title: App Inventor for Android

text: MIT App Inventor is a web application integrated development environment originally provided by Google, and now maintained by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It allows newcomers to computer programming to create application software (apps) for two operating systems (OS): Android, and iOS, which, , is in final beta testing. It is free and open-source software released under dual licensing: a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, and an Apache License 2.0 for the source code.


title: App Inventor for Android

text: It uses a graphical user interface (GUI) very similar to the programming languages Scratch (programming language) and the StarLogo, which allows users to drag and drop visual objects to create an application that can run on Android devices, while an App-Inventor Companion (the program that allows the app to run and debug on) that works on iOS running devices are still under development. In creating App Inventor, Google drew upon significant prior research in educational computing, and work done within Google on online development environments.


title: App Inventor for Android

text: App Inventor and the other projects are based on and informed by constructionist learning theories, which emphasize that programming can be a vehicle for engaging powerful ideas through active learning. As such, it is part of an ongoing movement in computers and education that began with the work of Seymour Papert and the MIT Logo Group in the 1960s, and has also manifested itself with Mitchel Resnick's work on Lego Mindstorms and StarLogo.


title: App Inventor for Android

text: App Inventor also supports the use of cloud data via an experimental Firebase Realtime Database component.


title: App Inventor for Android

text: The application was made available through request on July 12, 2010, and released publicly on December 15, 2010.


title: App Inventor for Android

text: In the second half of 2011, Google released the source code, terminated its server, and provided funding to create "The MIT Center for Mobile Learning", led by App Inventor creator Hal Abelson and fellow MIT professors Eric Klopfer and Mitchel Resnick. The MIT version was launched in March 2012.


title: App Inventor for Android

text: On December 6, 2013 (the start of the Hour of Code), MIT released App Inventor 2, renaming the original version "App Inventor Classic" Major differences are:


title: App Inventor for Android

text: Open Blocks is distributed by MIT's "Scheller Teacher Education Program" (STEP) and is derived from master's thesis research by Ricarose Roque. Professor Eric Klopfer and Daniel Wendel of the Scheller Program supported the distribution of Open Blocks under an MIT License. Open Blocks visual programming is closely related to StarLogo TNG, a project of STEP, and Scratch, a project of the MIT Media Lab's Lifelong Kindergarten Group led by Mitchel Resnick. App Inventor 2 replaced Open Blocks with Blockly, a blocks editor that runs within a web browser.


title: App Inventor for Android

text: The MIT AI2 Companion app enables real-time debugging on connected devices via Wi-Fi, or Universal Serial Bus (USB). In addition to this the user may use an "on computer" emulator available for Windows, MacOS, and Linux.


title: App Inventor for Android

text: In June 2018, a baked version of App Inventor 2 called Kodular was launched. It is promoted as an 'improved' and more modern version of App Inventor 2.


title: Quadratic residue

text: In number theory, an integer "q" is called a quadratic residue modulo "n" if it is congruent to a perfect square modulo "n"; i.e., if there exists an integer "x" such that:


title: Quadratic residue

text: Originally an abstract mathematical concept from the branch of number theory known as modular arithmetic, quadratic residues are now used in applications ranging from acoustical engineering to cryptography and the factoring of large numbers.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Fermat, Euler, Lagrange, Legendre, and other number theorists of the 17th and 18th centuries established theorems and formed conjectures about quadratic residues, but the first systematic treatment is § IV of Gauss's "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae" (1801). Article 95 introduces the terminology "quadratic residue" and "quadratic nonresidue", and states that if the context makes it clear, the adjective "quadratic" may be dropped.


title: Quadratic residue

text: For a given "n" a list of the quadratic residues modulo "n" may be obtained by simply squaring the numbers 0, 1, ..., . Because "a" ≡ ("n" − "a") (mod "n"), the list of squares modulo "n" is symmetric around "n"/2, and the list only needs to go that high. This can be seen in the table below.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Thus, the number of quadratic residues modulo "n" cannot exceed "n"/2 + 1 ("n" even) or ("n" + 1)/2 ("n" odd).


title: Quadratic residue

text: Modulo an odd prime number "p" there are ("p" + 1)/2 residues (including 0) and ("p" − 1)/2 nonresidues, by Euler's criterion. In this case, it is customary to consider 0 as a special case and work within the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of the field Z/"p"Z. (In other words, every congruence class except zero modulo "p" has a multiplicative inverse. This is not true for composite moduli.)


title: Quadratic residue

text: Following this convention, the multiplicative inverse of a residue is a residue, and the inverse of a nonresidue is a nonresidue.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Following this convention, modulo an odd prime number there are an equal number of residues and nonresidues.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Modulo a prime, the product of two nonresidues is a residue and the product of a nonresidue and a (nonzero) residue is a nonresidue.


title: Quadratic residue

text: The first supplement to the law of quadratic reciprocity is that if "p" ≡ 1 (mod 4) then −1 is a quadratic residue modulo "p", and if "p" ≡ 3 (mod 4) then −1 is a nonresidue modulo "p". This implies the following:


title: Quadratic residue

text: If "p" ≡ 1 (mod 4) the negative of a residue modulo "p" is a residue and the negative of a nonresidue is a nonresidue.


title: Quadratic residue

text: If "p" ≡ 3 (mod 4) the negative of a residue modulo "p" is a nonresidue and the negative of a nonresidue is a residue.


title: Quadratic residue

text: All odd squares are ≡ 1 (mod 8) and thus also ≡ 1 (mod 4). If "a" is an odd number and "m" = 8, 16, or some higher power of 2, then "a" is a residue modulo "m" if and only if "a" ≡ 1 (mod 8).


title: Quadratic residue

text: A number "a" relatively prime to an odd prime "p" is a residue modulo any power of "p" if and only if it is a residue modulo "p".


title: Quadratic residue

text: Modulo an odd prime power "n" = "p", the products of residues and nonresidues relatively prime to "p" obey the same rules as they do mod "p"; "p" is a nonresidue, and in general all the residues and nonresidues obey the same rules, except that the products will be zero if the power of "p" in the product ≥ "n".


title: Quadratic residue

text: Modulo 8, the product of the nonresidues 3 and 5 is the nonresidue 7, and likewise for permutations of 3, 5 and 7. In fact, the multiplicative group of the non-residues and 1 form the Klein four-group.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Modulo a composite number, the product of two residues is a residue. The product of a residue and a nonresidue may be a residue, a nonresidue, or zero.


title: Quadratic residue

text: The product of the residue 3 and the nonresidue 5 is the residue 3, whereas the product of the residue 4 and the nonresidue 2 is the nonresidue 2.


title: Quadratic residue

text: The product of the nonresidues 2 and 8 is the residue 1, whereas the product of the nonresidues 2 and 7 is the nonresidue 14.


title: Quadratic residue

text: This phenomenon can best be described using the vocabulary of abstract algebra. The congruence classes relatively prime to the modulus are a group under multiplication, called the group of units of the ring Z/"n"Z, and the squares are a subgroup of it. Different nonresidues may belong to different cosets, and there is no simple rule that predicts which one their product will be in. Modulo a prime, there is only the subgroup of squares and a single coset.


title: Quadratic residue

text: The fact that, e.g., modulo 15 the product of the nonresidues 3 and 5, or of the nonresidue 5 and the residue 9, or the two residues 9 and 10 are all zero comes from working in the full ring Z/"n"Z, which has zero divisors for composite "n".


title: Quadratic residue

text: For this reason some authors add to the definition that a quadratic residue "a" must not only be a square but must also be relatively prime to the modulus "n". ("a" is coprime to "n" if and only if "a" is coprime to "n".)


title: Quadratic residue

text: Although it makes things tidier, this article does not insist that residues must be coprime to the modulus.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Although this notation is compact and convenient for some purposes, a more useful notation is the Legendre symbol, also called the quadratic character, which is defined for all integers and positive odd prime numbers as


title: Quadratic residue

text: There are two reasons why numbers ≡ 0 (mod ) are treated specially. As we have seen, it makes many formulas and theorems easier to state. The other (related) reason is that the quadratic character is a homomorphism from the multiplicative group of nonzero congruence classes modulo to the complex numbers under multiplication. Setting formula_3 allows its domain to be extended to the multiplicative semigroup of all the integers.


title: Quadratic residue

text: One advantage of this notation over Gauss's is that the Legendre symbol is a function that can be used in formulas. It can also easily be generalized to cubic, quartic and higher power residues.


title: Quadratic residue

text: There is a generalization of the Legendre symbol for composite values of , the Jacobi symbol, but its properties are not as simple: if is composite and the Jacobi symbol formula_4 then , and if then formula_5 but if formula_6 we do not know whether or . For example: formula_7 and formula_8, but and . If is prime, the Jacobi and Legendre symbols agree.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Although quadratic residues appear to occur in a rather random pattern modulo "n", and this has been exploited in such applications as acoustics and cryptography, their distribution also exhibits some striking regularities.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Using Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions, the law of quadratic reciprocity, and the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) it is easy to see that for any "M" > 0 there are primes "p" such that the numbers 1, 2, ..., "M" are all residues modulo "p".


title: Quadratic residue

text: For example, if "p" ≡ 1 (mod 8), (mod 12), (mod 5) and (mod 28), then by the law of quadratic reciprocity 2, 3, 5, and 7 will all be residues modulo "p", and thus all numbers 1–10 will be. The CRT says that this is the same as "p" ≡ 1 (mod 840), and Dirichlet's theorem says there are an infinite number of primes of this form. 2521 is the smallest, and indeed 1 ≡ 1, 1046 ≡ 2, 123 ≡ 3, 2 ≡ 4, 643 ≡ 5, 87 ≡ 6, 668 ≡ 7, 429 ≡ 8, 3 ≡ 9, and 529 ≡ 10 (mod 2521).


title: Quadratic residue

text: The first of these regularities stems from Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet's work (in the 1830s) on the analytic formula for the class number of binary quadratic forms. Let "q" be a prime number, "s" a complex variable, and define a Dirichlet L-function as


title: Quadratic residue

text: Therefore, in this case (prime "q" ≡ 3 (mod 4)), the sum of the quadratic residues minus the sum of the nonresidues in the range 1, 2, ..., "q" − 1 is a negative number.


title: Quadratic residue

text: In fact the difference will always be an odd multiple of "q" if "q" > 3. In contrast, for prime "q" ≡ 1 (mod 4), the sum of the quadratic residues minus the sum of the nonresidues in the range 1, 2, ..., "q" − 1 is zero, implying that both sums equal formula_11.


title: Quadratic residue

text: This implies that there are more quadratic residues than nonresidues among the numbers 1, 2, ..., ("q" − 1)/2.


title: Quadratic residue

text: For example, modulo 11 there are four residues less than 6 (namely 1, 3, 4, and 5), but only one nonresidue (2).


title: Quadratic residue

text: An intriguing fact about these two theorems is that all known proofs rely on analysis; no-one has ever published a simple or direct proof of either statement.


title: Quadratic residue

text: (("p" is a quadratic residue mod "q") if and only if ("q" is a quadratic residue mod "p")) if and only if (at least one of "p" and "q" is congruent to 1 mod 4).


title: Quadratic residue

text: Modulo a prime "p", the number of pairs "n", "n" + 1 where "n" R "p" and "n" + 1 R "p", or "n" N "p" and "n" + 1 R "p", etc., are almost equal. More precisely, let "p" be an odd prime. For "i", "j" = 0, 1 define the sets


title: Quadratic residue

text: Gauss (1828) introduced this sort of counting when he proved that if "p" ≡ 1 (mod 4) then "x" ≡ 2 (mod "p") can be solved if and only if "p" = "a" + 64 "b".


title: Quadratic residue

text: The values of formula_19 for consecutive values of "a" mimic a random variable like a coin flip. Specifically, Pólya and Vinogradov proved (independently) in 1918 that for any nonprincipal Dirichlet character χ("n") modulo "q" and any integers "M" and "N",


title: Quadratic residue

text: Montgomery and Vaughan improved this in 1977, showing that, if the generalized Riemann hypothesis is true then


title: Quadratic residue

text: The least quadratic residue mod "p" is clearly 1. The question of the magnitude of the least quadratic non-residue "n"("p") is more subtle, but it is always prime, with 7 appearing for the first time at 71.


title: Quadratic residue

text: The best unconditional estimate is "n"("p") ≪ "p" for any θ>1/4, obtained by estimates of Burgess on character sums.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Linnik showed that the number of "p" less than "X" such that "n"("p") > X is bounded by a constant depending on ε.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Let "p" be an odd prime. The quadratic excess "E"("p") is the number of quadratic residues on the range (0,"p"/2) minus the number in the range ("p"/2,"p") . For "p" congruent to 1 mod 4, the excess is zero, since −1 is a quadratic residue and the residues are symmetric under "r" ↔ "p"−"r". For "p" congruent to 3 mod 4, the excess "E" is always positive.


title: Quadratic residue

text: An important difference between prime and composite moduli shows up here. Modulo a prime "p", a quadratic residue "a" has 1 + ("a"|"p") roots (i.e. zero if "a" N "p", one if "a" ≡ 0 (mod "p"), or two if "a" R "p" and gcd("a,p") = 1.)


title: Quadratic residue

text: In general if a composite modulus "n" is written as a product of powers of distinct primes, and there are "n" roots modulo the first one, "n" mod the second, ..., there will be "n""n"... roots modulo "n".


title: Quadratic residue

text: The theoretical way solutions modulo the prime powers are combined to make solutions modulo "n" is called the Chinese remainder theorem; it can be implemented with an efficient algorithm.


title: Quadratic residue

text: First off, if the modulus "n" is prime the Legendre symbol formula_28 can be quickly computed using a variation of Euclid's algorithm or the Euler's criterion. If it is −1 there is no solution.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Secondly, assuming that formula_29, if "n" ≡ 3 (mod 4), Lagrange found that the solutions are given by


title: Quadratic residue

text: For prime "n" ≡ 1 (mod 8), however, there is no known formula. Tonelli (in 1891) and Cipolla found efficient algorithms that work for all prime moduli. Both algorithms require finding a quadratic nonresidue modulo "n", and there is no efficient deterministic algorithm known for doing that. But since half the numbers between 1 and "n" are nonresidues, picking numbers "x" at random and calculating the Legendre symbol formula_32 until a nonresidue is found will quickly produce one. A slight variant of this algorithm is the Tonelli–Shanks algorithm.


title: Quadratic residue

text: If the modulus "n" is a prime power "n" = "p", a solution may be found modulo "p" and "lifted" to a solution modulo "n" using Hensel's lemma or an algorithm of Gauss.


title: Quadratic residue

text: If "n" is not congruent to 2 modulo 4 and the Kronecker symbol formula_33 then there is no solution; if "n" is congruent to 2 modulo 4 and formula_34, then there is also no solution. If "n" is not congruent to 2 modulo 4 and formula_35, or "n" is congruent to 2 modulo 4 and formula_36, there may or may not be one.


title: Quadratic residue

text: If the complete factorization of "n" is not known, and formula_35 and "n" is not congruent to 2 modulo 4, or "n" is congruent to 2 modulo 4 and formula_36, the problem is known to be equivalent to integer factorization of "n" (i.e. an efficient solution to either problem could be used to solve the other efficiently).


title: Quadratic residue

text: The above discussion indicates how knowing the factors of "n" allows us to find the roots efficiently. Say there were an efficient algorithm for finding square roots modulo a composite number. The article congruence of squares discusses how finding two numbers x and y where and suffices to factorize "n" efficiently. Generate a random number, square it modulo "n", and have the efficient square root algorithm find a root. Repeat until it returns a number not equal to the one we originally squared (or its negative modulo "n"), then follow the algorithm described in congruence of squares. The efficiency of the factoring algorithm depends on the exact characteristics of the root-finder (e.g. does it return all roots? just the smallest one? a random one?), but it will be efficient.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Determining whether "a" is a quadratic residue or nonresidue modulo "n" (denoted or ) can be done efficiently for prime "n" by computing the Legendre symbol. However, for composite "n", this forms the quadratic residuosity problem, which is not known to be as hard as factorization, but is assumed to be quite hard.


title: Quadratic residue

text: On the other hand, if we want to know if there is a solution for "x" less than some given limit "c", this problem is NP-complete; however, this is a fixed-parameter tractable problem, where "c" is the parameter.


title: Quadratic residue

text: In general, to determine if "a" is a quadratic residue modulo composite "n", one can use the following theorem:


title: Quadratic residue

text: Note: This theorem essentially requires that the factorization of "n" is known. Also notice that if , then the congruence can be reduced to , but then this takes the problem away from quadratic residues (unless "m" is a square).


title: Quadratic residue

text: Sound diffusers have been based on number-theoretic concepts such as primitive roots and quadratic residues.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Paley graphs are dense undirected graphs, one for each prime "p" ≡ 1 (mod 4), that form an infinite family of conference graphs, which yield an infinite family of symmetric conference matrices.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Paley digraphs are directed analogs of Paley graphs, one for each "p" ≡ 3 (mod 4), that yield antisymmetric conference matrices.


title: Quadratic residue

text: The fact that finding a square root of a number modulo a large composite "n" is equivalent to factoring (which is widely believed to be a hard problem) has been used for constructing cryptographic schemes such as the Rabin cryptosystem and the oblivious transfer. The quadratic residuosity problem is the basis for the Goldwasser-Micali cryptosystem.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Euler's criterion is a formula for the Legendre symbol ("a"|"p") where "p" is prime. If "p" is composite the formula may or may not compute ("a"|"p") correctly. The Solovay–Strassen primality test for whether a given number "n" is prime or composite picks a random "a" and computes ("a"|"n") using a modification of Euclid's algorithm, and also using Euler's criterion. If the results disagree, "n" is composite; if they agree, "n" may be composite or prime. For a composite "n" at least 1/2 the values of "a" in the range 2, 3, ..., "n" − 1 will return ""n" is composite"; for prime "n" none will. If, after using many different values of "a", "n" has not been proved composite it is called a "probable prime".


title: Quadratic residue

text: The Miller–Rabin primality test is based on the same principles. There is a deterministic version of it, but the proof that it works depends on the generalized Riemann hypothesis; the output from this test is ""n" is definitely composite" or "either "n" is prime or the GRH is false". If the second output ever occurs for a composite "n", then the GRH would be false, which would have implications through many branches of mathematics.


title: Quadratic residue

text: In § VI of the "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae" Gauss discusses two factoring algorithms that use quadratic residues and the law of quadratic reciprocity.


title: Quadratic residue

text: Several modern factorization algorithms (including Dixon's algorithm, the continued fraction method, the quadratic sieve, and the number field sieve) generate small quadratic residues (modulo the number being factorized) in an attempt to find a congruence of squares which will yield a factorization. The number field sieve is the fastest general-purpose factorization algorithm known.


title: Quadratic residue

text: The following table lists the quadratic residues mod 1 to 75 (a means it is not coprime to "n"). (For the quadratic residues coprime to "n", see , and for nonzero quadratic residues, see .)


title: Quadratic residue

text: The "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae" has been translated from Gauss's Ciceronian Latin into English and German. The German edition includes all of his papers on number theory: all the proofs of quadratic reciprocity, the determination of the sign of the Gauss sum, the investigations into biquadratic reciprocity, and unpublished notes.


title: Whit Monday

text: Whit Monday or Pentecost Monday, also known as Monday of the Holy Spirit, is the holiday celebrated the day after Pentecost, a moveable feast in the Christian liturgical calendar. It is moveable because it is determined by the date of Easter. In the Catholic Church, it is the Memorial of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of the Church, marking the resumption of Ordinary Time.


title: Whit Monday

text: Whit Monday gets its English name from "Whitsunday", an English name for Pentecost, one of the three baptismal seasons. The origin of the name "Whit Sunday" is generally attributed to the white garments formerly worn by those newly baptized on this feast.


title: Whit Monday

text: The Monday after Pentecost is a public holiday in Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, The British Virgin Islands, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominica, France, Germany, Gabon, Greece, Grenada, Hungary, Iceland, Ivory Coast, Luxembourg, Monaco, Montserrat, The Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Spain, Switzerland, Togo and Ukraine. In many of these countries, Whit Monday is known as "the second day of Pentecost" or "the second Whitsun".


title: Whit Monday

text: In France, it became a work day for many workers from 2005 to 2007. This was to raise extra funds following the government's lack of preparation for a summertime heat wave, which led to a shortage of proper health care for the elderly. It continues to be a "worked public holiday" in France. In Liechtenstein, Whit Monday is considered to be a "favorite holiday", much like Christmas in many other countries. In Germany, Whit Monday () is a Holy Day of Obligation for Roman Catholics. In South Tyrol, it replaces the holiday of the local patron saint celebrated elsewhere in Italy.


title: Whit Monday

text: Until 1973, Whit Monday was a public holiday in Ireland (also called a bank holiday). It was a bank holiday in the United Kingdom until 1967. It was formally replaced by the fixed Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday in May in 1971. It was also a public holiday in various former British colonies, especially in the Pacific. It remains a public holiday in some of the countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean. In Sweden, Whit Monday was a public holiday until 2004; it was replaced by the National Day of Sweden in 2005.


title: Whit Monday

text: Although Whit Monday is a civil holiday in many countries, it was not a Catholic religious holiday any more than the other weekdays that follow Pentecost Sunday. Until the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, they were part of the octave of Pentecost, which was added in the 7th century. The Monday after Pentecost is now the first day of the resumption of Ordinary Time. While the details differ from diocese to diocese, the most widespread practice in Germany (where the holiday remains an obligation) was to have a compulsory votive Mass of the Holy Spirit outranking even solemnities (these would be local solemnities in that case).


title: Whit Monday

text: However, in February 2018, Pope Francis declared that henceforth, Whit Monday will be the fixed date for the celebration of a new feast, officially known as the “Memorial of Mary, Mother of the Church” to be celebrated throughout the universal Church.


title: Whit Monday

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church Whit Monday is known as "Monday of the Holy Spirit" or "Day of the Holy Spirit" and is the first day of the afterfeast of Pentecost, being dedicated specifically to the honor of God the Holy Spirit and particularly in commemoration of his descent upon the apostles at Pentecost. The day following is known as Third Day of the Trinity. In the services on the Monday of the Holy Spirit many of the same hymns are sung as on the day of Pentecost itself. During the Divine Liturgy the Deacon intones the same introit as on the day of Pentecost, and the dismissal is the same as on the day of Pentecost. Special canons to the Holy Spirit are chanted at Compline and Matins.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: Lesbian Vampire Killers is a 2009 British comedy horror film directed by Phil Claydon and written by Stewart Williams and Paul Hupfield. The film stars James Corden and


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: Jimmy and Fletch are two friends living in London. Jimmy is dumped by his unscrupulous girlfriend, while Fletch is fired from his job as a clown for punching a child. They decide to escape their woes and hike to a remote village in Norfolk that they find on an old map. As they approach a pub in the village, with Jimmy upset about Fletch destroying his phone, they see a number of foreign female history students leaving.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: Hoping to find more women inside, they are greeted by a morose crowd of men and approached by a seemingly crazed vicar who believes Jimmy is a long-lost descendant of a local vampire slayer. They learn the students are going to a cottage to stay the night. Jimmy and Fletch pursue the students' van, catching up to it as the engine has broken down, and are introduced to Heidi, Lotte, Anke and Trudi. They are invited to join a party on the van.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: The group arrives at their destination, only to learn that a curse rests over the village: every female child turns into a lesbian vampire on her 18th birthday. There is an old legend stating that the Vampire Queen, Carmilla, descended on the village during the night of a blood moon, killed its menfolk and seduced its women to her evil. When the ruler of the land, Baron Wolfgang Mclaren (Jimmy's ancestor) returned from the Crusades, he discovered one of the women was his wife, Eva. The baron forged a sacred sword, then defeated Carmilla. Before dying, Carmilla cursed the village. When the blood of the last of Mclaren's bloodline mixes with a virgin girl's blood, Carmilla will be resurrected.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: Fletch and Jimmy spend the night with the women. Heidi and Anke are turned into vampires. After Lotte insists that the others try to find her missing friends, they witness Trudi being turned. Eva, Carmilla's mistress, tries to draw Lotte to her growing clan of lesbian vampires. The trio returns to the cottage after killing Heidi and Anke and barricade themselves inside after the vampires destroy the van. Jimmy's ex-girlfriend Judi arrives at the door and Jimmy, unwilling to give up on the relationship, takes her into the bedroom. Lotte reveals to Fletch that she is a virgin and wants to sleep with Jimmy.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: The vicar researches the vampire slayer who killed Carmilla before arming himself and setting off to find Jimmy. Judi reveals herself to be a vampire, and after a struggle, Fletch and Jimmy kill her. The vampires approach the cottage and Jimmy inadvertently invites them in. Eva discovers that Jimmy is the descendant of the baron who killed Carmilla and that Lotte is a virgin and kidnaps them.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: The vicar saves Fletch from Trudi and tells Fletch the truth about the village and Jimmy's identity. They go after Jimmy and Lotte in the vicar's crucifix-covered car. As the vampires prepare to sacrifice Lotte and Jimmy, Fletch and the vicar try to recover the Sword of Dylldo, the sword that killed Carmilla, from the baron's tomb. While Fletch works to open the tomb, the vicar checks on his daughter Rebecca, but does not notice that she has been turned. Rebecca attempts to seduce Fletch. When she attacks him, she is inadvertently impaled on the sword. Fletch decides not to tell the vicar what happened.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: At Carmilla's tomb, Lotte reveals her love for Jimmy. The vampires begin draining their blood to resurrect Carmilla. With the sword, Fletch and the vicar drive to Carmilla's tomb. When they enter the woods, they bring various weapons, but forget the sword. The pair reach Jimmy and Lotte. The vicar releases them, but Carmilla is resurrected. The vicar sacrifices himself so the others can get back to the car for the sword. Eva separates Lotte from the men, attacking and seducing her. Lotte fights back while Fletch and Jimmy fetch weapons. Lotte kills Eva with her cross necklace, infuriating Carmilla. Fletch tries to kill Carmilla before Lotte is turned, but is captured himself. Jimmy saves them by hurling the sword at Carmilla, piercing her heart and destroying her. The three survivors decide to continue ridding the world of evil.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: After several years in development hell, the project was picked up by director Phil Claydon. Claydon describes the film as influenced by "Ghostbusters" with a mix of Hammer Horror and Universal's monster movies. Referring to the special effects used in the film he said "I covered James in vampire gunk at every opportunity because that made me laugh", since the Vampires turn into slime rather than dust or bursting into flames like other vampire stories.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: "Lesbian Vampire Killers" is set in Norfolk, based around the village of Cranwich which is portrayed in the film as Cragwich, but was filmed outside London on location at Luton Hoo in Bedfordshire and in Three Mills film studios in Bromley-by-Bow.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: The film is a tongue-in-cheek homage to the classic Hammer Horror films and was originally slated to be the first "new" Hammer film. This did not come to pass and it was ultimately Alliance and Momentum Pictures along with AV Films who finally greenlit the project.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: Reviews of the film were largely negative. "Lesbian Vampire Killers" holds a 28% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 25 reviews with an average rating of 4.1/10. The website's critics consensus reads: ""Lesbian Vampire Killers" stakes a claim to niche British humor, but ultimately succumbs to dreary twaddle."


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: James Christopher of "The Times" described "Lesbian Vampire Killers" as "profoundly awful" stating it is an "instantly forgettable lads' mag farce" and claimed the film was an "appalling waste of a perfectly decent title". Allan Hunter of the "Daily Express" called it "badly written and hastily executed" and "takes all the easy options of bad taste, bosoms and body fluids". Anthony Quin writing in "The Independent" gave the film 1 star out of 5, describing it as woeful and stating that Horne and Corden had "overstretched their appeal" and looked "in danger" of becoming today's Hale and Pace. Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" described the film as "mostly pretty awful, but there are one or two crass laughs."


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: Nicholas Yanes of Scifipulse.net found Lesbian Vampire Killers to be a great "B Movie" worth becoming a cult classic.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: Whilst on the comedy panel show "The King is Dead" in September 2010, star James Corden commented that watching the film would be too harsh a punishment for prisoners being held at Guantanamo Bay and that it was "a pile of shit." He has since described the film as "quite embarrassing". He later referenced the film in regard to his "questionable film career" on his talk show in 2019, chiding the audience for cheering it and remarking "it's exactly as bad as you think it is!"


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: "Lesbian Vampire Killers" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 3 August 2009. Momentum Pictures claimed retailers – including supermarket chain Tesco – demanded warning stickers be placed over the word "Lesbian". A spokesperson from Tesco said that although they did ask for a cover with less cleavage, they "did not suggest that they [Momentum] amend the wording".


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: In the United States, the film was released on DVD as "Vampire Killers" on 29 December 2009 by The Weinstein Company.


title: Lesbian Vampire Killers

text: As part of its 12 Days of Christmas free giveaway, iTunes made the film available to download for 24 hours on New Year's Eve 2009.


title: Rocuronium bromide

text: Rocuronium bromide (brand names Zemuron, Esmeron) is an aminosteroid non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker or muscle relaxant used in modern anaesthesia to facilitate tracheal intubation by providing skeletal muscle relaxation, most commonly required for surgery or mechanical ventilation. It is used for standard endotracheal intubation, as well as for rapid sequence induction (RSI).


title: Rocuronium bromide

text: Rocuronium bromide is a competitive antagonist for the Nicotinic acetyl-choline receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Of the Neuromuscular-blocking drugs it is considered to be a non-depolarizing neuromuscular junction blocker, because it acts by dampening the receptor action causing muscle relaxation, instead of continual depolarisation which is the mechanism of action of the depolarizing neuromuscular junction blockers, like succinylcholine.


title: Rocuronium bromide

text: It was designed to be a weaker antagonist at the neuromuscular junction than pancuronium; hence its monoquaternary structure and its having an allyl group and a pyrrolidine group attached to the D ring quaternary nitrogen atom. Rocuronium has a rapid onset and intermediate duration of action.


title: Rocuronium bromide

text: There is considered to be a risk of allergic reaction to the drug in some patients (particularly those with asthma), but a similar incidence of allergic reactions has been observed by using other members of the same drug class (non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs).


title: Rocuronium bromide

text: The γ-cyclodextrin derivative sugammadex (trade name Bridion) has been recently introduced as a novel agent to reverse the action of rocuronium. Sugammadex has been in use since 2009 in many European countries; however, it was turned down for approval twice by the US FDA due to concerns over allergic reactions and bleeding, but finally approved the medication for use during surgical procedures in the United States on December 15, 2015. Neostigmine can also be used as a reversal agent of rocuronium but is not as effective as sugammadex. Neostigmine is often still used due to its low cost compared with sugammadex.


title: Rocuronium bromide

text: It was introduced in 1994, and is marketed under the trade name of Zemuron in the United States and Esmeron in most other countries.


title: Rocuronium bromide

text: On July 27, 2012, the U.S. state of Virginia replaced pancuronium bromide, one of the three drugs used in execution by lethal injection, with rocuronium bromide.


title: Rocuronium bromide

text: On 3 October 2016, the U.S. state of Ohio announced that it would resume executions on January 12, 2017, using a combination of midazolam, rocuronium bromide, and potassium chloride. Prior to this, the last execution in Ohio was in January 2014.


title: Rocuronium bromide

text: On August 24, 2017, the U.S. state of Florida executed Mark James Asay using a combination of etomidate, rocuronium bromide, and potassium acetate.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: The Bulgarian Navy () is the navy of the Republic of Bulgaria and forms part of the Bulgarian Armed Forces. It has been largely overlooked in the reforms that Bulgaria had to go through in order to comply with NATO standards, mostly because of the great expense involved and the fact that naval assaults are not considered to be a great concern for the country's security. That is why three of the four s (excluding "Slava") are now docked and have been out of operation for some time. The last one was decommissioned in November 2011. Only the more modern frigates, corvettes and missile crafts are on active duty.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: The Bulgarian Navy is centred in two main bases. One is near the city of Varna. The other is by the village of Atia, near the city of Burgas.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: The Bulgarian Navy's first combat action was the 1912 Battle of Kaliakra during the First Balkan War, when four Bulgarian torpedo boats attacked the Ottoman cruiser "Hamidiye"; managed to score a hit, forcing "Hamidiye" to retreat back to Istanbul for emergency repairs.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: The Bulgarian Navy scuttled its four Danube gunboats during the Second Balkan War, probably to avoid capture by the invading Romanian Army. The four gunboats were 400-600-ton vessels, with a top speed of and armed with two-to-four guns and two-to-four guns. They were still present on the Bulgarian Navy list in August 1916.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: When Bulgaria entered World War I in 1915, its navy consisted mainly of a French-built torpedo gunboat called "Nadezhda" and six torpedo boats. It mainly engaged in mine warfare actions in the Black Sea against the Russian Black Sea Fleet and allowed the Germans to station two U-boats at Varna, one of which came under Bulgarian control in 1916 as "Podvodnik No. 18". Russian mines sank one Bulgarian torpedo boat and damaged one more during the war.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: The Bulgarian Navy during World War II supported the Axis Powers in the Black Sea and consisted mainly of four obsolete "Drazki"-class torpedo boats, five modern "Lurrsen" type motor torpedo boats and three formerly Dutch motor torpedo boats. Bulgaria and the Soviet Union were not at war with each other, but there was still little naval fighting with Soviet submarines operating in Bulgarian waters, its main action taking place in October 1941.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: The so-called "Operation Varna" consisted in the minelaying of the Bulgarian coast by the Romanian minelayers , "Regele Carol I" and "Dacia", escorted by Romanian "Năluca", "Sborul" and "Smeul", Romanian gunboats and "Căpitan Dumitrescu" and Bulgarian torpedo boats , "Smeli" and "Hrabri". The operation, lasting between 7 and 16 October 1941, was largely successful, as despite the loss of the Romanian auxiliary minelayer "Regele Carol I" to a Soviet mine, the five minefields laid by the Romanian minelayers along the Bulgarian coast are credited with the sinking of four Soviet submarines: "S-34", "L-24", "Shch-211" and "Shch-210", although the latter could have also been sunk by German aircraft or depth-charged by the Bulgarian patrol boats "Belomorets" and "Chernomorets".


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: On 6 December 1941, "Belomorets" and "Chernomorets" depth-charged and sank the Soviet submarine "Shch-204".


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: Soviet submarines also laid mines near the Bulgarian coast, the 2304-ton Bulgarian steamer "Chipka" being sunk off Varna by mines laid by the submarine "L-4".


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: On 19 May 1943, the Bulgarian torpedo boat "Smeli" foundered between Varna and Burgas during a storm.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: In line with Soviet naming practices the navy of the Bulgarian People's Army was called the Military Naval Fleet ("Военноморски флот" (ВМФ)). The merchant marine, which was to mobilize in wartime in support of the regular navy was called Bulgarian Sea Fleet ("Български Морски Флот" (БМФ)).


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: The Bulgarian Communist Party was forced to give up its political monopoly on 10 November 1989 under the influence of the Revolutions of 1989. With the restoration of freedom from the Warsaw Pact entanglement, it became a member of NATO in 2004, and after several years of reforms, it joined the European Union and the single market in 2007, despite EU concerns over government corruption.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: In order to meet some of the NATO requirements, the Bulgarian government purchased a from Belgium in 2005. "Wandelaar" (F-912), built in 1977, was renamed to "Drazki". That same year the Bulgarian ship "Smeli" took part as a full NATO member for the first time in NATO OAE ("Operation Active Endeavour"). In 2006, following a decision of the Bulgarian National Assembly, "Drazki" deployed as part of the United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon (UNIFIL), patrolling the territorial waters of Lebanon under German command. This was the first time the Bulgarian Navy took part in an international peacekeeping operation. The Bulgarian government purchased two more "Wielingen"-class frigates and one in 2007.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: On 21 July 2020 took place the official inauguration of the Maritime Coordination Center in Varna. This was an important step towards greater NATO and regional cooperation in the Black Sea region.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: A "Division" is the equivalent of land forces battalion or air force squadron as the Bulgarian Navy follows the Russian naval tradition, according to which an "Operational Squadron" or "Оперативная эскадра" is a temporary formation, an equivalent of a land forces division and in modern times a "Squadron" of the Russian Navy is an equivalent of a land forces corps.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: According to the reform plans envisioned in the White Paper on Defence 2010, the two naval bases would be merged into one with two base facilities in Varna and Burgas. The manpower of the Navy would account to about 3,400 seamen. The ordered Eurocopter AS565 MB Panther helicopters were reduced from six to three units. Between 2011 and 2020 the naval "Longterm Investment Plan" should come into action, providing the sea arm of the Bulgarian military with modernised ships and new equipment.


title: Bulgarian Navy

text: The Bulgarian Navy will modernise three of its "Wielingen"-class frigates in the future. The frigates will be equipped with landing pads, allowing helicopters to land and take off from the ships' decks. The list does not include vessels assigned to the border police. The Bulgarian Ministry of Defense signed a contract on 12/11/2020 with Lürssen Werft Germany to build two patrol boats for the Bulgarian Navy. The boats will be built by the Bulgarian MTG Dolphin shipyard in Varna and delivered in 2025 and 2026 with the 984M lev (approximately €503M) price also including training.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) is a political party in India, in the state of Haryana. INLD was founded in October 1996 as Haryana Lok Dal (Rashtriya) by Choudhary Devi Lal, who served as Deputy Prime Minister of India in the V. P. Singh ministry, Chandrasekhar ministry and Chief Minister of Haryana twice. His son Om Prakash Chautala is the President.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: Chaudhary Devi Lal founded the Bharatiya Lok Dal in 1974 after winning the election from Rori constituency to the Haryana Legislative Assembly, while the INLD was founded in the year 1987 after assembly election. The 1982 and 1987 elections were fought under the name Lok Dal (LKD). The party renamed into its current name in 1998. The party was a member of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), and thus part of the Bharatiya Janata Party led government from 1998 to 2004 at the Federal level.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: INLD has performed poorly in all the four consecutive general elections held since 1998. It lost consecutive assembly elections for Haryana in 2005, 2009 and 2013. It failed to win any seats in Lok Sabha in 2004 and 2009 general elections, despite being in alliance with Bharatiya Janata Party in 2009.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: In the Lok Sabha elections 1999, the INLD had an electoral alliance with BJP in Haryana. Each party contested five of the ten seats in the state. All ten were elected.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: In 2000, Chautala was elected as the Chief Minister of Haryana for the fifth time. In the 2000 state assembly elections, INLD won 47 out of the 90 seats. Later, INLD broke its alliance with the BJP and left the NDA and the government.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: In 2004, the party contested on 20 Lok Sabha seats in Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Chandigarh, but 14 of those lost their deposits. Its 10 candidates in Haryana secured 22.43 per cent votes, 5 candidates secured 0.52 per cent votes in Rajasthan, 4 candidates secured 0.02 per cent votes in Uttar Pradesh and its lone candidate UT secured 6.61 per cent votes in Chandigarh.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: However, in the 2005 Haryana state assembly elections, INLD lost its majority, winning just 9 out of the 90 seats compared to the Congress party's 67 seats. In 2009, the INLD won 31 seats.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: On 16 January 2013, Om Prakash Chautala and Ajay Chautala were sent jail after a New Delhi court sentenced them to ten years imprisonment under various provisions of the IPC and the Prevention of Corruption Act.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: In the 16th Lok Sabha elections, the INLD won on two seats. Dushyant Chautala was elected for a Hisar Lok Sabha Seat and Charanjeet Singh Rori was elected for a Sirsa Lok Sabha Seat.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: In Rohtak at Chhotu Ram Stadium, INLD made the Guinness World Records for having supporters apply for 10,450 eye donations in 8 hours.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: In the 2014 Legislative Assembly election, the INLD won 19 seats and is the chief opposition party in the state. Abhay Singh Chautala has been elected as Leader of Opposition in the State of Haryana.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: On 14 April 2015, "Indian National Lok Dal", Janata Dal (United), Janata Dal (Secular), Rashtriya Janata Dal, Samajwadi Party, and Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) announced that they would merge into a new national Janata Parivar Alliance.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: Jannayak Janta Party emerged from a split in the Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) which itself had been caused by infighting among the Chautala family. An INLD rally at Gohana in October 2018 had seen heckling of Abhay Chautala, a son of INLD leader Om Prakash Chautala for which Dushyant Chautala, a grandson, and his younger brother, Digvijay Chautala, were blamed.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: The JJP was formally launched at a rally in Jind in December 2018 by Dushyant Chautala who held a seat in the Lok Sabha of the national Parliament of India, from when he was an INLD member.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: For 2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election, they forged alliance with Shiromani Akali Dal. Previously both parties fought elections together but their alliance fell in 2017 over the issue of the Sutlej Yamuna link canal.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: Nafe Singh Rathee has been appointed State president of Haryana. Rakesh Sihag is the official INLD Spokesperson for Media.


title: Indian National Lok Dal

text: INLD Students Organization (ISO) is the official student wing of INLD. Shri Arjun Chautala is the national Incharge and Adv Raman Dhaka is the Secretary General of ISO.


title: Skusta Clee

text: Daryl Jake Borja Ruiz (born February 16, 1996), known professionally as Skusta Clee, is a Filipino rapper, singer-songwriter, record producer, and a member of the Filipino hip-hop collective Ex Battalion. He is known for his numerous hit singles "Zebbiana", "Pauwi Nako", and "Dance With You" and is notably regarded as the pioneer of the Pinoy trap genre, as he first started the mainstream trap movement in the country. He is also a member of O.C. Dawgs, a hip-hop group he formed in 2012.


title: Skusta Clee

text: Skusta Clee is known for his numerous internet and nationwide viral hit songs as a solo artist, as a member of the hip-hop collective Ex Battalion and as the leader of O.C. Dawgs.


title: Skusta Clee

text: A controversial figure in local hip-hop, Ruiz is the most prominent hip-hop artist in the Philippines today. He has amassed billions of combined streams on all digital platforms, such as Spotify and YouTube. He is the pioneer of the Pinoy trap genre, as he started the mainstream trap movement in the country. His tracks dominated Musical.ly in 2016, and which he joined the collective Ex Battalion in the same year.


title: Skusta Clee

text: The singer-rapper is also an artist of Ex Battalion's partner label, Panty Droppaz League. Among the label's greatest hits which gave rise to its phenomenal success are "Pauwi Nako", "Zebbiana", and "Dance With You" which were released in 2018, 2019, and 2020, garnering hundreds of millions of views and streams on YouTube and Spotify.


title: Skusta Clee

text: In Coco Martin and Angelica Panganiban's 2021 romantic comedy film Love or Money, Ruiz's "Zebbiana" was used as the movie's theme song and became part of its official soundtrack.


title: Skusta Clee

text: On June 20, 2021, Skusta Clee released the song "Lagi" (). The video for the song included his newborn daughter.


title: Skusta Clee

text: On October 31, 2021, Skusta Clee released "Karma" featuring Gloc-9, with an accompanying Thriller-inspired music video starring Bea Alonzo and Awra Briguela. The short film was premiered on Halloween and gained over 2 million views and took the top trending spot on YouTube PH shortly after its release. Alonzo also considers the music video as her Halloween entry for the year. The song is produced by Daniel "Flip D" Tuazon and Christian "Chriilz" Andalez and the music video is directed by Titus Cee.


title: Skusta Clee

text: In 2022, the music video of Skusta Clee's "Dance With You" featuring Yuri Dope became the fastest top-grossing OPM music video of all time, it is the first to cross 190 million views to date, surpassing Sarah Geronimo's Tala which came in second with 187 million views in the most-viewed OPM music videos in the country.


title: Skusta Clee

text: In late 2019, a video clip of Ruiz scoffing at unknown rappers have gone viral. The 12-second video sparked heated debate among netizens for his 'unpleasant' attitude. A year later, the rapper-singer songwriter reused the catchphrase "Tap na" (stop) as a closing line in his verse in Ex Battalion's diss track "Yearly". The track depicts the group's success and its presence being 'timely' in the rap scene, and is also a response to its detractors.


title: Skusta Clee

text: In September 2020, Flow G released a promotional track called "Deym", involving Skusta Clee as an ambassador of the brand. They were accused of plagiarizing the song "Ddaeng" by BTS, which was released on SoundCloud in 2018. However, the group's management denied the allegations and stated that the two songs are 'inherently different.' The manager also added that "parallel thinking among artists do happen and it cannot be avoided" and that Skusta Clee will not face conviction for copyright infringement.


title: Skusta Clee

text: His former partner, Filipina-Lebanese YouTuber Zeinab Harake, gave birth to a daughter fathered by Ruiz on April 28, 2021. In May 2022, Harake confirmed her break-up with Ruiz.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The Adirondack Park is a part of New York's Forest Preserve in northeastern New York, United States. The park was established in 1892 for “the free use of all the people for their health and pleasure”, and for watershed protection. The park's boundary roughly corresponds with the Adirondack Mountains. Unlike most state parks, about 52 percent of the land is privately owned inholdings. State lands within the park are known as Forest Preserve. Land use on public and private lands in the park is regulated by the Adirondack Park Agency. This area contains 102 towns and villages, as well as numerous farms, businesses and an active timber-harvesting industry. The year-round population is 132,000, with 200,000 seasonal residents. The inclusion of human communities makes the park one of the great experiments in conservation in the industrialized world. The Forest Preserve was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The park's include more than 10,000 lakes, 30,000 miles of rivers and streams, and a wide variety of habitats including wetlands and an estimated 200,000 acres of old-growth forests.


title: Adirondack Park

text: For the history of the area before the formation of the park, see History of the Adirondack Mountains.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Before the 19th century, the wilderness was viewed as desolate and forbidding. As Romanticism developed in the United States, the view of wilderness became more positive, as seen in the writings of James Fenimore Cooper, Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The 1849 publication of Joel Tyler Headley's "Adirondack; or, Life in the Woods" triggered the development of hotels and stage coach lines. William Henry Harrison Murray's 1869 wilderness guidebook depicted the area as a place of relaxation and pleasure rather than a natural obstacle.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Financier and railroad promoter Thomas Clark Durant acquired a large tract of central Adirondack land and built a railroad from Saratoga Springs to North Creek. By 1875, there were more than two hundred hotels in the Adirondacks including Paul Smith's Hotel. About this time, the Great Camps were developed.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Following the Civil War, Reconstruction Era economic expansion led to an increase in logging and deforestation, especially in the southern Adirondacks.


title: Adirondack Park

text: In 1870 Verplanck Colvin made the first recorded ascent of Seward Mountain during which he saw the extensive damage done by lumbermen. He wrote a report which was read at the Albany Institute and printed by the New York State Museum of Natural History. In 1872 he was named to the newly created post of Superintendent of the Adirondack Survey and given a $1000 budget by the state legislature to institute a survey of the Adirondacks.


title: Adirondack Park

text: In 1873 he wrote a report arguing that if the Adirondack watershed was allowed to deteriorate, it would threaten the viability of the Erie Canal, which was then vital to New York's economy. He was subsequently appointed superintendent of the New York state land survey. In 1873, he recommended the creation of a state forest preserve covering the entire Adirondack region.


title: Adirondack Park

text: In 1884, a state legislative commission chaired by botanist Charles Sprague Sargent recommended establishment of a forest preserve, to be "forever kept as wild forest lands." The New York State Legislature subsequently passed a law in 1885


title: Adirondack Park

text: for the preservation of forests which designated all state lands within certain counties in the Adirondacks and Catskills as Forest Preserve to be forever kept as wild forest lands. This forestry law also established a Forest Commission which was charged with care, custody, control and superintendence of the Forest Preserve.


title: Adirondack Park

text: In 1894, Article VII, Section 7, (renumbered in 1938 as Article XIV, Section 1) of the New York State Constitution was adopted, which reads in part:


title: Adirondack Park

text: The lands of the state, now owned or hereafter acquired, constituting the forest preserve as now fixed by law, shall be forever kept as wild forest lands. They shall not be leased, sold or exchanged, or be taken by any corporation, public or private, nor shall the timber thereon be sold, removed or destroyed.


title: Adirondack Park

text: In 1902, the legislature passed a bill defining the Adirondack Park for the first time in terms of the counties and towns within it. In 1912 the legislature further clarified that the park included the privately owned lands within it as well as the public holdings.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The restrictions on development and lumbering embodied in Article XIV have withstood many challenges from timber interests, hydropower projects and large-scale tourism development interests. Further, the language of the article, and decades of legal experience in its defense, are widely recognized as having laid the foundation for the U.S. National Wilderness Act of 1964. As a result of the legal protections, many pieces of the original forest of the Adirondacks have never been logged and are old-growth forest.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Early in the 1900s, recreational use increased dramatically. The State Conservation Department (now the DEC) responded by building more facilities: boat docks, tent platforms, lean-tos, and telephone and electrical lines. With the building of Interstate 87 in the 1960s, private lands came under great pressure for development. This growing crisis led to the 1971 creation of the Adirondack Park Agency (APA) to develop long-range land-use plans for both the public and private lands within the Blue Line.


title: Adirondack Park

text: In consultation with the DEC, the APA formulated the State Land Master Plan which was adopted into law in 1973. The plan is designed to channel much of the future growth in the Park around existing communities, where roads, utilities, services, and supplies already exist.


title: Adirondack Park

text: In 2008 The Nature Conservancy purchased Follensby Pond – about of private land inside the park boundary – for $16 million. The group plans to sell the land to the state, which will add it to the forest preserve once the remaining leases for recreational hunting and fishing on the property expire.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The park is managed by two state agencies; the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, created in 1970 and headquartered in Albany; and the Adirondack Park Agency, created in 1971 and headquartered in Ray Brook. Noted forest ranger Clarence Petty sat on the commission that recommend the creation of the APA. This system of management is distinctly different from New York's state park system, which is managed by the Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. According to the State Land Master Plan, state lands are classified.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The Adirondack Park Land Use and Development Plan (APLUDP) applies to private land use and development. It defines APA jurisdiction and is designed to direct and cluster development to minimize impact.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Areas rounded to the nearest per cent. 49% of the park is privately owned, 45% state owned, and 6% is water.


title: Adirondack Park

text: State wilderness areas account for 46% of the area of the park which is not private property. They are managed like federal wilderness areas. These areas are far more affected by nature than humanity, to the extent that the latter is practically unnoticeable, for example virgin forest. No powered vehicles are allowed in wilderness areas.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The 19,000-acre (77 km) Saint Regis Canoe Area, presently the only Canoe Area in the park, operates under essentially the same conditions as the Wilderness Areas.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Private organizations are buying land in order to sell it back to New York State to be added to the public portion of the Park. A number of non-governmental organizations work for the park:


title: Adirondack Park

text: The fur trade led to the near-extirpation of the beaver in the park by 1893. Other species, such as the moose, elk, wolf, and cougar were hunted either for their meat, for sport, or because they were seen as a threat to livestock. The historical presence in the area of animals such as the Canada lynx, wolverine, and caribou are unclear.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Reintroduction efforts for beaver began around 1904 by introducing the remaining beaver in the Adirondacks to imported Canadian ones, and later, from Yellowstone. The population quickly grew to around 2000 in roughly ten years, and around 20,000 in 1921, with the addition of beavers in different areas of the park. Although the reintroduction was marked as an ecological success, the elevated beaver population was found to have negative economic impacts on waterways and timber sources.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The introduction of elk to the Adirondacks, a species that is unclear to have ever previously occupied the region, would continue after the late-19th century. After two previously failed attempts to introduce elk, in 1903, over 150 elk were reported by the State of New York Forest, Fish, and Game Commission to have been released and surviving in the park. The elk population increased for several years, only to decline and ultimately disappear due to poaching.


title: Adirondack Park

text: To protect and maintain the elk population in the future, the DeBar Mountain Game Refuge was established within the Forest Preserve. This act of preserving the species was motivated for hunting purposes rather than an ecological or natural aspect. The Game Refuge was defined by a wire fence, numerous postings, and caretakers employed by the State. This effort to control nature was also observed in the actions of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), work crews who established access roads and water-supply expansion.


title: Adirondack Park

text: A negative result of the CCC coming to the Park was their trapping and killing of "vermin", which were animals such as hawks, owls, fox, and weasels that preyed on other species sought after by hunters and fishermen. This proved to have unanticipated ecological consequences (most notably the overpopulation of deer) which were reported by the New York State Conservation Department in 1945.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Ongoing efforts have been made to reintroduce native fauna that had been lost in the park during earlier exploitation. There are 53 known species of mammals that live in the park, including raccoons, moose, black bears, coyotes, opossums, beavers, porcupines, fishers, martens, river otters, and bobcats.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Notable birds of prey that breed in the park include the red-tailed hawk, broad-winged hawk, peregrine falcon, osprey, great horned owl, barred owl, northern saw-whet owl, and turkey vulture. Other notable breeding birds include northern forest specialists like Canada jays, black-backed woodpeckers, boreal chickadees, spruce grouse, palm warblers, and yellow-bellied flycatchers.


title: Adirondack Park

text: There are more than 3,000 lakes and of streams and rivers. Many areas within the park are devoid of settlements and distant from usable roads. The park includes over of hiking trails; these trails comprise the largest trail system in the nation.


title: Adirondack Park

text: An estimated 7–10 million tourists visit the park annually. There are numerous accommodations, including cabins, hunting lodges, villas and hotels, in and around Lake Placid, Lake George, Saranac Lake, Old Forge, Schroon Lake and the St. Regis Lakes. Although the climate during the winter months can be severe, with temperatures falling below , a number of sanatoriums were located there in the early twentieth century because of the positive effect the air had on tuberculosis patients.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Golf courses within the park border include the Ausable Club, the Lake Placid Club, and the Ticonderoga Country Club. Many of the Adirondack Mountains, such as Whiteface Mountain (Wilmington), Mt. Pisgah (Saranac Lake), Gore Mountain (North Creek), West Mountain (Glen's falls), Hickory (Luzerne), and Mt. Morris (Tupper Lake) have been developed as ski areas.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Hunting and fishing are allowed in the Adirondack Park, although in many places there are strict regulations. Because of these regulations, the large tourist population has not overfished the area, and as such, the brooks, rivers, ponds and lakes are home to large trout and black bass populations. Although restricted from much of the park, snowmobile enthusiasts can ride on a large network of trails.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The Adirondack Park Agency visitor interpretive centers are designed to help orient visitors to the park via educational programs, exhibits, and interpretive trails. Educational programs are available for school groups as well as the general public.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The Wild Center in Tupper Lake offers extensive exhibits about the natural history of the region, including a 1,000-foot-long series of elevated bridges that rise up over the forest on the center's campus. Many of the exhibits are live and include native turtles, otter, birds, fish and porcupines. The center, which is open year-round, has trails to a river and pond on its campus.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The Adirondack Experience in Blue Mountain Lake contains an extensive collection about the human settlement of the Park.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The Six Nation Indian Museum in Franklin has as a mission to provide education about Iroquois (also known as Haudenosaunee) culture, particularly environmental ethics, and to reinforce traditional values and philosophies. This is done via artifacts, presentations, and hosted visits.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The 46 highest mountains in the Adirondack High Peaks were thought to be over when climbed by brothers Robert and George Marshall between 1918 and 1924. Surveys have since shown that four of these peaks — Blake Peak, Cliff Mountain, Nye Mountain and Couchsachraga Peak — are in fact just slightly under . Some hikers try to climb all of the original 46 peaks, and there is a Forty Sixers club for those who have done so. Twenty of the 46 mountains remain trailless.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The surface of many of the lakes lies at an elevation above ; their shores are usually rocky and irregular, and the wild scenery within their vicinity has made them very attractive to tourists. It is the site of the Adirondack Canoe Classic. Flatwater and whitewater canoeing and kayaking are very popular. Hundreds of lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams link to provide routes ranging from under to weeklong treks. Whitewater kayaking and canoeing are popular on many free-flowing rivers in the Adirondacks, particularly in the spring. Whitewater rafting trips are run in the spring on the Moose River near Old Forge. Raft trips are possible on the Hudson River near North River from April to October, due to dam releases provided by the Town of Indian Lake.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The Adirondack Park Agency visitor interpretive centers (or VICs) were established in 1989 and 1990. The centers helped orient visitors to the park via educational programs, exhibits, and interpretive trails. Educational programs were available for school groups as well as the general public. Due to state fiscal and budgetary constraints, Governor David Paterson marked the VICs for closure on December 31, 2010, and in 2011, New York State sold both visitor centers to nearby colleges.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The Paul Smith's VIC opened in 1989 and in 2011 became the Paul Smith's College VIC, owned and operated by Paul Smith's College. Located on approximately 2,700 acres (11 km2) in Paul Smiths, New York, near Paul Smith's College, the Paul Smith's College Visitor Interpretive Center has approximately 25 miles of maintained trails. Throughout the property visitors will encounter every habitat type found in the Adirondack Park except alpine. Each spring the PSC VIC hosts the Great Adirondack Birding Festival. Throughout the year visitors can partake of guided interpretive walks, regular outdoor activities, naturalist-led canoe paddles on Barnum Pond, and assorted workshops and programs. In the winter the trails are open for snowshoeing and cross-country skiing.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The Adirondack Interpretive Center is situated on ESF's Huntington Wildlife Forest, a biological field station the college has operated in Newcomb since 1932, and also home to the college's Adirondack Ecological Center. It opened in 1990. Located on 236 acres (0.96 km2) at the outlet of Rich Lake, the center has approximately three and a half miles of interpretive trails. Habitats include lakeshore, wetlands, old growth forest, and mixed northern forest. Throughout the year staff conduct naturalist-led trail walks, guided paddles on Rich Lake, and assorted workshops and lectures. All trails are open in the winter for snowshoeing; cross-country skiing is permitted, and requires varying degrees of skill depending on trails and conditions. Management and ownership of the Newcomb center was assumed by the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF) on July 1, 2010, with program responsibility beginning January 1, 2011.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Interstate 87 or "Northway", completed in the 1970s, runs north to south through the eastern edge of the park, connecting Montreal to Upstate New York. The park is traversed by military training routes of the Air National Guard.


title: Adirondack Park

text: There are six business parks in Essex County, of which two have certified shovel ready sites. There are also two in Franklin County. There are many maple syrup producers, and their work is documented at the American Maple Museum at Croghan.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Educational institutions include the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry and Paul Smith's College.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Railways were used extensively from about 1871 to the 1930s for passenger transport and freight. Passenger transport was supplemented by stagecoaches. Rail operators included Chateaugay Railroad, Adirondack Railway, Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, Lake Champlain Transportation Company, New York Central Railroad, Northern Adirondack Railroad Company, Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad, New York and Ottawa Railway, Mohawk and Malone Railway and Fulton Chain Railway.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The principal rail company to the major resorts was the New York Central Railroad. Destinations within the park, served by its "Adirondack Division", included Loon Lake, Saranac Lake, Lake Placid, Santa Clara, Tupper Lake, Thendara, Old Forge, and Lake Clear. On the edge of the park boundary were Brandon and St. Regis Falls. North of the park were Moira and Malone. In 1920 there were 10 scheduled daily passenger train stops in Big Moose.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Starting in the 1930s, people began to use automobiles rather than the train. However, through the 1950s and until 1961, there was a daily day train and a daily night train in each direction to Lake Placid station. Passenger train service ended on April 24, 1965. Freight service to and from the Adirondacks also declined after World War II. The Penn Central Transportation Company, successor to the New York Central, continued freight service between Utica and Lake Placid until it abandoned the Remsen-Lake Placid line in 1972.


title: Adirondack Park

text: There are many small airstrips and lakes for seaplanes to land but there is only one commercial airport within the park. The Adirondack Regional Airport sits just outside of the Village of Saranac Lake in the hamlet of Lake Clear, town of Harrietstown. The airport's commercial airline service is funded by the government's Essential Air Service program, which provides small communities with flights to major cities that could not be supported without the help of government funding. Plattsburgh International Airport is located outside the park.


title: Adirondack Park

text: There is an Adirondack architectural style that relates to the rugged style associated with the Great Camps. The builders of these camps used native building materials and sited their buildings within an irregular wooded landscape. These camps for the wealthy were built to provide a primitive, rustic appearance while avoiding the problems of in-shipping materials from elsewhere.


title: Adirondack Park

text: In 1903 and 1908 fires consumed nearly of forest. In 1909, the first Adirondack fire lookout tower, made of logs, was erected on Mount Morris and many others were built over the next several years. From 1916 steel towers were built. At one time or another, there have been fire towers at 57 locations in today's Adirondack Park. The system worked for about 60 years, but has since been replaced by other technologies. Today, 34 towers survive in the region and many have been restored and are accessible to the public. Some in the Adirondack Forest Preserve have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including those on the following mountains: Arab, Azure, Blue, Hadley, Kane, Loon Lake, Poke-O-Moonshine, St. Regis, Snowy, and Wakely.


title: Adirondack Park

text: McIntyre Furnace & McNaughton Cottage: an 1853 blast furnace, the 1832 McNaughton Cottage, the remains of the Tahawus Club era buildings, and the early mining-related sites.


title: Adirondack Park

text: St. Regis Presbyterian church: designed by prolific Saranac Lake architect William L. Coulter and built on land donated by Paul Smith. Construction funds came from donations from the congregation, which was largely made up of summer residents. It served as a church from 1899 to 2010.


title: Adirondack Park

text: The Bow Bridge: The Bow Bridge in Hadley is one of only two parabolic or lenticular truss bridges in the region and one of only about 50 remaining in the country. It was built over the Sacandaga River by the Berlin Iron Bridge Co. in 1885.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Saranac Village at Will Rogers: a Tudor Revival style retirement community, was constructed in 1930 as a tuberculosis treatment facility for vaudeville performers. Due to the subsequent decline of vaudeville performers, and an eventual cure for tuberculosis, its doors closed in 1975. After sitting unused for twenty years, it was bought in 1998 by the Alpine Adirondack Association, LLC and reopened in January 2000 as a retirement community.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Camp Santanoni was once a private estate of approximately 13,000 acres (53 km), and now is the property of the state, at Newcomb. It was a residential complex of about 45 buildings. Now a National Historic Landmark, this is one of the earliest examples of the Great Camps of the Adirondacks. At the time of completion in 1893, Camp Santanoni was regarded as the grandest of all such Adirondack camps.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Wellscroft, at Upper Jay, is a Tudor Revival–style summer estate home. It is a long, -story, building with several projecting bays, porches, gables and dormers, a porte cochere and a service wing. The rear facade features a large semi-circular projection. The first-story exterior is faced in native fieldstone. The interior features a number of Arts and Crafts style design features. Also on the property are a power house, fire house, gazebo, root cellar, reservoir, ruins of the caretaker's house and carriage house, and the remains of the landscaped grounds. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.


title: Adirondack Park

text: Prospect Point Camp: a Great Camp notable for its unusual chalets inspired by European hunting lodges.


title: Psychic reading

text: A psychic reading is a specific attempt to discern information through the use of heightened perceptive abilities; or natural extensions of the basic human senses of sight, sound, touch, taste and instinct. These natural extensions are claimed to be clairvoyance (vision), clairsentience (feeling), claircognisance (factual knowing) and clairaudience (hearing) and the resulting statements made during such an attempt. The term is commonly associated with paranormal-based consultation given for a fee in such settings as over the phone, in a home, or at psychic fairs. Though psychic readings are controversial and a focus of skeptical inquiry, a popular interest in them persists. Extensive experimentation to replicate psychic results in laboratory conditions have failed to find any precognitive phenomena in humans. Psychic reading is pseudoscience. A cold reading technique allows psychics to produce seemingly specific information about an individual from social cues and broad statements.


title: Psychic reading

text: There are many types of psychic readings practiced. Although psychic readings might not incorporate the use of any tools, a professional psychic may have one or more specialized areas of expertise. Some of the more common readings include Tarot reading, email psychic reading, palm reading, psychometry, aura readings, or astrological readings.


title: Psychic reading

text: Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events. The position of the stars, planets, sun and moon when one is born are believed to have affect one's personality, shape how relationships work in one's life and predict future events such as one's economic success.


title: Psychic reading

text: Aura readings involve the observation and interpretation of auras. The aura is purported to be a field of subtle, luminous radiation surrounding a person.


title: Psychic reading

text: Psychics have offered aura readings for many years. They claim to have a unique ability to see or sense individual's auras, however no evidence has ever been provided to substantiate this claim.


title: Psychic reading

text: Cleromantic readings usually involve casting small objects and reading them by their position, orientation, and mutual proximity. There are numerous variants used throughout the world.


title: Psychic reading

text: A distant reading, "traveling clairvoyance", or "remote perception" can be conducted without the reader ever meeting the client. This includes letters, telephone, text messaging, email, chat, and webcam readings.


title: Psychic reading

text: Correspondence readings are usually done via letters, later emails and filling in special forms on psychic websites.


title: Psychic reading

text: Telephone readings are live readings where both psychic and client hear each other by connecting via premium rate telephone line. In the last years, with restrictions on premium rate numbers, more common are pre-paid callbacks, in which case client leaves his/her credit card details over the phone to an operator, after which gets a call on a specified phone number. Telephone readings became most popular with the growth of live advice TV shows as main means of advertising, and is commonly used by companies rather than individual psychics, due to high setup costs.


title: Psychic reading

text: SMS and chat readings is a quick question-and-answer format of reading allowing exchange of basic information between psychic and client.


title: Psychic reading

text: Lithomancy readings usually involve especially suitable gems or stones that are immersed in water, or tossed as a set and read by mutual proximity. Its origins are unknown, and there are numerous different methodologies used by various cultures throughout the world. A recently more common variant is crystallomancy also known as crystal gazing. Using quartz as a crystal ball it is stereotypically depicted as Romani fortune telling.


title: Psychic reading

text: Numerology is defined as the study of the occult meanings of numbers and their influence on human life. It is essentially a reading of an individual based specifically upon numerical values such as their date of birth, letters in their names, etc. Numerology can be used in psychic readings.


title: Psychic reading

text: Palmistry is another popular method of psychic readings, involving characterization and foretelling of one's future through the study of the lines, shapes, wrinkles and curves on the palm. Palmistry does not require psychic ability, as it generally uses cold reading abilities and previous knowledge of the subject.


title: Psychic reading

text: Psychometry is a form of psychic reading in which the reader claims to obtain details about another through physical contact with their possessions. Psychometry readers often ask the subject for their favorite and most meaningful objects, such as wedding rings, glasses, car keys, etc., for the reading. The belief is that objects which are in close proximity to a person for extended periods of time hold some of that person's 'energy'. This method has been used in attempts to locate missing persons.


title: Psychic reading

text: Runes are the letters of a set of related alphabets used to write various Germanic languages before the adoption of the Latin alphabet. There is evidence to suggest that they also had magical or divinatory uses. In modern settings, stones or tablets with runes inscribed on them are cast on a mat or cloth to discern future events or path a problem or issue will take. Runes are also used by some witches and other practitioners of divination.


title: Psychic reading

text: Tarot cards have been greatly popularized, but can be often regarded solely as entertainment. Traditional decks are available in chain bookstores. New decks also frequently appear in New Age bookstores. Though not requiring psychic abilities, Tarot cards can be used as a psychic or cold reading tool and Tarot readings are common at psychic fairs.


title: Psychic reading

text: Skeptics have challenged the veracity of the claims of psychic readings, largely through disclosure of the methods. Psychologist Richard Wiseman's 2011 book "Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There" noted the tricks of the trade, and Wiseman noted in a podcast appearance that the disclosure generated negative feedback from the psychic community.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Imitation of Life is a 1934 American drama film directed by John M. Stahl. The screenplay by William Hurlbut, based on Fannie Hurst's 1933 novel of the same name, was augmented by eight additional uncredited writers, including Preston Sturges and Finley Peter Dunne. The film stars Claudette Colbert, Louise Beavers, Warren William, Rochelle Hudson, and Fredi Washington.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: The film was originally released by Universal Pictures on November 26, 1934, and re-released in 1936. A 1959 remake of the same title was directed by Douglas Sirk.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: In 2005, "Imitation of Life" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". It was also named by "Time" in 2007 as one of "The 25 Most Important Films on Race". It was nominated for Best Picture, Best Assistant Director, and Best Sound Recording at the 7th Academy Awards.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Widow Bea Pullman and her two-year-old daughter Jessie are having a rough morning. Jessie demands her "quack quack" (her rubber duck) and doesn't want to go to the day nursery. She must: her mother is continuing her husband’s business, selling heavy cans of maple syrup door-to-door, and making very little money. Black housekeeper Delilah Johnson has also had a bad morning. She misread an advertisement and came to the wrong house—Bea’s.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Trying to reach her duck, Jessie falls fully clothed into the bathtub, and Bea runs upstairs. When she returns, Delilah has fixed breakfast. Delilah explains that no one wants a housekeeper with a child, and introduces her daughter Peola, whose fair complexion conceals her ancestry. Bea can't begin to afford help, so Delilah offers to keep house in exchange for room and board. The four quickly become like family. They all particularly enjoy Delilah's pancakes, made from a secret family recipe.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Bea uses her business wiles to get a storefront and living quarters on the boardwalk refurbished on credit, and they open a pancake restaurant where Delilah and Bea cook in the front window. (Signage indicates that they are on the Jersey Shore in Pleasantville. A title card mentioning Atlantic City was removed. See below.)


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Five years later, they are debt-free. The little girls are good friends, but one day Jessie calls Peola "black". Peola runs into the apartment declaring that she is not black, won't be black, and that it is her mother who makes her black. Cradling her weeping daughter, Delilah tells Bea that this is simply the truth, and Peola has to learn to live with it. Peola's father, a light-skinned African American, had the same struggle, and it broke him. Delilah receives another blow when she finds out that Peola has been "passing" at school.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: One day, Elmer Smith, a hungry passerby, offers Bea a two-word idea in exchange for a meal: "Box it [the flour]." Bea hires him, and they set up the hugely successful "Delilah's Pancake Flour" business. Delilah refuses to sign the incorporation papers, and when Bea tells her that she can now afford her own home, Delilah is crushed. She does not want to break up the family. So the two friends continue to live together, and Bea puts Delilah's share in the bank.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Ten years pass. Both women are wealthy and share a mansion in New York City. Delilah becomes a mainstay of the African-American community, supporting many lodges and charitable organizations and her church. She tries to give Peola every advantage, including sending her to a fine Negro college in the South, but Peola runs away.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Meanwhile, Elmer arranges for Bea to meet a handsome ichthyologist, Stephen Archer; they hit it off immediately and plan to marry. Then eighteen-year-old Jessie comes home on college vacation, and during the five days it takes for Bea and Delilah to find Peola, she falls in love with Stephen.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Peola has taken a job in a segregated restaurant, serving white customers only, in Virginia. When her mother and Bea find her, she denies Delilah.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Peola finally tells her mother that she is going away, never to return, so she can pass as a white woman, and if they meet on the street, her mother must not speak to her. Delilah is heartbroken and takes to her bed, murmuring Peola's name and forgiving her before eventually succumbing to heartbreak.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Delilah has the grand funeral she always wanted, with marching bands and a horse-drawn white silk hearse, and all the lodges processing in a slow march. The coffin is carried from the church to the hearse through the saber arch of an honor guard, and a remorseful, sobbing Peola rushes to embrace it, begging her dead mother to forgive her. Bea and Jessie gather her into their arms and take her into the car with them.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Peola decides to return to college. Bea asks Stephen to wait, promising to come to him after Jessie is over her infatuation. At the end, Bea starts to tell Jessie about her insistent demands for her "quack quack" and the day they met Delilah.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Fannie Hurst's inspiration in writing her novel "Imitation of Life" was a road trip to Canada she took with her friend, the African-American short-story writer and folklorist Zora Neale Hurston. The novel was originally to be called "Sugar House" but was changed just before publication. Molly Hiro of the University of Portland wrote that the script of this film "closely followed" the storyline of the original novel.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Universal borrowed Warren William from Warner Bros. for the male lead, but the studio had first wanted Paul Lukas for the part. The parents of the child playing "Jessie" as a baby changed her name from "Baby Jane" to "Juanita Quigley" during production of the film. Claudette Colbert was borrowed from Paramount.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Universal had difficulty receiving approval from the censors at the Hays Office for the original script they submitted for "Imitation of Life". Joseph Breen objected to the elements of miscegenation in the story, which "not only violates the Production Code but is very dangerous from the standpoint both of industry and public policy." He rejected the project, writing, "Hurst's novel dealing with a partly colored girl who wants to pass as white violates the clause covering miscegenation in spirit, if not in fact!" The Production Code Administration's (PCA) censors had difficulty in "negotiating how boundaries of racial difference should be cinematically constructed to be seen, and believed, on the screen."


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Their concern was the character of Peola, in whose person miscegenation was represented by this young woman considered black, but with sufficient white ancestry to pass as white and the desire to do so. Susan Courtney says that the PCA participated in "Hollywood's ongoing desire to remake interracial desire, an historical fact, as always already having been a taboo." In addition, she explains the quandary imagined by the censors: "the PCA reads Peola's light skin, and her passing, as signifiers of 'miscegenation.' By conflating miscegenation and passing in this way, the censors effectively attempt to extend the Code's ban on desire across black and white racial boundaries to include a ban on identification across those boundaries as well."


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: They also objected to some language in the script, and a scene where a young black man is nearly lynched for approaching a white woman who he believed had invited his attention. Breen continued to refuse to approve the script up to July 17, when the director had already been shooting the film for two weeks. Ultimately the ending of the film differed from the novel. While in the novel Peola leaves the area never to return, in the film she returns, going to her mother's funeral and showing remorse. A scene stated by Hiro to be "virtually identical" was used in the second film adaptation.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: "Imitation of Life" was in production from June 27 to September 11, 1934, and was released on November 26 of that year.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: All versions of "Imitation of Life" issued by Universal after 1938, including TV, VHS and DVD versions, feature re-done title cards in place of the originals. Missing from all of these prints is a title card with a short prologue, which was included in the original release. It read:


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Atlantic City, in 1919, was not just a boardwalk, rolling-chairs and expensive hotels where bridal couples spent their honeymoons. A few blocks from the gaiety of the famous boardwalk, permanent citizens of the town lived and worked and reared families just like people in less glamorous cities.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: The scene in which Elmer approaches Bea with the idea to sell Delilah's pancake mix to retail customers refers to a legend about the origins of Coca-Cola's success. It has been credited with strengthening the urban myth about the secret of Coke's success – that is, to "bottle it".


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: TCM's Jeff Stafford observes that this film “was ahead of its time in presenting single women as successful entrepreneurs in a business traditionally run by men.”


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: The themes of the film, to the modern eye, deal with very important issues—passing, the role of skin color in the black community and tensions between its light-skinned and dark-skinned members, the role of black servants in white families, and maternal affection.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Some scenes seem to have been filmed to highlight the fundamental unfairness of Delilah's social position—for example, while living in Bea's fabulous NYC mansion, Delilah descends down the shadowy stairs to the basement where her rooms are. Bea, dressed in the height of fashion, floats up the stairs to her rooms, whose luxury was built from the success of Delilah's recipe. Others highlight the similarities between the two mothers, both of whom adore their daughters and are brought to grief by the younger women's actions. Some scenes seem to mock Delilah, because of her supposed ignorance about her financial interests and her willingness to be in a support role, but the two women have built an independent business together. In dying and in death—especially with the long processional portraying a very dignified African-American community—Delilah is treated with great respect.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Fredi Washington ... reportedly received a great deal of mail from young blacks thanking her for having expressed their intimate concerns and contradictions so well. One may add that Stahl's film was somewhat unique in its casting of a black actress in this kind of part – which was to become a Hollywood stereotype of sorts.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Later films dealing with mulatto women, including the 1959 remake of "Imitation of Life", often cast white women in the roles.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: "Imitation of Life" was nominated for three Academy Awards – Best Picture, Best Assistant Director for Scott R. Beal, and Best Sound, Recording for Theodore Soderberg.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an aggregate score of 87% based on 45 positive and 7 negative critic reviews. The website’s consensus reads: ""Imitation of Life" isn't always subtle, but even as it tugs at the heartstrings, this socially conscious melodrama effectively explores Jim Crow-era racial taboos." TCM's Jeff Stafford, observing that ""Imitation of Life" is certainly one of [Beavers’] best performances and should have been nominated for an Oscar", recalled that when the picture came out, "Columnist Jimmy Fiddler [sic] was one of many who objected to this oversight and wrote, 'I also lament the fact that the motion picture industry has not set aside racial prejudice in naming actresses. I don't see how it is possible to overlook the magnificent portrayal of the Negro actress, Louise Beavers, who played the mother in "Imitation of Life". If the industry chooses to ignore Miss Beavers' performance, please let this reporter, born and bred in the South, tender a special award of praise to Louise Beavers for the finest performance of 1934."


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: At the time of the picture’s release, "Variety" observed: "[The] most arresting part of the picture and overshadowing the conventional romance ... is the tragedy of Aunt Delilah's girl born to a white skin and Negro blood. This subject has never been treated upon the screen before. ... It seems very probable the picture may make some slight contribution to the cause of greater tolerance and humanity in the racial question." "Picture is stolen by the Negress, Beavers, whose performance is masterly. This lady can troupe. She takes the whole scale of human emotions from joy to anguish and never sounds a false note."


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: The "Literary Digest" review at the time noted that "In "Imitation of Life", the screen is extremely careful to avoid its most dramatic theme, obviously because it fears its social implications. ... The real story [is] ... that of the beautiful and rebellious daughter of the loyal negro friend. ... Obviously she is the most interesting person in the cast. They [the producers] appear to be fond of her mother, because she is of the meek type of old-fashioned Negro that, as they say, 'knows his place', but the daughter is too bitter and lacking in resignation for them."


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: In 2005, "Imitation of Life" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry of the Library of Congress. In February 2007 "Time" magazine included it among "The 25 Most Important Films on Race", as part of the magazine's celebration of Black History Month.


title: Imitation of Life (1934 film)

text: Hiro wrote that the film served "as a classic melodrama" which used a "melodramatic mode" and therefore got a reputation where in the ending scene "everyone cries".


title: Battle of Keresztes

text: The Battle of Keresztes (also known as the Battle of Mezőkeresztes) () took place on 24–26 October 1596. It was fought between a combined Habsburg-Transylvanian force and the Ottoman Empire near the village of Mezőkeresztes () in modern-day northern Hungary. The Ottomans routed the Habsburg-led army but Ottoman casualties were too high for them to pursue.