title: Bob Sanders

text: Sanders played only four games in the 2006 regular season due to a knee injury he suffered early. In those four games, he racked up 27 tackles. He was soon dubbed ""The Eraser"", due to his reckless and punishing hits on opposing players which prevented many of the big plays that the opposing teams might have otherwise made happen. The Colts had the worst rushing defense in the NFL statistically, allowing at least 100 yards rushing in every game. During the playoffs, however, Sanders continued his comeback from injury, and breathed new life into the defense. With Sanders, the 2006 Colts had the second best run defense in the playoffs with only 73.3 rushing yards allowed per game. Sanders went on to help the Colts, on the road, to their victory in Super Bowl XLI. Sanders made a pivotal play in the AFC title game against the New England Patriots. With the Patriots looking to clinch the game with a first down with under three minutes to play and holding a 34-31 lead, Sanders dove in front of Patriots wide receiver Troy Brown and deflected the pass, forcing the Patriots to punt and giving Peyton Manning the chance to drive for the game-winning touchdown.


title: Bob Sanders

text: Sanders made a couple of key plays in the Super Bowl against the Chicago Bears, forcing a fumble from running back Cedric Benson early in the game and intercepting quarterback Rex Grossman early in the 4th quarter after cornerback Kelvin Hayden intercepted Grossman on the previous drive with both picks helping seal the 29-17 win.


title: Bob Sanders

text: For the 2007 NFL season Sanders was named AFC Defensive Player of the Week for Week 2, following the 11 tackles and 2.5 sacks he recorded against division rival Tennessee Titans at Nashville. He was largely responsible for shutting down Vince Young at the end of the game, clinching the victory for the Colts 22-20. Sanders ended the year with 96 total tackles, 3.5 sacks, two interceptions and six pass deflections. With him in the lineup, the Colts again fielded one of the best pass defenses in the league while also leading a successful run stopping defense. Sanders was noted by coach Tony Dungy as a prototypical safety for his Tampa 2 defense and became known for his coming down into the box on run support as a big factor in the Colts' run defense.


title: Bob Sanders

text: On December 28, 2007, Sanders was signed to a five-year, $37.5 million contract with $20 million guaranteed. At the time, the contract made him the highest paid safety in the history of the NFL.


title: Bob Sanders

text: On January 7, 2008, Sanders was named AP Defensive Player of the Year for the 2007 NFL season, the first Colt to earn the award and only the fourth safety in NFL history to win it. He earned 31 votes from a nationwide panel of 50 media members who regularly cover the NFL. With Sanders in the lineup, the Colts became stingier and more physical as Sanders played closer to the line of scrimmage. Sanders received much of the credit for the turnaround in Indy's soft defense, which saw its yards per carry average cut from 5.3 in 2006 to 3.8 in 2007.


title: Bob Sanders

text: Sanders was expected to start the 2008 training camp on the PUP list, but general manager Bill Polian had stated that Sanders would come back in the middle of training camp. On August 24, Sanders made his 2008 debut, along with fellow injured teammate Dwight Freeney in the week 3 preseason matchup against the Buffalo Bills.


title: Bob Sanders

text: On September 17, 2008, the Colts announced Bob Sanders would be out for the next 4–6 weeks because of a high ankle sprain. The injury occurred in the Colts' second game of the season against the Minnesota Vikings. Sanders would be replaced by second-year safety Melvin Bullitt.


title: Bob Sanders

text: Sanders made his return from the injury list, along with teammate Joseph Addai, for the week 9 matchup against the Patriots. After a five-game absence, Sanders had a solid performance and helped hold the Patriots off in the last seconds with the game-sealing interception with 4 minutes to go in the 4th quarter, his first interception of the season. During the postgame press conference, Tony Dungy stated that Sanders was "physically, very [very] close to 100%" coming off of the ankle injury.


title: Bob Sanders

text: Sanders again missed time for the season, sitting out of the week 11 game versus the Houston Texans, due to a knee injury apparently sustained the previous week against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The knee injury caused him to again miss time for the second consecutive week. Sanders' knee injuries came about by the cause of swelling, a condition that he experienced since a serious injury to his knee sidelined him during his rookie season.


title: Bob Sanders

text: After missing the last two games of the regular season, Sanders total game appearances amounted to six. In those six games, he collected 39 total tackles and one interception. Sanders played in the postseason but the Colts' season was cut short by the San Diego Chargers in their wild card playoff matchup, losing 23–17.


title: Bob Sanders

text: In 2009, Sanders started two games before being placed on injured reserve on November 6 with an arm injury. He recorded six tackles and one interception in his two games.


title: Bob Sanders

text: In 2010, Sanders exited the first game of the season with an injury. On September 14, 2010, it was reported that Sanders could possibly miss the entire season with a torn biceps tendon. On December 8, he was put on injured reserve, which ended his season.


title: Bob Sanders

text: On February 18, 2011, Sanders was released from the Colts after only playing nine total games in the previous three seasons. In a team statement he said, "I always will consider myself a Colt. I want to thank the fans also for their great support. They played a big part in making my seven years with the team very rewarding."


title: Bob Sanders

text: Sanders signed a one-year deal with the San Diego Chargers for the 2011 season. On September 28, 2011, he was placed on injured reserved (IR) due to swelling in his knee after playing the Patriots a couple of weeks earlier. It was the fourth season in a row Sanders ended the season on IR.


title: Marpessa Dawn

text: Marpessa Dawn (January 3, 1934 – August 25, 2008), also known as Gypsy Marpessa Dawn Menor, was an American-born French actress, as well as a singer and dancer. She is best remembered for her role in the film "Black Orpheus" (1959).


title: Marpessa Dawn

text: Born on a farm near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of African-American and Filipino heritage, she worked as a laboratory technician in New York before migrating to Europe as a teenager.


title: Marpessa Dawn

text: She began acting in England, with some minor TV roles. Then, in 1953, she relocated to France and while occasionally working as a governess also sang and danced in nightclubs, where she met director Marcel Camus. At the age of 24 she won the role of "Eurydice" in his film "Black Orpheus". The film won the Palme d'Or at the 1959 Cannes Film Festival and the 1960 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. She married Camus, but divorced him soon after and married Belgian actor Georges-Eric Vander-Elst, whom she met when they appeared together in a play at the American Centre in Paris. They had a civil ceremony held in secrecy. Considered a great beauty, she was featured in November 1959 by "Ebony" and has been hailed as "one of "Ebony" magazine's prettiest cover girls, along with the likes of Dorothy Dandridge, Halle Berry, Vanessa A. Williams and Lena Horne".


title: Marpessa Dawn

text: Dawn remained in Europe, working in French films and television. She also had several theatrical parts, including a starring role in "Chérie Noire", a highly successful stage comedy which played for seven years, touring France, Belgium, Switzerland, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, and "Le Jardin des délices" ("The Garden of Delights"), by Fernando Arrabal, with Delphine Seyrig, 1969. Her subsequent career, however, was much less successful. She appeared in a 2005 documentary about Vinicius de Moraes, who wrote the original play from which "Black Orpheus" was adapted. She and her fellow lead from that film, Brazilian actor Breno Mello, died just 45 days apart in 2008, both from heart attacks. She was 74 years old at the time of her death in Paris and left five children and four grandchildren.


title: Balfour Declaration of 1926

text: The Balfour Declaration of 1926, issued by the 1926 Imperial Conference of British Empire leaders in London, was named after Arthur Balfour, who was Lord President of the Council. It declared the United Kingdom and the Dominions to be:


title: Balfour Declaration of 1926

text: The Inter-Imperial Relations Committee, chaired by Balfour, drew up the document preparatory to its unanimous approval by the imperial prime ministers on 15 November 1926. It was first proposed by South African Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog and Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King.


title: Balfour Declaration of 1926

text: The Declaration accepted the growing political and diplomatic independence of the Dominions in the years after World War I. It also recommended that the governors-general, the representatives of the King in each dominion, should no longer also serve automatically as the representative of the British government in diplomatic relations between the countries. In following years, High Commissioners were gradually appointed, whose duties were soon recognised to be virtually identical to those of an ambassador. The first such British High Commissioner was appointed to Canada in 1928.


title: Balfour Declaration of 1926

text: The conclusions of the Imperial Conference of 1926 were re-stated by the 1930 conference and incorporated in the Statute of Westminster of December 1931. In the Statute, the British Parliament provided that it would not enact a law which applied to a Dominion as part of the law of that Dominion, unless the law expressly stated that the Dominion government had requested and consented to the enactment of that law.


title: Doctor of Divinity

text: In the United Kingdom, it is considered an advanced doctoral degree. At the University of Oxford, doctors of divinity are ranked first in "academic precedence and standing", while at the University of Cambridge they rank ahead of all other doctors in the "order of seniority of graduates".


title: Doctor of Divinity

text: In some countries, such as in the United States, the degree of doctor of divinity is usually an honorary degree and not a research or academic degree.


title: Doctor of Divinity

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the degree is a higher doctorate conferred by universities upon a religious scholar of standing and distinction, usually for accomplishments beyond the Ph.D. level. Bishops of the Church of England have traditionally held Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, or Lambeth degrees making them doctors of divinity. At the University of Oxford, doctors of divinity are ranked first in "academic precedence and standing". At the University of Cambridge, they rank ahead of all other doctors in the "order of seniority of graduates".


title: Doctor of Divinity

text: Typically, an academic candidate will submit a collection of work which has been previously published in a peer-reviewed context and pay an examination fee. The university then assembles a committee of academics both internal and external who review the work submitted and decide on whether the candidate deserves the doctorate based on the submission. Most universities restrict candidacy to graduates or academic staff of several years' standing.


title: Doctor of Divinity

text: In the United States, most doctors of divinity hold a degree conferred "honoris causa" by a church-related college, seminary, or university to recognize the recipient's achievements as a minister of religion. For example, Martin Luther King Jr. graduated as a Ph.D. in systematic theology from Boston University in 1955 and subsequently received honorary doctor of divinity degrees from the Chicago Theological Seminary (1957), Boston University (1959), Wesleyan College (1964), and Springfield College (1964). Billy Graham, who received honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees from The King's College and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, was regularly addressed as "Dr. Graham", though his highest earned degree was a Bachelor of Arts degree in anthropology from Wheaton College.


title: Doctor of Divinity

text: Under federal law, a 1974 judgement accepted expert opinion that an "honorary doctor of divinity is a strictly religious title with no academic standing. Such titles may be issued by bona fide churches and religious denominations, such as plaintiff Universal Life Church, so long as their issuance is limited to a course of instruction in the principles of the church or religious denomination". However, under the California Education Code, "an institution owned, controlled, and operated and maintained by a religious organization lawfully operating as a nonprofit religious corporation pursuant to Part 4 (commencing with Section 9110) of Division 2 of Title 1 of the Corporations Code" that offers "instruction... limited to the principles of that religious organization, or to courses offered pursuant to Section 2789 of Business and Professions Code" may confer "degrees and diplomas only in the beliefs and practices of the church, religious denomination, or religious organization" so long as "the diploma or degree is limited to evidence of completion of that education"; institutions "shall not award degrees in any area of physical science", while


title: Doctor of Divinity

text: In a 1976 interview with Morley Safer of the TV newsmagazine "60 Minutes", Universal Life Church founder Kirby J. Hensley professed that the church's honorary doctor of divinity degree was "...just a little piece of paper. And it ain't worth anything, you know, under God's mighty green Earth—you know what I mean?—as far as value." In 2006, Universal Life Church minister Kevin Andrews advised potential degree recipients not to misrepresent the title as an educational achievement to employers, recommending instead that it would be appropriate to list such credentials "under the heading of Titles, Awards, or Other Achievements" on "curricula vitae".


title: Doctor of Divinity

text: As of 2009, 20 U.S. states and Puerto Rico had some form of exemption provision under which religious institutions can grant religious degrees without accreditation or government oversight.


title: Doctor of Divinity

text: In the Roman Catholic Church, a doctor of divinity is usually the holder of an honorary degree, often conferred upon a bishop. In the pontifical university system, a holder of the highest earned degree in Catholic theology is styled "Doctor of Sacred Theology" (in Latin, "Sacrae Theologiae Doctor", abbreviated STD).


title: Doctor of Divinity

text: A doctor of divinity should not be confused with a Doctor of Theology (Th.D.), the holder of a research doctorate in theology awarded by universities and divinity schools. However, many universities award a Ph.D. rather than a Th.D. to graduates of higher-level religious studies programs. A Doctor of Sacred Theology (STD) holds another research doctorate, in particular awarded by Catholic pontifical universities and faculties. A Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) holds another doctorate-level religious degree, which is a professional doctorate rather than a research doctorate.


title: Doctor of Divinity

text: Christopher St. Germain's book "The Doctor and Student" (1528) describes a dialogue between a Doctor of Divinity and a law student in England containing the grounds of those laws together with questions and cases concerning the equity thereof.


Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Duel is the 13th season of the MTV reality game show, "The Challenge" (at the time known as "Real World/Road Rules Challenge"). This is the first edition of "The Duel" series, with "" following in 2009.


title: Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Duel

text: "The Duel" took place in Búzios, Brazil, with former cast members from MTV series "The Real World" and "Road Rules" competing, along with several cast members from the previous "Challenge", "". The season differed from previous "Challenge" seasons in that no teams were assigned, as it was every man and woman for themselves. The surviving male and female cast member would win $150,000 each. The season was watched by a total of 83 million viewers. "The Duel" premiered on October 12, 2006, and concluded on January 18, 2007.


text: Each player participates in numerous challenges (sometimes called "missions"), which are followed by an elimination round — "The Duel." The challenges can involve either members of the same gender competing against each other, or groups of both men and women competing against each other. Each challenge has a male and a female winner, and is alternatively designated as either a male or a female Duel day. The winner of the gender not entering the Duel is awarded a prize, while the winner of the gender designated for the Duel is safe from the possibility of having to enter the Duel.


text: The immunity winner begins the Nomination process by picking a member of the opposite gender, who then selects a member of the original gender. This process continues until there is one person remaining of the selected Duel gender of the day; this remaining person is nominated to compete in the Duel that evening. The selected player then challenges a player of the same gender to go against him/her that night, for the exception of that day's daily challenge winner and randomly selects from one of four cards held by the host T. J. Lavin to determine the Duel game in which the two players will compete. Note that this selection process occurs immediately after the challenge, unlike in other "Challenges," where there is a period of deliberation between the end of the challenge and the selection of the contestants for the elimination game.


text: At the end of the season, there will be four contestants left — two of each gender. For each gender, the first-place finishers will each win $150,000.


text: The reunion special, "Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Duel Ain't Over 'til the Reunion", aired live after the season finale on January 18, 2007 and was hosted by VJ Susie Castillo.


title: Niki Caro

text: Nikola Jean Caro (born 20 September 1966) is a New Zealand film director and screenwriter. Her 2002 film "Whale Rider" was critically praised and won a number of awards at international film festivals. She directed the 2020 live action version of Disney's "Mulan", making her the second female and the second New Zealand director hired by Disney to direct a film budgeted at over $100 million. Caro's works ranged from music videos, commercials, television dramas, and films, etc.


title: Niki Caro

text: Caro was born in Wellington, New Zealand. She attended Kadimah College, Auckland, then Diocesan School for Girls, where she received an alumni award. Caro graduated with a BFA from the Elam School of Fine Arts at the University of Auckland in 1988 and received a Postgraduate Diploma in Film from the Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.


title: Niki Caro

text: Caro first found interest in working with metal sculptures, but later turned her interests toward film. She did not receive any formal training in the field, but instead began by reading narrative film books and writing rough drafts for scripts. Caro's mother would type her handwritten drafts after she finished writing each one.


title: Niki Caro

text: Caro's first experience in directing was when she was hired to create commercials for different companies such as the New Zealand Land Transport Safety Authority, Nike and Tower Insurance, but it was only after being signed by a production company to write and direct for the television series, "Another Country" that she had her first breakthrough. She did not have any experience in directing, but it felt it was instinctual once she started working with the actors.


title: Niki Caro

text: Caro's work also includes short films, an award-nominated episode of Kiwi TV series "Jackson's Wharf", and a number of music videos — including an award-winning interpretation of Straitjacket Fits single ‘"Bad Note for a Heart" ’ which was later judged Best Music Video at the 1990 New Zealand Music Awards.


title: Niki Caro

text: Her focus then turned into TV dramas after producer Owen Hughes invited her to contribute to a trilogy of half-hour TV dramas in 1992. "The Summer the Queen Came," which was contributed by Caro, earned three nominations at the 1994 NZ Film and Television Awards. Notably, Caro's other works: "Sure To Rise" and "Lemming Aid" were selected to compete at the Cannes Film Festival in France.


title: Niki Caro

text: Caro's earlier works were intentionally depicting women's search for life goals, relationships, and desires. Her acclaimed drama "Plain Tastes" was about a middle class woman searching for the ultimate happiness and love and was nominated for "Best Television Drama" and "Best Writer" at the 1996 NZ Film and Television Awards.


title: Niki Caro

text: Along with her productions of television dramas, she also has developed pursue in documentary fields, including her short film "Old Bastards" (1994) and "Footage" (1996).


title: Niki Caro

text: Caro's first feature film, "Memory & Desire", was meant to be a showcase of New Zealand's culture and lifestyle (aligning with the start of the 100% Pure New Zealand tourism campaign by the New Zealand tourism section of the government), but it fell short; seeing disappointing results at the box office and mixed international reviews. This was especially true in Japan, where the film was deemed to have not captured the essence of Japanese culture, despite its attempts to evoke money and consult from possible Japanese investors. The film is meant to use landscapes to juxtapose the characters and their origins. The calm and relaxed outdoor setting of New Zealand is meant to oppose the hustle and bustle of the big, busy city of Tokyo. It works twofold because the contrast also works for the comparison of the "civilized" parts of New Zealand against the wild outdoors, showing off the two different sections of the country in an effort to advertise to multiple groups of people considering visiting the country. The tourism board looked to use landscapes as the most enticing factor in a tourist's eyes, along with people, adventure and culture. The film shows evidence of this by implying that Keiji and Sayo are unable to consummate their marriage anywhere but in the outdoors due to Keiji being unable to achieve an erection in an urban setting, emphasizing the "natural" state of humanism of being connected to the surrounding landscapes. Along the couple's trip they encounter different New Zealand tourist hotspots such as; the Museum of Technology and Rotorua's spa pools on the West Coast Beach. It is also in contrast of the bland hotel rooms that the couple stay in; as if to say that the only time they are truly free is when they are outside in nature, specifically New Zealand's nature.


title: Niki Caro

text: It was chosen for Critics' Week at Cannes week in 1998. In 1999 the film was voted best new film at the New Zealand Film Awards.


title: Niki Caro

text: Caro went on to write and direct "Whale Rider", which is about a Māori girl that has to stand up against the other men and her grandfather in the tribe to show she can be as much of a leader as the boys who were being trained to be leaders. This film is the reproduction of the book "Whale Rider", while according to the author Witi Ihimaera, this book is the one "that the Māori community accepts best, and a response to the Katherine Mansfield centenary celebrations which rewrites her stories from a Māori perspective." However, in order to strengthen her idea on women development and bringing out women's position in the society, Niki Caro intelligently modified this retelling of a Maori legend.


title: Niki Caro

text: Caro argues that "Whale Rider" is more about leadership than sexism because the Māori are also profoundly matriarchal. Caro says there is a Māori saying that "women lead from behind". She directed thirteen-year-old Keisha Castle-Hughes to a performance nominated for an Oscar for Best Actress. The film had a budget of $2 million, which is considered small for a major film, but it was still considered to be a good interpretation of the indigenous story that it was trying to interpret and demonstrate. "Whale Rider" would also go on to become New Zealand's most financially successful film and either the film, or Caro herself, would win or be nominated for over 50 different awards by different, international film festivals.


title: Niki Caro

text: With the success of "Whale Rider" under her belt, Caro was chosen to direct her first Hollywood film, "North Country" (2005), starring Charlize Theron. [article] This is another story of a female being told things she couldn't manage due to gender stereotype. Pointing to the sexual harassment issues existing in the workplace, Caro was inspired by a landmark American court case in which the a woman in a remote mining town dares to stand up against major forces. The role played by Charlize Theron, Josey Aimes, is based on Lois Jenson, who endured thirteen years of harassment before filing her first lawsuit, which was known as Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co. Based on this true story and the previous book "Class Action: The Story of Lois Jensen and the Landmark Case That Changed Sexual Harassment Law", Caro challenged herself to make this piece of work with intentions in presenting women's journey of feminist equality. Caro argued that despite being warned about the challenges of working with a Hollywood studio as a female filmmaker calling for women's rights, funders Warner Brothers "couldn't have been more respectful of my creative choices". It was later nominated for Best Actress for lead and supporting role at the Oscars, and also was nominated for a Golden Globe.


title: Niki Caro

text: "The Zookeeper’s Wife" is the film released in 2017 based on the non-fiction book of the same name which recounts the true story of the couple, Jan and Antonina Żabiński, who secretly sheltered Jews during the German invasion of Poland from 1939 to 1945 on their premises of the Warsaw Zoo. The original composition of this writing piece was imbued with female's energetic contributions, mainly created by the female author, Diane Ackerman, and other female artists. Furthermore, with a script by “Snow Flower and the Secret Fan” scribe Angela Workman, Caro tended to bring out female's significant position and fill the gender gap even further. "Along with Caro, Workman and Ackerman, “"The Zookeeper’s Wife"” features a slew of female producers (Diane Levin, Kim Zubick and Katie McNeill), a female camera operator (Rachael Levine), a female stunt coordinator (Antje “Angie” Rau), a female production designer (Suzie Davies), a female set decorator (Charlotte Watts) and that’s just the start." Caro claimed that she didn't meant to create a "big conspiracy of women", but only hired all best people assigning to different roles in the production of "The Zookeeper's Wife", while they intuitively are best fits for the various positions. Her innovative move in hiring a production team consisted of women proved a great success in the film industry and therefore strengthened the talents and abilities owned by female film artists.


title: Niki Caro

text: After doing "North Country", Caro went back to New Zealand to write and direct the feature film "The Vintner's Luck" (2009), which is about a peasant winemaker who sets out to make the perfect vintage wine. The film reunited her with her "Whale Rider" star Keisha Castle-Hughes.


title: Niki Caro

text: In 2013, Caro planned to direct the film adaptation of "The Zookeeper's Wife", based on Diane Ackerman's non-fiction book. It was released in 2017 and received generally mixed to positive reviews. In an interview with FF2 Media, Caro states that "female sexuality from a female's point of view is rather under-explored in cinema" and so felt it necessary to include such a perspective in her film.


title: Niki Caro

text: Caro directed "McFarland, USA" starring Kevin Costner. It was released in February 2015 and has received a critical success.


title: Niki Caro

text: Caro will also be writing and directing the biographical film "Callas", about the famous opera singer Maria Callas and her relationship with billionaire Aristotle Onassis.


title: Niki Caro

text: In 2016, Marvel has decided to hire women filmmaker to direct the Super Hero movie "Captain Marvel", while Caro was one of the contenders with Jennifer Kent. Later, she has rather been designated as directing a live action adaptation of 1998 animated hit "Mulan". In February 2017, Caro was hired to direct Disney's live-action adaptation of "Mulan", which was released in 2020, to mixed reviews. "Mulan" was nominated by the 46th Saturn Award for Best Director. She is the second woman at the studio to direct a film budgeted at over $100 million, after Ava DuVernay (2018's "A Wrinkle in Time"), and the second New Zealander, after Taika Waititi (2017's ""). Caro's success in directing the film with a big budget fold, which was unusual among women filmmakers, has paved a way for future women filmmakers to extend their roles in film industry.


title: Niki Caro

text: On 18 November 2019, Caro will direct multiple episodes of Amazon TV series "Daisy Jones and the Six" which is based on novel by Taylor Jenkins Reid and produced by Reese Witherspoon.


title: Niki Caro

text: Caro is married to architect Andrew Lister, and they have two daughters, Tui and Pearl. Their first daughter was born shortly after the success of "Whale Rider". Because Caro was pregnant, she was unable to attend any of the premieres for the film. Caro said she was sad, but at the same time thought it may not be such a bad thing because success in America is so radical.


title: Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research

text: The Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER) (originally known as "L'Ecole de Médecine de Pondichéry")is a medical school located at Pondicherry, the capital of the Union Territory of Puducherry, in India. JIPMER is an Institute of National Importance (INI) and a tertiary care referral hospital. It is under the direct administrative control of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and Indian Government, with autonomy to run its internal administration.


text: JIPMER currently has over 300 faculty members, over 700 resident physicians and over 800 nursing, administrative and support staff. It admits 150 undergraduate students and 200 postgraduate students annually.


text: 1823: The erstwhile French India established the L'Ecole de Médecine de Pondichéry to train French citizens in Pondichéry. It was one of the earliest institutions of tropical medicine and the teaching staff consisted of surgeons and doctors of the French navy and "troupes coloniales". Students who were trained here were granted a diploma called "Médicin Locale" that allowed them to practice medicine in the colonial territories. The college then was located in the heart of the Pondicherry, opposite "Le place de Gaulle", which is now the Legislative Assembly Hall.


text: 1956: Following the "de jure" transfer of Puducherry to India in 1956, the Government of India took over the college and renamed it as "Medical College, Pondicherry". For a short period, this was also called the Dhanvantri Medical College.


text: 1959: The foundation stone for a new medical college building was laid at Gorimedu, on the outskirts of the town by SE Le Comte Stanislas Ostrorog, Ambassadeur de France aux Indes,


text: 1964: The institution was given its current name in honour of India's first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, as "Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research" (JIPMER), on 13 July 1964, by Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the then President of India.


text: 1966: The main hospital block was inaugurated and the blood bank was commissioned, signalling the shift of all clinical services to the new campus.


text: 1975: The National Teacher Training Centre was established at JIPMER marking the beginning of JIPMERs involvement in training generations of medical teachers across the country.


text: 1995: The Department of Cardiology started a Cardiac Catheterization Lab to provide interventional cardiology services.


text: 2001: A separate Administrative Block was inaugurated to consolidate all offices spread across the hospital campus.


text: 2002: The Department of Radiotherapy was upgraded as a Regional Cancer Centre. The centre now includes the Departments of Radiotherapy, Medical Oncology, and Surgical Oncology.


text: 2009: The Super Specialty Block started functioning, initially providing services from Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiology, Urology, and Plastic Surgery


text: 2012: Paediatric, Obstetric and Gynaecology services moved into the JIPMER Women and Children's Hospital, which was inaugurated by Dr Manmohan Singh, the then Prime Minister of India.


text: The campus of JIPMER lies at the western entrance of Pondicherry and spreads across of a hillock known locally as Gorimedu.


text: The campus contains the medical college, the old and new hospital blocks, student and resident hostels, staff quarters, a Kendriya Vidyalaya, a branch each of two nationalized banks, two ATM's, a post office, a temple, the Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam JIPMER Auditorium playgrounds and sporting fields.


text: The institute is headed by the Director, who is the chief executive charged with the overall responsibility of running the institute and its hospital. The Medical Superintendent helps the Director coordinate all the hospital functions pertaining to patient care. Dean (Academic) is charged with overseeing and coordinating all the academic activities of the institute including teaching, whereas Dean (Research) looks after all the research-related activities.


text: The "Department of Radiotherapy" at JIPMER was converted to a Regional Cancer Centre in 2002. , the Regional Cancer Centre has two departments housed in a new building, namely Radiotherapy and Medical Oncology. Advanced radiation treatment facilities, ranging from 3D conformal radiation and IMRT to Image-guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) are available. Basic radiation facilities, such as 2D Cobalt and LINAC, HDR brachytherapy are available free to all cancer patients. Further, most of the commonly used high-cost chemotherapy drugs are also supplied free. Recently, Bone Marrow Transplantation is also being practised in this centre.


text: RCC, JIPMER is the only hospital in southern India to provide free cancer treatment, as is also done for other advanced medical services, such as pulmonary medicine, nephrology, gastroenterology etc.


text: Since its designation as an Institute of National Importance, JIPMER is a university by itself, and awards its own degrees. Prior to that, it was affiliated to Pondicherry University. JIMPER offers a number of medical, nursing and paramedical courses at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Admissions to all the courses are based on merit.


text: The institute conducts research in modern medicine, public health and medical education. A research council at the institute level oversees the research activities and a scientific society provides a forum for presenting research work. Numerous conferences, workshops, seminars and training courses are conducted by the institute every year. Funds for research come from intramural and extramural sources such as the ICMR, UGC, DBT, WHO, etc. The institute's faculty, residents and students regularly publish research papers in journals of national and international repute and research abstracts at national and international conferences.


text: JIPMER offers a variety of courses. Undergraduate courses include MBBS, B.Sc. (Medical Laboratory Technology), B.Sc. (Allied Medical Sciences - Cardiac Lab Technology / Dialysis / Neuro / OT), BMRSc (Bachelor of Medical Record Science). B.Sc. (Nursing) was started in 2006. Postgraduate courses include MDS,MD, MS, and diploma in many specialties, M.Sc. in Nursing, Medical Biochemistry and Medical Physiology and PhD in several subjects. Super-specialty courses include MCh in cardiothoracic surgery, urology, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, paediatric surgery, gastrointestinal surgery and DM in Cardiology, Neurology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Clinical pharmacology and Immunology. In January 2014 JIPMER started master's in public health course. Emergency Medical Technician course MRO and MRT.


text: Candidates to the courses offered at JIPMER are selected based on All-India entrance NEET. Entrance examinations are held once a year for undergraduate seats and twice a year for post-graduate seats. Calls for applications and results of these examinations (including the names of selected candidates) are announced in major national newspapers as well as on the institute's website.


text: JIPMER currently admits 249 students to the MBBS course once every year through an all-India entrance examination. Some seats are reserved for Puducherry natives and Central Government nominations. Of these seats, 187 are for the Puducherry campus and 62 are for its Karaikal campus, which started in 2016.


text: Three-year postgraduate courses offered at JIPMER include MD in General Medicine, Emergency medicine, Nuclear Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Microbiology, Physiology, Pharmacology, Paediatrics, Anaesthesiology, Dermatology, Biochemistry, Community Medicine, TB & RD and Psychiatry and MS in General Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery, Ophthalmology, Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Anatomy. The entrance examination i.e., INI-CET has been launched since year 2020 conducted twice a year for postgraduate courses in may and in November.


text: Three year super-specialty courses are offered in Medical (DM) and Surgical (MCh) specialties. They include Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Neurology, Neuro Surgery, Nephrology, Urology, Medical and Surgical Gastroenterology, Medical Oncology, Neonatology, Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Immunology.


text: PhD candidates are admitted to many departments like Public Health, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Microbiology etc. Admissions are based on an entrance examination conducted once every year.


text: BSc (Medical Lab Technology) and BSc (Allied Medical Sciences - Cardiac Lab, Anesthesia, OT, Dialysis and Neuro-Technology courses) 3 year. Admissions are based on entrance exams.


text: JIPMER was ranked 59th in the world by "CEOWORLD Magazine" in March 2022. It was ranked fifth among medical colleges in India in 2019 by "Outlook India" and third by "The Week". It was ranked eighth among medical colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2020.


text: JIPMER has started the work of it's second super-specialty block (SSB-II), JIPMER International School of Public-health. Institute is partnering with other institutions, including Harvard School of Public Health, to exchange faculty, educational tools, research and data on public health. JIPMER's tie-up with the Harvard School of Public Health is part of the larger MoU between the American Medical School and Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. JIPMER has also started the works of offsite hospital in Karaikal.


text: The Telemedicine Services Centre of JIPMER started collaboration with Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH), South Korea and has started using Trans-Eurasia Information Network (TEIN). Since, JIPMER is a Member of TEIN Network, the hospital can interact and share knowledge with European and Asian Countries. On 15 February 2016 the personnel of JIPMER interacted over Video Conferencing using TEIN Network with Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH) South Korea. JIPMER thus became the first centre to use the Telemedicine services for the purpose. The Trans-Eurasia Information Network (TEIN) uses the ICT technologies to increase regional cooperation with Asian countries and to bridge the digital divide among less developed regions. It connects universities and research institutions with high capacity Internet network to increase the exchanges of knowledge among them and make big international research projects real.


text: The students union is the "JIPMER Students Association" (JSA). Representatives of the student body are elected annually in a campus-wide election. A similar, albeit smaller, body exists for the postgraduate students and residents and is called the JIPMER Resident Doctors’ Association (JRDA).


text: JIPMER alumni, especially those who have graduate from the MBBS course, have formed several alumni communities and organizations.


title: Spud (film)

text: Spud is a 2010 South African comedy-drama film written and directed by Donovan Marsh, based on the novel of the same name by John van de Ruit. The film stars Troye Sivan as the title character, alongside John Cleese, Jason Cope and Tanit Phoenix. It was released in South Africa on 3 December 2010.


title: Spud (film)

text: In 1990s South Africa, fourteen-year-old John Milton (Troye Sivan) spends his first year at an elite boarding school for boys.


title: Spud (film)

text: When John arrives for the first time at the school, he gets nicknamed "Spud" by the other boys because he has yet to experience puberty. All eight boys in his dormitory get nicknames. They are also called the "Crazy Eight". Spud finds it difficult to make friends and fit in. He befriends Mr Edly, a teacher nicknamed "The Guv", after he is the only one in the English class to pass an exam. The Guv frequently lends English literature books to Spud and invites him to lunch regularly. But Spud soon realises that Edly has marital problems, and is an alcoholic.


title: Spud (film)

text: While back at home for the holidays, Spud falls in love with Debbie, the daughter of one of his mother's friends, whom he nicknames "The Mermaid." When Spud returns to the school, he sees a flyer for the school play "Oliver Twist". Spud decides to audition so he can fit in. He ends up landing the lead role of Oliver. During practice, Spud meets Amanda, a girl from the nearby school St. Catherine's, and immediately falls for her. But he soon realises that she has a boyfriend already, and he cannot form a relationship with her without cheating on Debbie, whom he still loves. He seeks the advice of his roommate Gecko, who tells Spud to pretend he loves another girl named Christine, in order to make Amanda jealous.


title: Spud (film)

text: Spud and Gecko begin to build a strong friendship and they occasionally visit a rock at the top of the hill near the school. In the fourth term, Gecko is diagnosed with cerebral malaria that he got during his holiday to Mozambique. A few days later, he passes away. Spud mourns the death of Gecko and the whole school attends his funeral service in the school's chapel.


title: Spud (film)

text: Spud performs in the school's play and gets a standing ovation. After the performance, he is dragged away from the post-performance celebration by Amanda, and they go to a nearby field. There, she tells him to kiss her. Spud stops at the last moment and rejects her, deciding to stay true to Debbie. He offers to give Debbie a tour of the school, and kisses her in the middle of the quadrangle, which his dorm-mates witness from their window. After he returns, he is praised by the group, and finally fits in. On the final day of the year, Spud is sitting on the same rock he and Gecko used to frequent overlooking the school, and remarks that "God gives us choices. But sometimes, God gives us no choice. He deals us the cards, and we play them."


title: Spud (film)

text: The film is entirely privately financed by South African investors, giving the filmmakers full creative control.


title: Spud (film)

text: Auditioning began in August 2009 and took place in Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Cape Town, Johannesburg, and Grahamstown. Audition videos were also accepted via YouTube. Hundreds of boys were auditioned for the role of "Spud". Producer Ross Garland's uncle saw South-African born Australian actor Troye Sivan on Australian television and wrote to Garland about him. Van de Ruit described Sivan as "exactly the way I pictured "Spud"." Sivan who has been singing professionally since he was nine does his own singing in the film.


title: Spud (film)

text: The filmmakers initially thought Jason Cope would be too young to play Sparerib but Garland said he "turns into a nasty housemaster as soon as he steps on set." Cope based his performance on a vice principal he once had.


title: Spud (film)

text: Filming commenced on 8 March 2010 at the Michaelhouse boarding school in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and ended on 18 April 2010.


title: Spud (film)

text: The film was released on 3 December 2010 in South Africa, a week before the beginning of the December–January holidays for South African public schools. Garland and Van de Ruit have written a book about the making of the film which was released alongside the film.


title: Spud (film)

text: The film has received mainly positive reviews. Rory Tyson, the national sales manager for Nu Metro Films, called it "a success", "a national phenomenon" and "about 50% bigger than expected".


title: Spud (film)

text: Dennis Harvey of "Variety" wrote: "This agreeable lightweight entertainment doesn’t stray far from boarding-school comedy templates".


title: Spud (film)

text: "Spud" won the South African Film and Television Award for Best Editor (Megan Gill) and was nominated for five other SAFTAs, including Best Cinematographer (Lance Gewer), Best Sound Designer (Barry Donelly), Best Feature Film, Best Lead Actor in a Feature Film (Troye Sivan), and Best Supporting Actor in a Feature Film (Jamie Royal).


title: Spud (film)

text: The film was criticized by Justice Edwin Cameron of the Constitutional Court who wrote a letter to "Spud" producer Ross Garland saying that he saw in particular two scenes as "denigrating gays and lesbians". In one of these scenes "The Guv" played by John Cleese says that he would like to give all lesbians a good "rogering". The second scene is one in which the gay art teacher, coaching the school's worst rugby team, tells them that "more pressure from the rear" is needed.


title: Spud (film)

text: Producer Ross Garland said in a statement: "In the five years since "Spud" was published, and with millions of people having read the book and seen the movie, Justice Cameron is the first person to ever publicly take the view that the film is homophobic [...] With readers and audiences across the country being moved by the story of a vulnerable boy who learns to find his own voice and thereby overcome the bullying and bigotry at his school in 1990, it is hard to fathom how Justice Cameron arrived at his opinion."


title: Spud (film)

text: A sequel, titled "" was released on 21 June 2013. A second sequel, "", began filming on 22 June 2013 and was released on 28 November 2014 in South Africa.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Radhanath Swami () (born 7 December 1950) is an American Gaudiya Vaishnava guru, community-builder, activist, and author. He has been a Bhakti Yoga practitioner and a spiritual teacher for more than 40 years. He is the inspiration behind ISKCON's free midday meal for 1.2 million school kids across India, and he has been instrumental in founding the Bhaktivedanta Hospital in Mumbai. He works largely from Mumbai and travels extensively throughout Europe and America. In the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), he serves as a member of the Governing Body Commission. Steven J. Rosen described Radhanath Swami as a "saintly person respected by the mass of ISKCON devotees today."


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Richard Slavin was born on 7 December 1950 in Chicago to Idelle and Gerald Slavin, children of Jewish immigrants from Russia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania. In 1955, he and his family moved to a suburb of Chicago – Highland Park. In 1958, his father opened a dealership selling Edsel cars, which did not succeed; however, the car repair shop launched thereafter was quite successful. Despite being well off, at age 15 Richard chose to work, hoping to contribute to his family.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: As a child, Richard showed a tendency that he later called "the traces of my past lives". He did not prefer eating at the table, but seated on the floor, as is customary in India. When his parents forbade him to do so, he began to eat at the table standing. He hated the sight of meat and eggs, nauseated at their sight, and often vomited after eating meat, something that took him several years to get accustomed to. From an early age, Richard realized that the materialistic way of life would never bring him satisfaction, and was attracted by poverty and simplicity.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Although his parents were not religious, Richard developed an interest in religion and spiritual themes from his early years. At age 13, he passed the rite of bar mitzvah (a Jewish coming of age ritual) and received instructions from the local rabbi about how to pray. On his 13th birthday, his elder brother Marty gifted him the debut album of folk-singing trio Peter, Paul and Mary. who in their compositions opposed war and social injustice, but Richard was particularly impressed by their compositions about God.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In 1965, Richard entered Deerfield High School, where he excelled in studies and made many friends. He was passionate about wrestling, ending up on his school's team and won majority of fights. However, on dislocating his shoulder in a major competition, he decided to quit the sport. In his spare time, along with a couple of friends, he washed cars. Dissatisfied with the conditions of African Americans and opposing the Vietnam War, he embraced the ideologies of Martin Luther King.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: The death of one of his close friends (aged 16) in a car accident made Richard think seriously about the meaning of life. At the same time, following the example of some of his peers, he plunged into the hippie counterculture. Keen to understand the meaning of life, he grew his hair and started smoking. In the summer of 1968, a sense of adventure led him to hitchhike journey to California., where he spent the nights on the beaches and visited the then-hippie mecca of Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In 1969, Richard enrolled in Miami Dade College, where, in search of spiritual experience, he resorted to books on religion and philosophy. Disillusioned with the materialistic values of Americans, Richard studied hard in college. He questioned the "goodness of American life" in which he'd been taught to believe. After reading several books on Eastern spirituality, he began to practice meditation. On listening to a lecture on transcendental meditation, he chanted the sacred syllable "Om" with greater conviction. While this practice did not bring him satisfaction, it helped him realize the need to find a bona fide guru.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In the summer of 1970, after the end of his first year in college, Richard attended a rock festival on Randalls Island that included performances by Jimi Hendrix and other famous musicians and bands of the time. There, Richard met the Hare Krishnas, who gave him a pamphlet with photos of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. That summer, Richard dropped out of college and along with a couple friends, embarked on a trip to Europe.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Richard traveled to Europe with his childhood friend Gary Liss. Penniless, they stayed with anyone who would take them in, and often survived on just bread and cheese. To cover basic expenses, Richard played the harmonica on the street and collected alms. In Amsterdam, Richard met Hare Krishnas once again and spent some time in a commune. In England, he attended the rock festival Isle of Wight on the Isle of Wight on 30 August 1970, witnessing one of Jimi Hendrix's last performances.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: During his travels, Richard read books on Eastern spirituality and the Bible that he had brought from America. He loved to visit churches and monasteries, and never missed an opportunity to talk with the priests and monks. In Rome, Richard met with Franciscan friars, with whom he had a long conversation about Jesus and the relationship between Christianity and Judaism. Richard and Gary also attended the speech of the pope in the Vatican. They saw the Catholic monks meditating in the catacombs of the monastery, among the skeletons of their predecessors, and heard from one of them of the frailty of the material body. After parting from Gary for a while, Richard made a pilgrimage to Assisi, visiting places associated with the life of the great Catholic saint Francis of Assisi.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In Athens, Richard and Gary first made their living by donating blood, and then, together with a Swiss violinist and French guitarist, playing music and collecting alms on the street. After the police forbade them to do so and confiscated their earnings, Richard and Gary went to Crete, where Richard lived in a cave by the sea. By that time, Richard has little interest in the carefree way of life and ideals of the hippies; he was increasingly drawn to the spiritual life.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: One morning, while meditating and praying on top of a rock, Richard heard an inner voice that urged him to go to India. On the same morning, the inner voice directed Gary to Israel. After parting with Gary, Richard hit the road. with neither money nor a travel plan, but he firmly believed that by hitchhiking eastward, he could get to the country that had answers to his prayers.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Having met two hippies Athens who were also Eastward bound, Richard joined them in going to India by the (then-popular among the hippie) route through Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. In Turkey, they encountered great difficulty, as there was a raging cholera epidemic. After a narrow escape from bandits in Istanbul, they continued by bus through Ankara to the border with Iran. They arrived in Tehran during Ramadan. As Richard had developed an interest in Islam, he parted with his friends and stayed for a few days in Mashhad, an important place of pilgrimage for Shia Muslims. In the mausoleum of Imam Reza, Richard met an English-speaking Muslim, who explained the basics of Islam and Muslim customs.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Upon arrival in Afghanistan, Richard spent a few days in Herat, where a poor family gave him shelter. Here, Richard experienced his first culture shock: observing the Afghans happy, despite miserable poverty. Upon arrival in Kandahar, Richard met a blind boy who spent long hours singing songs about the love of God on the street. To Richard, this boy seemed the happiest person he had ever met. This meeting left a deep impression on Richard and made him reflect on the nature of happiness. In Kandahar, Richard also experienced the most powerful narcotic experience in his life, prompting him to vow never to take drugs. In Kabul, a young Dutch woman tried to seduce him, and even tried to force him to indulge in sex. As sex seemed inconsistent with spiritual quest, Richard rejected her advances, vowing to remain celibate.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In India, Richard arrived in December 1970. Watching cows freely walking around in Delhi, he felt an aversion to meat and became a vegetarian. In Delhi, Richard took part in the "World Conference of Yoga", which gathered more than 800 gurus, yogis, sages and pundits. Richard met with renowned yogi, founder of the Himalayan Institute, Swami Rama. When Richard asked him for blessings, Swami Rama replied that Richard's spiritual progress will continue to be based on communion with saintly persons, who will help him to overcome all obstacles on the spiritual path.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Richard also met Swami Satchidananda – known disciple of Swami Sivananda. Swami Satchidananda explained him the basic meaning of yoga and urged him not to look for shortcomings in others, and always focus on the good qualities. Satchidananda blessed Richard that he may "discover the treasure of his heart". Richard also attended a series of lectures by Indian guru and philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti, who was known for being able to answer any question and to crush any argument. From Krishnamurti, Richard learned that spiritual life cannot be superficial, as being attached to external things and rituals, people often forget the main purpose of spiritual practice – the cleansing of one's heart.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Last day of the conference was held in Vigyan Bhavana – the largest concert hall in New Delhi. The event brought together more than 3,000 people. The conference ended with the gurus literally fighting over the microphone, so they could convince the audience that their path was the best.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In January 1971, Richard went to the Himalayas in search of a guru. Upon arrival in Rishikesh, he stopped for a few days in the "Divine Life Society" – an ashram, founded by Swami Sivananda. Richard spoke at length with Sivananda's student, Swami Chidananda, who led the ashram after the death of his guru. Chidananda convinced Richard of the need to practice japa meditation – chanting mantras on rosary.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In his 1980s interview to Larry D. Shinn, Radhanath Swami recounted that he found a secluded spot on the banks of the Ganges and chanted "Hare Krishna" and other mantras for eight to ten hours a day. There he met a sadhu, at whose request he threw all his western clothes in the waters of the Ganges, and received in return a simple garment of a Hindu ascetic. Richard began to practice severe austerities: Every day for a month, from sunrise to sunset, he meditated sitting on a rock in the middle of the Ganges. He only ate raw vegetables, fruits and nuts. Later Richard became acquainted with another sadhu who taught him new techniques of meditation.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Unable to find a guru in the Himalayas, Richard continued to wander in India. For a while, he lived among the Advaitins in Varanasi and among Buddhist monks in Bodh Gaya – the place where Buddha attained enlightenment. Upon arrival in Bombay, Richard saw a poster announcing a series of festivals by the American Hare Krishna devotees and their spiritual master A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Out of curiosity, Richard went to the Hare Krishna program the same evening, where he heard Prabhupada for the first time. Prabhupada's lectures made a big impression on Richard. The Hare Krishnas strongly preached to their hippie-countryman, but Richard was not yet ready to listen to them. "He believed that all paths lead to God and did not understand the need to particularly follow Prabhupada and his followers".


title: Radhanath Swami

text: After parting with the Hare Krishna devotees, Richard continued his wanderings in India, traveling "from ashram to ashram and guru to guru". Few months later, he was in Mathura – a holy site for Vaishnavas – where according to legends, Krishna was born. The day of his arrival in this holy city coincided with the birth anniversary of Krishna – Krishna Janmashtami. At the time, Richard lived in Vrindavan, close to Mathura, where Hindus believe Krishna spent his childhood. In Vrindavan, Richard stayed in the ashram of famous Hare Krishna guru and Prabhupada's godbrother Swami Bon, who affectionately named him Ratheen Krishna Das. By that time, Richard looked like a real Indian hermit with his body skinny from poor nutrition and dreadlocks on his head.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: A few months later, Prabhupada came to Vrindavan with a group of American students. Listening to a lecture of the Hare Krishna guru, Richard came to the conclusion that the Gaudiya Vaishnava philosophy was the most perfect and that Prabhupada was a person, who truly loved God. The sight of Prabhupada singing Bengali bhajans with strong religious feeling left a strong impression on Richard. In his heart, Richard felt that Prabhupada was the greatest of all gurus and saints he met during all his wanderings in India., Prabhupada answered all of Richard's questions, backing up each answer with scriptural quotations. Richard also felt that Prabhupada walked his talk. However, Richard decided not to join Krishna at that time and remained in Vrindavan after the departure of Prabhupada and his disciples.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In the spring of 1972, the Indian government refused to extend Richard's visa, forcing him to return to America. After spending a few weeks in a Krishna temple in Amsterdam and in the Radha Krishna Temple in London, Richard returned to his parents, who by then had moved from Chicago to Miami. Soon, he again came into contact with the Hare Krishnas, and went to New York, where he met Prabhupada, who was in town for a few days en route to India. Richard wanted to go back to India, but Prabhupada asked him to stay in America, and assist in the development of the New Vrindaban community, under the guidance of Kirtanananda Swami. Richard followed Prabhupada's counsel and settled in New Vrindaban, caring for cows and reading Prabhupada's books in his spare time. Convinced by the philosophy set forth in the books and personal examples of those living in the New Vrindaban community, Richard finally decided to accept Prabhupada as his guru. On 11 February 1973 he accepted initiation from Prabhupada.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: The next six years Radhanath never left New Vrindaban, contributing in developing the community. Radhanath Swami later recalled that at the time, life at the community was very austere. In cold winters, the community members carried out without heating and hot water. Radhanath followed the Hare Krishna spiritual practices, grazed cows and served the temple deities. On 1 August 1976 he received from Prabhupada brahminic initiation.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In the first half of the 1980s, Radhanath lectured at several universities in Ohio and Pennsylvania, and conducted courses on vegetarian cooking. In early 1982, a community leader – Kirtanananda Swami – offered Radhanath to take sannyasa (the way of life of renunciation). The sannyasa initiation ceremony was held in May 1982 in New Vrindaban. On accepting the vows of lifelong renunciation, Radhanath received the title of "swami", and since then is known as "Radhanath Swami". In 1983, for the first time after many years, Radhanath Swami made a pilgrimage to India, where he met some of his old friends. In 1986 Radhanath Swami established the Radha Gopinath Temple in Bombay.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In 1987 Kirtanananda Swami was expelled from ISKCON for various deviations. The following year all members of the community who remained faithful to Kirtanananda Swami – which included Radhanath Swami – were also expelled from ISKCON. In the 1990s Kirtanananda faced several criminal charges and in 1996 was sentenced to 20 years in prison for mail fraud. In 1994 Radhanath Swami returned to ISKCON. In the same year, he became one of the leaders of ISKCON, and began to serve as a member of the Governing Body Commission and an initiating guru. In 1995–2010, Radhanath Swami led ISKCON in Maharashtra (1995-2010), Goa (2002-2010), Daman and Diu (2002-2010), West Virginia (1995-2007), Ohio (1998-2007 ), Kentucky (1998-2007), Italy (2002–present) and Belgaum (1995-2010).. In 2011 Radhanath Swami paid his final respects to Kirtananada Swami (his sannyasa guru) at the latter's funeral in Vrindavan.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Succeeding to Kirtanananda Swami, Radhanath Swami has been instrumental in the guidance of the Radha Gopinath Temple since 1991, which "expanded beyond anyone's wildest dreams" and is particularly renowned for its "empowered preaching and teaching". Also known as Sri Sri Radha Gopinath Mandir, the temple was founded in 1986 and joined ISKCON in 1994. The temple is situated in the elite area of Bombay – Chowpatty Beach – and enjoys great popularity. The congregation comprises several thousands of Bombay's elite. A prerequisite for those wishing to become monk and live in the temple is completion of university education and at least one year of work experience. The monks from the temple of Radha-Gopinath regularly conduct more than 30 cultural programs in the University of Bombay. Under Radhanath Swami's initiative, the temple and its congregation has been breeding ground for many successful projects. The temple has in-house design studio and embroidery unit, where artisans meticulously work with clockwork precision, following briefs by designers, to dress up the deities in the choicest of regal attires.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Based on the Hare Krishna ideology, Radhanath Swami designed the Devotee Care Program in Radha Gopinath Temple, which eventually led ISKCON to emphasize the need for such a program globally. In Radha Gopinath Temple at Mumbai, the program spans diverse aspects such as cultural education and school for children, an orphanage, youth preaching, marriage board, care for monks as well as the elderly, counselling for the householders, credit organization, hospital, farm, annual pilgrimages, drama festivals and ISKCON Food Relief Foundation.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Launched in 2004, ISKCON Food Relief Foundation – under the brand name "Annamrita" – is the Indian leg of the global Food for Life organization and is considered a "leader in this field". Inspired by Radhanath Swami and others, it operates the Indian Government's Midday Meal Scheme meant to improve both nutrition and literacy among school-going children. Since serving 900 meals on its first day of operations, Annamrita has expanded considerably over a decade and, as of 2014, daily serves about 1.2 million meals across ten states in India from 20 of its high-tech, industrial (mostly ISO-certified) kitchens. The program is funded through public-private partnership, wherein the Government provides the ingredients, while the cooking and delivery costs are jointly covered by the Government as well as private sponsors. The program offers "different menu every day and simple protein-rich food [...] cooked in an innovative way along with seasonal vegetables for a wholesome meal", and has been credited with improving attendance in schools. Although launched for primary and secondary schools, on account of its success, the program has been extended to post-graduate students, hospital patients and NTR canteens. Michelin-starred chef Vikas Khanna is Annamrita's "Goodwill Ambassador", who pledged his support and efforts to complement the awareness and fund-raising efforts. Annamrita's efforts have been recognized by the President of India as well through several awards – to name a few, the D.Y. Patil 2012 Award for "Best Organization in Social Work", Lifebuoy National Child Health Award 2012 for "Exemplary work in promoting Nutrition", PP Mohan Shahani Trophy for the "Best Club Partner NGO" by Rotary Club, and Indian Development Foundation's 2012 "Best Partner Award".


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Emerging from the Radha Gopinath Temple congregation, the Bhaktivedanta Hospital has become a flagship center for holistic health and spiritual care in Mumbai. What started as a dream to provide quality healthcare at affordable cost by a few fresh medical graduates way back in 1986, transformed in the present-day state-of-the-art 150-bed multi-speciality hospital by Sri Chaitanya Welfare Charitable Trust. As a tribute to ISKCON founder A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and by the inspiration of Radhanath Swami, it essentially functions as a "not-for-profit" institution with the motto of "Serving in Devotion".


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In the early days, the doctors conducted medical camps in various areas in and around Maharashtra. These served the medically deprived and needy. Years of dedicated service to thousands of patients led to the launch of 7-bed 'Sri Chaitanya Clinic' (or Bhaktivedanta Clinic) in Mira Road, Mumbai in 1992, which eventually led to establishing the 60-bed Bhaktivedanta Hospital in 1998.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Though closed in 2003 due to a labour dispute, it reopened in August 2004 under a different trust. As of 2014, it also includes four ultramodern operation theaters, a 16-bed ICU, 120 consulting specialists and 360 medical and paramedical staff – about half of which are initiated Hare Krishna followers.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: The hospital also houses an Ayurveda, Yoga and Rehabilitation Center as well as an exclusive department on Spiritual Care. On the educational front, it includes Institute of Nursing Education, Institute of Paramedical Science and a Certificate Course for Spiritual Care in Nursing. The Bhaktivedanta Cancer Institute, Eye Care/Vision Center, Urology Center and Center of excellence in Heart Care enhance the breadth of services offered. The hospital also has a special team for counselling patients and an impressive palliative care unit.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Community services form one of the core pillars of the hospital, which it extensively pursues. It has medically-equipped mobile vans to attend to eye care, cancer and maternity issues in remote sections of society; on the same lines, it also established the Hamrapur Community Healthcare Center in Wada Taluka, Maharashtra in association with Lions Club. In addition to social initiatives such as the Green Paper Forum, the hospital conducts regular free medical camps such as the Barsana Eye and Dental Camp, Pandharpur Camp, Senior Citizen Camp, School Camp, Cancer Camp and Dialysis Camp.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: The annual Barsana Camp, in particular, has been highly successful in that the doctors perform 600-700 free cataract surgeries annually and have even attracted doctors from far-off lands like the US and Britain. Consequently, the efforts led to the founding of the Barsana Health Care Center in Uttar Pradesh.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In addition, the Bhaktivedanta Hospice Center serves those who desire to spend their last days in the holy site of Vrindavan with good medical care. The hospital is also proactive in disaster relief activities such as the Gujarat earthquake relief (2001), tsunami relief (2004), Mumbai flood relief (2005), Mumbai bomb-blasts (2006) and Uttarakhand floods (2013).


title: Radhanath Swami

text: In 2014, AmeriCares India awarded Bhaktivedanta Hospital the "Spirit of Humanity Awards" for their work in the category of Oncology, while it also won "Best Multi Specialty Hospital", "Best Hospital for Wellness & Healthcare", "Excellence in Hospice & Palliative Medicine" and "Best Teacher" awards in Indo-Global Healthcare Summit & Expo 2014. "The Times of India", in association with New India Assurance Co. Ltd., recognized the hospital's persistent efforts and designated them as "Trendsetter in Quality Patient Care and Safety" in the Healthcare Achievers Awards 2014.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Spread over 75 acres of pristine farmland at the foothills of the Sahyadri mountain in the Wada district of Maharashtra, Govardhan Ecovillage (GEV) is a "model farm community and retreat center highlighting the importance of spiritual ecology: the need for us [humans] to live in harmony with ourselves, nature and the sacred". Inspired by Radhanath Swami, with its humble beginnings in 2003, GEV was officially inaugurated in 2011, in the presence of Nana Saheb Patil, Ex-secretary of the Agricultural Ministry for the Government of Maharashtra. To bring about holistic, sustainable ecological changes, GEV puts great emphasis on community initiatives such as integrated water conservation and protection, Wadi program, women empowerment, rural health care, food for life, biodiversity park, Vedic culture and educational center and animal shelters. GEV specializes in symbiotic recycling and strives to offer sustainable solutions for community living in issues related to food, water, energy and waste management. GEV is also home to the Lady Northcote Hindu Orphanage.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: GEV's achievements in the area of integrated water conservation and protection were honored with the Skoch 2013 Platinum Award and Order-of-Merit. Its initiative to build houses with Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB), Rammed Earth technique, Cob houses (Adobe bricks) with traditional thatched roofs was awarded 5-star rating by GRIHA (an indigenous rating system for green buildings in India). In recognition of its continued efforts towards environmental sustainability, a Special Jury Award was conferred upon GEV by the India Chapter of the International Advertising Association's Olive Crown Awards 2013.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: On the request of his friend and godbrother Bhakti Tirtha Swami, who was on his deathbed, Radhanath Swami, although initially unwilling, agreed to share his story and wrote his memoir "". It is the story of how he grew up in a Jewish family in Chicago and through his journey of prayer was led through the 1960s counter-culture movement in America into Europe, walking and hitch-hiking all the way through Europe to the Middle East and into India. Along the way, he met many people, who would share their wisdom with him, encouraging him on his search for the truth. He stayed with Yogis in Himalayan caves, in Buddhist monasteries, Synagogues, and Churches. He met many teachers and practitioners of spirituality and learned from them, such as the 14th Dalai Lama and Mother Teresa, to name a few. The book chronicles his spiritual quest.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: The book launch of the Gujarati edition was held in November 2011, and was attended by the then chief minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi (in 2014, he became the Prime Minister of India). In his speech at the book launch, Modi emphasized spirituality as the true identity of India and contrasted Radhanath Swami's spiritual journey with that of personalities such as Mirabai and Vivekananda.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: A sequel to Journey Home, "The Journey Within", was launched in May 2016."The Journey Within: Exploring the Path of Bhakti," became the New York Times Bestseller in July 2016 under the category of 'Religion, Spirituality and Faith'.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Radhanath Swami's lectures have also been thematically published in the form of books, which includes those based on his quotations, such as Nectar Drops and Nectar Stream, and those based on his lectures and teachings such as Evolve, Six Goswamis of Vrindavan, The Wisdom Tree, and The Real You. The book "Soul Wise" (later renamed to "The Real You") was reviewed on Spirit Sundae, SABC1, South Africa.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Radhanath Swami has a strong global influence and has been globally honored for his humanitarian deeds. He is one of the few members of ISKCON who influenced the movement globally and remains one of the most inspirational and respected spiritual leaders in ISKCON today. He is on the advisory panel of I-Foundation, which is credited with launching the first government-funded Hindu faith school in London.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Radhanath Swami's interfaith discussion with Cornel West resulted in "greater possibilities for both interfaith and intrafaith dialog [...] on Princeton's campus". The event is regarded as a model for meaningful exchanges between followers of different beliefs, and was awarded the 2011 Santos-Dumont Prize for Innovation that recognizes "a unique and creative program, event, initiative, or project [on Princeton's campus] [...] which has had wide-reaching impact and visibility". His interfaith discussions with Francis X. Clooney were also very well received.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Radhanath Swami presented ancient spiritual solutions to modern subjugation at esteemed debating society, Oxford Union. The Union's event, dubbed Malcolm X's Speech in Oxford — 50 years later, marked the anniversary of X's acclaimed Oxford address. The event's aim: to rouse modern thought and contention on a radical approach to preserving liberty. Radhanath Swami put forth ecumenical spiritual truths as means of harmonizing society. Prominent participants included Angela Davis, Dr.Cornel West, Prof. Stephen Tuck and Ben Okri.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Radhanath Swami appeared as the main speaker at a corporate workshop held by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). The exclusive interactive session, deemed Spirituality: Leadership and Management, hosted over 150 of India's top corporate executives. Radhanath Swami conveyed the value of integrity, humility and simplicity in daily business affairs. Prominent speakers included Piramal Group chairman, Ajay Piramal and Future Group CEO, Kishore Biyani.


title: Radhanath Swami

text: Many famous and influential people interacted with Radhanath Swami and expressed their appreciation of his character and work. Among them are Ajay Piramal, Anil Agarwal, Yash Birla and Chetan Bhagat. Renowned yoga teacher, B. K. S. Iyengar and Madhva sect spiritual leader Vishvesha Teertha of Pejavara matha also met him and appreciated his work. Steven J. Rosen described Radhanath Swami as a "saintly person respected by the mass of ISKCON devotees today".


title: Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere

text: Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, (26 April 1868 – 26 November 1940) was a leading British newspaper proprietor who owned Associated Newspapers Ltd. He is best known, like his brother Alfred Harmsworth, later Viscount Northcliffe, for the development of the "Daily Mail" and the "Daily Mirror". Rothermere was a pioneer of popular tabloid journalism.


text: Two of Rothermere's three sons were killed in action during the First World War and in the 1930s, he advocated instead peaceful relations between Germany and the United Kingdom, and used his media influence to that end. His open support for fascism and praise for Nazism and the British Union of Fascists contributed to the popularity of those views in the 1930s. That ambition, for which Rothermere became best known, was not successful, and he died in Bermuda early in the war.


text: His thirteen siblings included Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, Cecil Harmsworth, 1st Baron Harmsworth, Sir Leicester Harmsworth, 1st Baronet, and Sir Hildebrand Harmsworth, 1st Baronet.


text: Harmsworth was educated at St Marylebone Grammar School, which he left to become a clerk for the Board of Trade. In 1888 he joined his elder brother Alfred's newspaper company, and in 1894 he and his brother purchased the "Evening News" for £25,000.


text: In 1896 Harmsworth and his brother Alfred together founded the "Daily Mail", and subsequently also launched the "Daily Mirror". In 1910 Harmsworth bought the "Glasgow Record and Mail", and in 1915 the "Sunday Pictorial". By 1921 he was owner of the "Daily Mirror", "Sunday Pictorial", "Glasgow Daily Record", "Evening News", and "Sunday Mail", and shared ownership of the company Associated Newspapers with his brother Alfred, who had been made Viscount Northcliffe in 1918. His greatest success came with the "Daily Mirror", which had a circulation of three million by 1922.


text: In 1904, on behalf of his elder brother Alfred, Harmsworth and Mayson Beeton, son of Isabella Beeton, the famed author of "Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management", travelled to Newfoundland to search for a supply of timber and to look for a site to build and operate a pulp and paper mill. While searching along the Exploits River they came across Grand Falls, named by John Cartwright in 1768. After the two British men purchased the land, they had a company town built to support the timber workers. It developed as Grand Falls-Windsor. Harmsworth founded the Anglo-Newfoundland Corporation to harvest the trees of Newfoundland to provide paper, which became one of the largest corporations in Newfoundland.


text: In 1903, the first flight took place, and the new technology of aviation had a very romantic and exciting image in the first half of the 20th century. Harmsworth was amongst those fascinated with aviation, and came up with the idea in 1906 of having the Harmsworth newspapers offer a cheque of £1,000 for the first person to fly across the English Channel. Harmsworth followed up this challenge with another offering £10,000 for the first person to fly from London to Manchester.


text: Harmsworth was created a baronet, of Horsey in the County of Norfolk, in 1910. Despite the fact that one of the chief rivals of the Harmsworth newspapers was the "Daily Express" owned by Max Aitkens (the future Lord Beaverbrook), in May 1913 Harmsworth went with Aitkens on a lengthy business trip to western Canada. The trip to Canada marked the start of an odd alliance between Aitkens and the Harmsworth family that would persist regardless of the rivalry between the "Daily Mail" and the "Daily Express". Aitkens regarded Harmsworth as the more relatable of the two brothers as his relations with Lord Northcliffe were difficult. Harmsworth was raised to the peerage as Baron Rothermere, of Hemsted in the County of Kent, in 1914. In 1917, when Aitkens as raised to the peerage as Baron Beaverbrook, Rothermere served as one his sponsors when he first entered the House of Lords.


text: The politician Rothermere was most close to prior to the First World War was Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty. In 1915, Rothermere wrote to Churchill asking him to promote one of his former reports, Jack Kruse, to the rank of captain in the Royal Naval Division, a request that was granted. The ill-fated Dardanelles campaign, which Churchill had promoted, led to a break in their friendship. By the fall of 1915, the Battle of Gallipoli degenerated into a stalemate with the Allies unable to advance up the heights of Gallipoli while the Ottomans were unable to push the Allies back into the sea. Lord Northcliffe used his newspapers to document the failures of the Allies in the Dardanelles campaign, and demanded that the Allies leave Gallipoli. The defeat in the Dardanelles seriously damaged Churchill's reputation, and as Harmsworth supported his brother, his friendship with Churchill soured to a certain extent. However, Rothermere continued to stay in contact with Churchill and employed him from time to time as a special writer on aviation for the "Daily Mail".


text: One of Rothermere's sons, Vere Harmsworth served in the Royal Naval Division and was killed in action on 16 November 1916 during the Second Battle of Cambrai. Vyvyan Harmsworth died in 1918 of wounds he taken in 1916. To add to his stress, Rothermere's marriage broke down as his wife, Lillian, had an affair with his younger brother, St. John. Britain had a very strict divorce laws until 1967, and Rothermere did not want to admit to being cuckolded in public as proving his wife's adultery in court would have the only way to dissolve his marriage. The effective break-up of his marriage together with the deaths of two of his three sons was to leave Rothermere lonely and unhappy.


text: Rothermere served as President of the Air Council in the government of David Lloyd George for a time during the First World War, and was made Viscount Rothermere, of Hemsted in the County of Kent, in 1919. Rothermere proved to an inept politician whose background as a businessman with a dictatorial control of a press empire made him ill-suited to the cabinet which required the ability to reach a consensus with other cabinet ministers, a skill that Rothermere notably lacked. The British historian Paul Addison wrote that Rothermere was a "shrewd and decisive" business leader, but that he lacked the ability to negotiate and compromise as he tried to ram his proposals through the cabinet. His main interest was in having the Royal Flying Corps of the British Army and the Royal Naval Air Service combined to create a third service to be called the Royal Air Force. Rothermere proved to a schemer whose incessant plotting against his cabinet colleagues who disagreed with him, which combined with his inability to make allies led to his ejection from the cabinet after only five months. In 1921, he founded the Anti-Waste League to combat what he saw as excessive government spending.


text: When his elder brother died in 1922 without an heir, Harmsworth acquired his controlling interest in Associated Newspapers for £1.6 million, and the next year bought the Hulton newspaper chain, which gave him control of three national morning newspapers, three national Sunday newspapers, two London evening papers, four provincial daily newspapers, and three provincial Sunday newspapers. To pay the death duties on Northcliffe's estate, Rothermere sold the Associated Press and the "Times". Rothermere was the third richest man in Britain with a fortune in 1922 worth £780 million. One contemporary who knew him called him "a proud, gruff captain of industry" with a tendency to be rude.


text: Rothermere had a fundamentally elitist conception of politics, believing that the natural leaders of Britain were upper class men like himself, and he strongly disapproved of the decision to grant women over the age of 30 the right to vote together with the end of the franchise requirements that disfranchised lower-class men. Feeling that British women and lower-class men were incapable of understanding the issues, Rothermere started to lose faith in democracy. Rothermere's views were best expressed in a "Daily Mail" leader (editorial) that denounced the democratic reforms of 1918 as a disaster for Britain where it was declared: "that quite a few people now posses the vote who ought never to have been given it". Rothemere was appalled by the rise of the Labour Party starting with the 1918 election as he complained that giving the entire British working class the right to vote had made it conceivable that a Labour government might be formed, a possibility that was inconceivable before 1918. Collin Brooks, the journalist whom Rothermere had appointed as his official biographer wrote: "His prevailing mood was politically one of the deepest pessimism and personally of almost uproarious social mirth. He was convinced that Britain had entered a phrase of decline, had lost her old militant virtues, and in her softness, was lusting after strange idols of pacifism, nationalistion, and everything which would sap self-reliance...His family had at one time all been nominal Liberals, but he among them was a temperamental Tory of the Johnsonian school". Rothermere had a strong streak of ennui, which led him to restlessly walk the streets of London every morning looking for something new or alternatively when he was bored with London to travel around the world. Likewise, he was a womaniser whose relationships with his numerous mistresses prior to meeting Princess Stephanie von Hohenlohe in 1927 were always very brief as Rothermere tended to lose interest in his current mistress almost as he soon as he took her to bed. Addision argued that Rothermere was a psychologically troubled man with his maniacal mood swings; an inability to have lasting relationships; and a tendency towards hysteria.


text: Rothermere's pessimism led him to make repeated phone calls in the dead of night to his corporate officers, Sir George Sutton, to demand information about the precise amount of his wealth as Rothermere suffered nightly anxiety attacks about the prospect of waking up less wealthy the next day. Any fall in the stock-market prices in the City or reports of economic trouble anywhere in the world induced a frantic reaction from Rothermere who believed he was going to be impoverished despite his status as one of Britain's richest men, and he demanded immediate reassurances from Sutton that steps were being taken to save his fortune. Sutton would tell him that he was taking such steps, that his fortune was secure and then go back to sleep. In a letter to Beaverbrook in November 1921, Rothermere wrote: "My own opinion is that we are on the threshold of the world slump. In its momentous consequences it is I am sure going to dwarf even the Great War. In the economic collapse of Russia, Austria, Hungary, the Balkan states, Turkey, Europe, and Asia-and the approaching collapse of Germany we see steadily being unfolded before our eyes a drama fraught with more perilous consequences for the human race than anything recorded in history". The letter was typical Rothermere's views where a recurring theme was his belief in the coming collapse of civilization, which he believed would happen sometime in the near-future.


text: Typical of the 'national degeneration' narrative promoted by the Rothermere newspapers was a story in the "Evening Standard" whose headline in capital letters was "WHITE GIRLS 'HYPNOTIESED BY YELLOW MEN". The story about the "alarming facts" of London's Chinatown warned in lucid details about "the degradation of young white girls" at the hands of Chinese men. The story claimed: "Englishwomen are selling themselves to Chinamen; they are seeking out Asiatics in the streets where before the war no white women walked. The evil is baffling to the police and social workers. Women who have been 'rescued' and given a fresh start have relapsed and returned to their foreign masters, and have sunk even lower than before. The unmarried mother with a half-caste child is only one of the several problems arising. And obviously this cheapening of the white women among men who go down to the sea in ships must have reactions in the East and in every part of the world where colored and white races dwell side by side". The British historian Raphael Samuel noted that this story was typical of the "ever racist" Rothermere newspapers, which usually presented a demonic Other, in this case Chinese immigrants, which posed an existential threat to a noble, but failing Britain.


text: In October 1922, the "Daily Mail" approved of the Fascist "March on Rome" as the newspaper argued that democracy had failed in Italy, thus requiring Benito Mussolini to set up his Fascist dictatorship to save the social order. In May 1923, Rothermere published a leader in "The Daily Mail" entitled "What Europe Owes Mussolini", where he wrote about his "profound admiration" for Mussolini, whom he praised for "in saving Italy he stopped the inroads of Bolshevism which would had left Europe in ruins...in my judgment he saved the entire Western world. It was because Mussolini overthrew Bolshevism in Italy that it collapsed in Hungary and ceased to gain adherents in Bavaria and Prussia". In the summer of 1923, the "Daily Mail" supported the Italian occupation of Corfu and condemned the British government for at least rhetorically opposing the Italian aggression against Greece. On 25 October 1924, the "Daily Mail" published the Zinoviev letter on its front page and the newspaper campaigned vigorously against the Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald as being weak against Communism. The Zinoviev letter had been written not in Moscow, but rather in Berlin by Vladimir Gregorivitch Orlov, a Russian émigré who specialised in forgeries designed to provoke distrust and fear of the Soviet Union who was in contact with MI6. The letter had been leaked to the "Daily Mail" by MI6. It remains unclear even today if MI6 was aware that the Zinoviev letter was a forgery or not. Rothermere seems to have believed in the authenticity of the Zinoviev letter (which the Foreign Office had vouchered for), which confirmed for him all of his fears about the Labour Party. After the election, Rothermere boasted in a letter to Beaverbrook on 1 November 1924 that the Zinoviev letter had cost Labour about 100 seats, and were decisive in giving the Conservatives a majority.


text: In 1923 Lord Rothermere and the "Daily Mail" forged an alliance with the other great press baron, Lord Beaverbrook. Their opponent was the Conservative Party politician and leader Stanley Baldwin. Rothemere was outraged by Baldwin's centre-right style of Conservatism and his decision to respond to almost universal suffrage by expanding the appeal of the Conservative Party. Far from seeing giving women the right to vote as the disaster Rothermere believed that it was, Baldwin set out to appeal to female voters, a tactic that was politically successful, but led Rothermere to accuse Baldwin of "feminising" the Conservative Party. The Conservative Party had been characterised by an aggressively macho style up to 1918, and Baldwin quite consciously toned down the machismo during his time as a Conservative leader to appeal to women voters, a strategy that Rothermere was vehemently opposed to. Likewise, Baldwin championed "one-nation" conservatism to appeal to the working class, which Rothermere was opposed to.


text: Both Beaverbrook and Rothermere did not engage in objective journalism, and used their newspapers as platforms for promoting their own right-wing views. Journalists at both the Beaverbrook and Rothermere newspapers were expected to write about the news in a way that promoted the views of their proprietors. However, Beaverbrook was to a certain extent prepared to allow some dissent in his newspapers, at least in part because he wanted to keep the best reporters working for him. Rothermere had a more dictatorial approach, and expected his journalists to always slant their coverage of the news in a way that promoted his views and sacked any reporter who tried to do otherwise. The British journalist John Simpson wrote the words that the journalists of "The Daily Mail" used were their own, but the views expressed were always Rothermere's. Brooks wrote about Rothermere's leadership: "I found R. [Rothermere] more sane and likable than ever I had anticipated. But the fact remains that a dictator of this kind, on whose whim thousands of men depend for their livelihoods, a great business is conducted like a Byzantium court and not an enterprise nominally for the honest dissemination of news and views. There are too many sycophants, the tendency is to staff the place with ignorant men who will not challenge a line of policy by their knowledge or principles-the whole community degenerates into a funk-ridden community of time-servers".


text: Rothermere used the "Daily Mail" to take a hawkish line with regard to the May Thirtieth Movement, which was presented in the context of Anglo-Soviet rivalry. In its reporting of the protests in China, the "Daily Mail" made such statements as "the British empire is the prime object of Bolshevist hatred" and "the real evil-doer in China is the Soviet government...These dismal, long-haired criminals who are holding Russia down by terrorism and murder make the mistake of their lives if they imagine the British empire is going to be frightened of their threats and grimaces". Rothermere also used the crisis in China as a way to criticise Baldwin as the "Daily Mail" declared in a leader: "The trouble in China is that there really is no government, and consequently nothing to protect that unhappy country against the Bolsheviks...Are we much better off in this country?" In 1926 Harmsworth sold his magazine concern, Amalgamated Press, and moved into the field of provincial newspaper publishing. In 1928 he founded Northcliffe Newspapers Ltd and announced that he intended to launch a chain of evening newspapers in the main provincial cities. There then ensued the so-called "newspaper war" of 1928–29, which culminated in Harmsworth establishing new evening papers in Bristol and Derby and gaining a controlling interest in Cardiff's newspapers. By the end of 1929, his empire had 14 daily and Sunday newspapers, with a substantial holding in another three.


text: Rothermere in a leader conceded that Fascist methods were "not suited to a country like our own", but qualified his remark with the statement, "if our northern cities became Bolshevik we would need them". In a "Daily Mail" article in October 1927 that elebrated five years of Fascism in Italy, it was argued that there were parallels between modern Britain and Italy in the last years of the Liberal era as it was argued Italy went through a series of weak liberal and conservative governments that made concessions to the Italian Socialist Party such as granting universal male suffrage in 1912 whose "only result was to hasten the arrival of disorder". In the same article, Baldwin was compared to the Italian prime ministers of the Liberal era as the article argued that the General Strike of 1926 should never have been allowed to occur and the Baldwin government was condemned "for the feebleness which it tries to placate opposition by being more Socialist than the Socialists". The clear implication of the article was that concessions to socialists whatever in Italy or the United Kingdom only caused chaos, and Britain needed a leader like Mussolini who would presumably ban the Labour Party, just as Mussolini had banned the Italian Socialist Party. In 1928, the "Daily Mail" in a leader written by Rothemere praised Mussolini as "the great figure of the age. Mussolini will probably dominate the history of the twentieth century as Napoleon dominated the early nineteen century".


text: Rothermere's descendants continue to control the Daily Mail and General Trust. Rothermere was an active member of the Sylvan Debating Club, founded by his father. He first attended as a visitor in 1882 and later served as treasurer.


text: In 1930, Rothermere purchased the freehold of the old site of the Bethlem Hospital in Southwark. He donated it to the London County Council to be made into a public open space, to be known as the Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park in memory of his mother, for the benefit of the "splendid struggling mothers of Southwark".