title: Apple Books

text: Documents created by iBooks Author in the .ibooks format may be sold for a fee only if they are accepted and exclusively distributed by Apple. These restrictions do not apply to documents created in other formats like exported as PDF or text files. As Apple officially mentions the EPUB format, documents renamed to *.epub may not be affected. But this is left unclear and such documents are not fully compatible with the EPUB standard.


title: Apple Books

text: In June 2011, Apple was sued by New York publisher John T. Colby over the use of the term "iBook". Colby claims to be the owner of a trademark on the term "ibooks" as applied to published books, after acquiring the assets of deceased publisher Byron Preiss, who had published a series of sci-fi and fantasy books under the term. Apple had previously used the term "iBook" to refer to a line of laptops that it sold until 2006, but Colby claims exclusive right to the term as applied to published books, including e-books. Apple began using the term "iBooks" in 2010 to refer to e-books sold for the iPad. Byron Preiss published more than 1,000 books under the "ibooks" brand starting in 1999. Apple emerged the victor in the suit. The judge stated: "They have offered no evidence that consumers who use Apple's iBooks software to download ebooks have come to believe that Apple has also entered the publishing business and is the publisher of all of the downloaded books, despite the fact that each book bears the imprint of its actual publisher."


title: Plenipotentiary

text: A plenipotentiary (from the Latin "plenus" "full" and "potens" "powerful") is a diplomat who has full powers—authorization to sign a treaty or convention on behalf of his or her sovereign. When used as a noun more generally, the word "plenipotentiary" can also refer to any person who has full powers. When used an adjective, "plenipotentiary" describes something which confers full powers, such as an edict or an assignment.


title: Plenipotentiary

text: Before the era of rapid international transport or essentially instantaneous communication (such as telegraphy in the mid-19th century and then radio), diplomatic mission chiefs were granted full ("plenipotentiary") powers to represent their government in negotiations with their host nation. Conventionally, any representations made or agreements reached with a plenipotentiary would be recognized and complied with by their government.


title: Plenipotentiary

text: Historically, the common generic term for high diplomats of the crown or state was "minister". It therefore became customary to style the chiefs of full ranking missions as "Minister Plenipotentiary". This position was roughly equivalent to the modern Ambassador, a term that historically was reserved mainly for missions between the great powers and also relating to the dogal (city) state of Venice.


title: Plenipotentiary

text: Permanent missions at a bilateral level were chiefly limited to relations between large, neighboring or closely allied powers, rarely to the very numerous small principalities, hardly worth the expense. However, diplomatic missions were dispatched for specific tasks, such as negotiating a treaty bilaterally, or via a conference of plenipotentiaries, such as the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire. In such cases, it was normal to send a representative minister empowered to cast votes. For example, in the Peace Treaty of Versailles (1783), ending the American Revolution, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and John Jay were named "minister plenipotentiary of the United States" to the Netherlands, France and Spain, respectively.


title: Plenipotentiary

text: By the time of the Vienna Congress (1814–15), which codified diplomatic relations, Ambassador had become a common title, and was established as the only class above Minister Plenipotentiary. Ambassadors gradually became the standard title for bilateral mission chiefs, as their ranks no longer tended to reflect the importance of the states, which came to be treated as formally equal.


title: Plenipotentiary

text: In modern times, heads of state and of government, and more junior ministers and officials, can easily meet or speak with each other personally. Therefore, ambassadors arguably do not require plenipotentiary powers. However, they continue to be designated and accredited as "extraordinary and plenipotentiary".


title: Plenipotentiary

text: Besides diplomatic plenipotentiaries, some permanent administrators are also given plenipotentiary powers. Central governments have sometimes conferred plenipotentiary status (either formally or de facto) on territorial governors. This has been most likely to occur when the remoteness of the administered territory made it impracticable for the central government to maintain and exercise its policies, laws and initiatives directly.


title: Plenipotentiary

text: There have been instances where a mandate was conferred publicly on a senior official, such as a minor member of the ruling house (sometimes with the title of viceroy), but with secret instructions drastically limiting their position's power by conferring plenipotentiary status on a more junior administrator, possibly of lower social class or caste. Thus, the formal position held by an individual has not always been a reliable indicator of actual plenipotentiary authority.


title: Plenipotentiary

text: In modern times, the Plenipotentiary title has sometimes been revived; for example, for the administrators of protectorates, or in other cases of indirect rule.


title: Plenipotentiary

text: It may be impractical to hold a new referendum for each step of a series of negotiated changes, and thus ministers might ask an electorate for plenipotentiary powers in advance, as occurred in the South African apartheid referendum, 1992. Prior to the referendum, the state president F. W. de Klerk had already implemented extensive reforms (e.g., removing the Group Areas Act). However, his right to negotiate these reforms was questioned by other parties (e.g., Andries Treurnicht's Conservative Party), particularly in response to the National Party's Potchefstroom by-election defeat in February 1992. Given how heavily entrenched apartheid was in the South African legal system at the time, de Klerk needed to nullify many previous bills and pass many new ones, making a series of individual referendums impractical. Consequently, as a practical solution to the political deadlock, de Klerk held a referendum on 17 March 1992 to ask the white South African electorate to give him plenipotentiary powers.


title: Plenipotentiary

text: On 18 May 2000, in the post-Soviet Russian Federation the title Plenipotentiary of the President was established for the appointees of the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, in each of the seven federal districts created on 13 May: Dalnevostochny (Far Eastern), Privolzhsky (Volga Region), Severo-Zapadny (North Western), Sibirsky (Siberian), Tsentralny (Central), Uralsky (Ural), and Yuzhny (Southern).


title: Plenipotentiary

text: This word has been voted as one of the ten English words that are the hardest to translate in June 2004 by Today Translations, a British translation company. However, the word in almost exactly the same form exists in at least some of the Romance languages (such as Portuguese - "plenipotenciário"; French - "plénipotentiaire"; Romanian - "plenipotențiar"; Spanish - "plenipotenciario"; Italian - "plenipotenziario") with exactly the same meaning; the Albanian word "i/e plotfuqishëm" sounds similar, although it has native roots.


title: Plenipotentiary

text: Other languages have their own equivalents; for instance, German - "Bevollmächtigt(er)" (adjective or noun), Dutch - "gevolmachtigd(e)", Danish - "fuldmægtig", Swedish "- fullmäktig", Norwegian "- fullmektig" (all these Germanic cases are literal parallels); Serbian - "punomoćan" (пуномоћан in Cyrillic); Russian - полномочный (полный "full", мочь "to be in power, to be able"); Czech - "zplnomocněný" ("plno" "full", "moc" "power"); Slovak - "splnomocnený" ("plno" "full", "moc" "power"); Slovenian - "pooblaščeni" (adjective) or "pooblaščênec" (noun); Polish - "pełnomocnik" ("pełno" "of full", "moc" "power"); Bulgarian - пълномощен ("pǎlnomošten"); Finnish "- täysivaltainen"; Greek - πληρεξούσιος "plirexoúsios"; Turkish "- tam yetkili"; Tatar - "wäqälätle"; Amharic - "የመንግስት ልኡክ"; and Arabic - "مفوض".


title: Cuban cuisine

text: Cuban cuisine is largely based on Spanish cuisine with influence from African and other Caribbean cuisines. Some Cuban recipes share spices and techniques with Spanish, African and Taino cooking, with some Caribbean influence in spice and flavor. This results in a blend of the several different cultural influences. A small but noteworthy Chinese influence can also be accounted for, mainly in the Havana area. There is also some Italian influence. During colonial times, Cuba was an important port for trade, and the Spanish ancestors of Cubans brought with them the culinary traditions of different parts of Spain.


title: Cuban cuisine

text: As a result of the colonization of Cuba by Spain, one of the main influences on the cuisine is from Spain. Other culinary influences include the Taíno, the indigenous people of Cuba, Africa, from the Africans who were brought to Cuba as slaves, and French, from the French colonists who came to Cuba from Haiti. Another factor is that Cuba is an island, making seafood something that greatly influences Cuban cuisine. Another contributing factor to Cuban cuisine is that Cuba is in a tropical climate, which produces fruits and root vegetables that are used in Cuban dishes and meals.


title: Cuban cuisine

text: A typical meal consists of rice and beans, cooked together or apart. When cooked together the recipe is called "congri" or "Moros" or "Moros y Cristianos" (black beans and rice). If cooked separately it is called "arroz con frijoles" (rice with beans) or "arroz y frijoles" (rice and beans).


title: Cuban cuisine

text: A Cuban sandwich (sometimes called a "mixto", especially in Cuba) is a popular lunch item that grew out of the once-open flow of cigar workers between Cuba and Florida (specifically Key West and the Ybor City neighborhood of Tampa) in the late 19th century and has since spread to other Cuban American communities.


title: Cuban cuisine

text: The sandwich is built on a base of lightly buttered Cuban bread and contains sliced roast pork, thinly sliced Serrano ham, Swiss cheese, dill pickles, and yellow mustard. In Tampa, Genoa salami is traditionally layered in with the other meats, probably due to influence of Italian immigrants who lived side by side with Cubans and Spaniards in Ybor City. Tomatoes and lettuce are available additions in many restaurants, but these are considered by traditionalists as an unacceptable Americanization of the sandwich.


title: Cuban cuisine

text: After assembly, the Cuban sandwich may be pressed in a grooveless panini-type grill called a "plancha", which both heats and compresses the contents.


title: Lee Re

text: Lee Re (Korean: 이레, born March 12, 2006) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for playing the title character in "Hope" (2013).


title: Lee Re

text: Born in 2006, Lee is the youngest among a family of one son and two daughters. She attended Sunchang Elementary School in Gwangju, Gahyeon Elementary School in Incheon and Changchon Elementary School in Seoul. She is currently studying at Korean International Christian School in Incheon, which is a private alternative school for Protestants.


title: Lee Re

text: Lee started her career by working as a model. She made her acting debut in the 2012 TV series "Goodbye Dear Wife". She made a very strong impression on her first film appearance, as she played an elementary schooler trying to overcome the trauma of violent sexual aggression in director Lee Joon-ik's 2013 film "Hope", for which her acting range was unanimously praised. For her performance in the movie, Lee won the Best Supporting Actress Award at the Beijing International Film Festival. She gained attention for her acting roles in the movies "How to Steal a Dog" (2014), "A Melody To Remember" (2016) and drama "Six Flying Dragons" (2015).


title: Lee Re

text: In 2017, she took part in the Korean voice-dubbing of the Japanese animated film "Your Name" (2016). In 2020, she starred in the film "Peninsula", the sequel to the blockbuster zombie film "Train to Busan" (2016).


title: Oakum

text: Oakum is a preparation of tarred fibre used to seal gaps. Its main traditional applications were in shipbuilding, for caulking or packing the joints of timbers in wooden vessels and the deck planking of iron and steel ships; in plumbing, for sealing joints in cast iron pipe; and in log cabins for chinking. In ship caulking, it was forced into the seams using a hammer and a caulking iron, then sealed into place with hot pitch.


title: Oakum

text: It is also referenced frequently as a medical supply for medieval surgeons, often used along with bandages for sealing wounds.


title: Oakum

text: The word oakum derives from Middle English ', from Old English ', from ' (separative and perfective prefix) + ' (akin to Old English "", 'comb')—literally 'off-combings'.


title: Oakum

text: Oakum was at one time recycled from old tarry ropes and cordage, which were painstakingly unravelled and reduced to fibre, termed "picking". The task of picking and preparation was a common occupation in prisons and workhouses, where the young or the old and infirm were put to work picking oakum if they were unsuited for heavier labour. Sailors undergoing naval punishment were also frequently sentenced to pick oakum, with each man made to pick of oakum a day. The work was tedious, slow and taxing on the worker's thumbs and fingers. In 1862, girls under 16 at Tothill Fields Bridewell had to pick a day, and boys under 16 had to pick . Over the age of 16, girls and boys had to pick per day respectively. The oakum was sold for £4 10s ( in modern money) per hundredweight (). At Coldbath Fields Prison, the men's counterpart to Tothill Fields, prisoners had to pick per day unless sentenced to hard labour, in which case they had to pick between of oakum per day.


title: Oakum

text: In modern times, the fibrous material used in oakum comes from virgin hemp or jute. In plumbing and marine applications, the fibers are impregnated with tar or a tar-like substance, traditionally pine tar (also called 'Stockholm tar'), an amber-coloured pitch made from pine sap. Tar-like petroleum by-products can also be used for modern oakum. "White oakum" is made from untarred material, and was chiefly used as packing between brick and masonry in pre-war home and building construction, as its breathability allows moisture to continue to wick and transfer.


title: Oakum

text: Oakum can be used to seal cast iron pipe drains. After setting the pipes together, workers pack oakum into the joints, then pour molten lead into the joint to create a permanent seal. The oakum swells and seals the joint, the "tar" in the oakum prevents rot, and the lead keeps the joint physically tight. Oakum present in cast iron bell/spigot joints may also contain asbestos.


title: Oakum

text: In Herman Melville's novella "Benito Cereno", crew members of a slave ship spend their idle hours picking oakum.


title: Oakum

text: Charles Dickens's novel "Oliver Twist" mentions the extraction of oakum by orphaned children in the workhouse. The oakum extracted is for use on navy ships, and the instructor says that the children are serving the country.


title: Oakum

text: "The Innocents Abroad", a travel book by Mark Twain, also mentions in chapter 37 a "Baker's Boy/Famine Breeder" who eats soap and oakum, but prefers oakum, which makes his breath foul and teeth stuck up with tar.


title: Oakum

text: Jack London, in his book "The People of the Abyss" (1903), mentions picking oakum in the workhouses of London.


title: Oakum

text: Guy de Chauliac in The Major Surgery of Guy de Chauliac, frequently cites oakum as a medical supply in his treatments of wounds.


title: The Return of Chef

text: "The Return of Chef" is the first episode in the tenth season of the American animated television series "South Park". The 140th episode of the series overall, it first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on March 22, 2006. The episode was the first after the departure of actor Isaac Hayes, who voiced the character Chef. Hayes, a Scientologist, left after a falling-out with the creators over their treatment of Scientology in the previous season's episode "Trapped in the Closet". Scientology has been accused of using brainwashing techniques, and the episode portrays Chef as having been brainwashed.


title: The Return of Chef

text: In a press statement, Hayes was quoted as saying: "There is a place in this world for satire, but there is a time when satire ends and intolerance and bigotry towards religious beliefs of others begins." While the statement did not directly mention Scientology, "South Park"s co-creator Matt Stone responded that Hayes' complaints stemmed from the show's criticism of Scientology and that he "has no problem – and he's cashed plenty of checks – with our show making fun of Christians, Muslims, Mormons, or Jews." Stone adds, "[We] never heard a peep out of Isaac in any way until we did Scientology. He wants a different standard for religions other than his own, and to me, that is where intolerance and bigotry begins." Chef's dialogue in the episode is edited from previous recordings of Hayes.


title: The Return of Chef

text: After leaving South Park to join the "Super Adventure Club", Chef returns and the boys quickly notice that he is acting strangely as he expresses a desire to have sex with them. They go to the Super Adventure Club headquarters and discover that the group is made up of explorers who travel worldwide, molesting children. When the explorers' leader, William P. Connelly, unsuccessfully tries to hypnotize the boys, they realize that the club has brainwashed Chef. In an attempt to restore Chef to his former self, the boys take him to a strip club. Chef returns to his old self, but the Super Adventure Club members appear, and kidnap him. The boys follow them back to their headquarters and rescue Chef.


title: The Return of Chef

text: As they are leaving, Connelly reminds Chef why he joined the Super Adventure Club in the first place, telling him that his life will be grand and eternal if he stays with them. Though the boys plead him not to, Chef walks back towards the club. However, the bridge that Chef is crossing suddenly gets struck by lightning and collapses, causing him to fall to his apparent death. As a funeral for Chef is held back in South Park, the Super Adventure Club members resurrect Chef as Darth Chef, now fully embracing the club's ethics.


title: The Return of Chef

text: Series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone described season ten's production as turbulent, particularly more so than other seasons, because it seemed that each episode they produced caused controversy and thus resulted in distractions. They specifically cited the circumstances surrounding Isaac Hayes' departure from the show as being a catalyst for the extra attention the show began receiving. They decided to create "The Return of Chef" as a way of retaliating to the press release statement that Hayes had made regarding his departure. They thought that Hayes and the show had parted ways on good terms, and were somewhat angered by the release, calling it "ridiculous". Before that press release, however, Parker and Stone had been working on what would turn out to be "Cartoon Wars Part I" and "Cartoon Wars Part II", with the intent to open the season with those episodes. They ran into difficulties with the network and postponed those episodes until later in the season. Parker and Stone felt that if the statement by Hayes was never released, they would not have produced more episodes involving Scientology.


title: The Return of Chef

text: The original television airing of the episode drew more than 3.5 million viewers, including 2.3 million aged between 17 and 49. This popularity made the episode Comedy Central's highest-rated season premiere since "Jared Has Aides" in 2002 according to a Comedy Central spokesman and Nielsen Media Research. The episode was also ranked fourth in video sales on iTunes.


title: The Return of Chef

text: "The Return of Chef" received a generally positive critical reception. Eric Goldman of "IGN" reviewed the episode and gave it an overall rating of 8.0, noting the creation of new dialogue for Chef by splicing previous recordings of his character. Goldman also noted that the eulogy for Chef "probably says how Parker and Stone really feel about Hayes". Adam Finley reviewed the episode for "TV Squad", and described the episode as "one of the funniest, and most memorable, of the series".


title: The Return of Chef

text: "The Return of Chef", along with the thirteen other episodes from "South Park"s tenth season, was released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on August 21, 2007. The set includes brief audio commentaries by series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone for each episode.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: Elmer "Geronimo" Pratt (September 13, 1947 – June 2, 2011), also known as Geronimo Ji-Jaga and Geronimo Ji-Jaga Pratt, was a decorated military veteran and a high-ranking member of the Black Panther Party in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Born in Louisiana, he served two tours in Vietnam, receiving several decorations. He moved to Los Angeles, where he studied at UCLA under the GI Bill and joined the Black Panther Party.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: The Federal Bureau of Investigation targeted Pratt in a COINTELPRO operation in the early 1970s, intended to "neutralize Pratt as an effective BPP functionary." Pratt was tried and convicted in 1972 for the 1968 murder of Caroline Olsen; he served 27 years in prison, eight of which were in solitary confinement. Pratt was freed in 1997 when his conviction was vacated due to the prosecution's having withheld exculpatory evidence that tended to prove his innocence. This decision was upheld on appeal.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: He worked as a human rights activist until the time of his death. Pratt was also the godfather of the late rapper Tupac Shakur. He died of a heart attack in Tanzania, on June 3, 2011.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: Elmer Pratt was born in Morgan City, Louisiana, where his father was in the scrap metal business. Pratt was raised Catholic. Pratt was a star quarterback at Sumpter Williams High School.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: He served two combat tours as a soldier in the Vietnam War, reaching the rank of sergeant. He was highly decorated, earning two Bronze Stars, a Silver Star, and two Purple Hearts. He later moved to Los Angeles.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: After leaving the Army, Pratt studied political science at UCLA, using a grant provided by the GI Bill. Pratt became politically active and was recruited into the Black Panthers by Bunchy Carter and John Huggins. When Pratt joined the Black Panthers, his years in the army proved useful. He rose to become Deputy Minister of Defense of the local organization, after Bunchy Carter and John Huggins were killed by COINTELPRO infiltrators in the Us Organization. He took the name "Geronimo," after a prominent Apache chief and leader of resistance to US domination, and "Ji-Jaga," after a Central African tribe.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: In 1971, his wife Saundra was killed when she was 8 months pregnant and her body was left in a ditch. The murder was attributed at the time to a BPP schism between supporters of Huey Newton and those of Eldridge Cleaver; Pratt and his wife belonged to the Cleaver faction. Pratt later believed this account was an FBI lie, and that Saundra's murder was unrelated to her activities in the Black Panther Party.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: By January 1970, the Los Angeles FBI office had sought permission from national headquarters for a counterintelligence effort "designed to challenge the legitimacy of the authority exercised" by Pratt in the local Panthers. Another FBI memo, dated five months later, noted that the Bureau was constantly considering counterintelligence measures designed to neutralize Pratt "as an effective (Panther) functionary."


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: In 1968, Caroline Olsen, a 27-year-old elementary school teacher, was murdered by gunshot during a robbery on a Santa Monica tennis court. Olsen's husband, Kenneth, who was also shot but survived, identified Pratt as the killer in an eyewitness line-up. Julius Butler, a police informant and infiltrator inside the Black Panther Party, testified that Pratt had confessed to him and discussed the murder with him on several occasions. In 1970, Pratt was arrested and charged with murder and kidnapping.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: His attorney, Johnnie Cochran, argued that the charges should be dropped. He claimed that Pratt had been 350 miles away on the night of the murder. Pratt was convicted in 1972. Journalist and author Jack Olsen reported that FBI "moles" had infiltrated defense sessions and monitored Cochran's phone calls.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: While Pratt was incarcerated at Mule Creek State Prison, he studied law and built a defense. Attorney Stuart Hanlon, who had helped represent him in his first trial, and William Paparian worked on the appeals that resulted in Pratt's conviction being vacated. In an interview with Reuters he recalled being held in solitary confinement in a cell near cult leader Charles Manson, with only ants to keep him company.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: The conviction was vacated on June 10, 1997, on the grounds that the prosecution had concealed evidence that might have influenced the jury's verdict. Police wiretaps showed that he was present at a Black Panther meeting in Oakland, 400 miles away from the murder in L.A. at the time of the murder. The prosecution had not disclosed the extent to which a key witness against Pratt, Julius Butler, was an informant to the FBI and the Los Angeles Police Department. The state appealed the decision, but an appeals court in 1999 ruled this fact to be "'favorable' to the defendant, 'suppressed' by a law enforcement agency, and 'material' to the jury's decision to convict;" it upheld the decision to vacate the conviction, freeing him.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: On July 24, 1997, Pratt returned to his hometown of Morgan City, Louisiana, to see his aged mother, Eunice. He had not seen her in 23 years, since she rode a bus to visit him at Folsom Prison.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: In 1998, Pratt's long time friend and attorney Johnnie L. Cochran, Jr., filed a federal civil lawsuit against the FBI and the LAPD, accusing them of malicious prosecution and false imprisonment. With the help of Brian T. Dunn, another attorney at The Cochran Firm, the suit was settled for $4.5 million. A federal judge approved the settlement of the civil suit: the City of Los Angeles paid $2.75 million of the settlement and the US Department of Justice paid the remaining $1.75 million.


title: Geronimo Pratt

text: Pratt continued to work until his death on behalf of men and women wrongfully convicted. He participated in rallies in support of Mumia Abu-Jamal, whom he had met when both were active as Black Panthers. In his later years, he moved to Tanzania, where he was living at the time of his death.


title: Mukunda

text: Mukunda is a 2014 Indian Telugu-language drama film written and directed by Srikanth Addala. The film was produced by Tagore Madhu and Nallamalapu Srinivas (Bujji) under the banner Leo Productions. It stars debutuant Varun Tej and Pooja Hegde with Prakash Raj, Rao Ramesh, and Nassar in supporting roles. Mickey J Meyer composed the film's soundtrack and background score. Marthand K. Venkatesh edited the film.


title: Mukunda

text: Production began on 27 February 2014 in Hyderabad. Principal photography commenced on 24 March 2014 in Cochin and was completed on 16 December 2014 in Hyderabad. The film was initially titled "Gollabhama". Apart from Hyderabad, the film was predominantly shot in Andra Pradesh at places like Rajahmundry, Bhimavaram, and Amalapuram as well as in Cochin and Alleppey in Kerala and at Kanyakumari, Pollachi in Tamil Nadu. The film released worldwide on 24 December 2014.


title: Mukunda

text: Later the film was dubbed into Hindi as Dushman no 1 and it was also dubbed in Tamil and Malayalam in the same title.


title: Mukunda

text: Mukunda is a college-going student who goes to any extent for his friends. One day, his best friend falls in love with the daughter of a powerful municipal chairman. Things take an ugly turn when Mukunda enters the scene and decides to go against the chairman and his power. The rest of the story is about how he wins and inspires others.


title: Mukunda

text: C. Aswini Dutt approached Puri Jagannadh to prepare a script and direct the debut film of Naga Babu's son Varun Tej. The project failed to materialize and subsequently, Puri Jagannadh produced and directed that script which was titled "Heart Attack" starring Nithin and Adah Sharma. Srikanth Addala was confirmed to direct the film in late January 2014. The film was announced to be shot in the locales of Kerala and East Godavari. The film was formally launched at Hyderabad on 27 February 2014. The film was confirmed to be produced by Nallamalapu Srinivas and Tagore Madhu jointly on Leo Productions banner. Mickey J. Meyer was announced as the film's music director while V. Manikandan was announced as the Director of photography. The film's opening ceremony was aired live on MAA TV which was the first time ever for a Telugu film. Pooja Hegde confirmed the film's title as "Gollabhama" in early June 2014. The film's title was changed in early August 2014 with "Mukunda Murari" being the possible title. However, on Janmashtami, the makers renamed the film as "Mukunda".


title: Mukunda

text: Prior to this film, Varun Tej underwent training in acting skills under the supervision of Satyanand who trained Varun's uncle Pawan Kalyan. Either of Akshara Haasan and Parineeti Chopra was rumored as the film's female lead. Pooja Hegde was finalized as the film's female lead later. Prakash Raj, Brahmanandam, Rao Ramesh and Nassar were confirmed to appear in crucial roles during the film's launch. Varun Tej was reported to be seen as a volleyball player in the film in late March 2014. Allu Arjun was reported to make a cameo appearance in the film in mid June 2014. The film's unit confirmed those reports as rumors later. Sekhar Kammula was reported to make a cameo appearance in the film.


title: Mukunda

text: Principal photography was supposed to start from 15 March 2014 in Kerala. The filming began on 24 March 2014 at Cochin. The film was reported to be shot in the locales of Alleppey. Varun Tej suffered a fracture during the filming of an action sequence at Alleppey and shooting resumed after his recovery. On its completion, the next schedule began in Konaseema. The film was shot in places like Rajahmundry, Bhimavaram, Samalkota and adjoining areas for four weeks. The film was also shot in areas like Pollachi, Kanyakumari and Yanam in early June 2014. The schedule ended almost after 33 days on 4 July and the team returned to Hyderabad. A new schedule began at Hyderabad on 29 July on whose completion, the filming continued in Amalapuram from 5 August.


title: Mukunda

text: By then, the film entered dubbing phase. Varun Tej began dubbing for his role in late August 2014 and by then, filming neared completion except for few songs. At Amalapuram, a crucial scene featuring Varun Tej, Rao Ramesh and Pooja Hegde was shot where Varun Tej was seen taking part in a municipal election campaign visiting several houses in the locality to create awareness among the people. After shooting the film there for 10 days, a song was shot on the lead pair in Switzerland. The schedule ended on 16 September 2014. In mid November 2014, Srikanth Addala said that the remaining part of the film would be shot in Hyderabad and a big set is being planned for a song. The last song was shot in a special set erected at Nanakramguda in mid December 2014. Pooja Hegde confirmed that the filming came to an end on 16 December 2014.


title: Mukunda

text: Mickey J Meyer was selected to compose the film's soundtrack and background music continuing his association with Srikanth Addala after "Kotha Bangaru Lokam" (2008) and "Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu" (2012). The soundtrack features 6 songs and a Theme music whose lyrics were penned by Sirivennela Sitaramasastri. Aditya Music acquired the soundtrack rights in mid August 2014 for an undisclosed high price.


title: Mukunda

text: The soundtrack was expected to be launched in September 2014 initially. The release was postponed to November 2014. The release date was later finalized as 3 December 2014. Shilpakala Vedika was announced as the venue on 2 December and also, a song teaser was unveiled as a part of promotion. Chiranjeevi attended the audio launch along with Allu Arjun as the chief guests and unveiled the soundtrack.


title: Mukunda

text: Reviewing the soundtrack, Karthik of "Milliblog" wrote "Chaala baagundi, with its brilliant vocal plus guitar interplay, is the soundtrack’s best, with Haricharan proving his value again! Mickey on top of his game, again!". "The Times of India" stated that the soundtrack has some peppy and melodious tunes, calling "Dumdaredum" and "Chala Bagundi" as the best songs of the album. "IndiaGlitz" wrote "Mickey J Meyer's imprint is write over the album. It's a mix of melody and youthfulness. Sirivennela writes all the songs to a profound effect. Getting choicest of singers on board, Mickey delivers a music lover's album." Avad M of "123telugu" selected "Nandalaala" and "Chaala Bagundi" as the picks of the album and wrote "Mickey J Meyer once again proves that he is a class apart and provides a chart topping romantic album which is quite soothing and melodious".


title: Mukunda

text: The film's overseas theatrical distribution rights were acquired by Asian Movies and CineGalaxy, Inc. The film was initially scheduled for a Sankranthi release i.e. in mid January 2015. However, the film's release was advanced to 25 December 2014 as a Christmas release to avoid clash with "Gopala Gopala". The film was awarded an 'U/A' certificate by Central Board of Film Certification on 19 December 2014 and the release date was locked as 24 December 2014. The film released in 75 theaters across United States and premiere shows were held on 23 December 2014. The film however clashed with "Chinnadana Nee Kosam" which released in equal number of theaters across the world.


title: Mukunda

text: The film's first look posters featuring Varun Tej were unveiled on 21 August 2014. The first look teaser was unveiled by Varun Tej on 2 September 2014. A video teaser of the song "Chesededo" featuring Varun Tej was unveiled a month later on 2 December 2014. A new trailer was unveiled on 6 December 2014.


title: Mukunda

text: The film received positive reviews from critics praising the cast performances, dialogues, songs and background score besides criticizing the screenplay, editing and slow pace of the film according to International Business Times India. Y. Sunitha Chowdary of "The Hindu" wrote "Since most of the story centres on the debate and dialogue, rather than an expected logical ending, it is likely that many regular cine goers will go home dissatisfied. But for those who appreciate truth, facts of life and intelligent conversations, this is a film smartly interspersed with action and village politics for today’s youth".


title: Mukunda

text: Hemanth Kumar of "The Times of India" rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "Every once in a while there comes a film, which stands apart from the rest in terms of the subject it explores and the tone of narrative, although the nuances might not be blatant. You know it's different because it tries to break free from the template of an action comedy, a genre that has become synonymous with Telugu cinema these days. Mukunda is exactly that kind of film and much more. It's a film which is so aware of the milieu that it's exploring that you get sucked into the narrative to have a ringside look at the complex characters that inhabit the canvas the story unfolds on." Suresh Kavirayani of "Deccan Chronicle" rated the film 3 out of 5 and stated "Finally it’s not a regular commercial film, a typical Srikanth Addala kind of film, without the double meaning dialogues and vulgarity".


title: Mukunda

text: In contrast, "IndiaGlitz" wrote "Sans loudness and crassness, Mukunda has a scent of SVSC. But it lacks a good story and barring less than four scenes, it hardly has anything to keep up our interest" and rated the film 2.75 out of 5.


title: War communism

text: War communism or military communism (, "Voyennyy kommunizm") was the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1921.


title: War communism

text: According to Soviet historiography, the ruling Bolshevik administration adopted this policy with the goal of keeping towns (the proletarian power-base) and the Red Army stocked with food and weapons since circumstances dictated new economic measures. During the civil war, the old capitalist market-based system was unable to produce food and expand the industrial base. War communism has often been described as simple authoritarian control by the ruling and military castes to maintain power and control in the Soviet regions, rather than any coherent political ideology.


title: War communism

text: War communism began in June 1918, enforced by the Supreme Economic Council (), known as the Vesenkha. It ended on 21 March 1921 with the beginning of the New Economic Policy, which lasted until 1928.


title: War communism

text: Because the Bolshevik government implemented all these measures in a time of civil war, they were far less coherent and coordinated in practice than they might appear on paper. Large areas of Russia remained outside Bolshevik control, and poor communications meant that even those regions loyal to the Bolshevik government often had to act on their own, lacking orders or coordination from Moscow. It has long been debated whether "war communism" represented an actual economic policy in the proper sense of the phrase, or merely a set of measures intended to win the civil war.


title: War communism

text: The goals of the Bolsheviks in implementing war communism are a matter of controversy. Some commentators, including a number of Bolsheviks, have argued that its sole purpose was to win the war. Vladimir Lenin, for instance, said that "the confiscation of surpluses from the peasants was a measure with which we were saddled by the imperative conditions of war-time." Other Bolsheviks, such as Yurii Larin, Lev Kritzman, Leonid Krasin, and Nikolai Bukharin, argued that it was a transitional step towards socialism. Commentators, such as the historian Richard Pipes, the philosopher Michael Polanyi, and economists such as Paul Craig Roberts or Sheldon L. Richman, have argued that war communism was actually an attempt to immediately eliminate private property, commodity production and market exchange, and in that way to implement communist economics, and that the Bolshevik leaders expected an immediate and large-scale increase in economic output. This view was also held by Bukharin, who said that "We conceived War Communism as the universal, so to say 'normal' form of the economic policy of the victorious proletariat and not as being related to the war, that is, conforming to a definite state of the civil war".


title: War communism

text: War communism was largely successful at its primary purpose of aiding the Red Army in halting the advance of the White Army and in reclaiming most of the territory of the former Russian Empire thereafter.


title: War communism

text: In the cities and surrounding countryside, the population experienced hardships as a result of the war. Peasants, because of the extreme scarcity, were beginning to refuse to co-operate in giving food for the war effort. Workers began migrating from the cities to the countryside, where the chances to feed themselves were higher, thus further decreasing the possibility of barter of industrial goods for food and worsening the plight of the remaining urban population, economy and industrial production. Between 1918 and 1920, Petrograd lost 70% of its population, while Moscow lost over 50%.


title: War communism

text: A series of workers' strikes and peasants' rebellions broke out all over the country, such as the Tambov rebellion (1920–1921). A turning point came with the Kronstadt rebellion at the Kronstadt naval base in early March 1921. The rebellion startled Lenin because Bolsheviks considered Kronstadt sailors the "reddest of the reds". The nature of these uprisings and their leadership were also of significant concern because they were generally left-wing uprisings led by oppositionist leftists, thus creating competition with the Bolsheviks. According to David Christian, the Cheka, the state Communist Party secret police, reported 118 peasant uprisings in February 1921.


title: War communism

text: David Christian, in his book "Imperial and Soviet Russia", summarises the state of Russia in 1921 after years of War communism: A government claiming to represent the people now found itself on the verge of being overthrown by that same working class. The crisis had undermined the loyalty of the villages, the towns and finally sections of the army. It was fully as serious as the crises faced by the tsarist government in 1905 and February 1917.


title: War communism

text: Bolshevik officials were paralyzed by the Russian famine of 1921–22 which coincided with the catastrophic crisis of the war and economic difficulties faced by the new regime. These militarization efforts were taken to sustain the Red Army for the war effort and the defence of the new state, for proper logistics, and to distribute the scarce supplies to people that the regime considered needed it more than others, such as the Red Army.


title: War communism

text: A black market emerged in Russia, despite the threat of martial law against profiteering. The ruble collapsed and barter increasingly replaced money as a medium of exchange and, by 1921, heavy industry output had fallen to 20% of 1913 levels. 90% of wages were paid with goods rather than money. 70% of locomotives were in need of repair, and food requisitioning, combined with the effects of seven years of war and a severe drought, contributed to a famine that caused between 3 and 10 million deaths. Coal production decreased from 27.5 million tons (1913) to 7 million tons (1920), while overall factory production also declined from 10,000 million roubles to 1,000 million roubles. According to the noted historian David Christian, the grain harvest was also slashed from 80.1 million tons (1913) to 46.5 million tons (1920).


title: Diego

text: Diego is a Spanish masculine given name. The Portuguese equivalent is Diogo. The name also has several patronymic derivations, listed below. The etymology of Diego is disputed, with two major origin hypotheses: "Tiago" and "Didacus".


title: Diego

text: Diego has long been interpreted as variant of "Tiago" (Brazilian Portuguese: "Thiago"), an abbreviation of "Santiago", from the older "Sant Yago" "Saint Jacob", in English known as Saint James or as "San-Tiago". This has been the standard interpretation of the name since at least the 19th century, as it was reported by Robert Southey in 1808 and by Apolinar Rato y Hevia (1891). The suggestion that this identification may be a folk etymology, i.e. that "Diego" (and "Didacus"; see below) may be of another origin and only later identified with "Jacobo", is made by Buchholtz (1894), though this possibility is judged as improbable by the author himself.


title: Diego

text: In the later 20th century, the traditional identification of "Diego" = "Jacobo" came to be seen as untenable. Malkiel (1975) calls the equation an "odd couple" ("extraña pareja"). The name "Didacus", while unattested in antiquity, predates the earliest record of the form "Diego". The oldest record for "Didacus" according to Floriano (1949) dates to 747, with numerous further records during the 9th century. Becker (2009) argues against possible derivation from the Greek name "Diadochus", but also against suggestions of Basque and Celtic derivations.


title: Diego

text: "Didacus" is recorded in the forms "Diaco" and "Diago" in the 10th century. The form "Diego" is first recorded in the late 11th century. Its original derivation from "Didacus" is uncertain, among other things because the shift from "-ía-" to "-ié-" is unexplained (Becker 2009:386). The name "Diego Gonzalez" is given to a character in the "Cantar de mio Cid", a 12th-century poem. It has been argued on metrical grounds that the name "Diego" in the "Cantar" represents an original "Díago".


title: Diego

text: Medieval bearers of the name, such as Diego de Acebo (d. 1207), are recorded as "Didacus" in contemporary sources. "Diego" becomes the standard form of the name in the 14th century, and it is frequently given in the 16th century, e.g. Diego Laynez, 1512–1565. The city of San Diego was named for the flagship of Sebastián Vizcaíno (1602), which was itself named for Didacus of Alcalá (d. 1463).


title: Diego

text: The patronym for Diego is "Díaz" in Castilian Spanish (used for example by Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, better known as El Cid) and "Dias" in Portuguese. Like many patronymics, these have become common surnames among Iberophones worldwide. The form "Diéguez" is much less common; "Diegues" can be found in Lusophone countries. "Diego" and "de Diego" can also be found as surnames.


title: Diego

text: "Diego" as a metonym for a Spaniard is documented from around 1615. The term "Dago" as a generic name for Spaniards is recorded in the 19th century and may possibly be a derivation from "Diego". By the early 20th century, the term "dago" or "dego" was extended as an ethnic slur applied chiefly to Italian Americans, besides also for anyone of Spanish or Portuguese descent.


title: Blake Snell

text: Blake Ashton Snell (born December 4, 1992), is an American professional baseball pitcher for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Tampa Bay Rays selected Snell in the first round of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft. He made his MLB debut with the Rays in 2016 and won the Cy Young Award in the American League (AL) in 2018, when he was an All-Star and led the league in both wins and earned run average (ERA).


title: Blake Snell

text: Snell attended Shorewood High School in Shoreline, Washington, where he played for the baseball team.In high school, he trained at a facility owned by his father, a former minor league baseball player. In his senior season, Snell recorded a 9–0 win–loss record, a 1.00 ERA with 128 strikeouts in over 63 innings pitched.


title: Blake Snell

text: The Tampa Bay Rays selected Snell in the first round of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the Rays and made his professional debut with the Gulf Coast Rays, where he was 1–2 with a 3.08 ERA in 11 games (eight starts). He spent 2012 with the Princeton Rays, pitching to a 5–1 record and a 2.09 ERA in 11 starts, and 2013 with the Bowling Green Hot Rods where he compiled a 4–9 record and a 4.27 ERA in 23 starts.


title: Blake Snell

text: Snell started 2014 with Bowling Green and was promoted to the Charlotte Stone Crabs in May. On August 2, he pitched a rain-shortened no-hitter against the Daytona Cubs. It was the first no-hitter in Stone Crabs history. In 24 total games started between the two clubs, he was 8–8 with a 3.19 ERA. After the season, he was named the Rays Minor League Pitcher of the Year. Snell started 2015 with the Stone Crabs and was promoted to the Montgomery Biscuits after allowing no runs in 21 innings to start the season. He was later promoted to the Durham Bulls. In 25 games (23 starts) between the three clubs, he was 15–4 with a 1.41 ERA and a 1.02 WHIP. The Rays added him to their 40-man roster after the season. Snell began the 2016 season with Durham.


title: Blake Snell

text: Snell was promoted to the major leagues to make his debut on April 23, 2016, at Yankee Stadium. His first inning showed jitters, as he allowed a run off of a wild pitch, but he calmed down after that, striking out the side in the second inning, and retired 12 of the last 14 batters he faced. Through the 2016 season for Tampa, Snell made 19 starts, finishing with a 6–8 record, 3.54 ERA, and 98 strikeouts over 89 innings.


title: Blake Snell

text: At the beginning of the 2017 season, Snell failed to work into the sixth inning in almost all of his first eight games, and was routinely touching 100 pitches in the fourth inning. After posting an ERA of 4.71 through eight starts in 2017, he was demoted to Durham on May 13. On June 28, Snell was recalled and his turnaround was evident. After July 23, Snell went 5–1 with a 3.31 ERA to finish the season with 24 starts, recording 119 strikeouts over innings with a 4.04 ERA.


title: Blake Snell

text: Snell opened the 2018 season as the number two starter, behind Chris Archer. On June 3, he tied an AL record by striking out the first seven batters he faced in a game against the Seattle Mariners at Safeco Field. Snell ended the game allowing no runs in six innings and recorded 12 strikeouts. This was his first career start at Safeco Field in front of many of his friends and family, an estimated 300, including the first professional start witnessed by his grandfather, whom he considers a mentor.


title: Blake Snell

text: At the time of the All-Star team announcement, Snell was 12–4 with a 2.09 ERA, the lowest of all qualified pitchers in the American League. Despite his success, he was not named to the original AL roster. This led to wide criticism of the selection process by players, coaches, fans, and analysts. After Corey Kluber opted out of the All-Star game due to injury, Snell was named his replacement, ending the controversy and awarding him his first career All-Star appearance.


title: Blake Snell

text: On July 23, Snell was put on the 10-day disabled list with shoulder fatigue. He was reactivated on August 4 against the Chicago White Sox. On August 21, Snell set a new MLB record with his 13th straight start allowing one earned run or fewer at home. After he allowed two runs at home against the Baltimore Orioles, his streak ended at 14. Snell was the American League Pitcher of the Month for August, during which he went 4–0 with a 1.08 ERA over five starts.


title: Blake Snell

text: On September 18, Snell recorded his 20th victory on the season, becoming the first Ray to accomplish this since David Price in 2012. On September 23, he won his 21st game, setting a franchise record after pitching 6 scoreless innings with 11 strikeouts against the Toronto Blue Jays. He was again named the American League Pitcher of the Month for September, in which he went 5–0 with a 1.26 ERA and 53 strikeouts over 35 innings. Snell became the youngest pitcher to win the award in consecutive months since Johan Santana in 2004.


title: Blake Snell

text: Snell finished his breakout season leading the majors in wins (21), adjusted ERA+ (219), and batting average against (.178), as well as leading the American League in earned run average (1.89) and wins above replacement among pitchers (7.5). His 1.89 ERA was the lowest in the American League since Pedro Martinez posted a 1.74 in 2000, and the third-lowest in the AL since the designated hitter was introduced in 1973. He allowed two or fewer runs in 27 of his 31 starts and one or zero runs in 21 starts. Against the American League's five playoff teams, he went 9–2 with a 2.00 ERA. He led all major league pitchers in left on base percentage, stranding 88.0% of base runners. For the season, he also had the lowest percentage of balls pulled against him (33.8%) among major league pitchers, and led major league pitchers in lowest contact percentage (66.6%).


title: Blake Snell

text: On November 14, Snell won the American League Cy Young Award, topping runner-up Justin Verlander by 15 points (169–154) and receiving 17 of 30 first-place votes. He became the second Rays pitcher to win the award, after Price in 2012.


title: Blake Snell

text: On March 21, 2019, Snell agreed to a five-year contract worth $50 million to keep him with the Rays through the 2023 season; it is the largest deal given to a major league pitcher before they reached salary arbitration. In spring training, Snell was named the Opening Day starter for the 2019 season, earning the loss in a 5–1 defeat against Verlander and the Houston Astros. His first win that season was a 4-0 victory over the Colorado Rockies, pitching 13 strikeouts and just two hits in seven innings. On April 16, Snell was placed on the injured list after breaking a toe on his right foot while moving furniture in his bathroom, and missed two starts. On July 25, it was announced that he would undergo arthroscopic surgery to remove loose bodies from his left elbow. Due to multiple trips to the disabled list, Snell finished with a 6–8 record in 23 starts. He struck out 147 batters in 107 innings.


title: Blake Snell

text: On October 8, Snell made his first career appearance as a reliever and closer, and earned the save against Houston Astros working of an inning, tying the American League Divisional Series at two games apiece.


title: Blake Snell

text: Before the start of the delayed MLB season, Snell caused some controversy when he said that he was more concerned about his pay than health when it comes to decisions to return to play during the COVID-19 pandemic. He said, "I'm not playing unless I get mine ... That's just the way it is for me," later admitting that his words could be taken as selfish. Commentators said his remarks were seen as "outrageously out-of-touch" during the pandemic.


title: Blake Snell

text: In the pandemic-shortened season, Snell was 4–2 with a 3.24 ERA. He tied the record for the AL lead in wild pitches, with seven.


title: Blake Snell

text: Snell started the first game of the postseason against the Toronto Blue Jays in the American League Wild Card Series. He took a no-hitter into the 6th inning as the Rays won 3-1. Snell started Game 1 of the American League Division Series against the New York Yankees. He allowed four runs through five innings as the Rays lost the game 9–3. The Rays won the series in five games. Snell started Games 1 and 6 of the American League Championship Series against the Houston Astros. He allowed one run through five innings in Game 1 and two runs through four innings in Game 6. The Rays won Game 1 and lost Game 6, advancing to the World Series after a Game 7 victory. In Game 2 of the World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, Snell allowed two runs and struck out nine batters in 4.2 innings. He became the first player in World Series history to strike out nine or more batters in fewer than five innings pitched. His nine strikeouts set a franchise postseason record. The Rays won the game 6–4. In Game 6 with the Rays leading 1–0 with one out, Snell was pulled by Kevin Cash for Nick Anderson in the 6th inning after pitching a shutout with two hits and nine strikeouts. The Dodgers then scored two runs in that inning and would go on to win the game 3–1 and the World Series for the first time since 1988, resulting in criticism by fans and baseball media.


title: Blake Snell

text: On December 29, 2020, the Rays traded Snell to the San Diego Padres in exchange for prospects Luis Patiño, Blake Hunt, and Cole Wilcox, along with catcher Francisco Mejía.


title: Blake Snell

text: For the Padres, Snell slotted in as the team's number 2 pitcher. Snell regressed a bit in 2021, as he ended the year with a 7-6 record, and a 4.20 ERA over 27 starts. Snell initially had trouble going deep into games, not completing six innings until his ninth start of the year. After two more starts where he failed to get out of the fourth inning, Snell pitched seven shut-out innings against the Mets on June 4, giving up only one hit. Snell missed a pair of starts in the summer due to a bout with food poisoning. Snell finished strong, posting a 1.83 ERA is his final eight starts of the year, including seven innings of no-hit ball against the Diamondbacks on August 31. He left his September 12 start early due to left adductor tightness. He was placed on the IL the following day, and he would not return.


title: Blake Snell

text: Snell's preparations for the 2022 season were interrupted by the lockout, and he was behind the other starting pitchers in building innings in spring training. In his first scheduled start of the regular season, Snell again felt adductor tightness while warming up in the bullpen and he did not pitch in the game. After going to the IL, Snell returned to the starting rotation on May 18, pitching 3 innings against the Phillies. With Snell's return, the Padres opted to go with a 6-man rotation to keep MacKenzie Gore in the starting line-up and lower stress on arms.


title: Blake Snell

text: Snell grew up a Seattle Mariners fan. His nickname "Snellzilla" originally belonged to his oldest brother, but he seized it for himself at age eleven.


title: Blake Snell

text: Snell owned a home in St. Petersburg, Florida but sold it for $1.4 million in 2021. He resides in Lynnwood, Washington during the offseason.


title: ISOCELL

text: This is a list of Samsung's ISOCELL CMOS camera sensors, available for purchase by other companies, for a wide variety of products including mobile phones, computers, digital cameras and more.


title: 365: Repeat the Year

text: 365: Repeat the Year () is a 2020 South Korean television series starring Lee Joon-hyuk, Nam Ji-hyun, Kim Ji-soo and Yang Dong-geun. Based on the 2004 novel "Repeat" by Japanese writer Kurumi Inui, it aired on MBC TV from March 23 to April 28, 2020, every Monday and Tuesday at 20:55 (KST).


title: 365: Repeat the Year

text: Singles from the soundtrack of the series released from March 24 to April 21, 2020, under the record label of Kakao M:


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Aeroelasticity is the branch of physics and engineering studying the interactions between the inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic forces occurring while an elastic body is exposed to a fluid flow. The study of aeroelasticity may be broadly classified into two fields: "static aeroelasticity" dealing with the static or steady state response of an elastic body to a fluid flow; and "dynamic aeroelasticity" dealing with the body's dynamic (typically vibrational) response.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Aircraft are prone to aeroelastic effects because they need to be lightweight and withstand large aerodynamic loads. Aircraft are designed to avoid the following aeroelastic problems:


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Aeroelasticity problems can be prevented by adjusting the mass, stiffness or aerodynamics of structures which can be determined and verified through the use of calculations, "ground vibration tests" and "flight flutter trials". Flutter of control surfaces is usually eliminated by the careful placement of "mass balances".


title: Aeroelasticity

text: The synthesis of aeroelasticity with thermodynamics is known as "aerothermoelasticity", and its synthesis with control theory is known as "aeroservoelasticity".


title: Aeroelasticity

text: The second failure of Samuel Langley's prototype plane on the Potomac was attributed to aeroelastic effects (specifically, torsional divergence). An early scientific work on the subject was George Bryan's "Theory of the Stability of a Rigid Aeroplane" published in 1906. Problems with torsional divergence plagued aircraft in the First World War and were solved largely by trial-and-error and ad hoc stiffening of the wing. The first recorded and documented case of flutter in an aircraft was that which occurred to a Handley Page O/400 bomber during a flight in 1916, when it suffered a violent tail oscillation, which caused extreme distortion of the rear fuselage and the elevators to move asymmetrically. Although the aircraft landed safely, in the subsequent investigation F. W. Lanchester was consulted. One of his recommendations was that left and right elevators should be rigidly connected by a stiff shaft, which was to subsequently become a design requirement. In addition, the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) was asked to investigate the phenomenon theoretically, which was subsequently carried out by Leonard Bairstow and Arthur Fage.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: In 1926, Hans Reissner published a theory of wing divergence, leading to much further theoretical research on the subject. The term "aeroelasticity" itself was coined by Harold Roxbee Cox and Alfred Pugsley at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), Farnborough in the early 1930s.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: In the development of aeronautical engineering at Caltech, Theodore von Kármán started a course "Elasticity applied to Aeronautics". After teaching the course for one term, Kármán passed it over to Ernest Edwin Sechler, who developed aeroelasticity in that course and in publication of textbooks on the subject.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: In 1947, Arthur Roderick Collar defined aeroelasticity as "the study of the mutual interaction that takes place within the triangle of the inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic forces acting on structural members exposed to an airstream, and the influence of this study on design".


title: Aeroelasticity

text: In an aeroplane, two significant static aeroelastic effects may occur. "Divergence" is a phenomenon in which the elastic twist of the wing suddenly becomes theoretically infinite, typically causing the wing to fail. "Control reversal" is a phenomenon occurring only in wings with ailerons or other control surfaces, in which these control surfaces reverse their usual functionality (e.g., the rolling direction associated with a given aileron moment is reversed).


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Divergence occurs when a lifting surface deflects under aerodynamic load in a direction which further increases lift in a positive feedback loop. The increased lift deflects the structure further, which eventually brings the structure to the point of divergence.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Control surface reversal is the loss (or reversal) of the expected response of a control surface, due to deformation of the main lifting surface. For simple models (e.g. single aileron on an Euler-Bernoulli beam), control reversal speeds can be derived analytically as for torsional divergence. Control reversal can be used to aerodynamic advantage, and forms part of the Kaman servo-flap rotor design.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Dynamic aeroelasticity studies the interactions among aerodynamic, elastic, and inertial forces. Examples of dynamic aeroelastic phenomena are:


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Flutter is a dynamic instability of an elastic structure in a fluid flow, caused by positive feedback between the body's deflection and the force exerted by the fluid flow. In a linear system, "flutter point" is the point at which the structure is undergoing simple harmonic motion—zero net damping—and so any further decrease in net damping will result in a self-oscillation and eventual failure. "Net damping" can be understood as the sum of the structure's natural positive damping and the negative damping of the aerodynamic force. Flutter can be classified into two types: "hard flutter", in which the net damping decreases very suddenly, very close to the flutter point; and "soft flutter", in which the net damping decreases gradually.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: In water the mass ratio of the pitch inertia of the foil to that of the circumscribing cylinder of fluid is generally too low for binary flutter to occur, as shown by explicit solution of the simplest pitch and heave flutter stability determinant.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Structures exposed to aerodynamic forces—including wings and aerofoils, but also chimneys and bridges—are generally designed carefully within known parameters to avoid flutter. Blunt shapes, such as chimneys, can give off a continuous stream of vortices known as a Kármán vortex street, which can induce structural oscillations. Strakes are typically wrapped around chimneys to stop the formation of these vortices.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: In complex structures where both the aerodynamics and the mechanical properties of the structure are not fully understood, flutter can be discounted only through detailed testing. Even changing the mass distribution of an aircraft or the stiffness of one component can induce flutter in an apparently unrelated aerodynamic component. At its mildest, this can appear as a "buzz" in the aircraft structure, but at its most violent, it can develop uncontrollably with great speed and cause serious damage to the aircraft or lead to its destruction, as in Northwest Airlines Flight 2 in 1938, Braniff Flight 542 in 1959, or the prototypes for Finland's VL Myrsky fighter aircraft in the early 1940s. Famously, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge was possibly destroyed as a result of aeroelastic fluttering.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: In some cases, automatic control systems have been demonstrated to help prevent or limit flutter-related structural vibration.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: "Propeller whirl flutter" is a special case of flutter involving the aerodynamic and inertial effects of a rotating propeller and the stiffness of the supporting nacelle structure. Dynamic instability can occur involving pitch and yaw degrees of freedom of the propeller and the engine supports leading to an unstable precession of the propeller. Failure of the engine supports led to whirl flutter occurring on two Lockheed L-188 Electra aircraft, in 1959 on Braniff Flight 542 and again in 1960 on Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 710.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Flow is highly non-linear in the transonic regime, dominated by moving shock waves. Avoiding flutter is mission-critical for aircraft that fly through transonic Mach numbers. The role of shock waves was first analyzed by Holt Ashley. A phenomenon that impacts stability of aircraft known as "transonic dip", in which the flutter speed can get close to flight speed, was reported in May 1976 by Farmer and Hanson of the Langley Research Center.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Buffeting is a high-frequency instability, caused by airflow separation or shock wave oscillations from one object striking another. It is caused by a sudden impulse of load increasing. It is a random forced vibration. Generally it affects the tail unit of the aircraft structure due to air flow downstream of the wing.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: In the period 1950–1970, AGARD developed the "Manual on Aeroelasticity" which details the processes used in solving and verifying aeroelastic problems along with standard examples that can be used to test numerical solutions.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Aeroelasticity involves not just the external aerodynamic loads and the way they change but also the structural, damping and mass characteristics of the aircraft. Prediction involves making a mathematical model of the aircraft as a series of masses connected by springs and dampers which are tuned to represent the dynamic characteristics of the aircraft structure. The model also includes details of applied aerodynamic forces and how they vary.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: The model can be used to predict the flutter margin and, if necessary, test fixes to potential problems. Small carefully chosen changes to mass distribution and local structural stiffness can be very effective in solving aeroelastic problems.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: Methods of predicting flutter in linear structures include the "p-method", the "k-method" and the "p-k method".


title: Aeroelasticity

text: For nonlinear systems, flutter is usually interpreted as a limit cycle oscillation (LCO), and methods from the study of dynamical systems can be used to determine the speed at which flutter will occur.


title: Aeroelasticity

text: These videos detail the Active Aeroelastic Wing two-phase NASA-Air Force flight research program to investigate the potential of aerodynamically twisting flexible wings to improve maneuverability of high-performance aircraft at transonic and supersonic speeds, with traditional control surfaces such as ailerons and leading-edge flaps used to induce the twist.


title: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana

text: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana ("Prime Minister Jeevan Jyoti Insurance Scheme") is a Government-backed Life insurance scheme in India. It was originally mentioned in the year 2015 Budget speech by the then-Finance Minister, late Arun Jaitley in February 2015. It was formally launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 9 May in Kolkata. As of May 2015, only 20% of India's population has any kind of insurance, this scheme aims to increase the number.


title: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana

text: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana is available to people between 18 and 50 years of age with bank accounts. It has an annual premium of . The GST is exempted on Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana. The amount will be automatically debited from the account on or before 31 May every year. Period for which insurance covered is 12 months i.e, from 1 June till 31 May. Those who register for auto debit facility will have auto renewal up to 55 years. However, a person over age 50 cannot register to this scheme. There is no need for a person to submit health report or certificate while joining to this scheme. In case of death due to any cause, the payment to the nominee will be . In order to avail of the benefits offered by the Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana policy, it is mandatory to link your Aadhaar Card to the participatory bank account.


title: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana

text: This scheme will be linked also to the bank accounts opened under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana scheme. Most of these account had zero balance initially. The Government aims to reduce the number of such zero balance accounts by using this and related schemes.


title: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana

text: Now all bank account holders can avail this facility through their net-banking service facility or filling a form at the bank branch at any time of the year.


title: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana

text: The premium is deducted automatically from the insured's bank account. Insured's family members will receive a sum insured of ₹2 lakh after insured's death.


title: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana

text: As of 31 March 2019, 5.92 crore (59.2 million) people have already enrolled for this scheme. 1,35,212 claims have been disbursed, amounting to a total of ₹2,704.22 crore. As per news reports from 2021, the scheme has failed during the COVID-19 crisis, in which the country suffered an unusually high number of deaths. The article cites some possible reasons for this failure:


title: Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana

text: In short, there is low awareness of the scheme, no guidance or policy manual and tight restrictions; hence, the less educated and poor beneficiaries have to run from pillar to post to take advantage of the scheme's benefit.


title: Kahanism

text: Kahanism () is an extremist Jewish ideology based on the views of Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the Jewish Defense League and the Kach party in Israel. Kahane maintained the view that the majority of Arabs living in Israel are enemies of Jews and Israel itself, and believed that a Jewish theocratic state, where non-Jews have no voting rights, should be created. The Kach party has been banned by the Israeli government. In 2004, the U.S. State Department designated it a Foreign Terrorist Organization. In 2022, it was removed from the U.S. terror blacklist due to "insufficient evidence" of the group's ongoing activity, but it remains a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) entity.


title: Kahanism

text: The Kach party saw electoral success in 1984, winning 26,000 votes, equivalent to one seat. Early polls after the election predicted that the Kach party would become the third-largest party, winning as many 12 seats in the next election. But in August 1985 the Kach party was barred from participating in elections. Some Kahanist groups, such as the Sicarii, decided to manifest their political goals violently instead. On November 5, 1990, Meir Kahane was assassinated by El-Sayyid A. Nosair, who was associated with terror cells that eventually became al-Qaeda.


title: Kahanism

text: Kahane's assassination led to the splintering of the Kach party, with Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane leading Kahane Chai from Kfar Tapuach and Kach led by Baruch Marzel, who eventually became a member of Otzma Yehudit. In 1992 both groups were banned completely from participating in elections. In 1994, due to the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre committed by Baruch Goldstein, they were declared illegal terrorist organizations by the Israeli government. After the ban, Kahane Chai's leaders created an extraparliamentary advocacy group, "The Kahane Movement", which archived media content from Kahane online.


title: Kahanism

text: The next election where Kahanists received political representation was in 2009, with Michael Ben-Ari, who ran on the National Union ticket. Ben-Ari split from the National Union after the election, forming Otzma Yehudit. Otzma Yehudit failed to pass the electoral threshold in the 2013 Israeli election.


title: Kahanism

text: Kahanism gained no political legitimacy until the April 2019 Israeli election. As a result of the Israeli political crisis, then Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu attempted to gain extra seats by appealing to Kahanist voters by making a deal with the Jewish Home to have them run on a joint list with Otzma Yehudit as the Union of Right Wing Parties. The party received enough seats for Otzma Yehudit to be represented, but Ben Ari, who was supposed to represent the 5th slot on the Union of Right Wing Parties list, was barred from running after the list was submitted. Otzma Yehudit eventually saw parliamentary representation in 2021, when Itamar Ben-Gvir won a seat as part of a joint list with the Religious Zionist Party.


title: Kahanism

text: In November 2022, after a memorial event for Kahane attended by Ben-Gvir, the U.S. State department hosted a press briefing, saying, "Celebrating the legacy of a terrorist organization is abhorrent. There is no other word for it. It is abhorrent."


title: Kahanism

text: "Kahanism" denotes the controversial positions espoused by Rabbi Meir Kahane. Kahane proposed that the State of Israel should enforce Jewish law, as codified by Maimonides, under which non-Jews who wish to dwell in Israel would have three options: remain as "resident strangers" with all rights but national ones, which would require non-Jews to accept resident-stranger status with all rights but political ones. Those unwilling to accept such a status will be required to leave the country with full compensation and those who refuse to do even that will be forcibly removed.


title: Kahanism

text: Kahanism's central claim is that the vast majority of the Arabs of Israel are and will continue to be enemies of Jews and Israel itself, and that a Jewish theocratic state, governed by Halakha, absent of a voting non-Jewish population that includes Israel, Palestine, areas of modern-day Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq, should be created.


title: Kahanism

text: According to Kahane, the term "Kahanism" is primarily used by people ignorant of Torah Judaism in order to discredit his ideology, which he asserts is rooted in Halakha and the same as Torah Judaism. "Meir Kahane did not hate the Arabs – he just loved the Jews", said his widow Libby in a 2010 interview.


title: Kahanism

text: Since 1985, the Israeli government has outlawed political parties espousing Kahane's ideology as racist, and forbids their participation in the government. The Kach party was banned from running for the Knesset in 1988, while the two Kahanist movements formed after Kahane's assassination in 1990 were ruled illegal terrorist organizations in 1994 and the groups subsequently disbanded. But followers with militant Kahanist beliefs remain active, as seen below. In 2001, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights called the official Kahanist website a hate site espousing prejudiced views in which "Arabs generally and Palestinians in particular are vilified."


title: Kahanism

text: In 2004, the U.S. State Department designated Kach a Foreign Terrorist Organization. In 2022, it was removed from the U.S. terror blacklist due to "insufficient evidence" of the group's ongoing activity in the most recent five-yearly review, but it remains a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) entity.


title: Kahanism

text: The deadliest Jewish terrorist attack occurred when Baruch Goldstein, supporter of Kach, shot and killed 29 Muslim worshipers, and wounded another 150, at the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre in Hebron, in 1994. This was described as a case of Jewish religious terrorism by Mark Juergensmeyer. Goldstein was a medical doctor who grew up in Brooklyn and was educated at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx. He resettled in the Kiryat Arba settlement in the West Bank, and was politically active for years. Goldstein saw Kahane as a hero, and was Kahane's campaign manager when he ran for the Israeli parliament through the Kach party. When Goldstein was threatened with a court-martial for refusing to treat non-Jewish soldiers in the Israeli Defence Force, he declared: "I am not willing to treat any non-Jew. I recognize as legitimate only two religious authorities: Maimonides and Kahane."


title: Kahanism

text: Goldstein was denounced "with shocked horror" by Orthodox Jews, and most Israelis denounced Goldstein as insane. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin condemned the attack, calling Goldstein a "degenerate murderer", "a shame on Zionism and an embarrassment to Judaism". At the same time, Goldstein's actions were praised by some extremist settlers; Yochay Ron said that he "felt good" when he heard the news, and also said that Jews were "at war with the Arabs" and "all Arabs who live here are a danger to us... they threaten the very existence of the Jewish community on the West Bank." Goldstein and other religious settlers at Beit Hadassah (both Kahanist and Gush Emunim) believe that the biblical lands on the West Bank are sacred, that Jews are required by God to occupy them, and that the presence of Muslims desecrates the Holy Land. After this attack, members of the Kach Party praised Goldstein's actions, and in the ensuing political turmoil, the Knesset banned Kach in Israel. The Shamgar Commission concluded that Goldstein acted alone.


title: Kahanism

text: In October 1982, Yoel Lerner, a member of Kahane's Kach, attempted to blow up the Dome of the Rock in order to rebuild the Temple Mount site. He was sentenced to two and a half years in prison. Mark Juergensmeyer identified him as a Jewish religious terrorist, writing that he "yearned for a Jewish society in Israel. He hoped for the restoration of the ancient temple in Jerusalem, the exclusive right of Jews to settle on the West Bank of the Jordan River, and the creation of a state based on biblical law." Lerner had previously served a three-year sentence for heading a group that plotted to overthrow the government and establish a state based upon religious law.


title: Kahanism

text: On August 4, 2005, Eden Natan-Zada, an AWOL Israel Defense Forces soldier, killed four Israeli Arab citizens and wounded several others when he opened fire on a bus in the northern Israeli town of Shfaram. Natan-Zada had recently moved to the settlement of Tapuach, site of a Kahanist yeshiva. He was handcuffed by Israeli police but then lynched by a mob.


title: Kahanism

text: Roadside shootings, stabbings and grenade attacks against Palestinians have been carried out in Jerusalem and the West Bank by individuals or groups suspected of having ties to the former Kach group. Aliases such as "The Committee for the Safety of the Roads", "The Sword of David" and "The Repression of Traitors" have been used. The US government claims that these are all aliases of "Kach". In 2002, a Kahanist group known as "Revenge of the Toddlers" claimed responsibility for a bombing attack at Tzur Baher, an East Jerusalem secondary school for Arab boys, that wounded seven. The group also claimed responsibility for the 2003 bombing of a Palestinian school in Jaba that injured 20 and was also thought to be linked to the 2002 Zil Elementary school bombing.


title: Kahanism

text: James David Manning, chief pastor of ATLAH World Missionary Church, has endorsed aspects of Kahane's ideology.


The 2020 United States presidential election in Vermont was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Vermont voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, incumbent President Donald Trump, and running mate Vice President Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, and his running mate California Senator Kamala Harris. Vermont has three electoral votes in the Electoral College.


title: 2020 United States presidential election in Vermont

text: Vermont was won by Biden with 66.1% of the vote, making this his best performance in a state (if D.C. is not counted). Prior to the election, all 14 news organizations projected Vermont as a strongly Democratic state, or a safe blue state. The Green Mountain State gave Biden a victory margin of 35.4% over Trump. Vermont gave Biden his highest vote percentage and margin of victory of any state, making this the first ever presidential election in which Vermont was the most Democratic state in the nation. Vermont also saw the largest increase in turnout from 2016, increasing 14.3%. Biden greatly improved on Hillary Clinton's 55.7% vote share and 25.9% margin from 2016, when third-party candidates received over 14% of the vote. Biden's performance was also the fourth-strongest Democratic performance in state history. Trump carried only one county, the sparsely-populated Essex County bordering New Hampshire, which had voted for the winner from 1980 to 2016.


text: Vermont was once one of the most Republican states in the nation. From 1856 to 1988, it voted Republican in every election except Lyndon Johnson's 44-state landslide in 1964. However, the brand of Republicanism practiced in the Green Mountain State has historically been a moderate one. Coupled with an influx of more liberal newcomers from out of state, this made Vermont considerably friendlier to Democrats as the national GOP moved further to the right. After narrowly supporting George H. W. Bush in 1988, Vermont gave Bill Clinton a 16-point margin in 1992. Republicans have not seriously contested the state since then, and Vermont is now reckoned as part of the "Blue Wall"–the 19 jurisdictions that delivered their 242 electoral votes to the Democratic standard-bearer at every election from 1992 to 2012. Underlining how Republican Vermont once was, Trump and George W. Bush are the only Republicans to win the White House without carrying Vermont.


text: Another factor for Biden's improvement was strong support from Bernie Sanders, one of the state's U.S. Senators and a former candidate for the 2020 Democratic nomination who, despite endorsing Hillary Clinton, had received 5.7% of the vote in 2016 as a non-soliciting write-in candidate. Per exit polls by the Associated Press, Sanders maintained a 63% approval rating among his constituents, and his supporters broke 93% for Biden.


text: The Republican primary was held on March 3, 2020. Donald Trump and Bill Weld were among the declared Republican candidates.


text: The Democratic primary was held on March 3, 2020. Bernie Sanders, one of the two current senators from Vermont and a 2016 Democratic primary candidate, declared his candidacy on February 19, 2019, after speculation he would do so. Joe Biden, Michael Bloomberg, and Elizabeth Warren were among the other major declared candidates.


text: Due to the state's low population, only one congressional district is allocated. This district is called the At-Large district, because it covers the entire state, and thus is equivalent to the statewide election results.


title: Salt lake

text: A salt lake or saline lake is a landlocked body of water that has a concentration of salts (typically sodium chloride) and other dissolved minerals significantly higher than most lakes (often defined as at least three grams of salt per litre). In some cases, salt lakes have a higher concentration of salt than sea water; such lakes can also be termed hypersaline lakes, and may also be pink lakes on account of their colour. An alkalic salt lake that has a high content of carbonate is sometimes termed a soda lake.


title: Salt lake

text: Salt lakes form when the water flowing into the lake, containing salt or minerals, cannot leave because the lake is endorheic (terminal). The water then evaporates, leaving behind any dissolved salts and thus increasing its salinity, making a salt lake an excellent place for salt production. High salinity can also lead to halophilic flora and fauna in and around the lake; sometimes, in fact, the result may be an absence or near absence of multicellular life in the salt lake.


title: Salt lake

text: If the amount of water flowing into a lake is less than the amount evaporated, the lake will eventually disappear and leave a dry lake (also called playa or salt flat).


title: Salt lake

text: Brine lakes consist of water that has reached salt saturation or near saturation (brine), and may also be heavily saturated with other materials.


title: Salt lake

text: Most brine lakes develop as a result of high evaporation rates in an arid climate with a lack of an outlet to the ocean. The high salt content in these bodies of water may come from minerals deposited from the surrounding land. Another source for the salt may be that the body of water was formerly connected to the ocean. While the water evaporates from the lake, the salt remains. Eventually, the body of water will become brine.


title: Salt lake

text: Because of the density of brine, swimmers are more buoyant in brine than in fresh or ordinary salt water. Examples of such brine lakes are the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake.


title: Salt lake

text: Bodies of brine may also form on the ocean floor at cold seeps. These are sometimes called brine lakes, but are more frequently referred to as brine pools. It is possible to observe waves on the surface of these bodies.


title: Salt lake

text: Man-made bodies of brine are created for edible salt production. These can be referred to as brine ponds.


title: Palawan (island)

text: Palawan is the largest island of the province of Palawan in the Philippines and fifth-largest by area and tenth-most populous island of the country, with a total population of 994,101 as of 2020 census. The north west coast of the island is along the South China Sea, while the south east coast forms part of the northern limit of the Sulu Sea. Much of the island remains traditional and is considered by some as under-developed. Abundant wildlife, jungle mountains, and some white sandy beaches attract many tourists, as well as international companies looking for development opportunities.


title: Palawan (island)

text: As of 2016, the main island of Palawan was rated the "Most Beautiful Island in the World" as voted by respective readers of rival travel publications Conde Nast Traveller and Travel + Leisure. It is the second year running that Palawan has won the Conde Nast Traveller award, as well as the second time in four years that it has occupied Travel + Leisure's top spot (2013). El Nido, located at the northern tip of the island, is also currently rated the "Most Beautiful Beach in the World" by Conde Nast Traveller readers. In 2007, "National Geographic Traveler" magazine rated Palawan the best island destination in East and Southeast Asia region, having:


title: Palawan (island)

text: One city and 12 out of the 23 municipalities of the Province of Palawan are on this island. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm, one of seven operating units of the Bureau of Corrections, is located on the island.


title: Palawan (island)

text: The entire length of the island forms a mountain range, with a peak altitude of at Mount Mantalingajan. Other significant peaks include Mount Gantung () in Batazara and Victoria Peak () in Narra. Cagayancillo is far to the east of the island, while Dumaran Island and the more distant Cuyo Archipelago are to the northeast, with Linapacan and Busuanga Island nearby in the north-northeast. The archipelago of Kalayaan Municipality is west of Palawan, while Balabac Municipality is south of the island's western edge.


title: Palawan (island)

text: The geology of Palawan is, in many ways, unlike other parts of the Philippines. The crust of northeast Palawan was derived from the southeast edge of the continental crust of China, part of the Eurasian Plate. It is the exposed portion of a microcontinent that drifted southward with the opening of the South China Sea. This microcontinent also forms the shallow water north of Palawan in the Reed Bank-Dangerous Ground area of the southern South China Sea. Some of the oldest rocks of the Philippines are found in northeast Palawan (Permian-Carboniferous age). Southwest Palawan exposes primarily ophiolitic material (rocks derived from uplifted oceanic crust and mantle). This 34 Myr old (latest Eocene-earliest Oligocene) ophiolite appears to have been thrust upon the continental crust as well as the older, Cretaceous ophiolitic and sedimentary units. The transition from "oceanic" ophiolite in the southwest to "continental"-type rocks in the northeast occurs in the area of central Palawan around Ulugan Bay and the Sabang area. In the southern coasts of Ulugan Bay and Sabang Beach, are several exposures showing that the Palawan ophiolite has been thrust on to the continent-derived clastic rocks ("Sabang thrust").


title: Palawan (island)

text: The Palawan Trough is an area of deeper water adjacent to the north coast of Palawan in the South China Sea. The Palawan trough is thought to be due to downbending of the continental crust due to the weight of the ophiolite thrust sheet.


title: Palawan (island)

text: Further north, around the Malampaya Sound area and up to the El Nido area, one finds older (Triassic-Jurassic) deep marine chert and limestone. The limestone forms spectacular karst terrain. These units are part of the microcontinent ("North Palawan Block") although they are deep marine rocks marginal to the continental crust. They were accreted to the Chinese continental crust in the Mesozoic at a time when an Andean-type subduction zone existed in southeast China.


title: Palawan (island)

text: Intruding these rocks in central Palawan (Cleopatra's Needle area) and northern Palawan (Mount Capoas or Kapoas area) are young granite bodies (true granite to granodiorite). The Kapoas intrusion is of Miocene age (13-15 million years old based on zircon and monazite U-Pb dating). In the Taytay area of northern Palawan, a young basaltic cinder cone is another manifestation of young magmatic activity. The granitic magmatism and basaltic magmatism are both expressions of what has been identified as a widespread post-South China Sea spreading magmatism that has affected many areas around the South China Sea.


title: Palawan (island)

text: Tectonically, Palawan with the Calamian Islands, is considered to be a north-east extension of the Sunda Plate, in collision with the Philippine Mobile Belt at Mindoro.


title: Palawan (island)

text: Two articulated phalanx bones of a tiger, besides another phalanx piece, were found amidst an assemblage of other animal bones and stone tools in Ille Cave near the village of New Ibajay. The other animal fossils were ascribed to macaques, deer, bearded pigs, small mammals, lizards, snakes and turtles. From the stone tools, besides the evidence for cuts on the bones, and the use of fire, it would appear that early humans had accumulated the bones. Additionally, the condition of the tiger subfossils, dated to approximately 12,000 to 9,000 years ago, differed from other fossils in the assemblage, dated to the Upper Paleolithic. The tiger subfossils showed longitudinal fracture of the cortical bone due to weathering, which suggests that they had post-mortem been exposed to light and air. Tiger parts were commonly used as amulets in South and Southeast Asia, so it may be that the tiger parts were imported from elsewhere, as is the case with tiger canine teeth, which were found in Ambangan sites dating to the 10th to 12th centuries in Butuan, Mindanao. On the other hand, the proximity of Borneo and Palawan also makes it likely that the tiger had colonized Palawan from Borneo before the Early Holocene.


title: Palawan (island)

text: Using the work of Von den Driesch, all chosen anatomical features of appendicular elements' anatomical features which were chosen, besides molars, were measured to distinguish between taxa that had close relationships, and see morphometric changes over ages, though not for pigs or deer. For the latter two, cranial and mandibular elements, besides teeth of deer from Ille Cave were compared with samples of the Philippine brown deer ("Cervus mariannus"), Calamian hog deer ("Axis calamianensis"), and Visayan spotted deer ("Cervus alfredi"), and thus two taxa of deer have been identified from the fossils: "Axis" and "Cervus". Remains of pigs were compared with the Eurasian ("Sus scrofa") and Palawanese wild boar ("Sus ahoenobarbus"). It is known that the Eurasian wild boar was imported as a domesticate to the islands from mainland Southeast Asia to the islands during the Terminal Holocene.


title: Palawan (island)

text: Throughout deposits of the Terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene and Terminal Pleistocene at Ille Cave, elements of deer skeletons are regular, gradually becoming less before vanishing in the Terminal Holocene. One 'large' and one 'small' taxon can be easily differentiated by the significant change in size observed in the postcranial elements and dentition. From comparisons of the mesial-distal and labio-lingual measurements of individual fossil teeth and mandibular toothrows with those of surviving deer taxa in the Philippines and other Southeast Asian islands, it appears that the Calamian hog deer is most plausible candidate for the small taxon. The hog deer exists in forest edges and open grassland habitats on the islands of Culion and Busuanga, which during the Pleistocene were part of the landmass of Greater Palawan, but not on Palawan itself nowadays. As for the 'large' taxon of deer found in the Palawanese fossils, the Philippine brown deer from Luzon appears to be closely matched to them, from dental biometric comparisons which are similar between the latter and extant members of the genus "Cervus" or "Rusa", particularly the Philippine brown deer ("C. mariannus") and spotted deer ("C. alfredi"). However, the Philippine brown deer shows significant variation across its range, with populations on Mindanao Island being smaller than those of Luzon. Thus, it is possible that the overlap between the Luzonese brown deer and the archaeological material is coincidental, and that the fossils could belonged to another species of Cervus that had occurred in Palawan, with the taxonomic classification being unresolved. The Philippine brown deer from Luzon appears to be closely matched to the 'large' taxon of deer found in the Palawanese fossils, from dental biometric comparisons which are similar between the latter and extant members of the genus "Cervus" or "Rusa", particularly the Philippine brown deer ("C. mariannus") and spotted deer ("C. alfredi"). However, the Philippine brown deer shows significant variation across its range, with populations on Mindanao Island being smaller than those of Luzon. Thus, it is possible that the overlap between the Luzonese brown deer and the archaeological material is coincidental, and that the fossils could belonged to another species of Cervus that had occurred in Palawan, with the taxonomic classification being unresolved. Otherwise, members of the genus "Cervus" are no longer seen in the region of Palawan.


title: Palawan (island)

text: In April 2013, a fishing vessel loaded with illegally poached animals ran aground on a coral atoll off the coast of Palawan Island.


title: Palawan (island)

text: In May 2014, armed forces chief of staff General Emmanuel T. Bautista said that Oyster Bay may be developed into a naval base with United States Navy support.


title: Forces of Nature (1999 film)

text: Forces of Nature is a 1999 American romantic comedy film directed by Bronwen Hughes, and starring Ben Affleck and Sandra Bullock.


title: Forces of Nature (1999 film)

text: Ben Holmes is a "blurb" writer responsible for writing the short introductions on the sleeves of hardcover books. On his way from his home in New York City to Savannah, Georgia for his wedding to Bridget, he is already anxious about flying. His nerves are worsened when he's seated next to Sarah, a free-spirited drifter who begins to talk to Ben immediately. On takeoff, a bird flies into one of the engines, causing a flameout. Now terrified to get on another plane, along with almost everyone else who was on board, Ben agrees to rent a car with Sarah, who also needs to get to Savannah within a few days, and another passenger, Vic.


title: Forces of Nature (1999 film)

text: Numerous obstacles begin to arise to prevent Ben from getting to his wedding. First, Vic begins smoking marijuana on the road, which leads to the three being arrested. Ben and Sarah are able to get released and buy train tickets to Georgia. Ben and Sarah share a moment on top of the train car, screaming into the picturesque landscape while the train is stopped, only to discover once they climb down that they've entered the wrong car and are now on their way to Chicago.


title: Forces of Nature (1999 film)

text: They disembark from the moving train and escape from a rain storm in a KMart, where they buy dry clothes and bond while discussing Ben's mixed feelings about getting married. Sarah reveals that she's been married twice and is traveling to Savannah to collect a large sum of money from the sale of a bagel shop that she opened with her estranged husband, Carl.