title: How to Build a Better Boy

text: Later that day, Albert asks Mae to Homecoming. Feeling overwhelmed, she tries to explain to Albert that she does not feel like she deserves to be his girlfriend. Gabby and Mae talk privately. Gabby thinks the whole thing is getting out of hand and Albert is coming between them. Mae eventually agrees to go with Albert to the dance.


title: How to Build a Better Boy

text: At the Hartley house, Bart and Gabby witness Zephyr, Weevil and Pox, members of the international arms dealer group Black Sigma, breaking into the house in search of the prototype soldier. During a school football game, Gabby unsuccessfully tries to warn Mae about Albert being a robot soldier, but the two get into an argument. Albert is chosen to play in the game and helps the team stage a comeback. Army soldiers led by McFee arrive at the game following an EMP-caused power outage caused by Black Sigma that short circuits Albert's wiring.


title: How to Build a Better Boy

text: The Black Sigma members are captured by the army and Albert begins a global mission to fight danger. Mae and Gabby are told by McFee that they must forget about Albert's existence. Mae is upset, but she believes that Albert will still arrive for the homecoming dance, and James is surprised when he does. McFee tells James that the army has known all along that Albert would return for the homecoming dance. McFee plans to retrieve Albert, but James convinces him to wait until Albert completes his mission, which is to kiss Mae at the dance. McFee and the army lead a mission to make the night perfect for Albert and Mae, which includes stuffing the ballot box to make them the homecoming king and queen.


title: How to Build a Better Boy

text: Nevaeh tries to ruin Mae's night but is dumped by Jaden in the process. When Mae is crowned homecoming queen, she feels conflicted, while Nevaeh is disappointed. Jaden tells Gabby and Bart that he originally intended to ask Mae to homecoming, but was not brave enough to do so. Gabby and Mae reconcile.


title: How to Build a Better Boy

text: Mae and Albert dance, but as he attempts to kiss her, she backs away and reveals that even though the moment is perfect, it does not feel right. Mae realizes she wants a relationship with a real boy who is not perfectly manipulated. Albert is impressed by her emotional depth. He points out that the army is here to retrieve him, and Mae fulfills his request to initiate his self-destruct after he tells her that it is what he wants. Albert bids her goodbye and begins to pulsate with lights. Gabby, Mae, and the guests watch as Albert breaks out of the venue through the ceiling and is destroyed.


title: How to Build a Better Boy

text: Bart covers and thanks Principal Fragner for the 'awesome special effects'. The party continues, and Jaden asks Mae out. She tells him she will reply later. Mae and Gabby are excited that Jaden told Mae how he feels, but Mae says no boy will get in the way of their friendship. However, Gabby reveals that she has changed her mind about boys and is now dating Bart.


title: How to Build a Better Boy

text: Production began in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and was filmed at North Toronto Collegiate Institute primarily. It is directed by Paul Hoen, executive produced by Robin Schorr and Adam Kossack, co-executive produced by Dan Seligmann and written by Jason Mayland.


title: How to Build a Better Boy

text: The film was originally released on Watch Disney Channel on August 11, 2014. It premiered on August 15, 2014 on Disney Channel in the United States and Family Channel in Canada. Ariana Grande's music video for "Break Free" also aired on Disney Channel during the movie as well as new episodes of "Dog With a Blog" and "Girl Meets World" following and preceding the movie. Disney Channel (Netherlands & Flanders) has an airdate of September 6, 2014. Disney Channel (UK & Ireland) has a release date of September 19, 2014. The film aired in Turkey on Moviemax Family on November 22, 2015.


title: How to Build a Better Boy

text: The August 15, 2014 premiere airing of "How to Build a Better Boy" on Disney Channel drew 4.6 million viewers.


title: How to Build a Better Boy

text: American singers China Anne McClain and Kelli Berglund recorded the song "Something Real" from the movie. It was released as a digital download in 2014 by Walt Disney Records.


title: Hypocaust

text: A hypocaust () is a system of central heating in a building that produces and circulates hot air below the floor of a room, and may also warm the walls with a series of pipes through which the hot air passes. This air can warm the upper floors as well. The word derives from the Ancient Greek meaning "under" and , meaning "burnt" (as in "caustic"). The earliest reference to such a system suggests that the temple of Ephesus in 350 BC was heated in this manner, although Vitruvius attributes its invention to Sergius Orata in c. 80 BC. Its invention improved the hygiene and living conditions of citizens, and was a forerunner of modern central heating.


title: Hypocaust

text: Hypocausts were used for heating hot baths and other public buildings in Ancient Rome. They were also used in private homes. It was a must for the villas of the wealthier merchant class throughout the Roman Empire. The ruins of Roman hypocausts have been found throughout Europe (for example in Italy, England, Spain, France, Switzerland and Germany) and in Africa as well.


title: Hypocaust

text: The ceiling of the hypocaust was raised above the ground by pillars, called pilae stacks, supporting a layer of tiles, followed by a layer of concrete, then the floor tiles of the rooms above. Hot air and smoke from the furnace would circulate through this enclosed area and then up through clay or tile flues in the walls of the rooms above to outlets in the roof, thereby heating the floors and walls of the rooms above. These tile flues were referred to as "caliducts".


title: Hypocaust

text: Rooms intended to be the warmest were located nearest to the furnace below, the heat output of which was regulated by adjusting the amount of wood fed to the fire. It was expensive and labour-intensive to run a hypocaust, as it required constant attention to the fire and a lot of fuel, so it was a feature usually encountered only in large villas and public baths.


title: Hypocaust

text: Vitruvius describes their construction and operation in his work "De architectura" in about 15 BC, including details about how fuel could be conserved by building the hot room (caldarium) for men next to that for women, with both adjacent to the tepidarium, so as to run the public baths efficiently. He also describes a device for adjusting the heat by a bronze ventilator in the domed ceiling.


title: Hypocaust

text: In 1984–1985, in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, excavations in the ancient settlement of Dzalisi uncovered a large castle complex, featuring a well-preserved hypocaust built between 200 and 400 BC.


title: Hypocaust

text: Dating back to 1000 BC, Korean houses have traditionally used "ondol" to provide floor heating on similar principles as the hypocaust, drawing smoke from a wood fire typically used for cooking. Ondol heating was common in Korean homes until the 1960s, by which time dedicated ondol installations were typically used to warm the main room of the house, burning a variety of fuels such as coal and biomass.


title: Hypocaust

text: With the decline of the Roman Empire, the hypocaust fell into disuse in the western provinces, but not in the Eastern Roman empire. In Britain, from c.400 until c.1900, it was thought that central heating did not exist, and hot baths were rare. However, an evolution of the hypocaust was used in some monasteries in calefactories, or warming rooms, which were heated via underground fires, as in the Roman hypocaust, but retained heat via granite stones. In Eastern Europe, the development of radiant ceramic or stone stoves were also used. In the Iberian Peninsula, the Roman system was adopted for the heating of Hispano-Islamic baths "(hammams)" of Al Andalus. A derivation of hypocaust, the "gloria", was in use in Castile until the arrival of modern heating. After the fuel (mainly wood) was reduced to ashes, the air intake was closed to keep hot air inside and to slow combustion.


title: Killers (Kiss album)

text: Killers is the second compilation album by American hard rock group Kiss. It was released only outside the US, but quickly became available as an import. Of the album's twelve songs, four were new compositions recorded specifically for it: "I'm a Legend Tonight," "Down on Your Knees," "Nowhere to Run" and "Partners in Crime." These new songs were recorded at the behest of Phonogram, in response to the commercial failure of 1981's "Music from "The Elder"".


title: Killers (Kiss album)

text: By 1982, Kiss' commercial popularity was at its nadir. 1980's "Unmasked" had barely achieved gold certification in the United States, and the band toured exclusively outside the US for the first time in their career that year, aside from one show in New York which introduced Eric Carr as their new official drummer. "Music from "The Elder"" fared even worse, as it failed to gain any certification, and the band did not tour behind it at all. The album, released in November 1981, was off the charts by February 1982.


title: Killers (Kiss album)

text: Phonogram (the parent company of Kiss' label Casablanca Records) then requested that Kiss record four new songs, to be included on an upcoming greatest hits album. Phonogram requested hard rock songs specifically, in contrast to the progressive rock-style of "Music from "The Elder"". The album cover featured the streamlined look the band had adopted during the "Elder" period.


title: Killers (Kiss album)

text: Numerous outside songwriters and session musicians were employed for the writing and recording of the four new songs on "Killers", as well as the subsequent album, "Creatures of the Night". Songwriter and musician Mikel Japp, who co-wrote three songs on Paul Stanley's 1978 solo album, co-wrote "Down on Your Knees" with Stanley and Bryan Adams. Adam Mitchell, another outside songwriter, was brought in by producer Michael James Jackson.


title: Killers (Kiss album)

text: Despite being pictured on the album's cover art (from the photo session for "Music from "The Elder""), lead guitarist and co-founder Ace Frehley did not participate at all in the production of "Killers". He had essentially ended his active involvement with Kiss in late 1981, although he would not officially leave the group until the end of 1982, after the release of "Creatures of the Night". His replacement for the "Killers" sessions was Bob Kulick, who had previously substituted for Frehley on a handful of studio tracks on 1977's "Alive II"; however, whereas Kulick had been asked to mimic Frehley's playing style when recording for "Alive II", he was permitted to employ his own techniques for "Killers". The four new songs were considered a "primer" for Kiss' next release, while some fans have indicated that fan club memos at the time listed Frehley as "temporarily out of action," possibly due to a car accident or something similar, and originally listed Vinnie Vincent as a temporary replacement for Frehley.


title: Killers (Kiss album)

text: Due to the large volume of Kiss live albums and greatest hits albums already available domestically, Phonogram decided to issue the album outside the US. The album sold in moderate numbers, reaching its highest chart position of No. 6 in Norway. None of the singles released from the album charted in any country. Also, due to the shape of the S in their band logo, there were two covers: one with the standard "S", and a more European friendly version with a "backwards"-Z shape.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Dirk Gently is a British comic science fiction detective television series based on characters from the novel "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency" by Douglas Adams. The series was created by Howard Overman and stars Stephen Mangan as holistic detective Dirk Gently and Darren Boyd as his sidekick Richard MacDuff. Recurring actors include Helen Baxendale as MacDuff's girlfriend Susan Harmison, Jason Watkins as Dirk's nemesis DI Gilks and Lisa Jackson as Dirk's receptionist Janice Pearce. Unlike most detective series "Dirk Gently" features broadly comic touches and even some science fiction themes such as time travel and artificial intelligence.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Dirk Gently operates his Holistic Detective Agency based on the "fundamental interconnectedness of all things", which relies on random chance methods to uncover connections between seemingly-unrelated cases. He claims that he follows the principles of quantum mechanics. Although the majority of his clients suspect he may be a conman, he often produces surprising results. With the help of his assistant/partner, Richard MacDuff, Dirk investigates a number of seemingly unrelated but interconnected cases.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: An hour-long pilot episode loosely based on plot elements from Adams' 1987 novel was broadcast on BBC Four on 16 December 2010. Critical reception was generally positive. A full series of three one-hour episodes was subsequently commissioned in March 2011 and was broadcast on BBC Four in March 2012.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: The series was produced by ITV Studios and The Welded Tandem Picture Company for BBC Cymru Wales and shot in Bristol. The pilot was written by Howard Overman and directed by Damon Thomas. The full series was written by Overman, Matt Jones and Jamie Mathieson and directed by Tom Shankland. The series along with the pilot episode was released on DVD on 26 March 2012 by ITV Studios Home Entertainment. An original television soundtrack album featuring music from the series composed by Daniel Pemberton was released by 1812 Recordings on 5 March 2012.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: The novel "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency" has its origins in the incomplete 1979 "Doctor Who" television serial "Shada", featuring Tom Baker as the Fourth Doctor. Location filming in Cambridge had been completed, but a studio technicians' dispute at the BBC meant that studio segments were not completed, and the serial was never transmitted.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: As a result of the serial's cancellation, Adams reused a number of ideas from this script and his other "Doctor Who" scripts as the basis for a new novel, "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency", published in 1987. Adams published another, "The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul" in 1988 and at the time of his death in 2001 was working on a third installment to be titled "The Salmon of Doubt", fragments of which were published posthumously. Each novel features new characters and scenarios, although Dirk (real name Svlad Cjelli), his "ex-secretary" Janice Pearce and Sergeant, later Inspector, Gilks recur in each.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: The first Gently novel had previously been adapted into a stage play, "Dirk" and a BBC Radio 4 series by Above the Title Productions which was first broadcast in October 2007 and featured comedian Harry Enfield in the title role. According to James Donaghy, Douglas Adams was frustrated that his Dirk Gently novels were never adapted for the screen.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: During Hitchcon - a "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" convention - Ed Victor, a literary agent who represents Adams's estate announced that a television adaptation of "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency" was in production. Stephen Mangan was announced to be playing Gently, with Darren Boyd as MacDuff and Helen Baxendale as Susan. It is the first television adaptation of Adams' "Dirk Gently" series, although characters from the books had appeared in a 1992 episode of "The South Bank Show".


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Shooting on the pilot commenced early in October 2010 in Bristol. The director was Damon Thomas and the producer was Chris Carey. Although it was commissioned by the BBC, it was produced by ITV Studios with The Welded Tandem Picture Company. The pilot was first broadcast on BBC Four on 16 December 2010 and was repeated a number of times during the next month.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: The pilot gained a commission on 31 March 2011 for a three-part series of one hour-long episodes broadcast on BBC Four in March 2012. The series is the first continuing drama series commissioned by BBC Four.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: The screenplay of the pilot by Howard Overman is not a direct adaptation of the novel, but uses certain characters and situations from the novel to form the basis of a new drama centred around Dirk. Speaking about his interpretation, Howard Overman stated in an interview with Benji Wilson "I'm not even going to try to adapt the book: you can't adapt this story. Especially not on a BBC Four budget. We made the deliberate decision not to do a straight translation of the books. If we'd done that the fans would have felt badly let down, because you can never portray that world on the screen as well as it's been done in people's own imaginations...If you just do a straight adaptation like "The Hitchhiker's Guide" film, people are always going to be quite brutal about it because it's never going to live up to their expectations."


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Stephen Mangan, writing a BBC blog on the programme stated "In my opinion, "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency" and "The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul" are unfilmable as written...too much happens, there are too many ideas".


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: The pilot concentrates on two relatively minor plot strands in "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency": the disappearance of a cat, and the simultaneous disappearance of billionaire Gordon Way. Although time travel is involved in the solution, the novel's entire St Cedd's College / Electric Monk / Coleridge strand is omitted, although key words relating to these elements do appear on Dirk's whiteboard when it is first seen, though they are never subsequently referred to. Other elements from the book, such as the trapped sofa, are also absent and the setting is updated to 2010, with email and voicemail replacing the answering machine messages in the book. There are changes to the characters too, one notable one being that Susan is Gordon's ex-girlfriend rather than his sister.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Several additional elements from Adams' novels, in particular St Cedd's College, were later to appear in the full series. Interviewed about the series, Mangan noted that "All three episodes are very different in tone and you get a different Dirk with each one...He's on the run from the police in one of them and in another there's a bit of romance in the air, which for Dirk is a surprise because he's probably the most asexual character on TV... There seems to be a vogue for dark, realistic, gritty detective series, apart from perhaps "Sherlock". Dirk has so much humour in it. How many other detectives mix detection with quantum mechanics or drive a 30-year-old brown Austin Leyland Princess?"


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Each episode of series one was written by different writers, who are mostly known for their contributions to science fiction and fantasy programmes; series creator Howard Overman also created "Misfits" and has written for "Merlin", Matt Jones has previously written the "Doctor Who" stories "The Impossible Planet"/"The Satan Pit" and Jamie Mathieson wrote the film "Frequently Asked Questions About Time Travel" and has written scripts for "Being Human" and "Doctor Who".


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Stephen Mangan, best known for his role in the television series "Green Wing" was cast in the main role as holistic detective Dirk Gently. Mangan already knew the novel and the author's works, stating in a press release "I've been a fan of Douglas Adams ever since the Hitchhiker's radio series which I used to record as a child and listen to over and over again in my bedroom. It's such a thrill to now be playing one of his brilliant characters. Dirk is a chaotic, anarchic force of nature with a totally unique take on the world. He is described as 'lazy, untidy, dismissive and unreliable'. I've absolutely no idea why they thought I'd be right for the role." Cast alongside him were Darren Boyd and Helen Baxendale, both of whom had previously worked with Mangan in "Green Wing" and "" respectively.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Darren Boyd and Helen Baxendale returned for the full series, with the character of Richard MacDuff becoming Dirk's "partner/assistant" for each of the episodes. Other regular cast members are Jason Watkins as Detective Inspector Gilks and Lisa Jackson as Dirk's secretary Janice Pearce.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: The programme pilot featured appearances from Doreen Mantle, Anthony Howell, Miles Richardson, Billy Boyle. Episode one saw guest appearances by Paul Ritter, Cosima Shaw, Ken Collard, Colin McFarlane and Miranda Raison. Episode two featured roles for Bill Paterson, Sylvestra Le Touzel, Lydia Wilson, Andrew Leung, Will Sharpe and Bethan Hanks. Episode three features Lisa Dillon and Tony Pitts.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Although the series is set in the London boroughs of Camden Town and Islington, the series was shot entirely in Bristol. Areas and buildings featured in the programme included the Guildhall, the Bottle Yard, St Thomas Street and the Greenbank area. The second series episode also featured extensive filming around the University of Bristol, with Wills Hall doubling as the fictional Cambridge College St. Cedd's.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: The production's location manager, Rob Champion, noted that each location had to be chosen carefully to avoid featured giveaway clues to Bristol, in particular any building made of the local building material, limestone. He noted that "Episode 2 was the greatest challenge as it included two days material in a robotic laboratory. Bristol has such a thing...a joint venture between the two universities, with a very helpful professor, but its landlord was an American corporation with the most unimaginably anal restrictions on access. They basically didn't want us there and took the best part of two weeks to say so...We eventually settled upon a brand new building at the Bristol-Bath Science Park where they could not have been more helpful. All this on a BBC4 budget."


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: The series's soundtrack was composed by Daniel Pemberton. In creating the distinctive sound for the main titles and incidental music, Pemberton made use of a Marxophone, a zither which is a cross between a hammered dulcimer and a piano. These instruments were produced in America between 1927 and 1972. The soundtrack also mixes in a harpsichord, synth, bass guitar and drums. A soundtrack album featuring music from the series was released by 1812 Recordings on 5 March 2012.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Dirk Gently (real name Svlad Cjelli) operates a Holistic Detective Agency based on the "fundamental interconnectedness of all things". To solve cases, Dirk relies on random chance methods for example "Zen navigation" (following people or vehicles who look like they know where they are going, in the hope that while you might not get to where you were originally headed, you might still end up somewhere you needed to be, even if you didn't originally know you needed to be there.) or throwing a dart at a board of words to select the direction of his detection. By following up on apparently random occurrences and whims, Dirk discovers connections between seemingly unrelated cases and often produces surprising results. He claims that he follows the principles of quantum mechanics (although it is implied when he speaks to an expert in these fields that he doesn't really understand them); most people suspect he is just a conman and he rarely gets paid by clients and is therefore in almost permanent financial difficulty.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: In the pilot episode, Dirk bumps into a former university friend, Richard MacDuff, who has been made redundant from a job at an electricity board, and takes on a case for him. During the course of his investigation, Dirk hypnotises MacDuff and persuades him into investing his £20,000 redundancy money in his failing detective agency. MacDuff therefore becomes Dirk's partner in the business and "assistant" on investigations. Richard MacDuff's girlfriend, Dr Susan Harmison, was also at university with the pair and is deeply sceptical about Dirk's abilities. Also present at the Agency is Dirk's receptionist Janice Pearce, whom Dirk has not paid for years and who therefore refuses to do any work.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: The pilot episode gained 1.1m viewers (3.9% share) on BBC Four, which was over three times the channel's slot average. Critical reception for the pilot was largely positive. Several mentioned that it was only a loose adaptation of the novel, although the general consensus was that the essence of the original was maintained. Sam Wollaston in "The Guardian" stated "Coming to it fresh, it's a neat story about aforementioned missing cat and time travel, with a smattering of quantum physics and the fundamental connectedness of things. With a lovely performance from Doreen Mantle as the old lady/murderer. Stephen Mangan's good in the title role, too – a teeny bit irritating perhaps, but then Mangan is a teeny bit irritating. So is Dirk Gently, though – it's perfect. Funny too. Quite funny." James Donaghy, also writing in "The Guardian" stated "Personally I hope Dirk Gently gets made into a full series. The programme shows promising glimpses, has a strong cast and Misfits already proves Overman can write. And a BBC4 adaptation feels like a good fit – Gently being exactly the kind of playground-of-the-imagination curio the BBC made its name indulging."


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: "The Independent" published two reviews. Alice-Azania Jarvis was extremely positive, writing "...there wasn't very much you could fault about the production at all. Right down to the quirky camerawork and youthful, poppy soundtrack (who would have thought the Hoosiers could be so right in any situation?), the director, Damon Thomas, got it pretty spot-on. The result was a pleasingly festive-feeling adventure; part "Wallace and Gromit", part "Doctor Who", part "The Secret Seven". And the best thing? There wasn't a Christmas tree in sight. Douglas Adams once claimed that Gently would make a better film character than his more famous hero, Arthur Dent. Based on last night's experience, he may well have been right." John Walsh's review for "The Independent" was cooler about the adaptation, although he praised Mangan's performance: "Given the talent and style on display, it should have been a scream. In fact it all seemed a little moth-eaten. Though set in the modern day, it was staggeringly old-fashioned...You could overlook these faults, however, for the joy of Stephen Mangan's performance as the titular gumshoe. With his alarmed-spaniel eyes and jutting-jawed stroppiness, his geography teacher elbow-patches and Medusan hair, he radiates mess...His ineptness as a sleuth provided some fine comic moments.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Paul Whitelaw in "Metro" was also positive, although he noted "At times it felt forced, with a sense of trying slightly too hard when a touch more subtlety would have brought out the essential Adamsian eccentricity." Dan Owen of "Obsessed with Film" noted that the adaptation played with the idea of inexplicable situations: "Purists may grumble this isn't the Dirk Gently they wanted to see, but it's more accessible and practicable. And while Dirk Gently is certainly another gimmicky detective series (yawn), its details are unique and engrossing enough to shrug off the genre's clichés. In some ways it's a pastiche of whodunits, taking the genre's often tenuous explanations to an outrageous extreme."


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Paul Whitelaw in "The Scotsman" noted that "Although Adams's more ambitious concepts are sidelined in favour of a more prosaic - if nonetheless enjoyable - sci-fi mystery, Overman captures at least some of the wit and whimsy of his distinctive comic voice" going on to suggest "This modestly-budgeted pilot suggests potential for a series, so the deviation from Adams's originals makes sense. It also adds yet another very British oddball to the pantheon currently occupied by "Doctor Who" and "Sherlock"."


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Critical opinion to the full series was mildly positive. The adaptation from the Adams' novels was the focus of several reviews. Jane Simon, writing in "The Mirror" stated "It's just a shame creator Douglas Adams isn't around to see how Howard Overman has transferred Dirk to the screen. He'd definitely approve." Mark Braxton in the "Radio Times" likewise agreed that "Overman has plucked the comic essence of Adams from his novel...and worked it into a digestible, enjoyably eccentric format."


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Stuart Jeffries in "The Guardian", meanwhile, found a comparison between the tone of the series and 1960s spy/detective capers; "Never since "The Avengers" has there been anything so unremittingly silly on British television as "Dirk Gently"...Dainty harpsichord music tells us we're back in an era of TV misrule, in whose glory days John Steed, Mrs Peel and "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)" played fast and loose with viewers' intelligences."


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: AA Gill, who had previously expressed a dislike for the source novel when discussing the pilot episode was less complimentary, writing in the "Sunday Times" on 11 March 2012 "Who'd have guessed that this would ever get recommissioned?...It has to get a nomination as the greatest waste of the most talent for the least visible purpose or reward." Others critics complained that the series was not an exact adaptation of the novels. Nigel Farndale in "The Telegraph" stated "I struggled with "Dirk Gently"...It had nothing to do with Stephen Mangan's considerable comedic talents, still less with Darren Boyd who plays MacDuff, the Dr Watson to Dirk's Holmes. It is more to do with my devotion to Douglas Adams, upon whose comic novel this series is based...in Douglas Adams, 90 per cent of the pleasure is in the prose, the narration, the felicities of language."


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Tom Sutcliffe in "The Independent" felt that the programme's qualities were "spread a little too thinly over a nonsensical thriller plot' and that "laughs... were far too widely spaced in a script that could have done with a lot more editing."


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: Several critics compared the production with the big-budget BBC One detective series "Sherlock", the second series of which was broadcast in January 2012. Writing in "Metro", Keith Watson said "There's no doubt "Sherlock" has raised the detecting duo bar on TV...it's more than a match for "Sherlock" on the dialogue front, neatly catching the surreal humour that was the Adams trademark...but there was no disguising the fact that "Dirk Gently" was a five-star script being filmed on a one-star budget, making it look like a designer label knockoff when set against the production values lavished on "Sherlock"."


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: The first episode had 737,000 viewers and a 3% audience share. Series one, including the pilot episode, was released on DVD on 26 March 2012 by ITV Studios Home Entertainment.


title: Dirk Gently (TV series)

text: It was announced on 28 May 2012 that no further episodes had been commissioned. Stephen Mangan wrote on Twitter: "It gives me no pleasure whatsoever to report that the BBC have decided not to make any more "Dirk Gently"." An article in the "Metro" noted that after Mangan's tweet, the show quickly became one of the top trending topics in the UK and an online petition was set up opposing the decision. A BBC spokesman stated that as a result of the cuts initiated by the "Delivering Quality First" process, BBC Four is concentrating funds on purchasing imported shows: "We've loved having "Dirk" on the channel but the licence fee freeze means less British drama on BBC Four...In future we will focus on the best dramas from around the globe, like "The Killing" and "Borgen", whilst BBC One and BBC Two become the main homes of original British drama."


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: Carlos DeLuna (; March 15, 1962 – December 7, 1989) was an American man who was convicted of murder and executed by the State of Texas for killing Wanda Lopez, a 24-year-old gas station attendant in Corpus Christi, on the evening of February 4, 1983. Since DeLuna's execution by lethal injection in 1989, doubts have been raised about the conviction and the question of his guilt.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: An investigation published by the "Columbia Human Rights Law Review" in May 2012 has strengthened these claims of innocence by detailing a large amount of evidence suggesting the actual murderer was Carlos Hernandez, a similar-looking man who lived in a nearby neighborhood. Hernandez allegedly told at least five people that he, not DeLuna, was the murderer of Wanda Lopez. In 2021, DeLuna's case and claims of innocence were the subject of the documentary film "The Phantom".


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: Carlos DeLuna was charged with killing a gas station attendant, 24-year-old Wanda Lopez, on the evening of February 4, 1983, in Corpus Christi, Texas. The young woman died from multiple stab wounds, apparently from a buck knife. Lopez was killed while on the phone with the police, having just called 911 to report a suspicious person who turned out to be her killer. The crime was particularly senseless because, according to the 911 tape, Lopez seemed to be giving her attacker the money at the time she was stabbed, saying "You want it? I'll give it to you. I'll give it to you. I'm not going to do nothing to you. Please!"


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: The crime was observed by two eyewitnesses. The first, Kevan Baker, had stopped for gas at the Shamrock gas station. As he approached the office to ask the attendant to activate the pumps, he saw an unshaven man in a flannel shirt inside the gas station struggling with Lopez and trying to drag her by her hair to the back of the station. As he released Lopez, her assailant was seen by Baker, then he headed out of the station, coming face-to-face with Baker. Sergeant Steve Fowler reported that Baker said the man told him, "I got a gun. Get back," but Baker testified in court the man simply said, "Don't mess with me." Baker then reported the man ran away from the store, the exact direction in which he ran being a source of debate given conflicting wording from various reports. In his police report, Sergeant Fowler reported that Baker told him the attacker "ran east from the store." Baker testified at the trial that the attacker "ran in an easterly direction." On the other hand, Sergeant Olivia Escobedo's report indicated Baker had said the man "fled off behind the station." The original police radio alert from the scene (from Sergeant Bruno Mejia) reported the suspect was "northbound on foot, to the rear" of the store. Police also reported several other bystanders saying they'd seen a man "running to the rear of the store." Baker then saw Lopez staggering out of the station saying "help me, help me" before she slumped to the ground. Baker attempted to help her, and went inside the station to grab some paper towels to stanch the bleeding until the police and paramedics arrived.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: George Aguirre also witnessed the attack. Aguirre stopped for gas at the Shamrock station at approximately 8 p.m. As he was filling his van with gas, he saw a man standing just outside the gas station store, wearing either "blue pants" and a "long-sleeved T-shirt", or dark pants and a white shirt with sleeves rolled up. The man was drinking beer and playing with a knife like the one used to kill Lopez. Nervous about the knife, Aguirre watched the man closely as he pumped his gas. The man approached Aguirre and asked for a ride to the Casino Club, a local bar. The man offered to pay for the ride and showed Aguirre a black wallet containing a "few" bills inside. Aguirre declined, but was concerned about the knife, so when he went inside to pay for his gas he told the cashier, victim Lopez, to call the police. As Aguirre returned to his van, he saw the man heading into the gas station. Aguirre drove off and made a U-turn onto the adjacent freeway, and when he looked back, he saw the man and victim Lopez struggling inside the store. Aguirre pulled off the freeway and drove to a nearby bowling alley to ask a security guard to call the police. He then returned to the Shamrock at about the time the police began arriving. Aguirre identified DeLuna that evening as the man he had seen with the knife, except DeLuna no longer had on the white shirt. Aguirre was not asked to identify DeLuna at trial.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: At around the same time, John and Julie Arsuaga were pulling into a nearby club when they observed a Hispanic man jogging towards the east, away from the Shamrock, in an untucked white dress shirt with the sleeves rolled up and dark "uniform-style" pants. Both witnesses identified DeLuna at trial as the man they saw running away from the Shamrock gas station.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: The Columbia University team documented numerous discrepancies in the various accounts from police radio alerts, police reports, eyewitnesses, and other bystanders:


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: Police arrived shortly after Lopez's 911 phone call ended and spread out across the area searching for the suspect. The police radio traffic describing the manhunt reveals a chaotic search, with police pursuing several leads towards differing locations with varying suspect descriptions. After first chasing a suspect - repeatedly identified in police radio calls as a male suspect - fleeing on foot several blocks away and further north of the store, police received a 911 call from a neighborhood resident Esther Barrera, who saw someone hiding under a truck in front of her home. Police briefly detained a female several blocks from where they last reported to be chasing the suspect. Police also briefly stopped a car described as "a blue Mercury or LTD" and occupied by "two Hispanic males" in the area of the chase for the suspect.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: Police eventually found DeLuna, 30–40 minutes after the crime, hiding under a parked truck a few blocks away from the Shamrock gas station. Despite it being a cold February night, he wore no shoes or shirt and was lying in a puddle of water. The police pulled him out, and found that he had a black wallet containing two one-dollar bills in his rear pocket, and a "wad" or "clump" of bills totaling $149 in the front pocket of his dark pants.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: Despite the extremely bloody crime scene, no blood was ever found on Carlos DeLuna. Allan Bayle, a forensic expert assisting the Columbia team, opined that Lopez was behind the counter handing her attacker the money, while the attacker remained in front of the counter. This opinion conflicts with the report of two eyewitnesses to the attack (Baker and Aguirre) who both said they saw the attacker wrestling with Lopez. Baker told police he saw the attacker attempting to drag Lopez by the hair into a room at the back of the store.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: The police put DeLuna in the back seat of a patrol car and brought him to the crime scene for a "show-up." After initial hesitation about participating in the "show-up" due to fear, both Baker and Aguirre looked into the police car and identified DeLuna as the man they'd seen attack Lopez. Interviewed in 2004, Baker told the Columbia team that he was "seventy percent" sure the man in the police car was the man he had seen fleeing the store. He also said he was trying to be very careful when identifying the man because "This is a human being's life” and "it’s tough you know to identify cross cultures. I didn’t wanna be, I didn’t wanna screw anybody." The Arsuagas were too afraid to participate in the "show-up" at the gas station, but John picked DeLuna out of a photo line-up later that evening, and both positively identified DeLuna at trial.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: At the time of his arrest, DeLuna had fresh fingernail scratches under his right arm and on his face, and he appeared unshaven.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: Photos of the scene show an open cash drawer, the bill slots empty, and a $5 bill on the floor. Shamrock's area manager, Pete Gonzalez, testified that approximately $166 was missing from the inventory since he had personally inventoried it 4 days before the crime, whereas it was typically only off by around $25–50 over the period of an entire week. Twenty-two years later, the Corpus Christi location's store manager from 1982-1990, Jeff Stange, told investigators that 1) the inventory being $166 short of the last inventory count was not an unusual amount, 2) per store policy, Lopez most likely would have had no more than $75 in cash in the register at the time of the attack, and 3) he recalled that "somewhere between 70 and 134 dollars" was missing from inventory.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: Two days after the crime, a nearby homeowner was mowing his grass and found white track-type shoes and a white shirt on his property. Forensic tests on the shirt and shoes were negative for blood, and no blood was found on the pants DeLuna was wearing when he was arrested or on the wad of money that was in his pocket.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: Prior to trial, DeLuna was examined by two psychiatrists to determine whether he might have a mental defense. DeLuna told both of them that he had no recollection of being arrested and that he had total amnesia about the night in question. Following a court ordered psychiatric evaluation by Dr Kutnick, DeLuna was found competent to stand trial, with Dr Kutnick even suspecting DeLuna to have been faking his memory loss and intentionally performing poorly on the tests given to him.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: Two attorneys were appointed to represent DeLuna at trial. The first, Hector De Pena Jr., was the son of a local judge and a former Deputy District Attorney and County prosecutor who had been in practice since 1972. After the trial, De Pena was elected to the bench, where he has remained. Since De Pena had never represented a criminal defendant in front of a jury on any kind of serious criminal charge, the judge also appointed a seasoned criminal defense attorney, Jimmy Lawrence, to serve as the "first chair" trial attorney. As the more experienced attorney, Lawrence conducted most of the direct and cross-examinations, and gave the closing argument in both the guilt and penalty phases.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: DeLuna took the stand in his own defense and testified as follows: He spent the early evening with two sisters, Mary Ann Perales and Linda Perales. A man named Carlos Hernandez approached them. Although DeLuna did not originally recognize Hernandez, after talking to him he realized that they had known each other as kids. DeLuna testified that he was wearing a blue shirt, black pants, and black slip-on shoes. Thereafter, DeLuna and Hernandez went to a bar named Wolfy's, located directly across the street from the Shamrock gas station. Hernandez said he was going over to the Shamrock to buy something, so DeLuna ordered a beer at Wolfy's and waited. DeLuna began wondering why Hernandez was taking so long, so he stepped outside Wolfy's to see what was going on. DeLuna could see across the street and into the Shamrock and observed Hernandez attacking Lopez. Worried that people might say he was involved with Hernandez, DeLuna started walking away on Dodd toward Nemec ("i.e"., not in the direction of the Phase III where the Arsuagas saw a man running). When DeLuna heard sirens, he started running. He testified that his shirt was ripped clean from his body while climbing over a fence. The rolled up bundle of bills in his pocket was from two recent paychecks.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: On cross-examination, DeLuna was asked about the white shirt and shoes that were found in a nearby yard, and he testified that they were not his. DeLuna admitted that he was a twice convicted felon and that he had lied to the psychiatrists who examined him. DeLuna admitted he was unable to identify Carlos Hernandez from his mugshot.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: The prosecution offered rebuttal evidence to show that 1) one of the sisters that DeLuna claimed to have been with that evening, Mary Anne Perales, was actually attending her baby shower, 2) DeLuna lied about his whereabouts that afternoon to his parole officer, and 3) DeLuna frequented the Casino Club. Carlos Hernandez was also known to be a regular at the Casino Club.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: After deliberating for four and a half hours, the jury convicted DeLuna of capital murder. At the penalty phase, the prosecution introduced evidence that DeLuna had committed two attempted rapes. The prosecution called Juanita Garcia, the 54-year-old invalid mother of DeLuna's best friend. DeLuna attempted to rape her just two days after his release from prison on an earlier conviction for attempted rape, breaking three of Garcia's ribs. This incident caught DeLuna's lawyers by surprise, since he had only been charged with misdemeanor assault in this incident so they did not thoroughly investigate it. The jury deliberated for six hours before deciding that DeLuna was likely to reoffend, whereupon the judge sentenced him to death.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: One of DeLuna's lawyers, Hector De Peña, believes that DeLuna and Carlos Hernandez robbed the convenience store together (though he offers no specific arguments for the theory and it seems to be contradicted by eyewitness testimony), but "DeLuna was in front of the counter with Hernandez when Hernandez leapt over the counter and stabbed Lopez." De Peña suggests that DeLuna was afraid to identify Hernandez: "He didn't want to risk possibly getting hurt in the county jail or even killed on the street."


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: DeLuna's other lawyer, James Lawrence, said "If you tell me they killed the wrong guy, I don't know", and that "it still bothers me to this day" that DeLuna refused to identify Hernandez from photos. Lawrence added, "Of course he was guilty."


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: In a death row interview, DeLuna told a local news reporter "I was standing there when somebody else did what they did, you know. But I don't want to name no names." Commenting on his death sentence in a television interview a few years before his execution, DeLuna said, "Maybe one day the truth will come out. I'm hoping it will. If I end up getting executed for this, I don't think it's right".


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: In June 2006, the "Chicago Tribune" published a series of investigative news stories that examined evidence that DeLuna may have been convicted in error.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: Extensive further research on the case was published in May 2012 by the "Columbia Human Rights Law Review". Their lengthy report is based on six years of research by law professor and anti-death penalty advocate James Liebman and 12 students from Columbia Law School in New York. Their team went through the case, interviewed more than 100 witnesses, and examined up to 900 source files.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: Both investigations focused on DeLuna's claim that another man, Carlos Hernandez, had committed the crime. Police had not investigated Hernandez for the murder, and at trial, prosecutor Steve Schiwetz referred to Hernandez as a "phantom" because DeLuna was unable to identify any specific individual as the Carlos Hernandez he was placing the blame on, despite having been shown mug shots of every Carlos Hernandez in the Corpus Christi system (including the Carlos Hernandez that the Columbia team later focused on). According to DeLuna's sister, even his trial lawyers did not believe the "Carlos Hernandez" story. According to the "Chicago Tribune" "Not only was he [Hernandez] well-known to police in this Gulf Coast city as a violent felon, but the co-prosecutor at De Luna's trial and the lead detective in the case knew Hernandez too. [...] Jurors heard none of that information. The prosecutor sat silently as his colleague branded Hernandez a figment of De Luna's imagination."


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: The "Chicago Tribune" and Columbia University teams rather easily discovered extensive details about and acquaintances of the Carlos Hernandez to whom DeLuna had long referred. Hernandez, who died from cirrhosis in a Texas prison in 1999, was a career criminal living in the same neighborhood and had a history of assaulting women, robbing gas stations, and carrying knives. The Columbia team found people who knew Hernandez and said he bragged to them about murdering Lopez and letting DeLuna take the blame. They also learned Hernandez had been arrested as a suspect – before charges were dropped – in the death of a woman, Dahlia Sauceda, killed several years earlier in the same area of Corpus Christi. Sauceda's body was found with a large "X" carved in her back via knife. Hernandez also later served 19 months (of a 10-year sentence) in prison for stabbing another woman, Dina Ybanez, with a lock-blade knife nearly identical to the one used in the Lopez killing.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: The Columbia report documented numerous cases in which Hernandez was arrested while in possession of lock-blade knives similar to the one used to kill Lopez. Additionally, numerous people interviewed by the Columbia team said they knew Hernandez carried lock-blade knives. (Conversely, Carlos DeLuna was never in possession of a knife at the time of any of his many arrests during his lifetime.) The report also argued there were problems with the show-up identification of DeLuna by Baker, the preservation of the crime scene, failure by the prosecution to disclose exculpatory evidence, and DeLuna's representation by overworked and inexperienced defense counsel.


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: The Columbia report has drawn criticism from some officials in Corpus Christi. Nueces County District Attorney Mark Skurka, who was not involved with DeLuna's case and had not read the Columbia report, said that the researchers are arguing the same issues and complained that "[those] people have already made up their mind, it doesn't matter what anyone says." Corpus Christi police investigator Paul Rivera says that at the Columbia team's request, he reviewed the police and trial records but continued to believe DeLuna killed Lopez. On the other hand, Wanda Lopez's brother, Richard, issued a statement in June 2006 saying, "After carefully reviewing the information recently uncovered and printed by Steve Mills and Maurice Possley in the "Chicago Tribune", I am convinced that Carlos DeLuna did not kill my sister and that Carlos Hernandez was the real murderer."


title: Carlos DeLuna

text: In 2021 DeLuna's case and claims of innocence served were the subject of the documentary film "The Phantom". It was based primarily on the work of Liebman and his team.


title: Edoardo Agnelli

text: Edoardo Agnelli (9 June 1954 – 15 November 2000) was the eldest child and only son of Gianni Agnelli, the industrialist patriarch of Fiat and of Marella Agnelli (born Donna Marella Caracciolo di Castagneto). He converted to Islam when he was living in New York City, and changed his name to "Mahdi". In mid-November 2000, he was found dead under a bridge on the outskirts of Turin.


title: Edoardo Agnelli

text: Agnelli was born in New York City to Italian parents (his maternal grandmother was American). His mother, Marella Agnelli, and his father, Gianni Agnelli, married in 1953. Edoardo Agnelli had one sister, Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen. He had studied at Atlantic College, and he read modern literature and oriental philosophy at Princeton University.


title: Edoardo Agnelli

text: After leaving Princeton, he traveled in India, pursuing his interest in oriental religion and mysticism, and Iran. According to "La Repubblica", Agnelli's preoccupations became increasingly erratic, lecturing about mysticism, Franciscanism, and Buddhism, praising of the poor, and criticism of the behavior of Fiat. He was against materialism which made him move in a different direction than his parents, according to "The Guardian".


title: Edoardo Agnelli

text: As an adult, Agnelli claimed to be the heir apparent to the Fiat empire, but his father, who had already been unhappy with Edoardo's conversion to Islam, ensured that he would not inherit it. The only official position which the younger Agnelli held in the family businesses was as a director of Juventus F.C., in which capacity he was present at the Heysel disaster. In 1990, he was accused for heroin possession but the charges were later dropped.


title: Edoardo Agnelli

text: Edoardo Agnelli converted to Sunni Islam in an Islamic center in New York where he was named "Hisham Aziz". Then he met Ayatollah Khomenei in Iran and was reported to have converted to Shia Islam. According to Mohammad Hassan Ghadiri Abyaneh, Agnelli recited his shahada in-front of Fakhroddein Hejazi and became a Shia Muslim and changed his name to Mahdi. He said, "One day while I was in New York, I was walking in a library and Quran caught my glimpse. I was curious about what was in it. I started reading it in English and I felt that those words were holy words and cannot be the words of men. I was really touched and borrowed the book and studied it further and I felt like I was understanding it and I believed it."


title: Edoardo Agnelli

text: On 15 November 2000, 46-year-old Agnelli's body was found near Turin, on a river bed beneath a motorway viaduct on which his car was found. The viaduct is known as the "bridge of suicides". According to a report by Marco Ellena, the doctor from the public health office of nearby city Cuneo, who examined Agnelli's body, "He died because of deadly wounds after having fallen 80 meters". The report also stated that he was alive when his body impacted with the ground. His head, face and chest were damaged due to the fall and an autopsy detected some internal injuries which seemed to prove the suicide theory. Nothing was unusual in his death scene and police did not find anything in his car apart from phones, cigarettes, a walking stick, an address book and a bottle of water. His conversion to Islam and the fast process of his funeral thereafter, started some rumors about his suicide. Finally, Riccardo Bausone, the public prosecutor who was working on Edoardo's case, closed the death case and concluded that Agnelli's death was a suicide case.


title: Edoardo Agnelli

text: Giuseppe Puppo, an Italian journalist and writer, published a book about Agnelli's death in 2009, using interviews and unpublished testimonies. Puppo regards some of the points as inconsistencies and oddities: the absence of the bodyguards of Edoardo Agnelli; the interval of two hours between leaving home and arriving on the Fossano viaduct; the cameras of Edoardo Agnelli, whose images have never been released; the telephone traffic on the two phones; the total absence of witnesses along a road section which recorded at least eight cars per minute at that time; the lack of fingerprints on the car; the hurried burial without a proper autopsy.


title: Edoardo Agnelli

text: Edoardo was buried next to his cousin Giovannino in his family vault, in the cemetery perched above the grounds of the Agnelli family villa.


title: Wintersun

text: Wintersun is a Finnish heavy metal band from Helsinki originally formed as the side project of Jari Mäenpää, then-vocalist and guitarist of folk metal band Ensiferum.


title: Wintersun

text: In 2003, Mäenpää began pulling together songs that he had been working on since 1995. These songs followed specific themes described by Mäenpää as majestic, "spacy", and melodic. While Mäenpää planned to perform and record each instrument for the first album himself, he still required a drummer. He sent demos to Kai Hahto, former member of Rotten Sound, who agreed to perform the drums.


title: Wintersun

text: After obtaining a record deal, Mäenpää scheduled studio time to record the first album. Ensiferum's tour to support their 2004 release was scheduled at the same time, which forced Mäenpää to request time off from the band. The band instead fired him, and Mäenpää was free to go ahead with the production of his self-titled album, "Wintersun".


title: Wintersun

text: After the release of "Wintersun", the band found permanent members to perform shows and promote the album, although a keyboardist would never be found. In 2006, Wintersun began work on their second and third albums, "Time I" and "Time II", which were initially intended to be released as a single album. Recording began in May of that year, but the albums would be the recipient of years-long delays for a multitude of reasons, not the least of which was the complexity of each song's mix.


title: Wintersun

text: Two of the band's members, drummer Kai Hahto and bassist Jukka Koskinen, are also members of symphonic metal band Nightwish.


title: Wintersun

text: Jari Mäenpää began Wintersun in 2003 "to make songs that make you feel like you are floating in space." Mäenpää chose the name "Wintersun" from a list a friend had produced, later explaining, ""Winter" reflects the cold and stormy side of the album and also the Finnish melancholy and magic. "Sun" is related to the 'universe, space and stars'-feel of the album, which is also strongly connected to the lyrics." Although the songs that would appear on "Wintersun" had collectively been written between 1995 and 2004 (see each track's respective composition dates here), Mäenpää kept his songwriting efforts primarily focused on folk metal band Ensiferum, with whom he had been playing since 1996.


title: Wintersun

text: Mäenpää contacted Rotten Sound drummer Kai Hahto, who, upon hearing demos, agreed to work as the session drummer for "Wintersun". Mäenpää and Hahto recorded demo versions of "Winter Madness", "Beyond the Dark Sun", and "Death and the Healing", which were sent directly to Nuclear Blast. The label offered a contract for several albums stipulating that a three-song demo must be approved before each new album is recorded.


title: Wintersun

text: Even after obtaining a record deal, Mäenpää intended on keeping Wintersun as a side project during his tenure as lead singer and guitarist for Ensiferum. Unfortunately, to support the 2004 release of Ensiferum's "Iron", Spinefarm Records scheduled a European tour with dates that conflicted with studio time Mäenpää had booked to record "Wintersun". After requesting a break from the band, Mäenpää was fired from Ensiferum.


title: Wintersun

text: Mäenpää focused his energies on recording "Wintersun" despite the lack of formal band members. The vocals, guitars, bass, and keyboards on "Wintersun" were performed solely by Mäenpää, who was already adept at recording multi-instrumental songs, having grown up with 8- and 16-track equipment. Three studios were used in the making of "Wintersun": drums were recorded at Tico-Tico Studios, Mäenpää's vocals, synth, and guitarwork were recorded at Sundi Coop Studios, and Nino Laurenne mixed the album at Sonic Pump Studios. Mäenpää recorded additional synth and guitar solos on his 16-track recorder. "Wintersun" was released on 13 September 2004.


title: Wintersun

text: Inspired by Wintersun's musical direction, Kai Hahto left Rotten Sound and joined Wintersun as permanent drummer, and Jukka Koskinen, of Norther, joined Wintersun as bassist. Oliver Fokin, former drummer for Ensiferum and whom Mäenpää credits as inspiring him to start playing guitar, was hired as guitarist. The search for a keyboardist proved to be ineffectual.


title: Wintersun

text: The music video for "Beyond the Dark Sun" was shot over a period of two days: 3 and 4 July 2004. It was produced and directed by Maurice Swinkels.


title: Wintersun

text: On 4 October 2004, Wintersun announced the departure of Oliver Fokin as guitarist, and a suitable replacement would not be found until 27 December when Teemu Mäntysaari joined. The search for a keyboardist continued, and Wintersun was forced to use backup tapes for their future performances.


title: Wintersun

text: Recording for the second album, tentatively titled "Time", began on 2 May 2006. Wintersun entered Sonic Pump Studios with Thunderstone's Nino Laurenne as sound engineer. Recording of Hahto's drum tracks began on 3 May. Rhythm guitars and bass were also recorded during the session. Mäenpää would record synthesizers and sampling, guitar solos, acoustic guitars, vocals, and Mäntysaari's guitarwork at his apartment studio. The album was planned to have seven songs and an intro and outro. The songs' compositions are complex, being composed of 200 to 300 tracks each.


title: Wintersun

text: "Time" would face multiple setbacks, delaying the album's release for years. On 23 October 2006, Wintersun released a statement that, because recording was continually delayed, the dates for the album's mix would be pushed back to May 2007, causing Wintersun's appearance at Ragnarök Festival that same month to be cancelled. A tentative release date for August 2007 was given.


title: Wintersun

text: On 17 April 2007, Mäenpää released a statement updating the status on the album, detailing that difficulties with hardware failures caused further delays in the recording process. The mix dates were cancelled, and because Laurenne's schedule at Sonic Pump Studios was full for the remainder of the year, the album's release was pushed back further. By this time, all guitars, including solos and acoustic, were recorded, and the intro was completed. Mäenpää had begun composing and arranging the synth layers, but stress and frustration had been hindering his creativity.


title: Wintersun

text: Hahto issued an update on 5 June 2008, explaining that the album's delay would be indefinite. Difficulties with computer hardware due to limited amount of RAM affected Mäenpää's ability to compose orchestrations in real time. However, the band appeared in Metalcamp in July 2008.


title: Wintersun

text: While technical difficulties pursued Wintersun into 2009, problems impeding the album's progress would eventually include Mäenpää's actual apartment. The increase in stress caused Mäenpää to have writer's block. Wintersun cancelled all 2009 promotional tours to focus solely on the album's completion.


title: Wintersun

text: On 17 November 2010, the Wintersun official homepage was updated stating that they would again be playing live shows. Three events, Metalfest, Bloodstock, and Metalcamp were announced. The reason stated for these shows was that a deal with their label provided money for new computer hardware in return for playing the shows.


title: Wintersun

text: On 16 March 2012, Wintersun announced via their official homepage that they would headline the Heidenfest Tour in October 2012. The band also stated that the mixing of their new album, "Time", was going well and that a release was planned for late summer of the same year. They also stated that "Time" would be split in two albums. On 18 July 2012, Wintersun announced on their official homepage that part I of "Time" would be released on 12 October 2012 ("Time I" was actually released on 19 October 2012). In support of the new album, Wintersun embarked on their first tour of North America, supporting Eluveitie along with Varg, starting in late November.


title: Wintersun

text: Mixing for "Time II" began in early 2013. The band stated the album "will continue where 'Time I' left [off]" and include seven guitar solos. The album was expected to be released in early 2014. In August 2013, Wintersun embarked on a second North American tour. Support was provided by fellow Nuclear Blast artists Fleshgod Apocalypse, Arsis, and Starkill, with Wintersun headlining.


title: Wintersun

text: On 29 January 2015, Wintersun announced via their official Facebook page that Kai Hahto would be unable to perform in upcoming live shows, due to his obligations to Nightwish. Timo Häkkinen was named as his temporary replacement for live performances. In November 2016, Wintersun announced that they were looking for a second guitarist for the band so Mäenpää could focus solely on vocals during live performances.


title: Wintersun

text: On 4 January 2017, the band announced on their Facebook page that the recording for their third studio album was completed and that it would be released later that same year. The album is not going to be "Time II", but rather a new project.


title: Wintersun

text: On 11 January 2017 the band announced the name of their third studio album, "The Forest Seasons". On 1 March the band started a crowdsourcing campaign on the Indiegogo platform, the first of three projected campaigns, aiming to raise funds for their own studio. The first campaign was successful, surpassing the minimum objective of 150,000 euro in a single day, and raising 464,330 euro in total.


title: Wintersun

text: On 17 August 2017, the band posted their future tour dates and notified fans that drummer, Kai Hahto, is still recovering from hand injuries and cannot tour. Hahto will be continuing his tour with Nightwish. Wintersun announced its new session drummer will be Rolf Pilve of Stratovarius.


title: Wintersun

text: On 15 July 2019, Hahto was announced as Nightwish's permanent drummer following Jukka Nevalainen's decision not to return to the band.


title: Wintersun

text: On 28 May 2021, Jukka Koskinen was revealed as Nightwish's session bass player for their in 2021 and 2022. Koskinen was announced to have joined Nightwish as a full-time member on 21 August 2022.


title: Wintersun

text: Wintersun is known for creative harmonies, fast tempos and both harsh and clean vocals. Although Mäenpää enjoys writing his music without limiting it to any genre, the band's myriad styles have been broadly described as power metal, folk metal, melodic death metal, neo-classical metal, and black metal. Mäenpää has spoken about the genre of Wintersun's music, and says "Well it´s difficult to put into a certain genre, cause there’s lots of variation. But to describe it, I would say something like: Extreme Majestic Technical Epic Melodic Metal." He has also stated "But it's really not death metal. It's very difficult even for me to label it, but if somebody would put a gun on my forehead, I would probably say something like Extreme Melodic Majestic Metal."


title: Christopher John Lewis

text: Christopher John Lewis (7 September 1964 – 23 September 1997) was a New Zealand criminal who made an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth II in 1981. He planned later attempts at assassinating other British royal family members but was kept away from them by the authorities in New Zealand.


title: Christopher John Lewis

text: In 1997, he was charged with the murder of Tania Furlan and the kidnapping of her daughter, though a friend was found to be responsible. He died by suicide before he could be brought to trial.


title: Christopher John Lewis

text: Lewis was born in Dunedin on 7 September 1964. He had a troubled life; his father was a cruel disciplinarian, and he was expelled from school after assaulting another child. He struggled at school and was unable to write or read until the age of eight. As a boy, he idolised Charles Manson. In his teens, he formed a would-be guerrilla army (the National Imperial Gurelia Army) with two friends. The group stole weapons, sent a threatening letter to the police, and robbed a post office of $5,244.


title: Christopher John Lewis

text: On 14 October 1981, 17-year-old Lewis had been tracking the New Zealand tour of the royal family, who were to visit Otago Museum in Dunedin. Lewis concealed a .22 (5.6 mm) calibre rifle wrapped up in an old pair of jeans, and traveled by bicycle to the Adams Building, where he took up a position in a toilet cubicle. He fired through the window at the Queen as she was exiting a car. The shot did not impact near the Queen or anyone else, but a loud crack was heard; local police told journalists that the noise had been caused by a sign falling down.


title: Christopher John Lewis

text: While Lewis did not have a proper vantage point nor a sufficiently powerful rifle for his purposes, a 1997 report by the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service notes that his intent was to kill the queen. Eight days after firing the shot, Lewis was arrested and charged with public possession of a firearm, and public discharging of a firearm. As the charges were read to him, Lewis responded, "Only two charges, what? Shit ... Had the bullet hit her, would it be treason?" Lewis served three years in prison, with the last part in a psychiatric prison.


title: Christopher John Lewis

text: The New Zealand Police covered up the story, charging him with possession of a firearm, but kept the event under wraps as they were concerned that it would create a negative image of New Zealand and endanger future royal visits. According to police files, Lewis was being asked about an unrelated robbery, when he took police to the position where he had fired at the Queen and showed police the empty casings and the rifle. The facts of the attempt were classified, until released in February 2018 in response to a request from Fairfax Media.


title: Christopher John Lewis

text: Lewis unsuccessfully attempted to escape from a psychiatric ward in 1983, when the Prince and Princess of Wales, Charles and Diana, toured New Zealand with their son William.


title: Christopher John Lewis

text: Lewis was eventually released, and when a third royal visit occurred the government sent him to Great Barrier Island to keep him away from the royal family. He was later charged with the 1997 hammer murder of a young mother, Tania Furlan, and the kidnapping of her child. He electrocuted himself in Mount Eden Prison, Auckland, while awaiting trial. A friend of Lewis, Travis Burns, who had implicated him in the Furlan crimes and received a reward for doing so, later confessed to the murder.


title: Valeo

text: Valeo is a French global automotive supplier headquartered in France, listed on the Paris Stock Exchange (CAC-40 Index). It supplies a wide range of products to automakers and the aftermarket. The Group employs 113,600 people in 33 countries worldwide. It has 186 production plants, 59 R&D centers and 15 distribution platforms. Its strategy is focused on innovation and development in high-growth potential regions and emerging countries. In 2018, Valeo's sales rose 4% to €19.1 billion. It also ranked as France's leading patent filer from 2016 to 2018.


title: Valeo

text: The "Société Anonyme Française de Ferodo" was founded in 1923 in Saint-Ouen, near Paris. It first distributed brake linings and clutch facings under license of Ferodo Ltd UK.


title: Valeo

text: In 1932, the company began producing clutches. In the same year, it was listed on the Paris Stock Exchange.


title: Valeo

text: The firm produced braking systems (1961), thermal systems (1962), lighting systems and electrical systems (1971-1978 and 1984).


title: Valeo

text: The 1960s saw the start of the company's international development, first in Europe, especially in Spain and Italy, and then all over the world: Brazil (1974), the United States (1980), Tunisia (1984), South Korea and Turkey (1988), Mexico (1989), China (1994), India (1997), Central and Eastern Europe (Poland and Czech Republic in 1995, Romania in 2002, Slovakia in 2004 and Egypt in 2005) to total 33 countries at the end 2018.


title: Valeo

text: Acquisitions include German automotive suppliers Peiker and Spheros in 2015, followed by FTE automotive in 2017.


title: Valeo

text: In 2017, Valeo presented its low-voltage prototype electric vehicle at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.


title: Valeo

text: In February 2021, Valeo announced that it will invest $5 million to open a new assembly plant in Jefferson County in the city of Bessemer, Alabama expected to create 70 jobs.


title: Valeo

text: Since 2009, CEO Jacques Aschenbroich's strategy has been based on: innovation linked to the reduction of CO emissions and intuitive driving, and geographical expansion in high-growth potential countries, notably in Asia and in emerging countries.


title: Valeo

text: From 2009 to 2018, the number of employees increased from 45,000 to 113,600. The Group’s sales rose from €7.5 billion to €19.1 billion. with a strong development in China.


title: Valeo

text: Valeo invests 11,8% of its sales in R&D and innovation. It has 17,900 research and development employees. In 2016 and 2017, the Group ranked as France’s leading patent filer.


title: Valeo

text: The Group employs 113,601 people in 33 countries throughout the world. It has 184 production plants, 55 R&D centers and 15 distribution platforms.


title: Valeo

text: Its Valeo Service activity supplies original equipment spares to automakers and replacement parts to the independent aftermarket.


title: Valeo

text: Valeo, its directors and its corporate medical function have been indicted after a decade-long penal procedure in 2006 for homicide, unintentional injury, and failure to assist a person in danger regarding its former use of asbestos which caused the death of hundreds of employees over many years.


title: Valeo

text: Since, the Valeo Group has set up high health-security standards and has been thoroughly monitoring employees and retired personnel. This policy was ratified in a national agreement with the French government in April 2009. The group took a proactive approach to secure four former industrial sites with asbestos related issues.


title: Bixby (software)

text: Bixby is a virtual assistant developed by Samsung Electronics. It represents a major reboot for S Voice, Samsung's voice assistant app introduced in 2012 with the Galaxy S III. S Voice was later discontinued on 1 June 2020. In May 2017, Samsung announced that Bixby would be coming to its line of Family Hub 2.0 refrigerators, making it the first non-mobile product to include the virtual assistant.


title: Bixby (software)

text: On 20 March 2017, Samsung announced the voice-powered digital assistant named "Bixby". Bixby was introduced alongside the Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+, as well as the Samsung Galaxy Tab A during the Samsung Galaxy Unpacked 2017 event, which was held on 29 March 2017. Samsung officially unveiled Bixby a week before launch but it only made its first appearance during the event. Bixby can also be sideloaded on older Galaxy devices running Android Nougat.


title: Bixby (software)

text: In October 2017, Samsung announced the release of Bixby 2.0 during its annual developer conference in San Francisco. The then-new version was rolled out across the company's line of connected products, including smartphones, TVs, and refrigerators. Also, third parties are allowed to develop applications for Bixby using the Samsung Developer Kit.


title: Bixby (software)

text: In June 2021, screenshots surfaced for a replacement to Bixby. The three-dimensional virtual assistant, Sam, was popular on social media though it was unclear whether Samsung devices would include full voice and virtual assistance.


title: Bixby (software)

text: Bixby comes in three parts, known as "Bixby Voice", "Bixby Vision", "Bixby Home" (which has been recently replaced with "Samsung Free" in the latest One UI software update), which Samsung had recently started developing.


title: Bixby (software)

text: "Bixby Voice" is the name for the method of activating Bixby by calling it or doing a long press of the Bixby Button, located below the volume rocker. A while before the phone's release, the Bixby Button was reprogrammable and could be set to open other applications or assistants, such as Google Assistant. However, near the phone's release, this ability was removed with a firmware update but can be remapped using third-party apps. "Bixby Vision" is an augmented reality camera that can identify objects in real-time and potentially offer the user to purchase them online, translate text, read QR codes, and recognize landmarks. "Bixby Home" is a vertically scrolling list of information that Bixby can interact with, for example weather, fitness activity and buttons for controlling their smart home gadgets. "Bixby Touch" makes recommendations based on intelligent recognition. You can easily access services such as translation, online shopping, and media by touching the screen. This app is still in its development period and hasn't been publicly released yet. Of course, its APK has been publicly leaked and can be installed and used with some workaround.


title: Bixby (software)

text: At the beginning Bixby supported three languages: English, Korean and Chinese. It also supports contextual search and visual search.


title: Bixby (software)

text: You can use Bixby to text, get tailored information about the weather, reminders of meetings, news articles, and so on. Also it learns more about what it sees with the camera, and complete actions. It can learn individual voices, so it can personalize its answers.


title: Bixby (software)

text: Samsung reported that Bixby would not be operational on the US version of the Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ when the devices were first shipped to customers on 21 April 2017. Samsung stated that the key features of Bixby, including Vision, Home and Reminder, would be available with the global launch of the smartphones. Bixby Voice was intended to be made available in the US on the Galaxy S8 and S8+ later that spring. However, the release of the English version was postponed as Samsung had problems getting Bixby to fully understand the language.


title: Bixby (software)

text: As of April 2018, Bixby is available in over 195 countries, but only in Korean, English (US only), and Chinese (Mandarin). The Chinese version of Bixby is only available on devices officially sold in Mainland China. Bixby Korean was launched on 1 May 2017 (KST).


title: Bixby (software)

text: On 20 February 2019, Samsung announced the addition of further languages: English (British), German, Italian and Spanish (Spain).


title: Bixby (software)

text: On 22 February 2020, Samsung announced the addition of Portuguese (Brazil), for Galaxy S10 & Note10, in Beta, and later for other models.


title: 155 mm SpGH Zuzana

text: Zuzana 155 mm Gun Howitzer is a Slovak artillery system developed by KONŠTRUKTA-Defence, a.s., with a 45-caliber gun and automatic loader for loading of both projectile and charge. It is an evolution of the 152mm SpGH DANA self-propelled howitzer.


title: 155 mm SpGH Zuzana

text: The gun has a long range high accuracy and high rate of fire, it can be prepared promptly for firing, and it has a high level of mobility ensured by a modified Tatra 8×8 chassis. The design of the gun means it can use any NATO standard 155 mm ammunition. The fire control system allows for a multiple-round simultaneous-impact (MRSI) mode. One of the unique features of Zuzana is that the gun is mounted externally in between two totally separated compartments of the turret. This makes the crew inherently safe from any potentially dangerous mechanics of the gun and autoloader plus the crew is protected from the gases generated during firing.


title: 155 mm SpGH Zuzana

text: Updated version with a new 52-calibre gun, full 360-degree turret traverse and a new armored cab. It has passed Slovak Army trials in December 2009. Slovak army had ordered 25 vehicles (to be delivered in year 2021 and 2022).


title: 155 mm SpGH Zuzana

text: 1990's adaptation of the original system to a tracked chassis required by export customers. It is essentially a Zuzana turret mounted on a T-72 chassis.


title: 155 mm SpGH Zuzana

text: The tracked version so far did not achieve orders beyond initial evaluation units and further production is unlikely.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Ahoy () () is a signal word used to call to a ship or boat. It is derived from the Middle English cry, 'Hoy!'. The word fell out of use at one time, but was revived when sailing became a popular sport. 'Ahoy' can also be used as a greeting, a warning, or a farewell.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: One or another variation on the word is found in several languages. In Czech and Slovak, "ahoj" is a common, colloquial greeting, while 'hoi' in Modern Dutch and Swiss German, ‘oi’ in Brazilian Portuguese and Italian, and 'Ohøj' in Danish are informal greetings equivalent to the English 'hi' or 'hey'.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: ‘Ahoy’ originated in the seafaring world, where it was used as an interjection to catch the attention of crew members and as a general greeting. It is often used today by participants in playful imitations of pirate speak.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Alexander Graham Bell initially suggested that the standard greeting when answering a telephone should be 'ahoy', but instead 'hello' (suggested by Thomas Edison) was adopted.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Ahoy is a combination of the call 'hoy' plus the sound 'a', presumably added to draw more attention to the cry. 'Hoy!' was a common call in England to drive cattle. The earliest known example is from William Langland, in whose 1393 epic poem, "Piers the Ploughman", the word first appears in Middle English: 'And holpen to erie þis half acre with 'hoy! troly! lolly!', which roughly translates to "And helped to plow this half acre with 'hoy! troly! lolly!'".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Seamen used the word "hoy" in the form of "hoay". The Scottish poet William Falconer, author of a nautical dictionary, wrote 1769: "If the master intends to give any order to the people in the main-top, he calls, Main-top, hoay! To which they answer, Holloa!", Two other dictionaries from 1805 list Falconers call as "hoay" and answer "holloa". "Ahoy" does not appear.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Functionally related with "hoy" is a group of similar sounding calls and greetings in the Germanic languages: Middle and Modern English "hey" and "hi", German, Dutch, Danish and Norwegian "hei", in Sweden "hej", and the Dutch greeting "hoi".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In Czech and Slovak, 'Ahoj' () is a commonly used as an informal greeting, comparable to ""Hello"". It was borrowed from English and became popular among people engaged in water sports. It gained wide currency by the 1930s.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Two discoveries in Middle High German literature reveal interjections similar to "ahoi". Their forms show no links to the middle English form "hoy" and their meanings offer little connection to the call used to establish contact.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In around 1290 Heinrich von Freiberg used the form "ahiu" twice in his adaptation of Tristan as a greeting: "ahiu, Parmenois Tristan!", alongside "ahiu, wie schône sie het sich ûz gefêgetieret", English: "ahiu, how prettily she has dressed!". "Ahiu" has the same meaning as the interjections "ahiv, ahiw" and "hiu", which occur in this text as well. As part of a group of words consisting of "ahî, ay" and "ahei", which express pain, desire and admiration, "ahiu" can be found before exclamative or optative sentences and in emphatic greetings.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Between 1331 and 1341, in his work "Kronike von Pruzinlant", Nikolaus von Jeroschin inserted the expression "â hui! sô wêr ich hôchgemût / sô ich ir stirne sêhe blôz". Ahui, together with "aheia, ahi" and "ahu", belongs to a group of words that express incommensurable joy, esteem and similar positive attitudes.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Seamen had been using ahoy long before the first recorded use in print in well-known seafaring songs or shanties. There is a lack of research into handwritten letters and records from seamen. Therefore, printed works concerning the use of the "Ahoy"-word family have only restricted significance regarding the temporal and geographical distribution.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: "Ahoy" represents the original English form and its first maritime use was recorded in 1751 as a new word in nautical language. The first evidence for the German word "ahoi" is found in 1828. Ahoy is widely used in the Northern and Baltic Maritime World. It expresses semantically a change in distance or presupposes it. In most languages it can be used as an interjection, whilst in others it takes the form of a verb (e. g. English - "to ahoy", German - "ahoi sagen") or a noun (e. g. Swedish - "ohoj", German - "das Ahoi") It is not known how the word spread in harbour towns or on ships with an international crew, especially as similar sounding interjections in a neighbouring language may have either interfered with or promoted the adoption.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In spoken German, either the command or the addressee can come first, e.g. "'Pfeil, ahoi!" or"Ahoi, Pfeil"!" although in written German there is no comma between the two words. In other languages this is variable.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The exclamation "Ho! the house a hoy!", pronounced by a seaman in Tobias Smollet's "The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle" (1751), is the first written example of the expression "ahoy" in the English language. One early example of the expression can be found in William Falconer's Dictionary of the Marine (1780): "The usual expression is, Hoa, the ship ahoay!". In the first edition of this dictionary (1769) the expression was still in its previous form "hoay".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In the 1780s "ahoy" was already used on the stage in London to create a sea-faring atmosphere. In this way it reached a very wide audience. In the comedy "The Walloons", brought to the stage in 1782 by the playwright Richard Cumberland, the expression was used to catch someone's attention: "Ahoy! you Bumboat, bring yourself this way". The work was published posthumously in 1813.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In another early documented source, as well, "ahoy" was similarly used to catch someone's attention. The expression "ahoy" was probably first heard in public in 1789 in the lyrics of a sea shanty, a worksong sung by able seamen, when the English composer Charles Dibdin (1745-1814) performed his musical "The Oddities" in London. This work also contains the song "Ben Backstay", about a boatswain. The song goes: "And none as he so merrily / Could pipe all hands ahoy". The lyrics were not published until 1826.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In the 1799 edition of Samuel Johnson's dictionary the word "ahoy" (pronounced ) is still missing, but in the 1824 edition it was said "to be almost as important as holla", supported by a quotation from Cumberland in 1813. The first entry in this popular reference book can be seen as an acceptance of "ahoy" into the English language. In the first half of the 19th century the word already began to find its way into many neighbouring languages. A speculation from 1835 about the origin of the French word oyez, which means "hört!" in German, implies an early philological engagement with the word. It had already appeared in a metaphorical context before, when in the American trade town of Philadelphia a preacher started to build a church for sailors in 1819. According to his memoirs, sailors used to greet him with "Ship ahoi" and to ask where he was going. The preacher used to answer back: "To the New Jerusalem harbour". We sail under the admiral Jesus, a good captain. We need men: "As the sailors said right before they were taken on: "Now we come in and listen to your conditions"


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The variant "ohoy" was used early on as a synonym for "ahoy." In one anecdote, printed in 1791, it appears as the ironic greeting of a captain to his boatman who is dressed up like a Romney Marsh Sheep when he entered the stage: "Ohoa, the boatswain, the Romney, Ohoy!" The "boatswain answered "Holloa" and disappeared. The Scottish poet Thomas Campbell published a satirical poem in 1821, in which a rider shouted: "Murderer, stop, ohoy, oh". In 1836 the Scottish novelist Allan Cunningham wrote: "Ohoy, Johnnie Martin! Ohoy, Tom Dempster! be busy my "merry lads, and take me on board".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Their dictionaries give the English "ohoy" as a single source word, usually before "ahoy" sometimes afterwards.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The term remained widely unknown to German readers until 1840s, since the translators of popular maritime literature of the time avoided it. 1843 saw the first German translation of the word å-hoj to "hiaho" from a Swedish novel.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The earliest documentation of the term in German language appears not in non-fictional maritime texts but the nautical prose. In the beginning, the circumstances point to uncertainties regarding the usage of the word. Since the late 1820s, the words ahoy and ahoi marked with the coda -i, a feature demonstrating Germanization of ahoy, can be found in the German translation of English novels and fictions. Around the same time, the term was used by authors in original German texts on rare occasions. Ahoi became an established term around 1950 as it was used in the works of widely-read authors from the 1940s onward.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The term rarely appeared in dictionaries in the 19th century. It is not included in the "Urduden" dictionary published in 1880. The Grimm brothers’ Dictionary of German (Deutsches Wörterbuch) did not recognize the word at the time; it did not appear in the first volume, published in 1852, with entries up to the keyword "allverein". The DWB's second edition published in 1998, documents the earliest uses of the term as occurring in 1846 and 1848. In addition, the original index cards for the dictionary, which are kept in the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, do not contain any earlier entries. The standard work "Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache" by Friedrich Kluge lists ahoi as a separate entry since the 1999 edition.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The automatic search for appropriate keywords in digitalized books on the internet and in offline-databanks does only lead to a few useful results. German light fiction was printed so badly in the first half of the 19th century that even today good recognition software still produces a great number of errors, so that records are not found. Research in original catalogues is still necessary for a systematic search.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The earliest creditable use of the word "ahoi" dates back to 1828. In 1827 the American story-teller James Fenimore Cooper published his pirate story "The Red Rover". The following year "der rothe Freibeuter" was released in Frankfurt am Main. The translator Karl Meurer did not translate all of the words. The command "All hands make sail, ahoy!" was translated as "Alle zu Hauf! Die Segel hißt!", but later on in the novel "ahoy" was translated as "aho", which could have been a moment of inattention. However, Meurer translated the phrase "All hands to mischief, ahoy!", as a signalled approval of amusement on board and so became "Alle zu Hauf! zu Possen, ahoi!". Meurer also translated the phrase "Good humour, ahoy!" with "Bei den Possen gehalten, ahoi!"


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In 1830 Cooper used the word "ahoy" five times in a story whose title was the same as the name of the ship "Water Witch" (German "Wassernixe"). A translation by Gottfried Friedenberg was released in the same year and he chose "ahoi" four times. Friedenberg missed out the first occurrence of the word "ahoy". It is possible that in 1830 the German word was relatively new. In later editions this mistake was corrected. Friedrich Knickerbocker, who published the second translation in 1831, overlooked or rewrote ahoy also incorrectly as "Holüber!"


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The "Wer da", or "Who's there?", the phrase he introduced once was not new. In 1824 and 1827 the German editions of Cooper's story "The Pilot" were released, in which "ahoi" was translated with similar expressions, such as "Wer da!", "Wer da?", "heda" or "He! He!". Not until 1842 in "der Lotse" (English, the pilot) ahoy became the standard interjection due to Eduard Mauch's translation, however this contained four "ahoy"s and one "ahoi".


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In 1835 and 1836 the anonymous translator of the two-volume story "Trelawney's Abentheuer in Ostindien", which was published by sailor and later author Edward John Trelawny in 1832, who kept "ahoy" as a loanword.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In 1837 the novel "Lykkens Yndling/Das Glückskind" was released in Danish by the author Carl Bernhard, who had also translated it into German. Bernhard was the pseudonym of the Danish novelist Andreas Nikolai de Saint-Aubain. This is probably the earliest import from a Scandinavian language and gave us the phrase "Ahoi, en Sejler" meaning "Ahoi, ein Segler!" (English - ahoy, sailor!).


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The expression "ahoy" is documented in a German source text from 1829. In her short story "Die" "Armenierin," the Saxon writer Charlotte Eleonore Wilhelmine von Gersdorff inserted this word several times in a specialist context, both as an invocation and to express encouragement. The author also worked as a translator from English.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The Austrian writer Charles Sealsfield first used the word "ahoy" in its original form. Sealsfield, who was also known by his real name Carl Anton Postl, lived temporarily in New Orleans, where he had many contacts with sailors. In his novel "Morton oder die große Tour," which was published for the first time in Zürich in 1835, a big crowd of excited people in Piccadilly Circus in London is summoned with the exclamation "Gare! Gare! take care! Hallo ho! A hoy!". The same exclamation is still to be found in the following editions of 1844 and 1846. In the footnotes to a reprint, the word "Gare" was appropriately corrected to "Care", but wrongly used in the text in all three editions. The English form is correctly given, in two words, which was very common at that time.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In Sealsfield's novel "Pflanzerleben" (Zürich, 1836), the word is used before uttering an order: "Ahoi! Ahoi! (...) Hört ihr nicht? die Pferde dem Herrn Grafen abnehmen.", that is "Ahoi! Ahoi! (...) Don't you hear? Take the Count's horses." An English translation of the book appeared in the United States in 1844, in which the word "ahoi" is kept in its German form. Also in his last novel, "Süden und Norden" (1843), Sealsfield again used the English spelling, in two words: "Sail a hoy – an ennemys sail!" The translation in a footnote to that page reads: "Kapitän, ein fremdes (feindliches) Segel."


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In one of Ernst Willkomm stories from 1838, Jan, one of the characters in the story shouts "Ship Ahoy" as loud as a thunder from the cliffs of Heligoland. This was misprinted as "ship ahni" by the German newspaper "Zeitung für die elegante Welt" (English: A Newspaper For the Elegant World)"," in which Willkomm's Lootsenerzählungen (English: Pilot Stories) first appeared. The misspelling was corrected when the story was published in a book in 1842. With its meaning apparently unknown to the publisher, the word reappeared in the same German newspaper in a narrative called "Johann Pol. An Image of life in the west indies" by an anonymous author in 1838. The said narrative depicts sailors from all around the world chanting "Ahoi, oi" while loading the ship.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: The 1844 "Politik an einer Wirthstafel" by Friedrich Giehne uses the words 'Waitress, Ahoy' in an expression addressed towards a waitress by a character. The story was published in a book which included mostly reissues of materials printed between 1836 and 1843. However, there was no mention of when the said story was first published or whether or not it was actually a reprint. What is interesting is that the word "ahoy" was used on and off the ship. One such example of an off sea usage can be found in Smollet's novel "The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle" in 1751 in which commodore Trunnion utters " Ho, the house, Ahoy!". It is likely however, that Giehne might have borrowed the term from Smollet as he could have read an 1840 translation of Smollet's work by Georg Nikolaus Bärmann from English to German.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: In 1844, The German author Heinrich Smidt used the term "Ahoy" in parts of a pre-print version of his novel titled "Michael de Ruiter"."Pictures of Holland's Marine" which was published in 1846 in the "Magazine for the Literature from Abroad" of which he was the editor"." The term was also used in another one of his narratives in 1844 titled "Hexen-Bootsmann." There is no trace of "ahoy" in the recently digitized versions of Smidt's works originally published between 1837 and 1842, however, the term has a continuous presence in all of his works since 1844 until his last novel which was published in 1866. Therefore, it is likely that Smidt added the word to his vocabulary sometime in 1843.


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: Friedrich Gerstäcker was one of the most successful and popular German authors of adventure novels in the 19th century. As was the case with Smidt who started using Ahoy in 1844, Gerstäcker, who translated a lot from the English, also suddenly used the term in 1847. "Ahoi – ho – ahoi! meine braven Burschen" (English: "Ahoi – ho – ahoi! My well behaved fellows"), is what he writes in the "Mississippi pictures". In 1848 the sentence: "Boot ahoi! schrie da plötzlich der gebundene Steuermann" (English: Ship ahoi! shouted the helmsman


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: suddenly"), appeared in Gerstäcker's novel Flusspiraten des Mississippi (English: The Mississippi River Pirates).


title: Ahoy (greeting)

text: For Wilhelm Heine, a world traveller, the cry was "common" in 1859. But Heine was on a voyage with sailors from the United States, who were already using the common English form. For Germans in Livland on the Baltic Sea the use of "ahoi" was explained in a dictionary from 1864: " ahoi [...]. disyllabic, and with stress on the second syllable." In the 19th century it was "all in all rather seldom" used in Germany. About 1910 it was a "modern imitation" of the English "ahoy", which later became an uncommon cry. In non-maritime fields "ahoi" is also used to say goodbye. In literature, many writers used "ahoi" in a mostly maritime context: