title: Virginia Cavaliers football

text: Virginia ended the 1998 regular season with a 36–32 victory at Virginia Tech in the greatest comeback in school history. Down 29–7 at the half, the Cavaliers outscored the Hokies 29–3 in the final two quarters. UVA capped its historic rally with a game-winning 47-yard touchdown pass from Aaron Brooks to wide receiver Ahmad Hawkins with 2:01 left to play. This was Virginia's last win at Virginia Tech


title: Virginia Cavaliers football

text: Before 2011, Virginia had never won a game against Florida State in Tallahassee. The Cavaliers' record against the Seminoles stood at 2–14 overall and 0–8 in Doak Campbell Stadium. Virginia running back Kevin Parks ran for a touchdown with 1:16 remaining in the game, giving Virginia the lead. Florida State kicker Dustin Hopkins then missed a 42-yard field goal as time ran out, giving the Cavaliers their first win in Tallahassee in school history.


title: Virginia Cavaliers football

text: Virginia lost 15 consecutive games to Virginia Tech from 2004 through 2018. Entering the 2019 contest, the Cavaliers and Hokies had identical records of 5–2 in ACC play and 8–3 overall, making the game a "de facto" ACC Coastal Division championship. Virginia quarterback Bryce Perkins had a total of 475 yards and three touchdowns, while kicker Brian Delaney kicked two late field goals to give Virginia a tenuous 33–30 lead. With just over a minute left, Virginia sacked the Hokies' Hendon Hooker three consecutive times. On the third sack, Hooker fumbled the ball, which was recovered by defensive lineman Eli Hanback in the VT end zone for a touchdown to seal the win, end the losing streak, and send Virginia to its first ever ACC championship game. Virginia went on to make its first Orange Bowl and also its first New Year's Six bowl game appearance.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: The hydroxyl radical is the diatomic molecule . The hydroxyl radical is very stable as a dilute gas, but it decays very rapidly in the condensed phase. It is pervasive in some situations. Most notably the hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) or, in atmospheric chemistry, by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water. It is also important in the field of radiation chemistry, since it leads to the formation of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant systems subjected to radioactive environments.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: In organic synthesis, hydroxyl radicals are most commonly generated by photolysis of 1-hydroxy-2(1"H")-pyridinethione.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: The unpaired electron of the hydroxyl radical is officially represented by a middle dot, •, beside the O.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Hydroxyl radicals can occasionally be produced as a byproduct of immune action. Macrophages and microglia most frequently generate this compound when exposed to very specific pathogens, such as certain bacteria. The destructive action of hydroxyl radicals has been implicated in several neurological autoimmune diseases such as HAND when immune cells become over-activated and toxic to neighboring healthy cells.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: The hydroxyl radical can damage virtually all types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids (mutations), lipids (lipid peroxidation), and amino acids (e.g. conversion of phenylalanine to "m"-tyrosine and "o"-tyrosine). The hydroxyl radical has a very short "in vivo" half-life of approximately 10 seconds and a high reactivity. This makes it a very dangerous compound to the organism. However, humans, animals and plants have evolved to coexist with hydroxyl radicals, and hydroxyl radicals cannot enter the blood stream or tissues within the body.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Unlike superoxide, which can be detoxified by superoxide dismutase, the hydroxyl radical cannot be eliminated by an enzymatic reaction.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Hydroxyl radicals are known to be important in the activity of some disinfectants, because they attack essential cell components in bacteria (both gram -ve and +ve) and oxidise the surface structures of viruses. Hydroxyl radicals disrupt the lipid envelope and/or capsid around the virus, causing lysing. They also penetrate the virus’s interior and disrupt the genome. These actions inactivate the virus. The disinfectant properties of hydrogen peroxide arise from these mechanisms.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Hydroxyl radicals have been shown to modify the IgE-binding capacity in pollens, spores and pet dander through the degradation and modification of the tertiary structure and/or the induction of protein denaturation and/or aggregation, resulting in a modified allergen structure. Hydroxyl radicals instantly denature Der p1 and Der f1 (house dust mites). Hydroxyl radicals oxidise their protein structures, for example causing protein backbone damage due primarily to a hydrogen abstraction or oxygen addition. Both hydroxyl radical initiated oxidation mechanisms result in a modified allergen structure. Modified allergen structures are no longer recognised by the immune system and therefore histamine and other chemical mediators are not released.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Hydroxyl radicals play a key role in the oxidative destruction of organic pollutants using a series of methodologies collectively known as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The destruction of pollutants in AOPs is based on the non-selective reaction of hydroxyl radicals on organic compounds. It is highly effective against a series of pollutants including pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds, dyes, etc.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: The hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the "detergent" of the troposphere because it reacts with many pollutants, decomposing them, often acting as the first step to their removal. It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like methane and ozone, as well as inactivating pathogenic viruses and bacteria and neutralising allergenic pollens and mould spores. The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long many pollutants last in the atmosphere, if they do not undergo photolysis or being rained out. For instance methane, which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radicals, has an average lifetime of over 5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more. Other pollutants, such as larger hydrocarbons, can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen atom, forming water and an alkyl radical (R).


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of sunlight, pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: The atmospheric chemistry leading to hydroxyl radical creation is generally absent indoors. However, new technologies, pioneered by NASA (see Next Generation Hybrid Photo-Catalytic Oxidation (PCO) for Trace Contaminant Control (H-PCO)), have now made it possible to reproduce the outdoor effects of hydroxyl radicals indoors, enabling the continuous deactivation of viruses and bacteria, removal of toxic gases (such as ammonia, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde) and odours, and neutralisation of allergens throughout an inside space. In a similar development, Engineered Water Nanostructures (EWNS) are synthesized using two processes in parallel, namely, electrospraying and ionization of water. Pressurized water exits a hypodermic needle into an electric field (3–5 kV) to produce a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily hydroxyl (OH) and superoxide () radicals. Good results were reported inactivating pathogens.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: The hydroxyl OH radical is one of the main chemical species controlling the oxidizing capacity of the global Earth atmosphere. This oxidizing reactive species has a major impact on the concentrations and distribution of greenhouse gases and pollutants in the Earth atmosphere. It is the most widespread oxidizer in the troposphere, the lowest part of the atmosphere. Understanding OH variability is important to evaluating human impacts on the atmosphere and climate. The OH species has a lifetime in the Earth atmosphere of less than one second. Understanding the role of OH in the oxidation process of methane (CH) present in the atmosphere to first carbon monoxide (CO) and then carbon dioxide (CO) is important for assessing the residence time of this greenhouse gas, the overall carbon budget of the troposphere, and its influence on the process of global warming. The lifetime of OH radicals in the Earth atmosphere is very short, therefore OH concentrations in the air are very low and very sensitive techniques are required for its direct detection. Global average hydroxyl radical concentrations have been measured indirectly by analyzing methyl chloroform (CHCCl) present in the air. The results obtained by Montzka "et al." (2011) shows that the interannual variability in OH estimated from CHCCl measurements is small, indicating that global OH is generally well buffered against perturbations. This small variability is consistent with measurements of methane and other trace gases primarily oxidized by OH, as well as global photochemical model calculations.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: In 2014, researchers reported their discovery of a "hole" or absence of hydroxyl throughout the entire depth of the troposphere across a large region of the tropical West Pacific. They suggested that this hole is permitting large quantities of ozone-degrading chemicals to reach the stratosphere, and that this may be significantly reinforcing ozone depletion in the polar regions with potential consequences for the climate of the Earth.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: The first experimental evidence for the presence of 18 cm absorption lines of the hydroxyl (OH) radical in the radio absorption spectrum of Cassiopeia A was obtained by Weinreb et al. based on observations made during the period October 15–29, 1963.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: OH is a diatomic molecule. The electronic angular momentum along the molecular axis is +1 or −1, and the electronic spin angular momentum "S" = . Because of the orbit-spin coupling, the spin angular momentum can be oriented in parallel or anti parallel directions to the orbital angular momentum, producing the splitting into Π and Π states. The Π ground state of OH is split by lambda doubling interaction (an interaction between the nuclei rotation and the unpaired electron motion around its orbit). Hyperfine interaction with the unpaired spin of the proton further splits the levels.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: In order to study gas phase interstellar chemistry, it is convenient to distinguish two types of interstellar clouds: diffuse clouds, with and , and dense clouds, with and density .(Hartquist, "Molecular Astrophysics", 1990).


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: The OH radical is linked with the production of HO in molecular clouds. Studies of OH distribution in Taurus Molecular Cloud-1 (TMC-1) suggest that in dense gas, OH is mainly formed by dissociative recombination of HO. Dissociative recombination is the reaction in which a molecular ion recombines with an electron and dissociates into neutral fragments. Important formation mechanisms for OH are:


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Small neutral molecules in the interstellar clouds may be formed by reactions of H and OH. The formation of O occurs in the gas phase via the neutral exchange reaction between O and OH, which is also the main sink for OH in dense regions.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Atomic oxygen takes part both in the production and destruction of OH, so the abundance of OH depends mainly on the H abundance. Then, important chemical pathways leading from OH radicals are:


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Formation rates "r" can be obtained using the rate constants "k"("T") and the abundances of the reactants species C and D:


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: where [Y] represents the abundance of the species Y. In this approach, abundances were taken from "The UMIST database for astrochemistry 2006", and the values are relatives to the H density. The following table shows the ratio in order to get a view of the most important reactions.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: The results suggest that reaction is the most prominent reaction in dense clouds. It is in concordance with Harju et al. 2000.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Discoveries of the microwave spectra of a considerable number of molecules prove the existence of rather complex molecules in the interstellar clouds, and provides the possibility to study dense clouds, which are obscured by the dust they contain. The OH molecule has been observed in the interstellar medium since 1963 through its 18 cm transitions. In the subsequent years OH was observed by its rotational transitions at far infrared wavelengths, mainly in the Orion region. Because each rotational level of OH is split in by lambda doubling, astronomers can observe a wide variety of energy states from the ground state.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Very high densities are required to thermalize the rotational transitions of OH, so it is difficult to detect far-infrared emission lines from a quiescent molecular cloud. Even at H densities of 10 cm, dust must be optically thick at infrared wavelengths. But the passage of a shock wave through a molecular cloud is precisely the process which can bring the molecular gas out of equilibrium with the dust, making observations of far-infrared emission lines possible. A moderately fast shock may produce a transient raise in the OH abundance relative to hydrogen. So, it is possible that far-infrared emission lines of OH can be a good diagnostic of shock conditions.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Diffuse clouds are of astronomical interest because they play a primary role in the evolution and thermodynamics of ISM. Observation of the abundant atomic hydrogen in 21 cm has shown good signal-to-noise ratio in both emission and absorption. Nevertheless, HI observations have a fundamental difficulty when they are directed at low mass regions of the hydrogen nucleus, as the center part of a diffuse cloud: the thermal width of the hydrogen lines are of the same order as the internal velocities of structures of interest, so cloud components of various temperatures and central velocities are indistinguishable in the spectrum. Molecular line observations in principle do not suffer from this problem. Unlike HI, molecules generally have excitation temperature "T" ≪ "T", so that emission is very weak even from abundant species. CO and OH are the most easily studied candidate molecules. CO has transitions in a region of the spectrum (wavelength < 3 mm) where there are not strong background continuum sources, but OH has the 18 cm emission, line convenient for absorption observations. Observation studies provide the most sensitive means of detections of molecules with subthermal excitation, and can give the opacity of the spectral line, which is a central issue to model the molecular region.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: Studies based in the kinematic comparison of OH and H I absorption lines from diffuse clouds are useful in determining their physical conditions, especially because heavier elements provide higher velocity resolution.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: OH masers, a type of astrophysical maser, were the first masers to be discovered in space and have been observed in more environments than any other type of maser.


title: Hydroxyl radical

text: In the Milky Way, OH masers are found in stellar masers (evolved stars), interstellar masers (regions of massive star formation), or in the interface between supernova remnants and molecular material. Interstellar OH masers are often observed from molecular material surrounding ultracompact H II regions (UC H II). But there are masers associated with very young stars that have yet to create UC H II regions. This class of OH masers appears to form near the edges of very dense material, place where HO masers form, and where total densities drop rapidly and UV radiation form young stars can dissociate the HO molecules. So, observations of OH masers in these regions, can be an important way to probe the distribution of the important HO molecule in interstellar shocks at high spatial resolutions.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr. (; born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; October 15, 1917 – February 28, 2007) was an American historian, social critic, and public intellectual. The son of the influential historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. and a specialist in American history, much of Schlesinger's work explored the history of 20th-century American liberalism. In particular, his work focused on leaders such as Harry S. Truman, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Robert F. Kennedy. In the 1952 and 1956 presidential campaigns, he was a primary speechwriter and adviser to the Democratic presidential nominee, Adlai Stevenson II. Schlesinger served as special assistant and "court historian" to President Kennedy from 1961 to 1963. He wrote a detailed account of the Kennedy administration, from the 1960 presidential campaign to the president's state funeral, titled "A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House", which won the 1966 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: In 1968, Schlesinger actively supported the presidential campaign of Senator Robert F. Kennedy, which ended with Kennedy's assassination in Los Angeles. Schlesinger wrote a popular biography, "Robert Kennedy and His Times", several years later. He later popularized the term "imperial presidency" during the Nixon administration in his 1973 book of the same name.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: Schlesinger was born in Columbus, Ohio, the son of Elizabeth Harriet (née Bancroft) and Arthur M. Schlesinger (1888–1965), who was an influential social historian at Ohio State University and Harvard University, where he directed many PhD dissertations in American history. His paternal grandfather was a Prussian Jew who converted to Protestantism and then married an Austrian Catholic. His mother, a Mayflower descendant, was of German and New England ancestry, as well as a relative of historian George Bancroft, according to family tradition. His family practiced Unitarianism.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: Schlesinger attended the Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, and received his first degree at the age of 20 from Harvard College, where he graduated "summa cum laude" in 1938. After spending the 1938–1939 academic year at Peterhouse, Cambridge as a Henry Fellow, he was appointed to a three-year Junior Fellowship in the Harvard Society of Fellows in the fall of 1939. At the time, Fellows were not allowed to pursue advanced degrees, "a requirement intended to keep them off the standard academic treadmill"; as such, Schlesinger would never earn a doctorate. His fellowship was interrupted by the United States entering World War II. After failing his military medical examination, Schlesinger joined the Office of War Information. From 1943 to 1945, he served as an intelligence analyst in the Office of Strategic Services, a precursor to the CIA.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: Schlesinger's service in the OSS allowed him time to complete his first Pulitzer Prize–winning book, "The Age of Jackson", in 1945. From 1946 to 1954, he was an associate professor at Harvard, becoming a full professor in 1954.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: In 1947, Schlesinger, together with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Minneapolis mayor and future Senator and Vice President Hubert Humphrey, economist and longtime friend John Kenneth Galbraith, and Protestant theologian Reinhold Niebuhr, founded Americans for Democratic Action. Schlesinger acted as the ADA's national chairman from 1953 to 1954.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: After President Harry S. Truman announced he would not run for a second full term in the 1952 presidential election, Schlesinger became the primary speechwriter for and an ardent supporter of Governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois. In the 1956 election, Schlesinger, along with 30-year-old Robert F. Kennedy, again worked on Stevenson's campaign staff. Schlesinger supported the nomination of Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy as Stevenson's vice-presidential running mate, but at the Democratic convention, Kennedy came second in the vice-presidential balloting, losing to Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: Schlesinger had known John F. Kennedy since attending Harvard and increasingly socialized with Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline in the 1950s. In 1954, "The Boston Post" publisher John Fox Jr. planned a series of newspaper pieces labeling several Harvard figures, including Schlesinger, as "reds"; Kennedy intervened on Schlesinger's behalf, which Schlesinger recounted in "A Thousand Days".


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: During the 1960 campaign, Schlesinger supported Kennedy, causing much consternation to Stevenson loyalists. At the time, however, Kennedy was an active candidate while Stevenson refused to run unless he was drafted at the convention. After Kennedy won the nomination, Schlesinger helped the campaign as a (sometime) speechwriter, speaker, and member of the ADA. He also wrote the book "Kennedy or Nixon: Does It Make Any Difference?" in which he lauded Kennedy's abilities and scorned Vice President Richard M. Nixon as having "no ideas, only methods... He cares about winning."


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: After the election, the president-elect offered Schlesinger an ambassadorship and Assistant Secretary of State for Cultural Relations before Robert Kennedy proposed that Schlesinger serve as a "sort of roving reporter and troubleshooter." Schlesinger quickly accepted, and on January 30, 1961, he resigned from Harvard and was appointed Special Assistant to the President. He worked primarily on Latin American affairs and as a speechwriter during his tenure in the White House.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: In February 1961, Schlesinger was first told of the "Cuba operation," which would eventually become the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He opposed the plan in a memorandum to the president: "at one stroke you would dissipate all the extraordinary good will which has been rising toward the new Administration through the world. It would fix a malevolent image of the new Administration in the minds of millions." He, however, suggested,


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: During the Cabinet deliberations, he "shrank into a chair at the far end of the table and listened in silence" as the Joint Chiefs and CIA representatives lobbied the president for an invasion. Along with his friend, Senator William Fulbright, Schlesinger sent several memos to the president opposing the strike; however, during the meetings, he held back his opinion, reluctant to undermine the President's desire for a unanimous decision. Following the overt failure of the invasion, Schlesinger later lamented, "In the months after the Bay of Pigs, I bitterly reproached myself for having kept so silent during those crucial discussions in the cabinet room. ... I can only explain my failure to do more than raise a few timid questions by reporting that one's impulse to blow the whistle on this nonsense was simply undone by the circumstances of the discussion." After the furor died down, Kennedy joked that Schlesinger "wrote me a memorandum that will look pretty good when he gets around to writing his book on my administration. Only he better not publish that memorandum while I'm still alive!" During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Schlesinger was not a member of the executive committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM) but helped UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson draft his presentation of the crisis to the UN Security Council.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: In October 1962, Schlesinger became afraid of ""a tremendous advantage"", which ""all-out Soviet commitment to cybernetics"" would provide the Soviets. Schlesinger further warned that ""by 1970 the USSR may have a radically new production technology, involving total enterprises or complexes of industries, managed by closed-loop, feedback control employing self-teaching computers"". The cause was a pre-vision of an algorithmic governance of economy by an internet-like computer network authored by Soviet scientists, particularly Alexander Kharkevich.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: After President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, Schlesinger resigned his position in January 1964. He wrote a memoir/history of the Kennedy administration, "A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House", which won him his second Pulitzer Prize in 1965.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: Schlesinger returned to teaching in 1966 as the Albert Schweitzer Professor of the Humanities at the CUNY Graduate Center. After his retirement from teaching in 1994, he remained an active member of the Graduate Center community as an emeritus professor until his death.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: After his service for the Kennedy administration, he continued to be a Kennedy loyalist for the rest of his life, campaigning for Robert Kennedy's tragic presidential campaign in 1968 and for Senator Edward M. Kennedy in 1980. Upon the request of Robert Kennedy's widow, Ethel Kennedy, he wrote the biography "Robert Kennedy and His Times", which was published in 1978.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, he greatly criticized Richard Nixon as both a candidate and president. His prominent status as a liberal Democrat and outspoken disdain of Nixon led to his placement on the master list of Nixon's political opponents. Ironically, Nixon would become his next-door neighbor in the years following the Watergate scandal.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: After he retired from teaching, he remained involved in politics for the rest of his life through his books and public speaking tours. Schlesinger was a critic of the Clinton Administration, resisting President Clinton's cooptation of his "Vital Center" concept in an article for Slate in 1997. Schlesinger was also a critic of the 2003 Iraq War and called it a misadventure. He put much blame on the media for not covering a reasoned case against the war.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: Schlesinger's name at birth was Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; since his mid-teens, he had instead used the signature "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr." He had five children, four from his first marriage to author and artist Marian Cannon Schlesinger and a son and stepson from his second marriage, to Alexandra Emmet, also an artist.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: As a prominent Democrat and historian, Schlesinger maintained a very active social life. His wide circle of friends and associates included politicians, actors, writers, and artists, spanning several decades. Among his friends and associates were President John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Edward M. Kennedy, Adlai E. Stevenson, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, John Kenneth Galbraith, W. Averell and Pamela Harriman, Steve and Jean Kennedy Smith, Ethel Skakel Kennedy, Ted Sorensen, Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr., Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Hubert Humphrey, Henry Kissinger, Marietta Peabody Tree, Ben Bradlee, Joseph Alsop, Evangeline Bruce, William vanden Heuvel, Kurt Vonnegut, Norman Mailer, Philip and Katharine Graham, Leonard Bernstein, Walter Lippmann, President Lyndon B. Johnson, Nelson Rockefeller, Lauren Bacall, Marlene Dietrich, George McGovern, Robert McNamara, McGeorge Bundy, Jack Valenti, Bill Moyers, Richard Goodwin, Al Gore, President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: On February 28, 2007, Schlesinger had a heart attack while dining with family at a steakhouse in Manhattan. He was taken to New York Downtown Hospital, where he died at the age of 89. His "New York Times" obituary described him as a "historian of power." He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: He won a Pulitzer Prize for History in 1946 for his book "The Age of Jackson", covering the intellectual environment of Jacksonian democracy.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: His 1949 book "The Vital Center" made a case for the New Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and was harshly critical of both unregulated capitalism and of those liberals such as Henry A. Wallace who advocated coexistence with communism.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: In his book "The Politics of Hope" (1962), Schlesinger terms conservatives the "party of the past" and liberals "the party of hope" and calls for overcoming the division between both parties.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: His 1986 book "The Cycles of American History," a collection of essays and articles, contains "The Cycles of American Politics," an early work on the topic; it was influenced by his father's work on cycles.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: He became a leading opponent of multiculturalism in the 1980s and articulated this stance in his book "The Disuniting of America" (1991).


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: Published posthumously in 2007, "Journals 1952–2000" is the 894-page distillation of 6,000 pages of Schlesinger diaries on a wide variety of subjects, edited by Andrew and Stephen Schlesinger.


title: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

text: Besides writing biographies he also wrote a foreword to a book on Vladimir Putin which came out in 2003 under the same name and was published by Chelsea House Publishers.


title: Tishrei

text: Tishrei () or Tishri (; "tīšrē" or "tīšrī"; from Akkadian "tašrītu" "beginning", from "šurrû" "to begin") is the first month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei) and the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) in the Hebrew calendar. The name of the month is Babylonian. It is a month of 30 days. Tishrei usually occurs in September–October on the Gregorian calendar.


title: Tishrei

text: In the Hebrew Bible, before the Babylonian Exile, the month is called Ethanim ( – ). In the Babylonian calendar the month is known as Araḫ Tišritum, "Month of Beginning" (of the second half-year).


title: Tishrei

text: Edwin R. Thiele has concluded, in "The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings", that the ancient Kingdom of Judah counted years using the civil year starting in Tishrei, while the Kingdom of Israel counted years using the ecclesiastical new year starting in Nisan. Tishrei is the month used for the counting of the epoch year – i.e., the count of the year is incremented on 1 Tishrei.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: Union is the thirteenth studio album by English progressive rock band Yes, released on 30 April 1991 by Arista Records. Production began following the amalgamation of two bands that featured previous and then current members of Yes: Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe (ABWH), consisting of vocalist Jon Anderson, drummer Bill Bruford, keyboardist Rick Wakeman and guitarist Steve Howe, and Yes, comprised at that time of bassist and vocalist Chris Squire, guitarist and vocalist Trevor Rabin, keyboardist Tony Kaye and drummer Alan White. The eight musicians signed with Arista and a combination of unfinished tracks by both groups were selected for "Union". The album's sessions were problematic from the start, including disagreements between some of the musicians regarding the "merger" of the two bands, strained relations during the recording process, and decisions by the production team of Anderson and producer Jonathan Elias to bring in session musicians to re-record parts that Wakeman and Howe had originally completed.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: "Union" was released to a decidedly mixed critical reception, and the majority of the band have openly stated their dislike of the material. Despite all this, it fared relatively well commercially, reaching No. 7 in the UK and No. 15 in the US. After two months, "Union" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling 500,000 copies. The first single, "Lift Me Up", was number one on the "Billboard" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for six weeks. Howe's acoustic guitar piece "Masquerade" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Yes supported "Union" with their 1991–1992 Around the World in 80 Dates Tour that featured all eight members playing on stage; Bruford, Wakeman, and Howe left the band after the tour.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: In 1983, Yes had reformed with singer Jon Anderson joining bassist Chris Squire and drummer Alan White, who were working on new material with guitarist/singer/songwriter Trevor Rabin. Original Yes keyboardist Tony Kaye rounded out the group, and five went on to record the group's most commercially successful albums, "90125" (1983) and "Big Generator" (1987), for Atco Records. In 1988, Anderson left Yes and formed Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe (ABWH), a group with former Yes members Bill Bruford, Rick Wakeman, Steve Howe and Bruford's former King Crimson bandmate Tony Levin on bass guitar. ABWH released their self-titled album for Arista Records in 1989 and supported it with a world tour. During this time, the four remaining Yes members began to write songs with former Yes producer Eddy Offord and held auditions for a new lead singer, including Supertramp vocalist Roger Hodgson and Billy Sherwood of World Trade. Sherwood went on to become a longtime collaborator with Yes, firstly as a live musician and producer; he became their full-time bassist following Squire's death in 2015.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: In 1990, ABWH started work on a second album at Studio Miraval in Correns, France with producer Jonathan Elias, for whom Anderson had contributed lyrics and vocals to "Requiem for the Americas" (1990). Bruford has praised the material that Howe, Tony Levin and he were developing prior to Anderson's involvement, and had high hopes for ABWH's creative future. The atmosphere changed when Arista asserted that none of their new material was suitable for radio airplay. After the backing tracks had been put down, Anderson went to Los Angeles to record some of his vocals. He also reunited with Rabin and heard some songs that Yes were working on. Anderson suggested that he could add lead vocals to them, in addition to asking Rabin for a song that ABWH could record for their album. "What I read into that was they needed a single", recalled Rabin, who was primarily responsible for Yes's hit singles of the 1980s. Rabin gave Anderson three demos, one of which was "Lift Me Up", but requested that ABWH record only one. Anderson wished to record all three, which became the impetus for discussions amongst management of Yes and ABWH that "joining forces" and making an album together would prove the most beneficial arrangement.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: The combination of the two bands received mixed internal reactions. Rabin thought the idea was "useful and convenient to everyone, because we wanted to go on the road, and it was a quick way". Squire called Yes's involvement in the ABWH project a "salvage job". Howe and Bruford both resisted, seeing no need to "become Yes" once again as they felt they had reached substantial success as ABWH. Bruford added that ABWH "was a group in the making", but "the politicians got involved and that idea was quickly crushed." Following a period of negotiations Atco agreed to release Yes, thus allowing everyone to sign a four-album deal with Arista. This gave the green-light for an album that combined tracks recorded separately by both groups, with Anderson on vocals. As part of the deal, Atco retained the rights to the band's back catalogue. Squire remembered a "huge, 90-page contract" was produced to settle the various legal issues between the two bands, labels, and promoters. The album's original title was "Dialogue", which was announced in the press as late as February 1991, while the album was being mixed.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: "Union" includes nine tracks recorded by ABWH, these being "I Would Have Waited Forever", "Shock to the System", "Without Hope You Cannot Start the Day", "Silent Talking", "Angkor Wat", "Dangerous (Look in the Light of What You're Searching For)", "Holding On", "Evensong", and "Take the Water to the Mountain" Collectively they were recorded in five different studios, including Studio Guillaume Tell in Paris, SARM West Studios in London, Record Plant Studios in Los Angeles and Vision Sound Studios in New York City. Howe recorded "Masquerade" by himself in Langley Studios at his home in Devon, England. "Evensong" featured only Bruford and Tony Levin on Chapman Stick.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: The remaining four tracks were produced by Yes: "Lift Me Up", "Saving My Heart", "Miracle of Life", and "The More We Live – Let Go". According to White, Yes had roughly three months to finish their tracks. The majority of the bass parts on the album are played by Tony Levin (on both bass guitar & Chapman Stick), with Squire only playing bass on "Lift Me Up", "Saving My Heart" and "Miracle of Life". Sherwood played the bass on "The More We Live- Let Go". Squire sang backing vocals on the four tracks Yes produced, as well as several of the ABWH-produced tracks, including "I Would Have Waited Forever", "Without Hope (You Cannot Start the Day)" and "Dangerous (Look in the Light of What You're Searching For)".


title: Union (Yes album)

text: The number of people who worked on the album is highly unusual. There are seven different producers, roughly 17 recording engineers and mixers, six backing singers, nine synthesizer player/programmers and no less than four additional musicians who added parts as well. This is the only album in the Yes discography to feature participation from this many individuals who were not in Yes, or part of a regular, much smaller production team. Consequently, four pages of the album's CD booklet are dedicated to the song credits.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: When Elias accepted Anderson's invitation to produce the ABWH tracks, with Anderson credited as an associate producer, Elias felt uneasy about the task as a Yes album of "fresh" material was something he thought was too difficult to achieve, following the band's history of internal conflict. He aimed to present the "high technical edge" that Yes were known for, within the structure of more concise and direct songs and not spotlight only technical prowess. Anderson initially resisted this approach as he wished to distance himself from the more commercial music that had largely defined Yes across the previous decade. When recording began, Elias recalled a lack of solid material and the tension between Anderson and Howe especially, including the refusal of the two to stay in the studio while the other was present. Elias tried to help stimulate creativity and brought in a Hammond organ, but said Wakeman refused as he thought the instrument was outdated. Elias concluded that ABWH "didn't care about a note of music", and was relieved to have finished some of the material at all, considering the difficulties and his personal dislike for some of the songs.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: Matters complicated further when ABWH had started to put takes down. Wakeman and Howe had both agreed to solo commitments prior to recording, so their respective keyboard and guitar tracks were stored onto a computer, but not finalised and mastered. In their absence, Elias and Anderson brought in session musicians to play new arrangements from the initial takes as they were dissatisfied with what Wakeman and Howe had played. Elias said, "We weren't looking for only the early-'70s 'pyro technique'. We wanted something more modern". Among the 11 additional keyboard and synthesiser players featured on "Union" is Jim Crichton of Saga. Crichton and his assistant Brian Foraker were given songs that needed work and the pair "tried to fill in the gaps" at Crichton's own studio by playing parts that they thought Wakeman might play under those circumstances. Crichton felt "Dangerous" was a particularly strong track in demo form, but that the final version on the album was substandard. Rabin was invited to replace Howe's parts, but turned down the opportunity. Recordings were made with session guitarist Scott van Zen, but ultimately the parts in question were replaced by Jimmy Haun, who was suggested by Steve Porcaro and had worked in Squire's band The Chris Squire Experiment. Haun later said that it was Anderson, Elias, "and one other person" who made the final decision as to which parts were kept and replaced by someone else.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: Wakeman criticised Elias for allowing the edits and overdubs, and the two addressed each other's issues in different publications of "Keyboard" magazine. Elias "never questioned Rick's technical ability" and stressed that "Union" was not an album of "major opuses" and felt Wakeman had "lost his edge". Elias ranked his time with Haun as his best experience during the making of the album. Howe called Haun an "average guitarist" and compared his changes to "having an abortion". Elias maintained the view that he and Anderson agreed that outside musicians were needed and described Howe's reaction as merely "bruised ego from someone who is a very good guitar player in his own right." Howe included the original backing tracks of "Dangerous" and "Without Hope You Cannot Start the Day" on his 2017 compilation "Anthology 2: Groups & Collaborations".


title: Union (Yes album)

text: Roger Dean was hired to design the art for the album. After the release of "Big Generator", Dean was asked by Phil Carson to design a new band logo, and came up with a square design, but it was not used due to Anderson forming ABWH. When it came to "Union", Dean decided to use the Yes logo he designed in 1972, the square design appearing in the corner and on the subsequent "Yesyears" cover.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: "I Would Have Waited Forever" features Howe playing a guitar riff that he also used on "Sensitive Chaos" from his solo album "Turbulence" (1991). Haun later revealed that Howe plays a short, recurring thread and the ending solo, but all other electric, acoustic, and effect overdubs were in fact played by him, and that Arista wanted a guitar riff similar to that of "Starship Trooper" from "The Yes Album" (1971). Elias thought the track best represented "both early and later Yes styles". Although Howe wrote the opening guitar riff to "Shock to the System", Haun re-recorded the part for "sonic reasons" and devised the other riffs as well, leaving no other parts that Howe had originally played. Some bass parts from Levin were also redone on his guitar during his time away from the studio. Haun described one of his riffs as reminiscent to "The Gates of Delirium" from "Relayer" (1974).


title: Union (Yes album)

text: "Masquerade" is an acoustic guitar instrumental written and performed by Howe. He recorded the track in fifteen minutes at his home studio using a two-channel Revox deck, "away from all the arguments and politics" that came with making the album. He recorded other acoustic tracks on a Spanish guitar for the album, including one titled "Baby Georgia", but Arista decided to use "Masquerade", a track Howe ironically almost decided against sending because he thought it was not as strong as the others. "Without Hope (You Cannot Start the Day)" originated from Elias, who recorded a basic outline of the track in one afternoon and sent the tape to Wakeman to add keyboards. Elias and Anderson felt dissatisfied with Wakeman's contribution; they had wished for something "simple and gentle" but instead got a part that to Elias "sounded like a Rachmaninoff piano concerto", and hence recorded a new piano part. Howe does not play on the track.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: "Silent Talking" is a song that Howe wrote that originally connected with an instrumental called "Seven Castles". Howe thought it contained some of his better guitar playing on the album, but felt Anderson came in too soon with his vocals in the second half, after his solo began. Haun replaced what Howe had put down for the main guitar riff "because there were timing discrepancies", so he tried to get as close to Howe's sound as possible. Other riffs from Howe were kept on the track, and can be heard due to a slightly different guitar tone that Haun used. "Angkor Wat", named after the Cambodian temple of the same name, was written by Elias, Anderson and Wakeman. During Wakeman's final day of recording, Elias asked Wakeman to record some atmospheric keyboard sounds that were then layered and formed into a track. The track concludes with a poem recited in Cambodian. "Evensong" is a bass and percussion duet between Levin and Bruford and is named after an evening prayer service held in English churches.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: "Lift Me Up" was written by Rabin and Squire. The two used a dictionary to look for suitable rhyming words for the song's lyrics, which is how they came up with the word "imperial" in its chorus. According to Rabin, the song concerns a homeless person who enters a restaurant just to use the bathroom, only to have the people inside telling him he has to leave. "And he just looks up to the sky [and says] ... you know, help me out". Rabin completed two different mixes of the track but Arista founder Clive Davis disliked them. After Squire suggested they bring in someone else, Paul Fox was hired and finished a mix with assistance from Ed Thacker that was used on the album. Rabin, feeling the original mix was superior, thought Fox and Thacker's work was "very good" but it suffered from them not having a clear idea of what Rabin had wanted.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: Rabin felt "Saving My Heart" was not suitable for a Yes album, a feeling he had also had for "Owner of a Lonely Heart". He originally planned to develop the track with Roger Hodgson before Anderson heard it and wished to work on it for "Union". The song displays a distinct reggae influence. Rabin was unhappy with the song's final mix as it did not turn out the way he had wished. "Miracle of Life" is a track Rabin described as a protest song; the inspiration for its lyrics came from watching a news report on the slaughtering of dolphins in Denmark. Howe thought the track was "very good".


title: Union (Yes album)

text: "The More We Live – Let Go" is the first song that Squire and Sherwood wrote together. Sherwood and 1970s Yes producer Eddy Offord wanted Squire to re-record the bass parts that Sherwood had played on the demo, but Squire felt that Sherwood's playing suited the song perfectly and insisted it be kept. To Sherwood, the writing and recording process was so successful, he and Squire agreed to continue writing together from then on. The pair also wrote "Love Conquers All", a track with Rabin on lead vocals and released on the "Yesyears" box set.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: "Union" was released on 30 April 1991. The album was a success on the charts, reaching its peak of number seven on the UK Albums Chart in May 1991 during a six-week stay. In the United States, it debuted on the "Billboard" 200 chart at number 35, the week of 18 May 1991. The album climbed on the following week, reaching its peak at number 15 on the week ending 25 May. It was present on the chart for a total of 19 weeks.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: On 2 July 1991, "Union" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipment of 500,000 copies.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: In 1992, "Masquerade" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Howe described the nomination for his track as "pure justice", following the difficulties in making the album.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: Yes released three singles from "Union" in 1991. "Lift Me Up" was the lead single, released in April 1991. It became one of the band's most successful singles, spending six weeks at number one from its third week on the "Billboard" Album Rock Tracks chart, later known as the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. It was number one from the week of 4 May to 8 June 1991. It reached a peak of 86 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart. The second single, "Saving My Heart", released in July 1991, reached a high of number nine on the Album Rock Tracks chart a month later. "I Would Have Waited Forever" was the final single released.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: The album received mixed reviews from critics. Chuck Eddy gave it two stars out of five for "Rolling Stone", calling it "an eclectic miscarriage that almost isn't even worth laughing about", and wished the album had more memorable hooks, riffs, and concise lyrics. "Q" magazine issued a review from Robert Sandall, who thought "Union" "veers alarmingly between ... neurotically jumpy overarrangements and competing time signatures" from ABWH and "heads-down riffing" from the Yes members. Sandall picked out "Lift Me Up" as one of the few "strong, anthemic tunes" that remain "unscathed" from the collision of such varied styles, which makes "Union" "one of the least ridiculous Yes albums in recent memory". Dave DiMartino of "Entertainment Weekly" rated the album with a D+, and called it a "stunningly wicked parody of an outlandish concept", pointing out its "complete and utter unlistenability". In "The Washington Post", Gil Grifin noted that "musically and conceptually", the band are "reaching for its glorious past" which resulted in an album not entirely appealing. Though "Lift Me Up", "The More We Live – Let Go" and "Saving My Heart" are picked as more favourable tracks, Grifin concludes with "the aloofness of 'Union' is often sleep-inducing".


title: Union (Yes album)

text: "Union" received two and a half stars out of five in a retrospective review by Bruce Eder for AllMusic. Eder thought it was always difficult for the album to live up to expectations given the amount of musical talent involved. Nevertheless, he judged its songs "reasonably solid", and cites the harmonies in "I Would Have Waited Forever" from Anderson and Squire and Howe's "Masquerade" as highlights. But he thought "Lift Me Up" is a "forced exercise in heaviness" and "Without Hope (You Cannot Start the Day)" a "composed-by-numbers" track. In his book "The Music's All that Matters: A History of Progressive Rock", Paul Stump commented that "the music of "Union", an unhappy testament to hubris, conceit and corporate expediency, unintentionally embodies all the crimes that had been (often mistakenly) laid at the band's door hitherto." He argued that the concept was flawed from the beginning, saying it was unrealistic to expect the band members to cooperatively produce an album of quality and subtlety given the history of strife between them. The music portal Ultimate Classic Rock ranked "Union" worst in its list of Yes albums.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: Most of the band have negative opinions on the album. Wakeman stated he was dissatisfied with the production, commenting that most of his contributions were so altered in the final result that he could not recognise them, adding that he called the album "Onion" because "it made me cry every time I heard it". Rabin thought it lacked a linking thread and ranked "90125" and "Big Generator" as better. "I don't hate "Union" as much as Rick," he stated in 2016, "but it was a peculiar record. It was instigated by Clive Davis and made largely in isolation by the musicians and Jon, so the title is misleading. To me, "Union" is more of a failed project than a real album." Bruford remains very critical: "It was probably not only the most dishonest title that I've ever had the privilege of playing drums underneath, but the single worst album I've ever recorded."


title: Union (Yes album)

text: The Union Tour covered North America, Europe, and Japan from 9 April 1991 to 5 March 1992, billed as Yesshows '91: Around the World in 80 Dates. It was the first rock tour produced by Philadelphia-based Electric Factory Concerts in its history which also organised advertising and promotion. The partnership evolved following discussions between Anderson and EFC head Larry Magid, who learned that Anderson had enjoyed how the ABWH concert in Philadelphia was presented. The tour featured the eight members playing on stage and some shows were performed in the round with a central revolving stage that the band had first used on their 1978 tour.


title: Union (Yes album)

text: Unlike the album, most of the group have reflected positively on the tour. Wakeman ranked it as the most fun he had on a tour. Bruford, by contrast, said the tour was "ludicrous, really. For some of us, it was a very lucrative bit of fun; others needed it desperately." A live CD and DVD from various dates was released in 2011 as "Union Live".


title: 48th Academy Awards

text: The 48th Academy Awards were presented Monday, March 29, 1976, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. The ceremonies were presided over by Walter Matthau, Robert Shaw, George Segal, Goldie Hawn, and Gene Kelly. This year, ABC took over broadcast rights from NBC and has maintained the rights to this day.


title: 48th Academy Awards

text: Miloš Forman's "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" made a "clean sweep" of the five major categories: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director and Best Screenplay (Adapted). It was the second of three films to date to do so, following "It Happened One Night" in 1934 and preceding "The Silence of the Lambs" in 1991.


title: 48th Academy Awards

text: 20-year-old French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year, becoming the youngest nominee that category, breaking the record set by 22-year-old Elizabeth Hartman in 1965. Her record would be surpassed by 13-year-old Keisha Castle-Hughes in 2004, and again in 2013 by nine-year old Quvenzhané Wallis, the current record. Adjani also co-presented the award for Best Film Editing.


title: 48th Academy Awards

text: At 80, George Burns became the oldest acting winner, as well as the last person born in the nineteenth century to receive an acting award. His record stood until Jessica Tandy won Best Actress in 1989; Burns was later succeeded as the oldest Best Supporting Actor winner by Christopher Plummer, who won in 2012 for "Beginners" at the age of 82.


title: 48th Academy Awards

text: "Jaws" won all its nominations except Best Picture, the last film to do so until "Traffic". As of the 94th Academy Awards, "Amarcord", nominated for Best Director, is the last film to be nominated for Academy Awards in separate years (having won the award for Best Foreign Language Film the year before).


title: 48th Academy Awards

text: NBC's coverage of the NCAA championship basketball game aired opposite the ceremony; during the presentation of the Best Film Editing award, the winner was jokingly announced by presenter Elliott Gould as "Indiana, 86–68", after the undefeated Indiana Hoosiers had won the NCAA title that night in Philadelphia.


title: 48th Academy Awards

text: Nominees were announced on February 17, 1976. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger ().


title: 48th Academy Awards

text: The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: Charlie McDonnell (born 1 October 1990) is a British filmmaker, screenwriter, musician, former vlogger, author and Twitch streamer from Bath, Somerset. On 15 June 2011, her YouTube channel charlieissocoollike became the first in the UK to reach one million subscribers.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: As a musician, McDonnell was a member of "Doctor Who"-themed rock band Chameleon Circuit and was also a member of the short-lived project Sons of Admirals until it was disbanded in May 2011. In 2010, McDonnell released a solo album titled "This Is Me". McDonnell directed a series of short films from 2013 to 2014, and co-hosted the weekday morning YouTube breakfast show "Cereal Time" with Capital FM presenter and fellow YouTube vlogger Jimmy Hill from 2015 to 2016. In 2016, she published a book, "Fun Science".


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: After over a decade of regular uploads, McDonnell ended her YouTube career in December 2018 and moved on to screenwriting and television production duties. Her first series, the science fiction drama "Don't Look Deeper", was released on the streaming platform Quibi in July 2020.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: McDonnell currently creates content on Twitch, where she plays different games while interacting with her chat.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: McDonnell was born and raised in Bath, Somerset to parents Lindsey and Mark. She has two younger siblings: her brother, William, and her sister, Bridie. She was educated at Beechen Cliff School, a local state comprehensive foundation school.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: After setting up the YouTube channel, "charlieissocoollike" on 3 April 2007, McDonnell started posting video blogs (or "vlogs") to a small audience. She first came to prominence when her video titled "How To Get Featured on YouTube" became popular after it was featured on YouTube's UK homepage. Her audience jumped from just under 150 subscribers to over 4,000 in two days.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: In January 2008, in celebration of gaining 25,000 subscribers, McDonnell asked for 25 challenge suggestions from subscribers, which sparked her series of "Challenge Charlie" videos. She completed all of these challenges by March 2013, one of which was suggested by TV presenter Phillip Schofield and his daughter Molly, challenging McDonnell to perform the dance that accompanies the song 'Hoedown Throwdown' from "".


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: In June 2011, McDonnell became the first YouTuber in the United Kingdom to reach 1 million subscribers, and in May 2013, her channel reached 2 million subscribers. Most of McDonnell's videos end with an outro by Stephen Fry. In 2014, McDonnell's YouTube Channel, charlieissocoollike, was listed on New Media Rockstars Top 100 Channels, ranked at #63.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: On 6 March 2019, McDonnell announced on Twitter that she had quit YouTube to focus on screenwriting instead. She currently streams on Twitch.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: On 8 March 2013, McDonnell announced that she would be making five short films. In a video published on 27 October 2014, she announced her last two films would actually be one film, split into two parts.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: On 27 July 2020, "Don't Look Deeper", a 14-episode series co-created by McDonnell and Jeffrey Lieber, premiered on Quibi. McDonnell wrote several episodes of the series.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: McDonnell was one of the founding members of Chameleon Circuit, a band known for creating music inspired by the British television series "Doctor Who". Along with fellow vloggers Alex Day ("Nerimon" on YouTube), Liam Dryden ("Littleradge"), and former member Chris Beattie ("CowInParachute"), Chameleon Circuit released their self-titled debut album on 1 June 2009. In July 2010, their song "Count the Shadows" also appeared on "DFTBA Records, Volume Two", a compilation sampler that was given for free in the grab bags at VidCon 2010. At the beginning of 2011, Chameleon Circuit, in their new line-up following the departure of Beattie and the addition of Ed Blann and Michael Aranda, began work on their second album "Still Got Legs". It was released on 12 July 2011.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: In 2014, McDonnell and Dryden publicly denounced members Blann and Day, who both suspended their online presence following separate reported incidents of sexual abuse. McDonnell, Dryden and Aranda appeared together at VidCon 2014 for photo signings. In 2017, Aranda wrote in a Reddit AMA that "it's safe to say that Chameleon Circuit is dead for now. I know that the last time Charlie and I spoke about it, [she] didn't feel interested in writing new music in general."


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: In 2010, McDonnell, along with three other YouTubers, Alex Day, Ed Blann and Tom Milsom ("Hexachordal") formed a new project titled "Sons of Admirals". Sons of Admirals was not a band in the traditional sense; they were all solo artists, but as well as having their solo careers, they came together to form one group. The idea and nominal inspiration for the band came from the Admiral's Men, which was a Shakespearean group of actors that came together to perform, whilst still retaining their individual careers.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: Their first single was released via YouTube on 14 June 2010 on McDonnell's channel: the group covered Cat Stevens' song "Here Comes My Baby", featuring all four members on vocals. The track peaked at No. 61 in the UK. In October 2010 the band released an EP including "Here Comes My Baby"; an acoustic version of the same song; a cover of "Believe in Yourself", the theme of children's television show "Arthur"; the music video of "Here Comes My Baby"; and a behind-the-scenes video. Sons of Admirals disbanded in May 2011, publishing a statement on their website that "the core goal of the group – to get into the charts, and to increase exposure for the group members' individual talents proved to run against too many of our beliefs and approaches to music and promotion".


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: A prominent feature of McDonnell's YouTube channel were the songs which she wrote and performed herself, usually on a ukulele, but also with instruments such as the guitar, melodica, and —in one song— a kazoo and a xylophone made of filled water glasses. The most popular of these is "Duet with Myself." On 1 December 2010, in response to demand, she released her debut album, entitled "This is Me," via DFTBA Records. The album features several songs from her channel that were remixed for the album, as well as several previously unreleased songs. In December 2016, she teamed up with Project for Awesome to release "A Very Gideon Christmas," an exclusive Christmas EP sung from the perspective of and with the imaginary inflections of her cat Gideon.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: On 30 September 2008, to celebrate her 18th birthday, McDonnell and Alex Day dyed and then shaved their hair off whilst live on BlogTV for a period of seven and a half hours in aid of Cancer Research UK. They managed to raise nearly £5000. The broadcast viewership peaked at 4,500. Another friend, Jazza John (known as "rhymingwithoranges" on YouTube) promised to shave his head if they hit £4000 and did so about a month later with help from Kristina Horner (known as "italktosnakes" and "Monday" on the YouTube collab-channel "fiveawesomegirls").


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: In October 2009, McDonnell was named as one of a number of prominent YouTube users who would be participating in a project called "RNLI Shout". The aim of the project is to raise money to purchase a lifeboat for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: In the autumn of 2009, McDonnell featured with three other YouTube users on the BBC Switch documentary series "Chartjackers". The programme documented their attempt to achieve a number one single in the UK Singles Chart within 10 weeks, by crowdsourcing resources provided by the online community. McDonnell was cast in the series for her familiarity to young British YouTube viewers. Over the course of "Chartjackers", McDonnell solicited lyrics, music, performers and stylists to record the final single and video via a YouTube channel named "ChartJackersProject". An unofficial charity single for Children in Need, the completed song was titled "I've Got Nothing" and was sung by vocalists Miranda Chartrand and Adam Nichols. McDonnell edited the single's official music video, which was shown nationwide on British music channels such as 4Music and Viva. "I've Got Nothing" was released exclusively through the iTunes Store at midnight on 9 November 2009 and reached No. 36 on the UK Singles Chart. Sales of the single raised a total of approximately £10,000 for Children in Need.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: McDonnell was purportedly approached to be a Housemate on the eighth series, and first revived series, of "Celebrity Big Brother" but declined the offer.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: In October 2013, it was announced that McDonnell was to play the main voice role along with Danny Wallace in Mike Bithell's indie video game "Volume". The game was released in 2015 for PS4, PC and Mac and in 2016 for PlayStation Vita.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: In 2014, McDonnell worked with the Home Office on their "This Is Abuse" Campaign, alongside other prominent YouTubers, in order to educate people about the importance of consensual sex. She also made a video regarding consent on her YouTube channel.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: On 6 June 2010, McDonnell presented the YouTube Audience Award to "The Inbetweeners" as part of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Television Awards.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: In July 2010 McDonnell was signed up alongside "KateModern" star Emma Pollard and "X Factor" contestants Nicola and Fran Gleadall to present a TV show run by Piers Morgan called "FirstTV", an offshoot of "First News" newspaper. On "FirstTV" McDonnell did a few challenges like trying to break a Guinness world record by typing the alphabet on an iPad keyboard quickest and she got asked to tell a joke. However, after filming four episodes of "FirstTV", McDonnell decided to leave the show because she did not enjoy presenting pre-scripted work.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: On 4 September 2010, McDonnell and fellow YouTuber Myles Dyer co-presented Stickaid, a 24-hour live web show. Starting from 12:00 noon BST, the two hosted the fifth annual charity event from Middlesex University's Trent Park campus in London. Their goal was to raise £10,000 ($15,900), which they more than doubled. All the proceedings went to UNICEF.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: In November 2010, McDonnell was part of a group of YouTube videos called "The Science of Attraction" where she hosted a few experiments and had her body digitally swapped with somebody else's. She was a co-presenter with Kat Akingbade and Derren Brown. As part of the series, eight videos were produced. In December 2010, McDonnell filmed a series of behind-the-scenes videos for "Doctor Who Confidential" during the filming of the "Doctor Who" Christmas special "A Christmas Carol".


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: In March 2014, McDonnell announced on her blog that she had terminated her friendship with frequent collaborator Alex Day, stating that "I just don’t feel able to call Alex a friend of mine anymore", following allegations that Day had sexually manipulated and emotionally abused women, and cheated on past girlfriends.


title: Charlie McDonnell

text: On 6 October 2022, McDonnell announced on her Instagram account that she is transgender and uses she/her and they/them pronouns.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: The Lamborghini Espada is a 4-seat grand touring coupé built by Italian car manufacturer Lamborghini between 1968 and 1978.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: The car was designed by Marcello Gandini at Bertone. Gandini drew inspiration and cues from two of his Bertone show cars from 1967, the Lamborghini Marzal and the Bertone Pirana.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: The Espada was a four-seater GT and was initially sold alongside the Islero and the mid-engine Miura. The Espada and the Islero both replaced the 400 GT 2+2 and had similar mechanical underpinnings, with the Espada a more visually daring alternative to the relatively conservative and discrete Islero.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: The Spanish name "Espada" () means "sword", referring to the sword that the torero uses to kill the bull.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: During its ten years in production the car underwent some changes, and three different series were produced. These were the S1 (1968–1970), the S2 (1970–1972) and the S3 (1972–1978). Each model featured interior redesigns, minor mechanical improvements and minor exterior changes. 1,217 Espadas were made, making it the most numerous and longest-running Lamborghini model until the expansion of Countach production in the mid-1980s.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: The Espada was launched at the 1968 Geneva Motor Show, alongside the Islero. The Espada was equipped with a Lamborghini V12 engine derived from that used in the 400 GT 2+2, rated at in the series I cars. The design of the series I dashboard was inspired by the Marzal concept car, and featured octagonal housings for the main instruments, topped by an additional binnacle for the secondary gauges. The alloy wheels were made by Campagnolo on knock-off hubs, of the same design seen on the Miura. The tail lights were the same units mounted on the first series Fiat 124 Sport Coupé. 186 were made before January 1970.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: At the 1970 Brussels Motor Show Lamborghini unveiled the Espada S2. Outside the only change was the deletion of the grille covering the vertical glass tail panel.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: Inside changes were more radical: all-new dashboard, centre console and steering wheel were installed. The instrument binnacle was of a more conventional rectangular shape, with round gauges. A wood-trimmed fascia extended along the entire width of the dashboard. The center armrest was also revised and ventilation for rear seat passengers was improved. Power output increased to due to a higher 10.7:1 compression ratio. The brakes were upgraded to vented Girling discs instead of solid discs. CV joints were now used on the rear half-shafts. As on the series I, 205VR15 Pirelli Cinturato CN72 tyres were fitted, suiting the cars handling until power steering was offered as an option. 575 Series II Espadas were made, making it the mass produced variant.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: The Espada S3 was launched in 1972. With this revision, the interior now incorporated a redesigned aluminum-trimmed instrument panel that kept all instruments and most controls (including the radio) within easy reach of the driver. Several exterior changes were also made. Newly designed wheels on five-stud hubs replaced the earlier knock-off wheels. These wheels were also used on some late S2 Espadas. They were fitted with wider Pirelli Cinturato 215/70WR15 CN12 tyres. The front grille now had a square instead of hexagonal mesh. New tail lights were used, sourced from the Alfa Romeo 1750 Berlina. A sunroof was now available as an option.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: The engine was carried over from the S2. Power steering by ZF and air conditioning were now standard. Spring and shock absorber tuning was altered slightly. In 1974, a Chrysler Torqueflite 3 speed automatic transmission became available as an option.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: From 1975, large impact bumpers had to be installed to meet United States safety requirements. US emissions requirements also led to the factory adding a secondary air injection pump and special tuning of carburetors and the ignition system. Some people consider these later US-spec cars as a separate fourth series, but Lamborghini did not officially change the model designation.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: The Espada used a semi-monocoque unibody, constructed of pressed sheet steel and square section steel tubing. The hood was constructed of aluminum. This chassis was a new design manufactured by Marchesi of Modena, the firm that also constructed Miura and Islero chassis. Bare chassis were shipped from Marchesi to Bertone, where bodywork, paint and trim were added prior to final assembly at the Lamborghini factory. The steel chassis and bodywork suffered from rust issues, with journalist Denis Jenkinson observing visible rust on a car with 10,000 miles during a 1972 road test.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: Suspension was based on the earlier 400 GT 2+2 design. It was fully independent, with unequal length double wishbones, coil springs, hydraulic shock absorbers and anti-roll bars. Four wheel disc brakes were manufactured by Girling. All calipers had three pistons, with larger calipers used in the front. Solid discs were used at first, with vented discs added for the Series II Espada. The steering box was a worm-and-peg type manufactured by ZF and mounted at the top front of the chassis, with a very long steering column. Power steering would be offered on the Series III Espadas. Series I and II Espadas were originally fitted with Pirelli Cinturato 205VR15 tyres (CN72), while Series II cars used 215/70VR15 Cinturato CN12 tyres.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: Twin fuel tanks held of gasoline. Two fuel fillers were hidden behind black cosmetic grilles in both C-pillars.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: The Lamborghini V12 engine was virtually unchanged from the engine used in the 400 GT 2+2. This engine, based on Giotto Bizzarrini's original design for Lamborghini, had an aluminum alloy crankcase with cast-iron cylinder liners, aluminum pistons, 24 valves (two per cylinder) and two chain-driven overhead camshafts per bank. Cylinder bore was 82 mm and stroke was 62 mm. Compression ratio on series I engines was 9.5:1, which increased to 10.7:1 in the series II/II engines. Six Weber 40DCOE side-draft carburetors were equipped, along with a single distributor for ignition. Wet sump lubrication was used, with an oil capacity of . The weight of the engine alone was , or including the transmission. Power output of series I cars was stated as 325 hp at 7,200 rpm, while Series II/III cars produced a stated 350 hp at 7,500 rpm.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: The Espada's transmission was mounted longitudinally, inline with the engine. Most Espadas were equipped with a Lamborghini-designed 5-speed manual transmission with hydraulically operated clutch. The internal components of this transmission were identical to those used in the Miura and Islero, with the transmission casing also shared with the Islero but differing from the Miura, due to that model's transverse mid-engine layout.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: From 1974, the Series III Espada could be ordered with a Chrysler Torqueflite 3 speed automatic transmission. This was an unpopular option, as acceleration and top speed were reduced. 55 Espadas were built with this transmission.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: Following the 1967 debut of the Marzal, a prototype of what would become the Espada was constructed by Bertone and the Lamborghini factory. The wooden body buck made for the Jaguar Pirana concept car was used in the construction of this prototype. The design was visually in-between the Lamborghini Marzal, Pirana and the production series I Espada. It had the very low nose and gullwing doors of the Marzal, but a front end treatment much closer to the production Espada. An unusual configuration of multiple large side windows was designed, possibly to improve rear 3/4 vision. The engine, transmission and rear differential were all 400 GT units. This car was completed and driven by Lamborghini test drivers, but was subsequently stored uncovered in a field behind the Lamborghini factory. It is now in the collection of the Museo Ferruccio Lamborghini.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: One Espada was fitted with a prototype hydropneumatic self-leveling rear suspension called "Lancomatic." This car was shown at the 1968 Turin Auto Show, but remained a one-off experiment and did not enter production. The suspension system was developed in collaboration with Langen, a German company owned by the suspension component manufacturer Ehrenreich. This system was possibly developed in order to compete with the Ferrari 365 GT 2+2, which was also equipped with self-leveling rear suspension. According to Lamborghini test driver Bob Wallace, the Lancomatic suspension was promising but very costly and had significant technical issues, including seal failure due to heat and friction and harsh ride quality.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: The Lamborghini Faena is a one-off 4-door saloon based on a Series II Espada and built by coachbuilder Pietro Frua. It debuted at the 1978 Turin Motor Show, and was later shown at the 1980 Geneva Motor Show. The Faena was built on the chassis of a 1974 Espada Series II (number 8224). Following this conversion, the chassis was renumbered to 18224. The Faena was constructed over a period of eight months. The chassis was reinforced and the wheelbase extended by to accommodate rear doors. As a result, it was significantly heavier than an Espada, weighing almost . The interior was luxuriously finished in white leather and the new bodywork incorporated taillights from a Citroen SM. After being exhibited at the 1980 Geneva Motor Show, the Faena was sold by Lamborghini dealer Lambo-Motor AG in Basel. It is currently owned by a Swiss collector.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: In 1999, a new version of the Espada was rumored to be in the works, but it was right at the time Lamborghini wanted to concentrate on a Diablo successor, so little became of the idea aside from a few drawings.


title: Lamborghini Espada

text: In 2006, Edmunds.com reported that Lamborghini intended to revive the Espada in 2009. Lamborghini presented the 4-seat Estoque concept car at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, however no production model has been forthcoming.


title: Matt Striker

text: Matthew Kaye (born June 26, 1974) is an American professional wrestler, professional wrestling commentator, actor and former high school teacher, using the ring name Matt Striker. During his career he has worked for WWE, Impact Wrestling, Lucha Libre AAA World Wide, Lucha Underground and Major League Wrestling. He is currently a part owner of one of the largest real estate companies on Long Island with a focus on the purchase and development of commercial properties.


title: Matt Striker

text: After training with Johnny Rodz, Kaye began working on the American independent circuit. While working full-time as a teacher in 2004, he continued to wrestle during his vacation time and weekends, while also using sick days. On December 16, 2004, Striker began a tour of Japan with Pro Wrestling Zero1 and was later invited back for an extended tour in early 2005. After resigning from his teaching position, he continued to wrestle around New York, and on April 30, 2005, won the New York Wrestling Connection (NYWC)'s Heavyweight Championship by defeating Mike Mondo. A few weeks later, on May 21, while still the Heavyweight Champion, he defeated Joey Braggiol to win the NYWC Interstate Championship, but only held the championship for two weeks, before losing it back to Braggiol on June 4. He made a few appearances for Ring of Honor in mid-2005, before returning to NYWC to lose the Heavyweight Championship to Jerry Lynn on July 30, after holding it for four months. He continued to wrestle for independent promotions throughout mid-2005, until he signed a contract with WWE.


title: Matt Striker

text: Kaye, using the name Matt Martel, wrestled Kurt Angle in an invitational match on the February 24, 2005 episode of "SmackDown!" in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After the revelation that Kaye was a teacher appeared in mainstream news publications, Kaye made a WWE second appearance on the July 11, 2005 episode of "Raw" to face Angle for a second time. His news coverage was played up by Angle, who once again defeated Kaye. The following week, Angle defeated him for the third consecutive time. Kaye, now known as Matt Striker, went on to compete on "Heat" and appear in WWE's developmental territory, Deep South Wrestling.


title: Matt Striker

text: Striker developed a villainous teacher persona and beginning on December 12, hosted a segment called "Matt Striker's Classroom" on "Raw". During the segments, he ridiculed the audience and treated the crowd as intellectual inferiors. On April 24, he participated in a six-man tag team match, in which he, Chris Masters and Shelton Benjamin were defeated by Carlito, Rob Van Dam, and Charlie Haas. During the Backlash pay-per-view, Striker hosted an edition of his "Classroom" segment, which ended when Eugene, who in storyline was mentally impaired, attacked Striker. Striker, in retaliation, attacked Eugene with a dictionary the following night on "Raw". The feud between the two ended when Eugene gained a mentor in "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan and defeated Striker. Striker appeared only rarely on "Raw" throughout June and July, and his final match for the brand was on July 31, when he was quickly defeated by John Cena.


title: Matt Striker

text: At the end of August 2006, Striker left the Raw brand to join ECW, making his debut on August 23. He continued his "Classroom" segment on ECW, which provoked a feud with The Sandman after Striker insulted him. Striker made his in-ring debut for the brand on the September 19, 2006 episode of "ECW", when his team of Mike Knox and Test were defeated by Tommy Dreamer, Sabu, and The Sandman when Test was disqualified for pushing the referee. Striker continued his feud with The Sandman until the October 17 episode of "ECW", when The Sandman defeated him in a Singapore Cane on a Pole match.


title: Matt Striker

text: On February 6, Striker aligned himself with Mr. McMahon's New Breed stable, along with Elijah Burke, Kevin Thorn, and Marcus Cor Von. The New Breed immediately engaged themselves in a feud with the ECW Originals (Rob Van Dam, Tommy Dreamer, Sabu and The Sandman). At WrestleMania 23, the New Breed was defeated by the ECW Originals in an 8-man tag team match, but won a rematch on the following episode of "ECW". In the midst of the feud, tension began to appear between the leader Elijah Burke and Striker, after Striker and Cor Von were defeated by the debuting Major Brothers. As a result, Striker began trying to avenge the loss to the Major Brothers and defeated Brett Major on the May 22 episode of "ECW". The feud with the Originals lost momentum, however, as Sabu was released from his WWE contract in mid-May, and the feud ended at the One Night Stand pay-per-view, when Striker, Cor Von, and Burke lost to Dreamer, Sandman, and CM Punk in a tables match.


title: Matt Striker

text: On June 12, Striker was defeated by The Boogeyman in a singles match, and two weeks later, The Boogeyman attacked him during an edition of "Piper's Pit". On July 10, Striker invited Boogeyman to the ring, allowing the debuting Big Daddy V to attack him. Striker then formed an alliance with Big Daddy V that lasted until March 2008, acting as Big Daddy V's manager and regularly accompanying him to the ring. In November, Striker and Big Daddy V started a feud with Kane, after Kane attacked Striker. Striker and Big Daddy V wrestled Kane in a handicap match, and the pair also aligned briefly with Mark Henry. Henry helped Big Daddy V win a match against Kane on the November 27 episode of "ECW", and in return, Striker refereed a match between Henry and The Undertaker, refusing to count a pinfall against Henry.


title: Matt Striker

text: As part of the 2008 WWE Supplemental Draft in June 2008, Striker was drafted back to the Raw brand. After a brief stint, Striker returned to ECW to take over duties as color commentator, debuting on August 5. Striker and his commentary partner, Todd Grisham, won the 2008 Slammy Award for the Announce Team of the Year for 2008. In April 2009, however, Grisham was moved to the SmackDown brand, and Josh Mathews debuted as the new play-by-play commentator. In addition to commentating on "ECW on SyFy" and ECW pay-per-view matches, Striker and Mathews represented the ECW brand on "WWE Superstars" every week.


title: Matt Striker

text: On October 27, 2009, it was announced that Striker would move from commentary on "ECW" to "SmackDown", reuniting with Grisham. The move was made to help accommodate Jim Ross, who had been taking time off to deal with his recent Bell's palsy attack. The following October, Striker and Grisham were joined by Michael Cole on "SmackDown", forming a three-man announce team. Striker, however, was replaced in early February 2011 by Booker T.


title: Matt Striker

text: Striker began hosting "NXT" in early 2010. He wrestled his first match in three years on the August 2, 2011 episode of "NXT", teaming with Titus O'Neil in a winning effort against Derrick Bateman and Darren Young in a tag team match. He fought Young in the next two weeks, but Young emerged victorious both times. Striker later teamed up with William Regal to face Young and JTG, but Striker and Regal were unsuccessful. Meanwhile, as "NXT" host, Striker was frequently bullied by Curt Hawkins and Tyler Reks, The storyline included his "kidnapping" on the March 21 episode of "NXT Redemption" by unknown persons, later revealed to be Hawkins and Reks. During this time, Striker also continued to commentate on "Superstars", with the explanation given being that to keep his kidnapping a secret, WWE hired a body double to assume Striker's duties. Striker was later "rescued" on the April 11 episode "NXT Redemption". Striker ceased his role as NXT host with the conclusion of "NXT Redemption".


title: Matt Striker

text: After hosting "NXT", Striker began interviewing WWE employees on "Raw" and "SmackDown". During the summer of 2012, Striker became the host of "WWE Afterburn" for international broadcasts. On the October 12 "SmackDown", Striker tried to interview Team Hell No (Kane and Daniel Bryan), but they both attacked him. On the October 15 episode of "Raw", Striker demanded that he receive an apology and was instead forced to face Kane in his final WWE match, which Striker lost. On June 20, 2013, Striker departed WWE after the company opted to not renew his contract.


title: Matt Striker

text: On June 21, Striker made his first post-WWE appearance, by appearing on Family Wrestling Entertainment iPPV, "FWE Rumble" in Queens, New York as a color commentator. On October 21, 2013, Striker was defeated by Justin Credible in NYWC's House of Madness. After the match, Striker nailed Credible, causing him to bleed. Backstage, Striker tried to apologize but Credible cursed him out in the locker room and stormed off. In July 2013, Championship Wrestling from Hollywood (CWFH) announced Striker as the new announcer of the promotion on MAVTV. On November 2, 2013, Striker made his in ring debut for CWFH, unsuccessfully challenging Scorpio Sky for the CWFH Heritage Heavyweight Championship.


title: Matt Striker

text: On March 14, 2014, Striker took part in German promotion Westside Xtreme Wrestling's 16 Carat Gold weekend. On March 15, Striker and Trent? defeated Hot & Spicy (Axel Dieter Jr. and Da Mack) to win the wXw World Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Hot & Spicy the following day. From July 18 to August 2, 2014, Striker took part in Pro Wrestling Noah's 2014 NTV G+ Cup Junior Heavyweight Tag League, where he and partner Super Crazy finished with a record of two wins and two losses, failing to advance to the finals.


title: Matt Striker

text: On September 5, 2014, it was reported that Striker had signed with Lucha Underground as the lead English language announcer, alongside Vampiro. Striker and Vampiro provided English language commentary from the show's debut in 2014 to its conclusion in 2018.


title: Matt Striker

text: Striker, along with Vampiro, served as one half of the English language commentators for AAA's Lucha Libre World Cup internet pay-per-view on May 24, 2015. On August 9, 2015, Striker returned to AAA English language commentary alongside Hugo Savinovich for AAA's Triplemanía XXIII pay-per-view.


title: Matt Striker

text: Striker and Jim Ross served as the English language commentators for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome pay-per-view on January 4, 2015. On October 12, Striker returned to NJPW to provide English commentary on King of Pro-Wrestling, this time working alongside long-time Ring of Honor commentator Kevin Kelly. The following year, Striker returned to NJPW English commentary at Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome on January 4, 2016, again working alongside Kelly, as well as NJPW wrestler Yoshitatsu.


title: Matt Striker

text: Striker began to work as a commentator for Impact Wrestling in January 2021, along with D'Lo Brown. He left the promotion in January of the next year.


title: Matt Striker

text: Kaye was a child actor and had roles in the films "Wise Guys" and "Child Savers". In 2011, Kaye appeared in the films "Big Fat Gyspy Gangster" and "Tezz" in uncredited roles.


title: Matt Striker

text: In early 2018, he joined FITE TV. Kaye can be seen on FITE In Focus analyzing combat sports events such as MMA, Boxing and Bare Knuckle fighting.


title: Matt Striker

text: In 2019, Kaye continued his work in the sports broadcasting industry hosting shows such as "The Fantasy Baseball Hour, "Pro Football Rewind" and "Diamond Bets."


title: Matt Striker

text: Kaye was a writer and cast member of the "Labor of Love" dating game show that began airing on Fox on May 21, 2020. The eight-episode series features fifteen men participating in challenges and dates that test their parenting and personal skills. Those whom contestant Kristy Katzmann finds satisfactory will continue to advance to the following episode, until the end of the series, where she will decide with the help of the show's host, actress Kristin Davis whether to choose one of the men to start a family with or not.


title: Matt Striker

text: Kaye earned a Bachelor's degree in History and went on to obtain a Master's degree with distinction (3.9GPA or higher) in educational psychology. He began working as a high school teacher after college.


title: Matt Striker

text: He once worked part-time as a substitute, filling in when other teachers were on leave. In mid-2004, he was hired full-time as a social studies teacher at Benjamin N. Cardozo High School in Queens, New York, but wrestled part-time during his vacation time and on weekends.


title: Matt Striker

text: In late 2020, public documents revealed Kaye as 1 of 3 investors in the $10 million Long Island Watershed Protection Program.


title: Snuff (film)

text: Snuff is a 1976 splatter film directed by Michael Findlay and Horacio Fredriksson. Originally an exploitation film loosely based on the 1969 murders committed by the Manson Family, it is most notorious for being falsely marketed as if it were an actual snuff film. The controversy about the film was deliberately manufactured to attract publicity: it prompted an investigation by the New York County District Attorney, who determined that the murder shown in the film was fake. This picture contributed to the urban legend of snuff films, although the concept did not originate with it.


title: Snuff (film)

text: Actress Terry London (played by Mirta Massa) and her producer, Max Marsh, visit an unnamed country in South America. A female biker cult led by a man named Satán () stalks and eventually murders the pregnant London and her circle of friends.


title: Snuff (film)

text: In the film's last minutes, the action is interrupted as the camera pulls out to show the crew shooting the scene: the director is then seen flirting with a female crew member. They start kissing, with the crew filming them. The director suddenly assaults the woman, and proceeds to torture, kill and disembowel her as the crew assists him and keeps filming. The film then ends with the camera running out of stock.


title: Snuff (film)

text: The film started out as a low-budget exploitation film titled "Slaughter" made by the husband-and-wife grindhouse filmmaking team of Michael and Roberta Findlay. Filmed in Argentina in 1971 on a budget of $30,000, it depicted the actions of a Manson-esque murder cult, and was shot mainly without sound due to the actors understanding very little English. The film's financier, Jack Bravman, took an out-of-court settlement from American International Pictures to allow it to use the title "Slaughter" for its Blaxploitation film starring Jim Brown. Some sources state that the Findlays' film received an extremely limited theatrical release, while others indicate it was never screened theatrically at all under its original title.


title: Snuff (film)

text: In any event, independent low-budget distributor and sometime producer Allan Shackleton, who specialized in sexploitation movies, bought the world distribution rights for the film. He eventually saw no potential in the picture and shelved it. In 1975, seeking to recoup his investment in that film, Shackleton was inspired to release it with a new ending after reading a newspaper article on the rumor of snuff films produced in South America, and deciding to cash in on the urban legend. Shackleton started advertising the film in December 1975 through several press releases, before the new footage had even been shot. When Michael Findlay realized that it was his own film being promoted under the new title "Snuff", he tried to renegociate his contract with the distributor, but eventually failed to secure more money from Shackleton. The filmmaker hired to produce the additional footage was Simon Nuchtern, who directed a new ending in vérité style, in which a woman is brutally murdered and dismembered by a film crew, supposedly the crew of "Slaughter".


title: Snuff (film)

text: The new footage, shot over one day in Carter Stevens's adult film studio, was spliced onto the end of "Slaughter" with an abrupt cut suggesting that the footage was unplanned and the murder authentic. However, the cast and scenery in Nuchtern's ending have no resemblance with those appearing in Findlay's original footage. The publicity material implied that the film featured an actual murder, without stating it outright: "Snuff" was released with the tagline "The film that could only be made in South America... where Life is CHEAP!" Shackleton also removed all other credits from the film to increase the air of mystery surrounding its production.


title: Snuff (film)

text: As a publicity stunt, Shackleton reportedly hired fake protesters to picket movie theaters showing the film. According to his associate Carter Stevens, Shackleton was surprised when some genuine protesters also started picketing the theaters. Shackleton's efforts succeeded in generating a media frenzy around the film, with media commentators and citizen groups condemning the film without having actually seen it. Although the film was exposed as a hoax in "Variety" shortly after its release, it became popular in New York City, Philadelphia, Los Angeles and Boston.


title: Snuff (film)

text: The Adult Film Association of America (AFAA), of which Shackleton was a member, took pains to avoid any association with "Snuff", as the snuff movies urban legend included rumors that the sex industry was involved in those films. The AFAA expelled Shackleton, announced that affiliated adult movie theaters would not show the picture (which anyway was being shown in mainstream theaters and not in adult ones), and called a press conference to insist that the film was a hoax.


title: Snuff (film)

text: Rumors persisted that the film showed a real-life murder. Throughout "Snuff"'s theatrical run, Shackleton remained purportedly ambiguous about the nature of the film. When interviewed by "Variety", he stated: "[If the murder is real], I'd be a fool to admit it. If it isn't real, I'd be a fool to admit it".


title: Snuff (film)

text: Prompted by "complaints and petitions from well-known writers, including Eric Bentley and Susan Brownmiller, and legislators", New York District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau conducted an month-long investigation into the circumstances surrounding the film's production. Morgenthau ultimately dismissed the supposedly "real" murder as "nothing more than conventional trick photography—as is evident to anyone who sees the movie". Morgenthau reassured the public that the actress apparently dismembered and killed in the ending of the film was "alive and well", having urged the police to trace her. He also found no basis for criminal prosecution related to pornography statutes, or to consumer fraud laws in regard to the film's advertising. However, Morgenthau stated that he had been "concerned about the fact that this kind of a film might incite or encourage people to commit violence against women".


title: Snuff (film)

text: Upon its release at the National Theatre in New York City with a $4 ticket price, "Snuff" grossed $66,456 in its first week. In New York, it outgrossed "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" for three consecutive weeks.


title: Snuff (film)

text: During its theatrical run, feminist groups kept protesting "Snuff", which influenced city officials in Santa Clara, Philadelphia and St Paul to force theaters to stop showing the film. Twenty women protested the film's return engagement in Rochester, New York at the Holiday Ciné: four of those protesters were arrested after breaking the poster frame to destroy the film's poster. A theater owner in Monticello was prosecuted on obscenity charges. In most places, however, the protests failed to stop the theaters from showing the movie.


title: Snuff (film)

text: In the United Kingdom, the film was released on VHS by Astra Video in 1982, coinciding with the start of the video nasty controversy. The cover blurb read "The original legendary atrocity shot and banned in New York" and claimed that "The actors and actresses who dedicated their lives to making this film were never seen or heard from again". The cover also credited "T. Amazzo" (a play on the Italian phrase "Ti ammazzo", meaning "I kill you") as director. "The Sunday Times" published an outraged article about the film, which Astra Video eventually pulled from distribution once it had benefited from the publicity.


title: Snuff (film)

text: The film was released on DVD by Blue Underground on July 29, 2003. Blue Underground later released the film on DVD Special edition and for the first time on Blu-ray on October 22, 2013. It was last released by Cheezy Flicks on March 13, 2018.