title: Tuber melanosporum

text: The genome of the black truffle was published in 2010. It contains 125 million base pairs, 58% of the genome consists of transposable elements, and the genome contains only 7500 identified protein-encoding genes. During symbiosis, genes involved in the decomposition of plant cell walls and lipids are induced. This indicates that black truffles decompose the cell walls of their host plants at the beginning of the symbiosis.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: The black truffle is morphologically very similar to the commercially less valuable Chinese truffle ("Tuber indicum"). To avoid fraud or misidentifications in commerce, a RFLP genetic test has been developed to distinguish the two species. Externally, they can be distinguished by their skin, which is smoother and dark red or dark brown in the Chinese truffle. Two other similar truffle species are the summer truffle ("Tuber aestivum") and the winter truffle ("Tuber brumale"), whose flesh is of a lighter color.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: Black truffles grow at a depth of to as ectomycorrhizae, preferably in loose calcareous soil, close to the roots of their plant symbionts. These include holm oaks, French oaks, hazel, cherry and other deciduous trees. The symbiosis of holm oak saplings and black truffles has been shown to improve photosynthesis and root growth in the plant.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: Black truffles suppress the growth of plants around their symbiont, creating the impression of a burnt ("brûlé") area around it. They do so by parasitizing the roots of other plants, which may lead to necrosis of the root bark and the death of the parasitized plant. Moreover, part of the scent emitted by the truffles may limit the growth of other plants through oxidative stress.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: In the Northern Hemisphere, the fruiting bodies develop from April to June and are harvested from November to March.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: Boars and the larvae of the truffle fly ("Suillia tuberiperda"), which eat the fruiting bodies, aid in the distribution of the species by excreting the indigestible spores. Their excrement likely also serves to fertilize the spores. Black truffles are sometimes found together with winter truffles, which aid the growth of black truffles in wet soils.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: Until 2010, all truffle species were thought to be homothallic, that is, capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism. Subsequent research indicated that black truffles are heterothallic, that is, sexual reproduction requires contact between the mycelia of different mating types. If a tree is surrounded by mycelia of different mating types, eventually one type becomes predominant. This is relevant for the operation of truffle plantations: To improve production, planters must ensure that neighboring trees harbor mycelia of different mating types, such as by inoculating new saplings with a mycelium of a particular type.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: The natural habitat of the black truffle includes various regions in Spain, France, Italy and Croatia. These are presumably the areas where the host plants found refuge during the last Ice Age. In these areas, the search for black truffles and their cultivation is a tradition going back more than 200 years. Truffles are still collected manually in a traditional way in large areas of natural forests. For example, the county of Alto Maestrazgo (province of Castellón, Spain) has an ideal ground with suitable conditions for cultivating truffles. Albocàsser, Atzaneta, Culla, and Morella are just some of the villages in this region where one can find black truffles in large amounts.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: Nevertheless, this form of recollection is increasingly affected by climate change and since 2010, a significant drop in productivity has occurred in naturally producing forests. In exchange, cultivated areas are increasingly popular, and in central Spain, several thousands of hectares are dedicated to truffle cultivation (the Mecca of the black truffle being in Sarrión, Teruel province in the Aragon region). Some experiments have also been conducted in burnt areas, with promising results, as legally no need to ask for a land-use change exists when planting truffles, as it can be considered (EU-28) as forest land.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: Black truffles are now also cultivated in Australia, New Zealand, Chile, North America, Argentina, South Africa, and Wales. Cultivation involves the planting of, for example, hazel trees whose roots are inoculated with truffle mycelium. The first fruiting bodies can be harvested about 4-10 years after planting the trees.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: France accounts for around 45% of the world production of black truffles, Spain for 35% and Italy for 20%. Smaller amounts are produced in the United States, South Africa, Slovenia, Croatia, and the Australian states of Tasmania and Western Australia. In 2005, black truffles were found in Serbia. About 80% of the French production comes from southeast France: upper Provence ("départements" of Vaucluse and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), part of Dauphiné ("département" of Drôme), and part of Languedoc ("département" of Gard). About 20% of the production comes from southwest France: Quercy ("département" of Lot) and Périgord. The largest truffle market in France (and probably also in the world) is at Richerenches in Vaucluse. The largest truffle market in southwest France is at Lalbenque in Quercy. These markets are busiest in January, when the black truffles have their highest perfume.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: Production has considerably diminished during the 21st century, dropping to around 20 metric tonnes per year, with peaks around 46 tonnes in the best years. By comparison, in 1937, France produced around 1,000 metric tonnes of black truffles.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: The following table shows the production in the EU of" T. melanosporum" in Spain, France, and Italy. Production data are in metric tonnes, and country weights in percentage, and come from the Groupe Européen Truffe et Trufficulture, an association of the main producers in Europe.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: As the data show, France has been the main producer of black truffles in the last decade and a half, but is rapidly challenged by Spain, where regions have made use of the EU-funded Rural Development Programme to subsidise cultivated plantations. This is particularly visible in the Teruel province of the Aragón region, where the black truffle represents the first and main economic activity (in GDP and employment), especially since 2010-2011 when many plantations opened under the last Rural Development Programme 2000-2006 came into production phase.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: With a price of about 1,000 to 2,000 euros per kilogram, black truffles are the second-most expensive truffles after white truffles, and one of the most sought-after edible mushrooms in the world.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: In cooking, black truffles are used to refine the taste of meat, fish, soups, cheeses, and risotto. Unlike white truffles, the aroma of black truffles does not diminish when they are heated but becomes more intense. They are most commonly shaved into or on top of a dish raw or infused with high-quality olive oil or butter.


title: Tuber melanosporum

text: Truffles contain the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) and the major metabolic enzymes of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The AEA content increases in the late stages of truffles’ development. AEA and ECS metabolic enzymes may have evolved earlier than endocannabinoid-binding receptors, and AEA might be an ancient attractant to truffle-eating animals, which are well-equipped with endocannabinoid-binding receptors.


title: Point (geometry)

text: In classical Euclidean geometry, a point is a primitive notion that models an exact location in space, and has no length, width, or thickness. In modern mathematics, a point refers more generally to an element of some set called a space.


title: Point (geometry)

text: Being a primitive notion means that a point cannot be defined in terms of previously defined objects. That is, a point is defined only by some properties, called axioms, that it must satisfy; for example, ""there is exactly one line that passes through two different points"".


title: Point (geometry)

text: Points, considered within the framework of Euclidean geometry, are one of the most fundamental objects. Euclid originally defined the point as "that which has no part". In two-dimensional Euclidean space, a point is represented by an ordered pair (, ) of numbers, where the first number conventionally represents the horizontal and is often denoted by , and the second number conventionally represents the vertical and is often denoted by . This idea is easily generalized to three-dimensional Euclidean space, where a point is represented by an ordered triplet (, , ) with the additional third number representing depth and often denoted by . Further generalizations are represented by an ordered tuplet of terms, where is the dimension of the space in which the point is located.


title: Point (geometry)

text: Many constructs within Euclidean geometry consist of an infinite collection of points that conform to certain axioms. This is usually represented by a set of points; As an example, a line is an infinite set of points of the form formula_1, where through and are constants and is the dimension of the space. Similar constructions exist that define the plane, line segment and other related concepts. A line segment consisting of only a single point is called a degenerate line segment.


title: Point (geometry)

text: In addition to defining points and constructs related to points, Euclid also postulated a key idea about points, that any two points can be connected by a straight line. This is easily confirmed under modern extensions of Euclidean geometry, and had lasting consequences at its introduction, allowing the construction of almost all the geometric concepts known at the time. However, Euclid's postulation of points was neither complete nor definitive, and he occasionally assumed facts about points that did not follow directly from his axioms, such as the ordering of points on the line or the existence of specific points. In spite of this, modern expansions of the system serve to remove these assumptions.


title: Point (geometry)

text: There are several inequivalent definitions of dimension in mathematics. In all of the common definitions, a point is 0-dimensional.


title: Point (geometry)

text: The dimension of a vector space is the maximum size of a linearly independent subset. In a vector space consisting of a single point (which must be the zero vector 0), there is no linearly independent subset. The zero vector is not itself linearly independent, because there is a non trivial linear combination making it zero: formula_2.


title: Point (geometry)

text: The topological dimension of a topological space formula_3 is defined to be the minimum value of "n", such that every finite open cover formula_4 of formula_3 admits a finite open cover formula_6 of formula_3 which refines formula_4 in which no point is included in more than "n"+1 elements. If no such minimal "n" exists, the space is said to be of infinite covering dimension.


title: Point (geometry)

text: A point is zero-dimensional with respect to the covering dimension because every open cover of the space has a refinement consisting of a single open set.


title: Point (geometry)

text: Let "X" be a metric space. If "S" ⊂ "X" and "d" ∈ [0, ∞), the "d"-dimensional Hausdorff content of "S" is the infimum of the set of numbers δ ≥ 0 such that there is some (indexed) collection of balls formula_9 covering "S" with "r" > 0 for each "i" ∈ "I" that satisfies formula_10.


title: Point (geometry)

text: A point has Hausdorff dimension 0 because it can be covered by a single ball of arbitrarily small radius.


title: Point (geometry)

text: Although the notion of a point is generally considered fundamental in mainstream geometry and topology, there are some systems that forgo it, e.g. noncommutative geometry and pointless topology. A "pointless" or "pointfree" space is defined not as a set, but via some structure (algebraic or logical respectively) which looks like a well-known function space on the set: an algebra of continuous functions or an algebra of sets respectively. More precisely, such structures generalize well-known spaces of functions in a way that the operation "take a value at this point" may not be defined.


title: Point (geometry)

text: A further tradition starts from some books of A. N. Whitehead in which the notion of region is assumed as a primitive together with the one of "inclusion" or "connection".


title: Point (geometry)

text: Often in physics and mathematics, it is useful to think of a point as having non-zero mass or charge (this is especially common in classical electromagnetism, where electrons are idealized as points with non-zero charge). The Dirac delta function, or function, is (informally) a generalized function on the real number line that is zero everywhere except at zero, with an integral of one over the entire real line. The delta function is sometimes thought of as an infinitely high, infinitely thin spike at the origin, with total area one under the spike, and physically represents an idealized point mass or point charge. It was introduced by theoretical physicist Paul Dirac. In the context of signal processing it is often referred to as the unit impulse symbol (or function). Its discrete analog is the Kronecker delta function which is usually defined on a finite domain and takes values 0 and 1.


title: Ivan Kaye

text: Ivan Blakeley Kaye (born 1 July 1961) is an English actor and producer. His international fame came with roles in historical drama shows like the Duke of Milan in all three seasons of "The Borgias", and King Aelle in the first four Seasons of History channel's series "Vikings." More recent projects include action thriller "Gunpowder Milkshake," the series pilot for Amazon's adaptation of Stephen King's "The Dark Tower," the first British original Disney+ series "Wedding Season" and a leading role in the Irish comedy feature film "Apocalypse Clown". In the UK, he is also widely known for is role as Bryan in the comedy series "The Green Green Grass."


title: Ivan Kaye

text: Kaye was born on 1 July 1961 in Northampton, Northamptonshire. His passion for entertainment started in early childhood when he recreated television adverts at age two and performed shows with his friends throughout his childhood. As an eight-year-old boy, a key experience strengthened his enthusiasm and he joined a youth theatre group at age eleven, taking over organizational duties some years later. The only family member to have been involved in the entertainment industry before was Kaye's maternal grandmother who had been a musical star in the 1920s.


title: Ivan Kaye

text: As his parents were social workers who moved frequently, Kaye attended thirteen different senior schools and experienced bullying along the way. It was in a school fight that he got his nose broken. As his parents ran hostels for mentally ill people, adolescents and delinquents, Kaye came in contact with various types of behaviours and people from an early age. According to his own appraisal, this experience has been a helpful factor for the development of his wide-ranging repertoire. While earning his degree in English Literature at the University of Kent at Canterbury on the insistence of his parents, he performed in as many student plays as possible and started his professional career right afterward, getting an agent after one of his first serious performances in his early twenties and making his first West End theatre appearance early on.


title: Ivan Kaye

text: Hence Kaye had a successful theatre career already before starting his television work in his thirties. He decided to leave the theatre and turn to television in order to be able to spend time with his children while they were growing up because theatre performances in the evenings would have meant that he would not have been at home when they returned from school and university.


title: Ivan Kaye

text: Kaye made his theatre debut in 1980 at Sadler's Wells Theatre in London as Willie Wonka in a stage version of "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory". More theatre roles followed throughout the 1980s and 1990s, e.g. at the Royal National Theatre and the Piccadilly Theatre ("The Rocky Horror Show").


title: Ivan Kaye

text: In 1990, he started his television career by guest starring in the crime shows "The Paradise Club" and "The Bill". In 1992 he played the leading part Sam Sterne in ITV's crime show "Sam Saturday". Since then he has played almost 50 roles in television and, from 2004, in movies ("Layer Cake", "Control").


title: Ivan Kaye

text: Kaye's roles in recent international productions include drug baron Polo Yakur in "Assassination Games" (2011), the Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza in "The Borgias" (2011-2013), Joshua Collins, father of the main character Barnabas Collins (Johnny Depp) in "Dark Shadows" (2012), famous Viking warrior Ivar the Boneless in "Hammer of the Gods" (2013), pub landlord Mick Sturrock in BBC One's crime show "The Coroner" (2015-2016) and the Saxon King Aelle of Northumbria in History channel's period drama "Vikings" (2013-2017).


title: Ivan Kaye

text: Aside from his villain roles as cold-blooded Polo Yakur (a "stand-out performance") and unscrupulous Duke Ludovico it is mainly his portrayal of King Aelle - in "Vikings" the deadly enemy and nemesis of the legendary hero of the show Ragnar Lothbrok (Travis Fimmel) - that has recently shaped Kaye's international profile. In his Twitter bio he describes himself as "Villain for Hire". His performances in the second part of season 4 of "Vikings" have been met with increased interest as his character King Aelle is of pivotal importance in the scenes of Ragnar's death and at the centre of attention during his own execution through the blood eagle torture inflicted by Ragnar's sons in revenge for the death of their father. In an interview on his character King Aelle in September 2017, Kaye contested the assessment of this antagonist as a villain - an assessment that had already been subject to disputes between parts of the audience.


title: Ivan Kaye

text: Earlier internationally known roles include Reuben Starkadder in the television film "Cold Comfort Farm" (1995) and Adonija in the German-Italian-French co-production "Solomon" (1997). Mainly in the United Kingdom, Kaye is also known for his characters Dr. Jonathan Leroy in 27 episodes of the soap opera "EastEnders" in 2003-2004 and the herdsman Bryan in all of the episodes of the 4 Series television sitcom "The Green Green Grass" (2005-2009).


title: Ivan Kaye

text: Up to 2021, Kaye has performed in four short films and, as a voice artist, he has lent his voice to characters in several video games like "" (2003) and "" (2011) as well as starring as a main character in comedy episodes and short films produced by his own and Douglas McFerran's production company Comedy Ink Productions. From October 2017 to January 2018 he returned to the stage in the role of Tom Kettle in Jez Butterworth's play "The Ferryman" at Gielgud Theatre in London's West End.


title: Ivan Kaye

text: In April and May 2018, Kaye came back to the small screen in the UK in his role as Pesca in the five part miniseries "The Woman in White", a new BBC adaptation of Wilkie Collins' novel of the same name. A sneak peek review of British independent feature film "For Love or Money: An Unromantic Comedy" (released in the US on 15 March 2019) has emphasized his outstanding performance as the father of the main female character.


title: Ivan Kaye

text: Kaye's more recent projects include Amazon's unreleased but reviewed pilot for an unrealized adaptation of Stephen King's "The Dark Tower" book series, starting with a prequel about the main character's youth based on book 4 "" and Navot Papushado's new action thriller "Gunpowder Milkshake." The former has started filming in Split on 13 May 2019, the latter finished filming in August 2019 in Berlin and has been released in the US and several other countries in July 2021 and in the rest of the world in the following months. Kaye's own Comedy Ink short film "Acter" has been released in April 2020. In 2021, he has returned to TV series projects by joining the cast of the "Father Brown" spin-off "Sister Boniface Mysteries" produced by BBC Studios and released on 8 February 2022 on BritBox in the US as well as the first British original Disney+ series "Wedding Season". With his part in the Irish comedy film "Apocalypse Clown", filmed in 2022, Kaye plays a leading role again.


title: Ivan Kaye

text: Aside from his native language English, Kaye also has knowledge in French and Spanish. As indicated by his first name he has Russian ancestry. Kaye, who has two adult daughters, lives in London.


title: Ivan Kaye

text: Kaye supports the Our Disappearing Planet and the Mayhew animal charities. He also supports the campaign "Justice for Andrew Jones" which aims at bringing the killers of a teenager to court who was killed in 2003 in Liverpool on the street.


title: Ivan Kaye

text: In 2021, Kaye joined The Celebs to record a cover of The Beatles classic "Let It Be", in support of the Mind charity and released on 3rd December 2021. Kaye was part of a choir of celebrities including his "Vikings" cast mate Georgia Hirst, Anne Hegerty and Eunice Olumide, who were backing EastEnders actress Shona McGarty.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The 36th Infantry Division ("Arrowhead"), also known as the "Panther Division", "Lone Star Division", "The Texas Army", or the "T-patchers", is an infantry division of the United States Army and part of the Texas Army National Guard. It was organized during World War I from units of the Texas and Oklahoma National Guard. As an all-Texas unit, it was called for service for World War II 25 November 1940, was sent to the European Theater of Operations in April 1943, and returned to the Texas Army National Guard in December 1945.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: A unit of the 36th Infantry, the 2nd Battalion, 131st Field Artillery, was detached and sent to the Pacific just before the outbreak of war in late 1941. Its members were captured by the Japanese and forced into slave labor. Its fate was unknown for most of the rest of World War II, resulting in it being nicknamed the "Lost Battalion".


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The 36th Infantry Division was reconstituted in a May 2004 reorganization of the 49th Armored Division.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The division has been active in search and rescue efforts following natural disasters, as well as supporting the rebuilding of affected areas.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The 36th Division was activated as the 15th Division, an National Guard division from Texas and Oklahoma. The new unit also received a new commander, Major General Edwin St. John Greble. The designation was changed to the 36th Division in July 1917, three months after the American entry into World War I.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The final composition of the 36th Division consisted of the 71st and 72nd Infantry Brigades, the 141st and 142nd Infantry Regiments belonging to the 71st. The 143rd and 144th Infantry Regiments were attached to the 72nd Brigade. Also belonging to the 71st was the 132nd Machine Gun Battalion. Similarly, the 72nd received the 133rd Machine Gun Battalion. The 61st Field Artillery Brigade, 131st, 132nd, and 133rd Field Artillery Regiments, 111th Regiment Engineers, 111th Signal Battalion and the 111th Supply Train comprised the rest of the 36th Division. The unit trained at Camp Bowie, Texas, then in Fort Worth.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The unit was sent to Europe in July 1918 and conducted major operations in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. On 9–10 October, the unit participated in heavy combat near the village of St. Etienne. Following this victory, which included the capture of several hundred men and officers of the German Army, as well as artillery, the unit launched an assault near an area known as "Forest Farm." The eventual victory brought World War I to an end, yet during World War I, the division suffered 2,584 casualties, 466 killed in action and 2,118 wounded in action. The unit was inactivated in June 1919.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The 36th Division was called up again for active federal service on 25 November 1940, during World War II (although the United States was neutral at this stage), at San Antonio, Texas, departing for its mobilization station at Camp Bowie, Texas, on 14 December 1940. The division commanded by Major General Claude V. Birkhead, moved to Brownwood, Texas, on 1 June 1941, where it participated in the VIII Corps Brownwood Maneuvers until 13 June 1941. The division then returned to Camp Bowie.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The division then moved to Mansfield, Louisiana, and took part in both the August and September 1941 Louisiana Maneuvers. The division, now commanded by Brigadier General Fred L. Walker, a Regular Army officer from Ohio and a distinguished veteran of World War I, then returned to Camp Bowie on 2 October 1941, where it was reorganized from a square division into a triangular division on 1 February 1942 and redesignated the 36th Infantry Division, just weeks after the American entry into World War II, as a result of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, which was followed four days later by the German declaration of war against the United States. As a result of this reorganization, the 144th Infantry, plus numerous supporting units, were transferred out of the division.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The division then moved to Camp Blanding, Florida, on 19 February 1942, and participated in the Carolina Maneuvers between 9 July 1942, and 15 August 1942. The division then was staged at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts, on 17 August 1942, for its port call to the European Theater Of Operations (ETO). During its time at Camp Edwards, the division conducted mock assaults of Martha's Vineyard Island in preparation for future amphibious operations.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The division departed the New York Port of Embarkation (NYPOE) on 2 April 1943, for service in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO).


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The 36th Division landed in French North Africa on 13 April 1943, and trained at Arzew and Rabat. However, the training was hampered by the need to supply guards for some 25,000 Axis prisoners of war (POWs) who had surrendered at the conclusion of the Tunisian campaign in May. It was assigned to Major General Ernest J. Dawley's VI Corps, part of the Fifth Army, but attached to the Services of Supply, North African Theater of Operations, United States Army (NATOUSA), for supply. The 36th Division was originally intended to take part in the Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, but Lieutenant General George S. Patton the Seventh Army commander, preferred to use experienced troops instead and the 36th Division remained in North Africa. The Fifth Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, who knew the 36th Division well from his time as chief of staff to Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair, commander of Army Ground Forces, and specifically chose the 36th Division, rather than the more experienced 34th Infantry Division, together with the British 46th and 56th Infantry Divisions, to spearhead the Allied assault landings at Salerno, Italy, which was given the codename of Operation Avalanche.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The division first saw action, in the Italian campaign, on 9 September 1943. It was the first U.S. combat unit to fight on the European continent when it landed by sea at Paestum and fought in the Battle of Salerno against intense German opposition. The Germans launched numerous fierce counterattacks on 12–14 September, but the 36th, which at one stage during the battle was holding a 35-mile sector of the front (six times more than a full-strength infantry division was able to hold), repulsed them with the aid of air support and naval gunfire, and, with the help of paratroopers of the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, advanced slowly, securing the area from Agropoli to Altavilla. After sustaining over 4,000 casualties in its first major action, the division spent the next few weeks behind the lines, where it remained in the Fifth Army reserve, absorbing replacements and training for future combat operations. Despite the heavy losses, the 36th Division was considered to have fought well, and four men were awarded the Medal of Honor.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The 36th Division returned to combat in mid-November, after six weeks of rest, now under Major General Geoffrey Keyes' II Corps command. It captured Mount Maggiore, Mount Lungo, and the village of San Pietro despite strong enemy positions and severe winter weather. This grueling campaign against the Bernhardt Line was marked by futile attempts to establish a secure bridgehead across the Gari River, erroneously identified as the Rapido on 1 January 1944, to 8 February. The division attacked across the Gari River on 20 January but was harshly repulsed by the 15th "Panzergrenadier" Division. The 141st and 143rd Infantry Regiments were virtually destroyed, and the attack was stopped on 22 January. In 48 hours, the 36th Division had sustained 1,681 casualties, 143 of them killed, 663 wounded, and 875 missing, out of almost 6,000 men who took part. Many of the casualties consisted of newly-arrived replacements who were poorly integrated into their units. German losses were minimal, with only 64 killed and a further 179 wounded. A company commander in the 143rd Infantry said, "I had 184 men. Forty-eight hours later, I had 17. If that's not mass murder, I don't know what is." 36th Division losses until the end of January 1944 was of 2,255 battle casualties and 2,009 non-battle, with the combat effectiveness of the 141st and 143rd Infantry Regiment lost.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: Strong controversy flared among the officers of the division. Lieutenant General Clark, the Fifth Army commander, was severely criticized for having ordered a difficult frontal attack, and was accused of having caused the disaster. After the war Congress, urged by veterans of the division, conducted an investigation into the causes and responsibility for the defeat on the Gari River. Clark was absolved of blame and he personally believed the attack to be necessary, in order to attract German reserves from Northern Italy to prevent their use at Anzio, where an amphibious assault, codenamed Operation Shingle, was being launched by Anglo-American forces in an attempt to outflank the Winter Line, capture the Italian capital of Rome and potentially force a German withdrawal away from their formidable Winter Line defenses. However, the German reserves identified in Northern Italy had already been drawn forward onto the front of the British X Corps during the First Battle of Monte Cassino a few days before, thus making the 36th Division's assault unnecessary, although this was unknown to Clark at the time.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: After assisting the 34th Infantry Division in the attack on Cassino and fighting defensively along the Gari River, the severely depleted 36th withdrew from the line on 12 March, for rest and recreation. The division arrived by sea at the Anzio beachhead on 22 May, under the command of Major General Lucian Truscott's VI Corps, to take part in Operation Diadem, with the breakout from the beachhead commencing the following day. It drove north to capture Velletri on 1 June, and entered Rome on 5 June 1944, the day before the Normandy landings. Pushing up from Rome, the 36th encountered sharp resistance at Magliano, but reached Piombino on 26 June, before moving back to Paestum for rest and recreation. In July Major General Walker, who had commanded the 36th Division since September 1941, was replaced by Major General John E. Dahlquist.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: On 15 August 1944, as part of the U.S. 6th Army Group, the division made another amphibious assault landing, against light opposition in the Saint-Raphaël-Fréjus area of southern France as part of Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of Southern France. A rapid advance opened the Rhone River Valley. Montelimar fell, 28 August, and large German units were trapped. On 15 September, the division was attached to the French First Army. The 36th advanced to the Moselle River at Remiremont and the foothills of the Vosges. On 30 September, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (442nd RCT, a Japanese-American unit) was assigned to the 36th to help shore up the division. The 442nd was subsequently used to spearhead the capture towns of Bruyères and Biffontaine where they faced stiff opposition. On 24 October the 143rd Infantry relieved the 100th and 3rd Battalion who were sent to Belmont, another small town to the north, for some short-lived rest. On 23 October the 1st Battalion, 141st Infantry were cut off just beyond the town or Biffontaine. On 27 October the 442nd RCT was called back in to save this Lost Battalion. On the afternoon of 30 October 3rd Battalion broke through and reached 1st Battalion, 141st, rescuing 211 T-Patchers at the cost of 800 men in five days. However, the fighting continued for the 442nd as they moved past the 141st Infantry. The drive continued until they reached Saint-Die on 17 November when they were finally pulled back. The 100th fielded 1,432 men shortly before, but was now down to 239 infantrymen and 21 officers. The 2nd Battalion was down to 316 riflemen and 17 officers, while not a single company in the 3rd Battalion had over 100 riflemen; the entire 100th/442nd Regimental Combat Team was down to less than 800 soldiers. On 13 October 1944, when attached to the 36th Infantry Division, the unit was at 2,943 rifleman and officers, but in only three weeks 140 were killed and 1,800 were wounded, while 43 were missing. For this action, the 442nd RCT would earn 3 of its 7 Presidential Unit Citations.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In a grinding offensive, the division crossed the Meurthe River, breached the Ste. Marie Pass and burst into the Alsatian Plains. The enemy counterattacked, 13 December 1944, but the 36th held the perimeter of the Colmar Pocket. Two days later, the division was released from attachment to the French First Army, and returned to the control of VI Corps, now under Major General Edward H. Brooks, under the Seventh Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Alexander Patch. The German counterattacks out of the "Colmar Pocket" were so fierce, that at times, the field artillery was forced to fire over open sights at point blank range to stop them. On 20 December 1944, the division resumed the attack, advancing northward along the Rhine River to Mannheim meeting heavy resistance at Haguenau, Oberhöfen, and Wissembourg. In this action Company "G" of the 143rd Infantry received a Presidential Unit Citation. On 27 December 1944, the division was reassigned to Major General Frank W. Milburn's XXI Corps of the Seventh Army, and was pinched out and returned to Seventh Army reserve on 30 December 1944.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The division was taken out of the line for the first time since it had landed in the south of France. On 3 January 1945, the division was reassigned to Major General Wade H. Haislip's XV Corps. In January 1945, the division was reassigned to VI Corps. It returned to the line early March. The 36th was reassigned to the Seventh Army on 29 March 1945, and moved to the Danube River on 22 April 1945. The 36th Division has been recognized as a liberating unit for its work securing the subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp system.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The 36th Division was reassigned to the XXI Corps on 27 April 1945, and attacked the Künzelsau area on the 30th. Members of the 36th Division's 142nd Infantry arriving as reinforcements on 5 May tipped the Battle for Castle Itter in favor of a combined U.S. Army/Wehrmacht defense against a Waffen SS attack, the only time German and American forces fought side by side in World War II.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: By 8 May 1945, otherwise known as Victory in Europe Day (VE-Day), the 36th Division was based in Kitzbühel, Austria where it captured "Generalfeldmarschall"- Gerd von Rundstedt, the commander of all German Armed Forces on the Western Front, and its final station was at Kufstein, Austria on 14 August 1945.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: After 400 days of combat, the 36th Infantry Division returned to the United States in December 1945. It was returned to the Texas Army National Guard on 15 December 1945.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The 36th ID suffered significant losses during World War II, twice earning the distinction of having "lost" a battalion during the war.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The European ""Lost Battalion"" refers to the 1st Battalion, 141st Infantry, which was surrounded by German forces in the Vosges Mountains on 24 October 1944.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: They would be rescued by the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, a segregated unit composed of second-generation Japanese Americans. In five days of battle, over 800 men of the 442nd gave their lives in order to break through German defenses and rescue 211 survivors of the 141st.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: Texas Governor John Connally would make the members of the 442nd honorary Texans in appreciation of their rescue of the 141st Infantry in 1962.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: Earmarked as part of the reinforcements to U.S. Army troops in the Philippines, the 2nd Battalion, 131st Field Artillery, was detached from the 36th Infantry and deployed on 21 November 1941 to join in the Pacific War. The 131st took part in the Battle of Java and fought fiercely at Porong with several other Allied units until the battalion was captured by the Japanese in March 1942. Information on the unit's fate was unknown and considered ""lost"" as details following the Dutch surrender in Java failed to reach the U.S. government.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: As prisoners, the men were forced to work in Burma and Thailand on the Burma Railway of "The Bridge on the River Kwai" fame, as well as coal mines, docks and shipyards in Japan and other southeast Asian countries. Conditions were poor, treatment harsh, and mortality exceptionally high. It was only through debriefing of survivors from Japanese POW convoys who had been sunk and rescued by U.S. submarines in September 1944 that the U.S. government would learn of the unit's fate.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: Repatriated after the end of the war in August 1945, the surviving POWs of the lost battalion were scattered throughout Southeast Asia in Java, Singapore, Burma, Thailand, French Indo China, Japan, China and Manchuria.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: On 1 May 2004, the 49th Armored Division of the Texas Army National Guard was officially inactivated and the 49th Armored Division was redesignated the 36th Infantry Division. After half a century, the "Fighting 36th" was reactivated and carried on the legacy of the 36th Division.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In January 2004, 74 soldiers from Alpha Battery (TAB), 2nd Battalion, 131st Field Artillery were activated for federal service in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Alpha Battery commanded by CPT Alvaro Gomez entered federal service in Fort Sill, OK. Under the supervision of 1SG Alfredo Barrera, the soldiers trained and deployed to Iraq. While readying their equipment in Kuwait, Alpha Battery was given her mission and the five radar sections were split up. One AN-TPQ37 radar section (SSG Gonzales) was attached to the 1st Marine Division in Al Taqadum another (CW4 Earnest Metcalf) was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division at LSA Anaconda and the three AN-TPQ36 radar sections (CW2 Davidson, CW2 Bien, and SSG Johnson) were assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division in Mosul. The headquarters and support platoon (1LT Christopher Galvan) operated out of Forward Operating Base Freedom in northern Mosul. In addition to the target acquisition mission, the support platoon supplemented patrols conducted by the 25th Infantry Division Fires Brigade FIST Team and provided security for the FOB's perimeter by manning the entrance gates and watch towers. At the conclusion of the battery's deployment, its members were awarded 3 Bronze Star Medals, 1 Purple Heart Medal, 47 Army Commendation Medals, 74 Combat Action Badges, several memorandums of appreciation from command staff, and authorized to wear the unit shoulder sleeve insignia for wartime service from the 2nd Infantry Division, the 25th Infantry Division, the 36th Infantry Division, or the 1st Infantry Division.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In 2005 approximately 100 soldiers of the 36th Infantry Division deployed to Bosnia for Enduring Mission 3 which was a continuation from previous IFOR and SFOR missions. When Task Force Strike left Eagle Base in Tuzla late 2006, it marked the end of an American military maneuver presence in Bosnia which had existed for almost a decade after the Dayton Accords.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In 2005, over three thousand troops from the 56th BCT, 36th ID deployed to Iraq. The 3rd Battalion, 133rd Field Artillery Regiment and 2nd Battalion, 142nd Infantry Regiment were both awarded Meritorious Unit Citations for their service in Iraq.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In 2005–06, 800 soldiers of 3d Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment, 72d Brigade, 36th Infantry Division deployed to Afghanistan. The battalion was attached to the 504th Infantry Regiment of the 82d Airborne Division and earned a Joint Meritorious Unit Citation.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In 2006, the 1st Squadron, 124th Cavalry Regiment, 36th Infantry Division became the first cavalry unit to serve as peacekeepers in the Sinai Desert for the Multinational Force and Observers. The force was made up of soldiers from several units of the 36th Infantry Division including 1–112th AR, 2–112th AR, 3–112th AR, 3rd Mech, and C Btry 2-131 FA (MLRS).


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In late 2006, Company B of the 3d Battalion, 144th Infantry Regiment deployed to Iraq after pre-deployment training at Ft. Dix, NJ and were actively engaged in combat operations. They returned in late 2007. 5 Army Commendation Medals with Valor Devices were awarded to soldiers of 1st Platoon, Second Squad in recognition of the defeat of an ambush on a State Department convoy in central Baghdad.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In late 2005 to late 2006, the 36th Infantry Division was the major leading force for KFOR7, the peacekeeping mission on Kosovo.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The Combat Aviation Brigade, 36th Infantry Division shipped to Iraq in September 2006 for a planned one-year deployment.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: On 7 May 2007 3d Battalion, 144th Infantry Regiment mobilized as "Task Force Panther" in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. "Task Force Panther" trained at Camp Shelby, MS, and, after validation, deployed to Kuwait, and then into Iraq.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: On 28 August 2008, more than 3000 soldiers of the 56th IBCT again deployed to Iraq. On 15 August 2009, the 3000 soldiers of the 56th IBCT returned to Texas after 10 months in Iraq. Two soldiers from Bravo Troop 3-124 Cav, and one from C Btry 4-133 were wounded during the tour.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: On 10 April 2009, 136th Military Police Battalion deployed more than 150 soldiers to Afghanistan to command and run the Bagram Theatre Internment Facility. Task Force Lonestar transferred the detainees from the BTIF to the new detention facility in Parwan. 136th Military Police Battalion returned in May 2010.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: On 1 October 2009, the 72nd IBCT mobilized for deployment to Iraq. Upon arrival in theater, the brigade headquarters assumed authority as the Joint Area Support Group-Conditional for the International Zone, with the brigade's subordinate elements distributed throughout the country conducting detainee operations. The brigade returned from Iraq in July and August 2010, with A Battery, 1-133 FA being the last element to return home.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In November and December 2010, the 36th Infantry Division Headquarters deployed to Basrah, Iraq, replacing the US 1st Infantry Division, where they provided command and control of US active Army, Reserve, and National Guard units. The 36th ID command covered 15,000 deployed military and contractor forces at 17 bases in the 9 provinces in southern Iraq. As part of the drawdown of US forces in Iraq, the division headquarters redeployed to the US starting in late August 2011, the main body following in September 2011 to Fort Hood, TX. No 36th ID soldiers were lost to combat operations during the deployment.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: On 26 November 2011, the newly formed 1st Battalion (Airborne), 143rd Infantry Regiment mobilized as Task Force Walker for deployment to Afghanistan. The battalion, comprising companies from Texas, Rhode Island, and Alaska, was deployed across the country in support of provincial reconstruction teams. The headquarters element was located in Kabul serving under the 648th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (Task Force Hydra) in the Kabul base cluster.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In the summer of 2012, both the 136th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB) and Task Force Arrowhead mobilized for service in Afghanistan. The 136th MEB took control of several bases in the Kabul area, while TF Arrowhead, composed of 31 security force assistance teams (SFATs), performed advisory duties with various Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) elements in Regional Command-South.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: Also in the summer of 2012 the 3rd Battalion, C & D Company 144th Infantry regiment from the 56th BCT deployed to Afghanistan (RC West) as Task Force Bowie. TF Bowie provided Battalion Command Base Security, including but not limited to presences/combat patrols, assessment missions, checkpoint control and flight line security for Shindand Airbase and surrounding areas. Shindand Air Base is located in the western part of Afghanistan in the Herat province, 7 miles northeast of the city of Sabzwar. Other areas of operations included Herat city, as well as RC North. In the fall of 2012 a small detachment was sent to RC North to assist in base security operations in coordination with small regiment from the 3rd ID.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In the spring of 2013 B co 3-144th IN deployed in support of TF 3–10 to Afghanistan and served in Konduz, Kabul, Mazar-e-Sharif Camp Bashton, and BAF


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In Afghanistan, 36th has deployed agricultural development teams helping build farming infrastructure, as well as security forces advising teams training Afghan national security forces to promote long-term success of the Afghan government.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The 36th Infantry Division is the first National Guard Division to command an active duty brigade as part of the Army's total force policy. This allows the active and reserve units to train together as they are preparing to fight together.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: Currently, the 36th is in charge of an Afghanistan theatre; They will be in charge for 18 months (Two 9-month rotations). This is the first time a National Guard division has been in charge of an Afghanistan theatre this long.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: During the Global War on Terror, the 36th ID has been involved in numerous military operations including Operation New Dawn, Enduring Freedom, Freedom's Sentinel, and Jump Start.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: In February 2018, "Army Times" reported the 36th was deployed to Iraq to assist Iraqi forces against Islamic State.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The 36th Infantry Division assisted alongside other Texas National Guard units were activated to assist with the COVID-19 Pandemic. The 36th Infantry Division assisted with delivering over 7,000 pallets of protective equipment to testing facilities, decontaminating nursing homes, and distributing over 5,900,000 COVID-19 tests.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: More Servicemembers within the 36th Infantry Division assisted in preparation for civil disturbances triggered by the George Floyd protests. The Servicemembers were trained in crowd control tactics, including non-lethal responses and assisting civilian law enforcement agencies.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: Throughout the other events of 2020, over 700 servicemembers of the 36th Infantry Division were Federally Activated and deployed to the United States Central Command for Task Force Spartan, Operation Spartan Shield in September 2020. Activated Soldiers serve in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan. The deployment coincided with Kuwait's 30th Liberation Day, tasking the 36th Infantry Division with maintaining and continuing the United States' partnership and allied strength with Kuwait, culminating in a self-described complex live-fire exercise.


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: An insignia consisting of an olive drab "T" on a light blue flint arrowhead was adopted by the 36th Division in 1918. Light blue is the infantry branch color. The flint arrowhead represents the State of Oklahoma (once the Indian Territory) and the "T", Texas and commonly called the "T-Patch."


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: The song of the 36th Infantry Division is "The Eyes of World are on you 36th." Partial lyrics are as follow:


title: 36th Infantry Division (United States)

text: 36th Infantry Division exercises training and readiness oversight of a division headquarters and headquarters battalion, and eight brigade-size formations from the states of Texas, New Mexico and Tennessee.


title: Leonard Roberts

text: Leonard Roberts (born November 17, 1972) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Sean Taylor in "Drumline" and for playing Forrest Gates in the fourth season of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and D. L. Hawkins in a recurring role on "Heroes".


title: Leonard Roberts

text: Roberts was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated from University City High School in 1991 and in 1995, Roberts graduated from The Theatre School at DePaul University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in acting.


title: Leonard Roberts

text: Roberts has portrayed roles such as Sean Taylor in "Drumline" and starred as Forrest Gates in the fourth season of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and D. L. Hawkins on the NBC science-fiction drama "Heroes". He is also known among "Smallville" fans for playing the role of Nam-Ek. Roberts is credited with the role of Leo in the 2011 film, "Pizza Man". He played a small role in season 1 of "NCIS" as a member of a navy base.


title: Leonard Roberts

text: On December 17, 2020, Roberts wrote a piece for "Variety" discussing his tension with his co-star Ali Larter that resulted in his firing from "Heroes."


title: Kali Puja

text: Kali Puja, also known as Shyama Puja or Mahanisha Puja, is a festival originating from the Indian subcontinent, dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali. It is celebrated on the new moon day (Dipannita Amavasya) of the Hindu calendar month of Ashwayuja (according to the amanta tradition) or Kartika (according to the purnimanta tradition). The festival is especially popular in the regions of West Bengal, Mithila, Odisha, Assam, and Tripura, as well as the town of Titwala in Maharashtra, along with the neighbouring country of Bangladesh.


title: Kali Puja

text: The festival of Kali Puja is not an ancient one. Kali Puja was practically unknown before the 16th century; famous sage Krishnananda Agamavagisha first initiated Kali Puja. A late 17th-century devotional text, Kalika "mangalkavya," also mentions an annual festival dedicated to Kali. In Bengal during the 18th century, King (Raja) Krishnachandra of Krishnanagar, Nadia, West Bengal also made this puja wide spread. Kali Puja gained popularity in the 19th century, when kali saint Shri Ramkrishna became popular among the Bengalis ; wealthy landowners began patronizing the festival on a grand scale. Along with Durga Puja, Kali Puja is the biggest festival in Tamluk, Barasat, Naihati, Barrackpore, Dhupguri, Dinhata.


title: Kali Puja

text: During Kali Puja (like Durga Puja) worshippers honour the goddess Kali in their homes in the form of clay sculptures and in "pandal"s (temporary shrines or open pavilions). She is worshipped at night with tantric rites and mantras. She is prescribed offerings of red hibiscus flowers, sweets, rice and lentils. It is prescribed that a worshipper should meditate throughout the night until dawn. Homes and pandals may also practice rites in the "Brahmanical" (mainstream Hindu-style, non-Tantric) tradition with ritual dressing of Kali in her form as Adya Shakti Kali and no animals are sacrificed. She is offered food and sweets made of rice, lentils, and fruits. However, in Tantric tradition, animals are ritually sacrificed on Kali Puja day and offered to the goddess. A celebration of Kali Puja in Kolkata, Bhubaneswar and in Guwahati is also held in a large cremation ground where she is believed to dwell. Barasat, Barrackpore, Naihati and Madhyamgram region of North 24 Parganas, In North Bengal: Dhupguri, Dinhata, Coochbehar is well known for their majestic pandals, lightings and Idols. Durga Puja of Kolkata is often said synonymously with Kali Puja of Barasat. The region experiences Lacs of footfalls during the days of the festival. People from different regions gather to witness the majestic Pandals.


title: Kali Puja

text: The "pandal"s also house images of Kali's consort, Shiva, two famous Bengali Kali devotees named Ramakrishna and Bamakhepa, along with scenes from mythology of Kali and her various forms, including images of the Mahavidyas, sometimes considered as the "ten Kalis." The Mahavidyas is a group of ten Tantric goddesses headed by Kali. People visit these "pandals" throughout the night. Kali Puja is also the time for magic shows, theater, and fireworks. Recent custom has incorporated wine consumption.


title: Kali Puja

text: In the Kalighat Temple in Kolkata, Kalikhetra Temple in Bhubaneswar and in Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati, Kali is worshipped as Lakshmi on this day so as to reflect an essence of Vaishnava Haldars on Kali worship. Goddess Lakshmi is worshiped in her three forms, Maha Lakshmi, Maha Kali and Maha Saraswati on this day. The temple is visited by thousands of devotees who give offerings to the goddess. Another famous temple dedicated to Kali in Kolkata is Dakshineswar Kali Temple, where Sri Rāmakrishna performed rites. Khepa kali tala (Khepi Maa) in Katwa.


title: Kali Puja

text: Although the widely popular annual Kali Puja celebration, also known as the "Dipanwita Kali Puja", is celebrated on the new moon day of the month of Kartika, Kali is also worshipped in other new moon days too. Three other major Kali Puja observations are "Ratanti Kali Puja", "Phalaharini Kali Puja" and "Kaushiki Kali Puja". Kaushiki Kali Puja is associated with Goddess Tara of Tarapith, while Ratanti puja is celebrated on Magha Krishna Chaturdashi and Phalaharini puja is celebrated on Jyeshta Amavashya of Bengali calendar. The "Phalaharini Kali Puja" is especially important in the life of the saint Ramakrishna and his wife Sarada Devi, since on this day in 1872, Ramakrishna worshipped Sarada Devi as the goddess Shodashi. In many Bengali and Assamese households, Kali is worshipped daily.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Cannabis in California has been legal for medical use since 1996, and for recreational use since late 2016. The state of California has been at the forefront of efforts to liberalize cannabis laws in the United States, beginning in 1972 with the nation's first ballot initiative attempting to legalize cannabis (Proposition 19). Although it was unsuccessful, California would later become the first state to legalize medical cannabis with the passage of the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 (Proposition 215). In November 2016, California voters approved the Adult Use of Marijuana Act (Proposition 64) to legalize the recreational use of cannabis.


title: Cannabis in California

text: As a result of recreational legalization, local governments (city and county) may not prohibit adults from growing, using, or transporting marijuana for personal use. Commercial activities can be regulated or prohibited by local governments although deliveries cannot be prohibited. Following recreational legalization, existing growers and suppliers of medical cannabis were required to register, comply with regulations, and apply for permits. Over half of the nonprofit dispensaries legally providing medical marijuana closed. Local agencies have been slow to approve retail stores selling cannabis for recreational purposes with most cities and counties banning retail with a wait and see approach. Many existing growers have been slow to apply for permits as it has been estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States comes from northern California. The export of marijuana to other states remains illegal since the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration considers it a Schedule I drug.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Reducing illegal activity is considered essential for the success of legal operations who pay the considerable taxes assessed by state and local authorities. Many people do not have nearby retail stores selling cannabis and continue to buy from unlicensed sellers. Illegal growing continues in remote rural areas. Raids and confiscation by law enforcement of illegal retail and grow operations has continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization.


title: Cannabis in California

text: California's main regulatory agencies were initially the Bureau of Cannabis Control (BCC), Department of Food and Agriculture, and Department of Public Health. Their responsibilities were merged under the Department of Cannabis Control in 2021.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Companies must be licensed by the local agency to grow, test, or sell cannabis within each jurisdiction. Cities and counties (unincorporated areas) may license none or only some of these activities. Deliveries by state-licensed firms cannot be prohibited by local jurisdictions as of January 2019 per BCC Regulation 5416. Unlicensed sales were not reduced as fast as many expected. The growth of the legal market has been inhibited since the majority of cities and counties have not allowed the retail sale of cannabis. Due to the continued operation of much illegal activity, heavy taxation is an important issue for licensed operators. They are concerned about the perceived lack of sufficient enforcement against illegal activities. The legal market includes the cost of mandatory testing. Transitioning from a provisional, temporary license to a permanent license has also been difficult. As of April 2020, about 82% of the cannabis licenses were still provisional. Authorities warn that the illegal market may contain pesticide or other chemical residues and mold. Other products sold illegally that have not been tested include edible products and vaping pens.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Since there are many communities where no stores have been allowed, state legislators have introduced bills that would force many local jurisdictions to allow some retail establishments especially if a majority in the area voted in favor of legalizing cannabis for recreational purposes. Local governments have been critical of the proposal and were joined by a May 2019 editorial in the Los Angeles Times that was critical of this type of legislation. State legislators argue that the lack of access to legal establishments is one reason the illegal sales continue.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Besides being licensed by each local agency, the industry was under three different state regulatory agencies. Retailers, distributors and testing labs were regulated by the Bureau of Cannabis Control. Cultivators were under the Department of Food and Agriculture's CalCannabis Cultivation Licensing Division. The Department of Public Health's Manufactured Cannabis Safety Branch dealt with product manufacturers. In July 2021, all government cannabis agencies were consolidated into the Department of California Cannabis Control.


title: Cannabis in California

text: California prohibits the export of marijuana to other states since with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration considers it a Schedule 1 drug. California grows up to five times more than its residents consume by some accounts. Others have estimated that 80% of the crop is shipped out of state. Exported cannabis not only escapes taxation or regulation by California but users in other states will pay a much higher price. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has investigated officials in several cities and counties.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Local governments may not prohibit adults from growing, using or transporting marijuana for personal use. An appeals court ruled that inmates who possess small amounts of marijuana in prison are not guilty of a felony crime. Attorney General Xavier Becerra's office had argued that possessing small amounts of marijuana is legally banned in prison which can result in significantly increasing a prisoner's sentence.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Cannabis is estimated to be the largest cash crop in California with a value of more than $11 billion.<includeonly></includeonly> The state provided most of the cannabis consumed in the United States prior to legalization which was intended to provide a transition to legal, licensed growing. The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requires a detailed analysis of the environmental impact of growers operations. Statewide, 208 growers had obtained regular, annual licenses by July 2019. At this point of some 18 months into legalization, 1,532 growers were still operating on provisional permits as they went through the CEQA process that requires extensive paperwork. Smaller farms were given five years to become established under legalization before larger growers were allowed to enter the market. Under the regulations set to expire in 2023, growers can have only one medium licence but there is no limit on the number of small licenses an individual grower can have. This loophole has allowed larger growers to operate.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Humboldt, Mendocino, and Trinity counties have long been known as Northern California's Emerald Triangle as it is estimated that 60 percent or more of all cannabis consumed in the United States is grown there. Registering and applying for permits has not been an easy decision for many long time growers in these three counties.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In Santa Barbara County, cannabis growing has taken over greenhouses that formerly grew flowers. In the first four months of legalization, the county had almost 800 permits issued for cultivators, the most of any county in the state.<ref name="VCS 2018/04/29"></ref>


title: Cannabis in California

text: Calaveras County registered more than seven hundred cultivators after county voters approved a tax in 2016.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Unlicensed growing continues in remote rural areas and has expanded according to law enforcement reports. Raids and confiscation of illegal grow operations by law enforcement has continued and in some cases stepped up after legalization. Illegal grows are partially responsible for record levels of water thefts during the drought that began in 2020.


title: Cannabis in California

text: A large number of insect pests are significant, along with some mammals: Mice, "Rattus rattus", "Neotoma" rat spp., "Thomomys" gopher spp., black-tailed deer ("Odocoileus hemionus columbianus"), and black bears ("Ursus americanus"). Powdery mildew "Sphaerotheca macularis" and various Pythium root rots ("Pythium" spp.) are important diseases in this crop. The Department of Pesticide Regulation provides legal guidance and treatment recommendations for all of these.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In July 2019, West Hollywood approved a cannabis consumption license for Lowell Herb Co, "the first of its kind in the nation". opened in September 2019 with a menu of cannabis for consumption, THC-infused drinks and meals for cannabis-enhanced sense of taste and smell. It includes the expertise of cannabis sommeliers, known as "budtenders" on site. It has since been rebranded as the "Original Cannabis Cafe", separating itself from the Lowell Farms corporate brand. A retail establishment Seaweed On Ocean, was licensed in Lompoc for on site consumption in July 2018 and opened December 2019, claims to be the first between Los Angeles and San Francisco.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Stores selling cannabis for recreational purposes have been banned from 80% of the 482 municipalities in California. In September 2019, 873 cannabis sellers had been licensed by the state while the United Cannabis Business Assn. conducted an audit that estimated there are approximately 2,835 unlicensed dispensaries and delivery services based on advertising. Legal retailers say the illegal market is larger than the legal market due to the high costs they pay in start-up permit costs and on-going taxes. They complain about the lack of effective enforcement against unlicensed shops.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Prior to 2018, about 2,000 nonprofit dispensaries legally provided medical marijuana. Legalization introduced regulations that increased the cost of operation and more than 65% of dispensaries shut their doors. Recreational marijuana shops began to open in January 2018, with many districts beginning recreational sales on the first or fifth of January 2018. In January, 2018, Los Angeles had no licensed retailers; the closest cities with licensed retail sales were Santa Ana on January 1 and West Hollywood on January 2. , 187 dispensaries had temporary city approval in Los Angeles. Los Angeles adopted an ordinance in 2018 to restrict some storefront and billboard advertising after research showed that young adults who lived near dispensaries that had storefront signage used marijuana more frequently than their peers and have more positive views about the drug.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Many dispensaries and delivery companies continued to operate under the stay-at-home order during the COVID-19 pandemic. With an executive order on March 22, Governor Gavin Newsom declared cannabis one of the enterprises to be considered an essential business.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Organizers of cannabis festivals are required to get permission from state and local agencies. Under the permits, they can let anyone 21 and older buy and smoke weed at the festival. In 2019, Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival in San Francisco became the first major music festival to offer legal cannabis for sale on site. The area was known as "Grass Lands" and sold more than $1 million in cannabis products such as edibles, vaping cartridges and joints over the three-day event.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Cannabis was cultivated for fiber and rope as early as 1795 in California, when cultivation began at Mission San Jose under the governorship of Diego de Borica. Cannabis was grown in several regions of Southern California, with two-thirds of it being grown on the missions. California produced 13,000 pounds of hemp in 1807, and 220,000 pounds in 1810. However, in 1810 Mexico began to rebel against the Spanish crown, and the subsidies for growing hemp were cut, leading to a near-disappearance of the crop. A few missions continued to grow it for local use, and the Russian colonists grew hemp at Fort Ross until the station was abandoned in 1841.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Among the early cultivators of cannabis for recreational use in California were Arabs, Armenians, and Turks who grew cannabis as early as 1895 to make hashish for local consumption. Unlike in other states where fears of black or Hispanic use of cannabis drove new restrictions, California was an exception for its focus on South Asian immigrants. A California delegate to the Hague Convention wrote in 1911: "Within the last year we in California have been getting a large influx of Hindoos and they have in turn started quite a demand for cannabis indica; they are a very undesirable lot and the habit is growing in California very fast."


title: Cannabis in California

text: The Poison Act was passed in California in 1907, and in 1913 an amendment was made to make possession of "extracts, tinctures, or other narcotic preparations of hemp, or loco-weed, their preparations and compounds" a misdemeanor. There is no evidence that the law was ever used or intended to restrict pharmaceutical cannabis; instead it was a legislative mistake, and in 1915 another amendment forbade the sale or possession of "flowering tops and leaves, extracts, tinctures and other narcotic preparations of hemp or loco weed ("Cannabis sativa"), Indian hemp" except with a prescription. Both bills were drafted and supported by the California State Board of Pharmacy.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In 1914, one of the first cannabis drug raids in the nation occurred in the Mexican-American neighborhood of Sonoratown in Los Angeles, where police raided two "dream gardens" and confiscated a wagonload of cannabis. In 1925, possession, which had previously been treated the same as distribution, became punishable by up to 6 years in prison, and black market sale, which had initially been a misdemeanor punishable by a $100–$400 fine and/or 50–180 days in jail for first offenders, became punishable by 6 months–6 years. In 1927, the laws designed to target opium usage were finally extended to Indian hemp. In 1929, second offenses for possession became punishable by sentences of 6 months–10 years. In 1937, cannabis cultivation became a separate offense.


title: Cannabis in California

text: By 1932, 60% of narcotics arrests in Los Angeles involved cannabis, which was considered "much less serious than the morphine cases." In 1954, penalties for marijuana possession were hiked to a minimum 1–10 years in prison, and sale was made punishable by 5–15 years with a mandatory 3 years before eligibility for parole; two prior felonies raised the maximum sentences for both offenses to life imprisonment.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In the 1950s and 1960s, the beatnik and later hippie cultures experimented with cannabis, driving increased interest in the drug. In 1964, the first cannabis legalization group was formed in the U.S. when Lowell Eggemeier of San Francisco was arrested, and his attorney established LEMAR (LEgalize MARijuana) shortly afterwards. By the mid-1960s, the "Saturday Evening Post" was publishing articles estimating that half the college population of California had tried cannabis. One writer commented that usage was: "so widespread that pot must be considered an integral part of the generation's life experience."


title: Cannabis in California

text: In the 1960s–1970s, people in California had developed the "sinsemilla" ("without seeds") method of producing cannabis, uprooting the male plants before they could pollinate the females, resulting a seedless and more potent cannabis. Around 1975, this technique arrived in Humboldt County, which was to become one of the nation's most famous centers of cannabis production. California growers received an unintentional advantage from the US government, which in the 1970s began spraying cannabis fields in Mexico with the herbicide paraquat. Fears of contamination led to a drop in demand for cheaper Mexican cannabis, and a corresponding increase in demand for California-grown cannabis. By 1979, 35% of cannabis consumed in California was grown in-state. By 2010, 79% of cannabis nationwide came from California.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Decriminalization of cannabiswhich treats possession of small amounts as a civil (rather than a criminal) offensewas established in July 1975 when the state legislature passed Senate Bill 95, the Moscone Act. SB 95 made possession of of marijuana a misdemeanor punishable by a $100 fine, with higher punishments for amounts greater than one ounce, for possession on school grounds, or for cultivation.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In 1999, a state law was allowed to expire that mandated a six-month driver's license suspension for possession of cannabis or other illegal drugs. The law was enacted in 1994 at the urging of Governor Pete Wilson, who argued that the policy kept unsafe drivers off the road and helped prevent illegal drug use. Critics argued that the punishment was excessive and often had nothing to do with the offense committed. The law resulted in as many as 100,000 license suspensions per year according to the California Department of Motor Vehicles.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Proposition 36 (also known as the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000) was approved by 61% of voters, requiring that "first and second offense drug violators be sent to drug treatment programs instead of facing trial and possible incarceration."


title: Cannabis in California

text: On September 30, 2010, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed into law CA State Senate Bill 1449, which further reduced the charge of possession of of cannabis or less, from a misdemeanor to an infraction, similar to a traffic violation—a maximum of a $100 fine and no mandatory court appearance or criminal record. The law became effective January 1, 2011.


title: Cannabis in California

text: The movement to legalize medical cannabis in the U.S. sprang out of San Francisco in the early 1990s, with efforts soon spreading statewide and eventually across the nation. Proposition P was approved by 79% of San Francisco voters in November 1991, calling on state lawmakers to pass legislation allowing the medical use of cannabis. The city board of supervisors additionally passed a resolution in August 1992 urging the police commission and district attorney to "make lowest priority the arrest or prosecution of those involved in the possession or cultivation of [cannabis] for medicinal purposes" and to "allow a letter from a treating physician to be used as prima facia evidence that marijuana can alleviate the pain and suffering of that patient's medical condition". The resolution enabled the open sale of cannabis to AIDS patients and others within the city, most notably through the San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club which was operated by medical cannabis activist Dennis Peron (who spearheaded Proposition P and later the statewide Proposition 215). Similar clubs appeared outside San Francisco in the ensuing years as other cities passed legislation to support the medical use of cannabis. The Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana was founded in 1993 after 75% of Santa Cruz voters approved Measure A in November 1992. And the Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative was founded in 1995 shortly before the city council passed multiple medical cannabis resolutions.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Following the lead of San Francisco and other cities in California, state lawmakers passed Senate Joint Resolution 8 in 1993, a non-binding measure calling on the federal government to enact legislation allowing physicians to prescribe cannabis. In 1994, Senate Bill 1364 was approved by state legislators, to reclassify cannabis as a Schedule II drug at the state level. And Assembly Bill 1529 was approved in 1995, to create a medical necessity defense for patients using cannabis with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis. Both SB 1364 and AB 1529 were vetoed by Governor Pete Wilson, however, paving the way for the passage of Proposition 215 in 1996.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Frustrated by vetoes of medical cannabis bills in successive years, medical cannabis advocates in California took the issue directly to the voters, collecting 775,000 signatures for qualification of a statewide ballot initiative in 1996. Proposition 215the Compassionate Use Act of 1996was subsequently approved with 56% of the vote, legalizing the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis by patients with a physician's recommendation, for treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or "any other illness for which marijuana provides relief". The law also allowed patient caregivers to cultivate cannabis, and urged lawmakers to facilitate the "safe and affordable distribution of marijuana".


title: Cannabis in California

text: Vague wording became a major criticism of Proposition 215, though the law has since been clarified through state Supreme Court rulings and the passage of subsequent laws. The first such legislative solution came in January 2003 with the passage of Senate Bill 420 (colloquially known as the Medical Marijuana Program Act). Senate Bill 420 established an identification card system for medical cannabis patients, and allowed the formation of non-profit collectives for provision of cannabis to patients.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In 2006 San Diego County filed a lawsuit over its required participation in the state ID card program, but the challenge was later struck down and the city was forced to comply. In January 2010 the California Supreme Court ruled in People v. Kelly that SB 420 did not limit the quantity of cannabis that a patient can possess. All possession limits were therefore lifted.


title: Cannabis in California

text: California was the first state to establish a medical cannabis program, enacted by Proposition 215 in 1996 and Senate Bill 420 in 2003. Proposition 215, also known as the Compassionate Use Act, allows people the right to obtain and use cannabis for any illness if they obtain a recommendation from a doctor. The Supreme Court of California has ruled there are no specified limits as to what a patient may possess in their private residence if the cannabis is strictly for the patient's own use. Medical cannabis identification cards are issued through the California Department of Public Health's Medical Marijuana Program (MMP). The program began in three counties in May 2005, and expanded statewide in August of the same year. 37,236 cards have been issued throughout 55 counties as of December 2009. However, cannabis dispensaries within the state accept recommendations, with an embossed license, from a doctor who has given the patient an examination and believes cannabis would be beneficial for their ailment.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Critics of California's medical cannabis program argued that the program essentially gave cannabis quasi-legality, as "anyone can obtain a recommendation for medical marijuana at any time for practically any ailment". Acknowledging that there were instances in which the system was abused and that laws could be improved, Stephen Gutwillig of the Drug Policy Alliance insisted that what Proposition 215 had accomplished was "nothing short of incredible". Gutwillig argued that because of the law, 200,000 patients in the state had safe and affordable access to medical cannabis to relieve pain and treat medical conditions, without having to risk arrest or buy off the black market.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Although Proposition 215 legalized medical cannabis in California, at the federal level it remained a Schedule I prohibited drug. Seeking to enforce this prohibition, the Justice Department conducted numerous raids and prosecutions of medical cannabis providers throughout the state in subsequent years. Who grows marijuana and where it comes from were lightly regulated. Federal authorities claimed that these medical marijuana businesses were fronts for the black market. Also rather than growing medical marijuana in small batches for patients, they claimed the cannabis was coming from Mexico or large hidden grows in California. Some state and local officials strongly supported these enforcement efforts, in particular Attorney General Dan Lungren who was a vocal opponent of Proposition 215 leading up to its passage. Other officials, such as San Francisco District Attorney Terence Hallinan, condemned the actions as a gross intrusion into the state's affairs. The raids and prosecutions increased in frequency throughout the Bush and Obama years, until finally in December 2014 the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment was enacted at the federal level.


title: Cannabis in California

text: One of the raids that occurred was at the Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana in Santa Cruz in September 2002. WAMM was a non-profit collective set up to provide cannabis to seriously ill patients, and was working closely with local authorities to follow all applicable state and local laws. On the morning of September 5, DEA agents equipped with paramilitary gear and semiautomatic weapons stormed the premises, destroyed all the cannabis plants, and arrested the property owners Mike and Valerie Corral. This prompted an angry response from nearby medical cannabis patientssome in wheelchairswho gathered at the site to block federal agents from leaving, until finally after three hours later the Corrals were released. The raid triggered a strong backlash from Santa Cruz city officials as well, who sanctioned an event two weeks later where cannabis was handed out to patients on the steps of city hall, attracting widespread media attention. The DEA was "appalled" by the event, but took no further action.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Further pushback against federal enforcement efforts occurred in June 2003 following the jury trial conviction of Ed Rosenthal, who had been raided by the DEA in 2002 for growing more than 100 cannabis plants in an Oakland warehouse. Because cannabis remained a prohibited substance under federal law, jurors could not be informed that Rosenthal had been deputized by the city of Oakland to grow the cannabis, or even that the cannabis was being used for medical purposes only. Rosenthal was easily convicted as a result; however, immediately following the trial, when jurors found out the true circumstances of the case, they publicly renounced the verdict they had just handed down and demanded a retrial. Judge Charles Breyer, in part influenced by the extraordinary action of the jurors, sentenced Rosenthal to just one day in jail, of which he had already served.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In July 2007, a new tactic was adopted by the DEA of threatening landlords renting to medical cannabis providers. Letters were sent to a number of property owners in the Los Angeles area, informing them that they faced up to 20 years in prison for violating the "crack house statute" of the Controlled Substances Act, in addition to seizure of their properties. This tactic subsequently spread to other areas of California, while DEA raids continued to increase as well in the following years. In October 2011 an extensive and coordinated crackdown on California's cannabis dispensaries was announced by the chief prosecutors of the state's four federal districts.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Three major court cases originated in California that attempted to challenge the federal government's ability to enforce federal law in states that have legalized medical cannabis. "Conant v. McCaffrey" was brought forth in response to various threats made by the federal government against doctors who recommend cannabis to patients. Decided in 2000, it upheld the right of physicians to recommend but not prescribe cannabis. In "United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative" (decided in 2001), it was argued that medical use of cannabis should be permitted as constituted by a "medical necessity"but this argument was unsuccessful. In "Gonzales v. Raich" (decided in 2005), the constitutionality of the Controlled Substances Act was challenged based on the idea that cannabis grown and consumed in California does not qualify as interstate commercebut this argument was also found to be without merit.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In 1972, California became the first state to vote on a ballot measure seeking to legalize cannabis. Proposition 19the California Marijuana Initiativesought to legalize the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis, but did not allow for commercial sales. The initiative was spearheaded by the group Amorphia, which was founded in 1969 (by Blair Newman) and financed its activities through the sale of hemp rolling papers. It was ultimately defeated by a wide margin (33–67%), but supporters were encouraged by the results, which provided momentum to other reform efforts in California in subsequent years. In 1974, Amorphia ran into financial difficulties and became the California chapter of NORML.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In February 2009, Tom Ammiano introduced the Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act, which would remove penalties under state law for the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana for persons the age of 21 or older. When the Assembly Public Safety Committee approved the bill on a 4 to 3 vote in January 2010, this marked the first time in United States history that a bill legalizing marijuana passed a legislative committee. While the legislation failed to reach the Assembly floor, Ammiano stated his plans to reintroduce the bill later in the year, depending on the success of Proposition 19, the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act. According to "Time", California tax collectors estimated the bill would have raised about $1.3 billion a year in revenue.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Critics such as John Lovell, lobbyist for the California Peace Officers' Association, argued that too many people already struggle with alcohol and drug abuse, and legalizing another mind-altering substance would lead to a surge of use, making problems worse. Apart from helping the state's budget by enforcing a tax on the sale of cannabis, proponents of the bill argued that legalization would reduce the amount of criminal activity associated with the drug.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In November 2010, California voters rejected Proposition 19 (by a vote of 53.5% to 46.5%), an initiative that would have legalized the use, possession, and cultivation of cannabis for adults age 21 and over, and regulated its sale similar to alcohol. The initiative faced stiff opposition from numerous police organizations in the state, while many growers in the Emerald Triangle were strongly opposed due to fears that corporate megafarms would put them out of business. The initiative was also undercut by the passage of Senate Bill 1449 a month before the election. Proposition 19 was spearheaded by Richard Lee, founder of Oaksterdam University.


title: Cannabis in California

text: On November 8, 2016, Proposition 64the Adult Use of Marijuana Actpassed by a 57% to 43% vote, legalizing the use, sale, and cultivation of recreational cannabis in California for adults 21 and over. The initiative was certified for the ballot on June 28, 2016, after supporters handed in more than 600,000 raw signatures of the 365,000 certified signatures that were required. The initiative received the largest amount of support from Napster founder Sean Parker who contributed more than $8.6 million of the $25 million that was raised in support of the initiative. Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom was the highest-ranking official in the state to endorse the initiative; it was also endorsed by several of the state's major newspapers including the Los Angeles Times, San Francisco Chronicle, San Diego Union-Tribune, Orange County Register, and San Jose Mercury News.


title: Cannabis in California

text: Immediately upon certification of the November 2016 ballot results, adults age 21 or older were allowed to:


title: Cannabis in California

text: Licenses were issued to allow cultivation and business establishment beginning in 2018. Legal sales for non-medical use were allowed by law beginning January 1, 2018, following formulation of new regulations on retail market by the state's Bureau of Medical Cannabis Regulation (to be renamed Bureau of Marijuana Control).


title: Cannabis in California

text: Proposition 64 is not meant in any way to affect, amend, or restrict the statutes provided for medical cannabis in California under Proposition 215.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In 2016, in response to Proposition 64, State Treasurer John Chiang set up a working group to explore access to financial services for legal marijuana-related businesses operating in California, as access to banking services has been a problem due to the additional burdens mandated by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) on financial institutions to assure that any marijuana related business clients are in compliance with all state laws.


title: Cannabis in California

text: After the adoption of Proposition 64, California has been pioneering the CalCannabis Appellations Project (CAP), to develop appellations of origin for cannabis products. The California Department of Food and Agriculture claims that the CAP will "promote regional cannabis goods and local businesses, prevent the misrepresentation of a cannabis good’s origin, and support consumer confidence about a cannabis good’s origin and characteristics." A series of consultations are underway to develop the CAP.


title: Cannabis in California

text: In September 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom signed into law a number of cannabis-related reforms, including bills to protect cannabis users from healthcare discrimination, require child welfare social workers to treat parental cannabis use the same as alcohol, prevent employees from being fired for cannabis use outside of work hours (with exceptions for federal employees or workers in safety-sensitive positions), allow veterinarians to recommend medical cannabis for pets, and facilitate the sealing of records for certain cannabis offenses.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: Ricardo Alberto Darín (born 16 January 1957) is an Argentine actor, film director and film producer, he is considered one of the best and most prolific actors of Argentine cinema.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: Considered one of the greatest and most acclaimed movie stars of his country, he played a number of parts in TV series for several years where he became popular as a young leading actor. His most prominent roles as a film actor include "Nine Queens" (2000), "El hijo de la novia" (2001), "Luna de Avellaneda" (2004), "The Aura" (2005) and "La señal" (2007), which was also his directorial debut.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: He starred in the Academy Award winning film for Best Foreign Picture "The Secret in Their Eyes" (2009). In 2011, the Konex Foundation bestowed upon him their Diamond Award, one of the most prestigious awards in Argentina, for being the most important personality in entertainment in the last decade in his country. In 2015, he received the Goya Award for Best Actor for the film "Truman".


title: Ricardo Darín

text: Darín was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 26 January 1957, to actor Ricardo Darín Sr. and actress Renée Roxana. His family is of Italian and Lebanese origin, and has held strong ties to the Argentine showbusiness community. His parents divorced in 1969 when he was 12 years old, and his father died of cancer on 5 January 1989.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: Darín was ten years old when he made his theater debut alongside his parents. By the age of sixteen he had achieved a stable position in television in Argentina, in TV shows such as "Alta comedia" and "Estación Retiro", under the patronage of Alberto Migré, Argentina's major TV producer at the time.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: During the 1980s, while still collaborating with Migré, Darín was acclaimed as one of the "galancitos" (Spanish for "charmers"), a group of young actors that adapted popular TV programs into theater productions. The "galancitos" were very popular all over Argentina. In 1987, Darín starred in the television show "Estrellita mía", with Andrea Del Boca, and two years later in the show "Rebelde", with Grecia Colmenares.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: He switched to comedy in the early 1990s, which led to his greatest television success co-starring in the remake of the 1970s TV show "Mi cuñado" (1993–1996), alongside Luis Brandoni.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: Despite his success on television, Darín never left theater and continued to perform in productions such as "La extraña pareja" (a Spanish adaptation of Neil Simon's "The Odd Couple") (1984), "Taxi" (1985), "Sugar" (1986–1987), "Rumores" (1990), "Algo en común" (1995) and "Art" (1997–1999). He debuted as theater director in 1990, with the production "Pájaros in the nait", starring Adrián Suar, Diego Torres and Leonardo Sbaraglia.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: He started his film career by appearing in films mainly aimed for young audiences, such as "He nacido en la ribera", "Así es la vida", "La rabona" and "Los éxitos del amor", "La carpa del amor", "La discoteca del amor" and "La canción de Buenos Aires". He then shifted to more mature roles, which permitted him to appear in films such as "El desquite, Revancha de un amigo" and "La Rosales".


title: Ricardo Darín

text: The critics first noted and praised Darín for his role in the film "Perdido por perdido", directed by the newcomer Alberto Lecchi. He then appeared in Eduardo Mignogna's "The Lighthouse" ("El faro" in Spanish), and starred in Juan José Campanella's "Same Love, Same Rain" ("El mismo amor, la misma lluvia" in Spanish), which brought him further critical acclaim. But his success on film was established by his role as Marcos, a con artist in the midst of Argentina's financial crisis, in the 2000 film "Nine Queens" ("Nueve Reinas" in Spanish), in which he starred alongside Gastón Pauls.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: After the success of "Nine Queens", Darín played a minor role in Mignona's "La fuga" ("The Escape"), in 2001. In that same year, he co-starred in "Son of the Bride" ("El hijo de la novia"), alongside Norma Aleandro and Héctor Alterio. The film was a commercial and critical success, resulting in its nomination for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and its winning the Silver Condor Award for Best Film.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: Darín then starred in the comedy film "Samy y yo", with Angie Cepeda, in 2002. He also starred with Cecilia Roth in "Kamchatka", a drama that was Argentina's official submission for the 2002 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but it was not nominated by the Academy.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: In 2004 he co-starred with actress Mercedes Morán in the film "Moon of Avellaneda" ("Luna de Avellaneda"), in which he played a man trying to save his childhood club from bankruptcy. In 2005 he portrayed a taxidermist with photographic memory who unknowingly gets himself involved in a crime scheme in the film "The Aura". This last performance earned him an Argentine Film Critics Association Silver Condor Award for Best Actor and a Clarín Award for Best Actor.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: In 2006 he and Juan José Campanella were awarded Spanish citizenship by certificate of naturalization, a special concession given by the Kingdom of Spain to people of particular merit. That same year, he starred in the Spanish film "The Education of Fairies" ("La educación de las hadas"), alongside Bebe and Irène Jacob.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: In 2007 he appeared in the film "XXY", where he plays the troubled father of an intersex teenage daughter. That same year, he starred and debuted as a film director in the film "La señal" ("The Signal"), a project Eduardo Magnogna left unfinished after his death.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: In 2009 he starred with Soledad Villamil and Guillermo Francella in "The Secret in Their Eyes" ("El secreto de sus ojos"), a film by Juan José Campanella. The film won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was the second biggest box-office hit in the history of Argentine cinema. His performance as Benjamín Espósito earned Darín a second Silver Condor Award for Best Actor and his first nomination for the Goya Award in that same category.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: Also in 2009 he appeared in the Spanish film "El baile de la Victoria", which earned him a nomination for the Goya Award, this time as Best Actor in a Supporting Role.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: In 2010 he starred in Pablo Trapero's "Carancho", with Martina Gusmán, where he played the role of an unscrupulous lawyer.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: In 2011, along with Muriel Santa Ana and Ignacio Huang, he starred in Sebastián Borensztein's successful "Chinese Take-Away" ("Un cuento chino"). That same year he was awarded two Konex Awards: the Platinum Konex for Best Actor, and the Bright Konex for the Most Influential Figure in Argentine Show Business in the 2001–2010 Decade.


title: Ricardo Darín

text: In 2012 he starred in "White Elephant" ("Elefante blanco"), again along with Martina Gusmán. The following year he starred in the box-office hits "Tesis sobre un homicidio" ("Thesis on a Homicide") and "7th Floor" ("Séptimo").