, she fell in genuine love with him and a baby was born to them, who later grew in Sage Kanva's ashram and came to be called Shakuntala. Later, Shakuntala falls in love with King Dushyanta and gives birth to a child called Bharata, who in Hindu tradition, lent his name to the country.


title: Menaka

text: When Vishvamitra realized that he had been tricked by Indra, he was enraged. But he merely cursed Menaka to be separated from him forever, for he loved her as well and knew that she had lost all devious intentions towards him long ago.


title: Menaka

text: In the Mahabharata's Pauloma Parva, Sauti said that Menaka had a daughter with the gandharva Visvavasu. She was ashamed of giving birth to the child, so she left her in front of sage Sthulakesha's hermitage. The sage adopted the child and named her Pramadvara, who later married Ruru, descendant of Bhrigu.


title: The Marine 6: Close Quarters

text: The Marine 6: Close Quarters is a 2018 American action film produced by WWE Studios. It is the sixth and final installment of "The Marine" series. Mike "The Miz" Mizanin returned to star in the series for the fourth time, alongside fellow WWE wrestlers Shawn Michaels and Becky Lynch.


title: The Marine 6: Close Quarters

text: In a park, a young girl named Sarah Dillon is kidnapped by Irish criminal Maddy Hayes. Maddy calls Sarah's father, Patrick, a juror, and she threatens to kill Sarah if Patrick doesn't force a mistrial on her father, Horace, who is on trial in a court case.


title: The Marine 6: Close Quarters

text: Meanwhile, former US Marines, Jake Carter and Luke Trapper, later meet up with a man named Graham at a disused brewery. They hear a scream inside and bust into the room where it came from, where they encounter Maddy and her henchmen holding Sarah hostage. Graham wanders in, and ends up getting killed by Maddy. Jake and Luke get into various fights with the henchmen throughout the brewery as they try to rescue Sarah, while Patrick struggles with settling on his verdict for Horace.


title: The Marine 6: Close Quarters

text: Jake, Luke and Sarah are later confronted by more henchmen in an underground tunnel system and are eventually pinned down. Jake is shot and fatally wounded in the chaos, while Maddy snatches Sarah back. Trusting Luke to rescue Sarah, Jake sacrifices himself by running toward the henchmen, killing as many as he can, taking many hits. Maddy bids Jake farewell and throws a knife into his heart, killing him.


title: The Marine 6: Close Quarters

text: Luke follows Maddy and her remaining men outside towards a boat. Maddy learns that the mistrial has been confirmed, which then makes Sarah a loose end. Luke kills the remaining henchmen on land, and jumps onto the boat, where he kills her last henchman. Luke and Maddy then engage in hand-to-hand combat, and Luke manages to overpower Maddy with a rope and throw her overboard. An anchor connected to the rope later falls into the water, forcing Maddy to become submerged in the water and drown. Police and paramedics show up and Sarah reunites with Patrick who guarantees that Horace will be put to justice. Luke says his final goodbyes to Jake and his corpse is escorted away by paramedics. The film ends with a tribute to Jake Carter, showing everything he did throughout the franchise.


title: Massad Ayoob

text: Massad F. Ayoob (born July 20, 1948) is an American firearms and self-defense instructor. He has taught police techniques and civilian self-defense to both law enforcement officers and private citizens since 1974. He was the director of the Lethal Force Institute in Concord, New Hampshire, from 1981 to 2009, and now operates his own company. Ayoob has appeared as an expert witness in several trials. He served as a part-time police officer in New Hampshire since 1972 and retired in 2017 with the rank of Captain from the Grantham, New Hampshire, police department. On September 30th 2020, Ayoob was named president of the Second Amendment Foundation. His nickname is "the bad ass of self-defense."


title: Massad Ayoob

text: Ayoob has authored several books and more than 1,000 articles on firearms, combat techniques, self-defense, and legal issues, and has served in an editorial capacity for "Guns Magazine", "American Handgunner", "Gun Week", "Guns & Ammo" and "Combat Handguns". Since 1995, he has written self-defense and firearms related articles for "Backwoods Home Magazine". He also has a featured segment on the television show "Personal Defense TV", which is broadcast on the Sportsman Channel in the US.


title: Massad Ayoob

text: Ayoob has appeared in the courtroom as a testifying police officer, expert witness, and police prosecutor. Ayoob is believed to be the only non-attorney to serve as Vice Chairman of the Forensic Evidence Committee of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL), a position he formerly held. His course for attorneys, titled "The Management of the Lethal Force/Deadly Weapons Case", was, according to Jeffrey Weiner: "the best course for everything you need to know but are never taught in law school."


title: Massad Ayoob

text: Ayoob has also designed two tactical knives; in 1998 a sheath knife for "Master of Defense" (currently BLACKHAWK!), and in 2001 a folding knife for Spyderco.


title: Massad Ayoob

text: Ayoob is of Syrian descent. His grandparents immigrated to North America in the latter part of the 19th century.


title: Dan Harris (journalist)

text: Daniel B. Harris (born July 26, 1971) is a retired American journalist for ABC News. He was an anchor for "Nightline" and co-anchor of the weekend edition of "Good Morning America".


title: Dan Harris (journalist)

text: Harris is the son of Nancy Lee Harris and Jay R. Harris. His father is the chair of the radiation oncology residency program at Harvard University and his mother is a pathologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and an expert on lymphomas. His younger brother, Matthew Carmichael Harris, is a venture capitalist. Harris graduated in 1993 from Colby College in Waterville, Maine.


title: Dan Harris (journalist)

text: Harris began his career as an anchor for WLBZ in Bangor, Maine. He then worked for two years at WCSH in Portland, Maine, as an anchor and political reporter. From 1997 to 2000 he was an anchor at New England Cable News.


title: Dan Harris (journalist)

text: He joined ABC News in 2000. He anchored "World News Sunday" from 2006 to 2011 and frequently anchored "World News", "ABC World News Tonight" weekend editions and "Nightline". He is also a frequent contributor to "World News". He also anchored ABC's coverage of Hurricane Katrina in September 2005. In October 2010, he was named the new co-anchor for the weekend edition of "Good Morning America". In October 2013, he was named a co-anchor for "Nightline", succeeding Bill Weir. In August 2021, Harris announced that he would be leaving ABC News to focus on his meditation company. He retired from ABC News on September 26, 2021.


title: Dan Harris (journalist)

text: In addition to reporting on a range of natural disasters and several mass shootings, and from multiple combat zones, Harris has led the network's reporting on religion, especially evangelicalism, and once spent 48 hours in solitary confinement for a story on criminal justice.


title: Dan Harris (journalist)

text: On March 1, 2016, it was announced that Harris would become the host of the game show "500 Questions", replacing Richard Quest.


title: Dan Harris (journalist)

text: Harris encourages the use of meditation, and himself uses a method of watching the breath. His "10% Happier" podcasts are interviews with other meditators. Harris' book, "10% Happier: How I Tamed the Voice in My Head, Reduced Stress Without Losing My Edge, and Found Self-Help That Really Works – a True Story", was published in March 2014. Harris has said that his self-examination, abandonment of drugs, and adoption of meditation were prompted by an on-air panic attack in 2004. In the book, Harris recounts how he resolved the apparent conflict between meditation-induced equanimity and the aggressive competitiveness required for success as a TV-news journalist.


title: Dan Harris (journalist)

text: A meditation smartphone application was launched in 2015 and rebranded as "10% Happier", based on Harris' book.


title: Dan Harris (journalist)

text: Harris is married to Dr. Bianca Harris; they have a son. Although he refers to himself as "half-Jewish“ and culturally Jewish", he identifies as a Buddhist.


title: Dan Harris (journalist)

text: Harris received an Edward R. Murrow Award for his reporting on a young Iraqi man who received the help he needed in order to move to America, and in 2009 won an Emmy Award for his "Nightline" report, "How to Buy a Child in Ten Hours".


title: Dan Harris (journalist)

text: He has been awarded honorary doctorates by his alma mater Colby College and by the Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts.


title: Eurabia

text: Eurabia is a political neologism, a portmanteau of Europe and Arabia, used to describe a far-right, anti-Muslim conspiracy theory, involving globalist entities allegedly led by French and Arab powers, to Islamise and Arabise Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining a previous alignment with the United States and Israel.


title: Eurabia

text: The term was first used in the 1970s as the title of a newsletter and the concept itself developed by Bat Ye'or (pen name of Gisèle Littman) in the early 2000s and is described in her 2005 book titled "Eurabia: The Euro‐Arab Axis". Benjamin Lee of the Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats at the University of Lancaster describes her work as arguing that Europe "has surrendered to Islam and is in a state of submission (described as dhimmitude) in which Europe is forced to deny its own culture, stand silently by in the face of Muslim atrocities, accept Muslim immigration, and pay tribute through various types of economic assistance." According to the theory, the blame rests with a range of groups including communists, fascists, the media, universities, mosques and Islamic cultural centres, European bureaucrats, and the Euro-Arab Dialogue.


title: Eurabia

text: The term has gained some public interest and has been used and discussed across a wide range of the political spectrum, including right-wing activists, self-described "conservatives" and counter-jihad and other anti-Islamism activists. Bat Ye'or's "mother conspiracy theory" has been used for further subtheories. The narrative grew important in expressing anti-Islamist sentiments and was used by movements like Stop Islamisation of Europe. It gained renewed interest after the September 11 attacks and the use of the term by 2011 Norway attacker, Anders Behring Breivik. Ye'or's thesis has come under criticism by scholars, which intensified after Breivik's crime. The conspiracy has been described as having resemblance to the anti-Semitic "Protocols of the Elders of Zion".


title: Eurabia

text: Eurabia is also discussed in classical anti-Europeanism, a strong influence in the culture of the United States and in the notion of American exceptionalism, which sometimes sees Europe on the decline or as a rising rival power, or, as is the case here, both.


title: Eurabia

text: In "Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis", Bat Ye'or says that Eurabia is the result of the Euro-Arab Dialogue, based on an allegedly French-led European policy intended to increase European power against the United States by aligning its interests with those of the Arab countries. During the 1973 oil crisis, the European Economic Community (predecessor of the European Union), had entered into the Euro-Arab Dialogue (EAD) with the Arab League. Ye'or says it as a primary cause of alleged European hostility to Israel, referring to joint Euro-Arab foreign policies that she characterises as anti-American and anti-Zionist. Ye'or purported a close connection of a Eurabia conspiracy and used the term "dhimmitude", denoting alleged "western subjection to Islam". The term itself is based on a newsletter published in the 1970s by the "Comité européen de coordination des associations d'amitié avec le monde Arabe", a Euro-Arab friendship committee.


title: Eurabia

text: Bat Ye'or's "Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis" was the first print publication in the Eurabia genre, which has since grown to a number of titles, including Melanie Phillips's "Londonistan", Oriana Fallaci's "The Force of Reason", and Bruce Bawer's "While Europe Slept".


title: Eurabia

text: The term is often used by the writers Oriana Fallaci, Mark Steyn and several web sites, many of them affiliated with the counterjihad movement. "Defeating Eurabia" by Fjordman (the pen name of Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen) earned him a high standing among far-right extremists.


title: Eurabia

text: An important part of the narrative is the idea of a demographic threat, the fear that, at some time in the future, Islam will take over Europe. or as Bernard Lewis put it, "Europe will be Islamic by the end of the century." Walter Laqueur's "The Last Days of Europe: Epitaph for An Old Continent" is quoted often among the Eurabia literature.


title: Eurabia

text: While immigrants were being deemed a threat, in the postwar 1940s period, the British extreme right in particular, fascist politician Oswald Mosley were rather outspoken (see the Union Movement and the Europe a Nation slogan) in favour of a stronger integration of Britain with Europe and, using their own interpretation of the Eurafrica concept, Africa.


title: Eurabia

text: Bat Ye'or first used the term "Eurabia" in 2002 and again in another 2005 book. Subsequently, the coining of the term has been attributed to her. The conservative historian Niall Ferguson referred to the concept, which he took as the potential future Islamisation of Europe based on demographic facts and ideational lack of the continent.


title: Eurabia

text: The idea of a Eurabian conspiracy has become a basic theme in the European extremist and populist right and expresses as well a significant strategy change. José Pedro Zúquete notes that


title: Eurabia

text: Muslim minority populations and Muslim immigration gained new political significance. This has led to the adoption of political positions that were previously considered fringe or third rail on either side. The main anti-Islamic theme has also penetrated into mainstream European politics, for instance in the case of Dutch populist Party for Freedom leader Geert Wilders:


title: Eurabia

text: The Eurabia concept is an Islamophobic conspiracy theory. Eurabia shortcuts the complex interaction between the US, France, Israel, the Arabic and Muslim countries on an "us against them" basis. The Eurabia theories are dismissed as Islamophobic, extremist and conspiracy theories in the academic community. At first academics showed little interest in the Eurabia theories due to their lack of factual basis. The theme was treated in studies of rightist extremism and Middle East Politics. This changed after the 2011 Norway attacks, which resulted in the publication of several works specifically treating the Eurabia conspiracy theories.


title: Eurabia

text: Janne Haaland Matláry went as far as to say that "it is poor use of time to analyse something so primitive".


title: Eurabia

text: The Pew Research Center said in 2011 that "the data that we have isn't pointing in the direction of 'Eurabia' at all", and predicts that the percentage of Muslims is estimated to rise to 8% in 2030. In 2007 academics who analysed the demographics dismissed the predictions that the EU would have Muslim majorities.


title: Eurabia

text: It is completely reasonable to assume that the overall Muslim population in Europe will increase, and Muslim citizens have and will have a significant imprint on European life. The prospect of a homogeneous Muslim community per se, or a Muslim majority in Europe is however out of the question.


title: Eurabia

text: Justin Vaïsse seeks to discredit what he calls, "four myths of the alarmist school", using Muslims in France as an example. Specifically he has written that the Muslim population growth rate was lower than that predicted by Eurabia, partly because the fertility rate of immigrants declines with integration. He further points out that Muslims are not a monolithic or cohesive group, and that many Muslims do seek to integrate politically and socially. Finally, he wrote that despite their numbers, Muslims have had little influence on French foreign policy.


title: Eurabia

text: Furthermore, leading European Muslims are rather outspoken against religious fundamentalism and are far from acknowledging Arab countries as a role model at all.


title: Eurabia

text: In 2010, German politician Thilo Sarrazin released "Germany Abolishes Itself". The book contends that with continued Islamic immigration, Germany will become a majority Muslim nation. Journalist Simon Kuper has argued that, with over 1 million copies sold, Sarrazin had done more to publicize the concept of Eurabia more than anybody else in Europe.


title: Eurabia

text: In political campaigning for the 2019 European Parliament election, Germany's far-right party AfD used Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1886 painting "The Slave Market" with the slogan "Europeans vote AfD!" and "So Europe doesn't become Eurabia!". "Deutsche Welle" reported that the reproduction of the painting suggestively depicted dark-skinned men with beards and foreign-dress "inspecting the teeth of a nude white woman".


title: Eurabia

text: In 2004, journalist Oriana Fallaci claimed that Muslim immigration and high fertility was part of the conspiracy theory. In 2005, Fallaci told "The Wall Street Journal" that "Europe is no longer Europe", adding "it is 'Eurabia,' a colony of Islam".


title: Eurabia

text: In 2011, Francesco Speroni, a sitting MEP for Lega Nord, stated that he shared the same view as Anders Behring Breivik's idea "that we are going towards Eurabia". In the aftermath of the shooting, Speroni confirmed his agreement with Breivik on the conspiracy theory in an interview with Radio 24.


title: Eurabia

text: In 2018, Giulio Meotti used the theory in relation to the demographics of Europe, writing that "Europe is over. Its future will be a mix of Eurabia and a geriatric ward."


title: Eurabia

text: In May 2019, ahead of the European elections, Lega Nord leader for Sarzana claimed that both the European People's Party and the Party of European Socialists were attempting to bring about Eurabia. The day before the vote, Italian Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini endorsed the theory as a genuine threat. He insisted that a state of Eurabia had already occurred in Sweden, a claim which the Swedish embassy promptly denied with an official statement. Invoking the memory of Oriana Fallaci, he released an anti-migrant speech on Twitter, accompanied by the message "No to Eurabia".


title: Eurabia

text: In 2008, journalist described Molenbeek as "Brussels: Eurabia". Despite alleging that writer had already coined the phrase, Amerongen faced severe peer and media criticism for endorsing the conspiracy theory. After the November 2015 Paris attacks and discovery of a Brussels ISIL terror cell, photojournalist Teun Voeten agreed with Amerongen's description, calling the municipality an "ethnic and religious enclave".


title: Eurabia

text: Party for Freedom leader Geert Wilders, who serves in the Dutch House of Representatives, has openly stated that "if we do not stop Islamification now, Eurabia and Netherabia will just be a matter of time." A supporter of the conspiracy theory, Wilders believes Muslim immigration to Europe is being driven by an agreement between the European Union and Islamic countries. He has delivered speeches in the Dutch parliament about Eurabia.


title: Eurabia

text: In 2008, Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen, writing under his pseudonym Fjordman, published "Defeating Eurabia". The book contends that 1 in 3 babies born in France are from a Muslim-background, and that there are hundreds of "Muslim ghettos" following Sharia law in the country, which Fjordman believes will either be overrun or face an impending civil war.


title: Eurabia

text: "2083: A European Declaration of Independence", the manifesto of Anders Behring Breivik, the perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, includes a lengthy discussion of and support for the "Eurabia" theory. It also contains several articles on the Eurabia theme by Bat Ye'or and Fjordman. As a result, the theory received widespread mainstream media attention following the attacks. In the verdict against Breivik, the court said that "many people share Breivik's conspiracy theory, including the Eurabia theory. The court finds that very few people, however, share Breivik's idea that the alleged "Islamization" should be fought with terror."


title: Eurabia

text: Breivik has later identified himself as a fascist and voiced support for neo-Nazis, stating that he previously had exploited "counterjihad" rhetoric in order to protect "ethno-nationalists", thereby instead launching a media drive against what he deemed "anti-nationalist counterjihad"-supporters.


title: Eurabia

text: Author Mark Steyn, described as a "champion of 'Eurabia' myth" by Canadian newspaper "The Globe and Mail", has predicted an emerging Eurabia region, captured by the religion of Islam and hostile to U.S. interests. Steyn's promotion of the conspiracy theory centres on European demographics, where he believes a culturally asserted Muslim mass will become the majority population and demand the assimilation of white Europeans.


title: Eurabia

text: In the United States, the theories have found strong proponents in the Islamophobia movement, among them the president of Stop Islamization of America, Robert B. Spencer and political commentator Daniel Pipes.


title: Eurabia

text: In May 2006, Fox News host John Gibson called for white Americans to have more babies, referencing a decline in the "native population" of Europe as an apparent demographic warning for the U.S. regarding Hispanic birthrates. In what Media Matters reported as fearmongering, he claimed that Eurabia was occurring in Europe.


title: Eurabia

text: In his 2011–2012 run for the Republican presidential nomination, senator Rick Santorum warned that Europe was "creating an opportunity for the creation of Eurabia", and that the continent was "losing, because they are not having children." Classicist Bruce Thornton is also a strong advocate for the theory.


title: Eurabia

text: A 2007 film outline by Steve Bannon, who would later become the chief strategist for President Donald Trump and a member of the U.S. National Security Council, proposed that Muslims were trying to turn the United States into the "Islamic States of America".


title: Eurabia

text: "The Economist" rejected the concept of Eurabia as "scaremongering". Simon Kuper in the "Financial Times" described Ye'or's book as "little-read but influential", and akin to "Protocols of the Elders of Zion in reverse", adding that "though ludicrous, Eurabia became the spiritual mother of a genre".


title: Eurabia

text: David Aaronovitch acknowledges that the threat of "jihadist terror" may be real, but that there is no threat of Eurabia. Aaronovitch concludes that those who study conspiracy theories will recognize Eurabia to be a theory that adds the "Sad Dupes thesis to the Enemy Within idea".


title: Eurabia

text: Conservative US military analyst Ralph Peters has criticized the Eurabia narrative on the grounds that it is unlikely to happen as posited, citing the historical precedent of genocides frequently occurring in Europe, such as in the Balkans during the 1990s, and the Holocaust during World War II. Peters stated that if Muslims "taking over" Europe were imminent, Europeans would either forcibly deport their Muslims at best or engage in a genocide of them at worst, possibly leading to a U.S. intervention on behalf of persecuted Muslims.


title: Eurabia

text: In his 2007 book "Wars of Blood and Faith", Peters states that far from being about to take over Europe through demographic change, "Europe's Muslims are living on borrowed time" and that in the event of a major terrorist attack in Europe, thanks to the "ineradicable viciousness" of Europeans and what he perceives as a historical tendency to over-react to real or perceived threats, European Muslims "will be lucky if they're only deported".


title: Eurabia

text: According to Marján and Sapir, the very idea of "Eurabia" is "based on an extremist conspiracy theory, according to which Europe and the Arab states would join forces to make life impossible for Israel and Islamize the old continent."


title: Eurabia

text: Writing in "Race & Class" in 2006, author and freelance journalist Matt Carr argued that Eurabia had moved from "an outlandish conspiracy theory" to a "dangerous Islamophobic fantasy". Carr states,


title: Eurabia

text: Arun Kundnani, writing for the International Centre for Counter-terrorism, notes that "Eurabia" fulfills the counter-jihad movement's "structural need" for a conspiracy theory, and compares "Eurabia" to "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion", while Carr compares it to the Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory.


title: Eurabia

text: Doug Saunders argues that pro-Al-Qaeda writers, and those who promote the Eurabia theory as truth, have a common extremism and world view, where "there is one creature called 'the Muslim' and another called 'the Westerner. He proposes that there is no such distinction and that Muslims can become secular in the Western world.


title: Frosty the Snowman

text: "Frosty the Snowman" is a popular Christmas song written by Walter "Jack" Rollins and Steve Nelson, and first recorded by Gene Autry and the Cass County Boys in 1950 and later recorded by Jimmy Durante. It was written after the success of Autry's recording of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" the previous year; Rollins and Nelson shopped the new song to Autry, who recorded "Frosty" in search of another seasonal hit. Like "Rudolph", "Frosty" was subsequently adapted to other media including a popular television special.


title: Frosty the Snowman

text: A group of children find a hat and place it on Frosty's head. Frosty laughs and plays with the children until the hot sun threatens to melt him. Frosty says goodbye to the children, reassuring them, "I'll be back again someday."


title: Frosty the Snowman

text: It is generally regarded as a Christmas song, and supposedly takes place in White Plains, New York, or Armonk, New York; Armonk has a parade dedicated to Frosty annually.


title: Frosty the Snowman

text: The song has been covered as an instrumental by the Canadian Brass, with founder Charles Daellenbach taking on the persona of Frosty, and repeatedly calling "One more time!" ("You know what happens when Frosty gets 'hot'"), and then starting to collapse ("I think he's melting" -- "You "know" what happens when Frosty gets hot"). It was also covered by the Hampton String Quartet on their inaugural album, "What if Mozart Wrote 'Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"'. It was also recorded by American Brass.


title: Frosty the Snowman

text: The song has also been covered (with lyrics) by the band Cocteau Twins; the cover was released on their 1993 EP "Snow". It was also covered by the Jackson 5 and appears on the "Jackson 5 Christmas Album".


title: Frosty the Snowman

text: The song was quickly covered by many artists including Jimmy Durante, Nat King Cole and Guy Lombardo. The versions by Nat King Cole and Guy Lombardo also reached the American charts.


title: Frosty the Snowman

text: In 1950, Little Golden Books published "Frosty the Snow Man" as a children's book, adapted by Annie North Bedford and illustrated by Corinne Malvern.


title: Frosty the Snowman

text: In 1950, the UPA studio brought "Frosty" to life in a three-minute animated short which appears regularly on WGN-TV. This production included a bouncy, jazzy "a cappella" version of the song and a limited animation style reminiscent of UPA's "Gerald McBoing-Boing". The short, filmed entirely in black-and-white, has been a perennial WGN-TV Christmas classic, and was broadcast on December 24 and 25, 1955, and every year since, as part of a WGN-TV , along with their two other short Christmas classics, "Suzy Snowflake" and "Hardrock, Coco and Joe." The short had previously been telecast annually on WGN's "The Bozo Show", "Ray Rayner and His Friends" and "Garfield Goose," along with its two other companion cartoons. The three cartoons are also a tradition on WJAC-TV in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, which not only broadcasts the cartoons on their station, but also makes them available on their website.


title: Frosty the Snowman

text: In 1969, Rankin/Bass Productions produced a 25-minute television special, "Frosty the Snowman", featuring the animation of Japanese studio Mushi Production, and the voices of comedians Jimmy Durante as the narrator (who also sings a version of the song), Billy De Wolfe as Professor Hinkle and Jackie Vernon as Frosty. Paul Frees and June Foray both also voice characters including Karen and Santa Claus in this animated special produced and directed by Arthur Rankin Jr. and Jules Bass and designed by Mad artist Paul Coker, Jr.. This was a story based on the discovery of Frosty the Snowman.


title: Frosty the Snowman

text: "Frosty Returns" (1992) is a sequel to the original song, set in a separate fictional universe from the other specials, with John Goodman as the voice of a more sardonic Frosty defending the value of snow against Mr. Twitchell (Brian Doyle-Murray), the maker of a snow-removal spray.


title: Frosty the Snowman

text: On July 1, 2020, a live-action film adaptation of Frosty the Snowman was announced to be in development at Warner Bros. and Stampede Ventures, with Jason Momoa voicing the titular snowman, Jon Berg and Greg Silverman producing alongside Geoff Johns, Roy Lee and Momoa, and David Berenbaum writing the screenplay. Following Ray Fisher's accusation of mistreatment on the set of "Justice League", Momoa defended Fisher and claimed that the "Frosty the Snowman" movie announcement was made without his permission and accused Warner Bros. of releasing the story in order to distract from Fisher's comments.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: A centerfire cartridge is a firearm metallic cartridge whose primer is located at the center of the base of its casing (i.e. "case head"). Unlike rimfire cartridges, the centerfire primer is typically a separate component seated into a recessed cavity (known as the "primer pocket") in the case head and is replaceable by reloading.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Centerfire cartridges have supplanted the rimfire variety in all but the smallest cartridge sizes. The majority of today's handguns, rifles, and shotguns use centerfire ammunition, with the exception of a few .17 caliber, .20 caliber, and .22 caliber handgun and rifle cartridges, small-bore shotgun shells (intended for pest control), and a handful of antique (and mostly obsolete) cartridges.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: An early form of centerfire ammunition, without a percussion cap, was invented between 1808 and 1812 by Jean Samuel Pauly. This was also the first fully integrated cartridge and used a form of obturation employing the cartridge itself. Another form of centerfire ammunition was invented by the Frenchman Clement Pottet in 1829; however, Pottet would not perfect his design until 1855. The centerfire cartridge was improved by Béatus Beringer, Benjamin Houllier, Gastinne Renette, Smith & Wesson, Charles Lancaster, Jules-Félix Gévelot, George Morse, Francois Schneider, Hiram Berdan and Edward Mounier Boxer.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Centerfire cartridges are more reliable for military purposes because the thicker metal cartridge cases can withstand rougher handling without damage, and safer to handle because explosive priming compound in a protruding rim is more likely to be triggered by impact if a rimfire cartridge is dropped or pinched. The stronger base of a centerfire cartridge is able to withstand higher pressures which in turn give a bullet greater velocity and energy. While centerfire cartridge cases require a complex and expensive manufacturing process, explosive handling is simplified by avoiding the spinning process required to uniformly distribute priming explosive into the rim because of uncertainty about which angular segment of a rimfire cartridge rim will be struck by the firing pin. Larger caliber rimfire cartridges require greater volumes of priming explosive than centerfire cartridges, and the required volume may cause an undesirably high pressure during ignition. Reducing the amount of priming explosive would reduce the reliability of rimfire cartridge ignition, and increase the probability of misfire or dud cartridges.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Economies of scale are achieved through interchangeable primers for a wide variety of centerfire cartridge calibers. The expensive individual brass cases can be reused after replacing the primer, gunpowder and projectile. Handloading reuse is an advantage for rifles using obsolete or hard-to-find centerfire cartridges such as the 6.5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer, or larger calibers such as the .458 Lott, for which ammunition can be expensive. The forward portion of some empty cases can be reformed for use as obsolete or wildcat cartridges with similar base configuration. Modern cartridges larger than .22 caliber are mostly centerfire. Actions suitable for larger caliber rimfire cartridges declined in popularity until the demand for them no longer exceeded manufacturing costs, and they became obsolete.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: The identifying feature of centerfire ammunition is the primer which is a metal cup containing a primary explosive inserted into a recess in the center of the base of the cartridge. The firearm firing pin crushes this explosive between the cup and an anvil to produce hot gas and a shower of incandescent particles to ignite the powder charge. Berdan and Boxer cartridge primers are both considered "centerfire" and are not interchangeable at the primer level; however, the same weapon can fire either Berdan- or Boxer-primed cartridges if the overall dimensions are the same.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: The two primer types are almost impossible to distinguish by looking at the loaded cartridge, though the two (or more) flash-holes can be seen inside a fired Berdan case and the larger single hole seen or felt inside a fired Boxer case. Berdan priming is less expensive to manufacture and is much more common in military-surplus ammunition made outside the United States.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Berdan primers are named after their American inventor, Hiram Berdan of New York who invented his first variation of the Berdan primer and patented it on March 20, 1866, in . A small copper cylinder formed the shell of the cartridge, and the primer cap was pressed into a recess in the outside of the closed end of the cartridge opposite the bullet. In the end of the cartridge beneath the primer cap was a small vent-hole, as well as a small teat-like projection or point (later to be known as an anvil) fashioned from the case, such that the firing pin could crush the primer against the anvil and ignite the propellant. This system worked well, allowing the option of installing a cap just before use of the propellant-loaded cartridge as well as permitting reloading the cartridge for reuse.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Difficulties arose in practice because pressing in the cap from the outside tended to cause a swelling of the copper cartridge shell, preventing reliable seating of the cartridge in the chamber of the firearm. Berdan's solution was to change to brass shells, and to further modify the process of installing the primer cap into the cartridge, as noted in his second Berdan Primer patent of September 29, 1868, in . Berdan primers have remained essentially the same functionally to the present day.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Berdan primers are similar to the caps used in the caplock system, being small metal cups with pressure-sensitive explosive in them. Modern Berdan primers are pressed into the "primer pocket" of a Berdan-type cartridge case, where they fit slightly below flush with the base of the case. Inside the primer pocket is a small bump, the "anvil", that rests against the center of the cup, and usually two (rarely one or three) small holes by sides of the anvil that allow flash from the primer to reach the interior of the case. Berdan cases are reusable, although the process is rather involved. The used primer must be removed, usually by hydraulic pressure or a pincer or lever that pulls the primer out of the bottom. A new primer is carefully seated against the anvil, and then powder and a bullet are added.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: In 1880s-1940s many smaller European armies were reloading their ammo for economical reasons, and for that reason they adopted the system known as either Austrian or after the George Roth factory in Vienna which patented it in 1902 even though it was known from early-to-mid 1880s, where the anvil had a single fire hole right at its center.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Meanwhile, Colonel Edward Mounier Boxer, of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, England was working on a primer cap design for cartridges, patenting it in England on October 13, 1866, and subsequently received a U.S. patent for his design on June 29, 1869, in .


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Boxer primers are similar to Berdan primers with one major difference: the location of the anvil. In a Boxer primer, the anvil is a separate stirrup piece that sits inverted in the primer cup providing sufficient resistance to the impact of the firing pin as it indents the cup and crushes the pressure-sensitive ignition compound. The primer pocket in the case head has a single flash-hole in its center. This positioning makes little or no difference to the performance of the round, but it makes fired primers vastly easier to remove for re-loading, as a single, centered rod pushed through the flash hole from the open end of the case will eject the two-piece primer from the primer cup. A new primer, anvil included, is then pressed into the case using a reloading press or hand-tool. Boxer priming is universal for US-manufactured civilian factory ammunition.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Boxer-primed ammunition is slightly more complex to manufacture, since the primer is in two parts in addition to the pressure-sensitive compound, but automated machinery producing primers by the hundreds of millions has eliminated that as a practical problem. And while the primer is one step more complex to make, the cartridge case is simpler to make, use, and reload.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Early primers were manufactured with various dimensions and performance. Some standardization has occurred where economies of scale benefit ammunition manufacturers. Boxer primers for the United States market come in different sizes, based on the application. The types/sizes of primers are:


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Primer size is based on the primer pocket of the cartridge, with standard types available in large or small diameters. The primer's explosive charge is based on the amount of ignition energy required by the cartridge design; a standard primer would be used for smaller charges or faster-burning powders, while a magnum primer would be used for the larger charges or slower-burning powders used with large cartridges or heavy charges. Rifle, large and magnum primers increase the ignition energy delivered to the powder, by supplying a hotter, stronger and/or longer-lasting flame. Pistol cartridges often are smaller than modern rifle cartridges, so they may need less primer flame than rifles require. A physical difference between pistol and rifle primers is the thickness of the primer's case; since pistol cartridges usually operate at lower pressure levels than rifles, their primer cups are thinner, softer, and easier to ignite, while rifle primers are thicker and stronger, requiring a harder impact from the firing pin. Despite the names "pistol" and "rifle", the primer used depends on the cartridge, not the firearm; a few high-pressure pistol cartridges like the .221 Fireball and .454 Casull use rifle primers, while lower-pressure pistol and revolver cartridges like the .32 and .380 Autos, 9mm Luger, .38 Special, .357 Magnum, .44 Magnum and .45 ACP and traditional revolver cartridges like .32-20, .44-40 and .45 Colt, also used in lever-action rifles, still would be loaded with pistol primers. Virtually all cartridges used solely in rifles do, however, use rifle primers.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: All modern shotgun shells (excluding specialized rimfire .22 "snake loads" or birdshot cartridges) are centerfire. They use a large, specific shotgun primer that is based on the Boxer system, in that the primer contains the anvil against which the primary explosive is compressed by the firing pin and deformation of the primer cup.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Shotgun primers are also used as a replacement to the percussion cap ignition system in some modern black-powder firearms, and in some cases as the actual cartridge, notably the 6mm Pipet.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Primer actuated or piston primer cartridges use a primer in the form of a blank to contain the propellant within an empty cartridge, or in some cases as a piston to unlock the bolt and operate the weapon. These types of rounds are rarely used and are mostly found on spotting rifles.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Primer manufacture and insertion is the most dangerous part of small arms ammunition production. Sensitive priming compounds have claimed many lives including the founder of the famous British Eley ammunition firm. Modern commercial operations use protective shielding between operators and manufacturing equipment.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Early primers used the same mercury fulminate used in 19th century percussion caps. Black powder could be effectively ignited by hot mercury released upon decomposition. Disadvantages of mercuric primers became evident with smokeless powder loadings. Mercury fulminate slowly decomposed in storage until the remaining energy was insufficient for reliable ignition. Decreased ignition energy with age had not been recognized as a problem with black-powder loadings because black powder could be ignited by as little energy as a static electricity discharge. Smokeless powder often required more thermal energy for ignition. Misfires and hang fires became common as the remaining priming compound sputtered in old primers. A misfire would result if the priming compound either failed to react to the firing pin fall or extinguished prior to igniting the powder charge. A hang fire is a perceptible delay between the fall of the firing pin and discharge of the firearm. In extreme cases, the delay might be sufficient to be interpreted as a misfire, and the cartridge could fire as the action was being opened or the firearm pointed in an inappropriate direction.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Incandescent particles were found most effective for igniting smokeless powder after the primary explosive gases had heated the powder grains. Artillery charges frequently included a smaller quantity of black powder to be ignited by the primer, so incandescent potassium carbonate would spread fire through the smokeless powder. Potassium chlorate was added to mercury fulminate priming mixtures so incandescent potassium chloride would have a similar effect in small arms cartridges.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Priming mixtures containing mercury fulminate leave metallic mercury in the bore and empty cartridge case after firing. The mercury was largely absorbed in the smokey fouling with black-powder loads. Mercury coated the interior of brass cases with smokeless powder loads, and the higher pressures of smokeless powder charges forced the mercury into grain boundaries between brass crystals where it formed zinc and copper amalgams weakening the case so it became unsuitable for reloading. The United States Army discontinued use of mercuric priming mixtures in 1898 to allow arsenal reloading of fired cases during peacetime. Frankford Arsenal FA-70 primers used potassium chlorate as an oxidizer for lead(II) thiocyanate, to increase the sensitivity of potassium chlorate, and antimony trisulfide, as an abrasive, with minor amounts of trinitrotoluene. These corrosive primers leave a residue of potassium chloride salt in the bore after a cartridge is fired. These hygroscopic salt crystals will hold moisture from a humid atmosphere and cause rusting. These corrosive primers can cause serious damage to the gun unless the barrel and action are cleaned carefully after firing.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Civilian ammunition manufacturers began offering non-corrosive primers in the 1920s, but most military ammunition continued to use corrosive priming mixtures of established reliability. The various proprietary priming formulations used by different manufacturers produced some significantly different ignition properties until the United States issued military specifications for non-corrosive primers for 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge production. The PA-101 primers developed at Picatinny Arsenal used about 50% lead styphnate with lesser amounts of barium nitrate, antimony trisulfide, powdered aluminum and a tetrazine compound. Most United States manufacturers adopted the PA-101 military standard for their civilian production of Boxer primers. Manufacturers subsequently offered more powerful magnum primers for uniform ignition of civilian long-range or big-game cartridges with significantly greater powder capacity than required for standard infantry weapons.


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: Other explosives used in primers can include lead azide, potassium perchlorate, or diazodinitrophenol (DDNP). New on the market in the late 1990s are lead-free primers (see green bullet), to address concerns over the lead and other heavy-metal compounds found in older primers. The heavy metals, while small in quantity, are released in the form of a very fine soot. Some indoor firing ranges are moving to ban primers containing heavy metals due to their toxicity. Lead-free primers were originally less sensitive and had a greater moisture sensitivity and correspondingly shorter shelf life than normal noncorrosive primers. Since their introduction, lead-free primers have become better in their performance compared to early lead free primers. Tests comparing lead-free primers to lead-based primers conducted by the US Department of Defense (approx 2006), exposed some significant differences in accuracy between the two primers when used in 7.62×51mm. In these tests, lead-free primers were proven to be not as accurate as lead-based primers. The lead-free primers exhibited poor performance as far as peak blast pressure, which consequently leads to poor ignition. Popularity is still minimal, as accuracy is paramount. Most lead-free primers are sourced through Russia (MUrom?)or South Korea (PMC).


title: Centerfire ammunition

text: European and eastern military or surplus ammunition often uses corrosive or slightly-corrosive Berdan primers because they work reliably under severe conditions and have a longer storage life than the non-corrosive type primers in current use. Modern Boxer primers are almost always non-corrosive and non-mercuric. Determination of corrosive or non-corrosive characteristics based on the primer type should consider these final headstamp dates of corrosive ammunition production:


title: Yeule

text: Yeule (stylised as yeule) is the musical project of Singaporean songwriter and producer Nat Ćmiel (born Natasha Yelin Chang). Formed in 2012, Yeule incorporates elements of ambient, glitch and Asian post-pop. The name Yeule is derived from the "Final Fantasy" character of the same name (spelled differently), as well as their middle name.


title: Yeule

text: Ćmiel was born Natasha Yelin Chang in Singapore where they attended school. They first started playing music at the age of 6 on their parents' Yamaha piano and learned classically although eventually dropped taking lessons, and wanted to explore something more challenging which led them to guitar and drums. Ćmiel initially started playing waltz pieces, though they soon moved onto songs from the soundtracks of Final Fantasy X and Kingdom Hearts. They later went onto sing in a jazz band under the name Riot Diet, covering songs from Ella Fitzgerald and the Pixies. After graduating from high school, they applied to Central Saint Martins to study fashion communication and womenswear.


title: Yeule

text: Growing up, feelings of loneliness and depression were present due in part to Ćmiel's nomadic upbringing. They found solace on the internet, which would influence their later works.


title: Yeule

text: Ćmiel followed up with the OST to interactive simulator game "Lost Memories Dot Net", which was released on July 17, 2017.


title: Yeule

text: On September 27, 2017, Ćmiel released their third EP, "Coma". With regard to the writing, they said that "I wrote this album to commemorate the people I'd lost." The EP received a positive reception with Duncan Cooper of The Fader describing it as "dream-pop perfection".


title: Yeule

text: On October 25, 2019, Ćmiel released their debut studio album "Serotonin II". On the process of creating the album they said that "Writing the record, I was dreadful. I didn't ask for much, I don't need to be happy. I just wanted to be content." The album received a positive critical reception with Jude Noel of "Tiny Mix Tapes" giving the album 4/5 and saying that "Melancholia aside, it's Serotonin II's impeccable sound design that has kept me coming back".


title: Yeule

text: Ćmiel teased the release of their second album "Glitch Princess" via Bayonet Records with a track titled "My Name is Nat Ćmiel"—released at the end of 2020. The full album was released on February 4, 2022. It was qualified as "pioneering" by Colin Lodewick from "Pitchfork" and featured in their 'Best New Music' section with a critical score of 8.3.


title: Yeule

text: In between "My Name Is Nat Ćmiel" and "Glitch Princess", Ćmiel released the remix EP "Serotonin X Remixes" and the covers album "Nuclear War Post X", the latter issued directly through their website as a limited edition paperback art book with a download for the entire album.


title: Yeule

text: Ćmiel graduated from Central Saint Martins in London for a degree in Fine Arts in 2020. They are non-binary.


title: Dejavu (2022 film)

text: Dejavu is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language mystery thriller film directed by Arvindh Srinivasan and produced by K. Vijay Pandi and P. G. Muthiah. The film stars Arulnithi, Madhoo, Achyuth Kumar, and Smruthi Venkat. the film was released theatrically on 22 July 2022 and received mixed to positive reviews from critics and audience, and became an box office success. The film was remade in Telugu as "Repeat" which was directly released on Hotstar.


title: Dejavu (2022 film)

text: A novelist, Subramani goes to a police station while very drunk to make a complaint that he has been receiving harassing calls from the fictional characters he had created in his novels and demands police protection. Police mock his claim and send him away. Subramani goes back home and starts writing again. The next day police arrive at his house and enquire him about a call they had received from a woman named Pooja, who had called the control room saying she had been kidnapped. The woman mentioned the writer's name and location briefly before her mobile was switched off. Police check with Subramani and are shocked to see he had written about Pooja. They thrash him as they enquire about this but his neighbors come to his rescue, recording the incident and uploading it on social media. This causes embarrassment to the police. The incident catches the attention of DGP Asha who is trying to keep things tidy for PM's visit. Asha checks with the police and is initially disappointed with the way things are handled, but shocked to find that her daughter Pooja was kidnapped and she made the call to the police control room. Now things become personal and Asha meets the writer herself to enquire about pooja. Subramani says he is innocent and has no clue about the incident, but whatever he had written in his story exactly happened. Police start wondering if it's a case of ESP.


title: Dejavu (2022 film)

text: The news of Asha's missing daughter and police harassment of Subramani in this regard starts circulating in social media. Asha is thus forced to address the media denying any such claims. Police assign a constable to monitor what Subramani writes. She checks with a DGP of another state and asks for an officer to help her retrieve Pooja. The DGP mentions he will send an officer Vikram Kumar to support her. The writer opens this incident as it happens further prompting the question of his ESP power.


title: Dejavu (2022 film)

text: Vikram arrives and starts his inquiry. He suspects the writer uses some communication with the outside world with a hidden mobile.


title: Dejavu (2022 film)

text: However, that does not turn out to be the case. Vikram comes to know Pooja had attended a party last evening, where she had an issue with one of the guests. Pooja then left the party midway and missing since. Vikram continues his investigation enquiring with Pooja's colleagues trying to track Pooja but in vain.


title: Dejavu (2022 film)

text: Subramani continues his story which miraculously keeps happening in real life. He predicts even a taxi number that Pooja's colleague uses.


title: Dejavu (2022 film)

text: We see a cab driver report a case of a young girl's kidnapping by some people in a BMW car. The driver who reported the case vanishes after giving a verbal statement. Asha and Vikram checked on the CCTV to identify the driver. Asha says the driver was someone she knew but was already dead.


title: Dejavu (2022 film)

text: We then come to know about a case closed a year ago which involved a brutal rape and murder of a woman named Janani. It is revealed that rowdy youth in the same BMW car prophesied by Subramani had kidnapped raped and murdered the woman Janani a year ago and a taxi driver Ravi was the only witness. A police team under Asha tracks down the youths, but one of them is the son of an influential central minister who had considerable power. He influences Asha to leave his son out of the picture in exchange for her promotion to DGP. Asha gladly agrees and encounters Ravi instead. She frames false charges on Ravi, making him the prime accused in the case justifying his encounter.


title: Dejavu (2022 film)

text: Vikram breaks the case down with his intelligence. He traces Pooja and rescues her from the same influential central minister's son.