title: King Kong Lives

text: According to one account, "Besides the fact that audiences have noses for a stinker, "King Kong Lives" lacked an effective advertising campaign that sold its premise (Kong finds a mate), and the movie was sold as if it was just another B-movie retread. Which it was, but on an A budget."


title: King Kong Lives

text: Overseas, the film was a success in the Soviet Union, where it sold tickets in 1988, becoming the top-grossing foreign film of the year and one of the top 15 highest-grossing foreign films of all time. At an average 1980s Soviet ticket price of , the film's ticket sales are equivalent to an estimated gross revenue of approximately Rbls ().


title: King Kong Lives

text: The film sold a total of 54,831,200 tickets worldwide, including 1,231,200 tickets in North America. The film grossed an estimated total revenue of approximately worldwide.


title: King Kong Lives

text: The financial failure of the movie (while it earned 3.7x it's budget, it ultimately lost money due to its marketing costs) - along with movies such as "Tai-Pan" - led to the bankruptcy of De Laurentiis' company.


title: King Kong Lives

text: "King Kong Lives" was panned by critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports a 0% approval rating based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 2.2/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100 based on 9 critic reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: King Kong Lives

text: Roger Ebert gave the film only one out of four stars and stated, "The problem with everyone in "King Kong Lives" is that they're in a boring movie, and they know they're in a boring movie, and they just can't stir themselves to make an effort." DEG sent a notice to Ebert and Gene Siskel notifying the two critics that they were allowed to show snippets of the film on TV in their native Chicago, but were forbidden to show the same snippets on the national scale. Siskel remarked "Obviously, they were scared [...] If you don't believe me or Roger, believe the film company, that, think about it, couldn't find a single scene that it wanted you to see."


title: King Kong Lives

text: Patrick Goldstein of the "Los Angeles Times" opined that "this sequel, directed by John Guillermin (who was also at the helm of the 1976 version) is in good hands as long as Kong is on screen. (Designer Carlo Rambaldi has done a masterful job of sculpting his mighty ape’s features, giving him heft, surprising agility and, perhaps to age him a bit, a receding hairline.) But the film makers haven’t been able to improve on the original story. It’s still Kong vs. Civilization, with a lot of high-firepower action and wackily implausible plot twists thrown in to keep the Big Guy busy." Rambaldi's work was also lauded by Janet Maslin of "The New York Times", but she nonetheless remarked that ""King Kong Lives," which was directed by John Guillerman, has a dull cast and a plot that's even duller." Staff members of "Variety" remarked that "in portraying an Indiana Jones-type figure, [Brian] Kerwin strains for plausibility and [the] film swiftly begins to lose some early credibility."


title: King Kong Lives

text: The film was nominated for one Razzie Award, Worst Visual Effects. Actor Peter Goetz received a residual check of 12 cents from the film and decided to frame it as a tribute, never cashing it.


title: King Kong Lives

text: The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book "The Official Razzie Movie Guide" as one of The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.


title: King Kong Lives

text: "Filmink" called the movie "awful. There’s no sense of adventure or danger: the bulk of the film takes place in the USA, and the rampage of Kong is played for laughs (being whacked on the head by a golf ball, etc). The leads, Linda Hamilton and Brian Kerwin, could have been cut out of the film entirely. Who wants to see a King Kong movie where the apes are in love with each other and not a human?"


title: King Kong Lives

text: Two official video games based on the film were developed and released only in Japan by Konami. They were titled "" for the Famicom, and "" for the MSX. The Famicom game totally discarded the human aspect of the story and players played as King Kong who has to travel around the globe fighting giant robots and certain military forces in order to save the female Kong. The game was designed as an action-adventure game with some science fiction concepts. The MSX version, on the other hand, plays from the perspective of Mitchell. This version is a role-playing game.


title: Odalisque

text: An odalisque (, ) was a chambermaid or a female attendant in a Turkish seraglio, particularly the court ladies in the household of the Ottoman sultan. In western usage, the term came to mean the harem concubine, and refers to the eroticized artistic genre in which a woman is represented mostly or completely nude in a reclining position, often in the setting of a harem.


title: Odalisque

text: The word "odalisque" is French in form and originates from the Turkish "odalık", meaning "chambermaid", from "oda", "chamber" or "room". It can also be transliterated "odahlic", "odalisk", and "odaliq".


title: Odalisque

text: The English and French term odalisque (rarely odalique) derives from the Turkish 'oda', meaning "chamber"; thus an odalisque originally meant a chamber girl or attendant. In western usage, the term has come to refer specifically to the harem concubine. By the eighteenth century the term odalisque referred to the eroticized artistic genre in which a nominally eastern woman lies on her side on display for the spectator.


title: Odalisque

text: An "odalik" was a maid that tended to the harem, but she could eventually become a concubine. She was ranked at the bottom of the social stratification of a harem, serving not the man of the household, but rather, his concubines and wives as their personal chambermaid. "Odalıklar" were usually slaves given as gifts to the sultan by wealthy Turkish men. Generally, an "odalık" was never seen by the sultan but instead remained under the direct supervision of his mother, the Valide Sultan.


title: Odalisque

text: If an "odalık" was of extraordinary beauty or had exceptional talents in dancing or singing, she would be trained as a possible concubine. If selected, an "odalık" trained as a court lady would serve the sultan sexually and only after such sexual contact would she change in status, becoming thenceforth one of the consorts of the sultan.


title: Odalisque

text: W. S. Gilbert refers to the "Grace of an odalisque on a divan" in Colonel Calverley's song "If You Want A Receipt For That Popular Mystery" from the Gilbert and Sullivan opera "Patience."


title: Odalisque

text: In popular use, the word "odalisque" also may refer to a mistress, concubine or paramour of a wealthy man.


title: Odalisque

text: During the 19th century, "odalisques" became common figures in the artistic movement known as Orientalism, being featured in many erotic paintings from that era.


title: Odalisque

text: By the later 19th century, Turkish writers such as Melek Hanum used the word odalisque to refer to slave-concubines when writing in English:


title: Odalisque

text: If any lady possesses a pretty-looking slave, the fact soon gets known. The gentlemen who wish to buy an odalisque or a wife, make their offers. Many Turks, indeed, prefer to take a slave as a wife, as, in such case, there is no need to dread fathers, mothers, or brothers-in-law, and other undesirable relations.


title: Odalisque

text: In 2011, the Law Society of British Columbia brought a disciplinary hearing against an unnamed lawyer for referring to another lawyer's client as living with an odalisque. The Law Society found that the word's use, though an extremely poor choice, did not rise to the level of professional misconduct: “[28] … A lawyer, more than anyone, should be aware of the importance of using words carefully, alive to their nuances. Whether his failure to do so is the product of naïveté, as suggested by his counsel, stupidity or lack of care, it is at least unintelligent and certainly inexcusable.”


title: Vivek filmography

text: Vivek (19 November 1961 – 17 April 2021) was an Indian actor and comedian who worked mainly in Tamil cinema. He won three Filmfare Best Comedian Awards for his performances in "Run", "Saamy" and "Perazhagan". In April 2009, Vivek received the Padma Shri award by the Government of India for his contribution to the arts. He was introduced to filmdom by renowned director K. Balachander.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (22 November 1808 – 3 June 1879) was a British Jewish banker, politician and philanthropist who was a member of the prominent Rothschild banking family of England. He became the first practising Jew to sit as a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: The eldest son of Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his wife, Hannah Barent-Cohen, he was a member of the wealthy Rothschild family. Both of his parents were Jewish. He was born in London, where his father had founded the English branch of the Europe-wide family.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: In his earlier years, he studied at the University of Göttingen before embarking on an apprenticeship in the family business at London, Paris and Frankfurt. He was admitted to the family partnership in 1836 at a family gathering in Frankfurt.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: Like his father, he was a "Freiherr" (baron) of the Austrian Empire, but unlike his father, he used the title in British society. By royal licence of Queen Victoria on 16 June 1838, he was allowed (along with other male-line descendants of his late father) to use the Austrian title of baron in the United Kingdom.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: Prime Minister Gladstone proposed to Queen Victoria that Lionel be made a British peer. She demurred, saying that titling a Jew would raise antagonism and furthermore it would be unseemly to reward a man whose vast wealth was based on what she called "a species of gambling" rather than legitimate trade. However, the Queen did raise Lionel's son Nathan to the peerage in 1885, and he became the first Jewish member of the House of Lords.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: Rothschild was responsible for raising large sums for the government, especially in the Crimean war, and for philanthropic relief of the victims of the Great Irish Famine. On 1 January 1847, he founded the British Relief Association, alongside Stephen Spring Rice, John Abel Smith and other notable aristocrats. The Association went on to raise £500,000, and was the largest private provider of relief during the Irish Famine and Highland Potato Famine. In 1861, in protest at the suppression of the Polish uprisings, he (initially) refused to contract a loan to Russia. His most famous undertaking was financing the government's purchase of the Suez Canal shares from Egypt for £4 million.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: In 1847, Lionel de Rothschild was first elected to the British House of Commons as one of four Members of Parliament for the City of London constituency. Because Jews were at that point still barred from sitting in the chamber due to the Christian oath required to be sworn in, Prime Minister Lord John Russell introduced a Jewish Disabilities Bill to remove the problem with the oath. In 1848, the bill was approved by the House of Commons but was twice rejected by the House of Lords. After being rejected again by the Upper House in 1849, Rothschild resigned his seat and stood again winning in a by-election to strengthen his claim.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: In 1850, he entered the House of Commons to take his seat but refused to swear on a Christian Bible asking to use only the Hebrew Bible. This was permitted but when omitting the words "upon the true faith of a Christian" from the oath he was required to leave.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: In 1851, a new Jewish Disabilities Bill was defeated in the House of Lords. In the 1852 general election, Rothschild was again elected but the next year the bill was again defeated in the upper house.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: Finally, in the Jews Relief Act 1858, the House of Lords agreed to a proposal to allow each house to decide its own oath. On 26 July 1858, Rothschild took the oath with covered head, substituting "so help me, Jehovah" for the ordinary form of oath, and thereupon took his seat as the first Jewish member of Parliament. He was re-elected in general elections in 1859 and 1865, but defeated in 1868; he was returned unopposed in a by-election in 1869 but defeated a second time in the general election in 1874.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: A patron of thoroughbred horse racing, under the assumed name of "Mr Acton", his colt Sir Bevys won the 1879 Epsom Derby.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: In 1836, Lionel de Rothschild married his first cousin Baroness Charlotte von Rothschild (1819–1884), daughter of Baron Carl Mayer von Rothschild of the Rothschild banking family of Naples.


title: Lionel de Rothschild

text: Lionel de Rothschild suffered from gout for more than 20 years. He had a seizure on 3 June 1879 and died the next morning in his city home at 148 Piccadilly in London, aged 70. His body was interred at the Willesden Jewish Cemetery in the North London suburb of Willesden.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: My Favorite Murder is a weekly true crime comedy podcast hosted by American comedians Karen Kilgariff and Georgia Hardstark. The first episode was released in January 2016. The podcast debuted at #25 on the iTunes podcast charts and peaked at #3 on April 27, 2018. Weekly episodes regularly land within the iTunes' Top 10 Comedy Podcast chart. As of 2020, the podcast gets 35 million downloads per month.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: Kilgariff and Hardstark met at a Halloween party in 2015 where Kilgariff was describing a violent car accident she had witnessed at South by Southwest. Hardstark approached Kilgariff, finding they had a shared interest in true crime. Prior to the podcast, Kilgariff was best known for her stand-up, which included singing and playing guitar to original comedic songs. Kilgariff also previously worked on "Mr. Show", "The Pete Holmes Show", and "Ellen". Hardstark co-hosted the shows "Drinks With Alie and Georgia" and "Slumber Party with Alie and Georgia" with previous collaborator Alie Ward.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: In January 2016, Kilgariff and Hardstark released their first episode of "My Favorite Murder" with Feral Audio, where they discussed the cases of JonBenét Ramsey and the Golden State Killer. Shortly thereafter, "My Favorite Murder" appeared on an episode of the Cracked podcast. In June 2016, Steven Ray Morris became the podcast's producer, making his first appearance in Episode 23 "Making A Twenty-Thirderer."


title: My Favorite Murder

text: In 2017, Feral Audio was shut down following abuse allegations made against the founder. In September 2017, "My Favorite Murder" moved to Midroll Media. On November 28, 2018, Kilgariff and Hardstark introduced their new podcast network Exactly Right (named after a phrase often said on the podcast by Kilgariff).


title: My Favorite Murder

text: In January 2022, Amazon and Wondery acquired exclusive rights to the "My Favorite Murder" podcast. The acquisition was part of an exclusive ad sales and distribution deal with the podcast's parent network, Exactly Right. The deal stipulated that episodes of "My Favorite Murder" and some episodes from other podcasts on the Exactly Right Network will drop one week early on Amazon Music and Wondery+ before being released on other podcast platforms.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: Kilgariff and Hardstark each select a single murder, true crime story, survivor story, or historical event to recount and discuss. The podcast consists mainly of dialogue between the hosts with one host telling the story and the other host reacting and providing commentary. Episodes were initially thematically based, though this concept was abandoned early in the series. Episodes 1-32 were titled with murder-themed puns and pop culture references. From then on, episode titles were based on jokes from the conversations within the episodes. While the show traditionally consists only of Kilgariff, Hardstark and producer Steven Ray Morris, a few episodes have featured guest appearances. Past guests have included Guy Branum, Paul Holes, Patton Oswalt, Bellamy Young, Conan O'Brien, and Cameron Britton, among others. Additionally, "My Favorite Murder" has collaborated with other podcasts, including the Cracked podcast, "Unqualified" with Anna Faris, "The Dollop", "Harmontown", and "Movie Crush". Karen Kilgariff was also on "Mother, May I Sleep With Podcast" in an episode on the movie "Flowers in the Attic".


title: My Favorite Murder

text: Full episodes are released weekly on Thursdays, ranging in length from 60 to 120 minutes. "Minisodes" are released Mondays, and are typically 30–45 minutes long. Minisodes initially focused solely on the topic of "Hometown Murders," which include listeners' personal connections or experiences with crime submitted via email. Minisodes have since expanded to also include topics such as the paranormal, hidden objects, family secrets, first responder stories, or whatever topics the hosts have requested.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: Kilgariff and Hardstark have both referred to the podcast as a sort of therapy to deal with their own anxieties about true crime. They often discuss common problematic themes in true crime, such as mental illness, sex work, sexual abuse, religion, women's rights, and victim's rights. Within the discussion of the crimes, they also discuss personal experiences and anecdotes. These topics often include previous substance abuse, rehab, Irish Catholicism, Judaism, sobriety, therapy/mental health, epilepsy, stand-up comedy, and growing up in California.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: Each episode ends with the hosts saying their catchphrase "Stay Sexy and Don't Get Murdered." Hardstark then asks her siamese cat Elvis: "Elvis, do you want a cookie?" and he meows into the microphone as the episode ends. After their move to the Exactly Right offices, Hardstark recorded Elvis on her phone at home, and it was then added to the end of the podcast in post-production. Elvis died in December 2020, though his recording is still played after each episode.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: "My Favorite Murder" was swiftly syndicated beyond the original Feral Audio site to such places as Google Play Music and iTunes. Media reaction to the program has been largely positive, with the phenomenon of the podcast's rapid popularity documented in many outside sources such as BuzzFeed, "Rolling Stone", "Marie Claire", "HuffPost", and "Bustle".


title: My Favorite Murder

text: As of October 5, 2016, "My Favorite Murder" was #10 on the overall iTunes podcast charts and #1 in the comedy category, and has around 450,000 downloads per episode as well as millions of downloads each month.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: "Elle" invited Hardstark to write about the JonBenét Ramsey case following "" to discuss her reaction and share her theories on the case.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: On February 21, 2017, "The Atlantic" published the article titled "How a True-Crime Podcast Became a Mental-Health Support Group" which discusses the "Murderino" community built around taking care of yourself, and how stories of murders have come to help listeners exorcize their fears.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: The show has faced some criticism, notably with regard to their treatment of topics relating to marginalized groups (such as sex workers, people of color, and the LGBTQ+ community) as well as factual inaccuracies. Many episodes include a "Corrections Corner" segment to address criticisms or correct inaccuracies from previous episodes.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: In 2019 Forbes named them #2 on their first-ever ranking of the highest-earning podcasters. In 2019, "My Favorite Murder" earned $15 million.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: "My Favorite Murder" quickly gained a large fan following, including a Facebook group with over 200,000 members , and a Facebook fan page with more than 171,000 followers . Of note is the predominance of female listeners and fans, which is consistent with data showing the majority of true crime fans to be female.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: Fans of the show refer to themselves as "Murderinos," which they define as: "Person with a borderline obsessive interest in true crime, and the specific nature and details of disturbing murders." The term "Murderino" is loosely inspired by a Ned Flanders line from a Halloween episode of "The Simpsons."


title: My Favorite Murder

text: On April 12, 2018 "My Favorite Murder" announced their new platform for fans called the Fan Cult. For a yearly fee, fans are granted access to exclusive merchandise, pre-sale of live show tickets, additional content, and forums.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: In November 2019, "My Favorite Murder" hosted a weekend-long event called """My Favorite Weekend""" in Santa Barbara, California.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: "I'll Be Gone in the Dark: One Woman's Obsessive Search for the Golden State Killer" is a true crime book by Michelle McNamara about the Golden State Killer. The book and McNamara's work on the case are frequently discussed in "My Favorite Murder", which boasts a large fan base of true crime aficionados. The debut episode of the show """Episode 1: My Firstest Murder""" featured the case as well as discussion of McNamara's work. Prior to the arrest, """Episode 115: I'll Be Gone In The Dark at Skylight Books""" featured McNamara's widower Patton Oswalt, Paul Haynes, and Billy Jensen discussing the book and their roles in finishing project following McNamara's death. In this episode, Oswalt discusses McNamara's writing process, including making "era-appropriate playlists to help her get into a proper mindset." Oswalt explains finishing of the book as a bittersweet experience: "It’s another part of her that’s kind of gone. In a very a sick way, not having the book done—and us working on it—meant she was still here.”


title: My Favorite Murder

text: """Episode 118: Golden State Serial Killer Caught""" released on April 26, 2018 (immediately after the arrest was made) and featured Billy Jensen discussing the arrest and his work on the book following McNamara's death. """Episode 122: Surprise! It's Paul Holes""" featured Billy Jensen and Golden State Killer investigator Paul Holes discussing the case and the impact of McNamara's work.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: Following their involvement in the Golden State Killer case and McNamara's work, in 2019 Billy Jensen and Paul Holes began a podcast called "Jensen & Holes: The Murder Squad", produced through Kilgariff and Hardstark's podcast network Exactly Right.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: Hosts Kilgariff and Hardstark co-wrote a book titled "Stay Sexy and Don't Get Murdered" that was released on May 28, 2019, by Forge Books. The book is a dual memoir, framed by their signature focus on true crime. The book title is a reference to the podcast's catchphrase.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: In November 2018, Kilgariff and Hardstark departed from Earwolf and launched the Exactly Right Podcast Network. The name of the network is in reference to a phrase often said by Kilgrariff in the show. In addition to producing "My Favorite Murder", the network began hosting the pre-existing shows "The Fall Line", "The Purrrcast", "This Podcast Will Kill You", and "Do You Need A Ride?".


title: My Favorite Murder

text: In 2019, Exactly Right podcast "Jensen & Holes: The Murder Squad" was announced, which was the first show original to the network. The show is hosted by retired cold case investigator Paul Holes and investigative journalist Billy Jensen. Jensen and Holes discuss "unsolved murders, unidentified remains, and missing persons cases" with contributions from their listeners. Both Jensen and Holes gained notoriety within the "My Favorite Murder" fan community following their involvement in the Golden State Killer case in 2018.


title: My Favorite Murder

text: Additional podcasts hosted by the network include "I Said No Gifts", in which comedian Bridger Winegar has conversations with guests who have brought him supposedly unwanted gifts, and "Bananas", wherein Kurt Braunohler and Scotty Landes discuss the strange news from around the world. Exactly Right's lineup continues to expand with shows such as "Adulting with Michelle Buteau and Jordan Carlos", "That's Messed Up: An SVU Podcast", "I Saw What You Did", author Kate Winkler Dawson's "Tenfold More Wicked", "Lady to Lady", "The True Beauty Brooklyn Podcast", "Parent Footprint with Dr. Dan" and Dave Holmes' limited series "Waiting for Impact".


title: My Favorite Murder

text: The hosts have done several live shows internationally that follow the same format of the podcast, starting in September 2016. Vince Averill, Hardstark's husband, acts as the tour manager and travels with the show. Live shows are often posted in place of new episodes. "My Favorite Murder" is the top-selling podcast live show.


title: Malamaal Weekly

text: Malamaal Weekly is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language comedy film written and directed by Priyadarshan and starring Paresh Rawal, Om Puri, Riteish Deshmukh, Rajpal Yadav and Asrani. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but was successful at the box office, grossing ₹42.7 crore against a budget of ₹7 crore. The film was remade in Telugu as "Bhagyalakshmi Bumper Draw" and in Kannada as " Dakota Picture". Priyadarshan himself remade the film in Malayalam as "Aamayum Muyalum".


title: Malamaal Weekly

text: The film takes place in the impoverished village of Laholi where, following droughts, most of the villagers' possessions are mortgaged to the local Thakurani Karamkali (Sudha Chandran). One of the few entertainments the villagers can afford is the lottery, Malaamal Weekly ("malamal" is Hindi for 'rich').


title: Malamaal Weekly

text: Lilaram (Paresh Rawal) is the only educated man in the village. He has the job of intermediary between the lottery organization and the village, for which he receives a commission whenever a villager wins; thus, he has a relatively good but volatile income. One day he reads the winning lottery numbers and realizes that one of the tickets has won the top prize of one crore (10 million Indian currency or about $160,000, a relative fortune in rural India). He devises a plan to obtain the winning ticket and present it to the commission as his own. He hosts a dinner (mortgaging his wife's beloved pet goat Gattu who is like a child to her, to the Thakurani to pay for it) and invites all the villagers who play the lottery, but the man he is looking for does not turn up. By elimination, he deduces that the winner is Anthony (Innocent), the town drunk, and reasons that he didn't turn up because he knew that he had won the top prize. Hoping to at least extract his commission, he goes to Anthony's house, and finds him dead, the winning ticket clutched in his hand and a happy expression on his face.


title: Malamaal Weekly

text: Lilaram attempts to pry the ticket from Anthony's fingers but is thwarted by Anthony's body in rigor mortis. Lilaram eventually succeeds in freeing it with a knife; at this point Ballu (Om Puri), the local dairy farmer, enters the house and discovers him standing over Anthony's corpse with what appears to be the murder weapon in his hand. Ballu's unfortunate assistant Kanhaiya (Riteish) has a hard time of following Ballu's orders and makes a lot of mistakes. He has emotional involvement with Ballu's daughter Sukhmani (Reema Sen) also joined with them. Lilaram tells Ballu the truth and convinces him to remain silent in exchange for sharing the lottery winnings between them.


title: Malamaal Weekly

text: Unfortunately for them, before dying Anthony managed to call the lottery commission and give his name and address, as well as his sister and several people to whom he owed money to tell them of his good fortune. The secret soon becomes impossible to keep, and Lilaram must figure out how to fool the lottery inspector (Arbaaz Khan), who is on high way to the village to interview Anthony. To cover up the whole incident as per the plan of Lilaram, Ballu acted as living Antony and the inspector became satisfied. After that Ballu, Kanhaiya and Lilaram are introduced to a solitary man named Joseph (Shakti Kapoor) as Kanhaiya also fails to hide Anthony's body but has a secret romance with Sukhmani. All of them successfully buried Antony but unfortunately, Bajbahadur aka Bajey (Rajpal Yadav), brother of Thakurani knew their secret plan and Antony's death case. He started threatening them. Some days later, Chokeylal (Asrani) Kanhaiya's father comes to the village and hears of Kanhaiya's insolence which prompts him to lock his own son in Ballu's barn because Kanhaiya obstructing the plan of getting money from the lottery. Later, Gattu is sold by Thakurani to the butchers and Leela and his wife come to know about this and are heartbroken. At night Lilaram, Ballu, Chokey and Joseph manage to catch Baje. But they fail to kidnap Bajey and accidentally kidnap Joseph by mistake. Bajey was kidnapped by another gang of nearby village due to their personal vendetta.


title: Malamaal Weekly

text: After few days the said Lottery inspector comes to the village and gives the demand draft to Ballu. When he is returning, Thakurani and Bajey's gang try to catch him up to inform the real fact of Antony's lottery ticket. Ballu, Lilaram, Kanhaiya and rest of the villagers try to stop Thakurani and Bajey, ensuing a chaotic chase. Just when Thakurani catches up with the lottery inspector's car, he hits her motorcycle and Thakurani plunges to death in the town river. The villagers let the inspector go in exchange of promise that he would not say a word to anyone. The movie ends with everyone getting rich except for Bajey, who becomes a beggar.


title: Malamaal Weekly

text: The "Hindustan Times" was broadly positive about "Malaamal Weekly", with two reviewers awarding it two and three stars but lauding "the sheer pleasure" of Rawal and Puri's comic performances. Most reviewers, however, were more negative. The BBC gave the film two out of five stars, citing a "weak script" and saying that the humour of "Waking Ned" had been "lost in translation." Molodezhnaja.ch concurred, repeatedly complaining that the film was too long, had only one song and the rest consisting of "repetitive scenes, long, no, "endless" dialogue and a poor finale," giving it 2.5 stars on the basis of "a few laughs and solid casting."


title: Malamaal Weekly

text: It did at least give the single song credit for "breaking up the otherwise monotonous events"; rediff.com described it as "the worst Bollywood song ever" in addition to summing the film up as "simply pathetic." Priyadarshan shrugged off the poor reviews, claiming "My films have never been given good reviews in Mumbai. I'd get seriously worried about my films the day they're reviewed favourably."


title: Malamaal Weekly

text: Despite the mixed reviews, the film was a surprise hit at the box office. As of April 2006, the film was the top grosser in Delhi. Made on a budget of ₹7 crore, the film grossed ₹42.7 crore worldwide.


title: Malamaal Weekly

text: A sequel was planned later, which was directed by Priyadarshan, the title of Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal. It starred Shreyas Talpade, Nana Patekar, Paresh Rawal, Om Puri, Dr.Rajeev Pillai and Rajpal Yadav; the rest of the cast. Though later director Priyadarshan claimed that movie was not a sequel but a reboot.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: In general relativity, the metric tensor (in this context often abbreviated to simply the metric) is the fundamental object of study. It may loosely be thought of as a generalization of the gravitational potential of Newtonian gravitation. The metric captures all the geometric and causal structure of spacetime, being used to define notions such as time, distance, volume, curvature, angle, and separation of the future and the past.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: Throughout this article we work with a metric signature that is mostly positive (); see sign convention. The gravitation constant formula_1 will be kept explicit. This article employs the Einstein summation convention, where repeated indices are automatically summed over.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: Mathematically, spacetime is represented by a four-dimensional differentiable manifold formula_2 and the metric tensor is given as a covariant, second-degree, symmetric tensor on formula_2, conventionally denoted by formula_4. Moreover, the metric is required to be nondegenerate with signature . A manifold formula_2 equipped with such a metric is a type of Lorentzian manifold.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: Explicitly, the metric tensor is a symmetric bilinear form on each tangent space of formula_2 that varies in a smooth (or differentiable) manner from point to point. Given two tangent vectors formula_7 and formula_8 at a point formula_9 in formula_2, the metric can be evaluated on formula_7 and formula_8 to give a real number:


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: This is a generalization of the dot product of ordinary Euclidean space. Unlike Euclidean space – where the dot product is positive definite – the metric is indefinite and gives each tangent space the structure of Minkowski space.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: Physicists usually work in local coordinates (i.e. coordinates defined on some local patch of formula_2). In local coordinates formula_15 (where formula_16 is an index that runs from 0 to 3) the metric can be written in the form


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: The factors formula_18 are one-form gradients of the scalar coordinate fields formula_15. The metric is thus a linear combination of tensor products of one-form gradients of coordinates. The coefficients formula_20 are a set of 16 real-valued functions (since the tensor formula_4 is a "tensor field", which is defined at all points of a spacetime manifold). In order for the metric to be symmetric we must have


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: If the local coordinates are specified, or understood from context, the metric can be written as a symmetric matrix with entries formula_20. The nondegeneracy of formula_24 means that this matrix is non-singular (i.e. has non-vanishing determinant), while the Lorentzian signature of formula_4 implies that the matrix has one negative and three positive eigenvalues. Note that physicists often refer to this matrix or the coordinates formula_20 themselves as the metric (see, however, abstract index notation).


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: With the quantities formula_18 being regarded as the components of an infinitesimal coordinate displacement four-vector (not to be confused with the one-forms of the same notation above), the metric determines the invariant square of an infinitesimal line element, often referred to as an "interval". The interval is often denoted


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: The interval formula_29 imparts information about the causal structure of spacetime. When formula_30, the interval is timelike and the square root of the absolute value of formula_29 is an incremental proper time. Only timelike intervals can be physically traversed by a massive object. When formula_32, the interval is lightlike, and can only be traversed by (massless) things that move at the speed of light. When formula_33, the interval is spacelike and the square root of formula_29 acts as an incremental proper length. Spacelike intervals cannot be traversed, since they connect events that are outside each other's light cones. Events can be causally related only if they are within each other's light cones.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: The components of the metric depend on the choice of local coordinate system. Under a change of coordinates formula_35, the metric components transform as


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: The metric tensor plays a key role in index manipulation. In index notation, the coefficients formula_20 of the metric tensor formula_38 provide a link between covariant and contravariant components of other tensors. Contracting the contravariant index of a tensor with one of a covariant metric tensor coefficient has the effect of lowering the index


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: Applying this property of raising and lowering indices to the metric tensor components themselves leads to the property


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: For a diagonal metric (one for which coefficients formula_42; i.e. the basis vectors are orthogonal to each other), this implies that a given covariant coefficient of the metric tensor is the inverse of the corresponding contravariant coefficient formula_43, etc.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: The simplest example of a Lorentzian manifold is flat spacetime, which can be given as with coordinates formula_44 and the metric


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: Note that these coordinates actually cover all of . The flat space metric (or Minkowski metric) is often denoted by the symbol and is the metric used in special relativity. In the above coordinates, the matrix representation of is


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: The Schwarzschild metric describes an uncharged, non-rotating black hole. There are also metrics that describe rotating and charged black holes.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: Besides the flat space metric the most important metric in general relativity is the Schwarzschild metric which can be given in one set of local coordinates by


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: where, again, formula_54 is the standard metric on the 2-sphere. Here, formula_1 is the gravitation constant and formula_2 is a constant with the dimensions of mass. Its derivation can be found here. The Schwarzschild metric approaches the Minkowski metric as formula_2 approaches zero (except at the origin where it is undefined). Similarly, when formula_58 goes to infinity, the Schwarzschild metric approaches the Minkowski metric.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: Several other systems of coordinates have been devised for the Schwarzschild metric: Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates, Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates, Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates, and Lemaître coordinates.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: The Schwarzschild solution supposes an object that is not rotating in space and is not charged. To account for charge, the metric must satisfy the Einstein Field equations like before, as well as Maxwell's equations in a curved spacetime. A charged, non-rotating mass is described by the Reissner–Nordström metric.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: The metric induces a natural volume form (up to a sign), which can be used to integrate over a region of a manifold. Given local coordinates formula_15 for the manifold, the volume form can be written


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: where formula_63 is the determinant of the matrix of components of the metric tensor for the given coordinate system.


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: The metric formula_4 completely determines the curvature of spacetime. According to the fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry, there is a unique connection on any semi-Riemannian manifold that is compatible with the metric and torsion-free. This connection is called the Levi-Civita connection. The Christoffel symbols of this connection are given in terms of partial derivatives of the metric in local coordinates formula_15 by the formula


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: The curvature of spacetime is then given by the Riemann curvature tensor which is defined in terms of the Levi-Civita connection ∇. In local coordinates this tensor is given by:


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: One of the core ideas of general relativity is that the metric (and the associated geometry of spacetime) is determined by the matter and energy content of spacetime. Einstein's field equations:


title: Metric tensor (general relativity)

text: relate the metric (and the associated curvature tensors) to the stress–energy tensor formula_72. This tensor equation is a complicated set of nonlinear partial differential equations for the metric components. Exact solutions of Einstein's field equations are very difficult to find.


title: Artemis Accords

text: The Artemis Accords are a series of non-binding multilateral agreements between the United States government and other world governments participating in the Artemis Program, an American-led effort to return humans to the Moon by 2025, with the ultimate goal of expanding space exploration to Mars and beyond. As of December 2022, 23 countries and one territory have signed the accords, including eight in Europe, seven in Asia, three in North America, two in Oceania, two in Africa, and two in South America.


title: Artemis Accords

text: Drafted by NASA and the U.S. Department of State, the Accords establish a framework for cooperation in the civil exploration and peaceful use of the Moon, Mars, and other astronomical objects. They are explicitly grounded in the United Nations Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which signatories are obliged to uphold, and cite most major U.N.-brokered conventions constituting space law.


title: Artemis Accords

text: The Accords were signed on 13 October 2020 by representatives of the national space agencies of eight countries: Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. Additional signatories include Ukraine, South Korea, New Zealand, Brazil, Poland, Mexico, Israel, Romania, Bahrain, Singapore, Colombia, France, Saudi Arabia, Rwanda, and Nigeria. The Accords remain open for signature indefinitely, as NASA anticipates other nations will join. Additional signatories to the Accords can choose to directly participate in Artemis program activities or may agree simply to commit to the principles for responsible exploration of the moon that are set out in the Accords.


title: Artemis Accords

text: On 5 May 2020, Reuters published an exclusive report that the Trump administration was drafting a new international agreement for mining on the Moon, which would draw from the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Ten days later, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine officially announced the Artemis Accords, a series of agreements with partner nations aimed at establishing a governing framework for exploring and mining the Moon.


title: Artemis Accords

text: The Accords originated from the eponymous Artemis Program, an American plan launched in 2017 to send the first woman and the next man to the Moon by 2024. Bridenstine stated that the agreements were intended to create a uniform set of guidelines for countries to avoid potential conflict or misunderstanding in future space endeavors; governments that sign the Accords may formally take part in the Artemis Program.


title: Artemis Accords

text: The Accords were drafted by NASA in collaboration with the U.S. Department of State and the newly re-established National Space Council; a draft was released to several governments for consultation before the final document was announced in May 2020.


title: Artemis Accords

text: On 13 October 2020, in a recorded and livestreamed ceremony, the Accords were signed by the directors of the national space agencies of the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, Luxembourg, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab Emirates. The head of the Ukrainian national space agency signed the Accords exactly one month later.


title: Artemis Accords

text: On 24 May 2021, South Korea became the tenth country to sign the Accords, with New Zealand joining a week later. The following June, Brazil became the first country in Latin America to join the Artemis Accords, after previously indicating its intent to sign in 2020.


title: Artemis Accords

text: Poland signed the accords on 26 October 2021 at the 72nd International Astronautical Congress (IAC) in Dubai, with the head of the Polish Space Agency expressing a desire to develop indigenous Polish space technology. On 9 December 2021, Mexico joined the accords.


title: Artemis Accords

text: As of July 2022, the number of signatories of the accords has more than doubled since the previous year: Israel signed the accords on 26 January 2022, followed by Romania, Bahrain, and Singapore in March; Colombia in May, and France on 7 June 2022, the 60th anniversary of the founding of its space program (pursuant to meetings in November 2021 between U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris and French President Emmanuel Macron in which he expressed France's intent to join). Saudi Arabia signed the Accords on 14 July 2022. On December 13, 2022, at the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit, Rwanda and Nigeria became the first African nations to sign the Artemis Accords.


title: Artemis Accords

text: According to a factsheet released by the White House in 2021, India is considering signing the Accords and potentially cooperating with the U.S. in the Artemis program.


title: Artemis Accords

text: On September 19th, 2022, representatives from the signatory nations met in person at the International Astronautical Congress. They discussed cooperation and the Accords.


title: Artemis Accords

text: Although a prerequisite for taking part in the Artemis Program, the Accords have been interpreted as codifying key principles and guidelines for exploring space generally. Their stated purpose is to "provide for operational implementation of important obligations contained in the Outer Space Treaty and other instruments." The Accords are a single document, signed by each country that commits to the Accords' principles. Bilateral agreements between space agencies for specific operations on the Moon and beyond are expected to reference the Accords and implement them in particular projects.


title: Artemis Accords

text: The Artemis Accords have generally been welcomed for advancing international law and cooperation in space. Observers note that the substance of the Accords is "uncontentious" and represent a "significant political attempt to codify key principles of space law" for governing nations' space activities. International legal scholars also credit the agreement with helping influence space exploration in the direction of uniform standards of cooperation and peaceful use.


title: Artemis Accords

text: The Accords have also been criticized for allegedly being "too centered on American and commercial interests." Russia has condemned them as a "blatant attempt to create international space law that favors the United States." Beside possibly being an opportunity for China in light of the Wolf Amendment, Chinese government affiliated media has called the Accords "akin to European colonial enclosure land-taking methods." Russia and China have since reached an understanding to work together on the Chinese "International Lunar Research Station" concept, which is particularly for third parties, like India, a possibly competing proposal to choose from.


title: Artemis Accords

text: Two researchers writing in "Science" magazine's Policy Forum have called on countries to speak up about their objections, and argued that the United States should go through the United Nations treaty process in order to negotiate on space mining. They were concerned NASA's Artemis agreements, if accepted by many nations, would enable the Accords' interpretation of the Outer Space Treaty to prevail. Acceptance of the Artemis Accords is a prerequisite for participation in NASA's Artemis lunar program.


title: Artemis Accords

text: Critics also contend that since the Outer Space Treaty expressly forbids nations from staking claim to another planetary body, the Accords violate space law by allowing signatories to lay claim to any resources extracted from celestial objects. Frans von der Dunk of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln claims the Accords strengthen "the US interpretation of the Outer Space Treaty", namely "the basic right for individual States to allow the private sector to become engaged" in commercial activities. The weakened alternative interpretation is that "unilateral approval of commercial exploitation is "not" in compliance with the Outer Space Treaty, and that only an international regime, notably—presumably—including an international licensing system, could legitimise such commercial exploitation."


title: Artemis Accords

text: With Australia signing and ratifying both the Moon Treaty as well as the Artemis Accords, there has been a discussion if they can be harmonized. In this light an "Implementation Agreement" for the Moon Treaty has been advocated for, as a way to compensate for the shortcomings of the Moon Treaty and to harmonize it with other laws, allowing it to be more widely accepted.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: Dominicans Don't Play (143) is a Dominican-American street gang started in Manhattan, New York in 1990. They are known for primarily using machetes and knives as weapons. DDP is located across New York City, particularly in the Bronx, Harlem and the Lower East Side. They are also located in New Jersey, cities like Union City, North Bergen, Paterson, Passaic, Elizabeth, Jersey City and Perth Amboy. They are also located overseas in various countries.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: Recruiting efforts have been pursued via websites such as YouTube and Myspace as well as in schools. Members have to be at least in their teen years to become active members in the gang.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: The gang holds a large share of the cocaine market due to an association with the Colombian crime cartel, and as such, many members of the group have been arrested for drug-related crimes.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: Members have drawn the interest of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and some have faced deportation hearings. The DDP has also drawn the interest of the U.S. Marshals.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: Throughout the group's relatively short history as a gang they have been involved in numerous violent altercations in New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Florida, Germany, London, Belgium, Dominican Republic, and Spain.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: A scuffle between DDP and the Bloods at Pelham Prep High School in the Bronx on March 11, 2005 resulted in the stabbing of two teenage boys.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: A contingent of 47 gang members who were allegedly planning to wreak havoc on the Coney Island Boardwalk were arrested. One gun and 30 machetes were found and confiscated.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: On February 20, 2007 an 18-year-old boy was stabbed 21 times in Boston's Back Bay MBTA station by a gang of teenagers as part of their jumping in process. The man subsequently quit the gang, and the DDP code orders that past members must be killed.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: On April 13, 2005, 15-year-old Alex Ramirez, a member of the DDP offshoot Bones, was charged with second-degree murder after witnesses said he slashed 16-year-old Marviel Martinez (rival gang member Trinitario) in the neck and then thrust the blade deep in the teen's back Tuesday morning at the Jerome Avenue IRT 183rd Street station.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: A 16-year-old, Mark Tyrell, was stabbed in March 2007 outside of the Pizzeria in Union Square. Mark Tyrell had gotten into a fight with members of the DDP which forced him to be transferred to Chelsea.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: A brutal fight among almost 50 teenagers in Union Square left one teen dead and two others injured. Police Commissioner Kelly said it was a "planned confrontation": Some Washington Irving High School female students were "insulted," so they enlisted their boyfriends at Science Skills High School to defend their honor. Taishawn Bellevue, an aspiring basketball player, was killed during this altercation.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: Commissioner Kelly also suggested that the fight was gang-related, as some Washington Irving students are members of DDP - Dominicans Don't Play. Other students who were based at Science Skills could not have been members of a gang. According to an official who spoke to "The New York Times", someone whistled to start the fight, and the girls' contingent from Science Skills had 15 people "with no plans for a confrontation and found themselves outnumbered." Police reviewed surveillance footage from a nearby store that captured the fight. Around 50 teens involved used belts, pieces of wood, and bats during the altercation. 16-year-old Francisco Baez was charged with murder, gang assault and criminal possession of a weapon. after two people picked him out of a line up. He later confessed to the crime as a result of being identified.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: In 2004, several people associated with DDP were arrested in connection with the fatal stabbing of a River Edge, New Jersey man after the North Hudson Dominican Day Parade in August 2003. They have had an ongoing feud with other area gangs, including the sets affiliated with the United Blood Nation and the Trinitarios, a group comprised also of Dominican youths. There was a recent arrest of three members of the DDP by the FBI.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: On January 1, 2007 3 members of the gang DDP were arrested in New York City. They were wanted for multiple charges relating to a shooting incident at a restaurant in which the three subjects fired several rounds killing one person and critically injuring three. They were arrested in NY with a .38 caliber hand gun. Other incidents include a large brawl in Manhattan's Union Square.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: There have been incidents of individuals who have been attacked with machetes after being asked if they were members of the DDP. Some attacks have been deadly.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: They are currently the second largest gang of Dominican descent behind the Trinitarios gang. The group has limited potential for nationwide expansion and is largely confined to areas with significant Dominican populations, in particular Washington Heights Florida, Atlanta, Boston and New Jersey. It is the fastest growing gang in the Bronx, and among the largest in New Jersey. They are considered to have the largest concentration of Dominicans of any neighborhood in the United States, combined population of Dominicans residing in New York and New Jersey totals around 1.2 out of an overall US Dominican population of 2.3 million as of 2001.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: On March 7, 2006, Spanish police in Madrid noted a growing gang presence of the DDP. Spanish police report 130 documented DDP members, making them the largest in Spain. DDP is the largest and most violent street gang in Spain.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: On November 5, 2009, Spanish security forces arrested 40 DDP members, all of them between 16 and 29 years old. The security forces confiscated 5 guns, one grenade, one machete, ammo, 3 baseball bats, 400 grams of cocaine, and 200.000 euros in cash. As of 2021, DDP is still active in Spain, where they have recently murdered an 18 year old rapper with Asperger and schizophrenia.


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: El Ministerio de Interior vigila a 620 bandas juveniles en toda España, de las que 88 son de origen latino. Sólo en la Comunidad de Madrid, la Policía Nacional tiene fichados a 400 pandilleros en activo (2500 en el territorio nacional).


title: Dominicans Don't Play

text: are DDP's biggest rival gang since the early 2000s, they were once united in the 1990s. They also are at peace with the Latin Kings, a Puerto Rican-based gang who has had previous problems with their rivals the Trinitarios. The gang also has an ongoing rivalry with anyone who is or has an association with their rivals the Trinitarios.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Bahay na bato (Tagalog, literally "house of stone", also known in Visayan as "balay na bato" or "balay nga bato; in Spanish as Casa Filipino") is a type of building originating during the Philippines' Spanish colonial period. It is an updated version of the traditional "bahay kubo" of the Christianized lowlanders, known for its use of masonry in its construction, using stone and brick materials and later synthetic concrete, rather than just full organic materials of the former style. Its design has evolved throughout the ages, but still maintains the "bahay kubo"'s architectural principle, which is adapted to the tropical climate, stormy season, and earthquake-prone environment of the whole archipelago of the Philippines, and fuses it with the influence of Spanish colonizers and Chinese traders. It is one of the many architecture throughout the Spanish Empire known as Arquitectura mestiza. The style is a hybrid of Austronesian, Spanish, and Chinese; and later, with early 20th-century American architecture, supporting the fact that the Philippines is a result of these cultures mixing together. Its most common appearance features an elevated, overhanging wooden upper story (with balustrades, "ventanillas", and capiz shell sliding windows) standing on wooden posts in a rectangular arrangement as a foundation. The posts are placed behind Spanish-style solid stone blocks or bricks giving the impression of a first floor, but the ground level is actually storage rooms, cellars, shops, or other business-related functions. The second floor is the elevated residential apartment, as it is with the "bahay kubo". The roof materials either tiled or thatched (nipa, sago palm, or cogon), with later 19th-century designs featuring galvanization. Roof styles, traditionally high pitched with, or gable roof, Hip roof, East Asian Hip roof, simplier East Asian hip-and-gable roof, Horses for carriages were housed in stables called "caballerizas".


title: Bahay na bato

text: It was popular among the elite or middle-class. The 19th century was the golden age of these houses, when wealthy Filipinos built them all over the archipelago.


title: Bahay na bato

text: The same architectural style was used for the Philippines' Spanish-era convents, monasteries, schools, hotels, factories, and hospitals, and with some of the American-era Gabaldon school buildings, all with few adjustments. This architecture was still used during the American colonization of the Philippines. After the Second World War, construction of these houses declined and eventually stopped in favor of post-World War II modern architecture.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Today, these houses are more commonly called Ancestral houses, due to most ancestral houses in the Philippines being of "bahay na bato" architecture.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Though the Filipino term "bahay na bato" means "house of stone", these houses are not fully made up of stone; some are dominated more by wooden materials, while some more modern ones use concrete materials, in contrast to the organic materials that make up the "bahay kubo". The name was applied to the architecture over generations.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Precolonial Philippine architecture is based on the traditional stilt houses of the Austronesian people of Southeast Asia. The first buildings during the early years of Spanish occupation were of wood and bamboo, materials with which the pre-Hispanic indigenous Filipinos had been working expertly since early times known as "bahay kubo" (later named by the Americans as "nipa hut"). "Bahay kubo" roofs were made of nipa palm or cogon grass. In its most basic form, the house consisted of four walls enclosing one or more rooms, with the whole structure raised above ground on stilts.


title: Bahay na bato

text: The Spaniards then quickly introduced the idea of building more permanent communities with the church and government center as a focal points. By the mid-1580s, through the efforts of Domingo Salazar, the first bishop of Manila, and of the Jesuit Antonio Sedeño, edifices began to be constructed of stone. Fr. Sedeño built the first stone building, which was the residence of Bishop Salazar.


title: Bahay na bato

text: By 1587, Governor General Santiago de Vera required all buildings in Manila to be built of stone. For this purpose, the Chinese and the indigenous Filipinos were taught how to quarry and dress stone, how to prepare and use mortar, and how to mold bricks. Thus began what has been called the first golden age of building in stone. This new community setup made construction using heavier, more permanent materials desirable. Some of these materials included bricks, mortar, tiles and stone. Glowing accounts of towering palaces and splendid mansions reached the peninsula. However, the ambitious plans of the Spaniards were dashed in 1645 when a terrible earthquake struck Manila.The twin dangers of fire and earthquake gave rise to another type of architecture. Finding European construction styles impractical in local conditions, Spanish and Filipino builders quickly adapted the characteristics of the "bahay kubo" of the natives and applied it to Spanish Colonial architecture. This type of construction was soon called "bahay na bato" or as Jesuit Ignacio Alzina calls it, "arquitectura mestiza" or “mixed architecture”.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Under more than three centuries of Spanish initiative, buildings of wood, stone, and brick were constructed all over the archipelago, from the Batanes Islands in the north to Tawi-Tawi in the south, from Palawan in the west to Samar in the east.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Different styles depend on each house's individual appearance. For example, some "bahay na bato" do not have "ventanillas", some do not have Capiz windows, and some lack both. Some have galvanized roofs, some have tiled roofs, and some have nipa or cogon roofs. First-level walls may be made of bricks, adobe stones, coral stones or wood; more modern structures use concrete. Although retaining the basic form, the 19th-century "bahay na bato" reflected changing tastes through the incorporation of motifs from the prevalent styles.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Houses such as the Vega Ancestral House that have emerging stone works at the bottom part of the house but have almost wooden materials appearance even to the first level walls are still considered" bahay na bato"; the name "bahay na bato" was applied to this architecture over generations, as most of these houses use stone materials, contrary to the precolonial era that used little to no stones at all. The same principle applies to the nipa hut: not all nipa huts use nipa materials; some use cogon.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Though many houses are built in standard design, many houses are also mixed, arranged, patterned and/or coated with varieties of designs from different architectural styles from cultures connected to the Philippines, by any means, including, Chinese, Romanesque and Classical etc. These houses could have an unprecedented mixing and matching of architectural styles, such that it can have Neogothic and Neo-Mudéjar or Moorish Revival details in the same corners – that is, on top of the Baroque. Although retaining the basic form, the 19th-century "bahay na bato" reflected changing tastes through the incorporation of motifs from the prevalent styles such as Victorian. Renaissance Revival and Neoclassical decorations included columns, pilasters, caryatids, Atlases and friezes adopted from classical architecture of Greek and Roman origin, the civilizations from which Spanish culture is descended. Classical traditions in these houses also appeared in Beaux-Arts later in history. The dawn of Art Nouveau was also a great influence on the mixing of styles and aesthetics of these houses. Many later "bahay na bato" adapted design styles such as Art Deco during the latter era of American rule, and even through the postwar period of loose restoration. These mixes give the "bahay na bato" a distinct architectural style reflective of the Philippines' multicultural heritage and society.


title: Bahay na bato

text: The style of "bahay na bato" may also vary by area. Each region evolved its own building style, which were in many cases dependent on the materials available. As construction techniques were developed, quarries opened, and kilns constructed, various parts of the country began to show a preference for specific building materials. As a result, "bahay na bato" have several variations along ethnic lines. The "bahay na bato" in Cebu, for example, differs from the one in Ilocos and so on.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Manila, the capital of the Philippines, has some of the most diverse styles and materials of "bahay na bato", ranging from the early period of Spanish colonization to the American era. Many were destroyed by World War II. However, the Metro Manila area still has one of the largest concentrations of "bahay na bato" houses. Most buildings in Manila and Central Luzon were of adobe, a volcanic tuff quarried from the hills, which is entirely different from the material of the same name found in Latin America (adobe in those Hispanic countries refers to mud and straw formed into rectangular blocks which are then dried in the sun).


title: Bahay na bato

text: In Manila, the largest, fanciest, and most prestigious companies eventually established themselves along the Escolta; by the second half of the 19th century it was the most important commercial district in the country. The opening of Manila as a free port encouraged British people, Germans, French people, and other foreigners to set up businesses on the Escolta and adjacent streets, and majestic "bahay na bato" buildings were built.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Northern Luzon has some of the best preserved "bahay na bato" in the whole Philippines. The unique style of the north, commonly in the Ilocos Region, usually bases its design on brick materials. This material is commonly used in "bahay na bato", churches and other constructed buildings, walls, monuments and fortification of the region.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Brick was the essential building material in northern Luzon; houses and churches of brick were also built in scattered areas of the archipelago, all the way down to Jolo, Sulu. Unique designs of the north may include having the façade walls of the second level made up of stone material in many buildings, rather than the more common wooden second level façade in the rest of the country. However, buildings built in this style in the region still remain faithful to the nipa hut principle. These non-wooden (stone) second level façade walls style are also present in some of the "bahay na bato" of other regions besides the north, like the 1730 Jesuit house of Cebu in Visayas. The wooden second level façade "bahay na bato" are still present in the north.


title: Bahay na bato

text: In Vigan, the capital of Ilocos Sur, many home owners chose to build both stories in brick, which was available in large quantities. With the massive walls, the "volada" (an overhanging baclony) disappeared in many residences, and the kitchen became an extension in stone, with vents piercing the walls to let out smoke.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Calabarzon is a region with some of the most thoroughly-preserved heritage houses, built mostly using adobe stones. Towns along the coasts of Luzon, especially in Batangas, used roughly hewn blocks of coral and adobe stone.


title: Bahay na bato

text: The "bahay na bato" in Bulacan and many in Central Luzon are famous for their carvings. The most notable ones are in the Malolos, in its heritage core, where ancestral houses are located. Since adobe lends itself to sculpture, houses in Bulacan had façades decorated with carved flowers, leaves, and religious symbols.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Many constructions in the Bicol peninsula took advantage of the abundant volcanic stone sourced from nearby volcanoes. One characteristic of houses in Bicol is that ground floor overhangs are common considering the rainy climate of the region. Decorations tend to be minimal for these houses. Larger towns in Bicol boast a decent number of "bahay na bato" homes.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Most "bahay na bato" in Visayas uses coral stone material though many are still adobe and bricks. Cebu, Bohol, Negros and Iloilo are famous for their "bahay na bato" houses. Throughout the Visayas, the craft of cutting stone or coral was virtually elevated into a fine art, with blocks fitting so precisely into each other that not even a razor blade could be inserted between blocks. The material was so durable that it did not have to be protected with a layer of "paletada". Aside from "bahay na bato" Visayan noble settlements are also dominated by mansion-type "payag" ("bahay kubo"), which forms like a "bahay na bato" but uses wooden wall instead of stone walls covering the bottom floor. These arts was brought by the Visayan settlers to the coastal towns of Mindanao.


title: Bahay na bato

text: The Ivatan people of Batanes have a very different style of "bahay na bato". As the islands of Batanes were absorbed to the colonial Philippines much later through Spanish conquest, their "bahay na bato" developed much later as well. Structures combined the pre-colonial Ivatan-style (presumably the "jin-jin)" and colonial Filipino-style "bahay na bato," particularly the northern style from Ilocos and Cagayan, but with the use of thick limestone blocks instead of the bricks traditionally used in the northern mainland. In addition, structures incorporated practical methods suitable to their unique environment prone to destructive typhoons. Their variant styles include the common s"inadumparan," which is similar to the mainland "bahay na bato", having storage areas below and living quarters above. However, the storage floor is partially underground, acting as a basement, and the first floor serves as living quarters, appearing as a one-story house. The "rakuh" style however upholds the mainland tradition of having the first floor as storage and the second floor as living quarters, appearing as a two-storey house. The mainland "bahay na bato" influence is very much clear in the "rakuh" building.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Many convents, monasteries, schools, hospitals, offices, stations, etc. also adapted the "bahay kubo" architecture to the Spanish colonial style. As a result, many of these buildings ends up being a "bahay na bato" as well.


title: Bahay na bato

text: Examples of such buildings include the University of Santo Tomas (Intramuros), Colegio de Santa Rosa Manila campus, San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation, Tutuban station, AMOSUP hospital, Hotel de Oriente in Binondo, Malacañang Palace, and many other church convents which are still standing today.


title: Bahay na bato

text: As with any vernacular architecture, different features of "bahay na bato" vary from building to building, and houses may have or lack certain elements from the following list:


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: The primary function of BWEs is to act as a continuous digging machine in large-scale open-pit mining operations, removing thousands of tons of overburden a day. What sets BWEs apart from other large-scale mining equipment, such as bucket chain excavators, is their use of a large wheel consisting of a continuous pattern of buckets used to scoop material as the wheel turns. They rank among the largest vehicles (land or sea) ever produced, and the largest of the bucket-wheel excavators (the 14,200 ton Bagger 293 still holds the Guinness World Record for the heaviest land-based vehicle ever constructed).


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: Bucket-wheel excavators have been used in mining for the past century, with some of the first being manufactured in the 1920s. They are used in conjunction with many other pieces of mining machinery (conveyor belts, spreaders, crushing stations, heap-leach systems, etc.) to move and mine massive amounts of overburden (waste). While the overall concepts that go into a BWE have not changed much, their size has grown drastically since the end of World War II.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: In the 1950s two German mining firms ordered the world's first extremely large BWEs, and had three BWEs built for mining lignite near Cologne, Germany. The German BWEs had a wheel of over in diameter, weighed and were over long, with eighteen crawler units for movement and could cut a swath of over at one time


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: BWEs built since the 1990s, such as the Bagger 293, have reached sizes as large as tall, long, and as heavy as . The bucket-wheel itself can be over in diameter with as many as 20 buckets, each of which can hold over of material. BWEs have also advanced with respect to the extreme conditions in which they are now capable of operating. Many BWEs have been designed to operate in climates with temperatures as low as . Developers are now moving their focus toward automation and the use of electrical power.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: A bucket wheel excavator (BWE) consists of a superstructure to which several more components are fixed.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: The bucket wheel from which the machines get their name is a large, round wheel with a configuration of scoops which is fixed to a boom and is capable of rotating. Material picked up by the cutting wheel is transferred back along the boom. In early cell-type bucket wheels, the material was transferred through a chute leading from each bucket, while newer cell-less and semi-cell designs use a stationary chute through which all of the buckets discharge.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: A discharge boom receives material through the superstructure from the cutting boom and carries it away from the machine, frequently to an external conveyor system.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: A counterweight boom balances the cutting boom and is cantilevered either on the lower part of the superstructure (in the case of compact BWEs) or the upper part (in the case of mid-size C-frame BWEs). In the larger BWEs, all three booms are supported by cables running across towers at the top of the superstructure.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: Beneath the superstructure lay the movement systems. On older models these would be rails for the machine to travel along, but newer BWEs are frequently equipped with crawlers, which grant them increased flexibility of motion.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: To allow it to complete its duties, the superstructure of a BWE is capable of rotating about a vertical axis (slewing). The cutting boom can be tilted up and down (hoisting). The speeds of these operations are on the orders of 30 m/min and 5 m/min, respectively. Slewing is driven by large gears, while hoisting generally makes use of a cable system.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: The scale of BWEs varies significantly and is dependent on the intended application. Compact BWEs designed by ThyssenKrupp may have boom lengths as small as , weigh 50 tons, and move of earth per hour. Their larger models reach boom lengths of , weigh 13,000 tons, and move per hour. The largest BWE ever constructed is TAKRAF's Bagger 293, which is 93 meters tall and 225 meters long, weighs 14,200 tonnes and is capable of moving of overburden every day. Excavations of per day have been recorded. The BWEs used in the United States tend to be smaller than those constructed in Germany.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: BWEs are used for continuous overburden removal in surface mining applications. They use their cutting wheels to strip away a section of earth (the working block) dictated by the size of the excavator. Through hoisting, the working block can include area both above and below the level of the machine (the bench level). By slewing, the excavator can reach through a horizontal range.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: The overburden is then delivered to the discharge boom, which transfers the cut earth to another machine for transfer to a spreader. This may be a fixed belt conveyor system or a mobile conveyor with crawlers similar to those found on the BWE. Mobile conveyors permanently attached to the excavator take the burden of directing the material off of the operator. The overburden can also be transferred directly to a cross-pit Spreader, which reaches across the pit and scatters overburden at the dumping ground.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: Automation of the BWEs requires integrating many sensors and electrical components such as GPS, data acquisition systems, and online monitoring capabilities. The goal of these systems is to take away some of the work from the operators in order to achieve higher mining speeds. Project managers and operators are now able to track crucial data regarding the BWEs and other machinery in the mining operations via the Internet. Sensors can detect how much material is being scooped onto the conveyor belt, and the automation system can then vary the speed on the conveyor belts in order to feed a continuous amount of material.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: Bucket wheel excavators and bucket chain excavators take jobs that were previously accomplished by rope shovels and draglines. They have been replaced in most applications by hydraulic excavators, but still remain in use for very large-scale operations, where they can be used for the transfer of loose materials or the excavation of soft to semi-hard overburden.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: The primary application of BWEs is in lignite (brown coal) mining, where they are used for soft rock overburden removal in the absence of blasting. They are useful in this capacity for their ability to continuously deliver large volumes of materials to processors, which is especially important given the continuous demand for lignite.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: Because of the great demand for lignite, lignite mining has also been one of the areas of greatest development for BWEs. The additions of automated systems and greater manoeuvrability, as well as components designed for the specific application, have increased the reliability and efficiency with which BWEs deliver materials.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: Bucket wheel technology is used extensively in bulk materials handling. Bucket wheel reclaimers are used to pick up material that has been positioned by a stacker for transport to a processing plant. Stacker/reclaimers, which combine tasks to reduce the number of required machines, also use bucket wheels to carry out their tasks.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: In shipyards, bucket wheels are used for the continuous loading and unloading of ships, where they pick up material from the yard for transfer to the delivery system. Bucket chains can be used to unload material from a ship's hold. TAKRAF's continuous ship unloader is capable of removing up to 95% of the material from a ship's hold, owing to a flexibly-configured digging attachment.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: An extension of their other uses, BWEs are used in heap leaching processes. Heap leaching entails constructing stacks of crushed ore, through which a solvent is passed to extract valuable materials. The construction and removal of the heaps are an obvious application of stacking and reclaiming technology.


title: Bucket-wheel excavator

text: Few companies are willing or able to manufacture the massive, expensive gears required for BWEs. Unex, Czech Republic, still has the original casting forms, and is still able to manufacture BWEs. However, these machines were built to last indefinitely under continuous heavy use and strip mining is now less popular, so there is little demand for new machines. The manufacturers of BWEs and similar mining systems now receive some revenue from maintenance and refurbishing projects, but also produce large steel parts for other purposes. Current use of bucket-wheel excavators is mainly focused in the area of lignite (brown coal) mining for the production of electricity, mostly in Germany and East/Southeastern Europe. Unex has also made a BWE for extraction of diamonds from the Siberian permafrost.


title: Sue Gray (civil servant)

text: Susan Gray (born ) is a British civil servant who in May 2021 became Second Permanent Secretary in the Cabinet Office, reporting to the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Her report into the Partygate scandal criticised the government led by Boris Johnson and contributed to his downfall as Prime Minister.


title: Sue Gray (civil servant)

text: Born in north London, Gray is the daughter of Irish immigrants who moved to Tottenham in the early 1950s; her father was a furniture salesman and her mother a barmaid. She studied at a state-funded Roman Catholic school. Following her father's sudden death in 1975, Gray abandoned her plan of going to university and joined the Civil Service straight from school.


title: Sue Gray (civil servant)

text: Gray took a career break in the 1980s, a step described by journalist Sam McBride as "strikingly unorthodox", when she ran the Cove Bar, a pub in Newry, a border town in Northern Ireland, during The Troubles, with her husband Bill Conlon, a country music singer from Portaferry, County Down. Gray has family connections to Northern Ireland. Peter Caldwell, a former special adviser to several ministers, said it had been speculated Gray was a spy at this time, though Gray denied it. The family returned to London in 1987.


title: Sue Gray (civil servant)

text: She joined the Cabinet Office in the late 1990s, after previous postings to health, transport, and work and pensions. She eventually served in the Cabinet Office as the director, and then from 2012 director-general, of the propriety and ethics team and head of the Private Offices Group, directly under the Cabinet Secretary. In her role overseeing ministerial offices and ethics in government, and so taking on sensitive matters and 'crises' arising around how government is run, Gray was described as "the woman who runs the country".


title: Sue Gray (civil servant)

text: In 2011, Gray advised Michael Gove that conducting government business via private e-mail accounts would make it exempt from transparency laws, which was found incorrect in 2012 by the Information Commissioner. In 2012 alone, as part of her miscellaneous duties, she ran the "Plebgate" inquiry inside the Cabinet Office, the 2010+ reform of non-departmental public bodies, and the investigation into allegations against Damian Green MP relating to his use of computers intended for work purposes; Green was subsequently fired from his Cabinet position.


title: Sue Gray (civil servant)

text: In January 2018, the Northern Ireland Executive announced that Gray would transfer to the Northern Ireland Civil Service as Permanent Secretary of the Department of Finance in the Northern Ireland Executive from May 2018. In April 2018, it was announced that Gray would be replaced at the Cabinet Office by Helen MacNamara. In 2020, Gray sought but failed to be appointed as the head of the Northern Ireland Civil Service, and in a subsequent interview with the BBC said: "I suspect people may have thought that I perhaps was too much of a challenger, or a disrupter. I am both…" In May 2021, Gray returned to Whitehall to become the Second Permanent Secretary in the Cabinet Office, reporting to the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, to be in charge of policy on the Union and the constitution. As such, she reported initially to Michael Gove, who was replaced in September 2021 by Steve Barclay.


title: Sue Gray (civil servant)

text: Following press reports about gatherings and parties on government premises during restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021 – a controversy which became widely known as "Partygate" – the Cabinet Secretary Simon Case initiated and led an investigation into the allegations. A few days later he recused himself after it became known that an event had been held in his own office, and subsequently Gray took over the investigation. Whether Prime Minister Boris Johnson knew about and participated in gatherings at Downing Street is part of the investigation. Gray's initial findings were published on 31 January 2022. In the report, Gray condemned "a serious failure" in the standards of leadership, and also stated that a string of gatherings were "difficult to justify" while millions were unable to meet their friends and relatives. Publication of the full report was postponed pending the completion of an investigation by the Metropolitan Police. The police reported in May 2022 that their inquiries had resulted in 126 fixed penalty notices being issued. Gray's final report was delivered to Johnson on 25 May 2022 and it was published later that morning.


title: Sue Gray (civil servant)

text: Gray has been portrayed as relatively unknown but highly influential, and has been described as "an enigma". In 2015, a profile by Chris Cook, then policy editor for the BBC's "Newsnight", claimed that she was "notorious… for her determination not to leave a document trail", had advised special advisers how to destroy emails through "double-deletion" and made at least six interventions "to tell departments to fight disclosures under the Freedom of Information Act". She was described by former prime minister Gordon Brown, in his memoir, as someone who could be counted on for "wise advice when – as all too regularly happened – mini-crises and crises befell". Rajeev Syal in "The Guardian" described her as "an uncompromising operator". Political journalist Andrew Gimson wrote: "All power to the Civil Service is her modus operandi. She owes her allegiance to the permanent government and the deep state." Former cabinet minister Oliver Letwin wrote of her: "Unless she agrees, things just don’t happen. Cabinet reshuffles, departmental reorganizations, the whole lot – it's all down to Sue Gray".


title: De gustibus non est disputandum

text: De gustibus non est disputandum, or de gustibus non disputandum est, is a Latin maxim meaning "In matters of taste, there can be no disputes" (literally "about taste, it should not be disputed"). The phrase is commonly rendered in English as "There is no accounting for taste(s)." The implication is that everyone's personal preference is a merely subjective opinion that cannot be right or wrong, so they should never be argued about as if they were. Sometimes the phrase is expanded as "De gustibus et coloribus..." referring to tastes and colors. The saying is an ancient Roman adage. Its vernacular and textual origin are unknown, and a subject of debate in itself.


title: De gustibus non est disputandum

text: The phrase is misquoted in Act I of Anton Chekhov's play "The Seagull". The character Shamrayev conflates it with the phrase "de mortuis nil nisi bonum" (in the alternative form: "de mortuis, aut bene aut nihil": "of the dead, either [speak] good or [say] nothing"), resulting in "de gustibus aut bene, aut nihil", "Let nothing be said of taste but what is good."


title: Man'yōgana

text: Texts using the system also often use Chinese characters for their meaning, but "man'yōgana" refers to such characters only when used to represent a phonetic value. The values were derived from the contemporary Chinese pronunciation, but native Japanese readings of the character were also sometimes used. For example, (whose character means 'tree') could represent either (based on Middle Chinese ) or or (meaning 'tree' in Old Japanese).


title: Man'yōgana

text: Simplified versions of "man'yōgana" eventually gave rise to both the hiragana and katakana scripts, which are used in Modern Japanese.


title: Man'yōgana

text: A possible oldest example of Man'yōgana is the iron Inariyama Sword that was excavated at the Inariyama Kofun in 1968. In 1978, X-ray analysis revealed a gold-inlaid inscription consisting of at least 115 Chinese characters and this text, written in Chinese, included Japanese personal names which were supposedly phonetically written. This sword is thought to have been made in the year (471 A.D. in commonly accepted theory).


title: Man'yōgana

text: There is a possibility that the inscription of the Inariyama sword may be written in a version of the Chinese language used in the Korean-peninsula kingdom of Baekje.


title: Man'yōgana

text: "Man'yōgana" uses kanji characters for their phonetic rather than semantic qualities—in other words, they are used for their sounds and not their meanings. There was no standard system for choice of kanji; different kanji could be used to represent the same sound, the choice being made on the whims of the writer. By the end of the 8th century, 970 kanji were in use to represent the 90 morae of Japanese. For example, the "Man'yōshū" poem 17/4025 was written as follows:


title: Man'yōgana

text: In the poem, the sounds "mo" () and "shi" () are written with multiple, different characters. While all particles and most words are represented phonetically (e.g., "tada", "asa"), the words "ji" (), "umi" () and "funekaji" () are rendered semantically.


title: Man'yōgana

text: In some cases, specific syllables in particular words are consistently represented by specific characters. This usage is known as Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai. This usage has led historical linguists to conclude that certain disparate sounds in Old Japanese, consistently represented by differing sets of "man'yōgana" characters, may have merged since then.


title: Man'yōgana

text: In writing which utilizes "man'yōgana," kanji are mapped to sounds in a number of different ways, some of which are straightforward and others which are less so.


title: Man'yōgana

text: "Shakuon kana" () are based on a Sino-Japanese on'yomi reading, in which one character represents either one mora or two morae.


title: Man'yōgana

text: "Shakkun kana" () are based on a native kun'yomi reading, one to three characters represent one to three morae.


title: Man'yōgana

text: Due to the major differences between the Japanese language (which was polysyllabic) and the Chinese language (which was monosyllabic) from which kanji came, "man'yōgana" proved to be very cumbersome to read and write. As stated earlier, since kanji has two different sets of pronunciation, one based on Sino-Japanese pronunciation and the other on native Japanese pronunciation, it was difficult to determine whether a certain character was used to represent its pronunciation or its meaning, i.e., whether it was "man'yōgana" or actual kanji, or both.


title: Man'yōgana

text: On top of that, Buddhist monks found recording oral teachings time-consuming, since every syllable would need to be written using an entire kanji.


title: Man'yōgana

text: To alleviate the confusion and to save time writing, kanji that were used as "man'yōgana" eventually gave rise to hiragana, including the now-obsolete hentaigana () alternatives, alongside a separate system that became katakana. Hiragana developed from "man'yōgana" written in the highly cursive "sōsho" () style popularly used by women; meanwhile, katakana was developed by Buddhist monks as a form of shorthand, utilizing, in most cases, only fragments (for example, usually the first or last few strokes) of "man'yōgana" characters. In some cases, one "man'yōgana" character for a given syllable gave rise to a hentaigana that was simplified further to result in the current hiragana character, while a different "man'yōgana" character was the source for the current katakana equivalent. For example, the hiragana (ru) is derived from the "man'yōgana" , whereas the katakana (ru) is derived from the "man'yōgana" . The multiple alternative hiragana forms for a single syllable were ultimately standardized in 1900, and the rejected variants are now known as hentaigana.


title: Man'yōgana

text: "Man'yōgana" continues to appear in some regional names of present-day Japan, especially in Kyūshū. A phenomenon similar to "man'yōgana," called ateji (), still occurs, where words (including loanwords) are spelled out using kanji for their phonetic value. Examples include ("kurabu", club), ("Furansu", France), ("Afurika", Africa) and ("Amerika," America).


title: Malgudi Days (short story collection)

text: Malgudi Days is a collection of short stories by R. K. Narayan published in 1943 by Indian Thought Publications.


title: Malgudi Days (short story collection)

text: The book was republished outside India in 1982 by Penguin Classics. The book includes 32 stories, all set in the fictional town of Malgudi, located in South India. Each of the stories portrays a facet of life in Malgudi. The New York Times described the virtue of the book as "everyone in the book seems to have a capacity for responding to the quality of his particular hour. It's an art we need to study and revive."


title: Malgudi Days (short story collection)

text: In 1986, a few of the stories in the book were included in the "Malgudi Days" television series and directed by actor and director, Shankar Nag.


title: Malgudi Days (short story collection)

text: In 2004, the project was revived with film-maker Kavitha Lankesh replacing the late Shankar Nag as director. The new series was telecast from April 26, 2006, on Doordarshan.


title: Malgudi Days (short story collection)

text: In 2014, Google commemorated Narayan's 108th birthday by featuring a Google Doodle showing him behind a copy of Malgudi Days.


title: Malgudi Days (short story collection)

text: A short story about an astrologer who knows nothing about stars or astrology. He applied for the job after going on the run, though we are not told why he ran away. The townspeople believe his predictions because of his study, practice and shrewd guesswork. One day, a customer bets a large amount of money the astrologer can't reveal anything of substance. The astrologer resists the bet until he recognizes the man (who is called Guru Nayak). After some haggling, the astrologer tells the man he had been stabbed and left for dead in a well. The impressed customer pays up (although not the promised sum) and the astrologer warns him not to travel to this part of the country again. That night, the astrologer's wife asks where he had been so late, and he confesses he had tried to kill the man years ago.


title: Malgudi Days (short story collection)

text: A story about Thanappa, a postman who always talks to the people on his route. He delivered to a man named Ramanujam from before his daughter was born to the time she is of marrying age. After the last marriage prospect falls through, Thanappa recommends a suitor in a faraway town. The meeting goes well and everyone is rushing to get the wedding done May 20. If it is delayed even one day, the groom's "training" will delay it three years. After the wedding, Thanappa reveals a postcard to Ramanujam about the death of a relative, which should have been delivered May 20. Thanappa did not want to disrupt the wedding, even though hiding the letter should cost him his job. Ramanujam says he will not issue a complaint.


title: Malgudi Days (short story collection)

text: A story about Dr Raman, who by time and tradition is only called for life-and-death situations. As such, he believes pleasant lies can't save lives. He is very staunch about that. Suddenly his best friend, Gopal, falls terribly ill. After treating him, the doctor privately thinks he has 1:1000 odds of surviving, but his chances are worse the more he exerts himself. Gopal begs the doctor to tell him if he will make it; if not, he needs to sign his will then and there. Raman can't bear to tell Gopal the truth, but can't let him keep straining himself. He tells Gopal he will be fine. The next morning, Gopal's health is splendid, and the doctor says his survival will puzzle him the rest of his life.


title: Malgudi Days (short story collection)

text: A story about Govind Singh who served as a gatekeeper and security guard. He only spoke to the General Manager twice in his 25 years of service, and came to perceive the GM as a god. After retiring, he took up the hobby of making miniatures and dioramas using clay, sawdust, and paints. Each time his pension comes, he delivers his clay work to his old company, always asking what the GM thought of his last one. The accountant always says he liked it. One day, a registered letter from the GM comes, and Singh is too afraid to open it, thinking it is something horrible. He goes to an X-ray technician to see what's inside without opening it, but they tell him he is unwell. Singh concludes he is mad because he plays with clay, not because of his response to the letter. He goes through town acting like a complete madman until the accountant sees him and opens the letter. The GM had thanked him, sent a large check, and hoped to see more of his work in the future. Singh gives up his clay hobby, saying it is no work for a sane man.


title: Malgudi Days (short story collection)

text: A story about a stray dog who befriends a blind beggar. When the old woman who cares for the blind man dies, he leashes the dog and begs while walking the streets. The blind man finds he has greatly increased his income this way becomes greedy. He constantly kicks the dog and beats him to keep working. When the market sellers learn he is so rich he's lending money, they cut the leash with scissors and the dog runs away. After a few weeks of not seeing the blind man or the dog, they see them again and the dog's leash is a metal chain. The blind man says his dog came back to him one night. The sellers pity the dog.


title: Malgudi Days (short story collection)

text: A story about Rajam Iyer, a Tamil Brahmin who is travelling on an express train. Another passenger gets on and starts verbally abusing a third passenger. Rajam gets involved and the bully complains that Brahmins are secretly eating meat and driving prices up. The argument escalates until they stand to fight. Rajam stops short of the first blow and explains that he will rearrange the bully's face so his mouth is under his left ear, bluffing. As he is about to strike again, the bully sees they are at a stop and leaps out the window, saying this is his stop. Rajam lies and tells the other passengers the bully got back on into a different compartment, but they don't believe him.