title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai (, ; Yale: "Jyūhói"), also known as Chuhai is a prefecture-level city located on the west bank of Pearl River estuary on the central coast of southern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, on the southeastern edge of Pearl River Delta. Its name literally means "pearl sea", which originates from the city's location at the mouth of the Pearl River meeting the South China Sea. Zhuhai borders Jiangmen to the west, Zhongshan to the north and Macau to the southeast, and shares maritime boundaries with Shenzhen and Hong Kong to the northeast across the estuary.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai was one of the original four Special Economic Zones established in 1980, as well as one of China's premier tourist destinations, being called the Chinese Riviera. While the city is located in the traditionally Cantonese-speaking province of Guangdong, a significant portion of the population is now made up of Mandarin-speaking economic migrants originally from inland provinces.


title: Zhuhai

text: The core of Zhuhai, Xiangzhou District along with Macao, in the northeastern portion of the administrative division, are part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, the biggest built-up area in the world with more than 65,565,622 inhabitants as of the 2020 census, encompassing Shenzhen, Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan, Macau, the main part of Guangzhou, and small parts of Jiangmen and Huizhou cities but with Hong Kong not quite conurbated yet.


title: Zhuhai

text: According to a report released in 2014 by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Zhuhai is the most livable city in China.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai borders the Macau Special Administrative Region (north and west), and is southwest of Guangzhou. Its territory has of coastline and 217 islands, of which 147 are over 500 square metres in area.


title: Zhuhai

text: The islands within the prefecture-level city of Zhuhai include a number of near-shore islands, often connected to the mainland by bridges or causeways (such as Hengqin, Qi'ao, or Yeli Islands), as well as some islands in the open South China Sea (the Wanshan Archipelago). Some of the latter are actually geographically closer to Hong Kong than to the Zhuhai mainland. The jurisdiction of Nei Lingding Island, located in the Pearl River estuary was transferred from Zhuhai to Shenzhen in 2009.


title: Zhuhai

text: Despite being located within the tropics, Zhuhai has a humid subtropical climate affected by the East Asian Monsoon (Koppen classification Cwa) and moderated by the South China Sea, with long, hot and humid summers with frequent thunderstorms, and short, mild and dry winters. Average highs in January and July are respectively. Snowfalls are unknown and a frost has never been recorded in the city centre. Conversely, extreme heat waves do not occur as they do further inland. Being named one of the most liveable cities in China, real estate is robust here. Residents from the mainland, especially those from the North, will buy homes and spend their winters in Zhuhai.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai became a city in 1979, a year before it was designated as one of the first Special Economic Zones of China (SEZ). Similarly to neighboring Shenzhen, which became the first Special Economic Zone of China in 1978, the implementation of Zhuhai as an SEZ was largely due to its strategic position adjacent to Macau, a capitalist trading center similar to Shenzhen's position with Hong Kong.


title: Zhuhai

text: The establishment of Zhuhai as an SEZ allowed the Chinese Central Government and economy to have easier access to the Macau and consequently, global market. As a result, Zhuhai is now a major city in the Pearl River Delta region according to the new general urban plan approved by the State Council. The implementation of Special Economy Zone intended for the city to become a key port city, science and education city, scenic and tourism city, and as a regional hub for transportation.


title: Zhuhai

text: The outstanding geographic location, a wide range of supporting infrastructure and a deep-water port serve as a major attraction for foreign capital. Utilized foreign investment reached US$10.344 billion in 2008. Among the top 500 enterprises worldwide, 19 of them have investment projects in Zhuhai such as ExxonMobil, BP, Siemens, Carrefour and Matsushita. Hong Kong is the largest overseas investor in Zhuhai, accounting for 22% of total utilized foreign investment in 2002.


title: Zhuhai

text: Industrial development in Zhuhai focuses on five new high-tech and heavy industries including electronics, computer software, biotechnology and pharmacy, machinery and equipment as well as petrochemical industries. Aiming to strengthen the existing industrial base as well as to provide a better environment for the development of new high-tech industries, the local government has taken the initiative in developing five economic zones:


title: Zhuhai

text: As one of the four earliest Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in China, Zhuhai SEZ was set up in the year 1980 and granted with a local legislative right. Zhuhai hi-tech zone is located in the north of Zhuhai, which is very close to downtown. Furthermore, technological resources are centralized in our zone; there is also a huge development in hi-tech industries led by the software and IC industries. The hi-tech zone is the showcase for Zhuhai's scientific development. Meizu is one high tech product headquartered in Zhuhai.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai Free Trade Zone (Zhuhai FTZ) was founded in 1996 with the State Council's approval, occupying . A Zhuhai FTZ Administrative Committee was set up in June 1997. By the end of 2006, there had been over 200 companies registered in the Free Trade Zone, including more than 150 foreign-funded enterprises, and the total investment amount was one billion US dollars. Industries encouraged in the zone include electronics assembly & manufacturing, telecommunications equipment, building/construction materials, instruments & industrial equipment production, medical equipment and supplies, raw material processing, research & development, shipping/warehousing/logistics, and heavy industry.


title: Zhuhai

text: The Wanshan archipelago is located in one of the major fishing areas of China and is core to the Wanshan ocean development testing zone. However, "Perna viridis", a species of green mussel, was found to be contaminated by HCHs, DDTs, and PCBs.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai manufactured and supplied 70% of the world's ribbons, 60% of the world's aftermarket inkjet cartridges and 20% of the world's third-party laser toner cartridges. Their combined sales were worth more than 1.3 billion US dollars or 10% of all the sales in the world. Zhuhai owns a comprehensive supply chain and almost any of the raw materials needed by the printer consumables industry can be provided locally.


title: Zhuhai

text: The prefecture-level city of Zhuhai administers three county-level divisions and four special economic districts, all of which are districts.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai residents may also use Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport and travel there by bus or ferry.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai Railway Station is located at the western end of Gongbei Port of Entry and Portas do Cerco at the border of Zhuhai and Macau. There are frequent high speed trains to Guangzhou, Guilin, Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and other main cities in China. The intercity railway between Zhuhai Gongbei and Zhuhai Jinwan International Airport is under construction. It is expected to be opened to Hengqin in November 2019, and the whole project will be completed in 2024. It will take only 30 minutes to commute from urban district to the airport using the completed line.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai also has a tram network, with the first phase of Line 1 completed in 2014. In 2017, Line 1 began service to the public. The trams ceased running in January 2021 due to frequent power issues and low patronage.


title: Zhuhai

text: The Zhuhai Metro () is currently in the planning stage. Line 1 will start from Jiuzhou Port and end at the Jinwan Station, with a total length of 36.8 km; Line 2 will start from Jinding Industrial Area and end at Gongbei Port, with a total length of 30.5 km. Construction was expected to start in 2019, with an estimated time of completion in 2024.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai is known for its good climate and good air quality. Endowed with a long coastline, it is the only city on the western Pearl River Delta with natural deep-water ports.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai has two international seaports: Jiuzhou () and Gaolan (). Gaolan Port is one of the leading ports in Guangdong province, while Jiuzhou Port focuses on heavy passenger sea transport.


title: Zhuhai

text: Chu Kong Passenger Transport operates a ferry service between Zhuhai's Jiuzhou Port, Hong Kong and Shekou Passenger Terminal, in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen. A service between Jiuzhou Port and Hong Kong International Airport for air passengers using the airport began on 10 July 2007.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai and the surrounding landscapes have a reputation within China of being a garden city with a high quality of life. In 2002, the city attracted 1.3 million international tourists and 3.64 million domestic tourists. Following Guangzhou and Shenzhen, Zhuhai has the third largest amount of foreign tourism in the Guangdong province.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai hosts the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition biannually in November. It is the largest Air Show in China and a huge tourist attraction.


title: Zhuhai

text: Realizing the benefits brought by tourism, the local government is expanding tourist destinations and is developing new spots such as Hengqin (), Dong'ao (), Hebao (), Qi'ao () and Yeli ().


title: Zhuhai

text: The New Yuan Ming Palace () is a park of , including an lake. It features a partial reconstruction of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing which was destroyed during the Second Opium War and was never rebuilt on its original site.


title: Zhuhai

text: The coast of Xianglu Bay is considered the "symbol" of Zhuhai, offering a scenic view of Pearl River Delta with silt-rich water, rocks, and a beach. The famous landmark of the city, the Fisher Girl Statue, stands elegantly on a boulder in Xianglu Bay; the statue is draped by a fishnet and holds a pearl high in the air with both hands up to the sky, symbolizing a vigorous and lively Zhuhai welcoming visitors from all over the world. It was erected in 1982 by a professor from the Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts and is 8.7 meters tall, composed of 70 pieces of granite. Visitors can view the statue up close from a boardwalk on the shore.


title: Zhuhai

text: The statue was based on a local legend, in which the daughter of the celestial Dragon King visited the Pearl River delta. Enamored by the beauty of the Zhuhai region, she disguised herself as a fisher girl and lived among the people there, weaving baskets and healing locals with her powers until she fell in love with a fellow fisherman named Haipeng. The romance between Haipeng and the fisher girl was interrupted by vicious rumors among the people about the latter's true origins. Haipeng eventually confronted the fisher girl about this and demanded she give her magical pearl bracelets to him as proof of her love. She confirmed the rumors and explained that if she removed even one of the pearls, she would die. As Haipeng refused to believe her story and turned to leave, the fisher girl took off her bracelets, dying in Haipeng's arms. Heartbroken and guilt-ridden, Haipeng set out to find a cure, eventually discovering from a local elder that he would need to cultivate a special grass with his own blood. After years of toiling, Haipeng finally harvested enough to revive the fisher girl, turning her into a mortal. The two later married and the fisher girl found a large pearl, which she gifted to the elder in gratitude on the day of the wedding.


title: Zhuhai

text: Developing a university park is part of Zhuhai's strategy to strengthen its high-tech and IT industries. Compared with Beijing and Shanghai, Zhuhai and other cities in Guangdong province face a serious shortage of talent and professionals. The local government is taking significant initiatives to set up a university park with an area of (the only such plan in the western Pearl River Delta).


title: Zhuhai

text: A number of other colleges and universities are also located in or near Zhuhai. Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Campus was created as a new model university. Besides its high quality of education, it is more internationally oriented than many universities in China. Many students here prepare to go abroad to finish their junior and senior years.


title: Zhuhai

text: Despite the shortage of higher education, Zhuhai government has been paying a lot of attention to primary and secondary education. From 2007, high school students in Zhuhai needn't pay school fees anymore.


title: Zhuhai

text: As a result, there are many famous high schools in Zhuhai. Zhuhai No.1 High School (ZH1Z) is one of the most competitive high schools in Guangdong Province, and also a member of the Guangdong "Six Schools Union".


title: Zhuhai

text: Dulwich International High School Zhuhai, QSI International School of Zhuhai, and Zhuhai International School serve expatriates and/or use foreign educational systems.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai is the first city in China to have constructed a motor racing circuit. The Zhuhai International Circuit was built in 1996 and is located at Jinding, near the border to Zhongshan. ZIC has held the BPR Global GT Endurance Series in 1996, the FIA GT Championship in 1997, 1999, 2004 and 2005. It hosted the championship's 2007 opening round on 24 and 25 March. ZIC had planned to host a round of the Champ Car World Series on 20 May 2007, but agreement was not reached. ZIC held an A1GP race in 2007 for the first time in series' history. ZIC became the first venue in China to host the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup on 7 November 2010 when the 2010 1000 km of Zhuhai was staged.


title: Zhuhai

text: Zhuhai has also a new tennis center which hosts WTA Elite Trophy, the last tournament of the year for players that are in the top 20 but did not qualify to WTA Finals.


title: Jinxed at First

text: Jinxed at First () is a South Korean television series starring Seohyun, Na In-woo, Jun Kwang-ryul, and Yoon Ji-hye. Based on the Kakao webtoon written by Han Ji-hye, and illustrated by Goo Seul. It aired on KBS2 from June 15, to August 4, 2022, every Wednesday and Thursday at 21:50 (KST) for 16 episodes. It is also available for streaming on iQIYI in selected regions.


title: Jinxed at First

text: "Jinxed at First" tells the story of Gong Soo-kwang (Na In-woo), who is a bright young man who graduated from Korea University, but poor and famous for being unlucky, meets Lee Seul-bi (Seohyun), a girl who can see the future of everyone she touches. Seul-bi and her mother live in a secret room at the Sam Jung family's house. One day, Seon Min-joon's (Sam Jung's son) friends visit his house. That's when a miracle happened where the door that locked Seul-bi and her mother opened, the curious Seul-bi came out and met Soo-kwang. Seul-bi followed Soo-kwang who came home from Sam Jung's house to Soo-kwang's house. Since then Soo-kwang's life has changed drastically.


title: Jinxed at First

text: The filming was reported to have started in August 2021 and expected to have concluded in December 2021.


title: Charles Cyphers

text: Charles Cyphers (born July 28, 1939) is an American actor who is known in the horror movie community for his work in the films of John Carpenter, especially his role as Sheriff Leigh Brackett in Carpenter's 1978 movie "Halloween". He reprised this role in the 1981 sequel "Halloween II" and the 2021 sequel "Halloween Kills".


title: Charles Cyphers

text: Cyphers's first feature film was the 1974 movie "Truck Turner", and he first worked with Carpenter in the 1976 action film "Assault on Precinct 13", in which he played Starker, one of the ill-fated police officers gunned down by gang members.


title: Charles Cyphers

text: He later appeared as Sheriff Leigh Brackett in the 1978 hit horror movie "Halloween". Cyphers worked with Carpenter two years later, playing Dan O'Bannon in "The Fog", a 1980 horror film which also starred Tom Atkins, Cyphers's fellow "Halloween" cast member Jamie Lee Curtis, his "Assault on Precinct 13" co-star Darwin Joston, and Nancy Kyes, who worked with Cyphers in both "Assault on Precinct 13" and "Halloween". He then played the Secretary of State in Carpenter's popular 1981 film "Escape from New York", in which he appeared with Atkins and "Halloween" actress Nancy Stephens. He reprised the role of Sheriff Brackett in "Halloween II".


title: Charles Cyphers

text: In 2005, he appeared in the movie "Dead Calling", and in 2007 he was set to appear in Ethan Dettenmaier's unreleased film, Sin-Jin Smyth, and in the film "Methodic" in a role which paid homage to his character in "Halloween".


title: Charles Cyphers

text: Cyphers has appeared in numerous television productions. During the 1970s, he had a recurring role, as Hugo Muncy, in "The Betty White Show", and he guest-starred in an episode of "Gibbsville" in 1976. In addition, he had guest roles in popular television series such as "Barnaby Jones", "Wonder Woman" and "The Dukes of Hazzard", and he played Drake in the 1977 mini series "Roots".


title: Charles Cyphers

text: More recently, he has appeared in "Sliders", "ER", "Seinfeld", "JAG", and "Any Day Now". From 1996 to 1998, Cyphers played Al Yaroker in the 1990s series "". He has also acted in various made-for-television movies.


title: Charles Cyphers

text: Cyphers' roles on the stage, both on- and off-Broadway, include "12 Angry Men", in which he portrayed "Juror #3" to Julie Cobb's "#2" (her father portrayed "#3" in the 1957 movie).


title: Charles Cyphers

text: Cyphers appeared on "The Dating Game" in 1967 to compete for a date with Yvonne Craig ("Batgirl" from the 1960s "Batman" TV series).


title: Saugandh (1991 film)

text: Saugandh () is a 1991 Indian Hindi-language romantic action film directed by Raj N. Sippy. It stars Akshay Kumar in his film debut (as a leading actor), alongside and Shantipriya (in her Hindi debut).


title: Saugandh (1991 film)

text: Sarang Singh is a proud, arrogant and powerful landlord, who refuses to let people garland him as he believes that a man should never bow his head. He adores his little sister Chand and she falls in love with Shiva. Shiva is from an agricultural background family and has a loving family—father, mother, sister, brother and most importantly, his sister-in-law Ganga, who adores him. Sarang learns of the romance and kills Shiva, Chand and everyone in Shiva's family. However, Ganga, who was pregnant at the time, had just fainted. She makes an oath /saugandh that she will make Sarang bow his head. She challenges Sarang that she will have a son and Sarang will have a daughter and that her son will become Sarang's son-in-law and will make him bow his head. Sarang accepts the challenge and declares that he will kill her son when that day comes. Her son is named Shiva Kirplani and Sarang names his daughter Chand (Shanti Priya). Chand is brought up as a ruthless guy rather than a girl. Shiva and Chand meet. Chand hates Shiva initially and they fall in love soon enough. Ranbir Singh also wants to marry Chand to punish her for insulting him rest of the story forms the plot.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: The Malian Armed Forces () consists of the Army (), Republic of Mali Air Force (), and National Guard (). They number some 7,000 and are under the control of the Minister of Armed Forces and Veterans. The Library of Congress as of January 2005 stated that "[t]he military is underpaid, poorly equipped, and in need of rationalization. Its organisation has suffered from the incorporation of Tuareg irregular forces into the regular military following a 1992 agreement between the government and Tuareg rebel forces."


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: In 2009, the IISS Military Balance listed 7,350 soldiers in the Army, 400 in the Air Force, and 50 in the Navy. The Gendarmerie and local police forces (under the Ministry of Interior and Security) maintain internal security. The IISS listed paramilitary total force as 4,800 personnel: 1,800 in the Gendarmerie (8 companies), 2,000 in the Republican Guard, and 1,000 police officers. A few Malians receive military training in the United States, France, and Germany.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: Military expenditures total about 13% of the national budget. Mali is an active contributor to peacekeeping forces in West and Central Africa; the Library of Congress said that in 2004 Mali was participating in United Nations operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC, 28 personnel including 27 observers), Liberia (UNMIL, 252 personnel, including 4 observers), and Sierra Leone (3 observers).


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: The Malian armed forces were initially formed by Malian conscript and volunteer veterans of the French Armed Forces. In the months preceding the formation of the Malian armed forces, the French Armed Forces withdrew from their bases in Mali.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: . Among the last bases to be closed were those at Kati, on 8 June 1961, Tessalit (une "base aérienne secondaire"), on 8 July 1961, Gao ("base aérienne 163 de Gao"), on 2 August 1961, and Air Base 162 at Bamako ("base aérienne 162 de Bamako"), on 5 September 1961.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: "On 1 October 1960, the Malian army was created and solemnly installed through a speech by Chief of Staff Captain Sekou Traore. On 12 October the same year, the population of Bamako attended for the first time an army parade under the command of Captain Tiemoko Konate. Organizationally, says Sega Sissoko, is the only battalion of Ségou and includes units scattered across the territory. A memo from the Chief of Staff ordered a realignment of the battalion. Following on, a command and services detachment in Bamako was created, and the engineer company in Ségou, the first Saharan motorized company of Gao, the Saharan Motor Company of Kidal, the Arouane nomad group, nomadic group of Timetrine (in the commune of Timtaghène), the 1st Reconnaissance Company and Nioro 2nd Reconnaissance Company Tessalit. As of 16 January 1961, Mali's army totaled 1232 men."


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: In the sixties and seventies, Mali's army and air force relied primarily on the Soviet Union for materiel and training.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: On 19 November 1968, a group of young Malian officers staged a bloodless coup and set up a 14-member military junta, with Lieutenant Moussa Traoré as president. The military leaders attempted to pursue economic reforms, but for several years faced debilitating internal political struggles and the disastrous Sahelian drought. A new constitution, approved in 1974, created a one-party state and was designed to move Mali toward civilian rule. The military leaders remained in power.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: Single-party presidential and legislative elections were held in June 1979, and General Moussa Traoré received 99% of the votes. His efforts at consolidating the single-party government were challenged in 1980 by student-led anti-government demonstrations, which were brutally put down, and by three coup attempts. The Traore government ruled throughout the 1970s and 1980s. On 26 March 1991, after four days of intense anti-government rioting, a group of 17 military officers, led by subsequent President Amadou Toumani Touré, arrested President Traoré and suspended the constitution. They formed a civilian-heavy provisional ruling body, and initiated a process that led to democratic elections.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: The Tuareg rebellion began in 1990 when Tuareg separatists attacked government buildings around Gao. The armed forces' reprisals led to a full-blown rebellion in which the absence of opportunities for Tuareg in the army was a major complaint. The conflict died down after Alpha Konaré formed a new government and made reparations in 1992. Also, Mali created a new self-governing region, the Kidal Region, and provided for greater Tuareg integration into Malian society. In 1994, Tuareg, reputed to have been trained and armed by Libya, attacked Gao, which again led to major Malian Army reprisals and to the creation of the Ghanda Koi Songhai militia to combat the Tuareg. Mali effectively fell into civil war.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: As of June 2008, service commanders were Colonel Boubacar Togola (Armée de Terre), Colonel Waly Sissoko (Armée de l'Air), Lieutenant-Colonel Daouda Sogoba (Garde Nationale) et du Colonel Adama Dembélé (Gendarmerie Nationale).


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: The Malian army largely collapsed during the war against Tuareg separatists and Islamist rebels in early 2012. In a span of less than fourth months at the start of 2012, the Malian army was defeated by the rebels who seized more than 60% of the former Malian territory, taking all camps and position of the army, capturing and killing hundreds of Malian soldiers, while hundred others deserted or defected.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: Following the rebel advance, a group of soldiers from the Kati camp near Bamako staged a coup on 22 March 2012 which overthrew Malian president Amadou Toumani Touré. After the junta seized power, they successfully repelled a counter coup on 30 April by loyalists from the red berets elite units.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: The Malian military was rebuilt by French forces, and is now capable of conducting counter terrorism operations. In February 2020, the army stated that up to 200 Malian troops arrived in Kidal, a Northern city. This was the first time the army was deployed in this area because of the Tuareg Separatists rebels that chased out the army since 2014.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: Manpower is provided by two-year selective conscription. Mali apparently has six military regions, according to Jane's World Armies. The 1st Military Region and 13th Combined Arms Regiment may be in Gao. The 3rd Military Region appears to be at Kati. The 4th Military Region is at Kayes and the 5th Military Region is at Timbuktu.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: In 2010 Agence France-Presse reported that French training would be given to the 62nd Motorized Infantry Regiment of the 6th Military Region, based at Sévaré. The same story said that the regiment consisted of three Rapid Intervention Companies (CIR) and AFP said it was "c


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: Mali is one of four Saharan states which created a Joint Military Staff Committee in 2010, to be based at Tamanrasset in southern Algeria. Algeria, Mauritania, Niger, and Mali were to take part.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: The "134e Escadron de Reconnaissance" (reconnaissance squadron) was to be trained to operate the French ACMAT Bastion APC by the EUTM Mali.


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: Sources: Mali Actu 17 February 2012: Liste des généraux du Mali sous ATT : À quoi servaient-ils ? Quel sera leur sort ? and Le Monde-Duniya du 12 avril 2012: Les Generaux du MALI


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: The Alioune Bloundin Beye school is the tactical-level component of a trio of three ECOWAS peacekeeping training schools: the Alioune Bloundin Beye school (EMPABB), the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre in Accra, Ghana (operational level), and the Nigerian National Defence College (strategic level). The school has trained over 6900 students since its opening and is currently supported financially and technically by seven countries and as well a


title: Malian Armed Forces

text: The Mali Air Force ("Armée de l'air du Mali") was founded in 1961 with French supplied military aid. This included MH.1521 Broussard utility monoplane followed by two C-47 transports until Soviet aid starting in 1962 with four Antonov AN-2 Colt biplane transports and four Mi-4 light helicopters. It used to operate MiG jets but is currently equipped with cargo aircraft, light attack aircraft and helicopters.


title: Protocol stack

text: The protocol stack or network stack is an implementation of a computer networking protocol suite or protocol family. Some of these terms are used interchangeably but strictly speaking, the "suite" is the definition of the communication protocols, and the "stack" is the software implementation of them.


title: Protocol stack

text: Individual protocols within a suite are often designed with a single purpose in mind. This modularization simplifies design and evaluation. Because each protocol module usually communicates with two others, they are commonly imagined as layers in a stack of protocols. The lowest protocol always deals with low-level interaction with the communications hardware. Each higher layer adds additional capabilities. User applications usually deal only with the topmost layers.


title: Protocol stack

text: Imagine three computers: "A", "B", and "C". "A" and "B" both have radio equipment and can communicate via the airwaves using a suitable network protocol (such as IEEE 802.11). "B" and "C" are connected via a cable, using it to exchange data (again, with the help of a protocol, for example Point-to-Point Protocol). However, neither of these two protocols will be able to transport information from "A" to "C", because these computers are conceptually on different networks. An inter-network protocol is required to connect them.


title: Protocol stack

text: One could combine the two protocols to form a powerful third, mastering both cable and wireless transmission, but a different super-protocol would be needed for each possible combination of protocols. It is easier to leave the base protocols alone, and design a protocol that can work on top of any of them (the Internet Protocol is an example). This will make two stacks of two protocols each. The inter-network protocol will communicate with each of the base protocol in their simpler language; the base protocols will not talk directly to each other.


title: Protocol stack

text: A request on computer "A" to send a chunk of data to "C" is taken by the upper protocol, which (through whatever means) knows that "C" is reachable through "B". It, therefore, instructs the wireless protocol to transmit the data packet to "B". On this computer, the lower layer handlers will pass the packet up to the inter-network protocol, which, on recognizing that "B" is not the final destination, will again invoke lower-level functions. This time, the cable protocol is used to send the data to "C". There, the received packet is again passed to the upper protocol, which (with "C" being the destination) will pass it on to a higher protocol or application on "C".


title: Protocol stack

text: In practical implementation, protocol stacks are often divided into three major sections: media, transport, and applications. A particular operating system or platform will often have two well-defined software interfaces: one between the media and transport layers, and one between the transport layers and applications. The media-to-transport interface defines how transport protocol software makes use of particular media and hardware types and is associated with a device driver. For example, this interface level would define how TCP/IP transport software would talk to the network interface controller. Examples of these interfaces include ODI and NDIS in the Microsoft Windows and DOS environment. The application-to-transport interface defines how application programs make use of the transport layers. For example, this interface level would define how a web browser program would talk to TCP/IP transport software. Examples of these interfaces include Berkeley sockets and System V STREAMS in Unix-like environments, and Winsock for Microsoft Windows.


title: Protocol stack

text: An important feature of many communities of interoperability based on a common protocol stack is a spanning layer, a term coined by David Clark


title: Protocol stack

text: "Certain protocols are designed with the specific purpose of bridging differences at the lower layers, so that common agreements are not required there. Instead, the layer provides the definitions that permit translation to occur between a range of services or technologies used below. Thus, in somewhat abstract terms, at and above such a layer common standards contribute to interoperation, while below the layer translation is used. Such a layer is called a "spanning layer" in this paper. As a practical matter, real interoperation is achieved by the definition and use of effective spanning layers. But there are many different ways that a spanning layer can be crafted."


title: Protocol stack

text: In the Internet protocol stack, the Internet Protocol Suite constitutes a spanning layer that defines a best-effort service for global routing of datagrams at Layer 3. The Internet is the community of interoperation based on this spanning layer.


title: Unary operation

text: In mathematics, an unary operation is an operation with only one operand, i.e. a single input. This is in contrast to binary operations, which use two operands. An example is any function , where is a set. The function is a unary operation on .


title: Unary operation

text: Common notations are prefix notation (e.g. ¬, −), postfix notation (e.g. factorial ), functional notation (e.g. or ), and superscripts (e.g. transpose ). Other notations exist as well, for example, in the case of the square root, a horizontal bar extending the square root sign over the argument can indicate the extent of the argument.


title: Unary operation

text: As unary operations have only one operand they are evaluated before other operations containing them. Here is an example using negation:


title: Unary operation

text: Here, the first '−' represents the binary subtraction operation, while the second '−' represents the unary negation of the 2 (or '−2' could be taken to mean the integer −2). Therefore, the expression is equal to:


title: Unary operation

text: Technically, there is also a unary + operation but it is not needed since we assume an unsigned value to be positive:


title: Unary operation

text: In trigonometry, the trigonometric functions, such as formula_1, formula_2, and formula_3, can be seen as unary operations. This is because it is possible to provide only one term as input for these functions and retrieve a result. By contrast, binary operations, such as addition, require two different terms to compute a result.


title: Unary operation

text: In the Unix/Linux shell (bash/sh), '$' is a unary operator when used for parameter expansion, replacing the name of a variable by its (sometimes modified) value. For example:


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: Need for Speed: Shift is the thirteenth installment of the racing video game franchise "Need for Speed." It was developed by Slightly Mad Studios in conjunction with EA Bright Light and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PlayStation Portable, Android, iOS, Symbian, Windows Mobile, MeeGo and J2ME in 2009.


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: "Shift"s gameplay focuses on simulation, rather than the arcade racing of previous titles. "Shift" was followed by a sequel, "", in 2011.


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: Aimed at a hardcore gamer-style audience, "Shift" reverts to the touring-car simulation style of its 2007 predecessor, "". Although the gameplay of these two titles are similar, "Shift" recreates car handling much more realistically than its predecessor, and does not contain a story. Upon starting the career mode, the player performs two laps around the Brands Hatch circuit to determine their skill. Once completed, the player is welcomed to the 'NFS Live World Series', and must earn stars in races to earn money, and unlock new races and tiers.


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: G-force plays an important role in the game, as it affects both the player and the AI. The in-car view also returns, making its first appearance in a "Need for Speed" game since "". The in-car view is highly detailed, and it is possible to see the driver changing gears and moving his head to get a better view of the mirror. The crashes affect the player's visuals. While crashing, there is a temporary blur on screen. The sound aspects have detailed car crash sound, as well as a sharp gasp of breath from the driver before a collision.


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: There are 60+ cars which are divided into 4 tiers. Tier 1 refers to entry-level sports and luxury cars like the Audi TT and Infiniti G35, tier 2 refers to mid-level performance cars like the BMW M3, tier 3 refers to supercars like the Lamborghini Gallardo, and tier 4 refers to hypercars like the Bugatti Veyron and Pagani Zonda R. The car customisation options include cosmetics as well as performance mods and is more in depth than previous titles, affecting aspects such as alignment, aerodynamics, tyres, brakes, differential, and gears. Nitrous is also an option for tuning, but different from previous "Need for Speed" titles as it is simulated more realistically. There are body kits which affect the aerodynamics and weight reduction. There are visual customisation options like rims, vinyls and paints.


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: There are 19 tracks in total including real world circuits such as Brands Hatch, Nürburgring Nordschleife, Road America, Spa, Silverstone, Willow Springs, Donington Park, Autopolis, and Laguna Seca.


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: The PlayStation Portable version of the game offers local, ad hoc multiplayer, with no online multiplayer support.


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: The game spent two years in development. The game was unveiled as part of a three-game announcement that included "" and "".


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: The soundtrack of "Shift" remains similar to that of "Need for Speed: ProStreet", featuring a scored soundtrack rather than a general track list as is seen in previous titles such as "", and "".


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: In addition to the standard edition, a "Special Edition" of the game was released exclusive to Europe. The Special Edition features numerous bonuses over the standard edition, including exclusive packaging, a poster of the game, and an unlockable car and race which are redeemable online. "Shift" was released as a bundle with the PlayStation 3 Slim 250GB to promote the game in Europe.


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: EA released patches with new features in addition to bug fixes. Patch 1.01 added LAN (Local Area Network) play and mouse support, providing full menu navigation to the game, to the PC version. Patch 1.02 added 5 cars (Toyota Supra Mk IV, 1971 Dodge Challenger R/T, 1969 Dodge Charger R/T, 1967 Corvette and 1967 Shelby GT-500) and a new online "Team Racing" game mode, where a Blue team of racers runs against a Red Team. In addition, the 1.02 patch fixed several performance issues (especially with ATI video cards), improved gameplay, and increased the maximum number of players online from 8 to 12.


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: In February 2010, EA released Ferrari DLC pack for Xbox 360 that contains 10 Ferraris, also extends the "Shift"s career mode with 46 new Ferrari specific challenges designed for the Ferrari cars to participate in including hot laps, eliminators, endurance races and a world tour. Completing the perfect Ferrari package are an additional 125 gamerpoints as a reward for undertaking various challenges. Available on Xbox 360 for 800 Microsoft Points the Ferraris available include the 575 Superamerica, F430 Scuderia Spider 16M, California, 599 GTB Fiorano, F430 Spider, 430 Scuderia, F430 GTC, F430 Challenge, F50 GT & Ferrari FXX. An Exotic Racing Pack was also released for PS3 and Xbox 360 which features cars like the McLaren MP4-12C, the BMW M1, the Gumpert Apollo, the Acura NSX, the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione, the Maserati GranTurismo S and the Mercedes Benz SLR McLaren Stirling Moss.


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: "Need for Speed: Shift" was met with positive reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 84/100, the Xbox 360 version 83/100, the PC version 83/100, and the PlayStation Portable version 69/100.


title: Need for Speed: Shift

text: "IGN" awarded it 9 out of 10 citing among other things an incredible driving experience and excellent sound effects. IGN also gave it an Editors' Choice award. "Official Xbox Magazine" awarded "Shift" with 9/10 saying that it has an outstanding driver's view; a deep, addictive career mode with much variety and many options; sharp multiplayer racing counts toward single-player career. "Official Xbox Magazine" has also nominated it for editors choice award. "Eurogamer" gave it a 7/10, also noting that it could be a good competitor to other simulation racing games such as "Gran Turismo" and "Forza Motorsport".


title: Power tool

text: A power tool is a tool that is actuated by an additional power source and mechanism other than the solely manual labor used with hand tools. The most common types of power tools use electric motors. Internal combustion engines and compressed air are also commonly used. Other power sources include steam engines, direct burning of fuels and propellants, such as in powder-actuated tools, or even natural power sources such as wind or moving water. Tools directly driven by animal power are not generally considered power tools.


title: Power tool

text: Power tools are used in industry, in construction, in the garden, for housework tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and around the house for purposes of driving (fasteners), drilling, cutting, shaping, sanding, grinding, routing, polishing, painting, heating and more.


title: Power tool

text: Power tools are classified as either stationary or portable, where portable means hand-held. Portable power tools have obvious advantages in mobility. Stationary power tools, however, often have advantages in speed and precision. A typical table saw, for instance, not only cuts faster than a regular hand saw, but the cuts are smoother, straighter, and more square than what is normally achievable with a hand-held power saw. Some stationary power tools can produce objects that cannot be made in any other way. Lathes, for example, produce truly round objects.


title: Power tool

text: Stationary power tools for metalworking are usually called machine tools. The term "machine tool" is not usually applied to stationary power tools for woodworking, although such usage is occasionally heard, and in some cases, such as drill presses and bench grinders, exactly the same tool is used for both woodworking and metalworking.


title: Power tool

text: Early industrial revolution-era factories had batteries of power tools driven by belts from overhead shafts. The prime power source was a water wheel or (later) a steam engine. The introduction of the electric motor (and electric distribution networks) in the 1880s made possible the self-powered stationary and portable tools we know today. The global market for power tools is $33 billion (in 2016) and estimated to reach $46 billion in 2025.


title: Power tool

text: Currently as of 2021, an electric motor is the most popular choice to power stationary tools, though in the past they were powered by windmills, water wheels, and steam. Some museums and hobbyists still maintain and operate stationary tools powered by these older power sources. Portable electric tools may be either corded or battery-powered. Compressed air is the customary power source for nailers and paint sprayers. A few tools (called "powder-actuated tools") are powered by explosive cartridges. Tools that run on gasoline or gasoline-oil mixes are made for outdoor use; typical examples include most chainsaws and string trimmers. Other tools like blowtorches will burn their fuel externally to generate heat. Compressed air is universally used where there is a possibility of fuel or vapor ignition - such as automotive workshops. Professional level electric tools differ from DIY or 'consumer' tools by being double insulated and not earthed - in fact, they "must not" be earthed for safety reasons.


title: Power tool

text: Different battery powered power tools often use batteries which are not be compatible across brands and models. This may cause vendor lock-in, and results in poor sustainability if and when either the battery, charger or power tool component fails, resulting in potentially all having to be replaced.


title: Power tool

text: Examples of battery differences include the battery technologies themselves, with nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and nickel–cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd) being common previously, but as of 2021 lithium-ion batteries have become the de facto standard for new power tools. The voltage is one of the most important factors for battery compatibility. In simple terms, a higher voltage rating on the tool often means that the power tool can deliver more power, with all else being equal. Using a battery with the wrong voltage rating may damage the tool, persons or surroundings. As of 2021, 18 volt battery packs are the de facto standard in new power tools. The ampere hour, in simple terms, tells something about how long the power tool can operate before it needs to be recharged. If comparing two batteries with the same battery technology and same voltage rating, a battery with twice the amp hour rating should last about twice as long. In practice there may however be some variations to this. Also, batteries with a higher amp hour rating in practice can also often let the power tool deliver a slightly higher peak power due to the ability to deliver a higher current.


title: Power tool

text: Even when using the same battery technology, voltage rating and amp hour rating, the interface of batteries for power tools are often not compatible across different manufacturers, and sometimes also not even within the same brand or product line. There are examples of aftermarket adapters being made so that the user can mix and match batteries between well-known brands, but these often do not fully implement the tools battery safety and monitoring systems and the use is done at the user's own risk.


title: Power tool

text: There are initiatives with the goal that the same battery can be used across products from several manufacturers. In June 2018 nine companies presented a manufacturer-overlapping system for rechargeable batteries called "Cordless Alliance System" (CAS). It is based on Metabo's 18 Volt battery system. In 2020, Bosch initiated the "Power For All Alliance". Notably, the alliance consists of the brands Gardena, Gloria, Wagner and Rapid. However, the Power For All Alliance batteries will only be used on Bosch's consumer tools in the Bosch Home & Garden line and Bosch Home Appliances line. The Bosch professional ("blue") tools will still have its own battery and charger system which is incompatible with the Power For All batteries. Furthermore, since the Power For All tool-to-battery interface is not an open standard, it is unlikely that other manufacturers can join in on the standard. Still, the initiative may be seen as an important step towards starting a standardization of battery interfaces on modern power tools.


title: Power tool

text: While hand-held power tools are extremely helpful, they also produce large amounts of noise and vibrations. Using power tools without hearing protection over a long period of time can put a person at risk for hearing loss. The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that a person should not be exposed to noise at or above 85 dB, for the sake of hearing loss prevention. Most power tools, including drills, circular saws, belt sanders, and chainsaws, operate at sound levels above the 85 dB limit, some even reaching over 100 dB. NIOSH strongly recommends wearing hearing protection while using these kinds of power tools.


title: Power tool

text: Prior to the 1930s, power tools were often housed in cast metal housings. The cast metal housings were heavy, contributing to repetitive use injuries, as well as conductive - often shocking the user. As Henry Ford adapted to the manufacturing needs of World War II, he requested that A. H. Peterson, a tool manufacturer, create a lighter electric drill that was more portable for his assembly line workers. At this point, the Hole-Shooter, a drill that weighed 5 lbs. was created by A. H. Peterson. The Peterson Company eventually went bankrupt after a devastating fire and recession, but the company was auctioned off to A. F. Siebert, a former partner in the Peterson Company, in 1924 and became the Milwaukee Electric Tool Company.


title: Power tool

text: In the early 1930s, companies started to experiment with housings of thermoset polymer plastics. In 1956, under the influence of Hans Erich Slany, Robert Bosch GmbH was one of the first companies to introduce a power tool housing made of glass filled nylon.


title: PlayStation technical specifications

text: The PlayStation technical specifications describe the various components of the original PlayStation video game console.


title: Glee (season 6)

text: The sixth and final season of the Fox musical comedy-drama television series "Glee" was commissioned on April 19, 2013, along with the fifth season, as part of a two-season renewal deal for the show on the Fox network. The final season, consisting of 13 episodes, premiered on Friday, January 9, 2015, with the first two episodes, and the last two episodes (functioning as a single series finale) aired on March 20, 2015.


title: Glee (season 6)

text: The series features the New Directions glee club at the fictional William McKinley High School (WMHS) in the town of Lima, Ohio, and some of the graduates of McKinley. The season focuses on the former glee club member, Rachel Berry, who returns to McKinley after her TV pilot bombs to rebuild the disbanded glee club. The central characters are the former glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), school principal Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch), and Glee club graduates Rachel Berry (Lea Michele), Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss), Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale), and Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet). Amber Riley returns to the main cast as Mercedes Jones and Dot-Marie Jones, who portrays Sheldon Beiste, the school's football coach, was promoted to the main cast after four years as a recurring character. Jenna Ushkowitz, Naya Rivera, Becca Tobin, Jacob Artist, Melissa Benoist, Blake Jenner, and Alex Newell who have portrayed, respectively, Tina Cohen-Chang, Santana Lopez, Kitty Wilde, Jake Puckerman, Marley Rose, Ryder Lynn, and Wade "Unique" Adams, were demoted from the main cast this season with Ushkowitz, Rivera, and Tobin recurring throughout the season, Newell appearing in one mid season episode then joining Artist and Jenner for a brief appearance in the series finale. Benoist does not appear at all in this season.


title: Glee (season 6)

text: On April 19, 2013, Fox renewed "Glee" for a fifth and a sixth season, as part of a two-season renewal deal for the show. Ryan Murphy subsequently announced that season six would be the series' final season, that it wouldn't be New York-centric like the end of the fifth season, that there will be a time jump between the season five finale and the season six premiere, and that during the final season the show would revisit the younger McKinley High students who did not graduate in the fifth season. Season six premiered on January 9, 2015, as part of the 2014–15 television season. The 13 episodes were broadcast consecutively on Fridays at 9:00 p.m. (ET), with the beginning and ending double episodes starting an hour earlier.


title: Glee (season 6)

text: Executive Music Producer Adam Anders began working on the music for the season on July 16, 2014, and on August 25 his brother Alex Anders was in the studio with Darren Criss doing the show's first cast member recording session of the season.


title: Glee (season 6)

text: The season's first day of filming was September 3, 2014, which was revealed that day by co-executive producer Michael Hitchcock with a "Back to school" tweet accompanied by a photo of a first-episode call sheet; Lea Michele posted a picture of herself from the set that same day. Filming concluded on February 21, 2015.


title: Glee (season 6)

text: The final season follows former New Directions lead singer and Broadway star Rachel Berry (Michele) as she returns to Lima to relaunch the New Directions. The sixth season included the 700th song performance on the show, which took place in the sixth episode. On December 6, 2014, the EPs for the first two episodes of the season were posted on Amazon over a month before their scheduled release, including the episodes' titles "Loser Like Me" and "Homecoming". "Loser Like Me" included the songs "Uninvited", "Suddenly Seymour", "Sing", "Dance the Night Away" and "Let It Go". "Homecoming" included the songs "Take On Me", "Tightrope", "Mustang Sally", "Home" and "Problem". The EP for the third episode was posted on December 13, 2014, including the episode title "Jagged Little Tapestry". The episode included the songs "It's Too Late", "So Far Away", and three mash-ups: "Hand In My Pocket / I Feel the Earth Move", "Will You Love Me Tomorrow / Head Over Feet", and "You Learn / You've Got a Friend".


title: Glee (season 6)

text: The main cast was reduced for the sixth season: Chris Colfer, Darren Criss, Jane Lynch, Kevin McHale, Lea Michele, Matthew Morrison, and Chord Overstreet continue from the previous season while Amber Riley returned to the main cast and Dot-Marie Jones was promoted to the main cast after four years as a recurring guest star.


title: Glee (season 6)

text: Former previous main cast members who return as guest stars include Jenna Ushkowitz, Dianna Agron, Mark Salling, Jayma Mays, Naya Rivera, Heather Morris, Becca Tobin, Harry Shum Jr., Mike O'Malley, Alex Newell, Jessalyn Gilsig, Jacob Artist, and Blake Jenner. Past recurring guest stars returning during the season include Iqbal Theba, Lauren Potter, Max Adler, Gloria Estefan, Romy Rosemont, Brian Stokes Mitchell, NeNe Leakes, Ivonne Coll, Jonathan Groff, Vanessa Lengies, Ashley Fink, Samuel Larsen, and Dijon Talton.


title: Glee (season 6)

text: Five new major recurring characters were introduced: Roderick (Noah Guthrie), a shy teenager with a good voice, Spencer Porter (Marshall Williams), a "post-modern gay" football player, Jane Hayward (Samantha Marie Ware), an ambitious girl who originally intends to join the Warblers, and twins Mason (Billy Lewis Jr.) and Madison McCarthy (Laura Dreyfuss), cheerleaders who are strange but positive. The Wanted's Max George plays Clint, the villainous new Vocal Adrenaline lead singer. Harry Hamlin guest starred as Walter, Kurt's brief love interest who is in his 50s. Josie Totah plays Myron Muskovitz, a spoiled but talented 13-year-old tween and Finneas O'Connell plays Alistair, the love interest for Spencer. Special guest stars include Ken Jeong and Jennifer Coolidge as Brittany's parents, and Gina Gershon as Blaine's mother. Michael Bolton, Geraldo Rivera, and Carnie Wilson appear as themselves. Carol Burnett reprises her role as Doris, Sue's mother, for the first time since the second season.


title: Glee (season 6)

text: The opening of the season was received with positive reviews from critics, most of them remarking how it reminds them of "Glee"s first seasons. The sixth-season premiere was the lowest watched season premiere in the show's history, with a rating of 2.34 and in adults 18-49 the premiere scored a 0.7/2.


title: Glee (season 6)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the sixth season a 72% with an average rating of 5.77/10, based on 18 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads, "The band plays on in a truncated final season that is a little daffier and overstuffed than where "Glee" began, but some disciplined storytelling and sweetly rendered character arcs harmonizes one grande finale that will hearten the New Directions' faithful."


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Kathleen Sebelius (; née Gilligan, born May 15, 1948) is an American businesswoman and politician who served as the 21st United States secretary of Health and Human Services from 2009 until 2014. As Secretary of Health and Human Services, Sebelius was instrumental in overseeing the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Before becoming secretary, she served as the 44th governor of Kansas from 2003 to 2009, the second woman to hold that office. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Sebelius was the Democratic respondent to the 2008 State of the Union address and is chair-emerita of the Democratic Governors Association (she was its first female chair). She is CEO of Sebelius Resources LLC.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius was born and raised in Cincinnati, Ohio, the daughter of Mary Kathryn (née Dixon) and John J. Gilligan. Sebelius was the second oldest of four children in her family. Her family ran funeral homes and her father was a city councilor in Cincinnati. Jack Gilligan ran for Congress near the end of Sebelius's time in high school and served one term in Congress. Her father was elected governor of Ohio when Sebelius was 21 years old. Sebelius worked in her father's campaign traveling around the state. Her family was Catholic and has Irish ancestry.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: She attended the Summit Country Day School in Cincinnati and graduated from Trinity Washington University in Washington, D.C. with a Bachelor of Arts in political science. She later earned a Master of Public Administration degree from the University of Kansas. She moved to Kansas in 1974.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius served as executive director and chief lobbyist for the Kansas Trial Lawyers Association from 1977 to 1986.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius was first elected to the Kansas House of Representatives in 1986. She won re-election in 1988, 1990, and 1992. She represented Topeka, Kansas.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: In 1991, she ran to become House Majority Leader but lost to State Representative Tom Sawyer of Wichita.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: In 1994, Sebelius left the state House of Representatives to run for state Insurance Commissioner and stunned political forecasters by winningthe first time a Democrat had won the position in over a century.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: She refused to take campaign contributions from the insurance industry and blocked the proposed merger of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Kansas, the state's largest health insurer, with an Indiana-based company. Sebelius's decision marked the first time the corporation had been rebuffed in its acquisition attempts.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: When Sebelius became commissioner in 1995, the Insurance Department had an annual budget of $11.7 million. By 2002, the budget had been cut to $10 million. Among the cuts was spending on contracted services after Sebelius fired two contracted lawyers after an audit discovered they had overbilled the state.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: In 2001 Sebelius was named as one of "Governing Magazine"s Public Officials of the Year while she was serving as Kansas Insurance Commissioner.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: In the general election, Sebelius's platform included promises to protect school budgets from budget cuts, not to raise taxes, and to review the entire state message. Throughout the campaign. Sebelius raised $4 million for the campaign, a Kansas state fundraising record. Sebelius defeated Republican Kansas State Treasurer Tim Shallenburger 53%–45%. Sebelius' election made her and her father the first father/daughter governor duo in the United States after her election.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Throughout her first term, Sebelius built upon her popularity and in January 2006 was tied for 20th most popular governor in the country.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: In November 2005, "Time" named Sebelius as one of the five best governors in America, praising her for eliminating a $1.1 billion debt she inherited, ferreting out waste in state government, and strongly supporting public educationall without raising taxes, although she proposed raising sales, property, and income taxes. The article also praised her bipartisan approach to governing, a useful trait in a state where Republicans have usually controlled the Legislature.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: In February 2006, the White House Project named Sebelius one of its "8 in '08", a group of eight female politicians who could possibly run and/or be elected president in 2008. She was also cited by "The New York Times" to be among the women most likely to become the first female President of the United States.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: In October 2006, the Cato Institute gave Sebelius the grade of "D" on their biennial fiscal policy report card, which measures the fiscal performance of U.S. governors based on spending and taxes. Her grade was influenced by the combination of proposed tax increases and expanded spending growth beyond population plus inflation.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: On May 26, 2006, Sebelius formally announced her candidacy for re-election. Four days later, Mark Parkinson, former chair of the Kansas Republican Party, switched his party affiliation to Democrat; the following day Sebelius announced that Parkinson would be her running mate for lieutenant governor. Parkinson had previously served in the state House during 1991–1992 and the Senate during 1993–1997. Parkinson was viewed as a pro-business moderate who strongly supported public education. This was somewhat reminiscent of the fact that John Moore had also been a Republican, before switching just days prior to joining Sebelius as her running mate.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: She was challenged by Republican Kansas State Senator Jim Barnett. A September 1 Rasmussen poll showed Sebelius with an 11% lead over Barnett. Other polls gave Sebelius as much as a 20% lead. , 50% of Kansas voters were registered Republicans, compared to 27% as registered Democrats. Sebelius nevertheless won re-election, defeating Barnett 57%–41%. Because of Kansas's term limits law, her second term as Governor was her last.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: In February 2008, during Sebelius's second term in office, there was a report in the "Wichita Eagle" that the State of Kansas was suspending tax refunds and that, because of a lack of tax revenue, may not have been able to meet payroll for state employees. Sebelius called for issuing certificates of indebtedness, moving funds from various state agency accounts into the general fund to alleviate the crisis. However, Republican leaders in the legislature did not agree with her certificate of indebtedness plan, saying the state would be unable to repay the certificates unless Sebelius issued allotments or signed a budget rescission bill that had been passed by the legislature but had not yet been delivered to her desk. The standoff ended when the budget arrived, and Sebelius agreed to sign it, although she line-item vetoed several cuts she felt were too large. The rescission bill reduced the budget by about $300 million. $7 million of the cuts came in the form of reduced educational funding.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: After Barack Obama's clinching of the nomination in June 2008, speculation that she would be a contender for the vice presidential slot on the Democratic ticket continued. The "Washington Post" listed her as the top prospect for the 2008 nomination. James Carville and Bob Novak also mentioned Sebelius' name, and Wesley Clark, also considered a potential running mate, publicly endorsed Sebelius, referring to her as "the next vice-president of the United States". Speculation that the vice presidential nomination lay in her future was heightened by the fact that she was chosen by the Democratic Party's congressional leaders to give their party's official response to Republican president George W. Bush's 2008 State of the Union Address. The next day, she endorsed Obama's campaign, one week before the Kansas caucus on Super Tuesday. Obama won the caucus easily, with 74% support.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Speculation on her vice presidential selection intensified when a report from political ad agency insider, Tribble Ad Agency, reported on its website that the Obama Campaign owned the domain name "ObamaSebelius.com" through the GoDaddy.com registration service. However, just after midnight on August 23, it was reported by the Associated Press that Obama ultimately selected Joe Biden, the senior senator from Delaware, as his running mate.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius is a former chair of the Democratic Governors Association. She was the first female chair of the association (elected as such in 2006).


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius was an early supporter of Barack Obama's presidential campaign, endorsing him in January 2008. After he was elected the President of the United States, Sebelius' early support for Obama and her ability to govern as a Democrat in a heavily Republican state made Sebelius look like a likely nominee for Obama's Cabinet. Sebelius asked to be removed from consideration on December 6, 2008. Following Bill Richardson's withdrawal as Obama's nomination for Secretary of Commerce, there was media speculation that Sebelius would be chosen as the new nominee. Through a spokesperson, Sebelius reiterated her earlier statement that she would not consider accepting a nomination to the Cabinet position.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: On February 28, 2009, it was reported that Sebelius had accepted Obama's nomination for the position of Secretary of Health and Human Services. On March 2, 2009, Obama officially announced Governor Sebelius as his nominee. At Obama's announcement, Sebelius was accompanied by two Kansas Republicans, former U.S. Senators Bob Dole and Pat Roberts.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius was Obama's second choice for Secretary of Health and Human Services. Obama's first pick, former Senator Tom Daschle, withdrew from consideration on February 3 after it was revealed he had over $140,000 in tax errors. In a March 2009 letter to the Senate Finance Committee, Sebelius admitted to "unintentional errors" in tax returns and paid nearly $8,000 in back taxes to rectify the errors. A letter to Sebelius from Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus and ranking member Chuck Grassley acknowledged their review of Sebelius found no other items needing to be addressed and Baucus, a democrat, publicly expressed his continued support for Sebelius' nomination.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Anti-abortion activists and senators were the primary opponents of Sebelius's nomination. In answer to questions from the Senate Finance Committee during her April 2009 confirmation hearing, Sebelius stated she received $12,450 between 1994 and 2001 from physician George Tiller, one of only three late term abortion providers nationwide, who was later assassinated. The Associated Press, however, reported that from 2000 to 2002 Tiller gave at least $23,000 more to a political action committee Sebelius established to raise money for Democrats while she was serving as state insurance commissioner.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: The Senate Finance Committee approved Sebelius' nomination with a vote of 15 to 8. The full United States Senate voted to confirm Sebelius by a vote of 65 to 31. She was sworn in on April 28, 2009, amidst an outbreak of swine flu in the United States. Lieutenant Governor Parkinson was sworn in as Governor of Kansas and served the remainder of Sebelius's term. As Secretary of Health and Human Services, Sebelius led an agency with 6,500 employees and a $700 billion annual budget.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius is a staunch advocate for the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare. In response to glitches and failures during the launch of the ACA website, HealthCare.gov, she said in October 2013, "You deserve better. I apologize. I'm accountable to you for fixing these problems and I'm committed to earning your confidence back by fixing the site." Republicans called for her resignation in response to the website problems. Fifty-five members of the House of Representatives called for her resignation, while U.S. Senators Ted Cruz, Lamar Alexander and Pat Roberts all called for her resignation. In response to the calls to resign, Sebelius said: "The majority of people calling for me to resign I would say are people who I don't work for, and who do not want this program to work in the first place."


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: In 2009, 2010, and 2011, "Forbes" named Sebelius the 57th, 23rd, and 13th most powerful woman in the world, respectively.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: On September 13, 2012, the Office of Special Counsel charged Sebelius with violating the Hatch Act by making a political remark during an official government event. Sebelius's office reclassified the event from official to political and reimbursed the government's expenses.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: On April 11, 2014, Sebelius announced her resignation from her position as Secretary of Health and Human Services. That same day, President Obama nominated Sylvia Mathews Burwell as Sebelius' successor. Burwell was sworn in on June 9, 2014.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius is "staunchly pro-choice". Her office stated that abortions declined 8.5% during her tenure as governor. According to the Kansas Department of Health and Environment statistics, the number of induced abortions in Kansas declined by 1,568, or 12.6%, from 2001 to 2007, the year of the most recently available statistics. Her administration attributes the decline to health care reforms that Sebelius initiated, including "adoption incentives, extended health services for pregnant women..., sex education and ... a variety of support services for families". Nationally, the number of abortions declined approximately 7.6% from 2000 to 2005, the year of the most recently available and reliable U.S. statistics.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius has been endorsed by Planned Parenthood, which has raised funds on her behalf. In 2003, 2005, 2006, and again in 2008, Sebelius vetoed legislation that would have limited abortions in Kansas.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: On April 21, 2008, Sebelius vetoed House Substitute for Senate Bill 389, titled the "Comprehensive Abortion Reform Act" by its sponsors. Proponents of the bill argued the legislation would strengthen late-term abortion laws and prevent so-called "coerced abortions", particularly with respect to minors. The "Kansas City Star" reported that HS SB 389 would have required the State of Kansas to collect patient diagnostic information providing detailed medical justification for late-term abortions, and would have also permitted litigants to sue abortion providers if they thought that a relative of theirs was planning a late-term abortion in violation of Kansas law. Sebelius objected to the constitutionality, efficacy and morality of the proposed legislation. She wrote, "The United States Supreme Court decisions make clear that any law regulating abortion must contain exceptions for pregnancies which endanger the woman's life or health. However, SB 389 allows a variety of individuals to seek a court order preventing a woman from obtaining an abortion, even where it may be necessary to save her life. I am concerned that the bill is unconstitutional or even worse, endangers the lives of women." In addition, she expressed concern that the bill would "likely encourage extensive litigation" and that it "unnecessarily jeopardizes the privacy of Kansas women's confidential medical records".


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius is a member of the Catholic Church; however, in early March 2009, then-Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke, prefect for the Apostolic Signatura, the Holy See's highest court, declared that Sebelius should not approach the altar for Communion in the United States, saying that, "after pastoral admonition, she obstinately persists in serious sin". Kansas City Archbishop Joseph Fred Naumann also asked that Sebelius no longer receive Holy Communion because of her position on abortion. Naumann criticized Sebelius for vetoing HS SB 389. The action received mixed reviews in the Catholic press.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Anti-abortion activists criticized Sebelius's HHS nomination because she had received donations to her campaign from George Tiller, the medical director of an abortion clinic in Wichita. Not long after Sebelius was sworn in as HHS Secretary, on May 31, 2009, Tiller was assassinated by Scott Roeder.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Despite her pro-choice view, in December 2011, Sebelius overruled the FDA's recommendation on making the "morning-after pill" (Plan B One-Step) available over the counter for females under the age of 17. President Obama said that the decision was Sebelius's, not his.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Judge Edward R. Korman of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York struck down this restriction, calling it "frivolous" and "silly", and alleging that pure politics — not scientific evidence — was behind efforts by Sebelius to block easier distribution to young girls. The Obama administration, in response, lowered the age limit from 17 to 15 but decided to appeal this ruling to maintain the loosened restrictions, in a move that was widely criticized by advocates of reproductive rights.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius is an opponent of capital punishment. During her first term, the Kansas capital punishment laws were declared unconstitutional by the Kansas Supreme Court. However, on appeal by Kansas Attorney General Phill Kline, the ruling was again overturned and the current law reinstated by the United States Supreme Court.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: As governor of Kansas, Sebelius adopted a state drug importation program in 2004 to help her constituents afford prescription medication. The program, called I-saveRx, connected individuals with and helped them buy medication from licensed pharmacies in Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom. The program later went on to include Australia and New Zealand. Due to federal laws prohibiting personal drug importation under most circumstances, the FDA intercepted some prescription orders en route to Americans who participated in I-SaveRx; while in most cases prescription imports for personal use are not seized.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Early in the term, Sebelius made education funding her top priority. Education funding reached a breaking point in the summer of 2005 when the Kansas Supreme Court ordered the Legislature to increase K–12 funding. Sebelius offered one education funding plan early in her first term, which consisted of property, sales, and income tax increases, resulting in 2006 in the largest K–12 education funding increase in the history of the state. The three-year plan aimed to increase education funding by nearly $1 billion over three years, but did not give a funding source for the second and third years.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius chaired the Governors' Ethanol Coalition. In 2006, she requested that $200 million be allotted from the U.S. government to support the Department of Energy Biomass and Biorefinery Systems Research and Development Program. She pushed for more widespread recycling efforts across the state. In addition, she vetoed bills authorizing the construction of coal-fired power plants on three separate occasions saying in March 2008, "We know that greenhouse gases contribute to climate change. As an agricultural state, Kansas is particularly vulnerable. Therefore, reducing pollutants benefits our state not only in the short term — but also for generations of Kansans to come." On June 2, 2008, Sebelius spoke at the American Wind Energy Association Conference, calling for greater federal support for wind energy and other renewable energy resources.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius has said she supports Kansans' right to own firearms, but does not believe a broad concealed carry law would make them safer: "I don't believe allowing people to carry concealed handguns into sporting events, shopping malls, grocery stores, or the workplace would be good public policy. And to me the likelihood of exposing children to loaded handguns in their parents' purses, pockets and automobiles is simply unacceptable."


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius vetoed, like her Republican predecessor Bill Graves, a concealed-carry law that would have allowed citizens to carry concealed weapons after obtaining a state permit and passing an FBI background check. The veto left Kansas, at the time, as one of four states without any form of a conceal-carry law.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: On March 21, 2006, she vetoed Senate Bill 418, a similar concealed-carry bill. On March 25, her veto was overturned after the Kansas House of Representatives voted 91–33 to override it. This followed the Kansas Senate's 30-10 override vote, which occurred the day after her veto.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: On April 21, 2008, Sebelius signed Senate Bill 46 into law, which repealed a 1933 state law prohibiting civilian ownership of machine guns and other firearms restricted by the National Firearms Act of 1934, specifically permitting ownership by civilians successfully meeting the requirements of the NFA. The law was passed in part to address legal issues that could have prevented dealers from delivering firearms to law enforcement agencies in Kansas. The law took effect on July 1, 2008.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius did not support an April 2005 amendment to the Kansas Constitution that made same-sex marriage in the state unconstitutional. Sebelius said she supported the existing state law outlawing same-sex marriage, viewing it as sufficient, and therefore opposed the constitutional amendment. The amendment passed with 70% voter approval.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: After leaving the Obama cabinet, Sebelius founded and became CEO of Sebelius Resources LLC, which provides strategic advice to private companies, non-profit organizations, higher education institutions, and financial investors.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Sebelius serves as a member of the boards of directors of companies including Dermira Inc., Grand Rounds, Inc., Exact Sciences, and Humacyte Inc., and of the Estee Lauder Foundation and the Kaiser Family Foundation. In 1978, she was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board. She serves on advisory boards for the Dole Institute of Politics and Solera Health. Sebelius is a senior advisor to Out Leadership and the Aspen Institute, where she co-chairs the Aspen Health Strategy Group. Sebelius is a frequent keynote speaker for national and international organizations.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: She married K. Gary Sebelius, the son of former Republican Congressman Keith Sebelius. The wedding was held in the Ohio Governor's Mansion in 1974. They have two sons: Ned (b. 1982) and John (b. 1985). Her husband served as a United States Magistrate Judge for the District of Kansas for 16 years until his retirement in 2019.


title: Kathleen Sebelius

text: Her family has a vacation home built by her grandfather located in Leland, Michigan. An avid fan of jazz music, Sebelius annually attended the Jazz Fest in New Orleans for thirty years. She also runs in her spare time.


title: Amy Helm

text: Amy Helm (born December 3, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She is the daughter of drummer Levon Helm and singer Libby Titus. She is a past member of the Levon Helm's Midnight Ramble Band and Ollabelle, as well as her own touring band.


title: Amy Helm

text: Her debut solo album, "Didn’t It Rain", was released in July 2015, and her second release "This Too Shall Light" was released September 2018 on Yep Roc Records.


title: Amy Helm

text: Helm conducted an in-depth interview about her life and career with The Pods & Sods Network in 2016. That year she and her band performed at the Edmonton Folk Music Festival.


title: Amy Helm

text: Helm was born in Woodstock, New York, United States, and spent her childhood between Woodstock, Los Angeles, and New York City. She attended Trinity High School where she studied jazz with Dr. Aaron Bell, while singing in bands, playing in New York City clubs and bars.


title: Amy Helm

text: In 1999, Helm joined her father in his blues band The Barn Burners. They toured the country playing traditional blues music.


title: Amy Helm

text: In 2001, she was a co-founding member of alt-country ensemble Ollabelle, which toured and recorded for 10 years, releasing three critically acclaimed albums, "Ollabelle" (2004), "Riverside Battle Songs" (2006), and "Neon Blue Bird" (2011).


title: Amy Helm

text: In 2004, she and her father built the Midnight Ramble concerts at his home in Woodstock, NY. The concerts began as a rent party and grew into a Woodstock institution, featuring artists such as Emmylou Harris, Allen Toussaint, Elvis Costello, Phil Lesh, and many others.


title: Amy Helm

text: Growing out of the Midnight Rambles, Levon Helm recorded his first album in 25 years, "Dirt Farmer", which was produced by Amy and Larry Campbell. "Dirt Farmer" went on to win the Grammy award for Best Traditional Folk Album in February 2008. In 2009, they recorded "Electric Dirt", which won the first ever Grammy award for Best Americana Album, an inaugural category, in 2010. She also was a part of the live album "Ramble at the Ryman", recorded in 2008 at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville. This album won the 2012 Grammy award for Best Americana Album.


title: Amy Helm

text: Helm has extensive credits as a background vocalist and whistler on records by artists such as Steely Dan, Mercury Rev, Linda Thompson, William Bell, Rich Robinson, and Rosanne Cash.


title: Amy Helm

text: In 2015, she released her first solo album, "Didn't It Rain" which featured her father's last recorded drum performances. The album also featured members of the Midnight Ramble Band and Amy's touring band, as well as other players and singers such as John Medeski, Bill Payne, and Catherine Russell.


title: Amy Helm

text: In 2017, Helm recorded her second album with producer Joe Henry in Los Angeles. The album features musicians Doyle Bramhall II, Tyler Chester, Jen Condos, and Jay Bellerose, as well as a background vocal section consisting of Allison Russell, JT Nero, and Adam Minkoff. The album, entitled "This Too Shall Light", was released on September 21, 2018 on Yep Roc Records. The album's title track premiered on Rolling Stone Country.


title: Amy Helm

text: Helm currently tours year round with her own band and continues to perform and produce concerts at Levon Helm Studios in Woodstock, the home of the Midnight Ramble.


title: Amy Helm

text: She currently resides in Woodstock, New York. Amy Helm is the stepdaughter of Donald Fagen from Steely Dan through his marriage to Libby Titus in 1993.


title: Pearly gates

text: Pearly gates is an informal name for the gateway to Heaven according to some Christian denominations. It is inspired by the description of the New Jerusalem in : "The twelve gates were twelve pearls, each gate being made from a single pearl."


title: Pearly gates

text: The image of the gates in popular culture is a set of large gold, white or wrought-iron gates in the clouds, guarded by Saint Peter (the keeper of the "keys to the kingdom"). Those not fit to enter heaven are denied entrance at the gates, and descend into Hell. In some versions of this imagery, Peter looks up the deceased's name in a book, before opening the gate.


title: Pearly gates

text: The pearly gates provide the background for a joke cycle: "the premise of these jokes is that admission is not automatic but that the criteria for admission are somewhat arbitrary."


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: Christian Blaize Hackenberg (born February 14, 1995) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at Penn State, and was drafted by the New York Jets in the second round of the 2016 NFL Draft. Hackenberg spent two seasons with the Jets before being released, becoming only the third quarterback selected in the first or second round of the common-draft era (since 1967) not to play a game in his first two seasons. He was also a member of the Oakland Raiders, Philadelphia Eagles, and Cincinnati Bengals, although he never actually played in an NFL game.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: Following his stint in the NFL, Hackenberg was drafted by the Memphis Express in the second round of 2019 AAF QB Draft. Upon retiring from football, he became the quarterbacks coach of the Winslow Township High School football team. On November 20th, 2021, He and the Winslow Township Eagles won NJSIAA Group 4 Central Championship Game.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: Hackenberg is from Palmyra, Virginia, and attended Fluvanna County High School for his freshman year before transferring to Fork Union Military Academy in Fork Union, Virginia. He was ranked as the best pro-style quarterback recruit by ESPN, and the second best pro-style quarterback recruit by Rivals.com.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: Hackenberg committed to Penn State after being recruited by a tandem of Penn State coaches – quarterbacks coach Charlie Fisher and running backs coach/recruiting coordinator Charles London, turning down offers from Alabama, UConn, Florida, Rutgers, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Scouted as a five-star recruit by both Rivals.com and Scout.com, and the No. 2 pro-style quarterback in the nation, Hackenberg was described as an accurate, drop-back passer with ample athleticism who had a high ceiling.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: As a true freshman in 2013, Hackenberg was named the team's starting quarterback. In the first three games of the season, he twice earned Big Ten Conference Freshman of the Week accolades, with a 72-percent completion percentage, 851 yards, 4 touchdowns and 4 interceptions. In a game against Eastern Michigan, he set the Penn State single-game record for passing yards by a freshman with 311 (previous record of 280 held by Zack Mills). Coach Bill O'Brien commended Hackenberg's leadership of the team, noting that the team fed off his calm demeanor, in contrast to O'Brien's fiery personality. He did note that Hackenberg made some mistakes typical of younger players, but he was on the fast track to grasping O'Brien's complex offensive schemes. Hackenberg was a five-time Big Ten Freshman of the Week and was named the 2013 Big Ten Football Freshman of the Year.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: According to ESPN's Todd McShay, Hackenberg was the fifth-best quarterback among those eligible to enter the draft.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: The New York Jets selected Hackenberg in the second round (51st overall) of the 2016 NFL Draft. On May 12, 2016, the New York Jets signed Hackenberg to a four-year, $4.66 million contract featuring a $1.6 million signing bonus.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: Hackenberg made his preseason debut on August 27, 2016 during the third preseason game against the New York Giants, where he completed 6 out of 16 passes for 105 yards with a touchdown and an interception. He also played in the preseason finale against the Philadelphia Eagles on September 1, 2016, where he was 11 for 31 with 54 passing yards and an interception returned for a touchdown.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: Hackenberg began the regular season as the Jets' fourth-string quarterback. He was inactive for the first 15 regular season games, and was only active in the season finale due to a decimated depth chart. Throughout the season, he remained on the bench behind starting quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick, who was benched for ineffective play, Geno Smith, who went on season-ending injured reserve list, and Bryce Petty, who also suffered a season-ending injury. Hackenberg did not play a down in the 2016 season.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: Hackenberg started the Jets' 2017 training camp competing with Josh McCown and Bryce Petty for the starting quarterback job.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: Hackenberg started two preseason games and played in all four. In the first game against the Tennessee Titans, he was 18 of 25 for 127 yards and averaged 5.1 yards per attempt. Hackenberg got the start against the Detroit Lions in the second game and went 2 of 6 for 14 yards before being replaced by Petty in the first half. He also started in the Jets' third preseason game at the New York Giants, posting stats of 8/15 for 60 yards, and two pick sixes. He was replaced by Petty in the second half, but later returned after Petty was injured. In his second stint in the game, Hackenberg went 4 of 6 with a touchdown against the Giants' backups. Hackenberg came in for McCown in the final game against the Eagles. He finished 10 of 22 for 105 yards and a touchdown.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: Hackenberg was beat out by Petty for the backup spot behind McCown during the preseason. Hackenberg was active as McCown's backup for the first game of the season due to Petty being injured, but moved to third string when Petty returned the next week. Hackenberg was inactive the duration of the Jets' season until McCown broke his hand week 14 at the Denver Broncos and was placed on injured reserve. Hackenberg was active the final three games as Petty's backup. He did not play a down in the 2017 season.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: On May 22, 2018, the Jets traded Hackenberg to the Oakland Raiders for a conditional 2019 seventh-round pick. On June 12, 2018, Hackenberg was waived by the Raiders, and the trade with the Jets was negated. The next day, Hackenberg cleared waivers and became a free agent.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: On August 12, 2018, Hackenberg signed with the Philadelphia Eagles. He sat out two games before making his preseason debut on August 30 against the New York Jets. He was waived on September 1, 2018.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: On September 3, 2018, Hackenberg was signed to the Cincinnati Bengals' practice squad. On November 5, 2018, Hackenberg was released from the Bengals' practice squad.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: In November 2018, Hackenberg participated in the Alliance of American Football's quarterback camp. Later in the month, he was drafted by the Memphis Express in the second round of the 2019 AAF QB Draft.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: Hackenberg struggled in his debut with the Express, his first meaningful game action since leaving Penn State. He completed just 10 of 23 passes for 87 yards and an interception before being pulled in the fourth quarter as the Express were shut out by the Birmingham Iron 26–0. His poor performances continued over the next two games as he combined for 32 of 62 completed passes with three interceptions and no touchdowns; he was replaced by Zach Mettenberger during the third game against the Orlando Apollos. On February 25, Express head coach Mike Singletary announced Mettenberger would become the starting quarterback. When Mettenberger was injured on March 16, Brandon Silvers, not Hackenberg, replaced him as the Express' quarterback. The same day, Memphis signed Johnny Manziel to serve as Silvers' backup. The league ceased operations in April 2019.


title: Christian Hackenberg

text: On June 14, 2020, Hackenberg announced that he would be transitioning to baseball and would attempt to sign with teams as a pitcher. However, on March 4, 2021, Hackenberg became the quarterback coach for the Winslow Township High School football team.


title: Slovenian Ground Force

text: The current Slovenian Armed Forces are descended from the Territorial Defense of the Republic of Slovenia ("Teritorialna Obramba Republike Slovenije"; "TORS"), which was formed in 1968 as a paramilitary complement to the regular army of the former Yugoslav within the territory of Slovenia. The main objectives of TORS were to support the Yugoslav National Army (JNA) and conduct guerrilla operations in the event of an invasion.


title: Slovenian Ground Force

text: When Slovenia declared independence at the onset of the Yugoslav Wars in 1991, the TORS and the Slovenian police comprised the majority of forces engaging the Yugoslav People's Army during the Ten-Day War. The Slovenian Armed Forces were formally established in 1993 as a reorganization of the TORS.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros (born January 12, 1945) (also spelled "Mata-Ballesteros") is a Honduran former major narcotics trafficker who has been credited with being one of the first to connect Mexican drug traffickers with the Colombian cocaine cartels. This connection paved the way for a major increase in the amount of cocaine smuggled into the United States during the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s. Matta was indicted for operating several major cocaine smuggling rings in United States in the early 1980s. He was also one of the narcotics traffickers accused of the kidnap and murder of American DEA agent Enrique Camarena in 1985.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: In 1988 Matta was arrested at his Honduran residence in a controversial operation by the Honduran and American governments and taken to the United States, where he stood several trials for his drug smuggling activities and his part in the kidnap and murder of Enrique Camarena. He was found guilty of drug smuggling, and of participating in the kidnapping, but not the murder, of Camarena. In 2017, his conviction in the Camarena kidnapping was overturned because of the flawed forensic evidence used in his trial. A new trial was ordered, but in 2018 prosecutors decided to drop the charges.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: Matta remains in prison, serving a life sentence for his drug sentence at the United States Penitentiary, Canaan, a high-security federal prison in Pennsylvania.. As of February 2021, he is serving his sentence at the US Medical Center for Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: Details of Matta's early life and career are uncertain. According to a website put up by his family, he was born in Tegucigalpa, the second of four children. A number of newspaper sources claim that Mata immigrated illegally to the United States as a teenager and was deported several times, returning each time under a different name. In 1970 he was convicted of entering the country on a false passport and confined at the Federal prison camp in Eglin, Florida. He escaped from the camp the following year. In 1974 Mexican authorities arrested Matta for selling 10 kilograms of cocaine. He spent a year in prison, and was suspected of killing two other prisoners while incarcerated.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: In the early 1980s, Matta was involved with major cocaine smuggling operations. In 1984, he was indicted for his role in a Van Nuys smuggling ring. The discovery of the ring in 1981 resulted in the seizure of 114 pounds of cocaine and $1.9 million in cash, and based on ledgers found with the drugs, prosecutors later estimated that the ring had generated $73 million in just nine months. In 1985, Matta was again indicted for his role in a major cocaine smuggling ring operating in Arizona and southern California. The ring was discovered in 1984, resulting in the seizure of about a ton of cocaine and $7.8 million in cash.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: Soon after the February 1985 kidnap-murder of U.S. DEA agent Enrique Camarena, Matta was suspected of involvement, and he was later indicted for his part in the kidnapping. According to journalist Elaine Shannon, Matta was actually located in Mexico City several days after Camarena's kidnapping, but his arrest was delayed by Mexican authorities and he managed to flee the country. U. S. law enforcement continued to track Matta, and in April 1985, they traced him to the Colombian city of Cartagena. At the DEA's request, Matta was arrested by the Colombian government. In March 1986, while extradition proceedings were still underway, Matta escaped from prison, according to some accounts by bribing prison authorities. Later that year, Matta returned to his native country of Honduras.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: The Honduran Constitution prohibited the extradition of Honduran citizens, and for two years Honduran authorities rejected U.S. requests to extradite Matta. Finally, in April 1988, Honduran police arrested Matta and put him on a plane to the Dominican Republic. The Dominican government then put him on a flight to Puerto Rico with United States Marshals, who arrested Matta when they reached United States territory. The day after Matta's extradition, 1,000 to 2,000 students from the National Autonomous University in Tegucigalpa marched on the U.S. embassy to protest. During the protests, which lasted for two days, the embassy was set on fire, and five students were killed.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: Like other notable players in the Camarena case, Rafael Caro Quintero, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, Matta was eventually convicted as one of the masterminds behind the 1985 kidnapping, torture and murder of U.S. DEA Agent Enrique Camarena in Guadalajara, Mexico. Further, Matta was later convicted for operating an


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: Matta appealed his conviction several times. Finally, in 1995, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found that the United States Supreme Court, in a 1992 ruling on another defendant in the same case, had upheld the prosecution of a fugitive who was brought to the United States by kidnapping rather than extradition.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: Matta also appealed on the grounds that he was beaten and burned with an electric stun gun while being transported to the United States. A Federal judge in Los Angeles had previously found the evidence for his claims inconclusive, and the Court of Appeals declined to overturn that ruling.


title: Juan Matta-Ballesteros

text: Matta is currently being held at the United States Penitentiary, Canaan, a high-security federal prison in Pennsylvania.