title: Jules Grévy

text: In 1848, a revolution in France abolished the July Monarchy and led to the creation of the Second Republic, and with it Grévy was appointed Commissioner of the Republic for the department of Jura. In April 1848 he was elected by that department for a seat in the constituent National Assembly. On the signed declaration for his candidacy, Grévy demanded a "strong and liberal Republic, that makes itself loved for its wisdom and moderation". Foreseeing the rise of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in that year's presidential election he began to advocate a weak executive branch, and became famous during the debates on the drafting of the Constitution for his opposition to electing the president by universal suffrage, instead proposing that the executive power should be vested on a "President of the Council of Ministers", who would be appointed and dismissed by the directly elected National Assembly. The "Grévy Amendment", as it became known, was rejected, and in December 1848 Bonaparte was elected president of France.


title: Jules Grévy

text: Grévy was elected vice-president of the National Assembly in April 1849. The same month he protested against the president's decision to launch an expedition against the revolutionary Roman Republic, created as part of the First Italian War of Independence, but the invasion proceeded and succeeded in restoring Papal rule. In 1851, his fear that Louis-Napoléon intended to perpetuate himself in power was proven true, when the president seized dictatorial power with a coup d'état on 2 December, in which Grévy was arrested and imprisoned in Mazas Prison. He was released shortly after but retired from politics in the subsequent French Empire, under now emperor Napoleon III, and returned to his law practice.


title: Jules Grévy

text: Grévy resumed his political career in the last years of the Empire. In 1868 he was elected to the Corps législatif, where he quickly emerged as a leader of the liberal opposition. Along with Adolphe Thiers and Léon Gambetta he opposed the declaration of the Franco-Prussian War, in 1870, and condemned the socialist insurrection of the Paris Commune. Upon the death of Thiers years later, in 1877, Grévy would become the head of the Republican Party.


title: Jules Grévy

text: After the collapse of the Empire in the Franco-Prussian War, Grévy was elected as representative of Jura and Bouches-du-Rhône to the National Assembly of the new Third Republic, in 1871. He served as president of the Assembly from February 1871 to April 1873, when he resigned on account of the opposition from the Right, which blamed him for having called one of its members to order in the session of the previous day. On 8 March 1876 Grévy was named president of the Chamber of Deputies, a post which he filled with such efficiency that upon the resignation of Legitimist president Marshal de MacMahon he seemed to step naturally into the Presidency of the Republic, and on 30 January 1879 was elected without opposition by the republican parties.


title: Jules Grévy

text: Throughout his presidency, Grévy sought to minimize his powers and instead favored a strong legislature. On 6 February 1879, shortly after taking office, he made a speech before the Chambers where he explained his vision of the role of President: “Subject with sincerity to the great law of the parliamentary regime, I will never enter into battle against national wishes expressed by its institutional bodies”. This interpretation of the office's limited power influenced most of the later presidents of the Third Republic. In foreign policy he strove for peaceful relations, particularly with the German Empire, resisting revanchist demands for a retribution over the disastrous defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, and opposed colonial expansion. Among internal policies his presidency was marked by anti-clerical reforms, particularly under the government of prime minister Charles de Freycinet. In 1880, he passed an amnesty law in favor of the communards.


title: Jules Grévy

text: On 28 December 1885, Grévy was elected for another seven years as president of the Republic. Two years later however, in December 1887, he was compelled to resign due to a political scandal that started after his son-in-law, Daniel Wilson, was found to be selling awards of the Legion of Honour. Although Grévy himself was not implicated in the scheme, he was indirectly responsible for the misuse Wilson had made of the access to the Élysée. Under pressure from the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, Grévy resigned on 2 December and addressed a last message to the two chambers, in which he stated "my duty and my right would be to resist, wisdom and patriotism command me to yield". This political matter was the first to feed anti-Masonic opinion in France.


title: Jules Grévy

text: Grévy wrote a two-volume "Discours politiques et judiciaires" ("Political and Judicial Speeches") in 1888.


title: Jules Grévy

text: Grévy married in 1848 to Coralie Frassie, the daughter of a tanner from Narbonne. They had one daughter, Alice (1849-1938), who married Daniel Wilson in 1881.


title: Jules Grévy

text: He died in his hometown of Mont-sous-Vaudrey on 9 September 1891, following a pulmonary edema. His state funeral was held on 14 September.


title: Jules Grévy

text: Initiated at the masonic lodge "La Constante Amitié" in Arras, his masonic activity was inseparable from his policies, especially in the ensuing struggle for separation of church and state that marked the beginning of the Third Republic and MacMahon's resignation.


title: Jules Grévy

text: In private life, Grévy was an ardent billiards player, and was featured as one in a portrait published in the "Vanity Fair" magazine in 1879.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Heathrow Terminal 5 is an airport terminal at Heathrow Airport, the main airport serving London. Opened in 2008, the main building in the complex is the largest free-standing structure in the United Kingdom. Terminal 5 is currently used exclusively by British Airways and was exclusively used as one of the three global hubs of IAG, served by British Airways and Iberia until 12 July 2022 when Iberia moved all flights to Terminal 3. Prior to 2012, the terminal was used solely by British Airways.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The terminal was designed to handle 35 million passengers a year. In 2018, Terminal 5 handled 32.1 million passengers on 211,000 flights. It was the busiest terminal at the airport, measured both by passenger numbers and flight movements.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The building's leading architects were from the Richard Rogers Partnership and production design was completed by aviation architects Pascall+Watson. The engineers for the structure were Arup and Mott MacDonald. The building cost £4 billion and took almost 20 years from conception to completion, including the longest public inquiry in British history.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The possibility of a fifth terminal at Heathrow emerged as early as 1982, when there was debate over whether the expansion of Stansted or the expansion of Heathrow (advocated by BA) was the way forward for the UK aviation industry. Planning studies for the terminal began in February 1988 and Richard Rogers Partnership was selected to design the terminal in 1989. Richard Rogers compared his design to the Centre Pompidou, an earlier project that has similar flexibility in its use of space.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: BAA formally announced its proposal for construction of Terminal 5 in May 1992, submitting a formal planning application on 17 February 1993. A public inquiry into the proposals began on 16 May 1995 and lasted nearly four years, finally ending on 17 March 1999 after sitting for 525 days. The inquiry, based at the Renaissance Hotel Heathrow, was the longest planning inquiry ever held in the UK. Finally, more than eight years after the initial planning application, Secretary of State for Transport Stephen Byers announced on 20 November 2001 the British government's decision to grant planning permission for the building of a fifth passenger terminal at Heathrow.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Construction, which was undertaken by Laing O'Rourke, began in September 2002, with earthworks for the construction of the buildings' foundation. A preparatory archaeological dig at the site found more than 80,000 artefacts. In November of the following year, work started on the steel superstructure of the main terminal building. By January 2005, the nine tunnels needed to provide road and rail access, and to provide drainage, were completed. In March that year, the sixth and final section of the main terminal roof was lifted into position, and in December the building was made weatherproof. The roof could not have been lifted with conventional cranes because it would have vertically intersected with the airport's radar field. Therefore, the roof was assembled on the ground using smaller cranes, then lifted into place by eight custom-built towers, each fitted with two hydraulic jacks to pull the roof up. At peak there were around 8,000 people working on the construction site, whilst over the life of the project over 60,000 people were involved in the construction. Over 15,000 volunteers were recruited for a total of 68 trials lasting from September 2007 until March 2008 to test the operational readiness of Terminal 5 prior to its opening.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Queen Elizabeth II officially opened Terminal 5 in a ceremony on 14 March 2008. Used by British Airways (and now IAG (Iberia)) as well as American Airlines (OneWorld Partner), the terminal opened for passenger use on 27 March 2008, with flight BA26 from Hong Kong its first arrival at 04:50 GMT. The first passenger to enter Terminal 5 was Paul Walker, a UK emigrant from Kenya who entered through security at 04:30 on 27 March 2008 and was presented with a boarding pass by the British Airways CEO Willie Walsh for the first departing flight, BA302 to Paris.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: On the day of opening, it quickly became apparent that the new terminal was not operating as planned, forcing British Airways to cancel 34 flights and suspend baggage check-in. Over the following 10 days some 42,000 bags failed to travel with their owners, and over 500 flights were cancelled. British Airways was not able to operate its full schedule from Terminal 5 until 8 April 2008 and had to postpone the transfer of its long-haul flights from Terminal 4 to Terminal 5. The difficulties were later blamed on a number of problems with the terminal's IT systems, coupled with car parking. These resulted in the sacking of BA's director of operations Gareth Kirkwood, and director of customer services, David Noyes. Four months after opening, British Airways launched an advertising campaign to assure the public that things were working normally.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The Terminal 5 building is on a site on the western side of the airport, between the western ends of the northern and southern runways. The site was previously occupied by the Perry Oaks sewage works and an area of smallholdings called Burrows Hill Close Estate, and is east of the M25 motorway; see also Heathrow (hamlet). Two artificial watercourses, the Longford River and the Duke of Northumberland's River, originally ran through the middle of the site. Most of the terminal is in the ecclesiastical parish of Harmondsworth. The southern section, including the railway station, is in the ecclesiastical parish of Stanwell. The whole area is in the London Borough of Hillingdon.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: One of the most time-critical civil engineering sub-projects of the Terminal's construction programme was the diversion of the Longford River and Duke of Northumberland's River around the western perimeter of the airport. This was a complex scheme, which involved not only the re-routing of the two rivers but also the realignment of the A3044 dual carriageway and Western Perimeter Road. The challenge was complicated by strict time constraints and the proximity of the works to local residents. Further restrictions to site activities resulted from the overhead flight path from both runways. 95% of the diverted rivers were placed in two open man-made channels in length, compared with only 50% of the original rivers which were conveyed beneath the runways in culverts. The Twin Rivers Diversion scheme achieved a Civil Engineering Environmental Quality (CEEQUAL) Award for its ability to maintain high environmental standards and quality during design and construction of the project. It involved much moving and planting of river wildlife and plants.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The Terminal 5 complex includes several buildings, a new control tower and a railway station. The main terminal building is referred to as Terminal 5A. There are two satellite buildings, Terminal 5B and Terminal 5C. At the time of opening, Terminal 5A and Terminal 5B were completed, whilst Terminal 5C, which was built by Carillion, was under construction and scheduled to open later in May 2010; however it only opened in June 2011. The whole complex is fronted by a separate building containing road transport facilities. Within the complex there are more than 100 shops and restaurants.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The main terminal building is long, wide and tall. It is the largest building in the Terminal 5 complex and is the largest free-standing building in the United Kingdom. Its four storeys are covered by a single-span undulating steel frame roof, with glass façades angled at 6.5 degrees to the vertical. The area covered by the roof is the size of five football pitches, and each section weighs 2,200 tonnes.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: T5A contains a check-in hall, a departure lounge with retail stores and other passenger services, and a baggage reclaim hall. T5A contains the bulk of the terminal's baggage handling system. This baggage handling system is the largest in the world with of high-speed track and of regular conveyor belts. It is designed to handle 4,000 bags per hour, and also has an "early bag store" which can temporarily store up to 4,000 bags.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Departing passengers enter the departures level on the third floor by lift or escalator from the interchange plaza. Upon entering the departures concourse, passengers see views across Heathrow and the surrounding area, and are in a space that is unobstructed to the rising roof above. After check-in and security screening, the airside departure lounge also provides views across the airport, its runways and beyond.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: British Airways maintains offices overlooking the main Terminal 5 passenger handling areas, designed so that staff can have, in the words of "Aviation Transport Weekly", a "visual connection to customers". When Terminal 5 opened on 27 March 2008, British Airways staff, including crew check-in staff, relocated from the Compass Centre to Terminal 5. London based interior designer Katharine Pooley was commissioned to design the interior of the Windsor Suite which receives and hosts VIPs.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Terminal 5B was the first satellite building to be built. Terminal 5C is the second satellite building, opening unofficially on 20 May 2011, with official opening on 1 June 2011, in conjunction with the relaunch of British Airways service to San Diego. Terminal 5B measures long by wide and high, and contains 37 lifts and 29 escalators.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: There is also the potential for an additional satellite building, T5D, to be located to the east of T5C, as displayed in Heathrow's Capital Investment Plan for 2009.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: An underground automated people mover (APM), known as the "Transit", connects passengers between Terminal 5A, Terminal 5B and Terminal 5C.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Unlike most airport terminals, the main terminal building does not have direct road access. Instead it is fronted by a six-level frontal building, which contains a bus station and taxi rank (at ground level), a 3,800-space short-stay multi-storey car park (levels 1 to 4) and a drop-off zone (level 5). A walkway at level 1 of the frontal building provides under-cover access to the Sofitel Heathrow Airport T5 Hotel, while a section of level 2 is used for the link to the long-term business car park (see below).


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The frontal building is connected to the main terminal by covered walkways at ground level (the arrivals level of the main terminal building) and skybridges at level 5 (departures level). The combination of the two buildings with the linking walkways creates a series of open courtyards. One of these courtyards is occupied by the access structures for the railway station below; others contain a dancing fountain and a grove of 40 London Plane trees, and are accessible to passengers and other visitors.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: At the time of its design Terminal 5's proposed height was so tall that it would have blocked runway views from Heathrow Airport's then control tower. Therefore, before construction began on the terminal building, a new taller air traffic control tower was constructed. Costing £50 million it was assembled off-site before being manoeuvred into position within the central terminal area near to Heathrow Terminal 3, during 2004. This new control tower weighs nearly 1000 tons and is in height, making it one of the tallest in Europe and twice the height of London's Nelson's Column. It became operational in April 2007.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: British Airways is currently the only airline to use Terminal 5 to operate the majority of its flights from Heathrow, but some destinations are served from Terminal 3 due to capacity restrictions at Terminal 5.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: From March 2012 until 12 July 2022, International Airlines Group subsidiary Iberia had operated from Terminal 5. On 12 July 2022, Iberia moved all flights to Terminal 3 to improve aiming flight operations and customer services.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: During the pandemic, several Oneworld members other than British Airways and Iberia also used this terminal. American Airlines moved into Terminal 5 on 7 July 2020, but has since moved back to Terminal 3. On 27 July 2020, Qatar Airways moved into this terminal, but moved back to Terminal 4 on 14 June 2022. On 29 July 2020, Japan Airlines moved into Terminal 5, but has moved back to Terminal 3. China Southern Airlines previously operated from terminal until it was relocated to Terminal 4 in November 2022.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Terminal 5 handles not only international flights, but also UK and Irish flights like Terminal 2 unlike Terminal 3 and 4. Loganair was planning to use this terminal to codeshare with British Airways, but uses Terminal 2 rather than Terminal 5 due to the amount of space used at Terminal 5.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The transport network around the airport has been extended to cope with the increase in passenger numbers. This has involved widening of the M25 motorway and the construction of new branches of both the Heathrow Express and the London Underground Piccadilly line.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Terminal 5 is served by Heathrow Terminal 5 station, which is located beneath the main terminal building, and serves both the London Underground and Heathrow Express rail connections to the terminal. The railway station also has two additional, currently unused, platforms for use by a possible westward railway connection.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Heathrow Express provides an express service to Paddington station in central London, stopping only at Heathrow Central station. Trains run every 15 minutes and the journey time to Paddington is 21 minutes. Premium fares are charged for the service to Paddington. However no fares are charged for the journey to Heathrow Central, which provides access to Terminals 2 & 3, to the Heathrow Airport Central bus station, and to the Elizabeth line semi-fast rail service to Paddington. Terminal 4 can be reached by changing trains to the Heathrow Express Shuttle service at Heathrow Central, which is also fare-free for this journey.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The Piccadilly line of the London Underground provides a slower, but considerably cheaper, stopping service to central London, with a journey time of between 45 minutes and one hour depending on exact destination. Trains run every 10 minutes, and provide service to many stations en route to and within central London, with interchange available to the rest of the London Underground network. The Piccadilly line is integrated into the Transport for London fare system.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Terminal 5 is also served by RailAir express buses, which link the terminal's bus station (see below) with Reading station, for rail services to the west, and Woking station, for rail services to the south.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: A dedicated motorway spur has been built from the M25 between junctions 14 and 15 to the terminal. The spur also connects to the airport's perimeter road, and provides direct connections to the frontal building at ground level (for bus station and taxi rank), level 4 (for car parking) and level 5 (for departure set down). The car parking on levels 1 to 3 is accessed from a series of spiral ramps that descend from level 4 to ground level.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Besides the short-stay car parking in front of the main terminal, Terminal 5 is also served by separate business and long-term car parks. These are accessed from the airport's perimeter road and are some distance from the terminal. The long-term car park is linked to the terminal by bus, and the business car park is served by an elevated personal rapid transit system (see below).


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The terminal is also connected to Terminals 1, 2 and 3 by the Heathrow Airside Road Tunnel, although, as its name suggests, this is not available for public traffic.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The bus and coach station in the frontal building is served by a number of bus and coach services, including long-distance National Express coach service, "The Airline" service running from Oxford, RailAir buses, local public bus services, shuttle buses to airport hotels, long term car parking and car hire lots, and staff shuttle buses.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Because Terminal 5 is close to the boundary of Greater London, some local buses are part of the London Buses network, whilst others are run by operators from outside the London Buses area.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: A -long personal rapid transit system, known as the "Pod", links the nearby business car park and the main Terminal 5A building. The Pod system is operated landside with a fleet of battery-powered, driverless ULTra vehicles running on an elevated and at-grade segregated guideway. Pod vehicles are operated by passengers using a touch-screen devices at Pod stations in the car parks or inside the terminal building.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The system began trial operation in May 2011, with full service commencing in September of the same year. This system has been designed by Bristol based Advanced Transport Systems, and the intention is that it will eventually transport passengers around the perimeter fence to Terminals 2 and 3.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: An underground automated people mover (APM) system, known as the "Transit", is used to transport passengers between the 5A, 5B and 5C buildings. The Transit uses Bombardier Innovia APM 200 vehicles and operates exclusively airside, and is thus only available to passengers and other authorised personnel.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: The Transit can accommodate up to 6,000 passengers per hour and the trains run at with a journey time of 45 seconds. Passengers descend to the station via a pair of escalators "thought to be the largest in Europe in an open environment". The escalators are also the longest in the United Kingdom, longer than those at Angel Underground station on the London Underground, which had held the title since 1992.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: Beginning in 2022, Heathrow Terminal 5 will be served by the Elizabeth Line, as part of the Crossrail project. This will provide another route to Central London, as well as areas like Canary Wharf on the Abbey Wood Branch and Essex on the Shenfield branch.


title: Heathrow Terminal 5

text: A proposal exists for the construction of a Western Rail Approach to Heathrow, a railway link connecting Heathrow Terminal 5 to the Great Western Main Line. If constructed, this link would allow rail services to continue westwards from Terminal 5 to serve stations in the West of England.


title: The Great Milenko

text: The Great Milenko is the fourth studio album by American hip hop group Insane Clown Posse, released on June 24, 1997 by Hollywood Records in association with Psychopathic Records. As the fourth Joker's Card in the group's Dark Carnival mythology, the album's lyrics focus on the titular Great Milenko, who is a necromancer.


title: The Great Milenko

text: The album was recorded and initially released by the Disney-owned record label Hollywood Records. The album was taken off shelves by Hollywood hours after its release, in response to criticism from the Southern Baptist Church of decisions that the church believed did not reflect Disney's family-friendly image, although Disney claimed that the album was released due to an oversight by its review board. After Hollywood terminated the group's contract, Insane Clown Posse signed a new contract with Island Records (whose parent at the time, PolyGram, distributed Hollywood releases in North America), which agreed to release the album as it was originally intended. Island then re-released the album on August 12, 1997.


title: The Great Milenko

text: The music of "The Great Milenko" features a rap metal sound and features guest appearances by popular rock stars Alice Cooper, Steve Jones and Slash. Although the album was poorly received by critics, it debuted at number 63 on the "Billboard" charts, and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: The Great Milenko

text: Following the 1994 release of the album "Ringmaster", Insane Clown Posse started to attract a strong local following in Detroit, Michigan. The group began selling out large clubs such as St. Andrew's Hall and the State Theatre, and drew the attention of major record label Jive Records. The following year, Insane Clown Posse signed with the label Battery Records, a subsidiary of Jive Records. Battery/Jive released the duo's third studio album, "Riddle Box" (1995), but showed little interest in promoting the album. The group's manager Alex Abbiss negotiated a contract with Disney's Hollywood Records label, which reportedly paid $1 million to purchase the Insane Clown Posse contract from Battery/Jive Records.


title: The Great Milenko

text: The expansion of the Juggalo fanbase into its own culture inspired Insane Clown Posse to write the songs "What Is a Juggalo?" and "Down with the Clown" for this album.


title: The Great Milenko

text: The group started recording "The Great Milenko" in 1996, and Violent J began thinking of a title for the album shortly after. Bruce later came up with the title "The Great Milenko". Bruce also admitted that he had always liked the ring name of professional wrestler Dean Simon ("Dean Malenko"), because he felt that the name Malenko had a "carnival" sound to it. Believing that he had created the name himself, Bruce later realized that he had unwittingly used the nickname of Dean's father, Boris "The Great" Malenko.


title: The Great Milenko

text: The band wanted to include famous rock stars on the album. Julian Raymond, the artists and repertoire representative for Hollywood Records, contacted Slash, Steve Jones, and Alice Cooper. Slash, who was a self-professed fan of the band's music, reportedly only asked for Wild Irish Rose as payment for his contributions. Bruce, who knew very little about the Sex Pistols or Steve Jones, declined to show up at the studio when Jones played his guitar part for "Piggy Pie". Although not knowing much about Alice Cooper either, Bruce decided to fly to Arizona and coach Cooper on his parts. Bruce and Clark also met George Clinton, who was staying in the same hotel, and recorded his voice in his room, but it did not fit anywhere on the album.


title: The Great Milenko

text: After the recording sessions were finished, executives at Hollywood Records—and the label's parent company, Disney—expressed dissatisfaction with several tracks. Disney requested that the tracks "The Neden Game", "Under the Moon", and "Boogie Woogie Wu" be removed because of lyrics referencing abuse of women, rape and murder, and the slaughter of children, respectively. Disney also asked that the lyrics of "Piggy Pie" be changed, due to lyrics about murdering police officers. Disney threatened not to release the album if their requests were not met. Begrudgingly, Bruce and Utsler complied with Disney's requests. The uncensored version of "Piggy Pie" was later released on "Forgotten Freshness Volumes 1 & 2". After recording was finalized, the duo planned to go on a national tour with House of Krazees and Myzery as its opening acts. Several songs were recorded with the intention of releasing them on "The Great Milenko". One such song, "House of Wonders", was recorded but was later released on "Mutilation Mix" (1997) and "Forgotten Freshness Volumes 1 & 2" (1998).


title: The Great Milenko

text: "The Great Milenko" is the fourth Joker's Card in Insane Clown Posse's Dark Carnival concept album series. The Dark Carnival is a concept of the afterlife in which souls are sent to a form of limbo while waiting to be sent to heaven or hell based on their individual actions. These concepts are related by Insane Clown Posse in a series of albums called the six Joker's Cards. Each of the six Joker's Cards relate to a specific character—an entity of the Dark Carnival—that tries to "save the human soul" by showing the wickedness inside of one's self.


title: The Great Milenko

text: This Joker's Card is a necromancer and illusionist who tries to trick individuals into acts of greed, envy, and lust. The Card ultimately issues a warning against such acts of sin, and enlightens listeners that The Great Milenko is a part of every individual, and that they have the power to fall under his illusions or cast his hoaxes aside.


title: The Great Milenko

text: "The Great Milenko" featured more rock influences than previous Insane Clown Posse albums, including an introduction performed by Alice Cooper and guitar tracks performed by Steve Jones (on "Piggy Pie"), and Slash (on "Halls of Illusions"). Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote, in his review of "The Amazing Jeckel Brothers" (1999) that, ""The Great Milenko" [...] was targeted at white-boy, adolescent metalheads -- really, how could any album that contained guest spots from Alice Cooper, Slash, Steve Jones and Legs Diamond be anything else?"


title: The Great Milenko

text: Insane Clown Posse hired renowned Detroit record producer and DJ Mike E. Clark to produce the record. Clark made the album sound more rock-oriented, as opposed to the duo's earlier material, which featured a more prominent hip-hop sound. To create the record, Clark utilized standard hip hop techniques such as record scratching, and mixed them with elements of rock and heavy metal.


title: The Great Milenko

text: According to the group's mythology, The Great Milenko is a necromancer and illusionist who tries to trick individuals into greed and other such sins. He takes out the worst in an individual and creates powerful illusions in an attempt to cause them to become hedonistic and greedy. An honorable individual must fight his magic in order to make it to Shangri-La (as revealed in the track "Pass Me By").


title: The Great Milenko

text: The album's themes mostly revolve around those of death, morality, and everyday decisions. For instance, "How Many Times?" talks about annoying traffic jams and other everyday-life inconveniences. "Piggy Pie" references the Three Little Pigs and tells Violent J's story of murdering three kinds of people: an incest-prone redneck, a judge who unjustly sentences people based on their looks, and a stuck-up wealthy person. "Under the Moon" tells the tale of a man convicted after killing a man who tried to rape his girlfriend. "Boogie Woogie Wu" is told from the perspective of the boogie man and talks about the slaughter of children. The "Neden Game" takes the form of a "Dating Game"-esque show, albeit with added misogynistic banter for humor. Finally, the lyrics to "Hellalujah" target money-hungry preachers.


title: The Great Milenko

text: Two singles were released from the album: "Halls of Illusions" and "Hokus Pokus". "Halls of Illusions" was the first single released in 1997. The single peaked at number 56 on the UK Singles Chart, and its accompanying music video peaked at number one on The Box video request channel. The album's second single, "Hokus Pokus", was released in June 1997. In 1998, it peaked at number 54 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: The Great Milenko

text: Initially, Hollywood Records shipped 100,000 copies of "The Great Milenko" to various record stores. During a music-store autograph signing, Insane Clown Posse was notified that Hollywood Records had deleted the album within hours of its release, despite having sold 18,000 copies and reaching number 63 on the "Billboard" 200. The group was also informed that its in-store signings and 25-city nationwide tour had been canceled, commercials for the album and the music video for "Halls of Illusions" (which had reached number one on The Box video request channel) were pulled from television, and that the group was dropped from the label. It was later revealed that Disney was being criticized by the Southern Baptist Church at the time because of Disney's promotion of Gay Days at Disneyland, in addition to producing and distributing the gay-themed television sitcom "Ellen". The church claimed Disney was turning its back on family values. Although Abbiss told the press that Disney had stopped production of "The Great Milenko" to avoid further controversy, Disney claimed instead that the release of the album was an oversight by their review board, and that the album "did not fit the Disney image" because of its "inappropriate" lyrics, which they claimed were offensive to women. Although Hollywood Records had ordered record stores to return shipments of the now-deleted album, many record stores refused, including the Michigan-based Harmony House where 1,700 CDs were sold in 36 stores after the termination order.


title: The Great Milenko

text: After the termination of the Hollywood Records contract, labels such as Interscope and Geffen Records wanted to sign the group, but Island Records' Chris Blackwell came to the group's rescue and agreed to release "The Great Milenko" as it was originally intended. As part of the deal, Island also agreed to rerelease the group's first two Joker's Card albums. "Milenko" was released in four colors: red, green, purple, and gold. Each color had a different secret message that would help reveal the title of the fifth Joker's Card, "The Amazing Jeckel Brothers". Music videos were filmed for "Halls of Illusions", "How Many Times?", and "Piggy Pie". An unofficial music video for "Down with the Clown" was featured on the home-video release "Juggalo Championshxt Wrestling Volume 1". A music video for the Headhuntaz Remix of "Hokus Pokus" was produced after the release of the album. The video featured appearances by Twiztid and Myzery. Blackwell left Island Records shortly after the group released "Forgotten Freshness Volumes 1 & 2", and the merger of PolyGram into Universal Music Group (which owned Interscope and Geffen) affected the way the label handled its next Joker's Card release. Despite the rough start, "The Great Milenko" has sold well over the years. On May 5, 1998, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). A year later, on April 21, 1999, the album was certified platinum for shipments of over one million copies. As of 2007, the album has sold over 1.7 million copies in the United States.


title: The Great Milenko

text: "Entertainment Weekly" music critic David Browne gave the record a C-minus rating: "[With] its puerile humor and intentionally ugly metal-rap tunes, the album feels oddly dated." AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that "The Great Milenko" is "the sort of record you wish they would take off the stereo at excruciating frat parties." In "The Great Rock Discography", Martin Charles Strong gave the album five out of ten stars. The album received two out of five stars in "The New Rolling Stone Album Guide", in which Ben Sisario identified it as the album in which "the group came into its own".


title: The Great Milenko

text: Although the reviews were mostly negative, some critics complimented the album's improved sound over its precursors. Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that the album was "a better record than [its] predecessors, boasting a tougher sound and some actual hooks, without losing the juvenile vulgarity that pleased their following", and added that "it is better than the rest of ICP's work". David Browne said that ""Milenko" is better produced than the duo's earlier output (Slash grinds out metal chords on "Halls of Illusions"), and "Pass Me By" is a genuinely melodic song." In 2009, Fangoria named "The Great Milenko" an iconic horrorcore album.


title: Shear strength

text: In engineering, shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural failure when the material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the force. When a paper is cut with scissors, the paper fails in shear.


title: Shear strength

text: In structural and mechanical engineering, the shear strength of a component is important for designing the dimensions and materials to be used for the manufacture or construction of the component (e.g. beams, plates, or bolts). In a reinforced concrete beam, the main purpose of reinforcing bar (rebar) stirrups is to increase the shear strength.


title: Shear strength

text: In general: ductile materials (e.g. aluminum) fail in shear, whereas brittle materials (e.g. cast iron) fail in tension. See tensile strength.


title: Shear strength

text: Given total force at failure (F) and the force-resisting area (e.g. the cross-section of a bolt loaded in shear), ultimate shear strength (formula_1) is:


title: Shear strength

text: This is only the average stress, actual stress distribution is not uniform. In real world applications, this equation only gives an approximation and the maximum shear stress would be higher. Stress is not often equally distributed across a part so the shear strength would need to be higher to account for the estimate.


title: Shear strength

text: There are no published standard values for shear strength like with tensile and yield strength. Instead, it is common for it to be estimated as 60% of the ultimate tensile strength. Shear strength can be measured by a torsion test where it is equal to their torsional strength.


title: Shear strength

text: When values measured from physical samples are desired, a number of testing standards are available, covering different material categories and testing conditions. In the US, ASTM standards for measuring shear strength include ASTM B769, B831, D732, D4255, D5379, and D7078. Internationally, ISO testing standards for shear strength include ISO 3597, 12579, and 14130.


title: Palm Desert Scene

text: The Palm Desert Scene is a group of related bands and musicians from Palm Desert, California. Their hard rock sound – sometimes described as desert rock – contains elements of heavy metal, psychedelia, blues, punk, alternative, grunge, and other genres. It often features distinctive repetitive drum beats, a propensity for free-form jamming, and "trance-like" or "sludgy" grooves. The involved musicians often play in multiple bands simultaneously, and there is a high rate of collaboration between bands. The Palm Desert Scene is also notable for fostering stoner rock pioneers Kyuss. The term "stoner rock" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "desert rock". However, not all Palm Desert scene bands are "stoner rock" and not all stoner rock bands sound exactly like those in Palm Desert. Palm Desert has been named by "Blender" magazine as "one of the top seven rock n' roll cities in America".


title: Palm Desert Scene

text: The scene evolved from various Palm Desert bands' (especially Yawning Man's) marijuana-driven instrumental jam sessions in the desert. It is largely known for its heavy, grinding riffs and association with the use of illicit substances, particularly marijuana, peyote, LSD, and magic mushrooms. These jam sessions inevitably contained some psychedelic rock influences. Possibly because of the scene's proximity to Mexico and Spanish speaking communities, there is a significant influence of Latin music on Palm Desert rock which is very evident with the El Miradors. Due in part to their roots as smalltime bar bands, many of the Palm Desert bands have strong blues elements in their music as well.


title: Palm Desert Scene

text: Palm Desert bands built a large local following by frequently performing at bars and parties in and around the isolated towns of Southern California's desert areas. The band Kyuss, specifically, performed shows at desert parties known as "generator parties". These shows consisted of small crowds of people partying in the desert, beer drinking, drugs, and the use of gasoline-powered generators to provide electricity for the musical equipment. Kyuss and Queens of the Stone Age member Josh Homme commented that playing in the desert "was the shaping factor for [Kyuss]", noting that "there's no clubs here, so you can only play for free. If people don't like you, they'll tell you. You can't suck."


title: Palm Desert Scene

text: One project within this scene are the Desert Sessions, in which Josh Homme invites a group of musicians, most of whom are from the Palm Desert scene, to Rancho De La Luna, a studio in the desert, where they write, rehearse and record some 10 songs in one week's time. The songs are recorded and then never played again by the same lineup, though a number of Desert Sessions songs have later been covered on albums by Queens of the Stone Age and become part of the QOTSA live repertoire. The Desert Sessions series has now yielded 12 volumes, which have been released in pairs on CD but individually in 10" vinyl EP format. Though the series is commonly associated with the Palm Desert Scene, not all artists in the scene have participated, and there have been other artists to contribute to the project who are clearly not from the scene, such as John McBain of Red Bank, New Jersey's Monster Magnet, Dean Ween of Pennsylvania's Ween and England's PJ Harvey.


title: Ezri Dax

text: Ezri Dax () is a fictional character who appears in the of the American science fiction TV series "". Portrayed by Nicole de Boer, she is a counselor aboard the Bajoran space station "Deep Space Nine". The character is a member of the Trill species, and is formed of both a host and a symbiont—referred to as Dax. Ezri was introduced to the series following the death of the previous Dax host, Jadzia (Terry Farrell) at the end of . It had been the producers' intention to introduce a new female character bearing the symbiont in order to ensure that Nana Visitor as Kira Nerys was not the only female member of the main cast. There were difficulties in casting initially, and the character changed from one who was intended to be "spooky" to one who was struggling to deal with all her previous personalities as a result of unexpectedly taking on the Dax symbiont. De Boer was not considered for the part until co-producer Hans Beimler suggested that she should submit an audition tape, which resulted in her invitation to meet with the producers in Los Angeles and in her gaining the role.


title: Ezri Dax

text: The character made her appearance in the first episode of the seventh season, "Image in the Sand". The character continued to appear throughout the final season of the series, with her final appearance in the series finale, "What You Leave Behind". Her character stepped into the void left by Jadzia amongst the crew, but found that she had to redevelop those previous relationships and learn to get along with Jadzia's widower, Worf (Michael Dorn). During the course of the season, Ezri becomes less nervous of her role with the crew. She learns from the Dax symbiont and becomes involved romantically with Dr. Julian Bashir (Alexander Siddig).


title: Ezri Dax

text: The fan reaction to the character was reported as positive, but several of the Ezri-centric episodes came in for criticism, with producer Ira Steven Behr apologising to de Boer for "" – an episode described as "just a mess" by writer Ronald D. Moore. The relationship between Ezri and both Worf and Bashir was described as one of five "great geek TV love triangles". The inclusion of the character was criticised on the internet, with Ezri being referred to as both an "ill-conceived idea" and a "replacement Dax".


title: Ezri Dax

text: Terry Farrell had portrayed the character of Jadzia Dax from the pilot episode "" through to "Tears of the Prophets", the final episode of . The actress had decided not to renew her contract for the seventh season, and so the character was killed off in her final appearance. Due to the character's symbiotic nature, only the host died; the symbiont known as Dax survived – which allowed the producers to reintroduce it in a new host later.


title: Ezri Dax

text: Prior to the start of the seventh season, the producers sought to re-introduce Dax with a new host. They decided immediately that it had to be a female character, as otherwise Kira Nerys, played by Nana Visitor, would be the only female main character. There were some difficulties in finding an actress who met the requirements of the part; Ira Steven Behr said "So we started the casting process, and all I saw was a lot of people who couldn't play the part. There was absolutely no one in the running." The initial casting call required an actress with a "spooky" quality, but following the failure to find someone adequate, co-supervising producer René Echevarria suggested that the character instead should be someone who was unprepared to be joined with Dax and only did so because of an unexpected occurrence.


title: Ezri Dax

text: Echevarria suggested this to Behr over lunch, but he initially was not sure. By the time they had returned separately to the studio, Behr had an entire plan worked out based on the new premise for the character. Behr suggested that the character should be basically acting as if she has schizophrenia, saying "We'd never played up the idea in the past, but it made sense. What must it be like to hear all those voices and opinions?" The producers also decided that they wanted a younger actress who felt vulnerable in order to offset the strength that Jadzia had grown into over the years. Casting remained difficult, until Hans Beimler suggested an actress from Canada whom he had once worked with – Nicole de Boer. She had worked with Beimler on the television series "Beyond Reality" and "TekWar". She was asked to submit an audition tape in which she played out a scene between Ezri and Quark, which she recorded, herself, in her hotel room, and later admitted that she did not know what a Trill was at the time.


title: Ezri Dax

text: At the time, de Boer was busy working in Canada but was unknown as an actress in the United States. She was called to Los Angeles to audition in person based on the strength of the tape, in which she performed a four and a half minute scene written specifically for the audition. It was later converted into a scene used in the episode "". She thought she had ruined her audition when she nearly choked on a glass of water as executive producer Rick Berman entered the room and had to run to the bathroom, by which time she had already soaked her clothes and caused her mascara to run. But Behr praised her, saying "We got a good vibe off her, she knew her part. She got it. And that was it."


title: Ezri Dax

text: As part of her preparation for each day's filming, she had the Trill spots applied by makeup artist Mary Kay Morse, with Michael Westmore working on her detailing instead. This was a change from when Farrell had portrayed Jadzia, as in that case, Westmore had applied the spots himself each day. She made her first appearance in the season seven opener, "Image in the Sand", for which she was required for only half a day, as she was in only one scene. "I came in and I had one line — that's it, I hadn't even moved to L.A. yet and I hadn't found a place to live." She began to understand what was required of her from her second episode onwards. She later explained that "I never really got too freaked in the beginning. I thought more of this as the biggest job I've ever had, than going into the whole "Star Trek" phenomenon. I just wanted to do a good job."


title: Ezri Dax

text: De Boer felt that the producers did a good job with involving Ezri over the course of the seventh season, but not to the extent that it detracted from the more established members of the main cast. However, there was one part of the season when she was concerned that the fans would suffer from "Ezri overload". But she felt that the character had a real story arc and character evolution as the season went by. She said that she did not want Ezri to remain the same "young and confused" person that she was in her first appearances, which was something that the writers and producers agreed with. She said, "As time went on, you saw that Ezri was intelligent, that she was endearing and a good person. She became a more complicated character than you might have thought in her first few episodes." She praised specific episodes that evolved the character, such as "The Siege of AR-558" which required Ezri to draw upon Dax's past experiences, as otherwise she would have been completely out of her element. De Boer also enjoyed "" as the episode showed the change in Ezri from before she was joined with the Dax symbiont, and she thought that the events portrayed in "" were "fascinating". As she approached the end of "Deep Space Nine", de Boer addressed the rumors of her joining "", saying that "My first instinct would be to say no. I would need to feel there was a reason for Ezri to be on "Voyager"". She was interviewed at the series wrap party after completing filming on the final episode, "What You Leave Behind", and said, "The last episode was very emotional, especially on the last day... I couldn't believe that a season had gone by already. I realized all the people I'd grown close to must be feeling it much more because they'd been doing it 7 years. I cried."


title: Ezri Dax

text: Ezri Tigan was born in 2354; she is a member of the indigenous species of the planet Trill. She grew up in the Sappora system with her family, who were shown on the series in the episode "Prodigal Daughter". She enrolled in Starfleet Academy in 2372 in the medical program, with a specialization in psychology. Two years later, she was assigned as assistant ship's counsellor to the USS "Destiny" for field training. During this journey, the ship was assigned to transport the Dax symbiont from "Deep Space Nine" to Trill, after its host Jadzia (Terry Farrell) was killed by Dukat (Marc Alaimo), but it became necessary for the Dax symbiont to be joined to a new host "en route".


title: Ezri Dax

text: As Ezri Tigan was the only unjoined Trill on board, she agreed to be joined to the symbiont even though she was unprepared and had not previously sought to be joined. Following the procedure, Ezri—now known as Ezri Dax—spent time at the Symbiosis Institute on Trill to learn to adapt to her new state. Because of her new state, Ezri's romantic relationship with her former boyfriend ended; she later explained to her family that he reminded her of a past host's son.


title: Ezri Dax

text: Ezri Dax made her first appearance on the "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine" series in the premiere episode of season seven, "Image in the Sand". She had travelled to Earth to find Captain Benjamin Sisko (Avery Brooks), an old friend of both Jadzia and Curzon Dax — two former hosts of the symbiont. She leaves with him, Jake Sisko (Cirroc Lofton) and Joseph Sisko (Brock Peters), to travel to the planet Tyree to search for the Orb of the Emissary. They find the device; the Captain is hesitant to open it but does, with Ezri's encouragement — resulting in the restoration of the Bajoran wormhole. Together they return to "Deep Space Nine", where Ezri meets the rest of the station's crew for the first time.


title: Ezri Dax

text: In the following episode "Afterimage", Ezri must cope with the reactions of Jadzia's former friends to the return of Dax. Worf (Michael Dorn), Jadzia's widower, reacts poorly, and Garak (Andrew Robinson) begins to develop the symptoms of acute claustrophobia. Together, Ezri and Garak work through his issues, resulting in her realising that she can remain on the station and Starfleet agreeing to her skipping her final periods of training and receiving a promotion from ensign to lieutenant (junior grade) based on the past experiences of the Dax symbiont. In "The Siege of AR-558", Ezri is forced to rely on her symbiont's past experiences after she and the other members of the "Defiant" crew end up fighting against the Jem'Hadar on the front lines.


title: Ezri Dax

text: In "Prodigal Daughter", Ezri returns to her family home on the planet New Sydney, in the Sappora system, after Sisko asks her to investigate the disappearance of Chief Miles O'Brien (Colm Meaney). There she finds that her family are involved with the Orion Syndicate, and discovers that her brother Norvo (Kevin Rahm) murdered the person that O'Brien was searching for. The Mirror Universe episode "The Emperor's New Cloak" showed an unjoined Ezri Tigan, who is in a relationship with both the alternative Kira Nerys (Nana Visitor) and Leeta (Chase Masterson). During the course of the episode, Tigan kills the mirror-Garak, in revenge for the death of Brunt (Jeffrey Combs). The remaining episodes of the season are set in the main universe, with the following episode "Field of Fire" exploring Ezri's use of the memories of Joran Dax (Leigh McCloskey) — who had previously been revealed as a murderer in the episode "". She uses those memories to track down a Vulcan serial killer on the station.


title: Ezri Dax

text: Ezri takes a Runabout to the Badlands against Sisko's orders in the episode "" in order to search for Worf, who has been lost on board a Klingon vessel. She manages to find his escape pod and brings him on board, but the two argue as he resents her presenting herself with the same opinions as Jadzia Dax. However, the two are soon attacked by the Jem'Hadar and are forced to transport themselves to a nearby planet. The two continue to argue, which results in them having sex. They are captured by the Breen shortly afterwards. The two are subsequently interrogated in "", and she reveals to Worf that she is actually in love with Julian Bashir (Alexander Siddig). They are subsequently handed over to the Dominion as the Breen/Dominion alliance is announced.


title: Ezri Dax

text: After Worf kills Weyoun (Jeffrey Combs), the pair are scheduled for execution, during which Ezri helps Worf acknowledge that he can't idealise Jadzia's memory, accepting that he and his wife had different views on intimacy. However, Damar (Casey Biggs), the leader of the Cardassian Union is concerned at what the new alliance might bring and wants to side with the Federation; he releases Ezri and Worf and sets them free to take a message back to "Deep Space Nine" to seek aid. Worf discusses the actions of the Klingon Chancellor, Gowron (Robert O'Reilly), with Ezri in "Tacking into the Wind". Hearing Ezri's more pragmatic view on the recent decline of Klingon culture results in Worf confronting the Chancellor and slaying him, ushering in General Martok (J. G. Hertzler) as the new leader of the Klingons as the only man Worf trusts to lead his people honorably. In the series finale, "What You Leave Behind", Ezri and Bashir reveal their feelings for one another, and later after the fall of Cardassia Prime and the surrender of the Dominion, they discuss their future together.


title: Ezri Dax

text: In Pocket Books' non-canon novels, Ezri remains on Deep Space Nine but moves from counseling to command, and received a promotion to Lieutenant to become executive officer of the USS "Defiant". Following a mission on the Trill homeworld, she and Bashir end their romance but decide to remain close friends. In the "Star Trek: Destiny" trilogy, Dax, who had transferred to second officer of the new "Vesta"-class multimission explorer starship USS "Aventine", received a battlefield promotion to captain and commanding officer. She played a critical role in bringing about the final defeat of the Borg. During the "Star Trek: Typhon Pact" and "Star Trek: The Fall" series, Dax continues to serve as Captain of the "Aventine". In the "" novel "Takedown", the newly promoted Admiral William Riker is stationed aboard the "Aventine" alongside Captain Dax, and the ship is pursued by the "Enterprise" as he is leading a number of renegade starships in attacking Federation targets, later revealed to be the result of Riker being brainwashed by an alien race and choosing the "Aventine" as a subtle means of disrupting their plans by performing his assigned tasks faster than anticipated to give his old shipmates time to deduce his plans and stop them. Ezri is killed in the first part of the "Star Trek: Coda" trilogy, when a temporal disruption leads to the entire multiverse being destabilised, culminating in the "Enterprise" being forced to erase the events of the Novel Verse from existence to preserve the prime reality (as depicted in "" and related shows).


title: Ezri Dax

text: The general fan reaction to the character was positive, and the fans appreciated de Boer's performances. One negative issue that was raised was that the number of Ezri-centric episodes reduced the number of those available to close up the story arcs involving other characters. The actress had been concerned that the fans did not like her while the production was underway as she was not receiving any fan mail, except for that which she received on her first day of filming. De Boer was not aware that the production team had been holding sacks of mail from the public for her, and she was only able to access it about three quarters of the way through the season. Ezri was referred to as "Ally McTrill" by "TV Guide" magazine — a reference to the title character on the television series "Ally McBeal" — which de Boer took as a compliment.


title: Ezri Dax

text: The differences between Ezri and Jadzia were often considered by viewers and critics. In "Where No Woman Has Gone Before: Feminist Perspectives On Star Trek", an essay by Susan A. Lentz within the book "Star Trek Visions of Law and Justice", Ezri was described as "less assured, insecure, and uncertain who she is. Of course, Jadzia may have herself once been such a host. The growth and evolution of Ezri unfold as she acknowledges her 'past lives'." Ezri's relationships with Bashir and Worf were also regarded as an extension of Jadzia's previous relationships, leading to it being listed as one of the 5 "great geek TV love triangles" by the website Den of Geek. However, this romantic plot featuring Ezri and Worf/Bashir was criticised by website DVD Talk in their review of the season seven DVD release saying that it was similar to a "soap opera".


title: Ezri Dax

text: Criticism was directed at some of the character's aspects, and toward the introduction of the character. Jim Johnson-Smith, in "American Science Fiction TV", uses an example of Ezri and Worf's concentration on their romantic relationship in the episode "'Til Death Do Us Part" instead of being more concerned with their capture by the Breen. Ezri was described as "an ill-conceived idea that never really took off and has left many DS9 fans angry that a show favourite (Jadzia Dax) isn't around any more" by the website Flickering Myth. The review on DVD Talk also stated "With its large ensemble cast, DS9 could have gone on perfectly well without a replacement for Jadzia. Instead, we get a "replacement Dax" who turns out to be, hands down, the least interesting and most annoying character DS9 has been stuck with."


title: Ezri Dax

text: In addition, as de Boer feared, the Ezri-centric episodes came in for criticism. DVD Talk described "Prodigal Daughter" as "clearly an attempt to cram some back-story into Ezri to make up for the fact that she's a new character", and "Field of Fire" as "utterly generic". The former was also considered to be the weakest of the season by the crew on the series, with Behr apologising to de Boer for it afterwards. Writer Ronald D. Moore simply stated, "It was just a mess." The crew nicknamed it "Audra Goes Home", a reference to the 1960s western television show "The Big Valley".


title: Ezri Dax

text: In 2016, Ezri was ranked as the 32nd most important character of Starfleet within the "Star Trek" science fiction universe by Wired magazine, out of 100 characters.


title: Ezri Dax

text: The mirror version of Ezri, as seen in the episode "The Emperor's New Cloak", was not joined to the Dax symbiont, and was both a mercenary and a lesbian. Previously when "Star Trek" had dealt with issues relating to homosexuality, it had received complaints from the fanbase. This had occurred during the of "Star Trek: The Next Generation" in the episode "" where Commander William Riker (Jonathan Frakes) has a romantic liaison with a female member of an alien race that is typically non-gendered and whose society views identifying with a gender as deviant behavior.


title: Ezri Dax

text: Criticism was received once again when Jadzia Dax had a same-sex kiss in the episode "". Because of real world changes, such as further acceptance of same-sex couples and an increased number of homosexual characters on television, the negative response to the lesbian version of Ezri was not as heavy as those earlier story-lines.


title: Yi Jian Mei (song)

text: "Yi Jian Mei" (), also commonly referred to by its popular lyrics "Xue hua piao piao bei feng xiao xiao" (lit. "Snowflakes drifting, the north wind whistling"), is a 1983 Mandopop song by Taiwanese singer Fei Yu-ching, first released on his 1983 album "Water of the Yangtze River" (). A new version was released on Fei's 2010 album "Boundless Love" ().


title: Yi Jian Mei (song)

text: Widely regarded as the signature song of Fei's music career, "Yi Jian Mei" is a melancholic love song using winter plum blossoms as an analogy for enduring love through hardship. It has been a popular song in Greater China since the 1980s and is considered a timeless classic. It was used as the theme song for the eponymous 1984 Taiwanese drama "One Plum Blossom", produced by China Television.


title: Yi Jian Mei (song)

text: Fei Yu-ching's 1983 Mandarin-language album "Water of the Yangtze River" first included the song, which was originally planned as the theme song of a Taiwanese TV drama series entitled "Dreaming Back to the Border Town" (). Even though the series was ultimately not released, the song was instead adopted as the theme song for the 1984 Taiwanese TV drama "One Plum Blossom", and thus it was popularized among Taiwanese people.


title: Yi Jian Mei (song)

text: In 1988, "One Plum Blossom" aired on CCTV, which boosted the popularity of both the song and Fei himself in Mainland China; the song was reused as the theme song for "New One Plum Blossom" (), a 2009 Chinese remake version of the 1983 TV series, starring Wallace Huo.


title: Yi Jian Mei (song)

text: In 2019, the Beijing-based Taiwanese singer performed the song at a Mid-Autumn Festival concert organized by CCTV. In the same year, Fei, who earlier announced his formal retirement, held farewell concerts in various places and performed the song in his final show at Taipei Arena on 7 November.


title: Yi Jian Mei (song)

text: In early 2020, a selfie phone video clip of a man with an egg-shaped head featuring the song became viral, leading to it being shared in thousands of internet memes and spawning various cover videos across the internet.


title: Yi Jian Mei (song)

text: The video was originally posted in January 2020 on the video sharing application Kuaishou by Beijing-based actor/director Zhang Aiqin (), who filmed himself singing the famous verse somewhat off-tune while walking alone in a park covered by heavy snow. Zhang is known for having a bald and oddly egg-shaped head, which has gained him the nickname "Eggman" or "Duck Egg". His username on Kuaishou is "Brother Egg" ().


title: Yi Jian Mei (song)

text: In May, the song reached international audiences and became a meme on the video sharing app TikTok. This propelled the song to the top spots on the Spotify Viral 50 chart in countries like Norway, Sweden, Finland, and New Zealand.


title: Yi Jian Mei (song)

text: The song is commonly referred to as "Xue Hua Piao Piao Bei Feng Xiao Xiao", which is the part of the song that gained the most prominence. The popularity of the internet meme caused official versions of "Yi Jian Mei" on music streaming services like YouTube Music to change the name of the song to include "xue hua piao piao bei feng xiao xiao" following the official name.


title: Yi Jian Mei (song)

text: Fei Yu-ching, who retired in November 2019, has stated that he is both flattered and honored by the song's sudden international popularity, but also emphasized that he has already retired and will not return to the Mandopop scene.


The Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (; ), abbreviated as the Volga German ASSR, was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR. Its capital city was Engels (known as Pokrovsk or Kosakenstadt before 1931) located on the Volga River. As a result of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the Volga German ASSR was abolished and Volga Germans were exiled.


title: Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

text: The republic was created following the October Revolution, by October 29 (some claim 19) 1918 Decree of the Soviet government, "Volga German Workers' Commune", giving Soviet Germans a special status among the non-Russians in the USSR. It was upgraded to the status of Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on February 20, 1924 (claims of December 19, 1923), by the Declaration of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR. It became the first national autonomous unit in the Soviet Union after the Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic. It occupied the area of compact settlement of the large Volga German minority in Russia, which numbered almost 1.8 million by 1897. The republic was declared on January 6, 1924.


text: At the moment of declaration of autonomy, an amnesty was announced. However, it eventually was applied to a small number of people. According to the policy of korenizatsiya, carried out in the 1920s in the Soviet Union, usage of the German language was promoted in official documents and Germans were encouraged to occupy management positions. According to the 1939 census, there were 366,685 Germans in the autonomy.


text: By January 1, 1941, the Volga Germans Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic included the city of Engels and 22 cantons: Baltsersky, Gmelinsky, Gnadenflyursky, Dobrinsky, Zelmansky, Zolotovsky, Ilovatsky, Kamensky, Krasnoyarsky, Krasnokutsky, Kukkussky, Lizandergeysky, Marientalsky, Marxshtadtsky, Pallasovsky, Staro-Poltavsky, Ternovsky, Untervaldsky, Fedorovsky, Franksky, Ekgeimsky and Erlenbakhsky.


text: The German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 marked the end of the Volga German ASSR. On August 28, 1941, the republic was formally abolished and, out of fear they could act as German collaborators, all Volga Germans were exiled to the Kazakh SSR, Altai and Siberia. Many were interned in labor camps merely due to their heritage. On September 7, 1941, the republic was formally extinguished and its territory divided between the Saratov Oblast (15 cantons) and the Stalingrad Oblast (7 cantons).


text: Following the death of Stalin in 1953, the situation for Volga Germans improved dramatically. In 1964, a second decree was issued, openly admitting the government's guilt in pressing charges against innocent people and urging Soviet citizens to give the Volga Germans every assistance in their "economic and cultural expansion". With the existence of a socialist German state in East Germany now a reality of the post-war world, the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was never reestablished.


text: Beginning in the early 1980s and accelerating after the fall of the Soviet Union, many Volga Germans have emigrated to Germany by taking advantage of the German "law of return", a policy which grants citizenship to all those who can prove to be a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such a person.


text: Created on January 12, 1924, by the declaration at the first session of the Central Executive Committee of the Republic


title: Approximation

text: The word "approximation" is derived from Latin "approximatus", from "proximus" meaning "very near" and the prefix "ad-" ("ad-" before "p" becomes ap- by assimilation) meaning "to". Words like "approximate", "approximately" and "approximation" are used especially in technical or scientific contexts. In everyday English, words such as "roughly" or "around" are used with a similar meaning. It is often found abbreviated as "approx."


title: Approximation

text: The term can be applied to various properties (e.g., value, quantity, image, description) that are nearly, but not exactly correct; similar, but not exactly the same (e.g., the approximate time was 10 o'clock).


title: Approximation

text: Although approximation is most often applied to numbers, it is also frequently applied to such things as mathematical functions, shapes, and physical laws.


title: Approximation

text: In science, approximation can refer to using a simpler process or model when the correct model is difficult to use. An approximate model is used to make calculations easier. Approximations might also be used if incomplete information prevents use of exact representations.


title: Approximation

text: The type of approximation used depends on the available information, the degree of accuracy required, the sensitivity of the problem to this data, and the savings (usually in time and effort) that can be achieved by approximation.


title: Approximation

text: Approximation theory is a branch of mathematics, a quantitative part of functional analysis. Diophantine approximation deals with approximations of real numbers by rational numbers.


title: Approximation

text: Approximation usually occurs when an exact form or an exact numerical number is unknown or difficult to obtain. However some known form may exist and may be able to represent the real form so that no significant deviation can be found. For example, 1.5 × 10 means that the approximation 1,500,000 has been measured to the nearest hundred thousand (the actual value is somewhere between 1,450,000 and 1,550,000), this is in contrast to the notation 1.500 × 10 which measures 1,500,000 to the nearest thousand (therefore giving a true value somewhere between 1,499,500 and 1,500,500).


title: Approximation

text: It also is used when a number is not rational, such as the number π, which often is shortened to 3.14159, or 1.414 as the shortened form of .


title: Approximation

text: Numerical approximations sometimes result from using a small number of significant digits. Calculations are likely to involve rounding errors and other approximation errors. Log tables, slide rules and calculators produce approximate answers to all but the simplest calculations. The results of computer calculations are normally an approximation expressed in a limited number of significant digits, although they can be programmed to produce more precise results. Approximation can occur when a decimal number cannot be expressed in a finite number of binary digits.


title: Approximation

text: Related to approximation of functions is the asymptotic value of a function, i.e. the value as one or more of a function's parameters becomes arbitrarily large. For example, the sum ("k"/2)+("k"/4)+("k"/8)+...("k"/2^"n") is asymptotically equal to "k". No consistent notation is used throughout mathematics and some texts use ≈ to mean approximately equal and ~ to mean asymptotically equal whereas other texts use the symbols the other way around.


title: Approximation

text: Approximation arises naturally in scientific experiments. The predictions of a scientific theory can differ from actual measurements. This can be because there are factors in the real situation that are not included in the theory. For example, simple calculations may not include the effect of air resistance. Under these circumstances, the theory is an approximation to reality. Differences may also arise because of limitations in the measuring technique. In this case, the measurement is an approximation to the actual value.


title: Approximation

text: The history of science shows that earlier theories and laws can be "approximations" to some deeper set of laws. Under the correspondence principle, a new scientific theory should reproduce the results of older, well-established, theories in those domains where the old theories work. The old theory becomes an approximation to the new theory.


title: Approximation

text: Some problems in physics are too complex to solve by direct analysis, or progress could be limited by available analytical tools. Thus, even when the exact representation is known, an approximation may yield a sufficiently accurate solution while reducing the complexity of the problem significantly. Physicists often approximate the shape of the Earth as a sphere even though more accurate representations are possible, because many physical characteristics (e.g., gravity) are much easier to calculate for a sphere than for other shapes.


title: Approximation

text: Approximation is also used to analyze the motion of several planets orbiting a star. This is extremely difficult due to the complex interactions of the planets' gravitational effects on each other. An approximate solution is effected by performing iterations. In the first iteration, the planets' gravitational interactions are ignored, and the star is assumed to be fixed. If a more precise solution is desired, another iteration is then performed, using the positions and motions of the planets as identified in the first iteration, but adding a first-order gravity interaction from each planet on the others. This process may be repeated until a satisfactorily precise solution is obtained.


title: Approximation

text: The use of perturbations to correct for the errors can yield more accurate solutions. Simulations of the motions of the planets and the star also yields more accurate solutions.


title: Approximation

text: The most common versions of philosophy of science accept that empirical measurements are always "approximations" — they do not perfectly represent what is being measured.


title: Approximation

text: Within the European Union (EU), "approximation" refers to a process through which EU legislation is implemented and incorporated within Member States' national laws, despite variations in the existing legal framework in each country. Approximation is required as part of the pre-accession process for new member states, and as a continuing process when required by an EU Directive. "Approximation" is a key word generally employed within the title of a directive, for example the Trade Marks Directive of 16 December 2015 serves "to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks". The European Commission describes approximation of law as "a unique obligation of membership in the European Union".


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: USS "Colorado" (BB-45) was a battleship of the United States Navy that was in service from 1923 to 1947. She was the lead ship of the of battleships. Her keel was laid down on 29 May 1919, by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation. She was launched on 22 March 1921, and commissioned on 30 August 1923. She was armed with eight guns and fourteen 5-inch (127 mm) deck guns; two 5-inch guns were removed in an overhaul.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: "Colorado" took her maiden voyage in 1923, to Europe. She later operated with the Battle Fleet and sailed through the Pacific during the interwar years. She also underwent a further refit, during which her four anti-aircraft guns were replaced with an equal number of /25 cal guns.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: During World War II, in May 1942, soon after USA's entry into the war, "Colorado" undertook a defensive patrol near the Golden Gate Bridge to stop a possible Japanese invasion. She then sailed to Fiji, to stop any further Japanese advance into the Pacific. Next, she supported the landings on Tarawa, the Marshall Islands, Saipan, Guam, and Tinian. On 24 July 1944, during the shelling of Tinian, "Colorado" received 22 shell hits from shore batteries, but continued to support the invading troops until 3 August. She later arrived in Leyte Gulf on 20 November 1944, to support American troops fighting ashore. On 27 November, she was hit by two "kamikazes" which caused moderate damage.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: After that, "Colorado" sailed to Luzon on 1 January 1945, where she participated in the preinvasion bombardments in Lingayen Gulf. She returned to Okinawa on 6 August and sailed from there to Japan for the occupation of the country, arriving in Tokyo on 27 August. Departing Tokyo Bay on 20 September, she arrived at San Francisco on 15 October. She was placed out of commission in reserve in Pearl Harbor on 7 January 1947, and sold for scrapping on 23 July 1959. She won seven battle stars during her service. Many of "Colorado"s anti-aircraft guns are in museums across the state of Colorado (her bell and teak decking are also in museums and the USO in the Seattle-Tacoma airport) or mounted on the museum ship .


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: In 1916, design work was completed on the next class of battleships to be built for the United States Navy beginning in 1917. These ships were nearly direct copies of the preceding , with the exception of the main battery, which increased from twelve guns to eight guns. The "Colorado" class proved to be the last class of battleships completed of the standard type.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: "Colorado" was long overall and she had a beam of and a draft of . She displaced as designed and up to at full load. The ship was powered by four General Electric turbo-electric drives with steam provided by eight oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The ship's propulsion system was rated at for a top speed of , though on speed trials she reached and a speed of . She had a normal cruising range of at , but additional fuel space could be used in wartime to increase her range to at that speed. Her crew numbered 64 officers and 1,241 enlisted men.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: She was armed with a main battery of eight 16 in /45 caliber Mark 1 guns in four twin-gun turrets on the centerline, two forward and two aft in superfiring pairs. The secondary battery consisted of sixteen /51 caliber guns, mounted individually in casemates clustered in the superstructure amidships. She carried an anti-aircraft battery of eight /50 caliber guns in individual high-angle mounts. As was customary for capital ships of the period, she had a torpedo tube mounted in her hull below the waterline on each broadside. "Colorado"s main armored belt was thick, while the main armored deck was up to thick. The main battery gun turrets had thick faces on barbettes. Her conning tower had thick sides.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: Her keel was laid down on 29 May 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden, New Jersey. Named for the 38th state, she was launched on 22 March 1921 and commissioned on 30 August 1923 for her initial sea trials and training. The ship's first commanding officer was Captain Reginald R. Belknap. On 29 December 1923, "Colorado" departed New York, bound for Portsmouth in the United Kingdom. She thereafter sailed south to visit Cherbourg and then Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. She also stopped in Naples, Italy, and the British naval base at Gibraltar. She arrived back in New York on 15 February 1924. There, the ship underwent repairs and further testing before getting underway on 11 July for the West Coast of the United States. She reached San Francisco, California on 15 September, where she joined the Battle Fleet. She remained a part of this unit for the next fifteen years.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: Over the course of the 1920s and 1930s, "Colorado" took part in the series of Fleet Problems, which were large-scale training exercises held annually. These took place in the Pacific and the Caribbean Sea. During this period, she also took part in various ceremonies and naval reviews with the rest of the fleet. From 8 June to 26 September 1925, the ship participated in a voyage to visit Samoa, Australia, and New Zealand with several other battleships of the fleet. She ran aground on the Diamond Shoals off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, on 1 May 1927, but was refloated on 2 May 1927.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: "Colorado" was overhauled in 1928–1929, during which her four anti-aircraft guns were replaced by eight /25 caliber guns. From 10 to 11 March 1933, the ship went to Long Beach, California, to assist in relief efforts following an earthquake.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: In the summer of 1937 "Colorado" was the training ship for NROTC students from the University of Washington and University of California, Berkeley. She embarked the University of Washington students in Puget Sound on 15 June, and the University of California students four days later in San Francisco Bay. The ship arrived in Hilo, Hawaii, on 26 June and sailed two days later for Lahaina Roads, where the students practiced firing the 5"/51 caliber guns in whose casemates they were berthed in hammocks. Liberty in Honolulu began on 1 July, but was interrupted the following day so "Colorado" could join the search for Amelia Earhart. She rendezvoused with the United States Coast Guard cutter on 7 July; and launched seaplanes to search the Phoenix Islands. After holding a line-crossing ceremony on 9 July, she returned the NROTC students to their schools on the west coast.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: From 27 January 1941, "Colorado" was based in Pearl Harbor undergoing intensive training exercises and taking part in several war games until 25 June, when she departed Hawaii for the West Coast. Undergoing overhaul at the Puget Sound Navy Yard, she was not present for the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December. During the refit, which was completed on 31 March 1942, two of the 12 original 5 in/51 caliber guns were removed, and were replaced by an equal number of 5 in/38 caliber guns.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: After refit "Colorado" carried out extensive training maneuvers along the West Coast. On 31 May, she and patrolled near Golden Gate Bridge to protect San Francisco from any Japanese attack. Some time after this she returned to Pearl Harbor to complete her final preparations for action. She operated in the vicinity of the Fiji Islands and New Hebrides from 8 November 1942 to 17 September 1943 to prevent any further Japanese expansion in the Pacific. She sailed from Pearl Harbor on 21 October 1943 to provide pre-invasion shelling and fire support for the invasion of Tarawa, returning to port on 7 December 1943. After another overhaul on the West Coast, "Colorado" returned to Lahaina Roads, in the Hawaiian Islands, on 21 January 1944 and sortied the next day for the Marshall Islands. She provided the pre-invasion bombardment and fire support for the invasions of Kwajalein and Eniwetok until 23 February, when she headed for the Puget Sound Navy Yard for another overhaul.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: She joined other units going for the Mariana Islands at the harbor at San Francisco. She departed on 5 May passing Pearl Harbor and Kwajalein to the pre-invasion shelling at Saipan, Guam, and Tinian after 14 June. During the shelling of Tinian on 24 July she was damaged, 43 men were killed, and 198 wounded by 22 shell hits from 150mm Japanese shore batteries; she continued shelling the island and providing fire support for the invasion troops. After undergoing extensive repairs along the West Coast, she arrived in Leyte Gulf to begin the invasion of Leyte. A week after her arrival she was struck by two "kamikaze" bombers, which killed 19 crewmembers, injured 72, and moderately damaged the ship. Despite the damage, she bombarded Mindoro on schedule from 12 to 17 December 1944. She then proceeded to Manus Island for urgent repairs.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: She returned to Luzon on New Year's Day 1945 to participate in the pre-invasion shelling of the Lingayen Gulf. She was hit by accidental gunfire eight days later. The gunfire hit her superstructure, and caused 69 casualties (18 killed, 51 wounded). After a few repairs at the island of Ulithi, she joined Task Force 54 (TF 54), the pre-invasion shelling group for the invasion of Okinawa, at Kerama Retto. She stayed at Okinawa until 22 May, providing anti-aircraft cover and fire support for the invasion troops. On 6 August, she returned to the occupied Okinawa to sail to Japan for its occupation. On 27 August, she covered the airborne occupation of Atsugi Airfield.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: "Colorado" departed Tokyo Bay on 20 September 1945 for San Francisco. She arrived there on 15 October, and then sailed for Seattle for Navy Day (27 October). She was part of the Operation Magic Carpet force, making three runs to Pearl Harbor to transport 6357 soldiers home, before returning to Bremerton Navy Yard for her deactivation. She was placed out of commission in reserve on 7 January 1947 and was sold for scrap on 23 July 1959.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: The ship's bell is currently on display in the University Memorial Center (UMC) at the University of Colorado. A /51 cal deck gun from "Colorado" was donated to the Puget Sound Maritime Historical Society in 1959, and is displayed at the Museum of History and Industry in Seattle. It was one of eight such guns on "Colorado".


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: Six of "Colorado"s 5/51 cal guns were put aboard the protected cruiser , after she became a museum in Philadelphia in 1957. Boards from her teak-wood deck were re-purposed to form a wall in the main lounge of Haggett Hall at the University of Washington. A plaque commemorates the source. Deck boards are also used in a wall in the Legends Room of the Washington Athletic Club, having originally been preserved within the club at the behest of two former officers of the ship who were club members.


title: USS Colorado (BB-45)

text: On 7 February 2014, Boeing donated some decking from "Colorado" to the USO Northwest SeaTac Center to serve as the new center's entry flooring. Her helm is in the collection of the Colorado Springs Museum. It was donated to the museum in 1961 by Rear Admiral G. R. Luker and other naval officers. Admiral Luker served on "Colorado". The donation also included a bronze plaque and other historical materials.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Believer's baptism or adult baptism (occasionally called credobaptism, from the Latin word meaning "I believe") is the practice of baptizing those who are able to make a conscious profession of faith, as contrasted to the practice of baptizing infants. Credobaptists believe that infants incapable of consciously believing should not be baptized.


title: Believer's baptism

text: The mode of believer's baptism depends on the Christian denomination, and is done either by pouring (the normative method in Mennonite, Amish, and Hutterite churches) or by immersion (the normative method practiced by Schwarzenau Brethren, River Brethren, Baptists, and the Churches of Christ, among others). Certain denominations of Methodism, including the Free Methodist Church and Evangelical Wesleyan Church, practice infant baptism for families who desire it for their children, but provide a rite for child dedication for those who have a preference for believer's baptism only after their child has made a personal acceptance of Jesus as their savior.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Denominations and groups who practice believer's baptism were historically referred to as Anabaptist (from Neo-Latin , from the Greek : , "re-", and , "baptism"), though this term is used to primarily to categorize the denominations and adherents belonging to the Anabaptist branch of Christianity that emerged in the era of the Radical Reformation.


title: Believer's baptism

text: The Anabaptists regard their ideas as being based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who, according to the Gospel of Matthew chapter 28, invited to make disciples in all nations and to baptize them in the name of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. According to some theologians, it is natural to follow the order thus suggested, either to baptize someone who has become a disciple before, which is not possible with a baby or a child. They contend that in the New Testament, references to the baptized relate only to believers who have experienced a new birth.


title: Believer's baptism

text: The Didache has been a matter of discussion among Protestants on what it teaches about baptism. The Didache has been argued to have assumed believer's baptism, as it assumes discipleship before baptism and doesn't mention infant baptism. Against this, Philip Schaff argued that the silence of the Didache about infant baptism "cannot be fairly used as an argument against it".


title: Believer's baptism

text: Similar to Tertullian later, the Shepherd of Hermas implies for the practice of delaying baptism for the practical reason of the fear of post-baptismal sins, as Hermas says those who fall have only one chance of penance.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Polycarp stated, "I have served him eighty-six years and in no way has he dealt unjustly with me". Proponents of infant baptism argue that this quote shows Polycarp being baptized as an infant, the argument being that if Polycarp was a servant of Christ for 86 years, he would have been a servant of Christ from infancy, suggesting infant baptism. However, against the argument, Schoedel William argued that the quote is ambiguous as regards to baptism, and that Polycarp meant by paraphrasing: "I have always served Jesus and I am not going to cease even at the age of 86."


title: Believer's baptism

text: Infant baptism in this time was affirmed by Hippolytus of Rome and Cyprian, who announced the decision of the African synod to require the baptism of infants. The practice is also clearly practiced in the churches of Egypt very early, as seen from the writings of Origen, who claimed it as apostolic tradition. However, according to Schreiner, Origen's need to make an apology for infant baptism implies it was not a universal belief. Tertullian (c. 198–203), in his treatise on baptism, advises the postponement of baptism in the case of little children, arguing that it is better to wait until one is ready to live what he professes in baptism rather than to repudiate the profession by wickedness. He however also advises to postpone the baptism of the unmarried, and mentions that the baptism of infants existed during his time, having sponsors speaking on their behalf.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Philip Schaff among many others have argued that Justin Martyr affirmed infant baptism, Justin stating that some in his day have been disciples of Jesus since childhood, while Dan Taylor instead claimed that Justin Martyr is "clear and full evidence" that infant baptism wasn't practiced during his time. He highlighted Justin's statements that one was "persuaded that the things spoken and taught by us are true", before baptism. Dan Taylor argued against the interpretation of the quote used to justify infant baptism, stating that by "discipleship", Justin wasn't referring to baptism but to teaching.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Thomas Schreiner argued that the Apology of Aristedes indirectly excludes infant baptism, stating that the children of believers were considered part of the Christian community only after conversion.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Clement of Alexandria made no clear statements on infant baptism. Proponents of believer's baptism have argued that because Clement of Alexandria connects repentance and baptism, he supported the practice. On the other hand Philip Schaff wrote that some statements that he makes can unclearly imply infant baptism.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Eusebius mentioned that an earlier presbyter who took a child and "committed to him, reared, kept, cherished, and finally baptized him".


title: Believer's baptism

text: In inscriptions from the end from the second century and later in which the date of baptism and death are mentioned, there is a close correlation between the time of baptism and their time of death. For example, Antonia Cyriaceti died and received baptism on the same day, Felite received baptism March 26 and died April 29. Multiple other inscriptions mention people of varying ages, who died as "neophytes" which implies someone whose baptism was a recent event, such as a Greek inscription that mentioned Achillia, who died in their 5th year as a neophyte.


title: Believer's baptism

text: The policy of the Montanists discouraged baptism of infants. Additionally, some have argued that the schismatic Novatians did not generally baptize infants, though the stance of the Novatians is disputed and by this point infant baptism had become clear among many orthodox writers.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Thomas Schreiner pointed out that many of the Cappadocian Fathers were not baptized until adulthood, including Basil the Great, Gregory of Naziansus, and Gregory of Nyssa. Schreiner argued that Gregory of Naziansus was generally opposed to infant baptism, preferring children who were old enough to understand the "basic outlines of the faith" to be baptized, except when there was a danger of death for the infant. Schreiner also argued that Cyril of Jerusalem implies the baptized should be old enough to understand and ready to obey certain commands. Additionally, Basil of Caesarea defined baptism as an expression of faith, stating: "baptism is established by faith, and each is carried out by the same names. For as we believe in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, so also we are baptized in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The confession that brings salvation comes first and there follows baptism which seals our assent."


title: Believer's baptism

text: Jerome, Rufinus of Aquileia, Ambrose and John Chrysostom received baptism at a later age. Monica did not baptize Augustine as a child because of the fear of post-baptismal sins, the situation of Basil and Augustine are however different, there are no indications that St. Emmelia, who was the mother of Basil, feared post-baptismal sins like Monica did for Augustine.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Augustine argued that the custom infant baptism has been handed down from Jesus and the apostles to the church. During the Pelagian controversy, both Caelestius and Augustine affirmed the validity of infant baptism, but the Pelagians denied that infants have sin in them.


title: Believer's baptism

text: The practice of infant baptism was additionally affirmed by the council of Carthage, stating that infant baptism cleanses original sin. John Chrysostom and Prosper of Aquitane likewise affirmed infant baptism.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Walafrid Strabo, despite being in support of infant baptism, said that baptism ”in the ancient times” was performed on those who had already matured.


title: Believer's baptism

text: During the medieval age, infant baptism was opposed by the Arnoldists, Waldensians, and Peter of Bruys. The Waldensians also practiced baptism by full immersion. Reinerius mentioned that the Waldensians believed that the ”ablution which is given to infants profits nothing”.


title: Believer's baptism

text: The Paulicians strongly opposed infant baptism; they only gave baptism to adults after instruction, confession, and repentance. The Bogomils and Cathars also rejected the baptism of infants. However, they did not believe anyone should be baptized in water at all, and instead believed baptism to be of a spiritual character.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Though infant baptism was practiced in the Bohemian reformation, a few also practiced believer's baptism. This includes Petr Chelčický who preferred to baptize those of older age, however without proposing re-baptism and the radical Taborite Pierre Kanis, who believed baptism should be withheld until the age of 30.


title: Believer's baptism

text: Sebastian Frank wrote that "The Picards in Bohemia are divided into two, or some say three parties, the large, the small, the very small, who hold in all things with the Anabaptists".


title: Believer's baptism

text: It has been argued that the Celtic Christians practiced believer's baptism and baptized infants only if the infant was in danger.


title: Believer's baptism

text: In the early church, instances of baptisms following conversion to Christianity are recorded. Advocates of believers' baptism argue that this implies infants would not be baptized since they could not profess faith for themselves. Beginning with Augustine, the church solidified the practice of infant baptism and there is little mention of competing practices until the 1500s. Augustine held the view that baptism was a requirement for the washing away of sins. He was faced with the issue of whether an unconscious or unwilling individual on their deathbed should be baptized; he felt it was better to err on the side of caution and baptize such a person.