title: Speech disorder

text: In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in special education programs. Children who struggle to learn to talk often experience persistent communication difficulties in addition to academic struggles. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools' special education programs in the 2000–2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or language impairment. This estimate does not include children who have speech and language impairments secondary to other conditions such as deafness". Many school districts provide the students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances.


title: Speech disorder

text: Patients will be treated in teams, depending on the type of disorder they have. A team can include speech–language pathologists, specialists, family doctors, teachers, and family members.


title: Speech disorder

text: Having a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with a speech disorder can be targets of bullying because of their disorder. This bullying can result in decreased self-esteem. Religion and culture also play a large role in the social effects of speech disorders. For example, in many African countries like Kenya cleft palates are largely considered to be caused by a curse from God. This can cause people with cleft palates to not receive care in early childhood, and end in rejection from society. For those with speech disorders, listeners reactions are often negative, which may correlate negative effects to self-esteem. It has also been shown that adults tend to view individuals with stutters in more negative ways than those without them.


title: Speech disorder

text: Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, although they are often used synonymously.


title: Speech disorder

text: Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and do not have to do with speech production.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: The Turning Point is a 1977 American drama film centered on the world of ballet in New York City, written by Arthur Laurents and directed by Herbert Ross. The film stars Shirley MacLaine and Anne Bancroft, along with Leslie Browne, Mikhail Baryshnikov, and Tom Skerritt. The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, including Best Picture. The script is a fictionalized version of the real-life Brown family and the friendship between ballerinas Isabel Mirrow Brown (whose daughter, Leslie Browne, stars in the film) and Nora Kaye.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: DeeDee Rodgers (Shirley MacLaine) leaves the ballet company after becoming pregnant by Wayne (Tom Skerritt), another dancer in the company. They marry and later move to Oklahoma City to run a dance studio. Emma Jacklin (Anne Bancroft) stays with the company and eventually becomes a prima ballerina and well-known figure in the ballet community.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: While the company is on tour and performs a show in Oklahoma City, DeeDee and the family go to see the show and then have an after-party for the company at their home. The reunion stirs up old memories and things begin to unravel.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: At the party, DeeDee's aspiring dancer/daughter, Emilia (Leslie Browne), who is also Emma's goddaughter, is invited to take class with the company the following day. After taking class with the company, Emilia is asked to join the company but she does not immediately accept the offer as she wants to think it over before making her final decision. DeeDee and Wayne decide that DeeDee should go to New York with Emilia, who is rather shy and does not make friends as easily as her younger sister. Meanwhile, their son, Ethan, gets a scholarship to the company's summer program while Wayne and their other daughter stay in Oklahoma City.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: Once in New York, they rent several rooms in Carnegie Hall with Madame Dakharova, a ballet coach. Emilia soon starts a relationship with a Russian dancer in the company, Yuri (Mikhail Baryshnikov). DeeDee runs into the former conductor of the company and has an affair with him, which causes conflict between Emilia and DeeDee. Meanwhile, Emma argues with Arnold, the choreographer, about giving her a better role in his new ballet, which he refuses and leads Emma to suggest Emilia for the role instead. It is also revealed Emma has been seeing a married man, Carter. During rehearsal, Emilia has an argument with Arnold and storms out, going to a bar and getting drunk. She then shows up for the performance that night still drunk and Emma takes care of her, angering DeeDee. Emilia suffers when she sees Yuri getting involved with another dancer, Carolyn.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: Emma and DeeDee eventually enter into major conflict. DeeDee resents that Emma dotes on Emilia, when she has criticized DeeDee for choosing family life over her career while Emma chose not to have children. DeeDee accuses Emma of telling her to get pregnant and have Wayne's baby so Emma could play the lead in "Anna Karenina", which Emma later admits is true.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: Eventually, misunderstandings are settled, with Emma and DeeDee working things out after a physical altercation. Emilia is announced as the star of the next season, and she and Yuri make up and agree to a professional partnership and nothing more. Deedee decides she is content with her life and the decision she made to leave professional ballet to have a family. Emma accepts that her performing days are numbered and she must embrace a different role within the company. DeeDee and Emma step onto the stage and reminisce together.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: A number of actresses were offered the roles of Emma and DeeDee, including Audrey Hepburn, Grace Kelly, and Doris Day.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: Bancroft had no previous dance experience, while MacLaine had started her career as a dancer of ballet and other types. She appeared on Broadway performing in the musicals "Me and Juliet" and "The Pajama Game".


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: The title "The Turning Point" is a double entendre, meaning a big change in a person's life and being on pointe.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: Isabel Mirrow Brown and Nora Kaye were childhood friends. Their parents had immigrated from Russia around the same time and they lived in the same New York City brownstone building. Kaye was a few years older than Mirrow and encouraged her to train. Nora Kaye was in a relationship with Jerome Robbins in the early 1950s, but they never married, focusing on their careers instead. Robbins was also a known bisexual.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: Isabel Mirrow danced with American Ballet Theatre from 1947 until 1953. Nora was with the company from its inception in 1939 until 1951, and later returned in a leadership role. Unlike in the film, Isabel did not get pregnant while she was with the company; however, during this time Isabel married fellow dancer Kelly Brown, who was widely sought after. Lucia Chase was the head of the company when Isabel and Nora were there.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: Kaye continued to dance in New York with other companies and became a more prominent figure in the ballet world, while Isabel had stopped performing to marry and have children. Their first child, Leslie Browne, born in 1957, was Nora Kaye's goddaughter. Kaye went on to marry director Herbert Ross in 1959. The two couples were close friends, along with Arthur Laurents. Kelly Brown, Ross, Kaye, and Laurents all worked together in the Broadway musical "I Can Get It for You Wholesale" in 1962. In his autobiography, Laurents wrote that in the 1940s he had a sexual relationship with Nora Kaye.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: In 1965, an opportunity to run a dance studio opened up, and Kelly Brown decided to move his family to Phoenix, Arizona (changed to Oklahoma City in the film). By this time he and his wife had aged out of performing. Isabel Mirrow Brown was not thrilled to leave her native New York for Arizona, and the move caused strain in their marriage. When their daughter Leslie auditioned and was accepted to train back in New York in the School of American Ballet (SAB), Isabel moved back to New York to watch over Leslie, who was still a teenager. The film depicts Isabel's experience entering back into the dance world after living in Phoenix and having four children (three in the film). In real life she eventually divorced Kelly Brown, who died in 1981 at age 52.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: While in Arizona the Browns had kept in touch with their friends Nora and Herbert. Later in the mid 1970s, a script based on the Brown family was developed by Arthur Laurents. Ross directed the film and co-produced with his wife. Ross, Laurents, and Kaye never had children and took a special interest in Leslie Browne as she grew older.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: The script was a fictionalized version of the Browns' life and the long friendship between Isabel and Nora. The fictional parts primarily concern the character Yuri, who was created as a love interest for Emilia. Originally, the ballerina Gelsey Kirkland, who was at the height of her fame at the time and dating Mikhail Baryshnikov (Yuri), was offered the role of Emilia. She rejected the role as she was dealing with substance abuse issues at the time and she "wanted no part of Hollywood". Ross then decided that Leslie Browne, who was nineteen at the time, would be able to portray a fictionalized version of herself in the film. In real life, Leslie had just joined ABT in 1976 and was experiencing the same things she portrayed on screen. Leslie had added an "e" to her last name as her stage name to sound more feminine after being mistaken as a man in a playbill.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: The script changed the family name from Brown to Rodgers, and all the first names except for their son Ethan Brown. The real-life Ethan Brown later became a soloist with American Ballet Theatre, retiring from performing in 2004; he now teaches. In real life, the Browns had another son, Kelly Brown II, who danced as a child but did not train professionally like his siblings and later became a film producer. Their other daughter, Elizabeth Brown (born 1959), was also a dancer, unlike in the film, and was accepted into SAB a year after Leslie. Nora Kaye died of cancer in 1987 at age 67. After the film, Leslie Browne went on to become a principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre in New York City from 1986 until 1993 and now teaches ballet. Her mother Isabel continued to be associated with New York ballet and died in August 2014 at the age of 86.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: Herbert Ross later directed two more dance-themed films, "Nijinsky" (1980) and "Dancers" (1987), both of which also feature Leslie Browne.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: Arthur Laurents claimed an important subplot regarding Wayne's homosexuality in the original script was cut from the film by Herbert Ross and his wife. This was the reason why Wayne's character's development does not progress steadily throughout the film.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" called the film an "entertaining new movie, an old-fashioned backstage musical transplanted to the world of ballet by three people who not only know it but also love it, sentimental clichés and all." Arthur D. Murphy of "Variety" declared it "one of the best films of this era. It's that rare example of synergy in which every key element is excellent and the ensemble is an absolute triumph." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, "In a movie year that will be remembered as the year of the science-fiction special effect, it is refreshing to see a film such as 'The Turning Point,' which offers another kind of excitement: the pleasure of following a story you can't easily anticipate." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" stated, "The performances by Bancroft and MacLaine are stunning, and both are at Academy Award level ... 'The Turning Point' is a handsome, thoughtful, well-spoken and emotionally holding piece of stylish entertainment." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" called the film "enormously appealing" and "an authentic breakthrough-throwback: a vividly enacted depiction of the conflicts between strong, capable, conscious, willful women." Pauline Kael of "The New Yorker" wrote, "As a device, the turning point (like that synthetic summer when adolescent heroes grow into men) is so mechanical it's an exposed construction ... [Laurents] writes sodden, expository dialogue in which people are forever revealing truths to each other and then explaining those truths—'The Turning Point' comes with its own footnotes."


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: The film holds a score of 63% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The consensus reads, ""The Turning Point" is a handsomely-made resuscitation of Old Hollywood melodramas with a compelling duo at its center, but the formulaic script keeps this story from realizing its symphonic potential." On Metacritic it has a score of 68% based on reviews from 10 critics.


title: The Turning Point (1977 film)

text: The film was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, but failed to win any of them. Along with "The Color Purple", it shares the record of receiving the most Oscar nominations without a single win.


title: Alec Mapa

text: Alejandro "Alec" Mapa (; born July 10, 1965) is an American actor, comedian and writer. He got his first professional break when he was cast to replace B. D. Wong for the role of Song Liling in the Broadway production of "M. Butterfly". He gained recognition for roles such as Adam Benet on "Half & Half", Suzuki St. Pierre on "Ugly Betty" and Vern on "Desperate Housewives". Mapa recurred as Renzo on "Switched at Birth".


title: Alec Mapa

text: Mapa co-hosted the Logo network reality dating game show "Transamerican Love Story" with Calpernia Addams in 2008. In 2013, he debuted in his own one-man show, "", which was made into a concert film and premiered on Showtime in 2015.


title: Alec Mapa

text: Mapa's senior year productions were "Cabaret" and "Harvey", both in which he had the lead roles. Mapa was also a champion orator in the Humorous and Dramatic Interpretation categories of Speech.


title: Alec Mapa

text: Mapa got his professional break when he was cast to understudy, and then replace B. D. Wong in the Broadway production of "M. Butterfly". Mapa later played the role on the national tour. Mapa would return to Broadway in an adaptation of "L'Hôtel du libre échange" by Georges Feydeau and Maurice Desvallières, re-titled, "A Little Hotel on the Side" in 1992. The next year, Mapa was back on Broadway in a Stratford Festival inspired production of Timon of Athens. Off-Broadway, Mapa earned a nomination at the 2001 Lucille Lortel Awards for his performance in the Jessica Hagedorn play "Dogeaters", and was featured in every play in the "Whitelands" trilogy, a series of plays about gay Asian men written by Chay Yew; "Porcelain" (1992), "A Language of Their Own" (1995), and "Wonderland" (1999).


title: Alec Mapa

text: On television, he has made guest appearances on a wide variety of programs, including "The Jamie Foxx Show", "Roseanne", "Seinfeld", "NYPD Blue", "Friends", "Murder One" and "Dharma & Greg". He had a supporting role in the short-lived 2001 comedy "Some of My Best Friends". He played Adam Benet in the UPN comedy "Half & Half".


title: Alec Mapa

text: He wrote and performed in a one-man play titled "I Remember Mapa", about his experiences growing up gay in San Francisco.


title: Alec Mapa

text: Mapa was a featured performer on the Logo original stand-up comedy series "Wisecrack". In 2006 appeared as Vern, Gabrielle's personal shopper, on the TV series "Desperate Housewives". He had a recurring role on the 2006–2010 series "Ugly Betty", as Suzuki St. Pierre, the flamboyant host of a fictional gossip and news show (who, it is revealed, is actually a straight—and married—journalist named Byron Wu). He performed the voice of Rick's flamboyantly gay uncle Bakla on the 2007-2009 animated series "".


title: Alec Mapa

text: Mapa's film credits include parts in "Bright Lights, Big City", "Playing by Heart", "Connie and Carla" and "Marley & Me", among others. He was featured in the movies "" and "Tru Loved". He also played as a stylist in the movie "You Don't Mess with the Zohan".


title: Alec Mapa

text: In 2008, Mapa hosted Logo's "Transamerican Love Story", a reality dating program starring transgender woman Calpernia Addams selecting from among eight potential suitors. In the same year, he also hosted "Dancing With Dogs" on Animal Planet.


title: Alec Mapa

text: In 2010, Mapa became one of the co-hosts of Logo's "The Gossip Queens", a daily series where he helps present celebrity gossip.


title: Alec Mapa

text: In his act, he jokes that he is sometimes confused with Rex Lee, another flamboyant Asian homosexual who plays Lloyd on the HBO dramedy "Entourage".


title: Alec Mapa

text: Mapa is gay and lends his support to various projects supporting the gay, lesbian, and Asian American communities. In 2008, Mapa legally married Jamison "Jamie" Hebert, after dating since 2002. On the TV series "The Gossip Queens", Mapa stated in the opening episode that he and his husband had adopted a 5-year-old boy. They adopted their child in 2010. Mapa is of Filipino descent.


title: Sue Johanson

text: Susan Johanson (née Powell; born March 13, 1930) is a Canadian sex educator, public speaker, and registered nurse.


title: Sue Johanson

text: Johanson was born Susan Powell in Toronto, Ontario, to Wilfrid Powell, a decorated British war hero, and an affluent Ontario-born Irish Protestant mother, Ethel Bell. Her great-uncle was Lord Baden-Powell. Her mother died when Johanson was ten. Johanson attended nursing school in St. Boniface Hospital in Winnipeg, graduating as a registered nurse. Soon after, she married a Swedish-Canadian electrician named Ejnor Johanson. They had three children: Carol, Eric and Jane. The family moved to North York, where Johanson kept house and raised her children.


title: Sue Johanson

text: In 1970, Johanson opened a birth control clinic in Don Mills CI high school, the first of its kind in Canada. She worked there as coordinator for 18 years. She continued her education at the Toronto Institute of Human Relations (a postgraduate course in counseling and communication), the University of Toronto (family planning), and the University of Michigan (human sexuality), graduating as a counselor and sex educator.


title: Sue Johanson

text: Johanson first achieved popularity as a sex educator and therapist hosting her own show on rock radio station Q107 during the 1980s. The show, entitled "Sunday Night Sex Show", transitioned into a TV talk show of the same name on the community television, Rogers TV in 1985. In 1996 it became a national show on the Women's Television Network (WTN). It ended in 2005.


title: Sue Johanson

text: In January 2002 reruns of the show began to be replayed to American audiences on Oxygen Media. The recorded program was very popular, but American viewers missed the opportunity to call in and ask their own questions. The U.S. version of "Sunday Night Sex Show", called "Talk Sex with Sue Johanson", produced especially for American audiences, debuted in November 2002 on Oxygen. "Talk Sex with Sue Johanson" was divided into several segments, all covering the following topics: sexual life, love and relationships. Call-in segment included viewers' live calls with questions being answered by Johanson with discussions on a variety of sex topics. The show also included a sex quiz, a sex poll where viewers could vote via the internet and see the results at the end of the episode, and included important sexual news and information.


title: Sue Johanson

text: On May 7, 2008, it was announced that the next Sunday night's episode of the show would be its last, ending the show's run after six seasons.


title: Sue Johanson

text: Johanson has made appearances on the "Late Show with David Letterman", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", and "Late Night with Conan O'Brien".


title: Sue Johanson

text: Johanson appeared in two episodes of Degrassi High and two episodes of . She played Dr. Sally, a radio host and sex educator that basically was a version of the real life Johanson. During her Degrassi High appearances, she was famously one of the early supporters of The Zit Remedy, a band fronted by Joey Jeremiah (played by actor Pat Mastroianni).


title: Sue Johanson

text: A full-length documentary about Johanson was released in 2022. Entitled "Sex With Sue", the documentary chronicles Johanson's life story, directed by Canadian documentarian & filmmaker Lisa Rideout.


title: Sue Johanson

text: Johanson is the author of three books: "Talk Sex" (), "Sex Is Perfectly Natural but Not Naturally Perfect" (), and "Sex, Sex, and More Sex" (). All of them cover the sex topics from different points and include the detailed answers of the most delicate questions asked commonly about sexual life, Johanson's advice and health information.


title: Sue Johanson

text: Johanson was also the author of a weekly column published in the Health section of the "Toronto Star" newspaper.


title: Sue Johanson

text: Johanson's work educating and informing the public about birth control and sexual health earned her Canada's second highest civilian honour (after the Order of Merit), appointment to the Order of Canada in 2001, for lifetime achievement. In 2010, Johanson was presented the Bonham Centre Award from the Mark S. Bonham Centre for Sexual Diversity Studies for her contributions to the advancement and education of issues around sexual identification.


title: Toss bombing

text: Toss bombing (sometimes known as loft bombing, and by the U.S. Air Force as the Low Altitude Bombing System, LABS) is a method of bombing where the attacking aircraft pulls upward when releasing its bomb load, giving the bomb additional time of flight by starting its ballistic path with an upward vector.


title: Toss bombing

text: The purpose of toss bombing is to compensate for the gravity drop of the bomb in flight, and allow an aircraft to bomb a target without flying directly over it. This is to avoid overflying a heavily defended target, or to distance the attacking aircraft from the blast effects of a nuclear (or conventional) bomb.


title: Toss bombing

text: In pop-up bombing, the pilot approaches from low altitude in level flight, and on cues from the computer pulls up at the last moment to release the bomb. Release usually occurs between 20° and 75° above the horizontal, causing the bomb to be tossed upward and forward, much like an underarm throw of a ball.


title: Toss bombing

text: Although "pop-up" bombing is generally characterized by its low-level approach, the same technique of a toss starting from level flight can be used at any altitude when it is not desirable to overfly the target. Additional altitude at release gives the bomb additional time of flight and range, at the cost (in the case of unguided munitions) of accuracy due to windage and the increased effect of a slight deviation in flight path.


title: Toss bombing

text: The "Dive-toss" delivery technique was the first "toss" bombing method developed after WWII at the US Navy's rocket development center at Inyokern, California in 1947 as a method to attack heavily defended targets without unduly endangering the attacking aircraft. Although toss bombing might seem the direct opposite to dive bombing, where the plane pitches downward to aim at its target, toss bombing is often performed with a short dive before the bomber raises its nose and releases its bomb. This variant is known as "dive tossing". This gives both the bomb and aircraft extra momentum, thereby helping the aircraft regain altitude after the release, and also ensuring that airspeed at the calculated release point is still sufficient to get the bomb to the target.


title: Toss bombing

text: A more dynamic variant of toss bombing, called over-the-shoulder bombing, or the LABS (Low Altitude Bombing System) maneuver (known to pilots as the "idiot's loop"), is a particular kind of loft bombing where the bomb is released past the vertical so it is tossed back toward the target. This tactic was first made public on 7 May 1957 at Eglin AFB, when a B-47 entered its bombing run at low altitude, pulled up sharply (3.5 "g") into a half loop, releasing its bomb under automatic control at a predetermined point in its climb, then executed a half roll, completing a maneuver similar to an Immelmann turn or Half Cuban Eight. The bomb continued upward for some time in a high arc before falling on a target which was a considerable distance from its point of release. In the meantime, the maneuver had allowed the bomber to change direction and distance itself from the target.


title: Toss bombing

text: Author and retired USAF F-84 pilot Richard Bach describes such an attack in his book "Stranger to the Ground":


title: Toss bombing

text: The last red-roofed village flashes below me, and the target, a pyramid of white barrels, is just visible at the end of its run-in line. Five hundred knots. Switch down, button pressed. Timers begin their timing, circuits are alerted for the drop. Inch down to treetop altitude. I do not often fly at 500 knots on the deck, and it is apparent that I am moving quickly. The barrels inflate. I see that their white paint is flaking. And the pyramid streaks beneath me. Back on the stick smoothly firmly to read four G on the accelerometer and center the needles of the indicator that is only used in nuke weapon drops and center them and hold it there and I'll bet those computers are grinding their little hearts out and all I can see is sky in the windscreen hold the G's keep the needles centered there's the sun going beneath me and WHAM.


title: Toss bombing

text: My airplane rolls hard to the right and tucks more tightly into her loop and strains ahead even though we are upside down. The Shape has released me more than I have released it. The little white barrels are now six thousand feet directly beneath my canopy. I have no way to tell if it was a good drop or not. That was decided back with the charts and graphs and the dividers and the angles. I kept the needles centered, the computers did their task automatically, and the Device is on its way.


title: Toss bombing

text: Toss bombing is generally used by pilots whenever it is not desirable to overfly the target with the aircraft at an altitude sufficient for dive-bombing or level bombing. Such cases include heavy anti-air defenses such as AAA and SAMs, when deploying powerful weapons such as "iron bombs" or even tactical nuclear bombs, and the use of limited-aspect targeting devices for guided munitions.


title: Toss bombing

text: To counter air defenses en route to the target, remaining at a low altitude for as long as possible allows the bomber to avoid radar and visual tracking and the launch envelope of older missile systems designed to be fired at targets overflying the missile site. However, a level pass at the target at low altitude will not only expose the aircraft to short-range defenses surrounding the target, but will place the aircraft in the bomb's blast radius. By executing a "pop-up" loft, on the other hand, the pilot releases the munition well outside the target area, out of range of air defenses. After release, the pilot can either dive back to low altitude or maintain the climb, in either case generally executing a sharp turn or "slice" away from the target. The blast produced by powerful munitions is thus (hopefully) avoided.


title: Toss bombing

text: The value of toss-bombing was increased with the introduction of precision-guided munitions such as the laser-guided bomb. Previous "dumb bombs" required a very high degree of pilot and fire control computer precision to loft the bomb accurately to the target. Unguided loft bombing also generally called for the use of a larger bomb than would be necessary for a direct hit, in order to generate a larger blast that would destroy the target even if the bomb did not hit accurately due to windage or computer/pilot error. Laser-targeting (and other methods like GPS as used in the JDAM system) allows the bomb to correct minor deviations from the intended ballistic path after it has been released, making toss-bombing as accurate as level bombing while still providing most of the advantages of toss-bombing using unguided munitions. However, the targeting pods used to deliver guided munitions generally have a limit to their field of view; most specifically, the pod usually cannot look behind the aircraft at more than a certain angle. Lofting the bomb allows the pilot to keep the target in front of the aircraft and thus within the targeting pod's field of view for as long as possible.


title: Toss bombing

text: "Dive-tossing" is generally used at moderate altitude (to allow for the dive) when the target, for whatever reason, cannot be designated precisely by radar. A target for instance may present too small a signature to be visible on radar (such as the entrance to an underground bunker) or may be indistinguishable in a group of radar returns. The pilot can in this case use a special "boresight" mode that allows the pilot to designate a target by pointing his aircraft directly at it. For a target on the ground, this means entering a dive. Thus designated, the pilot can then begin a climb, lofting the bomb at the target from a distance and regaining lost altitude at the same time.


title: Toss bombing

text: Due to the intense pilot workload involved with flying and entering the window of opportunity, some aircraft are equipped with a “Toss Bomb Computer” (in US nuclear delivery, a part of the Low Altitude Bombing System) that enables the pilot to release the bomb at the correct angle. The Toss Bomb Computer takes airspeed inputs from the aircraft's pitot system, altitude inputs from the static system, attitude inputs from the gyroscopic system and inputs from weapons selectors signifying the type of bomb to calculate the appropriate release point of the ordnance. Instead of triggering the release directly, the pilot instead "consents" to release the weapon, then begins a steady climb. The computer then calculates the desired ballistic path, and when that path will be produced by the current aircraft attitude and airspeed, the computer releases the bomb. During the Second World War the engineers Erik Wilkenson and Torsten Faxén at Saab developed the first bomb sight for toss bombing. It was a mechanical computer that did the necessary calculations. It was first used in the Saab 17 and was standard on all Saab fighters up to and including Saab 32 Lansen. It was also sold to France, Switzerland, Denmark and USA and was used in for instance the Boeing B-47 Stratojet.


title: Toss bombing

text: While deployed in Europe with NATO, RCAF CF-104 fighter-bombers carried a Toss Bomb Computer until their nuclear role was eliminated by the Canadian government effective 1 January 1972.


title: Toss bombing

text: The same computational solutions used in the LABS system are now incorporated into two of the major bombing modes (the computer-controlled CCRP and a dedicated visually oriented "Dive-Toss" mode) of the Fire Control Computer of modern strike fighters such as the F-15E and F-16. As with LABS, the pilot designates their desired impact point, then consents to release while executing a climb, and the computer controls the actual release of the bomb. The integration into the FCC simplifies the pilot's workload by allowing the same bombing mode (CCRP) to be used for level, dive and loft bombing, providing similar cues in the pilot's displays regardless of the tactics used, since the computer simply sees it as the release point getting closer.


title: Stone Phillips

text: Stone Stockton Phillips (born December 2, 1954) is an American television reporter and correspondent. He is best known as the former co-anchor of "Dateline NBC", a news magazine TV series. He also has worked as a substitute anchor for "NBC Nightly News" and "Today" and as a substitute moderator on "Meet the Press". Prior to his tenure at NBC, he was an ABC News correspondent for "20/20" and "World News Tonight".


title: Stone Phillips

text: Stone Phillips was born December 2, 1954, in Texas City, Texas, to parents Victor and Grace Phillips, a Monsanto chemical engineer and school teacher, respectively. Victor Phillips is a veteran of World War II. Phillips and his siblings—brother Victor III and sister Minta—were raised in the Claymont section of Ballwin, Missouri, in the Greater St. Louis area. As a boy Phillips was an acolyte at St. Martin's Episcopal Church in Ellisville, Missouri, where his parents were founding members of the congregation. Phillips attended Parkway West High School in Ballwin, Missouri, where he was an honor student and starting quarterback on the football team. Phillips is of Scottish ancestry.


title: Stone Phillips

text: Phillips matriculated at Yale University where he continued to excel in academics and in athletics. In 1976, he was starting quarterback for the Yale Bulldogs squad that won the Ivy League football championship. Phillips was a member of Yale's Scroll and Key secret society and earned the university's prestigious F. Gordon Brown Award for outstanding academic and athletic leadership. Phillips graduated with honors from Yale in 1977, earning a Bachelor of Philosophy.


title: Stone Phillips

text: After graduating from Yale, Phillips moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he worked as a remedial reading and math teacher at the Fulton County Juvenile Detention Center. He was supplementing his pay by moonlighting as a waiter when he landed an entry-level news position at WXIA-TV, the local NBC affiliate. In 1980, after less than two years as a reporter, writer, and broadcast producer in Atlanta, Phillips was hired by ABC News as an assignment editor for its Washington, D.C., news bureau. In 1982, he began filing stories as an on-air correspondent for ABC, covering such major events as the war in Lebanon, the exodus of Vietnamese boat people in the mid-1980s, and Rajiv Gandhi's election campaign following the assassination of his mother, Indira Gandhi. In 1986, Phillips was promoted to a regular role on the ABC news magazine "20/20". Beginning that year, he also served as a substitute host on "Good Morning America" and a sports anchor for ABC’s "World News Sunday".


title: Stone Phillips

text: Phillips ended his twelve-year relationship with ABC in 1992, joining NBC News to serve as co-anchor with Jane Pauley on "Dateline NBC". While at NBC News, Phillips also hosted "Weekend Magazine with Stone Phillips". He conducted a long list of notable interviews during his time with NBC. Among them was the first network interview with Lynndie England, the U.S. Army soldier, about her role in the Abu Ghraib prison scandal. Others included notorious serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer, Russian President Boris Yeltsin, and Bernhard Goetz (a man who shot four black teenagers in the New York City Subway). The latter earned Phillips an Emmy Award for Outstanding Interview. Phillips co-anchored "Dateline NBC" from its inception until July 2, 2007, when NBC did not renew his $7 million contract.


title: Stone Phillips

text: On October 17, 2005, Phillips was the guest on the premiere episode of "The Colbert Report". Phillips' delivery was part of the inspiration for comedian Stephen Colbert's persona on "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart." On December 18, 2014, Phillips would again appear on the final episode of "The Colbert Report".


title: Stone Phillips

text: As of 2012, Phillips was contributing reports to the "PBS NewsHour". In 2013, he reported on golf course water usage for The Golf Channel.


title: Stone Phillips

text: In May 2013, Phillips produced and hosted "Moving with Grace", a documentary airing on PBS stations that chronicled his efforts and those of his siblings to provide care for their aging parents. It also explored various issues faced by other baby boomers in similar circumstance.


title: Stone Phillips

text: Phillips lives in New York with his wife Debra Del Toro-Phillips who is Puerto Rican and moved to New York City as a child. After a successful career in the fashion industry she returned to college and earned a master's degree in social work.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The British Rail Class 395 "Javelin" is a dual-voltage electric multiple-unit (EMU) passenger train built by Hitachi as part of the Hitachi A-train "AT300" family for high-speed commuter services on High Speed 1 and elsewhere on the South Eastern franchise. The whole fleet is operated by Southeastern.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The Class 395 can operate at a maximum speed of under 25kVAC overhead electrification on High Speed 1, and on 750VDC third rail supply on conventional lines. It is typically formed as a six-car train, although they can be rapidly coupled to one another to form a 12-car train as required. The type, which was entirely manufactured in Japan, is the first Hitachi-built rail vehicle to be sold to a European customer, as well as being the first British order for a Japanese train. The fleet was ordered during June 2005 by HSBC Rail, and was delivered to the UK between August 2007 and August 2009. Following the completion of fault-free running six months ahead of schedule, a 'preview' service was launched between London St Pancras and Ashford via Ebbsfleet on 18 June 2009. These were gradually expanded until the commencement of the full regular service on 13 December 2009.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The use of the high-speed trains as part of the transport infrastructure for the Olympic Park formed part of the original bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. The service was named the "Olympic Javelin", which formed the origin of the Javelin nickname. The Olympic services began 28 July 2012. Furthermore, the Class 395 has also been irregularly operated for charter servicesthough the first such uses did not happen until after the 2012 Olympics due to a lack of free units.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: In December 2003, formal approval was given by the Strategic Rail Authority for domestic services to be run on the under-construction Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) in Kent, England, which has since been rebranded as High Speed 1 (HS1). Preliminary consultations for a new franchise including the envisioned 'CTRL Domestic' services along with new rolling stock for operating the said services, which were to begin in 2004. In 2005, the proposed high-speed services were combined with those from the former South Eastern rail franchise to form the Integrated Kent franchise (IKF).


title: British Rail Class 395

text: In October 2004, Hitachi was announced as the preferred bidder to supply high-speed trains for the CTRL services. During June 2005, a contract valued at £250million was signed with Hitachi Europe to supply 28 units, with Eversholt Rail Group acting as the financier (ROSCO); at this point, the new fleet had an expected service date of 2009. In November 2005, the Department for Transport announced Govia as the new operator of the IKF.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The contract was Hitachi's first rail vehicle sold to a European customer. The company had previously worked with HSBC Rail and UK rail authorities between 2002 and 2003 to demonstrate that the company's traction system was suitable for use on the Great Britain rail network, including testing asynchronous AC motors and confirming electromagnetic compatibility, as part of a separate contract involving the upgrade of existing Class 465 and 466 EMUs. The contract was also the first British order for a Japanese train; as such, Hitachi viewed the deal as a key opportunity to establish itself in the UK market.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: Construction of the CTRL (High Speed 1) was complete in November 2007. By 2008, the initially planned 'CTRL Domestic' services (2003) from London St Pancras to Gravesend, and Canterbury West and Folkestone Central, via Ashford, had been expanded in scope to include services to Medway Towns, East Kent and Dover. Furthermore, a 29th train was added to the order agreement by franchise holder Southeastern so as to provide additional capacity.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The contract for the trains included maintenance of the trains; according to Hitachi, the maintenance techniques and schedules of which being initially generated from experience of their Shinkansen cousins in Japan. Maintenance services are provided via a consortium, referred to as 'DEPCO', which included HSBC Rail (finance), Fitzpatrick Contractors Ltd (construction), RPS Burks Green (architects/civil engineers), EMCOR UK (mechanical and electrical plant) and GrantRail (trackwork) constructed a new maintenance depot building at Ashford and the updating of the existing depot site.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The new Ashford Depot was constructed on the site of the Ashford Down Yard Carriage Sidings, and formally opened on 2 October 2007. The facility included a five-track trainshed with bogie drop made by BBM and train lifting equipment from Mechan. A second building housed a wheel lathe from Sculfort. Other facilities included carriage washing plant, a 25kV OHL test track, and sidings for rolling stock. The design and layout of the depot, which was optimised specifically for the Class 395, enables the most efficient workflow possible, including minimal complex shunting actions, physical minimisation wherever reasonable, and in line with modern data management practices.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: A Class 395 train simulator supplied by Corys TESS was acquired for use at Southeastern's training centre in Ashford for driver training. Southeastern's co-parent company SNCF also assisted with high-speed driver training. The DEPCO consortium also updated Ramsgate train depot for the IKF with facilities including storage sidings for the Class 395 trains and light maintenance facilities.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: Pre-shipping factory tests included static and dynamic load tests, traction and braking tests, including tests on a 750VDC third-rail system specially installed at Hitachi's test track. This round of manufacturer tests included the use of supercomputers to conduct both simulations and verification tests.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The first train was delivered from Japan to Southampton Docks on 23 August 2007. Days later, it was unveiled by Secretary of State for Transport Ruth Kelly at a media event held at Hitachi's new Ashford maintenance facility. Following the delivery of the first four units in March 2008, production was temporarily put on hold while these units were subjected to extensive UK-based testing. Homologation testing was undertaken by Serco. SNCF International assisted with testing of KVB and TVM 430 signalling systems, with speeds of attained in January 2008.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: Following the successful completion of these tests, production and shipping of the main production tranche commenced in December 2008. Each train was required to demonstrate of fault-free operations prior to their acceptance by Southeastern. The final three trains arrived in the UK in August 2009, with the final train delivered to Southeastern on 11 December 2009.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The performance metric of fault-free running was achieved six months ahead of schedule, clearing the way for a 'preview' service to be offered between London St Pancras and Ashford via Ebbsfleet. On 18 June 2009, these were ceremonially launched by the Secretary of State for Transport Andrew Adonis, although the preview service only became available to general passengers on 29 June. The preview service allowed for further train testing under real-world conditions, during which the type reportedly achieved a 99% punctuality rate in the first month of operations. In September 2009, preliminary services were launched to the Kent coast (Dover via Folkestone, and Ramsgate via Canterbury). During November 2009, preview services commenced on the North Kent line as well.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: Even during the preview service, the Class 395 presented several performance improvements in comparison to conventional rolling stock, including its high rate of acceleration, lower noise levels (primarily attributed to its air conditioning arrangements), and its aesthetic appeal. Railway journalist Richard Clinnick observed several minor shortcomings of the interior, such as the somewhat cramped seating arrangement and the lack of securing straps at the baby changing facility, but positively reviewed the overall package. In September 2010, it was reported that several passengers were concerned by the presence of a 'wobbling' motion that occurred within some tunnel sections; the phenomenon was described by Southeastern as non-dangerous, but all trains were fitted with dampers that prevent any recurrence of the issue.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: A full regular service commenced on 13 December 2009. Initial services included a half-hourly north Kent service to and from St Pancras, London, via Stratford, Ebbsfleet, Gravesend, Strood, Rochester, Chatham, Gillingham, Rainham, and Sittingbourne to Faversham, a half-hourly service to East Kent via Stratford, Ebbsfleet, Ashford with one train continuing to Margate via Canterbury West, Ramsgate and Broadstairs, with the other to Dover via Folkestone West and Folkestone Central. Seven million journeys were made in the first year of operation.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The introduction of the trains was generally successful, with good reliability and passenger satisfaction figures. The new high-speed services also caused an increase in passenger numbers above that already being experienced on the Kent network. On introduction, timetabled journeys to London from Ebbsfleet were reduced from 51 to 18 minutes, whilst trains using the entire length of High Speed 1 (starting in Ashford) had timetabled journeys reduced by around 45 minutes.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: However, the service has been criticised as being of limited use to many London commuters because trains terminate at St Pancras. Additionally, the change in service patterns to accommodate high-speed trains resulted in some non-high-speed services in Kent becoming slower.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: In May 2011, a limited service from Maidstone West via and started, followed in September 2011 by a limited service from Sandwich via Deal to London St Pancras (partially subsidised by Kent County Council). In 2013, four years after the service started, total passenger numbers were ten million and punctuality was 92.6% (compared to 90.1% nationwide).


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The 400 Series "Mini Shinkansen" and Hitachi's A Train design form the basis of the Class 395 design. From the 400 Series the class inherits the same 6-car 20 m carriage with doors at one-third and two-thirds along the carriage. Both types of train are designed for operations at high speed on newly built lines, as well as at lower speed on conventional legacy lines. Unlike the steel-bodied 400 Series, the Class 395 has its carbody (walls, roof, floor) formed from friction stir welded (FSW) double-walled hollow extruded aluminium body panels, a technology that Hitachi considers to be a part of its A-Train train family specification. The manufacturer claims that the FSW approach achieves minimal strain while providing a lightweight and high strength carbody in comparison to conventional techniques.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: Each Class 395 unit contains six cars, formed DPT1-MS1-MS2-MS3-MS4-DPT2. The intermediate cars carry the traction motors - one at each axle - while the unpowered outer cars carry the pantographs. The bogies are bolsterless, with both powered and unpowered bogies sharing a common design to simplify maintenance. Each six-car unit can work in multiple with another to create 12-car trains. The coupling process is automated and has been designed to take less than 60 seconds.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The propulsion system of the Class 395 comprises 16 electric motors each rated to produce that work in conjunction with four IGBT converter/inverter units. In combination with its braking system, it can achieve a peak acceleration rate of and a normal maximum deceleration rate of , although the latter can be elevated to under emergency circumstances. The train uses an electrically operated air brake system, supplied by Faiveley. Approximately 40% of the train's components were sourced from suppliers within the European Union.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: Each six-car train is fitted with 340 seats in 2+2 formation, all standard class, with an additional twelve tip-up priority seats located in an indicated wheelchair area near the vestibules of the DPT1 vehicle. There is no separation between the vestibules and the main interior save for wind shields. There are two toilets per unit, one of which is larger and designed to be universally accessible. The seats are mostly arranged 'airline' style, though there are also a small number of table seats present in each car. Nearly all seats feature flip-down tables and coat hooks, while a single electrical socket has been provided for each pair of seats. The interior design and layout is in conformance with the Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations 2010.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: The trains meet UK Railway Group Standards (RGS), and European Union Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) standards for crashworthiness, and UK or EU standards for structure-load-bearing behaviour, material strength, aerodynamics, noise and fire resistance. Key areas of the train's design that were heavily influenced by these standards were its fireproofing measures and crashworthiness approach, which Hitachi observed to bear considerable differences with their corresponding Japanese standards. In addition to the applicable standards, the Class 395 was greatly shaped by the various criteria specified by the customer. Wherever it has been beneficial to do so, the various technologies and new approaches developed for the type have been incorporated by Hitachi back into its main product lines.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: Each train is equipped with a computer-based Train Management System (TMS), which incorporates numerous monitoring systems, communications, environmental controls, and enables the train crew to control various onboard systems, including Selective Door Operation (SDO). The TMS features considerable redundancy, which has enabled it to obtain a SIL 2 safety certification. The SDO system uses a combination of GPS and train speed integration to estimate its position and identify the station at which the train has stopped, simplifying the correct door selection sequence. For reliability, passenger doors use a relatively simple sliding pneumatic system that has already been in use for several decades on Shinkansen trains.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: A mockup 395 was named after athlete Dame Kelly Holmes; the name was subsequently transferred to an operational unit and 11 other "fast Britons"Jamie Staff, Steve Backley, Sir Steve Redgrave, Rebecca Adlington, Sir Chris Hoy, Ben Ainslie, Daley Thompson, Duncan Goodhew, Katherine Grainger, Lord Sebastian Coe, and Dame Tanni Grey-Thompson; all Olympic/Paralympic medallistswere selected in a public vote.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: Following the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics, Southeastern announced that another 12 units would be named after members of Team GB, including Alistair Brownlee, Ed Clancy, Hannah Cockroft, Jessica Ennis, Mo Farah, Jason Kenny, Jonnie Peacock, Victoria Pendleton, Ellie Simmonds, Dame Sarah Storey, Laura Trott, and David Weir.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: In November 2016, unit 395016 was named 'Somme 100' to commemorate the centenary of the Battle of the Somme.


title: British Rail Class 395

text: In 2009 Hornby Railways launched two model versions of the BR Class 395, a super detailed model, and a basic representation of the prototype as part of their Railroad range both in South Eastern Blue livery and in 2012 Hornby released a special Olympic Games Livery in both super detail and basic in OO gauge.


title: The Age

text: The Age is a daily newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, that has been published since 1854. Owned and published by Nine Entertainment, "The Age" primarily serves Victoria, but copies also sell in Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and border regions of South Australia and southern New South Wales. It is delivered both in print and digital formats. The newspaper shares some articles with its sister newspaper "The Sydney Morning Herald".


title: The Age

text: "The Age" is considered a newspaper of record for Australia, and has variously been known for its investigative reporting, with its journalists having won dozens of Walkley Awards, Australia's most prestigious journalism prize. , "The Age" had a monthly readership of 5.321 million.


title: The Age

text: "The Age" was founded by three Melbourne businessmen: brothers John and Henry Cooke (who had arrived from New Zealand in the 1840s) and Walter Powell. The first edition appeared on 17 October 1854.


title: The Age

text: The venture was not initially a success, and in June 1856 the Cookes sold the paper to Ebenezer Syme, a Scottish-born businessman, and James McEwan, an ironmonger and founder of McEwans & Co, for £2,000 at auction. The first edition under the new owners came out on 17 June 1856. From its foundation the paper was self-consciously liberal in its politics: "aiming at a wide extension of the rights of free citizenship and a full development of representative institutions", and supporting "the removal of all restrictions upon freedom of commerce, freedom of religion and—to the utmost extent that is compatible with public morality—upon freedom of personal action".


title: The Age

text: Ebenezer Syme was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly shortly after buying "The Age", and his brother David Syme soon came to dominate the paper, editorially and managerially. When Ebenezer died in 1860 David became editor-in-chief, a position he retained until his death in 1908, although a succession of editors did the day-to-day editorial work.


title: The Age

text: In 1882 "The Age" published an eight-part series written by journalist and future physician George E. Morrison, who had sailed, undercover, for the New Hebrides, while posing as crew of the brigantine slave ship, "Lavinia", as it made cargo of Kanakas. By October the series was also being published in "The Age"s weekly companion magazine, the "Leader". "A Cruise in a Queensland Slaver. By a Medical Student" was written in a tone of wonder, expressing "only the mildest criticism"; six months later, Morrison "revised his original assessment", describing details of the schooner's blackbirding operation, and sharply denouncing the slave trade in Queensland. His articles, letters to the editor, and newspaper's editorials, led to expanded government intervention.


title: The Age

text: In 1891, Syme bought out Ebenezer's heirs and McEwan's and became sole proprietor. He built up "The Age" into Victoria's leading newspaper. In circulation, it soon overtook its rivals "The Herald" and "The Argus", and by 1890 it was selling 100,000 copies a day, making it one of the world's most successful newspapers.


title: The Age

text: Under Syme's control "The Age" exercised enormous political power in Victoria. It supported liberal politicians such as Graham Berry, George Higinbotham and George Turner, and other leading liberals such as Alfred Deakin and Charles Pearson furthered their careers as "The Age" journalists. Syme was originally a free trader, but converted to protectionism through his belief that Victoria needed to develop its manufacturing industries behind tariff barriers. During the 1890s "The Age" was a leading supporter of Australian federation and of the White Australia policy.


title: The Age

text: After David Syme's death, the paper remained in the hands of his three sons, and his eldest son Herbert became general manager until his death in 1939.


title: The Age

text: David Syme's will prevented the sale of any equity in the paper during his sons' lifetimes, an arrangement designed to protect family control, but which had the unintended consequence of starving the paper of investment capital for 40 years.


title: The Age

text: Under the management of Sir Geoffrey Syme (1908–42), and his editors, Gottlieb Schuler and Harold Campbell, "The Age" was unable to modernise, and gradually lost market share to "The Argus" and the tabloid "The Sun News-Pictorial", with only its classified advertisement sections keeping the paper profitable. By the 1940s, the paper's circulation was lower than it had been in 1900, and its political influence had also declined. Although it remained more liberal than the extremely conservative "Argus", it lost much of its distinct political identity.


title: The Age

text: The historian Sybil Nolan writes: "Accounts of The Age in these years generally suggest that the paper was second-rate, outdated in both its outlook and appearance. Walker described a newspaper which had fallen asleep in the embrace of the Liberal Party; "querulous", "doddery" and "turgid" are some of the epithets applied by other journalists. It is inevitably criticised not only for its increasing conservatism, but for its failure to keep pace with innovations in layout and editorial technique so dramatically demonstrated in papers like "The Sun News-Pictorial" and "The Herald"."


title: The Age

text: In 1942, David Syme's last surviving son, Oswald, took over the paper, and began to modernise the paper's appearance and standards of news coverage, removing classified advertisements from the front page and introducing photographs long after other papers had done so.


title: The Age

text: In 1948, after realising the paper needed outside capital, Oswald persuaded the courts to overturn his father's will and floated David Syme and Co. as a public company, selling £400,000 worth of shares. This sale enabled a badly needed technical upgrade of the newspaper's antiquated production machinery, and defeated a takeover attempt by the Fairfax family, publishers of "The Sydney Morning Herald".


title: The Age

text: This new lease on life allowed "The Age" to recover commercially, and in 1957 it received a great boost when "The Argus", after twenty years of financial losses, ceased publication.


title: The Age

text: Oswald Syme retired in 1964 and his grandson Ranald Macdonald was appointed managing director at the age of 26 and two years later he appointed Graham Perkin as editor; to ensure that the 36-year-old Perkin was free of board influence, Macdonald took on the role of editor-in-chief, a position he held until 1970. Together they radically changed the paper's format and shifted its editorial line from rather conservative liberalism to a new "left liberalism" characterised by attention to issues such as race, gender, the disabled and the environment, as well as opposition to White Australia and the death penalty.


title: The Age

text: It also became more supportive of the Australian Labor Party after years of having usually supported the Coalition. The Liberal Premier of Victoria, Henry Bolte, subsequently called "The Age" "that pinko rag" in a view conservatives have maintained ever since. Former editor Michael Gawenda in his book "American Notebook" wrote that the "default position of most journalists at "The Age" was on the political Left." In 1966, the Syme family shareholders joined with Fairfax to create a 50/50 voting partnership which guaranteed editorial independence and forestalled takeover moves from newspaper proprietors in Australia and overseas. This lasted for 17 years, until Fairfax bought controlling interest in 1972.


title: The Age

text: Perkin's editorship coincided with Gough Whitlam's reforms of the Labor Party, and "The Age" became a key supporter of the Whitlam government, which came to power in 1972. Contrary to subsequent mythology, however, "The Age" was not an uncritical supporter of Whitlam, and played a leading role in exposing the Loans Affair, one of the scandals which contributed to the demise of the Whitlam government. It was one of many papers to call for Whitlam's resignation on 15 October 1975. Its editorial that day, "Go now, go decently", began, "We will say it straight, and clear, and at once. The Whitlam Government has run its course." It would be Perkin's last editorial; he died the next day.


title: The Age

text: After Perkin's death, "The Age" returned to a more moderate liberal position. While it criticised Whitlam's dismissal later that year, it supported Malcolm Fraser's Liberal government in its early years. However, after 1980 it became increasingly critical and was a leading supporter of Bob Hawke's reforming government after 1983. But from the 1970s, the political influence of "The Age", as with other broadsheet newspapers, derived less from what it said in its editorial columns (which relatively few people read) than from the opinions expressed by journalists, cartoonists, feature writers and guest columnists. "The Age" has always kept a stable of leading editorial cartoonists, notably Les Tanner, Bruce Petty, Ron Tandberg and Michael Leunig.


title: The Age

text: In 1983, Fairfax bought out the remaining shares in David Syme & Co., which became a subsidiary of John Fairfax & Co. Macdonald was criticised by some members of the Syme family (who nevertheless accepted Fairfax's generous offer for their shares), but he argued that "The Age" was a natural partner for Fairfax's flagship property, "The Sydney Morning Herald". He believed the greater resources of the Fairfax group would enable "The Age" to remain competitive. By the mid-1960s a new competitor had appeared in Rupert Murdoch's national daily "The Australian", which was first published on 15 July 1964. In 1999 David Syme & Co. became The Age Company Ltd, finally ending the Syme connection.


title: The Age

text: "The Age" was published from offices in Collins Street until 1969, when it moved to 250 Spencer Street (hence the nickname "The Spencer Street Soviet" favoured by some critics). In 2003, "The Age" opened a new printing centre at Tullamarine. The Headquarters moved again in 2009 to Collins Street opposite Southern Cross station. Since acquisition by Nine, the headquarters was moved to 717 Bourke St, Docklands, Melbourne, Victoria, which is also tenanted by Nine.


title: The Age

text: In 2004, editor Michael Gawenda was succeeded as editor by British journalist Andrew Jaspan, who was in turn replaced by Paul Ramadge in 2008.


title: The Age

text: "The Age" has been known for its tradition of investigative reporting. In 1984, the newspaper reported what became known as "The Age Tapes" affair, which revealed recordings made by police of alleged corrupt dealings between organised crime figures, politicians and public officials and which sparked the Stewart Royal Commission. The paper's extensive reporting on malpractice in Australia's banking sector led to a Royal Commission being announced by the Turnbull Government into the financial services industry, and with "The Age's" journalist Adele Ferguson awarded the Gold Walkley. A series of stories in "The Age" between 2009 and 2015 about alleged corruption involving subsidiaries of Australia's central bank, the Reserve Bank, led to Australia's first ever prosecutions of companies and businessman for foreign bribery. In 2017, the paper's deputy editor Michael Bachelard was awarded the Gold Walkley for "The Age's" reports on the liberation of Mosul after the defeat of Islamic State. "The Age's" reporting of the Unaoil international bribery scandal led to investigations by anti-corruption agencies in the UK, US, across Europe and Australia and several businessmen pleading guilty for paying bribes in nine countries over 17 years.


title: The Age

text: In February 2007, "The Age's" editorial section argued that Australian citizen David Hicks should be released as a prisoner from Guantanamo Bay, stating that Mr Hicks was no hero and "probably downright deluded and dangerous" but the case for releasing him was just, given he was being held without charge or trial.


title: The Age

text: In 2009, "The Age" suspended its columnist Michael Backman after one of his columns condemned Israeli tourists as greedy and badly behaved, prompting criticism that he was anti-semitic. A Press Council complaint against "The Age" for its handling of the complaints against Backman was dismissed.


title: The Age

text: In 2014 "The Age" put a photograph of an innocent man, Abu Bakar Alam, on the front page, mistakenly identifying him as the perpetrator of the 2014 Endeavour Hills stabbings. As part of the settlement the newspaper donated $20,000 towards building a mosque in nearby Doveton.


title: The Age

text: , three editions of "The Age" are printed nightly: the NAA edition, for interstate and country Victorian readers, the MEA edition, for metropolitan areas and a final late metropolitan edition.


title: The Age

text: Like its Fairfax stablemate "The Sydney Morning Herald", "The Age" announced in early 2007 that it would be moving from a broadsheet format to the smaller Berliner size, in the footsteps of "The Guardian" and "The Courier-Mail".


title: The Age

text: In December 2016, editor-in-chief Mark Forbes was stood down from his position pending the result of a sexual harassment investigation and was replaced by Alex Lavelle, who served for four years as chief editor.


title: The Age

text: In September 2020, it was announced that The Age's former Washington correspondent Gay Alcorn would be appointed editor of "The Age", the first woman to hold the position in the paper's history.


title: The Age

text: "The Age"s purpose-built former headquarters, named Media House, was located at 655 Collins St, Docklands, Melbourne, Victoria. After acquisition by Nine, "The Age" moved to 717 Bourke St, Docklands, Melbourne, Victoria to be co-located with their new owners.


title: The Age

text: "The Age"s masthead has received a number of updates since 1854. The most recent update to the design was made in 2002. The current masthead features a stylised version of the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom and "The Age" in Electra bold type. The coat of arms features the French motto "Dieu et mon droit" ("God and my right"). According to "The Age"s art director, Bill Farr: "No one knows why they picked the royal crest. But I guess we were a colony at the time, and to be seen to be linked with the Empire would be a positive thing." The original 1854 masthead included the Colony of Victoria crest. In 1856, that crest was removed and in 1861, the royal coat of arms was introduced. This was changed again in 1967, with the shield and decoration altered and the lion crowned. In 1971, a bold typeface was introduced and the crest shield rounded and less ornate. In 1997, the masthead was stacked and contained in a blue box (with the logo in white). In 2002, in conjunction with an overall revamp of the paper, the masthead was redesigned in its present form.


title: The Age

text: Though Hugh Bull was appointed the newspaper's first full-time photographer as early as 1927, it was comparatively late in the history of "The Age" that photographs were used on the front page as a matter of course, but they became, especially under the editorship of Graham Perkin and his successors, a vital part of its identity, with picture credits for staff photographers, and their images, often uncropped, run across several columns.


title: The Age

text: A photographer of the rival "Herald Sun" Jay Town distinguishes the 'house style'; "There's a big difference between the set-up, cheesy, tight and bright "Herald Sun"-type [photograph] and then the nice, broadsheet picture–well, back when the Age was a fantastic broadsheet that could really showcase their photographers' work." This distinction was to start to break down in 1983 with the pooling of photographers across all Fairfax publications, and the paper's change in format from broadsheet to 'compact' in 2007, preceding move to online publication and subscription; 2014 saw Fairfax Media shedding 75 per cent of its photographers.


title: The Age

text: In its heyday the newspaper was a significant step in the career of notable Australian news photographers and photojournalists, many of whom started as cadets. They include:


title: The Age

text: In 1972, John Fairfax Holdings bought a majority of David Syme's shares, and in 1983 bought out all the remaining shares.


title: The Age

text: On 26 July 2018, Nine Entertainment Co. and Fairfax Media, the parent company of "The Age", announced they agreed on terms for a merger between the two companies to become Australia's largest media company. Nine shareholders will own 51.1 per cent of the combined entity, and Fairfax shareholders will own 48.9 per cent.


title: The Age

text: "The Age" was published from its office in Collins Street until 1969, when the newspaper moved to 250 Spencer Street. In July 2003, the $220 million five-storey Age Print Centre was opened at Tullamarine. The Centre produced a wide range of publications for both Fairfax and commercial clients. Among its stable of daily print publications are "The Age", "The Australian Financial Review" and the "Bendigo Advertiser". The building was sold in 2014, and printing was to be transferred to "regional presses".


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: The continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), also known as vat- or backmix reactor, mixed flow reactor (MFR), or a continuous-"flow" stirred-tank reactor (C"F"STR), is a common model for a chemical reactor in chemical engineering and environmental engineering. A CSTR often refers to a model used to estimate the key unit operation variables when using a continuous agitated-tank reactor to reach a specified output. The mathematical model works for all fluids: liquids, gases, and slurries.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: The behavior of a CSTR is often approximated or modeled by that of an ideal CSTR, which assumes perfect mixing. In a perfectly mixed reactor, reagent is instantaneously and uniformly mixed throughout the reactor upon entry. Consequently, the output composition is identical to composition of the material inside the reactor, which is a function of residence time and reaction rate. The CSTR is the ideal limit of complete mixing in reactor design, which is the complete opposite of a plug flow reactor (PFR). In practice, no reactors behave ideally but instead fall somewhere in between the mixing limits of an ideal CSTR and PFR.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: A continuous fluid flow containing non-conservative chemical reactant "A" enters an ideal CSTR of volume "V".


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: The molar flow rates of species "A" can then be rewritten in terms of the concentration of "A" and the fluid flow rate ("Q"):


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: Residence time is the total amount of time a discrete quantity of reagent spends inside the reactor. For an ideal reactor, the theoretical residence time, formula_10, is always equal to the reactor volume divided by the fluid flow rate. See the next section for a more in-depth discussion on the residence time distribution of a CSTR.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: Depending on the order of the reaction, the reaction rate, "r", is generally dependent on the concentration of species "A" in the reactor and the rate constant. A key assumption when modeling a CSTR is that any reactant in the fluid is perfectly (i.e. uniformly) mixed in the reactor, implying that the concentration within the reactor is the same in the outlet stream. The rate constant can be determined using a known empirical reaction rate that is adjusted for temperature using the Arrhenius temperature dependence. Generally, as the temperature increases so does the rate at which the reaction occurs.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: Equation 6 can be solved by integration after substituting the proper rate expression. The table below summarizes the outlet concentration of species "A" for an ideal CSTR. The values of the outlet concentration and residence time are major design criteria in the design of CSTRs for industrial applications.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: An ideal CSTR will exhibit well-defined flow behavior that can be characterized by the reactor's residence time distribution, or exit age distribution. Not all fluid particles will spend the same amount of time within the reactor. The exit age distribution (E(t)) defines the probability that a given fluid particle will spend time t in the reactor. Similarly, the cumulative age distribution (F(t)) gives the probability that a given fluid particle has an exit age less than time t. One of the key takeaways from the exit age distribution is that a very small number of fluid particles will never exit the CSTR. Depending on the application of the reactor, this may either be an asset or a drawback.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: While the ideal CSTR model is useful for predicting the fate of constituents during a chemical or biological process, CSTRs rarely exhibit ideal behavior in reality. More commonly, the reactor hydraulics do not behave ideally or the system conditions do not obey the initial assumptions. Perfect mixing is a theoretical concept that is not achievable in practice. For engineering purposes, however, if the residence time is 5-10 times the mixing time, the perfect mixing assumption generally holds true.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: Non-ideal hydraulic behavior is commonly classified by either dead space or short-circuiting. These phenomena occur when some fluid spends less time in the reactor than the theoretical residence time, formula_10. The presence of corners or baffles in a reactor often results in some dead space where the fluid is poorly mixed. Similarly, a jet of fluid in the reactor can cause short-circuiting, in which a portion of the flow exits the reactor much quicker than the bulk fluid. If dead space or short-circuiting occur in a CSTR, the relevant chemical or biological reactions may not finish before the fluid exits the reactor. Any deviation from ideal flow will result in a residence time distribution different from the ideal distribution, as seen at right.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: Although ideal flow reactors are seldom found in practice, they are useful tools for modeling non-ideal flow reactors. Any flow regime can be achieved by modeling a reactor as a combination of ideal CSTRs and plug flow reactors (PFRs) either in series or in parallel. For examples, an infinite series of ideal CSTRs is hydraulically equivalent to an ideal PFR. Reactor models combining a number of CSTRs in series are often termed tanks-in-series (TIS) models.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: To model systems that do not obey the assumptions of constant temperature and a single reaction, additional dependent variables must be considered. If the system is considered to be in unsteady-state, a differential equation or a system of coupled differential equations must be solved. Deviations of the CSTR behavior can be considered by the dispersion model. CSTRs are known to be one of the systems which exhibit complex behavior such as steady-state multiplicity, limit cycles, and chaos.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: As seen in the graph with one CSTR, where the inverse rate is plotted as a function of fractional conversion, the area in the box is equal to formula_12 where V is the total reactor volume and formula_13 is the molar flow rate of the feed. When the same process is applied to a cascade of CSTRs as seen in the graph with 3 CSTRs, the volume of each reactor is calculated from each inlet and outlet fractional conversion, therefore resulting in a decrease in total reactor volume. Optimum size is achieved when the area above the rectangles from the CSTRs in series that was previously covered by a single CSTR is maximized. For a first order reaction with 2 CSTRs, equal volumes should be used. As the number of ideal CSTRs (n) approaches infinity, the total reactor volume approaches that of an ideal PFR for the same reaction and fractional conversion.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: From the design equation of a single CSTR where formula_14, we can determine that for a single CSTR in series that formula_15


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: where formula_16 is the space time of the reactor, formula_17 is the feed concentration of A, formula_18 is the outlet concentration of A, and formula_19 is the rate of reaction of A.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: For an isothermal first order, constant density reaction in a cascade of identical CSTRs operating at steady state


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: formula_20, where k is the rate constant and formula_21 is the outlet concentration of A from the first CSTR


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: When the volumes of the individual CSTRs in series vary, the order of the CSTRs does not change the overall conversion for a first order reaction as long as the CSTRs are run at the same temperature.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: At steady state, the general equation for an isothermal zeroth order reaction at in a cascade of CSTRs is given by formula_26


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: When the cascade of CSTRs is isothermal with identical reactors, the concentration is given by formula_27


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: For an isothermal second order reaction at steady state in a cascade of CSTRs, the general design equation is formula_28


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: With non-ideal reactors, residence time distributions can be calculated. At the concentration at the jth reactor in series is given by


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: where n is the total number of CSTRs in series, and formula_30 is the average residence time of the cascade given by formula_31 where Q is the volumetric flow rate.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: As n → ∞, F(t) approaches the ideal PFR response. The variance associated with F(t) for a pulse stimulus into a cascade of CSTRs is formula_33.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: When determining the cost of a series of CSTRs, capital and operating costs must be taken into account. As seen above, an increase in the number of CSTRs in series will decrease the total reactor volume. Since cost scales with volume, capital costs are lowered by increasing the number of CSTRs. The largest decrease in cost, and therefore volume, occurs between a single CSTR and having two CSTRs in series. When considering operating cost, operating cost scales with the number of pumps and controls, construction, installation, and maintenance that accompany larger cascades. Therefore as the number of CSTRs increases, the operating cost increases. Therefore, there is a minimum cost associated with a cascade of CSTRs.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: From a rearrangement of the equation given for identical isothermal CSTRs running a zeroth order reaction: formula_34, the volume of each individual CSTR will scale by formula_35. Therefore the total reactor volume is independent of the number of CSTRs for a zeroth order reaction. Therefore, cost is not a function of the number of reactors for a zeroth order reaction and does not decrease as the number of CSTRs increases.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: When considering parallel reactions, utilizing a cascade of CSTRs can achieve greater selectivity for a desired product.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: For a given parallel reaction <chem> A -> B </chem> and <chem> A -> C </chem> with constants formula_36 and formula_37 and rate equations formula_38 and formula_39, respectively, we can obtain a relationship between the two by dividing formula_40 by formula_41. Therefore formula_42. In the case where formula_43 and B is the desired product, the cascade of CSTRs is favored with a fresh secondary feed of <chem> A </chem> in order to maximize the concentration of <chem> A </chem>.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: For a parallel reaction with 2 or more reactants such as <chem> A + D -> B </chem> and <chem> A + D -> C </chem> with constants formula_36 and formula_37 and rate equations formula_46 and formula_47, respectively, we can obtain a relationship between the two by dividing formula_40 by formula_41. Therefore formula_50. In the case where formula_43 and formula_52 and B is the desired product, a cascade of CSTRs with an inlet stream of high <chem> [A] </chem> and <chem> [D] </chem> is favored. In the case where formula_43 and formula_54 and B is the desired product, a cascade of CSTRs with a high concentration of <chem> A </chem> in the feed and small secondary streams of <chem> D </chem> is favored.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: Series reactions such as <chem> A -> B -> C </chem> also have selectivity between <chem> B </chem> and <chem> C </chem> but CSTRs in general are typically not chosen when the desired product is <chem> B </chem> as the back mixing from the CSTR favors <chem> C </chem>. Typically a batch reactor or PFR is chosen for these reactions.


title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor

text: CSTRs facilitate rapid dilution of reagents through mixing. Therefore, for non-zero-order reactions, the low concentration of reagent in the reactor means a CSTR will be less efficient at removing the reagent compared to a PFR with the same residence time. Therefore, CSTRs are typically larger than PFRs, which may be a challenge in applications where space is limited. However, one of the added benefits of dilution in CSTRs is the ability to neutralize shocks to the system. As opposed to PFRs, the performance of CSTRs is less susceptible to changes in the influent composition, which makes it ideal for a variety of industrial applications:


title: Normal force

text: In mechanics, the normal force formula_1 is the component of a contact force that is perpendicular to the surface that an object contacts, as in Figure 1. In this instance "normal" is used in the geometric sense and means perpendicular, as opposed to the common language use of "normal" meaning "ordinary" or "expected". A person standing still on a platform is acted upon by gravity, which would pull them down towards the Earth's core unless there were a countervailing force from the resistance of the platform's molecules, a force which is named the "normal force".


title: Normal force

text: The normal force is one type of ground reaction force. If the person stands on a slope and does not sink into the ground or slide downhill, the total ground reaction force can be divided into two components: a normal force perpendicular to the ground and a frictional force parallel to the ground. In another common situation, if an object hits a surface with some speed, and the surface can withstand the impact, the normal force provides for a rapid deceleration, which will depend on the flexibility of the surface and the object.


title: Normal force

text: In the case of an object resting upon a flat table (unlike on an incline as in Figures 1 and 2), the normal force on the object is equal but in opposite direction to the gravitational force applied on the object (or the weight of the object), that is, formula_2, where "m" is mass, and "g" is the gravitational field strength (about 9.81 m/s on Earth). The normal force here represents the force applied by the table against the object that prevents it from sinking through the table and requires that the table be sturdy enough to deliver this normal force without breaking. However, it is easy to assume that the normal force and weight are action-reaction force pairs (a common mistake). In this case, the normal force and weight need to be equal in magnitude to explain why there is no upward acceleration of the object. For example, a ball that bounces upwards accelerates upwards because the normal force acting on the ball is larger in magnitude than the weight of the ball.


title: Normal force

text: Where an object rests on an incline as in Figures 1 and 2, the normal force is perpendicular to the plane the object rests on. Still, the normal force will be as large as necessary to prevent sinking through the surface, presuming the surface is sturdy enough. The strength of the force can be calculated as:


title: Normal force

text: where formula_1 is the normal force, "m" is the mass of the object, "g" is the gravitational field strength, and "θ" is the angle of the inclined surface measured from the horizontal.


title: Normal force

text: The normal force is one of the several forces which act on the object. In the simple situations so far considered, the most important other forces acting on it are friction and the force of gravity.


title: Normal force

text: In general, the magnitude of the normal force, "N", is the projection of the net surface interaction force, "T", in the normal direction, "n", and so the normal force vector can be found by scaling the normal direction by the net surface interaction force. The surface interaction force, in turn, is equal to the dot product of the unit normal with the Cauchy stress tensor describing the stress state of the surface. That is:


title: Normal force

text: for an object on the point of sliding where formula_9 is the angle between the slope and the horizontal.


title: Normal force

text: Normal force is directly a result of Pauli exclusion principle and not a true force "per se": it is a result of the interactions of the electrons at the surfaces of the objects. The atoms in the two surfaces cannot penetrate one another without a large investment of energy because there is no low energy state for which the electron wavefunctions from the two surfaces overlap; thus no microscopic force is needed to prevent this penetration.


title: Normal force

text: However these interactions are often modeled as van der Waals force, a force that grows very large very quickly as distance becomes smaller.


title: Normal force

text: On the more macroscopic level, such surfaces can be treated as a single object, and two bodies do not penetrate each other due to the stability of matter, which is again a consequence of Pauli exclusion principle, but also of the fundamental forces of nature: cracks in the bodies do not widen due to electromagnetic forces that create the chemical bonds between the atoms; the atoms themselves do not disintegrate because of the electromagnetic forces between the electrons and the nuclei; and the nuclei do not disintegrate due to the nuclear forces.


title: Normal force

text: In an elevator either stationary or moving at constant velocity, the normal force on the person's feet balances the person's weight. In an elevator that is accelerating upward, the normal force is greater than the person's ground weight and so the person's perceived weight increases (making the person feel heavier). In an elevator that is accelerating downward, the normal force is less than the person's ground weight and so a passenger's perceived weight decreases. If a passenger were to stand on a weighing scale, such as a conventional bathroom scale, while riding the elevator, the scale will be reading the normal force it delivers to the passenger's feet, and will be different than the person's ground weight if the elevator cab is "accelerating" up or down. The weighing scale measures normal force (which varies as the elevator cab accelerates), not gravitational force (which does not vary as the cab accelerates).


title: Normal force

text: When we define upward to be the positive direction, constructing Newton's second law and solving for the normal force on a passenger yields the following equation:


title: Normal force

text: In a gravitron amusement ride, the static friction caused by and perpendicular to the normal force acting on the passengers against the walls results in suspension of the passengers above the floor as the ride rotates. In such a scenario, the walls of the ride apply normal force to the passengers in the direction of the center, which is a result of the centripetal force applied to the passengers as the ride rotates. As a result of the normal force experienced by the passengers, the static friction between the passengers and the walls of the ride counteracts the pull of gravity on the passengers, resulting in suspension above ground of the passengers throughout the duration of the ride.


title: Normal force

text: When we define the center of the ride to be the positive direction, solving for the normal force on a passenger that is suspended above ground yields the following equation:


title: Normal force

text: where formula_12 is the normal force on the passenger, formula_13 is the mass of the passenger, formula_14 is the tangential velocity of the passenger and formula_15 is the distance of the passenger from the center of the ride.


title: Normal force

text: With the normal force known, we can solve for the static coefficient of friction needed to maintain a net force of zero in the vertical direction:


title: Normal force

text: where formula_17 is the static coefficient of friction, and formula_18 is the gravitational field strength.


title: First Republic Bank

text: First Republic Bank is an American full-service bank and wealth management company offering personal banking, business banking, trust, and wealth management services, catering to low-risk, high net-worth clientele, and focusing on providing personalized customer experience. The bank specializes in delivering personalized relationship-based service through preferred banking or trust offices in the United States, including San Francisco, Palo Alto, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Newport Beach, San Diego, Portland, Palm Beach, Boston, Greenwich, New York City, Jackson, Wyoming, and Manhattan Beach.


title: First Republic Bank

text: First Republic offers wealth management services through First Republic Wealth Advisors and First Republic Investment Management. Brokerage services are provided through First Republic Securities Company LLC and Trust services are provided through First Republic Trust Company.


title: First Republic Bank

text: First Republic began operations on July 1, 1985, as a California-chartered industrial thrift. First Republic went public on the NASDAQ in August 1986 at $10 a share, just over a year after it began operations. In 1993, First Republic purchased Silver State Thrift, a thrift in Nevada.


title: First Republic Bank

text: In 1996, First Republic sought out options to expand product offerings by shifting to a banking charter. The thrift enlisted a law firm, Lionel, Sawyer and Collins, to lobby the Nevada Legislature to pass a law allowing conversion of a Nevada thrift into a Nevada state-chartered bank. The law passed in July 1997, shortly after First Republic completed a reverse merger of the larger California-chartered thrift into the Nevada-chartered Silver State Thrift subsidiary. After the passage of the law, the Nevada thrift became a state-chartered bank, First Republic Savings Bank.


title: First Republic Bank

text: On January 29, 2007, First Republic announced they would be purchased by Merrill Lynch for $1.8 billion. The company was to be operated as a separate business of Merrill Lynch. The Merrill transaction was finalized on September 21, of 2007. Robert J. McCann, president of Merrill's Global Wealth Management group stated their purpose was to accelerate their strategy of "growing our high net worth, private banking business." Over the same weekend that Lehman Brothers Holdings filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, on September 15, 2008, Merrill Lynch and its subsidiaries were acquired by Bank of America.


title: First Republic Bank

text: In October 2009, just under 50% of First Republic was purchased by two private equity firms, Colony Capital and General Atlantic, and a group of other investors that included chairman James Herbert and former COO Katherine August DeWilde. The price was valued at about $1 billion. Both equity firms had prior relationships with First Republic Bank. Thomas J. Barrack, Jr., the head of Colony, had been a board member prior to the Merrill Lynch deal and General Atlantic had been an early investor in the firm putting up about $5 million in 1987. The deal was consummated on July 1, 2010. The London-based news service reported that an additional $800 million was provided by the new investment consortium to meet new capital requirements established by U.S. regulators.


title: First Republic Bank

text: In 1998, it acquired Trainer Worthman & Co., and in December 2001, it acquired Starbuck, Tisdale & Associates for $13 million in cash and stocks. In January 2000, First Republic acquired an 18 percent interest in Froley, Levy Investment Company Inc., and in 2002, it purchased the investment firm for $17 million in cash and stock. In December 2010, the bank completed its second IPO for $280.5 million, with shares opening at $27.25.


title: First Republic Bank

text: In 2015, First Republic purchased Constellation Wealth Partners for $115 million. By April 2016, First Republic had opened branches at the Facebook and Twitter Inc. headquarters in Silicon Valley. It also had various high-profile customers. "Barron's" in September 2016 listed First Republic Bank at 21 on its list of America's Top 40 Wealth Management Firms. By December 2016, First Republic Bank had $68 billion in assets.


title: First Republic Bank

text: In December 2016, the bank acquired Gradifi, a startup in Boston, for an unknown cash amount. Then two years old, Gradifi works with companies to help their employees pay off student debt, and First Republic had become a client in August 2016. Becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of First Republic, Gradifi continues to operate in Boston under its own name. Gradifi retained its customer base including PricewaterhouseCoopers, Natixis Global Asset Management and Penguin Random House.


title: First Republic Bank

text: Remaining a large American bank, in March 2018, the bank invested in CommonBond, a student loan financier. First Republic announced it would expand into Jackson, Wyoming in May 2018 with a new branch. Also that month, First Republic signed a deal to double its space at Rockefeller Center in New York City.


title: First Republic Bank

text: First Republic opened a trust company in Delaware in 2012 and an investment office in Palm Beach, Florida, in 2013.


title: First Republic Bank

text: In June 2018, "Forbes" ranked First Republic #220 on its Global 2000 list of "growth champions." "Forbes" also ranked it #268 on America's largest public companies. With 5,350 employees at the time, First Republic had a market cap of $14.32 billion and wealth management assets totaling $126.2 billion. In 2019, First Republic opened an investment office in Washington D.C. In January 2020, First Republic announced the opening of a Wyoming-based trust company. At the end of 2021, First Republic had $279.4 billion in wealth management assets. Currently, First Republic Bank has over 80 bank locations in 11 states across the U.S. These locations are primarily in New York, California, Massachusetts, and Florida.


title: Septemberprogramm

text: The Septemberprogramm (, literally "September Program") was a memorandum authorized by Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg of the German Empire at the beginning of World War I (1914–18). It was drafted on 9 September 1914 by the Chancellor's private secretary, Kurt Riezler, in preparation of peace negotiations at a time when Germany expected to defeat France quickly and decisively on the Western front. The territorial changes proposed in the "Septemberprogramm" included making a vassal state of Belgium, annexing Luxembourg and portions of France, expanding German colonies in Africa, and increasing German influence in Eastern Europe at the expense of the Russian Empire.


title: Septemberprogramm

text: The "Septemberprogramm" gained great notoriety after it was discovered by historian Fritz Fischer, who wrote that is was based on the "Lebensraum" philosophy as well as the "Drang nach Osten" nationalist movement of the 19th century, which made territorial expansion Imperial Germany's primary motive for war. This interpretation has been controversial. The modern consensus among historians is that it was more of a discussion document, written well after the start of the war, and not a formally adopted government policy.


title: Septemberprogramm

text: The "Septemberprogramm" was based on suggestions from Germany's industrial, military, and political leadership. However, since Germany did not win the war, it was never put into effect. As historian Raffael Scheck concluded, "The government, finally, never committed itself to anything. It had ordered the "Septemberprogramm" as an informal hearing in order to learn about the opinion of the economic and military elites."


title: Septemberprogramm

text: In the east, on the other hand, Germany and her allies did demand and achieve significant territorial and economic concessions from Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and from Romania in the Treaty of Bucharest. Both treaties were annulled with the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended the fighting in World War I.


title: Heroines Run the Show

text: After leaving her rural hometown to pursue a career in track & field by enrolling in Tokyo's Sakuragaoka High School, Hiyori Suzumi becomes manager-in-training for the high school idol duo LIP×LIP, who happen to be her classmates. Hijinks ensue as she tries to balance track, schoolwork, making new friends, and working in secret to manage LIP×LIP.