title: Nasal congestion

text: Nasal obstruction characterized by insufficient airflow through the nose can be a subjective sensation or the result of objective pathology. It is difficult to quantify by subjective complaints or clinical examinations alone, hence both clinicians and researchers depend both on concurrent subjective assessment and on objective measurement of the nasal airway.


title: Nasal congestion

text: According to WebMD, congestion can be addressed through the use of a humidifier, warm showers, drinking fluids, using a neti pot, using a nasal saline spray, and sleeping with one's head elevated. It also recommends a number of over the counter decongestants and antihistamines. A 2012 study concluded that combining nasal sprays with "nasal breathing exercises" (NBE) led to improvement of symptoms. Though it may seem weird, crying can also be helpful.


title: Nasal congestion

text: The Cleveland Clinic also states that congestion may be a sign of a deviated septum, a condition that needs to be addressed by a doctor.


title: Kina Grannis

text: Kina Kasuya Grannis (born August 4, 1985) is a Japanese-American singer-songwriter, guitarist and YouTuber. Grannis was the winner of the 2008 Doritos Crash the Super Bowl contest, earning a recording contract with Interscope Records and having her music video played during the commercials of Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008.


title: Kina Grannis

text: In 2010, Grannis released her album "Stairwells" and the music video for "In Your Arms", leading to appearances on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" and "Jimmy Kimmel Live!". Grannis joined the crowdsource funding platform Patreon in 2014 shortly before releasing her album "Elements". While touring in support of "Elements", Grannis was held in Indonesia for one hundred days. Longtime collaboration with Wong Fu Productions culminated in a starring role in the YouTube Red Original romantic comedy series "Single by 30". In 2018 Grannis released "In the Waiting", the first album off her listener supported label, shortly before making a cameo appearance in the award-winning box office smash "Crazy Rich Asians" and embarking on an international concert tour.


title: Kina Grannis

text: Grannis grew up in Mission Viejo, California. Grannis attended Viejo Elementary School, Newhart Middle School and, from 1999 to 2003, Capistrano Valley High School. Grannis enrolled at the University of Southern California (USC) in Los Angeles in 2003. Two years later, staff members of the University's Thornton School of Music asked her to produce an album in their music and music industry departments. That album, "Sincerely, Me.", was released the same year. In 2007, she graduated "summa cum laude" in social science with an emphasis on psychology. While attending USC, she was inducted into academic society Phi Beta Kappa.


title: Kina Grannis

text: In 2006, Grannis recorded and self-released two more albums, "One More in the Attic" and "In Memory of the Singing Bridge." In early 2007, she recorded "Ours to Keep" written by Rachael Lawrence and Deborah Ellen. This song would be featured regularly on "General Hospital" and was in an episode of the ABC Family's mini-series "Samurai Girl" in September 2008.


title: Kina Grannis

text: On November 14, 2007, she created her YouTube account and began posting videos of her songs online. Her first video, "Message from Your Heart", was entered into Doritos Crash the Super Bowl contest. Her progress in the competition was covered in the "Orange County Register" and "The Wall Street Journal". and featured on "FOX News Los Angeles", "Good Day L.A." and "Yahoo!". The contest, which she won, landed her a contract with Interscope Records. Her YouTube videos have received more than 99 million views and have propelled her to become one of YouTube's most popular personalities. Grannis planned to work with Interscope Records to produce a new album, but in January 2009, she announced that she was leaving the label to be an independent artist.


title: Kina Grannis

text: On February 24, 2008, Grannis sang the national anthem for the Auto Club 500 NASCAR race in Fontana, California. In June 2009 her songs "Never Never" and "People" were used in episodes of MTV's reality series "College Life". On January 13, 2010, Grannis was the headliner at a sold-out show at The Troubadour club in Los Angeles.


title: Kina Grannis

text: "Stairwells" was released on February 23, 2010, and included many original songs already appearing on YouTube, as well as three previously unreleased songs: "World in Front of Me", "In Your Arms", and "Mr. Sun". "Stairwells" debuted at No. 139 on the "Billboard" 200, No. 5 on the Billboard Top Internet Albums chart, No. 2 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, and No. 18 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. The location of her release party for "Stairwells," the Dakota Lounge in Santa Monica, was the subject of an article in the "Orange Country Register" because the venue enabled her to show her gratitude to her fans. On March 13, 2010, her single "Valentine" was played by Paul Gambaccini on BBC Radio 2, a popular radio station in the UK. The music video for "Valentine" directed by a young and talented viral video director Ross Ching has been viewed well over 21 million times on YouTube.


title: Kina Grannis

text: Grannis' "Stairwells" Springtime Tour began in San Francisco on May 24, 2010, and concluded in late June after several stints on the East Coast and in Canada. Her Fall Tour began on September 17, 2010, and concluded on November 17, 2010. On July 10, 2010, she played at Lilith Fair in St. Louis, Missouri. In 2010, Grannis was featured as Judy in a miniseries by Wong Fu Productions entitled "Funemployed". In early 2011, Grannis was awarded the title of Sirius/XM CoffeeHouse's 2010 Singer-Songwriter Discovery of the Year after a months-long online voting period. Her song "Heart and Mind" was used for the German TV series Anna und die Liebe. On November 3, 2011, Grannis released a stop-motion music video for the single In Your Arms, using 288,000 Jelly Belly jelly beans. It took about 2 years to complete the project. The video accumulated over 1 million views within the first three days. It now has over 13 million views.


title: Kina Grannis

text: In April 2011, Grannis launched her first world tour. She performed in the eastern regions of Canada and in the eastern and southern regions of the United States. She continued in May through the northwest region of North America which included stops in Vancouver, British Columbia, and Los Angeles. Shows in Europe and southeast Asia followed into the fall of 2011.


title: Kina Grannis

text: In late 2011 and into 2012, Grannis launched her In Your Arms Tour in Europe, Asia (Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Hong Kong), Australia, and North America.


title: Kina Grannis

text: In March 2013, Grannis gave a talk at TEDx Hollywood titled 'Finding Community Through the Internet'.


title: Kina Grannis

text: "Elements" was released on May 6, 2014, and was produced by Matt Hales (a.k.a. Aqualung). Starting in November 2013, Grannis began ramping up for the forthcoming album with the launch of "Kina Mondays", which promised a weekly video via Kina's YouTube channel. Nearly six months later, she continued to deliver on that promise and released a video for "The Fire", the first single from "Elements". The song showcases acoustics and folk-driven vocals. The following week another album track was released via video with a stripped-down version of "My Own" featuring her sisters. "Dear River", an upbeat track, premiered on "Glamour"'s "Obsessed Blog". "Elements" debuted at No. 48 on the Billboard 200, No. 4 on the Billboard Americana/Folk chart, and No. 7 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. On its release day, "Elements" hit No. 2 on iTunes Singer Songwriter Chart, and No. 1 on iTunes Canada.


title: Kina Grannis

text: Grannis announced that she would be celebrating the release of her sophomore studio album "Elements" with fans at a handful of intimate shows across North America, kicking off with a show at the Troubadour in Hollywood on May 6 – "Elements" release date. From there, she performed in San Francisco, New York City, Brooklyn, DC, Boston, Toronto, and Chicago. The select dates were the first time fans could hear "Elements" live and also served as her first official headline run since the spring of 2012.


title: Kina Grannis

text: In late 2014 and 2015, Grannis launched her Elements tour in Europe and North America. She embarked on a tour of Southeast Asia, but was only able to play two shows before she and her band were detained by Indonesian authorities for having the wrong type of visas. Grannis and her crew were deported from the country after three months.


title: Kina Grannis

text: Grannis joined Patreon, a site created by Jack Conte to provide artists a living via direct support, in April 2014.


title: Kina Grannis

text: In April 2017, Grannis created a record label entirely composed of her patrons and began creating an album entirely funded by her supporters. On advice of these supporters, the record label was named KG Records. Grannis began recording, producing, and releasing songs from the upcoming album throughout 2017.


title: Kina Grannis

text: Grannis has been a part of several Wong Fu Productions short films including The Last, as well as the series Funemployed and Single by 30. She has also appeared in other YouTube stars' videos. One of the bands Grannis has performed with in YouTube videos is Boyce Avenue. They have recorded many cover songs together such as Fast Car, originally by Tracy Chapman, and the song With or Without You by U2. She also collaborated with Ryan Higa, David Choi, and Jesse Epstein to create a comedic song and music video, titled "Millennial Love".


title: Kina Grannis

text: Grannis has two sisters, Misa and Emi, both of whom have occasionally been featured in her video blogs, as well as accompanying her at concerts and on tour. Her father, Gordon, is a chiropractor, and her mother, Trish, is a graphic designer.


title: Kina Grannis

text: On August 31, 2013, Grannis married frequent musical collaborator Jesse Epstein in a small ceremony in Los Angeles, California, after they had dated for 11 years. They met while attending Capistrano Valley High School in 2002; Jesse was in the grade below Kina. Grannis used footage from her wedding to create the music video she released for her song "My Dear". In June 2021, after years of struggling with infertility, Grannis announced that she and her husband were expecting a daughter.


title: Kina Grannis

text: On September 14, 2015, Grannis and her band left Los Angeles heading to Jakarta, Indonesia. It would have been the first concert in a tour of Southeast Asia. Due to complications with her work visa, she was detained for 100 days in the country. During this time she was told to not talk about her struggles or create any YouTube videos. While waiting each day for an update she was able to write two songs, "California" and "For Now".


title: Kina Grannis

text: An avid supporter of cancer research, Grannis has performed at several Southern California Relay For Life functions over the years.


title: Kina Grannis

text: In October 2008, she participated in the Nike Women's Marathon in San Francisco to support the Leukemia Lymphoma Society in honor of her mother, raising $6,000 for the organization.


title: Kina Grannis

text: In 2009, the philanthropic organization Sister to Sisters adopted her song "Message from Your Heart."


title: Kina Grannis

text: In 2011, Grannis contributed her song "Message from Your Heart" to a benefit album released as part of a broader relief effort for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.


title: Kina Grannis

text: In 2012, she launched a charity project called Run Team Kina dedicated to the promotion of personal health and wellness and to raise money for the Leukemia Lymphoma Society. In 2012, Run Team Kina raised $71,886 for The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.


title: Rotterdam The Hague Airport

text: Rotterdam The Hague Airport (formerly "Rotterdam Airport", "Vliegveld Zestienhoven" in Dutch), is a minor international airport serving Rotterdam, the Netherlands' second largest city, and The Hague, its administrative and royal capital. It is located north northwest of Rotterdam in South Holland and is the third busiest airport in the Netherlands.


title: Rotterdam The Hague Airport

text: The airport handled over 2.1 million passengers in 2019 and features scheduled flights to European metropolitan and leisure destinations. It is also used extensively by general aviation and there are several flying clubs, a skydiving club and a flight training school located at the airport.


title: Rotterdam The Hague Airport

text: After World War II, the Dutch government decided that a second national airport was needed in addition to Schiphol. Rotterdam had previously had an airport before the war; Waalhaven airport, but it was heavily damaged in the German bombing of Rotterdam, and was later completely destroyed to prevent it from being used by the Germans. Reconstruction of the airport was not a realistic proposition, so a new location was found in the "Zestienhoven" polder, giving the airport its original name.


title: Rotterdam The Hague Airport

text: Construction of the airport began in August 1955 and the airport was officially opened in October 1956. Several large international airlines, such as Swissair, Lufthansa, Air France, Channel Airways, and British Air Ferries (Channel Air Bridge) were soon operating to Rotterdam. However, in the 1970s plans were made to either close or move the airport to make space for housing. Its uncertain future halted the airport's growth and led to many operators leaving.


title: Rotterdam The Hague Airport

text: For almost thirty years the airport faced closure, but the economic growth of the 1990s caused an increase in passengers again, and in 2001 it was decided that the airport's current location would be maintained for at least a century.


title: Rotterdam The Hague Airport

text: The route with the longest continual service, to London Heathrow and operated by KLM Cityhopper, was suspended in 2008. This marked the end of KLM's involvement with the airport. However, in December 2012, British Airways began a service to Rotterdam from Heathrow. In October 2014, British Airways announced they would suspend the route again in March 2015. British Airways now flies to Rotterdam from London City Airport.


title: Rotterdam The Hague Airport

text: The name of the airport was changed from "Zestienhoven" to "Rotterdam Airport" and finally in 2010 to its current name "Rotterdam The Hague Airport".


title: Rotterdam The Hague Airport

text: Most flights today are operated by smaller mainline jets such as the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 series or the Embraer 190. There is also a fair amount of business aviation. State and military aircraft also use the airport frequently, due to its proximity to The Hague, the seat of the Dutch government and various international institutions such as the International Criminal Court. With the closure of nearby Ypenburg Airport in 1992 and Valkenburg Naval Air Base in 2006, Rotterdam The Hague Airport is now the only remaining airport in the area.


title: Rotterdam The Hague Airport

text: The airport experienced significant growth in the 2010s, doubling passenger numbers from 1,000,858 in 2010 to 2,133,976 in 2019.


title: Rotterdam The Hague Airport

text: The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Rotterdam/The Hague:


title: Rotterdam The Hague Airport

text: The airport is served by bus line 33, which runs between Rotterdam Centraal, the airport, and further to Meijersplein station. At Meijersplein, transfers are available to metro line E, with frequent service to Den Haag Centraal, Rotterdam Centraal and Rotterdam city center.


title: Khandwa

text: Khandwa is a city and a nagar nigam in the Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Khandwa district, formerly known as East Nimar District.


title: Khandwa

text: Khandwa is a major railway junction; the Malwa line connecting Indore with the Deccan meets the main east–west line from Mumbai to Kolkata.


title: Khandwa

text: In May 2019, Nandkumar Singh Chauhan of Bharatiya Janata Party had been elected as the Member of Parliament from Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency.


title: Khandwa

text: Recent explorations in the beds/tributaries of Narmada have revealed traces of the Paleolithic men in East Nimar district. Omkar Mandhata, a rocky island on the bank of Narmada river, about 47 miles north-west of Khandwa, is said to have been conquered by the Haihaya king Mahishmant, who had named the same as Mahishmati.


title: Khandwa

text: During the rise of Buddhism, the East Nimar region was included in Avanti Kingdom under Chand Pradyota Mahesana, which was later added to the growing empire of Magadha by Shishunaga. From the early 2nd century BC to late 15th century AD, the Nimar Region (earlier a part of Khandesh) was ruled by many dynasties, which include Mauryas, Shungas, Early Satvahanas, Kardamakas, and Abhiras (Ahir Gavli). Vakatakas, Imperial Guptas, Kalchuris, Vardhanas (of Harsha Vardhana fame), Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Faruki Dynasty.


title: Khandwa

text: As of the 2011 Census of India, Khandwa had a population of 200,738, of which 102,901 were males and 97,837 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 24,801. The total number of literates in Khandwa was 151,545, which constituted 75.5% of the population with male literacy of 78.9% and female literacy of 71.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Khandwa was 86.1%, of which male literacy rate was 90.4% and female literacy rate was 81.7%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 27,430 and 8,139 respectively. There were 39002 households in Khandwa in 2011.


title: Khandwa

text: Hindi is the most spoken language. Nimadi is the local dialect. Urdu, Marathi and Sindhi are also common.


title: Khandwa

text: The nearest commercial airport is Indore. It also has an airstrip which is rarely used for occasional aircraft landings, located on Nagchun Road.


title: Khandwa

text: Khandwa has a major railway junction located on the Jabalpur-Bhusaval section of Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line.


title: Chart of accounts

text: A chart of accounts (COA) is a list of financial accounts set up, usually by an accountant, for an organization, and available for use by the bookkeeper for recording transactions in the organization's general ledger. Accounts may be added to the chart of accounts as needed; they would not generally be removed, especially if any transaction had been posted to the account or if there is a non-zero balance.


title: Chart of accounts

text: Accounts are usually grouped into categories, such as assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses.


title: Chart of accounts

text: Accounts may be associated with an identifier (account number) and a caption or header and are coded by account type. In computerized accounting systems with computable quantity accounting, the accounts can have a quantity measure definition. Account numbers can use numerical, alphabetic, or alpha-numeric characters. However, in many computerized environments, like the SIE format, only numerical identifiers are allowed. The structure and headings of accounts should assist in consistent posting of transactions. Each nominal ledger account is unique, which allows its ledger to be located. The accounts are typically arranged in the order of the customary appearance of accounts in the financial statements: balance sheet accounts followed by profit and loss accounts.


title: Chart of accounts

text: The charts of accounts can be picked from a standard chart of accounts, like the BAS in Sweden. In some countries, charts of accounts are defined by the accountant from a standard general layouts or as regulated by law. However, in most countries it is entirely up to each accountant to design the chart of accounts.


title: Chart of accounts

text: Each account in the chart of accounts is typically assigned a name. Accounts may also be assigned a unique account number by which the account can be identified. Account numbers may be structured to suit the needs of an organization, such as digit/s representing a division of the company, a department, the type of account, etc. The first digit might, for example, signify the type of account (asset, liability, etc.). In accounting software, using the account number may be a more rapid way to post to an account, and allows accounts to be presented in numeric order rather than alphabetic order.


title: Chart of accounts

text: While some countries define standard national charts of accounts (for example France and Germany) other countries do not (for example the United States or United Kingdom). In the European union, most countries codify a national GAAP (consistent with the EU accounting directive) and also require IFRS (as outlined by the IAS regulation) for public companies. The former often define a chart of accounts while the latter does not. The European Commission has spent a great deal of effort on administrative tax harmonisation, and this harmonization is the main focus of the latest version of the EU VAT directive, which aims to achieve better harmonization and support electronic trade documents, such as electronic invoices used in cross border trade, especially within the European Union Value Added Tax Area. However, since national GAAPs often serve as the basis for determining income tax, and since income tax law is reserved for the member states, no single uniform EU chart of accounts exists.


title: Chart of accounts

text: The trial balance is a list of the active general ledger accounts with their respective debit and credit balances. A balanced trial balance does not guarantee that there are no errors in the individual ledger entries.


title: Chart of accounts

text: A chart of accounts compatible with IFRS and US GAAP includes balance sheet (assets, liabilities and equity) and the profit and loss (revenue, expenses, gains and losses) classifications. If used by a consolidated or combined entity, it also includes separate classifications for intercompany transactions and balances.


title: Chart of accounts

text: The French generally accepted accounting principles chart of accounts layout is used in France, Belgium, Spain and many francophone countries. The use of the French GAAP chart of accounts layout (but not the detailed accounts) is stated in French law.


title: Chart of accounts

text: In France Liabilities and Equity are seen as negative Assets and not account types of themselves, just balance accounts.


title: Chart of accounts

text: The Spanish generally accepted accounting principles chart of accounts layout is used in Spain. It's very similar to the French one.


title: Chart of accounts

text: The complete Swedish BAS standard chart of about 1250 accounts is also available in English and German texts in a printed publication from the non-profit branch BAS organisation.


title: Chart of accounts

text: BAS is a private organisation originally created by the Swedish industry and today owned by a set general interest groups like, several industry organisations, several government authorities (incl GAAP and the revenue service), the Church of Sweden, the audits and accountants organisation and SIE (file format) organisation, as close as consensus possibly (a Swedish way of working without legal demands).


title: Chart of accounts

text: The BAS chart use is not legally required in Sweden. However, it is politically anchored and so well developed that it is commonly used.


title: Chart of accounts

text: The BAS chart is not an SIS national standard because SIS is organised on pay documentation and . BAS were SIS standard but left. SIS Swedish Standards Institute is the Swedish domestic member of ISO. This is not a government procurement problem due to the fact all significant governmental authorities are significant members/part owners of BAS.


title: Twin Fantasy

text: Twin Fantasy, later re-titled Twin Fantasy (Mirror to Mirror), is the sixth solo album by American indie rock musician Will Toledo, under his alias Car Seat Headrest. Since its release in 2011, the album has amassed an online cult following, with the internet forums 4chan and Reddit playing major roles in the album's success. A re-recording of the album was released via Matador Records on February 16, 2018.


title: Twin Fantasy

text: Writing for "Twin Fantasy" began in mid-2011 after Toledo transferred from Virginia Commonwealth University to the College of William and Mary due to feelings of isolation and anxiety. He specified in an interview with Uproxx that it was the first Car Seat Headrest album to be conceived of and written as a full album, rather than a collection of songs. This change in style had been a result of the writing process for "Beach Life-in-Death".


title: Twin Fantasy

text: "Twin Fantasy" was performed and produced entirely by Toledo, and would feature a prominent use of lo-fi production, largely due to his lack of resources. The album's cover art was also created by Toledo, with booklet art provided by independent comic artist Cate Wurtz, who had previously worked with Toledo on the artwork for "3", "4", and "My Back is Killing Me Baby".


title: Twin Fantasy

text: "Twin Fantasy" was initially released via the online music platform Bandcamp on November 2, 2011. Upon its release, Toledo estimates the album was downloaded by around 100 people, but has since gone on to be downloaded over 33,000 times as of 2018.


title: Twin Fantasy

text: The album received a remaster around a year after release, with additional bass being added to most tracks.


title: Twin Fantasy

text: Toledo stated via Tumblr that "Twin Fantasy" is a concept album which explores a relationship he was in at the time.


title: Twin Fantasy

text: "Beach Life-In-Death", the longest track on the album, clocks in at 12 minutes and 11 seconds and changes style multiple times throughout. The lyric sheet included with downloads separates the song into three parts. Toledo has noted that his main sources of inspiration for the album included Pink Floyd, Of Montreal, Destroyer, and They Might Be Giants, along with various romantic poets he had been studying at the time.


title: Twin Fantasy

text: The chorus from "Ana Ng" by They Might Be Giants was interpolated into "Cute Thing""" with some minor changes.


title: Twin Fantasy

text: The outro of "Jugband Blues" by Pink Floyd was interpolated in "High to Death""" with some changes. However, this is removed in future releases.


title: Twin Fantasy

text: A re-recording of "Twin Fantasy" was released on February 16th, 2018, under the name "Twin Fantasy (Face to Face)". It is a complete full band re-recording and reworking of the original album, which was subsequently subtitled "Mirror to Mirror" after the release of the re-recorded album.


title: Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

text: Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E471) refers to a naturally occurring class of food additive composed of diglycerides and monoglycerides which is used as an emulsifier. It is also used as a fruit coating agent. This mixture is also sometimes referred to as partial glycerides.


title: Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

text: Monoglycerides and diglycerides are both naturally present in various seed oils, however their concentration is usually low and industrial production is primarily achieved by a glycerolysis reaction between triglycerides (fats/oils) and glycerol. The raw materials of this may be either vegetable or animal fats and oils.


title: Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

text: E471 is mainly produced from vegetable oils (such as soybean), although animal fats are sometimes used and cannot be completely excluded as being present in the product. The fatty acids from each source are chemically identical. The Vegan Society, which discourages eating animal-based foods, flags E471 as potentially animal based.


title: Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

text: In the late 2010s, the company Apeel Sciences entered the market in parts of South America, China, and Japan with monoacylglycerols as an alternative to plastic films to prevent withering and conserving fruit and vegetables for transport and storage.


title: Certificate of origin

text: A Certificate of Origin or Declaration of Origin (often abbreviated to C/O, CO or DOO) is a document widely used in international trade transactions which attests that the product listed therein has met certain criteria to be considered as originating in a particular country. A certificate of origin / declaration of origin is generally prepared and completed by the exporter or the manufacturer, and may be subject to official certification by an authorized third party. It is often submitted to a customs authority of the importing country to justify the product's eligibility for entry and/or its entitlement to preferential treatment. Guidelines for issuance of Certificates of Origin by chambers of commerce globally are issued by the International Chamber of Commerce.


title: Certificate of origin

text: It is noted that Chapter 2 of the Revised Kyoto Convention provides a strict definition to "certificate of origin". The scope of this concept covers only the specific form issued by an authorized third party:


title: Certificate of origin

text: However, the concept has been used in practice in a broader sense, which includes self-certified certificates of origin as well (e.g., in NAFTA). Taking into account this fact, the International Chamber of Commerce provides a simpler and more comprehensive definition which covers both self-certification and authorized certification:


title: Certificate of origin

text: In this topic, declaration of origin will also be mentioned because it is an important proof of origin beside the more popularly used certificate of origin.


title: Certificate of origin

text: In general, a certificate of origin is essential in international trade transactions because it is the proof certifying the origin of the product, which is in turn the basis to determine the tariffs and other trade measures that will be applied.


title: Certificate of origin

text: Although satisfying rules of origin in principle means that a product has qualified for the originating status, and is thus entitled to preferential tariffs, in most cases, a claim for preferences must be accompanied by a certificate of origin presented to the customs authority at the port of entry. Unlike the exporter or manufacturer, who is responsible for (and capable of) proving to the issuing authority (or self-certifying) the origin of the product, the importer often has little knowledge of how the product meets the origin criteria. The importer is instead required to present a proof, e.g., a certificate of origin issued or obtained by the exporter or manufacturer. Such separation of obligations means that even if a product may actually originate in a particular country, the importer's failure to submit a certificate of origin may cause the good to be barred from enjoying preferences.


title: Certificate of origin

text: For instance, the rules of origin in the free trade agreement between Chile and Thailand provides that:


title: Certificate of origin

text: Apart from border purposes, a certificate of origin also plays a certain role in certifying the source of a product and thus its prestige (for instance Swiss watches). Therefore, the importer may need it to show to his consumers in the destination market. In some cases, a certificate of origin helps to determine whether a product can be legally imported, particularly when the importing country is applying a ban or a sanction on goods originating in certain countries.


title: Certificate of origin

text: These concepts are interrelated and sometimes cause confusion. Basically, a certificate of origin certifies the country of origin of the product listed in the certificate. As the term self indicates, the country of origin of a product does not refer to the country of the exporter, but to the country where it is obtained or produced. In many cases the country of origin is also the country from which it is exported. However, there are various cases where these countries are different. For instance, an exporter in country A may sign a contract with an importer in country C, and instructs the goods to be shipped from country B, where it is actually made. Regarding goods not directly shipped, the competent authority in a transit country may sometimes issue a back-to-back certificate of origin based on an original one, in which the country of origin is different from the transit country.


title: Certificate of origin

text: The country of origin is determined based on the origin requirements provided in the rules of origin applied to the product at hand. In its simplest case, the country of origin will be the country in which the product is wholly obtained or produced. For instance, rice grown and harvested in Vietnam is considered as originating in Vietnam. In the event that the manufacture of a product involves two or more countries (e.g., crackers made in Korea from rice of Vietnam), the country of origin is defined as the country where the last substantial economically justified working or processing is carried out.


title: Certificate of origin

text: For both preferential and non-preferential certificates of origin, the issuance thereof depends on whether self-certification is allowed, or authorized certification is required.


title: Certificate of origin

text: In the case of self-certification, the exporter or the manufacturer will have the right to assess the compliance of its product with the applicable origin criteria. It may then issue a certificate of origin using a prescribed form. Sometimes, there is no prescribed form, which means the exporter or the manufacturer is allowed to simply provide a (sworn) declaration about the origin of the goods. The declaration may either be made on a separate document, or incorporated in another trade document, such as an invoice.


title: Certificate of origin

text: Where third-party certification is required, normally the certificate of origin must be signed by the exporter or the manufacturer, and countersigned by a local issuing body, such as a chamber of commerce or a customs authority. The certification officer may require the exporter or manufacturer to submit documents relating to the manufacturing process, or even examine the manufacturing premises. The certification process will thus incur some costs, including the fees paid to the competent authority.


title: Certificate of origin

text: Determining the origin of a product is crucial because country of origin is the ground to apply tariffs and other trade measures. However, a certificate of origin is not systematically required for all shipments. It will depend on the trade regime under which a product is imported to a destination country, and also the value of that goods.


title: Certificate of origin

text: For non-preferential purposes, the submission of a certificate of origin is usually not necessary unless it is otherwise indicated, particularly during a period when the importing country is applying some trade remedies to certain products originating in certain countries. For preferential purposes, although a certificate of origin is usually mandatory, most certificate provide a provision on exemption applied to "small value" consignments.


title: Certificate of origin

text: The threshold below which a certificate of origin is waived differs from one trade agreement to another. Therefore, it is important for traders to examine the applicable trade agreement carefully to find out whether or not they will need a certificate of origin for a certain shipment. The provision on exemption or waiver of certificate of origin is often provided unambiguously in the protocol or annex on rules of origin of the relevant agreements. They may also check and compare the exemption thresholds of various trade agreements by using the Rules of Origin Facilitator, a free tool developed by the International Trade Centre - a free tool developed in a joint initiative with the WCO and WTO to assist small and medium-sized enterprises.


title: Certificate of origin

text: Verification is a process carried out in the importing country to confirm the originating status of goods which have already been imported. In this process, verifying the certificate of origin submitted to customs authorities is an important step. The customs officer may need to check the authenticity of the certificate at hand by comparing the reference number thereof and examining the signature and stamp on it surface. He also needs to check to make sure all the fields in the certificate have been duly filled and the information in the certificate is consistent with that in other trade documents (e.g., commercial invoice, bill of lading). Where the certificate of origin is found to contain some errors, the certificate may be rejected; however, minor and formal errors is usually not the basis for an automatic rejection of the validity of a certificate.


title: Certificate of origin

text: A certificate must in principle be submitted within the validity period provided in the applicable rules of origin. Moreover, it should normally be submitted at the time of importation to claim for preferential treatment. However many agreements accepts the retroactive issuance of certificates of origin, and the possibility of a tariff refund. This relaxation rule applies if by the time of importation, for some justifiable reasons, the importer has not filed a claim for preferential tariff.


title: Certificate of origin

text: In the event that the customs authority remain in doubt despite there is no sign of non-compliance on the certificate of origin, it may ask to physically check the imported goods. Moreover, the customs authority may also contact the issuing authority in the exporting country to verify any information it considers necessary before making the decision.


title: Certificate of origin

text: Domestic institutions are those who direct deal with the issuance and verification of rules of origin. It differs from country to country and depends also on the specific agreement under which a shipment is classified. For instance, for goods shipped from the exporting country to the importing country under non-preferential regime, the certificate of origin may be certified by the Chamber of Commerce but for if those goods are traded under a free trade agreement, the issuing authority may be one agency of the Ministry of Trade.


title: Certificate of origin

text: - Other government bodies or agencies assigned by the agreement, normally belongs to the Ministry of Trade.


title: Certificate of origin

text: In most cases where verifying authorities are specified, it would be the customs authorities of the importing countries. The reason is that rules of origin must pass the verification in the importing country so that the goods can be determined as eligible for preferential treatment or not.


title: Certificate of origin

text: Basically, because rules of origin may be established for preferential or non-preferential purposes, certificates of origin can also be classified into two types: preferential and non-preferential.


title: Certificate of origin

text: Non-preferential certificate of origin is the form of certificate issued for the purpose of complying with non-preferential rules of origin. This type of certificate basically certifies the country of origin of the product without allowing it to be entitled to preferential tariffs under preferential trade regimes. To be specific, non-preferential certificate of origin is used within the WTO framework for most-favored-nation treatment as provided for in Article 1.2 of the Agreement on Rules of Origin.


title: Certificate of origin

text: The words "preferential" and "non-preferential" in the Agreement does cause certain confusion. In the WTO context, preferential trade regimes cover free trade agreements and other autonomous preferential regimes, such as Generalized System of Preferences. Therefore, although MFN tariffs can actually be more favorable as compared to those applied to goods originating in non-WTO countries, they are considered "non-preferential" because they are applied to all members in the same manner without discrimination. Moreover, as trade within the WTO now accounts for roughly all world trade, transactions with countries outside the WTO are negligible in value. This is the reason why these days very few WTO members still require the submission of a non-preferential certificate of origin to apply MFN tariffs, but will apply them automatically.


title: Certificate of origin

text: However, non-preferential certificate of origin remains important in several cases. Non-preferential rules of origin shall apply to products originating in countries subject to trade remedies, so this form may be requisite in such instances. In the time of trade wars, a certificate of origin showing that the product is not originating in a sanctioned country may also be required for the goods to enter the sanctioning country. Moreover, sometimes the origin of the good itself is an evidence of quality and prestige, so it may be beneficial to obtain one, although it does not help traders gain preferential tariff treatment.


title: Certificate of origin

text: A preferential certificate of origin is a document attesting that goods in a particular shipment are of a certain origin under the definitions of a particular bilateral or multilateral free trade agreement. This certificate is usually required by the importing country's customs authority in deciding whether the imports should benefit from preferential treatment allowed under the applicable agreement. Unlike non-preferential certificate of origin which often indicates only the country of origin in its title, a preferential certificate will indicate at the top of the document under which trade agreement it is issued.


title: Certificate of origin

text: As compared to non-preferential certificate of origin, preferential certificate of origin has more practical use because it enables the claim of benefit beyond the MFN treatment. Therefore, most of the discussion on certificate of origin normally focuses on preferential one. The following parts on forms and formats will add clarification to the diversity of this type of certificate of origin.


title: Certificate of origin

text: With the proliferation of trade agreements, a variety of forms of certificates of origin have been used in international trade. While each country often in principle provides only one form of non-preferential certificate of origin (or even no form at all), the form of preferential certificate of origin differs from one trade agreement to another. It means that the more trade agreements a country participates in, the more forms of preferential certificate of origin its traders may need to be familiar with.


title: Certificate of origin

text: To claim preference under a certain trade agreement, traders must use exactly the form of certificate of origin devised for that agreement. Taking Vietnam as an example, a Vietnamese exporter will apply for a preferential certificate of origin Form A for GSP purposes, Form D if exported to another ASEAN country, Form E if exported to China under the ASEAN-China trade agreement, Form AK if exported to China under the ASEAN-Korea trade agreement, etc. Particularly, if his trade partner is a Japan importer, this Vietnamese exporter may need to choose among Form A (GSP), Form AJ (ASEAN-Japan) or Form VJ (Vietnam-Japan), depending on the preferential agreement that he opts to adhere to.


title: Certificate of origin

text: However, virtually all certificate of origin forms adopt a similar template, with fields to be filled in covering the country of origin, shipper's name and address, consignee's name and address, transport detail, product description and quantity, and the issuing body's stamp and signature if authorized certification is required. Besides, some countries and trading blocs have made effort in reducing the divergence of origin certification forms. For instance, the EUR.1 movement certificate (also known as EUR.1 certificate, or EUR.1) is recognized as a certificate of origin in various bilateral and multilateral trade agreements of the Pan-European preference system.


title: Certificate of origin

text: The most popular format of certificate of origin is paper-based. Paper-based certificates are widely used because in most cases, they have to bear the signatures and stamps of the exporters or manufacturers, and those of the issuing authorities. Moreover, the verification and acceptance of electronic documents still take time to be widely applied, so the abolition of paper-based certificates of origin is impossible in the near future.


title: Certificate of origin

text: Although more and more trade agreements allow the traders to print the certificates themselves, it is quite common that they are pre-printed by a competent authority and sold or delivered to the applicants. For instance, the free trade agreement between Thailand and India requires that the certificate of origin must be printed in a specific way, which means that the trader cannot print it by himself:


title: Certificate of origin

text: As millions of certificates are issued every year, and to keep pace with the shift to e-business, electronic certificates of origin or "e-CO" are being implemented. Electronic certificates of origin are not only a means to facilitate and provide a secure trading environment but also save time, costs and increase transparency.


title: Certificate of origin

text: In recent years, several e-CO platforms have been developed by national and regional chambers of commerce. The use of electronic certificates of origin is anticipated to increase considering the support from both the business community but also from policy makers. Notably, The WTO's Agreement on Trade Facilitation came into force, bringing a new benchmark for the use of electronic documents, including certificates of origin. Article 10.2 of the agreement provides that:


title: Certificate of origin

text: Some international organizations are taking efforts to facilitate the process of certifying and verifying certificates of origin. The followings are some most significant initiatives:


title: Certificate of origin

text: In a joint initiative with the WCO and WTO, the International Trade Centre introduces Rules of Origin Facilitator, which provides free and user-friendly access to ITC's database of rules of origin and origin-related documentation in hundreds of trade agreements. The Facilitator is also combined with the huge tariff and trade agreements databases that have been constructed and continuously maintained by ITC's Market Access Map since 2006, resulting in a unique market intelligence solution enabling companies, particularly ones from developing countries, to benefit from trade agreements worldwide. The Facilitator currently contains a data for more than 150 free trade agreements applied by more than 190 countries as well as non-preferential regimes of the EU, the US and Switzerland. This database is gradually expanding with the ultimate goal to cover over 400 free trade agreements and preferential schemes that are currently active in the world.


title: Certificate of origin

text: The Rules of Origin Facilitator aims to help small and medium-sized enterprises to increase trade by taking advantage of global trade opportunities in the form of low duty rates under trade agreements. The tool can also be used by policymakers, trade negotiators, economists as well as any other users. Any user can simply look for information on origin criteria, other origin provisions, and trade documentation by entering the HS code of their product.


title: Certificate of origin

text: Apart from its unique searching feature, the Facilitator allows traders to get free and direct access to thousands of legal documentation, including hundreds of forms of certificates of origin. The user may conveniently download the form he needs for a certain transaction and fill in necessary information to submit. In addition, a full glossary on common provisions, including those relating to certificates of origin certification and verification is also provided to help users get used to the complicated terms and concepts.


title: Certificate of origin

text: The formalization in the role of chambers of commerce as issuing agencies for certificates of origin (CO) can be traced back to the 1923 Geneva Convention relating to the Simplification of Customs Formalities and has been reinforced with the Revised Kyoto Convention. Under these Conventions, signatory governments were able to allow organizations “which possess the necessary authority and offer the necessary guarantees” to the State to issue certificates of origin. Thus due to the widespread network of the chamber of commerce community, in most countries, chambers of commerce were seen as these organizations allowed to issue certificates of origin.


title: Certificate of origin

text: Since 1923, governments have been delegating the issuance of certificates of origin to chambers of commerce. Chambers are deemed to be competent organisations and regarded as an accountable and reliable third-party with neutrality and impartiality. Understanding the lack of harmony in issuing certificates of origin across the globe, the International Chamber of Commerce World Chambers Federation Council on International Certificate of Origin (ICO) has been established to enhance and promote the unique position of chambers as the natural agent in the issuance of trade documents. The Federation has also provided a universal set of guidelines for issuing and attesting certificates by chambers all over the world.


title: Sleep Walk

text: "Sleep Walk" is an instrumental song written, recorded, and released in 1959 by American instrumental rock and roll duo Santo & Johnny Farina, with their uncle Mike Dee playing the drums.


title: Sleep Walk

text: Prominently featuring steel guitar, the song was recorded at Trinity Music in Manhattan, New York City. "Sleep Walk" entered "Billboard"'s Top 40 on August 17, 1959. It rose to the number 1 position for the last two weeks in September


title: Sleep Walk

text: and remained in the Top 40 until November 9. "Sleep Walk" also reached number 4 on the R&B chart. It was the last instrumental to hit number 1 in the 1950s and earned a gold record for Santo and Johnny. In Canada, the song reached number 3 in the CHUM Charts. In the UK it peaked at number 22 on the charts.


title: Sleep Walk

text: As children, both Santo and Johnny Farina were encouraged by their father, Tony, to learn the steel guitar and write their own music. This music would be recorded on a Webcor tape recorder their father had bought for them. Unable to fall asleep one night after a gig, the Farina brothers decided to write some music, using the tape recorder to first record the harmonies to what would become "Sleep Walk". After adding and finalizing the steel guitar melody, Johnny Farina believed they had a hit song, so he spent a year and a half talking with various music publishers about the possibility of professionally recording "Sleep Walk".


title: Sleep Walk

text: The "Sleep Walk" demo made a positive impression on Ed Burton of Trinity Music. After ultimately signing with Canadian-American Records, the brothers recorded "Sleep Walk" at Trinity Music, using a triple-neck Fender Stringmaster on the recording.


title: Sleep Walk

text: "Sleep Walk" entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 on July 27, 1959. Announced on the radio by DJ Alan Freed, the instrumental rose in popularity until it became the number 1 single for the last two weeks of September of that year. After losing the position to Bobby Darin's recording of "Mack the Knife", it remained on "Billboard"'s Top 40 until November 1959.


title: Sleep Walk

text: "Sleep Walk" was a principal inspiration to Fleetwood Mac founder Peter Green for his 1968 instrumental "Albatross", which became a worldwide hit. "Albatross" in turn inspired the Beatles song "Sun King" from "Abbey Road".


title: Sleep Walk

text: The song "Sleepwalking (Couples Only Dance Prom Night)" by the band Modest Mouse, from their 1996 EP "Interstate 8", drew inspiration from "Sleep Walk" in its melody, with the main addition to the original being added vocals/lyrics.


title: Sleep Walk

text: The Brian Setzer Orchestra rendering of "Sleep Walk" received a Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance of 1998.


title: Sleep Walk

text: The song inspired Stephen King to write his first screenplay, for the 1992 horror film "Sleepwalkers". The film features the song as well.


title: LTspice

text: LTspice is a SPICE-based analog electronic circuit simulator computer software, produced by semiconductor manufacturer Analog Devices (originally by Linear Technology). It is the most widely distributed and used SPICE software in the industry. Though it is freeware, LTspice is not artificially restricted to limit its capabilities (no feature limits, no node limits, no component limits, no subcircuit limits). It ships with a library of SPICE models from Analog Devices, Linear Technology, Maxim Integrated, and third-party sources.


title: LTspice

text: LTspice provides schematic capture to enter an electronic schematic for an electronic circuit, an enhanced SPICE type analog electronic circuit simulator, and a waveform viewer to show the results of the simulation. Circuit simulation analysis based on transient, noise, AC, DC, DC transfer function, DC operating point can be performed and plotted as well as fourier analysis. Heat dissipation of components can be calculated and efficiency reports can also be generated. It has enhancements and specialized models to speed the simulation of switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) in DC-to-DC converters.


title: LTspice

text: LTspice does not generate printed circuit board (PCB) layouts, but netlists can be exported to PCB layout software. While LTspice does support simple logic gate simulation, it is not designed specifically for simulating logic circuits.


title: LTspice

text: It is used by many users in fields including radio frequency electronics, power electronics, audio electronics, digital electronics, and other disciplines.


title: LTspice

text: In 1999, LTspice III was released, the first public release. It is designed to run on Windows 95, 98, 98SE, ME, NT4.0, 2K, XP. This version is no longer available for download from Analog Devices. Initially, LTspice III was internally released to Linear Technology's Field Application Engineers (FAE) in October 1999, who then gave it away during customer visits via CDROM media. In June 2001, it was released for public downloading from the Linear Technology website. Originally, LTspice/SwitcherCAD ran only on Microsoft Windows platforms, but since 2003 it is able to run under the Wine Windows compatibility layer on Linux.


title: LTspice

text: In 2008, LTspice IV was released. It is designed to run on Windows 2K, XP, Vista, 7 with a processor that contains a minimum instruction set similar to a Pentium 4 processor. Though IV is still available for download, it is no longer maintained. LTspice was originally called SwitcherCAD, but that name was removed when IV was released. A native Apple macOS 10.7+ application was introduced in 2013.


title: LTspice

text: In 2016, LTspice XVII was released, and is currently the latest version. It is designed to run on 32-bit or 64-bit editions of Windows 7, 8, 8.1, 10, and macOS 10.9+.


title: LTspice

text: Every month, LTspice updates have been released with new SPICE models, fixed SPICE models, or software changes. At any time, a user can manually update LTspice by choosing "Sync Release" from the "Tools" pulldown menu. From the "Help" pulldown menu, "Show Change Log" displays a list of every SPICE model and software change since LTspice XVII was first released.


title: LTspice

text: In March 2017, Linear Technology merged into Analog Devices. Over time, SPICE models for Analog Devices components have gradually been added to LTspice.


title: LTspice

text: In August 2021, Maxim Integrated merged with Analog Devices. Since then, SPICE models for Maxim components are being gradually added into LTspice.


title: LTspice

text: Updates are no longer provided for Windows XP and MacOS 10.9, as well as older versions of Windows and MacOS.


title: LTspice

text: LTspice ships with thousands of third-party models (capacitors, diodes, inductors, resistors, transistors, ferrite beads, opto-isolators, 555 timer, and more), as well as macro models for Analog Devices and Linear Technology parts (ADCs, analog switches, comparators, DACs, filters, opamps, timers, voltage references, voltage supervisors, voltage regulators, 0.01% quad resistor networks, and more). In the device library, Analog Devices part numbers start with "AD", and Linear Technology parts start with "LT".


title: LTspice

text: LTspice allows a user to choose from device models that ship with LTspice, as well as allows the user to define their own device model, or use 3rd party models from numerous electronic component manufacturers, or use a model from a 3rd party device library. Starting with LTspice XVII, control panel settings were added to allow the user to specify search directories for 3rd party device symbols and libraries. See option setting at LTspice -> Tools -> Control Panel -> codice_1.


title: LTspice

text: The text that describes intrinsic SPICE models can be placed directly on an LTspice schematic by using the spice directive codice_2 button. The advantage of this method is the 3rd party model is self-contained as part of the schematic when you distribute the schematic file. The same codice_3 can also be copied to an ASCII text file on your computer too, but it won't "travel" with a schematic when you copy it to another computer. For example, the following diode part numbers aren't included in the current LTspice device library:


title: LTspice

text: In LTspice, numeric values can be expressed in four different ways: integer (i.e. 1000), real (i.e. 1000.0), scientific e-notation (i.e. 1e3, 1.0e3), scale factor notation (i.e. 1K, 1K0).


title: LTspice

text: If the first character after a number is not the letter "codice_7" for scientific e-notation or a scale factor suffix (left column of table), then trailing characters are ignored. For example, 5 is treated the same as 5V / 5Volt / 5Volts / 5 Hz / 5Hertz.


title: LTspice

text: Integer and real numbers supports a scale factor (multiplier) suffix. These are based mostly on metric conventions.


title: LTspice

text: The suffix (left column) can be upper / lower / mixed case, known as case insensitive. For example, 1MEG / 1meg / 1Meg represents 1000000; 1k / 1K represents 1000.


title: LTspice

text: Any appended text after the suffix (left column) is ignored. For example, 2MegHz / 2MegaOhm represents 2000000; 3mV / 3mOhm represents 0.003; 4uF / 4uHenry represents 0.000004.


title: LTspice

text: In LTspice, any suffix (left column) can replace the decimal point of a real number, a common format for printed schematics. For example, 4K7 represents 4700, 1u8 represents 0.0000018.


title: LTspice

text: Although LTspice was originally based upon Berkeley SPICE 3f5 source code, it no longer is, thus some of its features may create non-portable files. Competitor SPICE programs have non-portable features too.


title: LTspice

text: In LTspice, a node/net (connection point) on the schematic can be labeled by using the codice_19 tool button or codice_20 key. The "Label Net" wizard has three choices for a label, two predefined graphical symbols (GND, COM), or a user-defined node/net name.


title: LTspice

text: Historically, SPICE and older version of LTspice software only supported printable ASCII characters for node/net names, then LTspice XVII added support for Unicode characters.


title: LTspice

text: When a node/net name is placed on a schematic, it will have one of five different visual representations. Two are automatically determined, while three others are chosen by the "Port Type" field in the "Label Net" wizard.


title: LTspice

text: Many of the LTspice files are stored as an ASCII text file, which can be viewed or edited with any ASCII text editor programs. One of the side benefits of an ASCII file format is that a schematic can be listed in a printed document / book / magazine / datasheet / research paper / homework assignment, which allows the reader to recreate LTspice files without electronic file distribution.


title: LTspice

text: The following example can be viewed by copying each into two different text files. For each, copy the text in the gray box from this article, paste into an ASCII text editor, saving as a text file. Both files must have the same "base name" and sit in the same directory. To see it, opening the "asc" file with LTspice then click the "Run" button inside LTspice software.


title: LTspice

text: The following example shows the contents from a small LTspice schematic file for a simple RC circuit with four schematic symbols: V1 is 10 volt DC voltage source, R1 is 1K ohm resistor, C1 is 1 uF capacitor, ground. The bottom three TEXT lines are: 1) a transient simulation directive with a stop time parameter of 10 ms (codice_43), 2) a SPICE directive to set the initial condition of RC "out" net to zero volts (codice_44), and 3) a text comment (title).


title: LTspice

text: LTspice waveform viewer plot settings are stored as an ASCII text file with a filename extension of "codice_45". If this optional plot file is present, then all plot planes will automatically be displayed after the "Run" button is pressed, otherwise the user will need to click on each net to see the waveform(s). To create a plot file on Windows, after a plot graph is displayed, right-click on it and choose "File", then choose "Save Plot Settings".


title: LTspice

text: The following example for the above schematic shows settings for a "transient analysis" simulation with two waveforms on one plot plane consisting of the RC voltage at "out" net and current through resistor R1, which are labeled V(out) and I(R1) at the top of the plot graph.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Devasahayam Pillai (born Neelakanta Pillai and baptized as Lazarus; 23 April 1712 – 14 January 1752) was an Indian layman and martyr of the Catholic Church. He was canonized as a saint of the church by Pope Francis on 15 May 2022.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Neelakandan Pillai was born into an affluent Hindu Nair family in Nattalam in the present-day Kanyakumari District on 23 April 1712. His father, Vasudevan Namboodiri, who was a Namboodiri Brahmin from Kayamkulam in present-day Kerala state, was a priest at the Adikesava Perumal Temple in Thiruvattar, in present-day Kanyakumari district of neighbouring Tamil Nadu. Neelakandan's mother, Devaki Amma, hailed from Thiruvattar in Kanyakumari District. In accordance with the tradition of the Nairs of the day, his biological father had no role in his upbringing as he was a outcaste child born to a Brahmin father and a non-Brahmin woman: Neelakandan was raised by his mother and her eldest brother.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Neelakandan's family had much influence in the royal palace of Maharaja Marthanda Varma, king of Travancore and went into the service of the royal palace as a young man. His capabilities and enthusiasm did not go unnoticed in the palace, as he was soon put in charge of state affairs as an official under Ramayyan Dalawa, the Dewan of Travancore.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: In 1741, Captain Eustachius De Lannoy, a Dutch naval commander, was sent on command of a naval expedition by the Dutch East India Company with the objective of capturing and establishing a trading port at Colachel, a port under the control of Travancore. In the ensuing Battle of Colachel, fought between the Travancore forces and the Dutch, the Dutch were defeated. De Lannoy's men were either killed or captured. Eustachius De Lannoy and his assistant Donadi surrendered and were imprisoned.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: De Lannoy and the Dutchmen were later pardoned by the king, on condition that they serve in the Travancore army. In the course of time, De Lannoy earned the trust of the king and went on to become the commander of the Travancore army, the very forces that had earlier defeated him. He trained the Travancore forces on European lines and introduced new weaponry and gunpowder. As military commander, he won many battles for Travancore, resulting in the annexation of various neighbouring territories to Travancore.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: It was during their influential roles under the King of Travancore that Devasahayam Pillai and De Lannoy became well acquainted. De Lannoy's Christian faith interested Devasahayam ; thus, De Lannoy enlightened him on the faith, leading to Devasahayam Pillai's conversion in 1745. At this point, he took the name "Devasahayam" ("help of God"), which is the translation into Malayalam of the name 'Lazarus.'


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: On Devasahayam's acceptance of the Christian faith, he was baptized at the Roman Catholic sub-parish church at the Vadakkankulam village (in the present-day Tirunelveli District of Tamil Nadu), where the Jesuits had a mission under the Rev. Fr. R. Bouttari Italus S.J. Neelakanda Pillai, his name at birth, was then changed to "Lazar", although he is more widely known by the Tamil and Malayalam translation Devasahayam (meaning "God's help"). Pillai was married by this time to Bhargavi Ammal from Kunchu Veedu, Elanthavilai, Mayicode in Travancore State. She was baptised alongside her husband as a matter of course. She was given the baptismal name "Gnanapoo Ammaal" ("Flower of Knowledge", equivalent to Theresa in Tamil and Malayalam). Fearing reprisal in her native Travancore against her religious conversion, she chose to become a migrant-resident of Vadakkankulam village. Some other members of Devasahayam Pillai's immediate family also later received baptism.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Church chroniclers say that the Brahmin chief priest of the kingdom, the feudal lords, members of the royal household and the Nair community brought false charges on Devasahayam to the Dewan, Ramayyan Dalawa. The allegations were leaving Hinduism and stop following Hindu beliefs. Leaving Hinduism was a great offence because they wer Pillai was divested of his portfolio in the Travancore administration and was arrested. He remained in prison for three years, during which time the king of Travancore came under tremendous pressure from the Europeans seeking his release. Orders were finally passed for him to go into exile. He was initially ordered to be seated backward on a buffalo (a public humiliation) and paraded to the Kuzhumaikkad border, where he would be released and could enter into Dutch-controlled territory (or citadel/fortress used for trade and shipping). The original Royal order was later altered, and Devasahayam was taken on the back of a buffalo to Aralvaimozhy border (much closer to the capital, Padmanabhapuram), where he was tortured by ten different karyakkars (Royal officers), on the advice of the ministers, before being released into a mountainous forest area, on the other side of which was the kingdom of the Pandya kings, traditional rivals of Travancore.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Devasahayam Pillai was marched from Padmanabhapuram Palace to Aralvaimozhy by soldiers, over the period of a few days. Pillai was treated like a criminal and as was customary in those days for criminals, his body was painted with red and black spots, and was intentionally marched through populated areas, sitting backward on top of a water buffalo (the mythical vehicle or vahana of Yama, the lord of death in Hinduism) through the streets of South Travancore. As a method of torture, he was beaten every day with eighty stripes, pepper rubbed in his wounds and nostrils, exposed to the sun, and given only stagnant water to drink.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: While halting at Puliyoorkurichi, not far away from the Padmanabhapuram Palace of the Travancore king, it is believed by Christians that God quenched his thirst by letting water gush through a small hole on a rock, on the very place where he knelt to pray. The water hole is still found in the compound of a church at Puliyoorkurichi, about 15 km from Nagercoil.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: It is also believed that the leaves of a neem (Margosa) tree in the village of Peruvilai, to which he had been tied while being marched to Aralvaimozhy, cured illnesses of sick people in the village and around. Many more miracles are attributed to Devasahayam Pillai.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: In 1752, the original order of the King and his Dewan was to deport him from Travancore, into the Pandya country, at Aralvaimozhy. He was let off in the forested hills near Aralvaimozhy. There, he is believed to have begun deep meditations, and the people from the adjacent villages began visiting the holy man. Christian sources allege that at this time, high caste Hindus plotted to do away with Devasahayam.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Some people believe that soldiers went up the forested hills and tried to shoot Devasahayam, but were unable to fire; after which he took the gun in his hands, blessed it and gave it back to the soldiers to shoot him to death, if they wished to. The soldiers took the gun back and fired at him five times. His body was then carelessly thrown out near the foothills at Kattadimalai.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: It was at Kattadimalai in Kanyakumari district that Devasahayam Pillai died on 14 January 1752. Pillai's body was later recovered by some people of the region and carried to the church at Kottar, in present-day Nagercoil. His mortal remains were interred near the altar inside St. Xavier's Church, Kottar, Nagercoil, which is now the diocesan Cathedral.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Since the days of the interment of the mortal remains of Devasahayam Pillai, many Christian pilgrims have visited his tomb and offered prayers.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: In 2004, at the request of the Diocese of Kottar, the Tamil Nadu Bishops' Council (TNBC) and the Conference of Catholic Bishops of India (CCBI) recommended Pillai for the process of beatification. Some Hindu organizations objected to this initiative, claiming that there is no evidence of religious persecution in Travancore during the given period, and that Pillai was executed for sedition. However, documents dating back to the period encompassing Pillai's lifetime show that religious conversion of court officials to Christianity was not tolerated.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: On 28 June 2012, Pope Benedict XVI authorized the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to promulgate a decree regarding the martyrdom of Pillai and he was granted the title "Venerable". On 2 December 2012, a ceremony of beatification and declaration of martyrdom was held in Nagercoil, in the Diocese of Kottar in Southern India, presided over by Cardinal Angelo Amato, Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, acting as papal delegate. Pillai is the first Indian lay man who is not part of any religious institute to be elevated to the rank of "Blessed" (the step preceding the recognition of a person as a saint, as per the canon law of the Catholic Church).


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: On 21 February 2020, Pope Francis recognized a miracle attributed to the intercession of Devasahayam, clearing his way to canonization. He is the first Catholic in India who is neither an ordained minister nor a religious to be officially recognized as a saint. The Vatican announced on 9 November 2021 that Pope Francis would formally canonize him on 15 May 2022. On the fifth Sunday of the resurrection, 15 May 2022, the Pope raised Devasahayam Pillai to sainthood along with nine other candidates.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: According to the report submitted by the then Bishop of Cochin (under whom the Kanyakumari church was then functioning) in 1756AD the Christian martyrdom of Devasahayam Pillai was promptly intimated to the Vatican. Prominent witnesses to his saintliness and martyrdom include Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: In 1780, Kariattil Ouseph Malpan submitted a petition to the Vatican for canonization of Devasahayam Pillai.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: The church historian C. M. Agur concluded in 1903 that although apostasy was never considered illegal in Travancore, it was not viewed indifferently, particularly in the case of the King's palace servants, and this led to the martyrdom of Devasahayam Pillai.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: In 1984, a group of lay persons from the diocese of Kottar, especially members of the Nagercoil Catholic Club, once again took the initiative to seek the beatification of Devasahayam. This is unusual for a layman, but he is regarded as one who was totally devoted to Christ. At the beginning of the 21st century, many Christian devotees were offering prayers at his tomb in St. Xavier's Cathedral at Kottar.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: After a series of initiatives by the Roman Catholic diocese of Kottar and after much deliberation, the Conference of Catholic Bishops of India (CCBI) and the Tamil Nadu Bishops' Council (TNBC) duly recommended his beatification in the year 2004. This was done following scrutiny of available historical evidence. Bishop Chrysostom said that the CCBI did not intend any controversy whatsoever in moving this forward.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon (1925–2010), a noted historian and writer on Travancore, said that no cases of persecution in the name of religious conversion were recorded in the history of the kingdom.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: P. Parameswaran, president of the Hindu spiritual organisation Vivekananda Kendra, accused the CCBI of an attempt to hurt Hindu sentiments. Referring to the Travancore state manual, he insisted that Devasahayam was a palace employee who was executed after confirmation of sedition, because he had tampered with palace records and passed them to De Lannoy.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: However, Catholic records of the time state that the kingdom of Travancore did not tolerate palace officials converting to Christianity.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: In June 2012, Pope Benedict XVI officially recognized a decree from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints stating that he lived a life of "heroic virtues" – a major step towards beatification – and Pillai was then referred to as "Venerable".


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Devasahayam Pillai was declared a martyr and Blessed on 2 December 2012, at a solemn ceremony held in the Diocese of Kottar at Carmel Higher Secondary School Grounds, Nagercoil, near the place of his burial. The Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, Angelo Cardinal Amato presided at the function as Delegate of Pope Benedict XVI.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Several cardinals, archbishops and bishops from India and elsewhere, as well as numerous priests, religious men and women and over 100,000 Catholics from all over India participated in the grand ceremony which included a Solemn Pontifical Mass.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Among the dignitaries officiating at the altar were Cardinal Angelo Amato, Cardinal Oswald Gracias (Archbishop of Mumbai), Cardinal Telesphore P. Toppo (Archbishop of Ranchi), Cardinal George Alencherry (Major Archbishop of Syro-Malabar Catholic Church), Baselios Cleemis (Major Archbishop of Syro-Malankara Catholic Church), Archbishop Salvatore Pennacchio (Apostolic Nuncio to India), and Bishop Peter Remigius (then Bishop of Kottar).


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: On the same day as Devasahayam Pillai was declared a Blessed in the Diocese of Kottar, India, Pope Benedict XVI addressed the pilgrims gathered in Rome. During his Angelus Message the Pope mentioned the event in Italian and English. He said in Italian:


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Today in Kottar, India, Devasahayam Pillai, a faithful layman, who lived in the 18th century and died a martyr, was proclaimed Blessed. Let us join in the joy of the Church in India and pray that this newly Beatified sustain the faith of the Christians of that great and noble country.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: I welcome all gathered here today to pray with me. I especially greet the people of Kottar who celebrate today the beatification of Devasahayam Pillai. His witness to Christ is an example of that attentiveness to the coming of Christ recalled by this first Sunday of Advent. May this holy season help us to centre our lives once more on Christ, our hope. God bless all of you!


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: On 21 February 2020, Pope Francis recognized a miracle attributed to the intercession of Devasahayam, clearing his way to canonization (sainthood). The Vatican announced on 9 November 2021 that the canonization ceremony would be held on 15 May 2022 and his canonization and that of eight others took place in St Peter's Square on that date.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Devasahayam Pillai is buried in the Cathedral of St. Francis Xavier at Kottar in Nagercoil. Devasahayam's tomb was restored and beautified after the declaration of martyrdom and beatification.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Devasahyam Pillai's clothes and other belongings are kept in a church in the small town of Vadakkankulam in Tirunelveli District of Tamil Nadu State, India. They are exposed at the church on 15 August every year, the feast of the Assumption of Mary. His wife was buried in the cemetery there.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Puliyoorkurichi, location of the water fountain believed to have quenched Devasahayam's thirst, is on the Nagercoil–Trivandrum highway.


title: Devasahayam Pillai

text: Aralvaimozhy, where Devasahayam was killed, is on the Nagercoil–Tirunelveli highway. At the spot on the hillock (called Kaattadimalai) where Devasahayam was killed, a rock makes bell-like sounds when knocked with a stone.


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: The Essays (, ) of Michel de Montaigne are contained in three books and 107 chapters of varying length. They were originally written in Middle French and were originally published in the Kingdom of France. Montaigne's stated design in writing, publishing and revising the "Essays" over the period from approximately 1570 to 1592 was to record "some traits of my character and of my humours." The "Essays" were first published in 1580 and cover a wide range of topics.


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: The "Essais" exercised an important influence on both French and English literature, in thought and style.


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: Montaigne wrote in a rather crafted rhetoric designed to intrigue and involve the reader, sometimes appearing to move in a stream-of-thought from topic to topic and at other times employing a structured style that gives more emphasis to the didactic nature of his work. His arguments are often supported with quotations from Ancient Greek, Latin, and Italian texts such as "De rerum natura" by Lucretius and the works of Plutarch. Furthermore, his "Essays" were seen as an important contribution to both writing form and skepticism. The name itself comes from the French word "essais", meaning "attempts" or "tests", which shows how this new form of writing did not aim to educate or prove. Rather, his essays were exploratory journeys in which he works through logical steps to bring skepticism to what is being discussed.


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: Montaigne's stated goal in his book is to describe himself with utter frankness and honesty (""bonne foi""). The insight into human nature provided by his essays, for which they are so widely read, is merely a by-product of his introspection. Though the implications of his essays were profound and far-reaching, he did not intend or suspect that his work would garner much attention outside of his inner circle, prefacing his essays with, "I am myself the matter of this book; you would be unreasonable to suspend your leisure on so frivolous and vain a subject."


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: Montaigne's essay topics spanned the entire spectrum of the profound to the trivial, with titles ranging from "Of Sadness and Sorrow" and "Of Conscience" to "Of Smells" and "Of Posting" (referring to posting letters). Montaigne wrote at the height of the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) between Catholics and protestant Huguenots. Christianity in the 15th and 16th centuries saw Protestant authors consistently attempting to subvert Church doctrine with reason and scholarship. Consequently, Catholic scholars embraced skepticism as a means to discredit all reason and scholarship and accept Church doctrine through faith alone.


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: Montaigne never found certainty in any of his inquiries into the nature of man and things, despite his best efforts and many attempts. He mistrusted the certainty of both human reason and experience. He reasoned that while man is finite, truth is infinite; thus, human capacity is naturally inhibited in grasping reality in its fullness or with certainty. Though he did believe in the existence of absolute truth, he believed that such truth could only be arrived at by man through divine revelation, leaving us in the dark on most matters. He finds the great variety and volatility of human nature to be its most basic features, which resonates with Renaissance thought about the fragility of humans. According to the scholar Paul Oskar Kristeller, "the writers of the period were keenly aware of the miseries and ills of our earthly existence". A representative quote of Montaigne is: "I have never seen a greater monster or miracle than myself."


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: Citing the case of Martin Guerre as an example, Montaigne believes that humans cannot attain certainty. His philosophical skepticism is best expressed in the long essay "An Apology for Raymond Sebond" (Book 2, Chapter 12) in which he embraced the philosophy of Pyrrhonism. Montaigne posits that we cannot trust our reasoning because thoughts just occur to us: we do not truly control them. Further, he says we do not have good reasons to consider ourselves superior to the animals. He is highly skeptical of confessions obtained under torture, pointing out that such confessions can be made up by the suspect just to escape the torture to which he is subjected. In the middle of the section normally entitled "Man's Knowledge Cannot Make Him Good", he wrote that his motto was "What do I know?". The essay on Sebond defended Christianity. Montaigne also eloquently employed many references and quotes from classical Greek and Roman, i.e. non-Christian authors, especially the atomist Lucretius.


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: Montaigne considered marriage necessary for the raising of children, but disliked the strong feelings of romantic love as being detrimental to freedom. One of his quotations is: "Marriage is like a cage; one sees the birds outside desperate to get in, and those inside desperate to get out."


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: In education, he favored concrete examples and experience over the teaching of abstract knowledge that is expected to be accepted uncritically. Montaigne's essay "On the Education of Children" is dedicated to Diana of Foix.


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: He opposed European colonization of the Americas, deploring the suffering it brought upon the natives.


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: Montaigne heavily edited the "Essays" at various points in his life. Sometimes he would insert just one word, while at other times he would insert whole passages. Many editions mark this with letters as follows:


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: A copy of the fifth edition of the "Essais" with Montaigne's own "C" additions in his own hand exists, preserved at the Municipal Library of Bordeaux (known to editors as the Bordeaux Copy). This edition gives modern editors a text dramatically indicative of Montaigne's final intentions (as opposed to the multitude of Renaissance works for which no autograph exists). Analyzing the differences and additions between editions show how Montaigne's thoughts evolved over time. Remarkably, he does not seem to remove previous writings, even when they conflict with his newer views.


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: The remarkable modernity of thought apparent in Montaigne's essays, coupled with their sustained popularity, made them arguably the most prominent work in French philosophy until the Enlightenment. Their influence over French education and culture is still strong. The official portrait of former French president François Mitterrand pictured him facing the camera, holding an open copy of the "Essays" in his hands.


title: Essays (Montaigne)

text: English journalist and politician J. M. Robertson argued that Montaigne's essays had a profound influence on the plays of William Shakespeare, citing their similarities in language, themes and structures.


title: Jimmy Reed

text: Mathis James Reed (September 6, 1925 – August 29, 1976) was an American blues musician and songwriter. His particular style of electric blues was popular with blues as well as non-blues audiences. Reed's songs such as "Honest I Do" (1957), "Baby What You Want Me to Do" (1960), "Big Boss Man" (1961), and "Bright Lights, Big City" (1961) appeared on both "Billboard" magazine's rhythm and blues and Hot 100 singles charts.


title: Jimmy Reed

text: Reed influenced other musicians, such as Elvis Presley, Hank Williams Jr., and the Rolling Stones, who recorded his songs. Music critic Cub Koda describes him as "perhaps the most influential bluesman of all," due to his easily accessible style.


title: Jimmy Reed

text: Reed was born in Dunleith, Mississippi, United States. He learned the harmonica and guitar from his friend Eddie Taylor. After several years of busking and performing there, he moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1943. He was then drafted into the U.S. Navy and served in World War II. He was discharged in 1945 and returned briefly to Mississippi, marrying his girlfriend, Mary (henceforth known as Mama Reed). He then moved to Gary, Indiana, to work at an Armour meat-packing plant. Mama Reed was an uncredited background singer on many of his recordings, notably the hits "Baby What You Want Me to Do", "Big Boss Man" and "Bright Lights, Big City".


title: Jimmy Reed

text: By the 1950s, Reed had established himself as a popular musician. He joined the Gary Kings with John Brim and played on the street with Willie Joe Duncan. Reed failed to gain a recording contract with Chess Records, but signed with Vee-Jay Records through Brim's drummer, Albert King. At Vee-Jay, Reed began playing again with Eddie Taylor and soon released "You Don't Have to Go", his first hit record. It was followed by a long string of hit songs.


title: Jimmy Reed

text: Reed maintained his reputation despite his rampant alcoholism; his wife sometimes had to help him remember the lyrics to his songs while recording. In 1957, Reed developed epilepsy, though the condition was not correctly diagnosed for a long time, as Reed and doctors assumed it was delirium tremens. When Vee-Jay Records closed, his manager signed a contract with the fledgling ABC-Bluesway label, but Reed never produced another hit. In 1968, he toured Europe with the American Folk Blues Festival.


title: Jimmy Reed

text: Reed died of respiratory failure in 1976, in Oakland, California, eight days short of his 51st birthday. He is interred in the Lincoln Cemetery, in Blue Island, Illinois. Reed was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991.


title: Jimmy Reed

text: The Rolling Stones have cited Reed as a major influence on their sound, and their early set lists included Reed's songs "Ain't That Lovin' You Baby", "The Sun Is Shining" (played by the Stones at the 1969 Altamont concert), "Bright Lights, Big City", and "Shame, Shame, Shame". "Little by Little", the B-side of their February 1964 UK hit single "Not Fade Away" was a pastiche of "Shame, Shame, Shame". "Honest I Do" was included on their first album, "The Rolling Stones" (subtitled "England's Newest Hit Makers" in America), in 1964 (the U.S. edition also included "Little by Little"). For their 2016 release, "Blue & Lonesome", they recorded a version of Reed's "Little Rain".


title: Jimmy Reed

text: The Yardbirds recorded "I Ain't Got You" for the B-side of their second single "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl" with guitarist Eric Clapton. With Jeff Beck, they recorded the Reed-inspired instrumental "Like Jimmy Reed Again", which was released on a reissue of their album "Having a Rave Up". The Animals considered Reed one of their main sources of inspiration and recorded versions of "I Ain't Got You" and "Bright Lights, Big City". Van Morrison's group Them covered "Bright Lights, Big City" and "Baby, What You Want Me to Do", both of which are on the album "The Story of Them Featuring Van Morrison". "Big Boss Man", sung by Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, was regularly performed by the Grateful Dead in the 1960s and early 1970s and appears on their live album "Grateful Dead"


title: Jimmy Reed

text: Elvis Presley recorded several of Reed's songs, having a hit with "Big Boss Man" in 1967 and recording several performances of "Baby, What You Want Me to Do" for his 1968 TV program. (Presley's 1964 hit "Ain't That Lovin' You Baby" is a different song from that recorded by Reed.) "Baby, What You Want Me to Do" was also covered by Wishbone Ash on their 1972 album "Live Dates". Johnny and Edgar Winter performed it live in 1975 and included it on their album "Together". Omar Kent Dykes and Jimmie Vaughan released the album "On the Jimmy Reed Highway" as a tribute to Reed. Bill Cosby covered four of Reed's songs, "Bright Lights, Big City", "Big Boss Man", "Hush Hush" and "Aw Shucks, Hush Your Mouth", for his 1967 album, "".


title: Jimmy Reed

text: The Steve Miller Band covered five of Reed's songs: "You're So Fine", on the 1968 album "Sailor", and "I Wanna Be Loved (But by Only You)", "Big Boss Man", "Caress Me Baby" and "Ain't That Lovin' You Baby", on the 1986 album "Living in the 20th Century".


title: Jimmy Reed

text: Bob Dylan paid tribute to Reed with the song "Goodbye Jimmy Reed" on his 2020 album "Rough and Rowdy Ways".


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: Royal Air Force Fylingdales or more simply RAF Fylingdales is a Royal Air Force station on Snod Hill in the North York Moors, England. Its motto is "Vigilamus" (translates to "We are watching"). It is a radar base and is also part of the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS). As part of intelligence-sharing arrangements between the United States and United Kingdom (see, for example, the UKUSA Agreement), data collected at RAF Fylingdales are shared between the two countries. Its primary purpose is to give the British and US governments warning of an impending ballistic missile attack (part of the so-called four minute warning during the Cold War). A secondary role is the detection and tracking of orbiting objects; Fylingdales is part of the United States Space Surveillance Network. As well as its early-warning and space-tracking roles, Fylingdales has a third function – the Satellite Warning Service for the UK. It keeps track of spy satellites used by other countries, so that secret activities in the UK can be carried out when they are not overhead. The armed services, defence manufacturers and research organisations, including universities, take advantage of this facility.


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: The station was sited on a former wartime mortar range on Snod Hill, which had to be comprehensively cleared by RAF Bomb Disposal before building could begin. The station was built by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1962, and was maintained by RCA (Great Britain), now Serco Group plc. RAF Fylingdales consisted of three diameter 'golfballs' or geodesic domes (radomes) containing mechanically steered radar. Operation of the Fylingdales Site transferred to RAF Fighter Command on 15 January 1964


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: although the site became operational on 17 September 1963. It became a local tourist attraction as a result.


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: Between 1989 and 1992, Raytheon, the US defence contractor, completed a contract that saw the domes replaced by the current tetrahedron ('pyramid') structure, housing the AESA phased array radar. The site is above sea level and the structure is nine floors high rising from its ground level to high.


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: In the late 1990s, the United States decided to pursue a National Missile Defense plan fully, and RAF Fylingdales attracted further publicity. To improve tracking capabilities (for launches from Africa and the Middle East) the United States wanted the use of Fylingdales as part of its NMD network. After receiving a formal request from the US, the British Government agreed to its use as an NMD tracking facility. The decision was criticised, because the proposed NMD system was solely for US benefit. According to the BBC, "The Independent" reported that the British Government secretly agreed to the US request to station NMD missile interceptors at Fylingdales Moor in late 2004. This has subsequently been denied by the Ministry of Defence. The £449 million upgrade for RAF Fylingdales to become an NMD tracking facility was undertaken by Boeing, with Raytheon as the major subcontractor.


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: While the radar station remains a British asset operated and commanded by the Royal Air Force, it also forms one of three stations in the United States BMEWS network (the United States also funds the cost of the radar units). The other two stations in the network are Thule Air Base, Greenland and Clear Space Force Station, Alaska. The data obtained by Fylingdales is shared fully and freely with the United States, where it feeds into the US-Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command at Peterson Space Force Base in Colorado Springs.


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: The British Government advised in March 2018, that as of the beginning of that month, fewer than five United States military personnel and ten US contractors worked at the station.


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: Space Delta 4 of the United States Space Force, maintains a liaison officer at Fylingdales to act as link to US missile warning operations and advises the RAF station commander on operational issues.


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: The secondary role of detection and tracking of orbiting objects, also called Space Situational Awareness (SSA), as part of the United States Space Surveillance Network is carried out in conjunction with RAF High Wycombe.


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: The primary radars of RAF Fylingdales are active electronically scanned array (AESA) phased array radars, mounted on each face of a truncated tetrahedron, typically referred to as the "pyramid" or the SSPAR (Solid State Phased Array). This makes Fylingdales unique amongst its peers in that it covers a full 360 degrees. Each of the three arrays is across and contains around 2560 transmit/receive modules; mean power output is about , with a tracking range of .


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: The functions of RAF Fylingdales have been subject to criticism from opposition groups, such as the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), leading to protests being held on occasion. These stem from concerns regarding the base's association with nuclear warfare and the militarisation of space. They argue against the UK assisting the US National Missile Defense (NMD) programme with RAF Fylingdales' ability to detect attacks, saying it is destabilising US and European relations with Russia, makes the UK the front line in any future conflict and it could be information from Fylingdales that initiates a nuclear response from the US and/or the UK to a perceived threat – real or false; intended or accidental.


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: The radar beam has created serious concern of radiation risks due to leakage from the sides of the beams -“side lobes”. Although the radiation levels are within UK limits (NRPB), it would be harder for the base to keep within the tighter European Union limits (INIRPB), which the UK may soon adopt, though Britain's exit from the EU makes this less likely.


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: On 26 August 2019, Laura Woodwardsmith telephoned North Yorkshire Police and made a bomb threat in relation to RAF Fylingdales. Although, the Ministry of Defence Police locked down the base as a precaution, it was later revealed that Woodwardsmith was drunk and depressed when making the threat.


title: RAF Fylingdales

text: The "Northern Echo" states that Fylingdales is guarded by 80 military policemen, however RAF Fylingdales is guarded by the Ministry of Defence Guard Service (approx 19 officers) and Ministry of Defence Police (approx 60-100 officers) neither of which operate under a military capacity. The station has a checkpoint by the A169 roadside and further checkpoints at each of its fences. The outer fence is an 8000 volt electrified fence and all entrance gates can be locked and razor wire placed in the opening on metal truss frames.


title: Alex P. Keaton

text: Alex P. Keaton is a fictional character on the United States television sitcom "Family Ties," which aired on NBC for seven seasons, from 1982 to 1989. "Family Ties" reflected the move in the United States away from the cultural liberalism of the 1960s and 1970s to the conservatism of the 1980s. This was particularly expressed through the relationship between Young Republican Alex (Michael J. Fox) and his hippie parents, Steven (Michael Gross) and Elyse Keaton (Meredith Baxter). President of the United States Ronald Reagan once stated that "Family Ties" was his favorite television show.