title: Blanka

text: Designed by "Pigmon-san" and Akira "Akiman" Yasuda, the concept behind Blanka emerged in an early design as an African man named Anabebe who was raised by a lion. After the release of "Final Fight", Capcom again approached "Street Fighter II" and considered several designs for the Blanka character (including a masked wrestler modeled after Tiger Mask and a ninja-style warrior). His design later changed to a large man with thick hair and sideburns, named "Hammer Blanka". The staff then adopted Blanka's feral appearance, because they felt the game would be "dull" with only human characters. After Yasuda did "rough drafts" of "a pro westler, [a] sumo wrestler, and a beast", he asked his team to decide which designer would finish each concept. They decided it on rock paper scissors; the "beast" was the last option and was assigned to "Pigmon-san". At first, Blanka had a pink-coloured skin, which Yasuda described as "disgusting", and then, he decided to change it to green.


title: Blanka

text: Blanka's most prominent physical characteristic is his green colour, initially attributed to his consumption of chlorophyll from plants to blend into his jungle environment. However, when "Street Fighter" was brought to the U.S., Blanka's colouring was attributed to his being struck by lightning during the electrical storm in which his plane crashed. In "Street Fighter II" Blanka's default skin is yellowish-green, but later versions of the character are bright green.


title: Blanka

text: Blanka fights in a self-taught, animalistic style. In several of his special moves he rolls into a ball, launching himself at an opponent. In Blanka's signature attack, he crouches and emits an electric current shocking anything it touches. Although Blanka growls in combat, he usually speaks with words in cutscenes, except for "Street Fighter Alpha 3".


title: Blanka

text: Blanka first appears in "Street Fighter II", when he sees his mother (who tells his backstory) after he competes in the World Warrior tournament. According to the story, Blanka was born as a boy named Jimmy who was involved in a plane crash in the Amazon rainforest. Although in the initial games Blanka's mother says the plane crashed when he was "a little boy", the manual for "Street Fighter IV" says it happened when he was a baby. After the crash, he was exposed to electric eels, triggering the mutation which changed his appearance and gave him electric powers. In "Street Fighter Alpha 3", a prequel to "Street Fighter II", Blanka rides on a truck to civilization for the first time. After defeating Zangief, Balrog and the leader of the Shadaloo criminal organization M. Bison, Blanka joins old friend Dan Hibiki and Sakura (Dan's pupil) to destroy Bison's "psycho drive" weapon. Blanka then returns to the jungle.


title: Blanka

text: In "Street Fighter IV", whose events are set after "Street Fighter II", Blanka, living in a town, feels out of place and decides to travel the world. At the end of the game, Dan helps his mother find him in Hong Kong. In "Super Street Fighter IV", Blanka enters a worldwide tournament to be recognized by people so his mother will be proud of him. When he returns home, the townspeople visit him and he plays games with the local children. Blanka returns as a playable character in the third season of "," with a character story where he attempts to sell plush toys of his own likeness named Blanka Chan (Blanka Chan was also available as a skin for the character). In "Street Fighter 6", Blanka has become a tour guide in the Amazon, working to support his mother.


title: Blanka

text: Blanka also appears in several spin-off titles. He is a playable character in the later "Street Fighter EX" series games ("Street Fighter EX2" and "Street Fighter EX3)", "", "Capcom vs. SNK 2" and . Blanka is a playable character by default in the PlayStation Vita version of "Street Fighter X Tekken", and via downloadable content in the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions. He is a boss character in "Street Fighter X Mega Man".


title: Blanka

text: Blanka briefly appears in "", when he is lowered from a cage and defeats Zangief in Las Vegas. The live-action "Street Fighter" film combined Blanka and Charlie into one character Carlos "Charlie" Blanka. Charlie is taken captive by General M. Bison at the beginning who forces Dr. Dhalsim to subject him to genetic testing to create the perfect soldier. Blanka was played by Robert Mammone, while Kim Repia played the role in . The American cartoon series retained the film's origin story for the character, as he and Guile search for a cure for his mutation. In UDON's "Street Fighter" comic adaptation, Blanka is used as a living weapon by Shadaloo until he is rescued by Delta Red (Cammy's squad). Returning to his senses, he reunites with his mother. Blanka is an opponent faced by Ryu, Guile, and Chun-Li in the "Street Fighter" manga history. He also makes cameo appearances in the 2012 Disney film "Wreck-It Ralph", and the 2018 Steven Spielberg film "Ready Player One".


title: Blanka

text: Blanka has been described as a fan favourite by video game media UGO Networks, IGN, GameSpot and 1UP.com, with IGN calling him "one of the most recognizable "Street Fighter" characters". GamesRadar said that Blanka "never quite approached Chun-Li's popularity, but has gained a strong fan following nevertheless". Sharing ninth place with Ken Masters in the Japanese magazine "Gamest"s 1991 best-character list, in the 1992 poll he finished 38th. Blanka was voted 20th in Capcom's poll of 85 characters for the series' 15th anniversary. In 2008, the character was the tenth-most-popular video game character in the United Kingdom, according to a poll conducted at the London Games Festival. Although Blanka was well received by Brazilian gamers, Capcom was criticized for its depiction of Brazil. Capcom producer Yoshinori Ono, surprised when told that Blanka is popular among Brazilians, apologized for the poor impression of the country given by the character. When the Brazilian program "Custe o Que Custar" asked people in Spain who the best-known Brazilians were, Blanka ranked third (after Gisele Bündchen and Pelé). In 2009, after Rio de Janeiro was chosen to host the 2016 Summer Olympics, an internet meme spread making Blanka the games' unofficial mascot. A 2012 meme said that "O Maior Brasileiro de Todos os Tempos", the Brazilian version of "100 Greatest Britons", had chosen Blanka the "Greatest Brazilian of All Time".


title: Blanka

text: IGN ranked Blanka seventh of its "Top 25 "Street Fighter" Characters", noting his unique characteristics, and GameDaily placed Blanka fourth on its "Top 20 Street Fighter Characters of All Time" list. He was ranked the franchise's 17th-best character (out of 50) by UGO as initially "hook[ing]" gamers and "an indispensable part of "Street Fighter" now." Including Blanka on a list of "The 30 best Capcom characters of the last 30 years", GamesRadar staff said that they could include all of "Street Fighter II"s characters but would only choose "the wildest of the crazy characters in the game. Blanka exemplifies the special brand of insanity that made us love Capcom." "Edge"s James Leach called him "by far the best character" in "Street Fighter II". GameSpy called Blanka one of the "25 Extremely Rough Brawlers" in video gaming, praising the brutality of his attacks. The "Pittsburgh Tribune-Review" described the character as resembling "some ridiculous hair-club-for-Hulks member", although his electric attacks made him an effective character. "Computer and Video Games", GamesRadar and Game Revolution also noted the difficulty of fighting Blanka. Blanka has been called a "monster" and "weird", and GamesRadar said he "is a bit goofy looking in the "Alpha" series" (described by GameSpot as "comical"). GameDaily and GamesRadar joked about the character's "sweet" ending (in contrast to his appearance), and "Empire" called his ending "the worst ... in the game."


title: Mary Kate Schellhardt

text: Mary Kate Schellhardt (born November 1, 1978) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Ellen in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993), and as Barbara Lovell in Ron Howard's "Apollo 13" (1995).


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: The Gotthard Road Tunnel in Switzerland runs from Göschenen in the canton of Uri at its northern portal, to Airolo in Ticino to the south, and is in length below the St Gotthard Pass, a major pass of the Alps. At time of construction, in 1980, it was the longest road tunnel in the world; it is currently the fifth-longest. Although it is a motorway tunnel, part of the A2 from Basel to Chiasso, it consists of only one bidirectional tube with two lanes. With a maximum elevation of at the tunnel's highest point, the A2 motorway has the lowest maximum elevation of any direct north-south road through the Alps.


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: The tunnel rises from the northern portal at Göschenen () and the culminating point is reached after approximately . After from the northern portal there is the border between the cantons of Uri and Ticino; after another , the tunnel ends at the southern portal near Airolo (). The journey takes about 13 minutes by car, the maximum speed being .


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: The Gotthard Road Tunnel is one of the three tunnels that connect the Swiss Plateau to southern Switzerland and run under the Gotthard Massif, the two other being railway tunnels, the Gotthard Tunnel (1882) and the Gotthard Base Tunnel (2016). All three tunnels bypass the Gotthard Pass, an important trade route since the 13th century. The pass road culminates about above the tunnel, at a height of , and is only passable in summer.


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: In response to the automobile boom in Switzerland and other things, the Swiss government gave approval in July 1969 for the construction of the Gotthard Road tunnel. The tunnel would be longer than any existing road tunnel, and would provide a year-round road link from the Swiss Plateau to southern Switzerland, and from northern to southern Europe as well, to be used in place of the Gotthard Pass. The tunnel was built roughly parallel to the old railway tunnel, with portals a few hundred metres away from those of the railway. Prior to the opening of the tunnel, cars were transported through the nearby railway tunnel on car shuttle trains. Following the catastrophic fire in the road tunnel in 2001, car shuttle trains resumed operations for a few weeks.


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: The tunnel was opened on 5 September 1980. It remains a single bore tunnel with just one lane operating in each direction. It has four large ventilation shafts and an additional side gallery between from the main tunnel, having its own independent ventilation system in order to facilitate the cutting of a second tunnel, should future traffic levels require it.


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: In March 2014, the Swiss Government approved a bill to allow the building of a second road tunnel. Construction was scheduled to start in 2020, with the cost estimated at almost .


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: On 24 October 2001, a collision of two trucks created a fire in the tunnel, killing eleven and injuring many more, the smoke and gases produced by the fires being the main cause of death. The tunnel was closed for two months after the accident for repair and cleaning, reopening 21 December 2001.


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: The Gotthard Rail Tunnel, close to but separate from the expressway tunnel, handles rail traffic on the north-south line in Switzerland. It was opened in 1882, at the time the world's longest tunnel, though later superseded by longer tunnels, some over long.


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: Under construction since 2002 and opened on 1 June 2016, the Gotthard Base Tunnel (a second rail tunnel, long), is the world's longest. It was built for the use of trains travelling from northern Switzerland to the Ticino area and beyond.


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: The Gotthard Tunnel is the core and culminating point of the A2 motorway in Switzerland, running south from Basel through the tunnel down to Chiasso on the border with Italy. Traffic flows through only one tunnel, which carries traffic both ways, with each direction allocated one lane. The tunnel's speed limit is .


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: Heavily used, the tunnel often has traffic jams during peak holiday seasons over Easter and summer, on both the north and south ends. In contrast, another tunnel through the Alps, the San Bernardino road tunnel as part of the A13 in the canton of Graubünden further east, is relatively uncongested and shorter.


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: Construction on a second, parallel road tunnel was started. In first instance it was only built for safety: an escape route in case of accidents. This second tunnel can be built out to a full road tunnel, allowing four lanes of traffic. Efforts to do this have failed, blocked by political resistance. The Alpine Initiative "for the protection of the Alpine region from transit traffic", which raised barriers against road tunnel construction, was initially blocked by the Swiss Parliament. A February 1994 Alpine Initiative passed (with 52% of the vote), and Parliament upheld the referendum twice through the 1990s. The pro-tunnel Avanti Initiative brought a referendum to voters in February 2004, which was rejected (by 62.8%).


title: Gotthard Road Tunnel

text: The Swiss government has decided to upgrade the second tunnel into a full road tunnel in order to allow for the necessary reconstruction of the first road tunnel. Once the works on the first tunnel are finished, the Swiss government plans to operate one single lane in each tunnel (northbound traffic in the newly constructed tunnel, southbound traffic in the renovated one) in order to maintain the current tunnel overall capacity, in compliance with the Swiss constitutional norm that forbids a further growth of the traffic capacity across the Alps. The reconstruction would have lasted for several years in any variant – one variant would push the traffic over the mountain pass, another proposed to load the vehicles onto trains with a new terminal, a third would close the tunnel for several months every year over time range of a decade. All of these have their drawbacks and the usage of the second tunnel was chosen as the best option to allow for the reconstruction. Further usage of both tunnels was subject to a popular referendum that was held in February 2016, where it was approved. The actual upgrade mining of the second road tunnel would last from 2020 to 2027 at a cost of 2.7 billion francs for the whole project including the following reconstruction of the first tunnel.


title: Environmental economics

text: Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues. It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century. Environmental economics "undertakes theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world. ... Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."


title: Environmental economics

text: Environmental economics is distinguished from ecological economics in that ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with its focus upon preserving natural capital. One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought, with ecological economists emphasizing "strong" sustainability and rejecting the proposition that human-made ("physical") capital can substitute for natural capital.


title: Environmental economics

text: The modern field of environmental economics has been traced to the 1960s. with significant contribution from Post-Keynesian economist Paul Davidson (economist) who had just completed a management position with the Continental Oil Company.


title: Environmental economics

text: Central to environmental economics is the concept of market failure. Market failure means that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently. As stated by Hanley, Shogren, and White (2007): "A market failure occurs when the market does not allocate scarce resources to generate the greatest social welfare. A wedge exists between what a private person does given market prices and what society might want him or her to do to protect the environment. Such a wedge implies wastefulness or economic inefficiency; resources can be reallocated to make at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off." This results in a inefficient market that needs to be corrected through avenues such as government intervention. Common forms of market failure include externalities, non-excludability and non-rivalry.


title: Environmental economics

text: An externality exists when a person makes a choice that affects other people in a way that is not accounted for in the market price. An externality can be positive or negative but is usually associated with negative externalities in environmental economics. For instance, water seepage in residential buildings occurring in upper floors affect the lower floors. Another example concerns how the sale of Amazon timber disregards the amount of carbon dioxide released in the cutting. Or a firm emitting pollution will typically not take into account the costs that its pollution imposes on others. As a result, pollution may occur in excess of the 'socially efficient' level, which is the level that would exist if the market was required to account for the pollution. A classic definition influenced by Kenneth Arrow and James Meade is provided by Heller and Starrett (1976), who define an externality as "a situation in which the private economy lacks sufficient incentives to create a potential market in some good and the nonexistence of this market results in losses of Pareto efficiency". In economic terminology, externalities are examples of market failures, in which the unfettered market does not lead to an efficient outcome.


title: Environmental economics

text: When it is too costly to exclude some people from access to an environmental resource, the resource is either called a common property resource (when there is rivalry for the resource, such that one person's use of the resource reduces others' opportunity to use the resource) or a public good (when use of the resource is non-rivalrous). In either case of non-exclusion, market allocation is likely to be inefficient.


title: Environmental economics

text: These challenges have long been recognized. Hardin's (1968) concept of the tragedy of the commons popularized the challenges involved in non-exclusion and common property. "Commons" refers to the environmental asset itself, "common property resource" or "common pool resource" refers to a property right regime that allows for some collective body to devise schemes to exclude others, thereby allowing the capture of future benefit streams; and "open-access" implies no ownership in the sense that property everyone owns nobody owns.


title: Environmental economics

text: The basic problem is that if people ignore the scarcity value of the commons, they can end up expending too much effort, over harvesting a resource (e.g., a fishery). Hardin theorizes that in the absence of restrictions, users of an open-access resource will use it more than if they had to pay for it and had exclusive rights, leading to environmental degradation. See, however, Ostrom's (1990) work on how people using real common property resources have worked to establish self-governing rules to reduce the risk of the tragedy of the commons.


title: Environmental economics

text: The mitigation of climate change effects is an example of a public good, where the social benefits are not reflected completely in the market price. Because the personal marginal benefits are less than the social benefits the market under-provides climate change mitigation. This is a public good since the risks of climate change are both non-rival and non-excludable. Such efforts are non-rival since climate mitigation provided to one does not reduce the level of mitigation that anyone else enjoys. They are non-excludable actions as they will have global consequences from which no one can be excluded. A country's incentive to invest in carbon abatement is reduced because it can "free ride" off the efforts of other countries. Over a century ago, Swedish economist Knut Wicksell (1896) first discussed how public goods can be under-provided by the market because people might conceal their preferences for the good, but still enjoy the benefits without paying for them.


title: Environmental economics

text: Assessing the economic value of the environment is a major topic within the field. The values of natural resources often are not reflected in prices that markets set and, in fact, many of them are available at no monetary charge. This mismatch frequently causes distortions in pricing of natural assets: both overuse of them and underinvestment in them. Economic value or tangible benefits of ecosystem services and, more generally, of natural resources, include both use and indirect (see the nature section of ecological economics). Non-use values include existence, option, and bequest values. For example, some people may value the existence of a diverse set of species, regardless of the effect of the loss of a species on ecosystem services. The existence of these species may have an option value, as there may be the possibility of using it for some human purpose. For example, certain plants may be researched for drugs. Individuals may value the ability to leave a pristine environment for their children.


title: Environmental economics

text: Use and indirect use values can often be inferred from revealed behavior, such as the cost of taking recreational trips or using hedonic methods in which values are estimated based on observed prices. Non-use values are usually estimated using stated preference methods such as contingent valuation or choice modelling. Contingent valuation typically takes the form of surveys in which people are asked how much they would pay to observe and recreate in the environment (willingness to pay) or their willingness to accept (WTA) compensation for the destruction of the environmental good. Hedonic pricing examines the effect the environment has on economic decisions through housing prices, traveling expenses, and payments to visit parks.


title: Environmental economics

text: Almost all governments and states magnify environmental harm by providing various types of subsidies that have the effect of paying companies and other economic actors more to exploit natural resources than to protect them. The damage to nature of such public subsidies has been conservatively estimated at $4-$6 trillion U.S. dollars per year.


title: Environmental economics

text: If companies are allowed to include some of these externalities in their final prices, this could undermine the Jevons paradox and provide enough revenue to help companies innovate.


title: Environmental economics

text: Environmental economics is related to ecological economics but there are differences. Most environmental economists have been trained as economists. They apply the tools of economics to address environmental problems, many of which are related to so-called market failures—circumstances wherein the "invisible hand" of economics is unreliable. Most ecological economists have been trained as ecologists, but have expanded the scope of their work to consider the impacts of humans and their economic activity on ecological systems and services, and vice versa. This field takes as its premise that economics is a strict subfield of ecology. Ecological economics is sometimes described as taking a more pluralistic approach to environmental problems and focuses more explicitly on long-term environmental sustainability and issues of scale.


title: Environmental economics

text: Environmental economics is viewed as more idealistic in a price system; ecological economics as more realistic in its attempts to integrate elements outside of the price system as primary arbiters of decisions. These two groups of specialists sometimes have conflicting views which may be traced to the different philosophical underpinnings.


title: Environmental economics

text: Another context in which externalities apply is when globalization permits one player in a market who is unconcerned with biodiversity to undercut prices of another who is - creating a race to the bottom in regulations and conservation. This, in turn, may cause loss of natural capital with consequent erosion, water purity problems, diseases, desertification, and other outcomes that are not efficient in an economic sense. This concern is related to the subfield of sustainable development and its political relation, the anti-globalization movement.


title: Environmental economics

text: Environmental economics was once distinct from resource economics. Natural resource economics as a subfield began when the main concern of researchers was the optimal commercial exploitation of natural resource stocks. But resource managers and policy-makers eventually began to pay attention to the broader importance of natural resources (e.g. values of fish and trees beyond just their commercial exploitation). It is now difficult to distinguish "environmental" and "natural resource" economics as separate fields as the two became associated with sustainability. Many of the more radical green economists split off to work on an alternate political economy.


title: Environmental economics

text: Environmental economics was a major influence on the theories of natural capitalism and environmental finance, which could be said to be two sub-branches of environmental economics concerned with resource conservation in production, and the value of biodiversity to humans, respectively. The theory of natural capitalism (Hawken, Lovins, Lovins) goes further than traditional environmental economics by envisioning a world where natural services are considered on par with physical capital.


title: Environmental economics

text: The more radical green economists reject neoclassical economics in favour of a new political economy beyond capitalism or communism that gives a greater emphasis to the interaction of the human economy and the natural environment, acknowledging that "economy is three-fifths of ecology" - Mike Nickerson. This political group is a proponent of a transition to renewable energy.


title: Environmental economics

text: These more radical approaches would imply changes to money supply and likely also a bioregional democracy so that political, economic, and ecological "environmental limits" were all aligned, and not subject to the arbitrage normally possible under capitalism.


title: Environmental economics

text: An emerging sub-field of environmental economics studies its intersection with development economics. Dubbed "envirodevonomics" by Michael Greenstone and B. Kelsey Jack in their paper "Envirodevonomics: A Research Agenda for a Young Field", the sub-field is primarily interested in studying "why environmental quality [is] so poor in developing countries." A strategy for better understanding this correlation between a country's GDP and its environmental quality involves analyzing how many of the central concepts of environmental economics, including market failures, externalities, and willingness to pay, may be complicated by the particular problems facing developing countries, such as political issues, lack of infrastructure, or inadequate financing tools, among many others.


title: Environmental economics

text: In the field of law and economics, environmental law is studied from an economic perspective. The economic analysis of environmental law studies instruments such as zoning, expropriation, licensing, third party liability, safety regulation, mandatory insurance, and criminal sanctions. A book by Michael Faure (2003) surveys this literature.


title: Environmental economics

text: The main academic and professional organizations for the discipline of Environmental Economics are the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists (AERE) and the European Association for Environmental and Resource Economics (EAERE). The main academic and professional organization for the discipline of Ecological Economics is the International Society for Ecological Economics (ISEE). The main organization for Green Economics is the Green Economics Institute.


title: Maniple (military unit)

text: Maniple () was a tactical unit of the Roman Republican armies, adopted during the Samnite Wars (343–290 BC). It was also the name of the military insignia carried by such units.


title: Maniple (military unit)

text: Maniple members, called "commanipulares" (singular: "commanipularis") were seen as each other's brothers-in-arms, but without the domestic closeness of the eight-man contubernium.


title: Maniple (military unit)

text: The manipular system was adopted around 315 BC, during the Second Samnite War. The rugged terrain of Samnium, where the war was fought, was not conducive to the phalanx formation which the Romans had inherited from the Etruscans and Ancient Greeks. The main battle troops of the Etruscans and Latins of this period comprised Greek-style hoplite phalanxes, inherited from the original Greek phalanx military unit.


title: Maniple (military unit)

text: After suffering a series of defeats, culminating in the surrender of the entire army without resistance at Caudine Forks, the Romans abandoned the phalanx altogether, adopting the more flexible manipular system, famously referred to as "a phalanx with joints".


title: Maniple (military unit)

text: The manipular system was abandoned during the Marian reforms that began in 107 BC. It was replaced by the cohort unit.


title: Maniple (military unit)

text: Polybius first described the maniple in the mid-2nd century BC. The manipular legion was organized into four lines, starting at the front: the "velites"; the "hastati"; the "principes"; and the "triarii". These were divided by experience, with the younger soldiers at the front lines and the older soldiers near the back. One theory proposed by J. E. Lendon asserts that this order was adapted to the Roman culture of bravery, allowing an initial show of individual heroics among the younger soldiers.


title: Maniple (military unit)

text: At the front of the legion organized into maniples, the "velites" formed a swarm of soldiers which engaged the enemy at the start of the battle. Their duties involved skirmishing, and they often worked closely with the cavalry. Next, the "hastati" were the youngest and least experienced soldiers, and therefore fought on the front-lines. They formed the first line of heavy infantry. The "principes" were more experienced soldiers who stood behind the "hastati" in battle. Finally, the "triarii" were the veteran soldiers with the most experience.


title: Maniple (military unit)

text: The second and third echelon generally formed with a one maniple space between each maniple and its neighbours. Retreating troops of the "velites" could withdraw without disrupting those behind them. Where resistance was strong the "hastati" would dissolve back through the Roman line, allowing the more experienced soldiers in the "principes" to fight. In turn, the "principes" could then yield to the hardened "triarii", if necessary. At this point in battle, the maniple greatly resembled the phalanx. Apart from allowing retreat, these gaps also proved invaluable against enemy phalanxes and provided the Romans with a major tactical advantage against their Greek foes. In order to maintain its wall of spears, the phalanx required rigid battle lines, which could not easily break into smaller units. Gaps in the maniples thus lured hoplites in and disrupted their formation, after which they became disorganized, surrounded, and easy prey for Roman swords.


title: Maniple (military unit)

text: According to Polybius, the most complete and likely the most accurate account, the legion consisted of 10 maniples of 120 "hastati", 10 maniples of 120 "principes", and 10 half strength maniples of "triarii" containing 60 men each. With 1,200 "velites" and 300 cavalrymen a legion numbered 4,500 men. However, in times of great need the number might be reinforced up to 5,000.


title: Maniple (military unit)

text: The echelons differed not only in their roles, but also in their equipment. Polybius describes their panoply in detail. First, the velites were armed with a sword, javelins, and a small shield called a parma. They wore no armor, apart from a helmet, which was often covered in animal skins. Polybius asserts that these skins not only protected the helmet, but also served as a means of identification, such that soldiers could be remembered and later rewarded for acts of bravery. Next, the hastati were armed in "full panoply." Their armament included a sword, javelins, and a large, reinforced shield. For armor, they wore a helmet decorated with tall plumes designed to make its wearer appear larger, as well as a sheet of metal called a "heart plate" to protect the chest. Principes were equipped in the same manner as the hastati. Wealthier soldiers (of a property value greater than 10,000 drachmas) could afford a chain-mail cuirass. Finally, the triarii were equipped like the other infantry, with the exception of a thrusting spear in place of javelins.


title: Maniple (military unit)

text: This equipment was generally lighter and cheaper than that of the Servian hoplites that preceded the maniple. It emphasized the flexibility of the maniple system and allowed for lightly armored, highly mobile soldiers. Moreover, because purchasing the equipment was the responsibility of the individual soldier, its affordability helped increase the amount of citizens eligible for military service.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: "Dazed and Confused" is a song written by American singer-songwriter Jake Holmes in 1967. Performed in a folk rock-style, he recorded it for his debut album ""The Above Ground Sound" of Jake Holmes". Although some concluded that it was about a bad acid trip, Holmes insists the lyrics refer to the effects of a girl's indecision on ending a relationship.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: After hearing Holmes perform the song in August 1967, English rock group the Yardbirds reworked it with a radically different arrangement. It quickly became a centerpiece of their live performances, several recordings of which have been released, including on "Yardbirds '68", produced by guitarist Jimmy Page.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: "Dazed and Confused" was adopted by Page's new group, Led Zeppelin, who recorded a version based on the Yardbirds' arrangement, though featuring some rewritten lyrics and a new vocal line, for their debut album. It became a signature song and concert staple for much of the group's career. Despite being adapted from Holmes, songwriting credit for the Led Zeppelin version was originally claimed by Page alone. Holmes attempted to contact Page in the 1980s regarding the issue, but received no response. In 2010, Holmes filed a lawsuit and the matter was settled out of court, with the credit on Led Zeppelin releases being changed to "Jimmy Page, inspired by Jake Holmes".


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: Jake Holmes began his music career in the early 1960s, and recorded and performed with several different groups. He was influenced by psychedelic rock and groups such as the Byrds and the Blues Project, and wrote "Dazed and Confused" in a similar style with a blues influence. In spring of 1967, he recorded the song for his debut solo album ""The Above Ground Sound" of Jake Holmes", as a trio of acoustic guitar, electric guitar, and bass. On July 10, it was released on the Tower Records label.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: The arrangement is a modular dirge in the key of E minor built on a descending chromatic bass line alternating between the 3rd (E-G-F#-F-E) and the 7th (E-D-C#-C-B). Holmes' singing has been described as "pained", and the lyrics ("you're out to get me/you're on the right track") and ("I'm being abused/I'm better off dead"), coupled with the arrangement led some people to think the song was about a bad acid trip. However, Holmes said it was a song about a girl.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: In August 1967, Holmes opened for the Yardbirds at a Greenwich Village gig in New York. According to Holmes, "That was the infamous moment of my life when 'Dazed and Confused' fell into the loving arms and hands of Jimmy Page." He was aware of the song appearing on Led Zeppelin's eponymous debut album less than two years later, but did not take any action at the time. In the early 1980s, he wrote to the group and asked for a co-credit, but received no reply.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: In June 2010, Holmes sued Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page for copyright infringement, claiming to be the author of "Dazed and Confused" In court documents, he cited a 1967 copyright registration for the song, which was renewed in 1995. The case was "dismissed with prejudice" on January 17, 2012, after the parties reached an undisclosed settlement out of court.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: By late 1966, English rock group the Yardbirds had moved away from recording hit singles towards regular touring. In July 1967, they began their second tour of the US as a quartet, with Jimmy Page as the sole guitarist. The group performed at more countercultural venues, such as the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco. Their sets became more varied with extended medleys and featured guitar instrumentals by Page, such as "White Summer" and "Glimpses".


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: On August 25, 1967, the group headlined at the Village Theater in New York City, with opening acts the Youngbloods and Jake Holmes. Yardbirds drummer Jim McCarty was the only Yardbird to catch Holmes' performance. He liked "Dazed and Confused" and bought the album the next day, subsequently playing it to the rest of the band. They reworked the song, focusing the arrangements based on the descending bass line. Page added additional guitar riffs in the middle of the song.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: The Yardbirds began to develop a new arrangement for "Dazed and Confused" while still on tour in the U.S. Holmes' brooding atmosphere and descending bass line were retained, as well as most of the lyrics. Page doubled the bass line, echoing Holmes' live performances with two acoustic guitarists. However, propelled by drums and an overdriven Fender Telecaster, the song quickly took on a new, distinctly non-folk sound.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: Singer Keith Relf initially followed Holmes' verses, but later often changed the order or mixed lines from different verses. Led Zeppelin biographer Mick Wall feels that Relf only "slightly altered" the lyrics, while Page biographer Martin Power credits Relf with "writing new lyrics". Yardbirds chronicler Greg Russo describes that gradually the song "moved from Holmes' original lyrics to an alternate set of lyrics that combined words from Jake Holmes and Keith Relf."


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: The Yardbirds' major innovations were the instrumental breaks and an extended instrumental middle section. Writer-educator Susan Fast describes the breaks, appearing between the verses and after Page's solo, as "a detail that contributes significantly to the drama of the piece, creating enormous tension at the end of each verse before moving on to the next.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: It begins with a bowed electric guitar phrasings by Page, answered by vocal and harmonica interjections by Relf. Page attributed the idea of using a violin bow on the guitar to a suggestion from violinist David McCallum, Sr., whom he met in his pre-Yardbirds days as a session musician. The bowed section gives way to Page's riff-laden guitar solo, propelled by a bass ostinato and fast driving 4/4-meter. The song returns to the slow tempo 12/8 verse structure before the coda. The Yardbirds' new arrangement, contributed by the four members, soon amounted to a major reworking of Holmes' original piece. Bassist Chris Dreja later said, "We found it, arranged it and played it. In a way, it was a great epitaph, because we were feeling very dazed and confused about what the hell was going on!"


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: "Dazed and Confused" was a regular part of the Yardbirds' performances during their final tours in 1967 and 1968. The song debuted during their short US tour in late 1967, which included a date at the Village Theater. When they returned to England, the group performed a nine-minute version in January 1968, around the time the full quartet recorded their last single, "Think About It". On March 5–6, the Yardbirds performed "Dazed and Confused" for BBC Radio. In his Led Zeppelin biography "When Giants Walked the Earth", Wall notes that the relatively concise 5:48 version "sounds almost identical musically to the number Page would take credit for on the first Zeppelin album". (Led Zeppelin's studio version lasts 6:28.) Another short (5:46) performance was filmed by French television on March 9 for "Bouton Rouge". AllMusic critic Bruce Eder notes it "comes off much better than the official Anderson Theater version from later the same month."


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: On March 28, 1968, the Yardbirds returned to New York to begin their final US tour. Before their March 30 concert at the Anderson Theater, representatives from Epic Records, the group's American label, informed them that it was going to be recorded for a live album. The group felt that it was not sufficiently prepared, but proceeded, with "Dazed and Confused" as their third number. Disappointed with the playbacks, the Yardbirds rejected any idea of releasing the recordings as a live album. However, after Page's rise to fame in Led Zeppelin, Epic released the album in 1971, with "Dazed and Confused" retitled "I'm Confused" (with no composer credit or performance rights organization). (Within a week, Page responded with an injunction, which prevented further sales of the album.) Although the recording and the group's performance is a bit rough, in a review Eder singled out the song as "something new, a slow blues as dark, forbidding, and intense as anything that the band ever cut – it showed where Page, if not his band, was heading." In 2017, Page remixed the Anderson Theater recordings and the song (with the correct title) was issued on "Yardbirds '68".


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: The Yardbirds never attempted to record the piece in the studio. However, Page used an abbreviated version of his guitar solo from "Dazed and Confused" for the middle-section guitar solo of "Think About It".


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: Several live recordings of "Dazed and Confused" are in release. If the song was introduced, it was announced as "Dazed and Confused" – it is unknown why Epic re-titled it "I'm Confused".


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: When the Yardbirds disbanded in 1968, Page planned to record the song in the studio with the successor group he had assembled that summer. According to Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones, the first time he heard the song was at the band's first rehearsal session at Gerrard Street in London, in 1968: "Jimmy played us the riffs at the first rehearsal and said, 'This is a number I want us to do'." The future Led Zeppelin recorded their version in October 1968 at Olympic Studios, London, and the song was included on their debut album "Led Zeppelin" (1969). "Dazed and Confused" was the second song recorded at the Olympic sessions.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: The group recorded the song in two takes. Page played a Telecaster and violin bow as he had performed it with the Yardbirds. Singer Robert Plant wrote a new set of bluesier lyrics, according to Page, though Plant is not credited on the album, due to contractual obligations to Chrysalis Records. Plant's vocal is raw and powerful, delivered with "unrelenting passion." Other than the lyrics and vocal, the song remained very similar to that performed by the Yardbirds earlier that year.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: As of 2002, the 1969 promotional EP using "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You" as the A-side track and "Dazed and Confused" as B-side had been one of top ten Led Zeppelin music collectibles. A collector Rick Barrett, dedicated to his Led Zeppelin memorabilia, sold several copies of the promo EP for –500 each, "depending on the condition of the sleeve and of the record itself," said Barrett.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: In June 2010, Holmes filed a lawsuit in United States District Court, alleging copyright infringement and naming Page as a co-defendant. The suit was "dismissed with prejudice" on January 17, 2012, after an undisclosed settlement between Page and Holmes was reached out of court in the fall of 2011. Subsequent Led Zeppelin albums, such as "Celebration Day" (2012) and the remastered and deluxe editions of the group's debut album (2014), expanded the songwriter's credit for "Dazed and Confused" to "By Page – Inspired by Jake Holmes."


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: "Dazed and Confused" was the most regularly performed song by Led Zeppelin, appearing at over 400 concerts. It was played on every tour up to and including their 1975 shows at Earls Court. It was greatly expanded to include more improvisation, including short portions of other songs, and live performances could be as long as at least 30 minutes. It was subsequently removed from their live set, although Page continued to perform parts of the bowed guitar segment during solo spots on subsequent tours, as preludes to "Achilles Last Stand" (1977 tour) and "In the Evening" (Knebworth 1979 and Tour Over Europe 1980). It was part of the group's set at the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert on December 10, 2007.


title: Dazed and Confused (song)

text: A live version of "Dazed and Confused" recorded July 1973 at New York's Madison Square Garden was featured in the 1976 Led Zeppelin concert film "The Song Remains the Same". Other live recordings are found on the following official releases:


title: Langerhans cell

text: A Langerhans cell (LC) is a tissue-resident macrophage of the skin. These cells contain organelles called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis and are most prominent in the stratum spinosum. They also occur in the papillary dermis, particularly around blood vessels, as well as in the mucosa of the mouth, foreskin, and vaginal epithelium. They can be found in other tissues, such as lymph nodes, particularly in association with the condition Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).


title: Langerhans cell

text: In skin infections, the local Langerhans cells take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.


title: Langerhans cell

text: Generally, tissue-resident macrophages are involved in immune homeostasis and the uptake of apoptotic bodies. However, Langerhans cells can also take on a dendritic cell-like phenotype and migrate to lymph nodes to interact with naive T-cells.


title: Langerhans cell

text: Langerhans cells derive from primitive erythro-myeloid progenitors that arise in the yolk sac outside the embryo in the first trimester of pregnancy, and under normal circumstances persist throughout life, being replenished by local proliferation as necessary. If the skin becomes severely inflamed, perhaps because of infection, blood monocytes are recruited to the affected region and differentiate into replacement LCs.


title: Langerhans cell

text: In the rare disease Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), an excess of cells similar to these cells are produced. However LCH cells stain positive to CD14 which is a monocyte marker and shows a different, hematopoietic origin for the disorder. LCH can cause damage to skin, bone and other organs.


title: Langerhans cell

text: Langerhans cells may be initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of HIV, and may be a target, reservoir, and vector of dissemination.


title: Langerhans cell

text: Langerhans cells have been observed in foreskin, vaginal, and oral mucosa of humans; the lower concentrations in oral mucosa suggest that it is not a likely source of HIV infection relative to foreskin and vaginal mucosa.


title: Langerhans cell

text: High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) are sexually transmitted viruses causally associated with several cancers including cervical, vaginal, anal, and head and neck cancers that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over half of all cervical cancer cases are associated with HPV16, the most common of the cancer-causing high-risk genotypes. During its natural life cycle, HPV16 infects the basal cells of the epithelium and interacts with Langerhans cells within the epithelial layer, which are responsible for initiating immune responses against epithelial invading pathogens. However, HPV does not activate Langerhans cells "in vitro", and this may represent a key mechanism by which HPV evades immune detection "in vivo". Specifically, HPV16 entry into Langerhans cells via the annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer results in suppressive signaling and lack of Langerhans cell-mediated immune responses. This Langerhans cell-targeted immune escape mechanism seems to be conserved among different HPV genotypes enabling these viruses to remain undetected in the absence of other inflammatory events. T cells exposed to these inactivated Langerhans cells are not anergic, and can be activated against HPV upon receiving the appropriate stimuli at a later time point.


title: Langerhans cell

text: It was demonstrated that Langerhans cells in HPV-induced cervical lesions were spherical, lacked dendrites, and secreted the suppressive cytokine IL-10 "in vivo". The authors further demonstrated that the number of IL-10 secreting immunosuppressive Langerhans cells, and the amount of IL-10 produced in lesions, corresponded with the severity of histopathology and HPV viral load, providing evidence of an active immunosuppressive mechanism employed by HPV that targets Langerhans cells "in vivo".


title: Langerhans cell

text: Langerhans cells are also the initial target of the virus that causes dengue fever during its development.


title: Langerhans cell

text: During ageing the capacity of Langerhans cells to migrate declines. This compromises immunity and exposes the skin to infectious diseases and cancer.


title: Langerhans cell

text: Langerhans cells are named after Paul Langerhans, a German physician and anatomist, who discovered the cells at the age of 21 while he was a medical student. Because of their dendrite-like appearance, he mistakenly identified the cells as part of the nervous system.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: General elections were held in Nepal in two phases on 26 November and 7 December 2017 to elect the 275 members of the fifth House of Representatives, the lower house of the Federal Parliament of Nepal. The election was held alongside the first provincial elections for the seven provincial assemblies. A political deadlock between the governing Nepali Congress and the winning left-wing coalition over the system used to elect the upper house led to delay in forming the new government. Following the announcement of final result by the Election Commission, K.P. Oli of Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) was sworn in as Prime Minister on 15 February 2018 by the President according to Article 76 (2) of the constitution. He passed a Motion of Confidence on 11 March 2018 with 208 votes.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: The previous House of Representatives, elected in May 1999, was dissolved by King Gyanendra on advice of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba in May 2002 in order to hold new elections. Elections could not take place due to the ongoing civil war which eventually led King Gyanendra to stage a royal coup in February 2005 after dismissing four Prime Ministers. Following the democracy movement of 2006, the King reinstated the earlier legislature. On 15 January 2007, the House of Representatives was replaced by an Interim Legislature. The Interim Legislature consisted both of members appointed by an agreement between the Seven Party Alliance and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: The Interim Legislature was followed by the first Constituent Assembly whose task was to form a new constitution. The failure of the assembly to write a constitution within the stipulated time led to the formation of the second Constituent Assembly which approved the Constitution of Nepal on 20 September 2015. After the promulgation of constitution, the second Constituent Assembly was converted into a unitary Legislature Parliament. The constitution set the tenure of the Legislature Parliament until 21 January 2018 or the date of filing of nomination for the House of Representatives, whichever is earlier. Per this provision, the tenure of the Legislature Parliament ended on 14 October 2017.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: A five-member Constituency Delineation Commission was formed under the chairmanship of former Supreme Court Justice Kamal Narayan Das to redraw the constituency boundaries to 165, a reduction from the 240 used in the 2013 elections. It submitted its report to the government on 30 August 2017. The boundaries set by this commission will remain unchanged for the next 20 years as per Article 286 (12).


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: The 275 members of the legislature were elected by two methods; 165 were elected from single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting and 110 seats were elected by closed list proportional representation from a single nationwide constituency. Each voter received separate ballot papers for the two methods. A party or electoral alliance had to pass the election threshold of 3% of the overall valid vote to be allocated a seat under the proportional method.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: Nepal uses the Sainte-Laguë method to allocate proportional seats. Typically, the divisors under this system include all odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7...). But in Nepal, the first divisor is 1.4, rather than 1. This is intended to make it difficult for smaller parties to get a single seat "too cheaply" as the system benefits smaller parties at the expense of larger ones.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: A total of 88 parties were granted ballot access under the proportional system. However, only 49 parties submitted list of proportional candidates.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: A left alliance comprising the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) and the Naya Shakti Party was announced with party unification to follow after the elections. However, Naya Shakti Party left the alliance after its coordinator Baburam Bhattarai was not guaranteed an election ticket from his preferred constituency of Gorkha. He subsequently switched alliances in Gorkha. Other leftist parties like Rastriya Janamorcha and Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) had also joined this alliance in some constituencies.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: An alliance consisting of the center-left Nepali Congress, the Rastriya Prajatanra Party, the Rastriya Prajatanra Party (Democratic), Naya Shakti Party, Nepal and two Madhesh based parties, Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal and Rastriya Janata Party Nepal, was formed as a response to this left alliance. Rastriya Prajatantra Party allied with the left parties to defeat Nepali Congress candidate former Home Minister Krishna Prasad Sitaula in Jhapa-3. Later two Madhesh based parties, Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal and Rastriya Janata Party Nepal left the alliance due to differences on seat sharing.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: After two Madhesh based parties, Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal and Rastriya Janata Party Nepal left the alliance due to differences on seat sharing, they formed an alliance on their own and fielded in elections.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: Before the final phase of the election, starting 5 December, the border with India was closed at 22 points. There have been over a hundred minor and major explosions in the run up to the elections targeting election assemblies and leaders. A temporary police was killed in Dang from an explosion at an event attended by the Prime Minister. Nepali Congress candidate Narayan Karki was injured in a targeted explosion to his vehicle in Udayapur while 11 people including former Health Minister Gagan Thapa were injured from an explosion in Kathmandu.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: Five parties, CPN (Unified Marxist-Leninst), Nepali Congress, CPN (Maoist Centre), Rastriya Janata Party and Federal Socialist Forum, won at least one seat in first-past-the-post voting and crossed the three percent in proportional voting and were represented in the parliament. Rastriya Prajatantra Party, Naya Shakti Party, Rastriya Janamorcha and Nepal Workers Peasants Party did not reach the three percent threshold in proportional voting and were represented as independents in the parliament.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: These losses were mainly the result of formation of left alliance between CPN(UML) and CPN(Maoist Centre) which led to set back of Democratic alliance in the hill region. Similarly, FSF-N and RJP-N formed a pro-Madhesh alliance which led to its set back in Province no 2 which had remained fertile and for Congress in last decades ever since 1940's. The communist alliance later formed Nepal Communist Party while the Madhesh alliance changed to People's Socialist Party, Nepal. Both of these parties faced spit in 2021 as before due to difference in vision and ideologies.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: Still, these alliances resulted in the loss of the Nepali Congress which obtained highest number of votes in FPTP, gaining nearly 36% votes cast.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: In spite of this, the result went against Nepali Congress and they could not win any more than 23 seats, making it the third largest party per FPTP results. As such, many sitting ministers had to lose their seats.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: Surprisingly, Bam Dev Gautam and Narayan Kaji Shrestha lost their elections even though the Communist alliance nearly obtained a majority.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: The governing Nepali Congress preferred the upper house to be elected by Single Transferable Voting System while the left parties preferred majority vote. Lack of consensus meant the Legislature Parliament disbanded on 14 October, as required by the constitution, without approving National Assembly Election Bill which included provisions to elect members of the upper house.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: According to Article 84 (8) of the Constitution of Nepal, at least one third of the total number of members elected to the Federal Parliament from each party must be women. Citing this provision, the Election Commission withheld announcing final results as the number of women each party needs to submit from their respective party lists could not be determined until the number of women in the upper house from each party was confirmed.


title: 2017 Nepalese general election

text: The government sent the National Assembly Election Ordinance to the President on 23 October 2017 with the provision that the upper house be elected using Single Transferable Voting System. The ordinance was held by the president for two months citing lack of consensus, but was ultimately approved on 29 December 2017. Another delay occurred because the electoral college for the election of the upper house includes members of the State Assemblies who, due to the absence of Chiefs of State, had not been able to take the oath of office until late January.


title: Chase Edmonds

text: Chase Edmonds (born April 13, 1996) is an American football running back for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Fordham and was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the fourth round of the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Chase Edmonds

text: Edmonds grew up in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and graduated from Central Dauphin East High School, where he played basketball and football for the Panthers. As a senior, Edmonds accumulated 2,378 total yards and 25 touchdowns, including 1,984 rushing yards and was a consensus All-State selection. He was selected to play in the Big 33 Football Classic and was named the game's Most Valuable Player.


title: Chase Edmonds

text: Edmonds played for Fordham from 2014 to 2017. As a freshman, Edmonds played in 14 games rushing for 1838 yards on 294 attempts for 23 touchdowns with an average of 6.3 yards per carry, and received for 121 yards on 19 attempts for one touchdown. During his freshman season, he won the 2014 Jerry Rice Award winner and the NCAA FCS Rookie of the Year. In his sophomore season, Edmonds played in 12 games had 1,648 yards for 251 attempts and had 20 touchdowns along with five receiving touchdowns. In his junior year, Edmonds played in 11 games rushing for 1,799 yards on 257 attempts and had 19 touchdowns with 1 receiving touchdown. Against Lafayette, Edmonds set an FCS record by averaging 21.1 yards per carry (359 yards on 17 carries). In his final season with the Rams, Edmonds was injured and only played in seven games, rushing for 577 yards on 136 attempts with five touchdowns. Against Holy Cross, Edmonds set the Patriot League career rushing record. Edmonds finished his college career ranked fifth in NCAA FCS history with 5,862 career rushing yards.


title: Chase Edmonds

text: Edmonds was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the fourth round (134th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. On May 11, 2018, he signed his rookie contract.


title: Chase Edmonds

text: Edmonds made his NFL debut on September 9, 2018 in a 24–6 loss to the Washington Redskins, rushing four times for 24 yards and catching four passes for 24 yards. Edmonds scored his first two professional touchdowns on December 2, 2018 in a 20-17 win over the Green Bay Packers. Overall, he finished his rookie season with 60 carries for 208 yards and two touchdowns.


title: Chase Edmonds

text: During Week 7 against the New York Giants, Edmonds posted his first career 100+-yard game as he finished with 126 rushing yards with three touchdowns, helping the Cardinals win 27-21. Overall, in the 2019 season, Edmonds finished with 303 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns to go along with 12 receptions for 105 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown.


title: Chase Edmonds

text: In Week 7 against the Seattle Seahawks, Edmonds recorded 145 yards from scrimmage during the 37–34 overtime win. Edmonds finished the season appearing in sixteen games and starting in two with 97 rushing attempts for 448 yards and one rushing touchdown, and 53 receptions for 402 yards and four receiving touchdowns as well as 18 kick returns for 417 yards, the longest being 54 yards and the average being 23 yards.


title: Chase Edmonds

text: Edmonds entered the 2021 season as the Cardinals starting running back for the first time of his career, ahead of free agent signee James Conner. He started the first nine games before suffering a high ankle sprain in Week 9. He was placed on injured reserve on November 13, 2021. He was activated on December 18. He finished the season second on the team behind Conner with a career-high 592 rushing yards and two touchdowns along with 43 catches for 311 yards.


title: Chase Edmonds

text: On November 1, 2022, the Dolphins traded Edmonds along with a 2023 first-round pick and a 2024 fourth-round pick to the Denver Broncos in exchange for outside linebacker Bradley Chubb and a 2025 fifth-round pick. He suffered a high ankle sprain in Week 11 and was placed on injured reserve on November 22.


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: Satyagraha is a 2013 Indian Hindi-language political drama film directed by Prakash Jha starring Amitabh Bachchan, Ajay Devgn, Kareena Kapoor, Arjun Rampal, Amrita Rao, Manoj Bajpayee, and Vipin Sharma in the lead roles. The first look of the film was released on 10 September 2012. "Satyagraha" was released on 30 August 2013, although it released in the UAE one day before on 29 August. The teaser was released online on 30 May 2013 and theatrically attached with "Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani".


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: Retired teacher and ex-principal Dwarka Anand (Amitabh Bachchan) in Ambikapur is an idealistic man who lives with his engineer son Akhilesh and daughter-in-law Sumitra. Akhilesh's friend Manav (Ajay Devgn) is an ambitious capitalist. Manav cherishes his friend Akhilesh (Indraneil Sengupta) who suddenly dies in a road accident maliciously conducted by Sangram Singh, brother of India's minister Minister Balram Singh (Manoj Bajpayee), who, unknown to all of India, is the mastermind behind Akhilesh's murder. Balram Singh announces compensation, which Akhilesh's wife Sumitra (Amrita Rao) cannot get in spite of submitting daily applications in the government office. Incensed, Dwarka slaps the DM and is imprisoned. Manav starts a campaign to free him, using social media, roping in Arjun Singh (Arjun Rampal) and journalist Yasmin (Kareena Kapoor). As hopeful students, hungry laborers and angry middle-class citizens join in the agitation, politicians start panicking. Eventually, Dwarka Anand gets freedom after the DM takes his complaint back upon pressure from Balram Singh.


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: Dwarka Anand gives a notice of 30 days to the government to clear all pending claims in the entire district. After a series of dramatic events, he sits on hunger strike and asks the government to bring ordinance in the district. Meanwhile, Lal Bahadur, a youth, commits suicide to support the agitation. During his cortege, four policemen brutally get killed by the mob. Soon after this, riots break out, forcing Balram Singh to send paramilitary force. His henchman shoot Dwarka Anand who dies in Manav's lap, requesting the public to stop the riots. Balram Singh is then caught by the police. Manav and Arjun decide to construct a regional party to eliminate corruption and reconstruct the system for the common welfare.


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: The story starring Amitabh Bachchan, based on social activist Anna Hazare, was shot mainly in Bhopal and New Delhi. The hi-tech news studio set was built in Bhopal as it offered more space. Ralegan Siddhi (village of Anna Hazare), a village in Maharashtra with a population of 2,500 people, was one of the main shooting locations. Bachchan plays a man who is a firm believer of truth, akin to a new age Gandhi, while Ajay plays an ambitious entrepreneur who represents the philosophy of modern India. Manoj Bajpayee plays the role of a wily politician who uses every means to break the system.


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: Shooting of "Satyagraha" began in February 2013 in Bhopal. After that, the production unit headed to Ralegan Siddhi. Amitabh Bachchan stayed at the heritage Noor-Us-Sabah Palace Hotel, whose Gauhar Taj suite was being renovated. "Satyagraha" was also shot at the IES College campus, Bhopal. It was speculated that the film more than just touches upon the 2G spectrum case that rocked the nation. Prakash Jha had a small presence in the film.


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: The soundtrack of "Satyagraha" is composed by Salim–Sulaiman, Aadesh Shrivastava, Indian Ocean and Meet Bros Anjan, while the lyrics penned by Prasoon Joshi. It was released on 30 July 2013.


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: "Satyagraha" released on 30 August 2013 on more than 2,700 screens in India and occupied many multiplex screens in place of "Madras Cafe". The film was submitted for Censor certification on 8 August 2013. The film released in the UAE on 29 August 2013. "Satyagraha" received a 12A certificate by British censors on 23 August 2013; it was awarded an M certificate by Australian censors on 27 August.


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: A book titled "Satyagraha - The Story Behind Revolution" was released on 27 August by Prakash Jha, Arjun Rampal and Kareena Kapoor. The book, penned by writer Pooja Verma and published by Om Books International and priced at , was released on 1 September 2013. The book tells the story of the development of the film. Ajay Devgn and Prakash Jha promoted "Satyagraha" on "Comedy Nights with Kapil". The star cast also promototed the show on various news channels like Aaj Tak, Zee News, ABP News, Times Now, CNN IBN, etc. The film was promoted in Mumbai and Delhi.


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: A social action group, the Bhopal Citizens Forum (BCF) objected to the laying of a tar road and construction of a makeshift market at the historic 19th century Benazir Palace, the location of "Satyagraha". The issue caught the attention of the National Monuments Authority (NMA) as well. Benazir Palace grounds come under the Gandhi Medical College (GMC, Bhopal). The palace itself, not a protected monument, is held by the public works department (PWD). On 28 August 2013, Bombay High Court refused to stay the film's exhibition while hearing a suit filed by a producer claiming he was the original copyright owner of the movie's title. The plea was to stop release of the film "Satyagraha" and sue for damages worth .


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated it 4 out of 5 stars and stated that the film is an all-engrossing, compelling drama that mirrors the reality around us. Ankit Ojha of Planet Bollywood gave 4 stars (out of 10), stating that, ""Satyagraha" is suitable only for those who can ignore the film's many faults for its message. That in itself is going to be a major task for the audience to live up to." Srijana Mitra Das of "The Times of India" gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that ""Satyagraha" deserves an extra half-star for capturing corruption from root to branch." "India Today" gave it 4 out of 5 stars and summarised that "Satyagraha" is "a timely wakeup call for a wounded nation". Subhash K. Jha also gave it 4 out 5. Joginder Tuteja gave it 4 out of 5 stars. Neha Gupta of the "Deccan Herald" gave the film 4 stars and stated that "Satyagraha" conveys the uncontrollable anger and energy of a nation on the brink.


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: Koimoi gave it 2.5 stars and judged that the film is a well-intentioned social drama. Prathamesh Jadhav of DNA gave it 2.5 stars and concluded that it is a "predictable story spoon-fed with sincerity." Sarita Tanwar of DNA India gave 2.5 stars and stated that "Satyagraha" is a bad script with good actors. Saurabh Dwivedi of "India Today" gave it 2 stars and remarked that "despite choosing a hard-hitting topic other directors have managed to side step, Prakash Jha's "Satyagraha" was lacking and managed to land right on top of a pile of weak stories." Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave it 2 out 5 and opined that in "Satyagraha", "Jha effectively meshes the urban angst witnessed on social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook with the ground realities of India's heartland, but the plot subsequently loses its way." Anupama Chopra gave it 2 stars and felt that the impact is diluted by a plot that "lurches from one event to the next without giving us anything new". Resham Sengar of Zee News gave it 2 out of 5 stars and wrote that "Satyagraha" is a mission left unaccomplished. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave it 2.5 out 5, stating that parts of "Satyagraha" make perfect sense but, on the whole, "it never comes close to clicking into top gear. It leaves you more disappointed than angry."


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: Khalid Mohamed of the "Deccan Chronicle" awarded it 2 stars and said that it offers nothing new either by way of content or style.


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: Paloma Sharma of" Rediff.com" she gave the film 3 stars and stated that "Prakash Jha's much-awaited political thriller, "Satyagraha" has a heart of gold." She adds the story "attempts to speak about important issues but ends up over-simplifying them. Nevertheless, it is a good attempt." Prasanna D Zore of "Rediff.com" gave it 3 star and stated that Prakash Jha's "Satyagraha" is a terrible hodgepodge of Arakshan, Rajneeti and Gangaajal.


title: Satyagraha (film)

text: "Satyagraha" opened to an Average occupancy of around 40%. It collected around nett on its first day. The movie was declared a "flop" by boxofficeindia.com.


title: Teaching hospital

text: A teaching hospital is a hospital or medical centre that provides medical education and training to future and current health professionals. Teaching hospitals are almost always affiliated with one or more universities and are often co-located with medical schools.


title: Teaching hospital

text: Teaching hospitals use a residency program to educate qualified physicians, podiatrists, dentists, and pharmacists who are receiving training after attaining the degree of MD, DPM, DDS, DMD, PharmD, DO, BDS, BDent, MBBS, MBChB, or BMed. Those that attend a teaching hospital or clinic would practice medicine under the direct or indirect supervision of a senior medical clinician registered in that specialty, such as an attending physician or consultant. The purpose of these residency programs is to create an environment where new doctors can learn to practice medicine in a safe setting which is supervised by physicians that provide both oversight and education.


title: Teaching hospital

text: The first teaching hospital where students were authorized to methodically practice on patients under the supervision of physicians, was reportedly the Academy of Gundishapur in the Persian Empire during the Sassanid era. Some of the earliest teaching hospitals were the Islamic Bimaristans, which included the Al-Adudi Hospital founded in Baghdad in 981 and the Al-Fustat Hospital in Cairo founded in 872.


title: Teaching hospital

text: Many teaching hospitals and medical centers are known for the medical research that is performed in their hospitals. Close association with medical colleges and universities enhances the research programs at teaching hospitals. Some of the more notable teaching hospitals include the following:


title: Teaching hospital

text: The Algerian Ministry of Health, Population and Hospital Reform maintains 15 public university teaching hospital centres (French: "Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire" or CHU) with 13,755 beds and one public university hospital (EHU) with 773 beds.


title: Teaching hospital

text: Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital became a teaching hospital in the 1990s, and offers a 6-year MBBS degree.


title: Teaching hospital

text: Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital is a teaching hospital affiliated with the University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, and is the third-largest hospital in the world. Another academic hospital, University of Cape Town's Groote Schuur Hospital, was the site of the first human-to-human heart transplant.


title: Teaching hospital

text: Aga Khan University Hospital (Aga Khan Hospital and Medical College) is a 721-bed teaching hospital that trains doctors and hospital administrators with support from American and Canadian universities. The hospital also coordinates a network of over 100 health care units primarily in rural or remote areas.


title: Teaching hospital

text: In France, the teaching hospitals are called CHU ("Centre hospitalier universitaire"). They are regional hospitals with an agreement within a university, or possibly several universities. A part of the medical staff are both medical practitioners and teachers under the two institutions agreement, and receive dual compensation.


title: Teaching hospital

text: There are at least one per French administrative region. In the city of Paris and its suburbs, it is the local public hospital system called Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) which has an agreement with the universities of Paris 5, Paris 6, Paris 7, Paris 11, Paris 12 and Paris 13. However, it is divided into small groups of hospitals and universities which are commonly called CHU as if they were separate CHU.


title: Teaching hospital

text: There are 32 teaching hospitals in France. Amongst these are 30 University hospitals and only two Regional teaching hospitals.


title: Teaching hospital

text: The first teaching hospital in the United States was founded at the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania) in 1765, when medical students at the college began taking bedside instruction at the Pennsylvania Hospital (an institution that predated the medical school by several years). Following that were King's College of New York in 1768, Harvard University in 1783, Dartmouth College in 1798, and Yale University in 1810 to begin the history of notable university-affiliated teaching hospitals in America.


title: Teaching hospital

text: Teaching hospitals rose to prevalence in the United States beginning the early 1900s and they largely resembled those established by Johns Hopkins University, the University of Pennsylvania and the Lakeside Hospital in Cleveland. The hospitals that followed the example of these universities were all very large, technologically sophisticated and aimed to have a global impact through both patient care and scientific research. Additionally, these hospitals had large patient bases, an abundant financial resources, and renowned physicians, advisors and staff. Many of the medical schools that ensued the prospect of being associated to a nearby hospital tended to be private institutions that received philanthropic support.


title: Teaching hospital

text: While some funding comes from Medicaid for the GME process, teaching hospitals must consider paying residents and fellows within their budgets. These additional costs vary between hospitals based on funding by Medicaid and their general salary for residents and fellows. Despite these costs, they are often offset by the prices of procedures which are elevated in comparison to most non-teaching hospitals. Teaching hospitals often justify this additional cost factor by boasting that their quality of care rises above non-teaching hospitals, or ensuring the patient that they are improving medicine of the future by having their procedure done with medical trainees present.


title: Teaching hospital

text: According to the Medical Journal of Australia, Australian teaching hospitals typically receive less funding for research than they do in similarly-situated countries. The late 1800s and early 1900s saw several attempts at instituting a teaching hospital to be affiliated with a medical school, but plans fell through until 1928, when Royal Prince Alfred Hospital became Australia's first teaching hospital, to educate students of the University of Sydney.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: It remains a difficult medical challenge to prevent the sudden cardiac death of athletes, typically defined as natural, unexpected death from cardiac arrest within one hour of the onset of collapse symptoms, excluding additional time on mechanical life support. (Wider definitions of sudden death are also in use, but not usually applied to the athletic situation.) Most causes relate to congenital or acquired cardiovascular disease with no symptoms noted before the fatal event. The prevalence of any single, associated condition is low, probably less than 0.3% of the population in the athletes' age group, and the sensitivity and specificity of common screening tests leave much to be desired. The single most important predictor is fainting or near-fainting during exercise, which should require detailed explanation and investigation. The victims include many well-known names, especially in professional soccer, and close relatives are often at risk for similar cardiac problems.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: The sudden cardiac deaths of 12 young American athletes (under age 35) were analyzed in a 2003 medical review:


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: While most causes of sudden cardiac death relate to congenital or acquired cardiovascular disease, an exception is commotio cordis, in which the heart is structurally normal but a potentially fatal loss of rhythm occurs because of the accident of timing of a blow to the chest. Its fatality rate is about 65% even with prompt CPR and defibrillation, and more than 80% without.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: Age 35 serves as an approximate borderline for the likely cause of sudden cardiac death. Before age 35, congenital abnormalities of the heart and blood vessels predominate. These are usually asymptomatic prior to the fatal event, although not invariably so. Congenital cardiovascular deaths are reported to occur disproportionately in African-American athletes.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: After age 35, acquired coronary artery disease predominates (80%), and this is true regardless of the athlete's former level of fitness.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: Various performance-enhancing drugs can increase cardiac risk, though evidence has been inconclusive about their involvement in sudden cardiac deaths.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: Cardiomyopathies are generally inherited as autosomal dominants, although recessive forms have been described, and dilated cardiomyopathy can also be inherited in an X-linked pattern. Consequently, in addition to tragedy involving an athlete who succumbs, there are medical implications for close relatives. Among family members of index cases, more than 300 causative mutations have been identified. However, not all mutations have the same potential for severe outcomes, and there is not yet a clear understanding of how these mutations (which affect the same myosin protein molecule) can lead to the dramatically different clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: Since HCM, as an example, is typically an autosomal dominant trait, each child of an HCM parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. In individuals without a family history, the most common cause of the disease is a "de novo" mutation of the gene that produces the β-myosin heavy chain.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: Sudden cardiac death can usually be attributed to cardiovascular disease or commotio cordis, but about 20% of cases show no obvious cause and remain undiagnosed after autopsy. Interest in these "autopsy-negative" deaths has centered around the "ion channelopathies". These electrolyte channels are pores regulating the movement of sodium, potassium and calcium ions into cardiac cells, collectively responsible for creating and controlling the electrical signals that govern the heart's rhythm. Abnormalities in this system occur in relatively rare genetic diseases such as Long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, all associated with sudden death. Consequently, autopsy-negative sudden cardiac deaths (no physical abnormalities identified) may comprise a larger part of the channelopathies than previously anticipated.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: Heritable connective tissue diseases are rare, each disorder estimated at one to ten per 100,000, of which Marfan syndrome is the most common. It is carried by the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15, which encodes the connective protein fibrillin-1, inherited as a dominant trait. This protein is essential for synthesis and maintenance of elastic fibers. Since these fibers are particularly abundant in the aorta, ligaments, and the ciliary zonules of the eye, these areas are among the worst affected. Everyone has a pair of FBN1 genes and, because transmission is dominant, those who have inherited one affected FBN1 gene from either parent will have Marfan syndrome. Although it is most frequently inherited as an autosomal dominant, there is no family history in 25% of cases.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: Recruiting practices aimed at attracting athletes who are unusually tall or who have an unusually wide arm span (characteristics of Marfan syndrome) can increase the prevalence of the syndrome within sports such as basketball and volleyball.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: After a disease-causing mutation has been identified in an index case (which is not always accomplished conclusively), the main task is genetic identification of carriers within a pedigree, a sequential process known as "cascade testing". Family members with the same mutation may show different severities of disease, a phenomenon known as "variable penetrance". As a result, some may remain asymptomatic, with little lifelong evidence of disease. Nevertheless, their children remain at risk of inheriting the disorder and potentially being more severely affected.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: Screening athletes for cardiac disease can be problematic because of low prevalence and inconclusive performance of various tests that have been used. Nevertheless, sudden death among seemingly healthy individuals attracts much public and legislator attention because of its visible and tragic nature.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: As an example, the Texas Legislature appropriated US$1 million for a pilot study of statewide athlete screening in 2007. The study employed a combination of questionnaire, examination and electrocardiography for 2,506 student athletes, followed by echocardiography for 2,051 of them, including any students with abnormal findings from the first three steps. The questionnaire alone flagged 35% of the students as potentially at risk, but there were many false positive results, with actual disease being confirmed in less than 2%. Further, a substantial number of screen-positive students declined repeated recommendations for follow-up evaluation. (Individuals who are conclusively diagnosed with cardiac disease are usually told to avoid competitive sports.) It should be stressed that this was a single pilot program, but it was indicative of the problems associated with large-scale screening, and consistent with experience in other locations with low prevalence of sudden death in athletes.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: Sudden cardiac death occurs in approximately one per 200,000 young athletes per year, usually triggered during competition or practice. The victim is usually male and associated with soccer, basketball, ice hockey, or American football, reflecting the large number of athletes participating in these sustained and strenuous sports. For a normally healthy age group, the risk appears to be particularly magnified in competitive basketball, with sudden cardiac death rates as high as one per 3,000 annually for male basketball players in NCAA Division I. This is still far below the rate for the general population, estimated as one per 1,300–1,600 and dominated by the elderly. However, a population as large as the United States will experience the sudden cardiac death of a competitive athlete at the average rate of one every three days, often with significant local media coverage heightening public attention.


title: Sudden cardiac death of athletes

text: In the United States approximately 8 to 10 deaths per year can be attributed to sudden cardiac death in NCAA with overall rate of 1 per 43,000.


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents is a nonfiction book by the American journalist Isabel Wilkerson, published in August 2020 by Random House. The book describes racism in the United States as an aspect of a caste system – a society-wide system of social stratification characterized by notions such as hierarchy, inclusion and exclusion, and purity. Wilkerson does so by comparing aspects of the experience of American people of color to the caste systems of India and Nazi Germany, and she explores the impact of caste on societies shaped by them, and their people.


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: "Caste", which followed Wilkerson's 2010 book "The Warmth of Other Suns", was met with critical acclaim and commercial success. It won or was nominated for several awards, and was featured prominently on nonfiction bestsellers lists and year-end best-books lists.


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: In "Caste", Wilkerson identifies eight "pillars of caste", or features of caste systems in various societies:


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: Wilkerson illustrates these pillars through examples from three caste systems: those of India, Nazi Germany and the United States.


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: She goes on to describe the "tentacles of caste": the various ways in which a caste system society permeates the workings of a society infected by it. These include the anxious efforts of upper-caste people to retain their superior social status even while their economic status crumbles (hence the "necessity of a bottom rung", or the perceived need to prevent lower-caste success), unconscious biases embedded in a society's culture that perpetuate the caste system, or the function of lower-caste people as scapegoats. In her view, the caste framework also helps explain the participation of lower-caste people (Jewish "kapos", Black police officers) in the oppression of their fellow caste members: caste systems self-perpetuate by rewarding those lower-caste people who comply with the system, thereby keeping the lower castes divided.


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: Wilkerson continues by describing the "consequences of caste", which degrade people of all castes. Among them are the "narcissism of caste", which makes culture revolve around and idealize the dominant caste, or the Stockholm syndrome that serves as a survival mechanism for lower-caste people but helps keep them captive, or the physiological stress experienced by lower-caste people that reduces their life expectancy. She addresses the mechanisms of backlash against attempts to transcend the caste system, as exemplified by the first lower-caste U.S. president being succeeded by one intent on reinforcing the system, and the importance of the "symbols of caste", such as swastikas or Confederate flags, to the perpetuation of the system. She concludes that societies in the grip of a caste system pay a harsh price for it: the distrust between castes translates into brutal criminal justice systems, and minimal or dysfunctional public health or social welfare systems – and as a result, a reduction in welfare for all but the most affluent, compared to other societies. In Wilkerson's view, the comparatively poor performance of the U.S. in the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the high rate at which it impacts lower-caste Americans, are one example of such effects.


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: Finally, Wilkerson asks whether a "world without caste [that] would set everyone free" can exist. She concludes that it is possible – as in the dismantlement of Nazism after World War II – but that it requires both the bravery of individuals and an enormous effort of collective will especially by the dominant caste, given how deeply caste systems, like a chronic disease, are embedded in and shape societies.


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: Wilkerson argues that the social constructs of race and caste are not synonyms, but that they "can and do coexist in the same culture and serve to reinforce each other. Race, in the United States, is the visible agent of the unseen force of caste. Caste is the bones, race the skin."


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: In October 2020, Netflix announced that it would produce a film adaptation of the book to be titled "Caste" and directed by Ava DuVernay.


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: According to the review aggregator Book Marks and its parent organization, Literary Hub, the book has received critical acclaim. Having analyzed 35 reviews of the book using their four-tier rating system, categorizing 21 as "rave", 4 as "positive", 9 as "mixed", and 1 as "pan", Literary Hub named it number one of "The Best Reviewed Nonfiction of 2020". The only negative ("pan") review recorded by the site came from Tunku Varadarajan writing for "The Wall Street Journal". The book received starred reviews in "Publishers Weekly", "The Library Journal", "Kirkus", and "Booklist", and was also reviewed by Kwame Anthony Appiah, Dwight Garner, Gillian Tett, Fatima Bhutto, Kenneth W. Mack, Sunil Khilnani, Gaiutra Bahadur, Emily Bernard, Lauren Michele Jackson, Carlo Wolff, Colin Grant, Mihir Bose, Matthew Syed, and Yashica Dutt, among others.


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: Kwame Anthony Appiah, for the cover story of "The New York Times Book Review" in August 2020, wrote that the book is "elegant and persuasive" and that it "is at once beautifully written and painful to read." Dwight Garner, in "The New York Times", described "Caste" as "an instant American classic and almost certainly the keynote nonfiction book of the American century thus far." "Publishers Weekly" called "Caste" a "powerful and extraordinarily timely social history" in its starred review of the book. The "Chicago Tribune" wrote that "Caste" was "among the year's best" books, while "The Washington Post" called the epilogue "a prayer for a country in pain, offering new directions through prophetic language".


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: Tunku Varadarajan gave the book a mixed review, writing that Wilkerson "never offers a convincing argument for why American history and society are better examined through the lens of caste than of race" and "scarcely acknowledges that modern America has made vast strides to address racism." "Time" magazine called the book a "transformative new framework through which to understand identity and injustice in America." The "New York Journal of Books" commended Wilkerson's body of work, writing, ""Caste" draws heavily on the powerful mingling of narrative, research, and visionary, sweeping insight that made Wilkerson's "The Warmth of Other Suns" the definitive contemporary study of African Americans' twentieth-century Great Migration from the Jim Crow South to northern, midwestern, and western cities. It deepens the resonance of that book (a seemingly impossible feat) by digging more explicitly into the pervasive racial hierarchy that transcends region and time."


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: Oprah Winfrey, after choosing the book for her 2020 Summer/Fall book club selection, said: "Of all the books I've chosen for book club over the decades, there isn't another that is more essential a read than this one." The book was also listed as one of Barack Obama's favorite books of 2020.


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: "Caste" honors include the 2020 Goodreads Choice Award for History & Biography and the AudioFile Earphones Award for the audiobook edition in 2020. The book was a finalist for the 2020 Kirkus Prize and was longlisted for the 2020 National Book Award for Nonfiction, the 2021 PEN/Jean Stein Book Award, and the 2021 PEN/John Kenneth Galbraith Award for Nonfiction. In December 2020, Literary Hub analyzed 41 year-end best-books lists and reported that the book was among the most recommended of the year, making fifteen of the analyzed lists. The lists include "Time", who placed "Caste" at the top of its list of the 10 Best Nonfiction Books of 2020, calling it an "electrifying work that reframes injustice and inequity in the U.S."


title: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

text: The book became a number one "New York Times" nonfiction best-seller in early November 2020 and, as of the January 10, 2021 issue, has spent 21 weeks on the combined nonfiction best sellers list. It is also a "USA Today" Best Seller, having debuted on August 13, 2020, the book peaked at number three and has spent 21 weeks on the list as of January 5, 2021. According to "Publishers Weekly", the book had sold over half a million copies by the close of 2020.


title: Athletic Bilbao signing policy

text: Since 1912, the Spanish football club Athletic Bilbao has had an unwritten rule whereby the club will only sign players who were born in the Basque Country or who learned their football skills at a Basque club. On occasion, youth players have also been invited to join due to ancestral links to the region, but no senior players have been signed based on Basque heritage alone.


title: Athletic Bilbao signing policy

text: The policy is related to Basque nationalism and has been praised as a way to promote local talent, although it has been criticised as being discriminatory.


title: Athletic Bilbao signing policy

text: With regards to coaching staff, including managerial positions, those roles are eligible for non-Basques, both from other regions in Spain and elsewhere in the world.


title: Athletic Bilbao signing policy

text: In the first decade of their existence Athletic selected English players for the team, but since 1912 they have adhered to a policy of allowing only players born in the Basque Country or who learned their football skills at a Basque club to play for them. The motto used to describe the reasoning behind it is (English: "with home-grown talent and local support, there's no need for imports").


title: Athletic Bilbao signing policy

text: In 1911 a dispute occurred between Athletic Bilbao and fellow Basque club Real Sociedad regarding the former fielding ineligible English players in the 1911 Copa del Rey; they had also employed the services of several (non-Basque) players from Atlético Madrid which was then a branch of the Bilbao club. This led to the Royal Spanish Football Federation introducing a rule for the next year's competition that all players must be Spanish citizens. As a large proportion of the players in that early era were Basque, relying on locals was no impediment to Athletic and they chose to maintain that approach even when the regulations were relaxed some years later.