title: Scroll

text: Modern technology may be able to assist in reading ancient scrolls. In January 2015, computer software may be making progress in reading 2,000-year-old Herculaneum scrolls, computer scientists report. After working for more than 10 years on unlocking the contents of damaged Herculaneum scrolls, researchers may be able to progress towards reading the scrolls, which cannot be physically opened.


title: Aloo gobi

text: Aloo gobi, alu gobi or aloo gobhi () is a vegetarian dish from the Indian subcontinent made with potatoes ("aloo"), cauliflower ("gobhi"), and Indian spices. It is popular in Indian cuisine. It is yellowish in colour due to the use of turmeric, and occasionally contains black cumin and curry leaves. Other common ingredients include garlic, ginger, onion, coriander stalks, tomato, peas, black pepper, asafoetida and cumin. There are a number of variations and similar dishes.


title: Kamikaze (typhoon)

text: The kamikaze (, ) were two winds or storms that are said to have saved Japan from two Mongol fleets under Kublai Khan. These fleets attacked Japan in 1274 and again in 1281. Due to the growth of Zen Buddhism among Samurai at the time, these were the first events where the typhoons were described as "divine wind" as much by their timing as by their force. Since Man'yōshū, the word "kamikaze" has been used as a "Makurakotoba" of waka introducing Ise Grand Shrine.


title: Kamikaze (typhoon)

text: The latter fleet, composed of "more than four thousand ships bearing nearly 140,000 men", is said to have been the largest attempted naval invasion in history whose scale was only recently eclipsed in modern times by the D-Day invasion of allied forces into Normandy in 1944. The size of the fleet is often disputed by modern historians, however.


title: Kamikaze (typhoon)

text: In the first invasion, the Mongols successfully conquered the Japanese settlements on Tsushima and Iki islands. When they landed on Hakata Bay, however, they met fierce resistance by the armies of samurai clans and were forced to withdraw to their bases in China. In the midst of the withdrawal, they were hit by a typhoon. Most of their ships sank and many soldiers drowned.


title: Kamikaze (typhoon)

text: The first incident took place in autumn 1274 when a Mongol fleet of 500 to 900 ships carrying 30,000 to 40,000 men attacked Japan. While in Hakata Bay, Kyushu, a typhoon hit the fleet. An estimated 13,000 men drowned, around one-third of the ships sank, and the rest were damaged.


title: Kamikaze (typhoon)

text: During the time period between the first and second invasion, the Japanese prudently built two-meter-high walls to protect themselves from future assaults.


title: Kamikaze (typhoon)

text: Seven years later, the Mongols returned. Unable to find any suitable landing beaches due to the walls, the fleet stayed afloat for months and depleted their supplies as they searched for an area to land. After months of being exposed to the elements, the fleet was destroyed by a great typhoon, which the Japanese called "kamikaze" (divine wind). The Mongols never attacked Japan again, and more than 70,000 men were said to have been captured.


title: Kamikaze (typhoon)

text: The second fleet was larger, comprising two forces with an estimated total of 4,400 ships and 140,000 men, greatly outnumbering the Japanese soldiers, who had an estimated 40,000 samurai and other fighting men. The typhoon led to the death of at least half the men, and only a few hundred vessels survived. Following the storm, most survivors were killed by the Japanese. This event is considered "one of the largest and most disastrous attempts at a naval invasion in history."


title: Kamikaze (typhoon)

text: In popular Japanese myths at the time, the god Raijin was the god who turned the storms against the Mongols. Other variations say that the gods Fūjin, Ryūjin or Hachiman caused the destructive kamikaze.


title: Kamikaze (typhoon)

text: The name given to the storm, "kamikaze", was later used during World War II as nationalist propaganda for suicide attacks by Japanese pilots. The metaphor meant that the pilots were to be the "Divine Wind" that would again sweep the enemy from the seas. This use of "kamikaze" has come to be the common meaning of the word in English.


title: Witan

text: The Witan () was the king's council in Anglo-Saxon England from before the seventh century until the 11th century. It was composed of the leading magnates, both ecclesiastic and secular, and meetings of the council were sometimes called the Witenagemot. Its primary function was to advise the king on subjects such as promulgation of laws, judicial judgments, approval of charters transferring land, settlement of disputes, election of archbishops and bishops and other matters of major national importance. The witan also had to elect and approve the appointment of a new king. Its membership was composed of the most important noblemen, including ealdormen, thegns, and senior clergy.


title: Witan

text: The terms and are increasingly avoided by modern historians, although few would go as far as Geoffrey Hindley, who described as an "essentially Victorian" coinage. "The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England" prefers 'King's Council', but adds that it was known in Old English as the . John Maddicott regarded the word with suspicion, even though it is used in sources such as the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle":


title: Witan

text: For these reasons, in his study of the origins of the English parliament, he generally preferred the more neutral word 'assembly'. He described as a rare 11th century usage, with only nine pre-Conquest examples, mainly in the crisis of 1051–52. Patrick Wormald was also sceptical, describing as "a word always rare and unattested before 1035".


title: Witan

text: Henrietta Leyser commented in 2017 that for decades historians avoided using the word 'witan' for assemblies in case they were interpreted as proto-parliaments, and she went on: "Recent historiography, however, has reintroduced the term since it is clear that it was generally accepted that certain kinds of business could only be transacted with a substantial number of the king's wise men, in other words, in the company of his 'witan'" She does not mention the term "witenagemot".


title: Witan

text: A contemporary account of a dispute over an estate in Middlesex in the 950s refers to a decision of the "Myrcna witan" (Mercian witan).


title: Witan

text: It is generally accepted that the English witenagemot had its origins in ancient Germanic assemblies summoned to witness royal grants of land. Yet whatever their status in the fourth and fifth centuries, the nature of these assemblies in England was irrevocably changed when Christianity was introduced, circa A.D. 600. Hereafter, church and state were "inseparably intertwined," and this was reflected in the strong ecclesiastical element in the witan's membership and concerns; records of decisions made by witan encompass ecclesiastical and secular jurisdictions alike.


title: Witan

text: Anglo-Saxon society was based on reciprocal arrangements between the king and all those lower in the societal order. The principal conflicts of this period, such as the Norse invasions and the Norman Conquest, all relied on troops raised by kings from ealdormen and thegns from whom they had received sworn fealty. As in later medieval times, kings offered land in this era in exchange for military support in times of war, and thus holding regular royal councils was means of ensuring nobles held input and viewpoints into defence needs, and legislative planning and feasibility when demanded. The Chronicles state that various kings of the period, during the Heptarchy and the later united England, consulted their nobles and senior clergy to witness charters and collectively form laws for the common good. This is most noted, perhaps, by the Chronicles concerning Offa of Mercia and Alfred the Great of Wessex respectively, and Æthelstan, Eadred, Edgar the Peaceful, Æthelred the Unready, and Cnut the Great, of the eventual sole Kingdom of the English. The Chronicles in many instances cite numerous Witans that were held for the aforementioned purposes, and by the aforecited monarchs of the period. The purpose of the Witan, therefore, was to ensure that those who were responsible for fighting wars, and implementing laws (more so in the case of ealdormen who held administrative control over counties and major towns/cities), could not only offer input but also forestall any potential rebellion from a lack of inclusion in this process.


title: Witan

text: The exact nature of the witenagemot, however, remains "essentially vague, fluctuating, and incoherent." Nevertheless, there is much direct evidence of the witan's various activities. Knowledge about who made up the witan and who was present at their meetings is provided mainly by lists of witnesses to charters, or grants of land, which were concocted at the witenagemots. Reference to the witan's "acta" or official decisions are also preserved in law codes.


title: Witan

text: The first recorded act of a witenagemot was the law code issued by King Æthelberht of Kent ca. A.D. 600, the earliest document which survives in sustained Old English prose; however, the witan was certainly in existence long before this time. Altogether, about 2,000 charters and 40 law codes survive which attest to the workings of the various meetings of the witan, of which there are around 300 recorded.


title: Witan

text: These documents clearly indicate that the witan was composed of the nation's highest echelon of both ecclesiastical and secular officers. Present on the ecclesiastical side were archbishops, bishops, and abbots, and occasionally also abbesses and priests; on the secular side ealdormen (or "eorls" in the latter centuries) and thegns. Members of the royal family were also present, and the king presided over the entire body.


title: Witan

text: In his investigation into Anglo-Saxon institutions, H. M. Chadwick wrote: I have not thought it necessary to discuss at length the nature of the powers possessed by the council [i.e., the witenagemot], for… there can be little hope of arriving at any definite conclusions on this subject. Indeed it seems at least doubtful whether the functions of the council were ever properly defined.


title: Witan

text: Similarly, in his study of the witenagemots, Felix Liebermann stated that "its functions and power differ… considerably at various times." Still, he was able to give a relatively detailed description of its constitution:From the time of Ine the Witan was composed of the aristocratic "élite" created by monarchy. The king, generally indeed advised by the existing nobility, conferred prelatures and ealdormanries, with both of which a seat in the national assembly [i.e., the witenagemot] was legally or practically connected. Members of the royal family, ladies not excepted, were present at many gemots. The king alone raised a man to the position of a gesith, a thane, a provincial or local reeve, a court officer or a royal chaplain, one of which titles seems to have been the indispensable qualification for a vote… as no periodicity of the assembly was fixed, the king determined when and where it was to meet, for the most part choosing places under his immediate control; he presided, spoke first, put his questions, proposed his bills of proposed laws, and finally dismissed the witan.


title: Witan

text: The witan was noted by contemporary sources as having the singular power to "ceosan to cyninge", 'to choose the king' from amongst the (extended) royal family. Nevertheless, at least until the 11th century, royal succession generally followed the "ordinary system of primogeniture." The historian Chadwick interpreted these facts as proof that the so-called election of the king by the witan merely amounted to formal recognition of the deceased king's natural successor. But Liebermann was generally less willing than Chadwick to see the witan's significance as buried under the weight of the royal prerogative:The influence of the king, or at least of kingship, on the constitution of the assembly seems, therefore, to have been immense. But on the other hand he (the king) was elected by the witan… He could not depose the prelates or ealdormen, who held their office for life, nor indeed the hereditary thanes… At any rate, the king had to get on with the highest statesmen appointed by his predecessor, though possibly disliked by him, until death made a post vacant that he could fill with a relation or a favourite, not, however, without having a certain regard to the wishes of the aristocracy.


title: Witan

text: Liebermann's more subtle position seems to be vindicated by testimony from abbot Ælfric of Eynsham, the leading homilist of the late tenth century, who wrote:No man can make himself king, but the people has the choice to choose as king whom they please; but after he is consecrated as king, he then has dominion over the people, and they cannot shake his yoke off their necks.


title: Witan

text: In addition to having a role in the 'election' of English Kings, it is often held that the witenagemots had the power to depose an unpopular king. However, there are only two occasions when this probably happened, in 757 and 774 with the depositions of kings Sigeberht of Wessex and Alhred of Northumbria respectively.


title: Witan

text: The witan's powers are illustrated by the following event. In the year 1013 King Æthelred II ( Æthelred the Unready) fled the country from Sweyn Forkbeard, who then had the witan proclaim him king. Within a few weeks, however, Sweyn died and Æthelred was called back to England by the witan. According to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", the witan would only receive him back under the condition that he promise to rule better than he had. Æthelred did so, and was reinstated as King of England. His nickname of the 'Unræd' or 'Unready' means ill-advised, indicating that contemporaries regarded those who sat in the witan as part responsible for the failure of his reign.


title: Witan

text: Though in general the witan were recognized as the king's closest advisors and policy-makers, various witan also operated in other capacities; there are mentions of "þeodwitan", 'people's witan', "Angolcynnes witan", 'England's witan', and an Anglo-Saxon and Archbishop of York, Wulfstan II, wrote that "it is incumbent on bishops, that venerable witan always travel with them, and dwell with them, at least of the priesthood; and that they may consult with them… and who may be their counsellors at every time."


title: Witan

text: Even when summoned explicitly by kings, the witenagemots did not represent the political will of all England: before the unification of England in the tenth century, separate witenagemots were convened by the Kings of Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex and Wessex. Indeed, even after Wessex became the dominant power in England, supplanting the other kingdoms, local witan continued to meet until as late as 1067. In his work on Alfred the Great, historian David Sturdy argues that the witan did not embody modern notions of a 'national institution' or a 'democratic' body: "Victorian notions of a national 'witan' are crazy dreams without foundation, myths of a 'democratic parliament' that never was".


title: Witan

text: Witan would advise on the administration and organization of the kingdom, dealing with issues such as taxation, jurisprudence and both internal and external security. The witenagemot was in many ways different from the future institution of the Parliament of England; it had substantially different powers and some major limitations, such as a lack of a fixed procedure, schedule, or meeting place. The witan could seek to prevent autocracy and carry on government during interregnums, but ultimately the witenagemot answered to the king. It only assembled when he summoned it, and its assembling without his approval could be considered treason. The witenagemot was more an advisory council. In some cases, weak kings (such as Ethelred the Unready) were dependent on the witenagemot, while others used it as simply a group of advisers.


title: Witan

text: Though no set date was ever in use, witenagemots met at least once a year, and commonly more often. There was no single seat of a witenagemot, it being held where the king was, who typically had no single fixed court either. Witenagemots are known to have met in at least 116 locations, including Amesbury, Calne, Cheddar, Gloucester, London and Winchester. The meeting places were often on royal estates, but some witenagemots were convened in the open at prominent rocks, hills, meadows and famous trees.


title: Witan

text: This arrangement ended after the Norman invasion of England in 1066 when William I of England replaced the witenagemot with the "curia regis", or king's court. However, in a sign of the witenagemot's enduring legacy, the "curia regis" continued to be dubbed a "witan" by chroniclers until as late as the 12th century.


title: Witan

text: The "Saxon myth" claimed that the old Saxon Witan originated in a representative assembly of English landholders. The claim was that the original assembly was then subsequently disbanded by the Norman invaders and later reappeared as the Parliament of England. This idea was held across the Thirteen Colonies in North America in the years prior to the American Revolution (1776–1783). Among the believers were Americans including Thomas Jefferson and Jonathan Mayhew.


title: Harpocrates

text: Harpocrates (, Phoenician: 𐤇𐤓𐤐𐤊𐤓𐤈, ḥrpkrṭ, "harpokrates") was the god of silence, secrets and confidentiality in the Hellenistic religion developed in Ptolemaic Alexandria (and also an embodiment of hope, according to Plutarch). Harpocrates was adapted by the Greeks from the Egyptian child god Horus, who represented the newborn sun, rising each day at dawn. Harpocrates's name was a Hellenization of the Egyptian "Har-pa-khered" or "Heru-pa-khered", meaning "Horus the Child". Horus is represented as a naked boy with his finger to his mouth, a realisation of the hieroglyph for "child" (𓀔). Misunderstanding this gesture, the later Greeks and Roman poets made Harpocrates the god of silence and secrecy.


title: Harpocrates

text: In Egyptian mythology, Horus was the child of Isis and Osiris. Osiris was the original divine pharaoh of Egypt, who had been murdered by his brother Set (by "interpretatio graeca", identified with Typhon or Chaos), mummified, and thus became the god of the underworld. The Greeks melded Osiris with their underworldly Hades to produce the essentially Alexandrian syncretism known as Serapis.


title: Harpocrates

text: Among the Egyptians, the full-grown Horus was considered the victorious god of the sun who each day overcomes darkness. He is often represented with the head of a Eurasian sparrowhawk, which was sacred to him, as the hawk flies high above the Earth. Horus fought battles against Set, until he finally achieved victory and became the ruler of Egypt. Thereafter, the pharaohs of Egypt were seen as reincarnations of the victorious Horus.


title: Harpocrates

text: "Horus on the Crocodiles" steles depicting Heru-pa-Khered standing on the back of a crocodile and holding snakes in his outstretched hands were erected in Egyptian temple courtyards, where they would be immersed or lustrated (purified) in water; the water was then used for blessing and healing purposes as the name of Heru-pa-Khered was itself attributed with many protective and healing powers.


title: Harpocrates

text: In the Alexandrian and Roman renewed vogue for the Greco-Roman mysteries at the turn of the millennium into the common era — mystery cults had already existed for centuries — the worship of Horus became widely extended, linked with his mother Isis and his father Serapis.


title: Harpocrates

text: In this way Harpocrates, the child Horus, personifies the newborn sun each day, the first strength of the winter sun, and also the image of early vegetation. Egyptian statues represent the child Horus, pictured as a naked boy with his finger on his chin with the fingertip just below the lips of his mouth, a realization of the hieroglyph for "child" that is unrelated to the Greco-Roman and modern gesture for "silence". Misunderstanding this sign, the later Greeks and Roman poets made Harpocrates the god of silence and secrecy, taking their cue from Marcus Terentius Varro, who asserted in "De lingua Latina" of "Caelum" (Sky) and "Terra" (Earth).


title: Harpocrates

text: One other tale relates the story about the Greek gods. Aphrodite gave a rose to her son Eros, the god of love; he, in turn, gave it to Harpocrates to ensure that his mother's indiscretions (or those of the gods in general, in other accounts) were kept under wraps. This gave roses the connotation of secrecy (a rose suspended from the ceiling of a council chamber pledged all present – "sub rosa" "under the rose"), which continued through the Middle Ages and through the modern era.


title: Harpocrates

text: Inexpensive cast terracotta images of Harpocrates, suitable for house shrines, are found scattered throughout the Roman Empire. Thus Augustine of Hippo was aware of the iconic gesture of Harpocrates:


title: Harpocrates

text: Martianus Capella, author of an allegorizing textbook that remained a standard through the Middle Ages recognized the image of the "boy with his finger pressed to his lips" but neglected to mention Harpocrates' name: "[Q]uidam redimitus puer ad os compresso digito salutari silentium commonebat". The boy was identified, however, as Cupid in glosses, a syncresis that had already resulted in the figure of Harpocratic Cupid.


title: Harpocrates

text: Plutarch wrote that Harpocrates was the second son of Isis and that he was born prematurely with lame legs. Horus the Child became the special protector of children and their mothers. As he was healed of a poisonous snake bite by Ra he became a symbol of hope in the gods looking after suffering humanity.


title: Harpocrates

text: Another solar cult, not directly connected with Harpocrates, was that of Sol Invictus "the Unconquered Sun".


title: Harpocrates

text: From the 1920s through the 1950s, Harpo Marx performed pantomime and wore either a curly red or curly blonde wig in character. His brother Groucho jokingly said he named himself in honour of Harpocrates, as a god of both silence and childhood, or childish joy. In truth he was named Harpo because he played the harp.


title: Harpocrates

text: Modern occultists display his image, loosely connected now with Hermetic gnosticism. Typically, "Harpocrates is the Babe in the Egg of Blue that sits upon the lotus flower in the Nile". He may be termed the 'god of silence' and said to represent the higher self and be the 'holy guardian angel' and more in similar vein, adapted from Aleister Crowley's often-reprinted "Magick".


title: Harpocrates

text: Many Discordians consider Harpo Marx to have been a contemporary avatar of Harpocrates. Because of this, Discordians often invoke Harpocrates as a trickster god or god of humor in addition to his classical attribution of god of silence.


title: Harpocrates

text: Roses, a symbol strongly associated with Harpocrates, can sometimes be seen painted or else plastered upon borders around the ceilings of rooms intended for the receiving of guests (dining rooms, parlours, etc.), as a sign that topics discussed within the room are not to be discussed or else repeated outside of the room and other outside parties. Similarly, roses may be placed over confessionals to symbolize confidentiality.


title: Harpocrates

text: In 2018, archaeologists discovered a bone statuette depicting the god dating back to the 1st century BC. In addition to the god, two satyrs and a goose are depicted. It was discovered during excavations at the ancient Greek city of Tiritaka at Crimea. A statue of Harpocrates was also found in Faw, Saudi Arabia dating to the Kingdom of Kinda of late antiquity.


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands or Leeward Hawaiian Islands are a series of islands and atolls in the Hawaiian island chain located northwest (in some cases, far to the northwest) of the islands of Kauai and Niihau. Politically, they are all part of Honolulu County in the U.S. state of Hawaii, except Midway Atoll, which is a territory distinct from the State of Hawaii, and grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The United States Census Bureau defines this area, except Midway, as Census Tract 114.98 of Honolulu County. Its total land area is . All the islands except Nihoa are north of the Tropic of Cancer, making them the only islands in Hawaii that lie outside the tropics.


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: Other islands or reefs were previously mapped as part of this chain but are now considered to be either phantom islands or misidentifications of existing islands. The following reefs continued to appear on maps as late as 1934:


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: As late as 1960, a German globe showed islands west of Kure Atoll that had long been proven nonexistent:


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands were formed approximately 7 to 30 million years ago, as shield volcanoes over the same volcanic hotspot that formed the Emperor Seamounts to the north and the Main Hawaiian Islands to the south. As the Pacific Plate moved north and later northwest over the hot spot, volcanic eruptions built up islands in a linear chain. The isolated land masses gradually eroded and subsided, evolving from high islands in the south, much like the Main Islands of Hawaii, to atolls (or seamounts) north of the Darwin Point. Each of the NWHI are in various stages of erosion. Nihoa, Necker, and Gardner Pinnacles are rocky, basalt islands that have not eroded enough to form an atoll, or that lack a substantial coral reef. Laysan and Lisianski are low, sandy islands that have been eroded longer. French Frigate Shoals, Pearl and Hermes, Midway, and Kure are atolls.


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: North of the Darwin Point, the coral reef grows more slowly than the island's subsidence, and as the Pacific Plate moves northwest, the island becomes a seamount when it crosses this line. Kure Atoll straddles the Darwin Point, and will sink beneath the ocean when its coral reef cannot keep up with the rate of subsidence, a destiny that awaits every Hawaiian island.


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: The Hawaiian Islands are about from North America and from Asia, and it is because of this isolation that the Hawaiian Islands have extraordinary numbers of unique species. Only a species that could fly or swim immense distances could reach the archipelago. But whereas Polynesians, and later, Europeans, have largely altered the ecosystem of the Main Hawaiian islands by introducing alien species, the ecosystems of the NWHI remain, for the most part, intact. The extensive coral reefs found in Papahānaumokuākea are home to over 7,000 marine species. Of the many species that live here, over 1,700 species of organisms are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (i.e., they are found nowhere else). For this reason, the region has been dubbed "America's Galápagos".


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: Though not subject to nearly as much extinction as the main islands, the Leeward Islands have had their share of abuse. From the late 19th to the early 20th centuries, fishermen, guano miners, and feather hunters killed most of the birds and sea life living in the NWHI. Rabbits were introduced to Laysan and Lisianski, where they multiplied and devoured most of the vegetation, permanently extinguishing several species. However, most of the damage was reversed, and the islands were restored largely to their pre-exploitation state.


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: The NWHI has been recognized as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because of its seabirds and endemic landbirds. The seabird colonies in the IBA form one of the largest assemblages of tropical seabirds in the world, with over 14 million birds of 21 species.


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: Some of the endemic species of the NWHI include the Nihoa and Laysan finch, the Laysan duck (the "rarest native waterfowl in the United States"), and the Nihoa fan palm. Other notable species are the Laysan albatross, the highly endangered Hawaiian monk seal, and the green sea turtle. The only native trapdoor spiders in the Hawaiian archipelago ("Nihoa" spp.), recently discovered, are found here. Most endemic species are highly vulnerable to extinction as one major catastrophic event could wipe out all of the vegetation on each small island. Additionally, seventy percent of all coral reefs in the United States are found here.


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: Archeological evidence suggests ancient Hawaiians visited but did not live on Mokumanamana (Necker) and French Frigate Shoals, and the islands were deserted when Europeans arrived in the 18th century. Agricultural terraces indicate Hawaiians lived on Nihoa for extended periods of time. Mokumanamana lacks vegetation and is unsuitable for agriculture, and archeological studies indicate early Hawaiians only visited and used the island for religious purposes.


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: The first of the Leeward Isles to be discovered by Europeans was Nihoa. James Colnett discovered it in 1786, although historically the credit has gone to William Douglas. Later that year, La Pérouse discovered Necker, and named it for Jacques Necker, the French Minister of Finance. La Pérouse then went on to discover French Frigate Shoals. The last of the NWHI to be discovered was Midway Atoll, which was found by N.C. Middlebrooks in 1859. In 1925, the Tanager Expedition travelled to many of the NWHI. The islands were mapped, new species were discovered and described, and the archeological sites on Nihoa and Necker were found.


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: Most of the islands have two names: one in English and one in Hawaiian (indicated in parentheses above). The majority of the Hawaiian names used as alternatives to the English ones were created in modern times; the original names that ancient Hawaiians gave to all of these islands that they encountered prior to Western contact are found in various oli (chants) and moʻolelo (stories).


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: On June 15, 2006, American President George W. Bush issued a public proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The Monument encompasses the islands and surrounding waters, forming the largest marine wildlife reserve in the world. President Theodore Roosevelt had declared the Northwestern Hawaiian chain a bird sanctuary in 1909, and the islands had been protected since 2000 with a designation as an 'ecosystem reserve' by President Bill Clinton, but increasing it to national monument status provides unprecedented control. of ocean was at that time set aside for protection, about the size of the U.S. state of California.


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: In August 2016, President Barack Obama expanded the area of the monument by roughly four times. The expanded monument was at that time the world's largest marine protected area.


title: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: Entry to the Monument is limited through a permit system, jointly administered by NOAA, FWS, and the state of Hawaii. Anyone who comes to the islands must follow stringent procedures designed to prevent any stray species from entering and disrupting the ecosystem. All clothes must be bought new, and kept wrapped until before arrival. In fact, all "soft" items (camera strap, blanket) must be bought new, and all "hard" items (camera, binoculars) must be cleaned thoroughly. Then, every item must be frozen for 48 hours. A new set of equipment must be prepared for each island one is going to, to prevent inter-island species introduction. However, French Frigate Shoals and Midway Atoll are exempted from these rules, as they are deemed too altered by humans already to worry about introducing new species.


title: 55th Annual Grammy Awards

text: The 55th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 10, 2013, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles honoring the best in music for the recording year beginning October 1, 2011 through September 30, 2012. The show was broadcast on CBS at 8 p.m. ET/PT and was hosted for the second time by LL Cool J. The "Pre-Telecast Ceremony" was streamed live from LA's Nokia Theater at the official Grammy website. Nominations were announced on December 5, 2012, on prime-time television as part of "The GRAMMY Nominations Concert Live! – Countdown to Music's Biggest Night", a one-hour special co-hosted by LL Cool J & Taylor Swift and broadcast live on CBS from the Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee. Fun, Frank Ocean, Mumford & Sons, Jay-Z, Kanye West and Dan Auerbach received the most nominations with six each.


title: 55th Annual Grammy Awards

text: Gotye and Kimbra won the Record of the Year for "Somebody That I Used to Know", becoming the second Australian and first New Zealand act to win the award. Mumford & Sons won the Album of the Year for "Babel", and Fun won the Song of the Year (with Jeff Bhasker) for "We Are Young" as well as the Best New Artist. Kelly Clarkson won the Best Pop Vocal Album for "Stronger", becoming the first and only artist to win the award twice. Dan Auerbach won the most awards during the ceremony, with five (including three as part of The Black Keys); followed by The Black Keys, Gotye, Jay-Z, Skrillex, Kanye West, with three each. Other multiple winners include: Chick Corea, Fun, Kimbra, Mumford & Sons, Frank Ocean, Matt Redman and Esperanza Spalding with two awards each.


title: 55th Annual Grammy Awards

text: The Recording Academy introduced three new categories to the 78 awards previously presented at the 54th ceremony—Best Classical Compendium, Best Latin Jazz Album, and Best Urban Contemporary Album, bringing it to a total of 81 awards. 70 of them were presented at the pre-telecast at the Nokia Theatre, with the remaining 11 were presented at the main ceremony. Bruce Springsteen received the MusiCares Person of the Year award on February 8, 2013, at the 23rd Grammy Benefit Gala at the Los Angeles Convention Center, two nights prior to the main ceremony. The official poster was designed by Artist Erika Iris Simmons. The program producer is AEG Ehrlich Ventures, with Ken Ehrlich serving as executive producer, Louis J. Horvitz as director and David Wild and Ken Ehrlich as writers.


title: 55th Annual Grammy Awards

text: Nas had most nominations without a win, with four. Four artists had three nominations without a win: Bruce Springsteen, Jack White, Hunter Hayes and Marvin Sapp.


title: 55th Annual Grammy Awards

text: Two artists received a posthumous Grammy Award: Gil Evans (Best Instrumental Arrangement) and Ravi Shankar (Best World Music Album).


title: 55th Annual Grammy Awards

text: Dave Brubeck, Leroy "Sugarfoot" Bonner, Andy Williams, Donna Summer, Robin Gibb, Patti Page, Earl Scruggs, Chuck Brown, Davy Jones, Dick Clark, Fontella Bass, Marva Whitney, Jimmy Jones, Cleve Duncan, Herb Reed, Frank Wilson, Hal David, Scott McKenzie, Andy Griffith, Marvin Hamlisch, Richard Adler, Patty Andrews, Dorothy McGuire, Jenni Rivera, Kitty Wells, Frances Preston, Donna Hilley, Rick Blackburn, Doc Watson, Mike Auldridge, Joe South, Ravi Shankar, Mickey Baker, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Carl Davis, Adam Yauch, Jon Lord, Ed Cassidy, Ronnie Montrose, Frank Barsalona, Gil Friesen, Chris Lighty, Billy Strange, Big Jim Sullivan, Jim Marshall, George Marino, John Stronach, Howard Hilson Scott, Al DeLory, Mike Melvoin, Alan Mintz, David Braun, Paul Marshall, Jules Chaikin, Paquito Hechavarria, Yomo Toro, Luis Alberto Spinetta, Elliott Carter, Maurice André, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Claude Nobs, Carrie Smith, Red Holloway, Bob Babbitt, Andrew Love, Bob Welch, Bob Birch and Levon Helm.


title: 55th Annual Grammy Awards

text: In its original live television broadcast, the ceremony received a 25 share/rating among viewers aged 18–49 and was watched by 28.37 million people.


title: Edward Braddock

text: Major-General Edward Braddock (January 1695 – 13 July 1755) was a British officer and commander-in-chief for the Thirteen Colonies during the start of the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the North American front of what is known in Europe and Canada as the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). He is generally best remembered for his command of a disastrous expedition against the French-occupied Ohio River Valley in 1755; he was killed in the effort.


title: Edward Braddock

text: Born in 1695 as the son of Major-General Edward Braddock of the Coldstream Guards and his wife, Braddock followed his father into the British army. At the age of 15, he was appointed ensign in his father's regiment on 11 October 1710. He was promoted to lieutenant of the grenadier company in 1716. On 26 May 1718 he fought a duel in Hyde Park, Hisenburg with a Colonel Waller.


title: Edward Braddock

text: Braddock was promoted to captain in 1736, at the age of 41. He made major in 1743, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the regiment on 21 November 1745.


title: Edward Braddock

text: He participated in the Siege of Bergen op Zoom in 1747. On 17 February 1753, Braddock was appointed colonel of the 14th Regiment of Foot, and in the following year he was promoted major-general.


title: Edward Braddock

text: Appointed shortly afterward to command against the French in America, Braddock landed with two regiments of British regulars on 20 February 1755 in Hampton, in the colony of Virginia. He met with several of the colonial governors at the Congress of Alexandria on 14 April and was persuaded to undertake vigorous actions against the French. The attack would proceed on four fronts: a general from Massachusetts would attack at Fort Niagara, General William Johnson would attack Fort Saint-Frédéric at Crown Point, Colonel Robert Monckton at Fort Beausejour on the Bay of Fundy, while Braddock himself would lead an expedition against Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh) at the Forks of the Ohio River.


title: Edward Braddock

text: After some months of preparation, in which he was hampered by administrative confusion and want of resources previously promised by the colonials, the Braddock expedition took the field with a picked column, in which George Washington served as a volunteer officer. Braddock took some of his men and marched forward, leaving most of his men behind. The column crossed the Monongahela River on 9 July 1755, and shortly afterward collided head-on with an Indian and French force which was rushing from Fort Duquesne to oppose the river crossing. Although the initial exchange of musketry favored the British, felling the French commander and causing some Canadian militia to flee, the remaining Indian/French force reacted quickly. They ran down the flanks of the column and put it under a murderous crossfire.


title: Edward Braddock

text: Braddock's troops reacted poorly and became disordered. The British attempted retreat, but ran into the rest of the British soldiers earlier left behind. Braddock rallied his men repeatedly, but fell at last, mortally wounded by a shot through the chest. Although the exact causes of the defeat are debated to this day, a contributing factor was likely Braddock's underestimation of how effectively the French and Indians could react in a battle situation, and how rapidly the discipline and fighting effectiveness of his own men could evaporate.


title: Edward Braddock

text: An article published in "The Roanoke Times" on April 15, 1951, claims that Braddock was shot dead by an American soldier called Benjamin Bolling. According to the article, Bolling intentionally shot Braddock to protect the lives of his fellow American soldiers during the ambush, as British troops were firing at American troops under the mistaken impression that they were actually French troops due to the fact that many Americans had taken cover in the tree line. The death of Braddock then allowed for Washington to take command and order a retreat, which, according to the article, allowed for the Americans to fall back without being further fired upon by the confused British, saving many of their lives.


title: Edward Braddock

text: Braddock was borne off the field by Washington and Col. Nicholas Meriwether,; he died on 13 July from wounds suffered in the battle. Before he died, Braddock left Washington his ceremonial sash that he wore with his battle uniform, as well as his two pistols. Some of his last words were, "Who would have thought?" and "we shall know better another time". Reportedly, Washington always took this sash with him for the rest of his life, both as the commander of the Continental Army and for his presidential duties. It is still on display today at Washington's home on the Potomac River, Mount Vernon.


title: Edward Braddock

text: Braddock was buried just west of Great Meadows, where the remnants of the column halted on its retreat to reorganize. He was buried in the middle of the road that his men had just cut through and wagons were rolled over top of the grave site to prevent his body from being discovered and desecrated by the Indians. George Washington presided at the burial service, as the chaplain had been severely wounded.


title: Edward Braddock

text: Benjamin Franklin's "Autobiography" (1791) includes an account of helping General Braddock garner supplies and carriages for the general's troops. He also describes a conversation with Braddock in which he explicitly warned the General that his plan to march troops to the fort through a narrow valley would be dangerous because of the possibility of an ambush. This is sometimes cited as advice against the disastrous eventual outcome, but the fact remains that Braddock was not ambushed in that final action, and the battle site was not, in any case, a narrow valley. Braddock had in fact taken great precautions against ambuscade, and had crossed the Monongahela an additional time to avoid the narrow Turtle Creek defile.


title: Edward Braddock

text: In 1804, human remains believed to be Braddock's were found buried in the roadway about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Great Meadows by a crew of road workers. The remains were exhumed. A marble monument was erected over the new grave site in 1913 by the Coldstream Guards.


title: Edward Braddock

text: General Braddock is the namesake of Braddock Borough, Mt. Braddock, Braddock Hills, and North Braddock in Pennsylvania; the community of Braddock Heights or Braddock Mountain west of Frederick, Maryland; Braddock Middle School and Braddock Road in Cumberland, Maryland; and, in Virginia, Braddock Road, which runs from Alexandria to Aldie, a separate Braddock Road within the city of Alexandria – namesake of the Metrorail station at its eastern terminus – and Braddock Street in Winchester. Plus sections of the road cut by the British Army is known as "Braddock's Road" and forms most of eastern U.S. Route 40 in Maryland and Pennsylvania.


title: Suze Randall

text: Suze Randall (born 18 May 1946) is an English model, photographer, and pornographer. Randall was the first female staff photographer for both "Playboy" and "Hustler". She is one of the early female porn film directors; she made "Kiss and Tell" in 1980. She is president of adult content website Suze Network.


title: Suze Randall

text: Working first as a nurse, then as a fashion model in the early 1970s, Randall gained attention for erotic photographs she took of her fellow model friends. In 1972, she played an au pair in Éric Rohmer's film "Love in the Afternoon". She gave up modelling and devoted her time to erotic photography becoming the first female to shoot "Page 3" for "The Sun" newspaper. After working for years in top adult magazines like "Penthouse" and "Playboy," she now continues her career as a freelance photographer. In recent years, her work has included bondage imagery.


title: Suze Randall

text: Her breakthrough came when she spotted the pinup model Lillian Müller and photographed her for "Playboy". Müller was chosen as Playmate of the Month in August 1975 and subsequently Playmate of the Year in 1976. In a pictorial in "Playboy's" May 1976 issue, Randall was both photographer and model. She went on to shoot a much more explicit self-portrait in a June 1977 "Hustler" pictorial.


title: Suze Randall

text: Randall was staff photographer from 1975 until 1977 for "Playboy" under the supervision of the magazine's West Coast editor Marilyn Grabowski, then from 1977 until 1979 staff photographer for "Hustler". Later she provided "Penthouse Pet" feature photo layouts for Aria Giovanni, Alexus Winston, Lanny Barby, Stormy Daniels, Nikita, Sunny Leone, Lexus Locklear, Lilly Ann, Silvia Saint, Zdenka, Elizabeth Hilden, Jisel, Tera Patrick, Julie Strain, Racquel Darrian, Aimee Sweet, Swan, and Pamela.


title: Suze Randall

text: Randall has shot the British Lamb's Navy Rum calendar, has done album covers for recording artists such as Revenge (side project of Peter Hook from New Order) and Robert Palmer, as well as a music video for Capitol Records.


title: Suze Randall

text: Randall is married to writer Humphry Knipe, who helped write her biographical book "Suze" (1977), wrote and directed several of her films as Victor Nye, and manages Suze Randall Productions websites. Their daughter, Holly Randall, (born 5 September 1978), is an American erotic photographer who works with her mother and has her own erotic website.


title: Jacques Torres

text: Jacques Torres (born 14 June 1959) is a French pastry chef and chocolatier based in New York. Torres is a member of the International Culinary Center community, as Dean of Pastry Arts as well as holding pastry demonstrations. He appears on the show "Nailed It!".


title: Jacques Torres

text: Torres was born in Algiers and grew up in Bandol, a fishing village in the South of France. When Torres was 15 years old, he began an apprenticeship at a small pastry shop and completed his apprenticeship requirements in two years, graduating first in his class. In 1980 he began working with two-star Michelin chef Jacques Maximin at the Hotel Negresco. During that time, Torres also attended culinary school to earn a Master Pastry Chef degree. Next he taught pastry courses at a culinary school in Cannes from 1983 to 1986. In 1986, Torres was the youngest person to ever win the Meilleur Ouvrier Pâtissier de France competition.


title: Jacques Torres

text: Torres moved to the United States, and in 1988 he served as the Corporate Pastry Chef for the Ritz Carlton Hotel Company before moving on to Le Cirque, where he worked for 11 years as Executive Pastry Chef. Torres joined the faculty of the International Culinary Center in 1993, and after designing the Classic Pastry Arts Curriculum in 1996, he became the school's Dean of Pastry Arts. In 2000, Torres left Le Cirque to open a chocolate factory and retail shop in Brooklyn, New York. Currently there are eight Jacques Torres shops, including one chocolate factory in the Brooklyn Army Terminal and an ice cream shop in Grand Central Terminal. In March 2017 Jacques opened New York City's first chocolate museum, named Choco-Story New York. The museum opened at the site of his flagship store in Manhattan.


title: Jacques Torres

text: In 2007, Torres married chocolatier Hasty Khoei, who formerly worked under Torres in his chocolate factory. Khoei owned a chocolate shop, Madame Chocolat, in Beverly Hills, California. Their son, Pierre, was born on August 19, 2016. Their daughter, Jacqueline, was born on April 5, 2019. The family currently resides in New York City.


title: Jacques Torres

text: Torres appeared as a judge on Season 4 of "Next Great Baker", and is a judge and co-host on the cooking comedy show "Nailed It!" alongside Nicole Byer.


title: Jacques Torres

text: Torres' awards include the James Beard Foundation Pastry Chef of the Year, Meilleur Ouvrier de France, the Chefs of America Pastry Chef of the Year, and Chartreuse Pastry Chef of the Year. He is a member of the , and in 2003 the James Beard Foundation inducted him into the "Who's Who of Food and Beverage in America". Torres is the author of two Dessert Circus books, and the host of the Food Network TV show "Chocolate with Jacques Torres". In 2004 he opened his chocolate factory and second retail location in Manhattan, Jacques Torres Chocolate Haven. On May 13, 2010, Torres, along with culinary chefs from the French Culinary Institute (now known as The International Culinary Center), Jacques Pepin, Alain Sailhac and André Soltner, prepared a $30,000-per-couple dinner for U.S. President Barack Obama's fund-raiser for the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee at Manhattan's St. Regis Hotel.


title: Jacques Torres

text: Chocolate with Jacques Torres is a North American television cooking show hosted by Jacques Torres. It premiered in on the Food Network in 2002. The show was taped in the United States and France, occasionally in Torres' home region of Provence. Its primary focus is on extravagant chocolate-based desserts, including chocolate sculptures, centerpieces, and other edible artwork. Torres often describes techniques viewers can use to make their own at home.


title: Alex Day

text: Alex Richard George Day (born 8 April 1989) is an English musician, vlogger and writer. Day has released seven studio albums, two EPs, and had three UK Top 40 hits. Day amassed more than 1,000,000 subscribers and over 130 million views on his YouTube channel before sexual misconduct allegations arose in 2014 that resulted in the end of his YouTube success.


title: Alex Day

text: He worked in the Regent Street Apple Store during 2009. In August 2010, Day visited Zambia whilst taking part in the World Vision Vlogger charity event. He filmed and shared his experiences on YouTube. Until 2013, Day lived with friend, collaborator and bandmate Charlie McDonnell.


title: Alex Day

text: Day announced on 14 February 2014 that he had been dating fellow YouTuber Carrie Hope Fletcher since October 2013. However, Fletcher announced their break-up via Twitter on 14 March 2014.


title: Alex Day

text: Day has identified as an atheist, and began to follow Buddhist teachings after visiting the Plum Village Monastery in mid 2014. Day also identifies as a minimalist.


title: Alex Day

text: In March 2014, Day admitted to having engaged in "manipulative relationships" with some women and having "created situations that put people under enormous pressure". He made further admission, saying, "the model of consent that I followed... was that only, 'no' meant, 'no'. That is not what consent is". He also announced via his blog that he had taken down his merchandise and artist pages from his label's website.


title: Alex Day

text: A former friend and coworker, Charlie McDonnell stated, "I just don't feel able to call Alex a friend of mine any more." Day alleges that he subsequently attempted to reach out to McDonnell and that they could not agree upon a method of communication.


title: Alex Day

text: On 5 October 2014, after a seven-month hiatus, Day released a statement regarding the allegations, claiming that he "didn't realise at the time that [the women] felt pressured", and apologising. In the half-hour video he also referenced what he saw as "militant" reactions posted on the social networking site, Tumblr, labelling them as "an angry torrent of abuse" and "people just being absolutely horrible to anyone who doesn't agree with them". His response was criticised by several YouTube contributors such as Laci Green, Jack Howard and Tomska.


title: Alex Day

text: Day first became interested in music in 2005 when he bought an electric guitar at the age of 15. He started his YouTube account one year later on 4 August 2006. In 2008, Day founded Chameleon Circuit, a Trock (short for "timelord rock") band that wrote music inspired by the British TV show Doctor Who. In June 2009, the band released its first self-titled album by YouTube musicians' record label DFTBA Records and a second album "Still Got Legs" in July 2011. "Wired" noted that Chameleon Circuit "puts out titles that could pass for chart-toppers – if they weren't excessively nerdy in the subject matter department."


title: Alex Day

text: Day released his debut album "Parrot Stories" in April 2009 through DFTBA Records, which was produced by fellow musician and friend Tom Milsom. This was then followed by an EP, "117% Complete", in March 2010 which contained songs referencing various video games such as Pokémon. His second album, "The World Is Mine (I Don't Know Anything)", was released in June 2010 contained a more electronic-dance sound than his previous folk album. To ensure he did not alienate his fans of his debut album, Day released an EP of acoustic songs, "Soup Sessions: Acoustic," in November 2010 which contained newly recorded acoustic versions of half the songs on the album.


title: Alex Day

text: Day was a featured artist on the BBC Two reality show "Chartjackers" in 2009. The programme challenged four YouTube video producers to write, record and release a pop song in 10 weeks, using YouTube as a tool to get lyrics and singers, with the proceeds going to the BBC Children in Need charity.


title: Alex Day

text: The completed single, entitled "I've Got Nothing", was sung by vocalists Miranda Chartrand and Adam Nichols, and was released worldwide through the iTunes Store on 9 November 2009. It was reviewed with varying degrees of approval by various media outlets, including "The Times", Yahoo! Music's James Masterton, BBC Radio 1's Chart Blog and Popjustice. The song peaked at No. 36 on the UK Singles Chart and raised almost £10,000 for Children in Need.


title: Alex Day

text: Day also appeared with the Chartjackers at the Hammersmith Apollo for the BBC Switch Live 2009 show, along with artists such as Black Eyed Peas, N-Dubz, and Pixie Lott. Day was also a member of "Youstage", an ad hoc group of YouTube vloggers who competed successfully on the BBC Three talent show Upstaged during March 2008.


title: Alex Day

text: For Christmas 2011, Day released his single "Forever Yours", which reached No. 4 in the UK Singles chart after selling over 50,000 copies in one week. Day released the single without support from a record label or TV coverage, and outsold songs from multi-platinum artists such as Coldplay, Rihanna, and Katy Perry. The Official Charts Company lauded Day's success, stating "'Forever Yours' is certainly one of the most successful self-released tracks we have ever seen, the Official Charts are based on sales, and sales alone, so Alex's achievements this week are a genuine reflection of the passion of his army of fans, and of course, the power of social media." Day also released 11 alternate versions of "Forever Yours", confirming that all sales revenue made from the alternate versions would be going to charity, chiefly to World Vision.


title: Alex Day

text: On 1 April 2012, Day released his second single, "Lady Godiva", a cover of the 1966 Peter and Gordon song. The single was Day's first to get a physical release in UK record stores following a one-single distribution arrangement with HMV and other stores. Within its first week of release, the song charted at No. 15, making it Day's second UK Top 20 hit. The song also charted in 15 other countries including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, Sweden, Norway, and Spain as well as reaching No. 1 in Slovenia. In May 2012, Day released three singles—"Good Morning Sunshine", "She Walks Right Through Me", and "This Kiss"—on a single day, selling nearly 150,000 copies. This "disruptive" model largely ignored the conventional method of releasing one single every few months, and its success was profiled in MTV and "Billboard".


title: Alex Day

text: Day has received millions of plays for his music by releasing music videos on YouTube, with his most popular being the 2011 single "Forever Yours", whose music video reached 1.5 million views in its first week of release. The video has since been removed from the website by Charlie McDonnell.


title: Alex Day

text: On 16 December 2012, he attempted to break the world record for most songs sold in 1 hour with his song "Stupid Stupid". The song later peaked on UK charts at No. 25. In order to promote the single, Day held a one-day tour entitled Stupidfest, which was free for entry.


title: Alex Day

text: Day released his third album, "Epigrams and Interludes", on 17 March 2013. It contains all his previously released singles since "Forever Yours". He also released a music video for 'I've Got What It Takes' starring Tom Ridgewell, Carrie Hope Fletcher and Khyan Mansley. The album debuted at No. 2 on the UK iTunes charts.


title: Alex Day

text: Day partnered with the file sharing service BitTorrent for an exclusive bundle with the release of Epigrams and Interludes. The package was downloaded over 1 million times in the first week of release.


title: Alex Day

text: In March 2014, Day removed his artist pages, merchandise and information from his record label, DFTBA Records following accusations of sexual manipulation. His official website alexdaymusic.com has also been taken down, the content being replaced with generic landscape photos.


title: Alex Day

text: On 5 October 2014, Day uploaded a video on his YouTube channel, his first video since February 2014. It was titled "The Past". In the video, Day talks about his side of the allegations accused of him, as well as his thoughts and opinion on the matter. Day also mentioned that he planned on creating and uploading more videos talking about the situation.


title: Alex Day

text: On 10 January 2015, Day uploaded his new single, "Scared Like Me", to YouTube and thus announced his musical return. It was his first new song in two years. Day also announced that he would be releasing a new album on 4 October 2015 and throughout the year he would release three more singles from this album. It was later announced that this album would be called 'Nowhere Left To Hide'.


title: Alex Day

text: On 3 April 2015, Day uploaded a new track to his channel, which was a cover of Chumbawamba's Ugh! Your Ugly Houses!. It was intended as a protest single, to be released on the week of the 2015 UK General Election, focusing on the lack of representativeness of the UK government and electoral system. Day aimed for the single to chart at number 1 in the UK on the track's week of release, however it failed to chart. It was later released as part of his 2021 album "Relax! Nothing Is Under Control!".


title: Alex Day

text: On 17 May 2015, Day released a new single available to download on his website, entitled 'Keep Me Up'. His fourth and final single, titled 'Beyond You' was released on 26 July 2015. On 3 October, Day announced he would release the album a day early for all of those who signed on for the newsletter. He also announced that rather than a physical CD edition, Nowhere Left To Hide would be released as a physical USB with the album on. On the album, Day stated 'This was a hard album to make. In a lot of ways, it was an album I needed to make. It's quite raw and makes me feel a bit exposed. But I love it and I'm very proud to have it and to share it. I think parts of it are my best work and overall it's probably the most cohesive release I’ve ever put out'.


title: Alex Day

text: In December 2015, Day announced he had recorded five new songs for an untitled studio release in the future. On 28 January 2016 he confirmed the album would be called "Split Infinities" and would be the first of his solo albums to feature a backing band. He released it on 30 September 2016. Day released his sixth album "Sunset" on streaming platforms in October 2019 and then his seventh album "Relax! Nothing Is Under Control" in August 2021.


title: Alex Day

text: At one point, Day was named as "one of Britain's most popular YouTubers." He created his first YouTube channel, Nerimon, as a teenager making videos in his bedroom, stating, "I was making a video podcast to entertain family and friends – just a little comedy series." He received international attention for his video entitled 'Alex and Liam Do Walmart' in which he visited the American Superstar Walmart megastore alongside fellow YouTubers and Chameleon Circuit band members, Liam Dryden and Michael Aranda. CBS called the titular vloggers 'delightfully confused,' while the Huffington Post described the video as possibly providing detail into American Pop Culture, placing a poll at the end of their article.


title: Alex Day

text: Day further found success through a popular series of videos entitled Alex Reads Twilight, in which he read and critically analysed the popular young-adult novel "Twilight", by Stephenie Meyer. The videos have received a total of over 14 million views. Amongst these, Day's YouTube channel also contains travel vlogs, music videos and satirical rants. In June 2014, he had reached over a million subscribers and his videos had been watched over 100 million times.


title: Alex Day

text: On his celebrity, Day has stated he became disillusioned with it. He said "I like the focus not being on me. I’ve never really liked the recognition very much. I just wanna make the best work I can make".


title: Alex Day

text: After losing an average of over 10,000 subscribers per month after sexual abuse allegations were made against him, as of April 2021, Day has less than 900,000 subscribers.


title: Alex Day

text: In early 2015, Day stated that he was discontinuing his main channel after releasing what was then his final video on that platform, in order to set up a new channel named The Daily Day. In December 2015, Day announced his return to Nerimon. In order to develop a more private life, he eventually hid most of his channel's content from public view and set up a Patreon where he continues to produce unlisted videos, music and other content through donations.


title: Alex Day

text: On 10 May 2015, Day uploaded his final video to his Main channel, titled "Goodbye Nerimon (last video!)". Within it, he explained that he was launching a new YouTube channel called The Daily Day, which would feature a new vlog everyday, with a focus on the topic of mindfulness. Day stated that the creation of a new channel was to "define a fresh start and have a channel focused on my new direction, with an active audience I know is there just for that", and to clear out dead subscribers from the old channel after the loss of viewership.


title: Alex Day

text: Eventually, The Daily Day became a shared channel in which other creators could share and distribute their own videos on mindfulness. Therefore, the channel featured various other hosts, with videos created by people other than Day.


title: Alex Day

text: The Daily Day channel became inactive during late 2015, and has since been stripped of all public content.


title: Alex Day

text: In late 2013, Day announced that he had completed work on his first book; with the working title "The Underground Storyteller", the book was about his experiences with the London Underground. It was 12 chapters in length and was scheduled to be published in July 2014. It was cancelled by the publishers. On 13 October 2014, Day announced online that he was releasing his book independently, keeping the name of "The Underground Storyteller", and that he will sign and number the first thousand copies.


title: Alex Day

text: Day's second book was the memoir "Living and Dying on the Internet", which detailed his personal experiences as a YouTuber and the controversies surrounding his sexual abuse allegations. During its conception and writing, Carrie Hope Fletcher threatened legal action in regards to her inclusion in the book. Though nothing came of this, Fletcher and many other YouTubers and ex-colleagues of Day spoke out against the release of the book and encouraged their followers not to purchase it. The book was released on 5 August 2018.


title: Alex Day

text: Day's "disruptive distribution" strategy was once described as "the future of music" by Ryan Holiday. Day has been profiled on BBC and CNN and in world publications like Forbes, The Guardian and Holy Moly.


title: Alex Day

text: Day was featured in the book "Choose Yourself" by James Altucher, where Altucher encourages others to bypass the "middle man" and build their own audience online.


title: Alex Day

text: Day unlisted a video about cosplaying entitled "Big Girls in Costumes" after criticism that he was belittling obese women who took part in the activity. He stated that it was "satirical" and that, "I'm not going to take the video down because I don't want to pretend this didn't happen – running away from mistakes isn't how you solve them – but I have made the video unlisted so you can only see it if you have the link. I think that's a good compromise between not risking more people being hurt by the content but also not trying to hide the mistake. I’ve also taken the ads off it."


title: Alex Day

text: Day's return to YouTube in October 2014 following the sexual misconduct allegations was met with a negative response, in particular his decision to monetise response videos to the sexual abuse allegations.


title: Belly (band)

text: Belly is an alternative rock band formed in Rhode Island in 1991 by former Throwing Muses and Breeders member Tanya Donelly. The original lineup consisted of Donelly on vocals and guitar, Fred Abong on bass, and brothers Tom and Chris Gorman on guitar and drums respectively. The band released two albums during the early 1990s alternative rock boom before breaking up in 1995. They reunited in 2016 and mounted limited tours in the United States and United Kingdom that year.


title: Belly (band)

text: All four original members knew each other from high school on Aquidneck Island, Rhode Island – the Gormans and Abong coming out of the Newport hardcore scene (the Gormans having played in Verbal Assault, Abong in Vicious Circle). Donelly had previously co-founded two Boston-based indie rock bands, Throwing Muses and The Breeders, the former with her step-sister Kristin Hersh and the latter with Kim Deal of the Pixies. In 1993, their debut album "Star" was released, and its lead single "Feed the Tree" would be Belly's biggest hit song, peaking at number one on "Billboard's" Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 95 on the Hot 100. Several additional singles from the album also appeared on the Modern Rock Tracks chart.


title: Belly (band)

text: Shortly after the release of "Star", Abong left the group and was replaced by Gail Greenwood. The band released their second album, "King", in early 1995 and broke up at the end of that year, and Donelly embarked on a long solo career. She reformed Belly in 2016 with the same lineup that had recorded "King", and their third album, "Dove", was released in 2018.


title: Belly (band)

text: Donelly named the band "Belly" because she thought the word was "both pretty and ugly." The band played their first concert on March 14, 1992 at the 3's bar in their hometown of Newport, Rhode Island.


title: Belly (band)

text: The band's debut EP, "Slow Dust" (1992), made it to number one on the United Kingdom indie chart. Soon after, their single "Feed the Tree" made the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart and their first album, "Star" (1993), hit number two on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Belly (band)

text: In the United States, the album was RIAA certified gold, largely based on the success of "Feed the Tree" on Modern Rock radio stations and MTV, where the video was featured as part of MTV's Buzz Bin videos and Alternative Nation video show for much of 1993. Two follow-up singles were released, "Gepetto" and "Slow Dog," but neither matched the initial success of "Feed the Tree." Belly was nominated for two Grammys in 1994: Best New Artist and Best Alternative Music Performance for "Star". The album went on to sell over 800,000 copies in the US alone. On several early '93 tour dates in the US and the UK, former Throwing Muses member Leslie Langston lent a hand on bass.


title: Belly (band)

text: In early 1993, they embarked on a 'joint headliner' tour with Radiohead. Following a short warm up tour of smaller venues in the UK also in early 1993, they embarked upon a larger tour where they were supported by the Cranberries.


title: Belly (band)

text: Just after the release of "Star", bassist Fred Abong left and was replaced by Gail Greenwood. Greenwood was originally a guitar player in a Boston-area metal band before being recruited to play bass in Belly. The live sound of the band evolved to accommodate her style, with its shows featuring more electric guitar than before and less of the dreamy quality of its first album.


title: Belly (band)

text: As a result, the group's next album, "King" (1995), was more rock and roll oriented. The album's sales did not meet label expectations, and its numerous singles fail to sustain any significant airplay on Modern Rock radio. Belly appeared on the April 20, 1995 cover of "Rolling Stone" magazine. The band also performed "Superconnected" on the "Late Show with David Letterman" in June that year. It was one of the band's last major U.S television appearances. In the summer of 1995, Belly was one of the support bands in Europe for R.E.M. on their world tour, then finished out the year extensively touring the US with Catherine Wheel and Jewel as support acts.


title: Belly (band)

text: In 1996, Donelly broke up the band. Speaking to "Q", she explained the reasons behind her decision: "The first couple of years of Belly were a blast. "Star" was a big hit and we partied hard. But by the time we went to make "King", there was a lot of negative stuff going on. "King" was a reaction to the bright shininess of "Star" and we weren't surprised when it didn't sell. I regret not making another Belly album, but at the time I thought, Screw it, I'm outta here."


title: Belly (band)

text: After the break-up Tanya Donelly started a successful solo career and has since released several solo albums. Greenwood went on to stints playing bass for L7 and for Bif Naked, while playing guitar in her own Rhode Island-based band Benny Sizzler. Tom Gorman played briefly with Buffalo Tom, then on tour in 1999 with Kristin Hersh before joining up with his brother Chris in a commercial photography business based in New York City. Fred Abong first worked post-Belly as a carpenter "working in a high-end woodworking shop making fancy cabinets for rich people", then went on to earn a PhD in philosophy.


title: Belly (band)

text: On February 8, 2016, the band launched an official web site announcing a limited summer reunion tour with dates in the UK, Ireland and the US.


title: Belly (band)

text: In advance of the tour, the band performed two warm-up shows in their hometown of Newport, Rhode Island on July 8 and 9, the band's first live appearances since 1995. Two new songs, "Human Child" and "Army of Clay" were debuted on the tour that followed, hinting that the band was evolving, while at the same time maintaining familiar elements of the Belly "sound" of the past.


title: Belly (band)

text: Belly announced in July 2017 that they had begun recording a third album, to be titled "Dove". On October 5, 2017, the band started a PledgeMusic campaign for the album, and the album was released on May 4, 2018. On October 26, 2017 the band released their cover of "Hushabye Mountain" as an exclusive download on Pledgemusic- their first new recording in over 20 years.


title: Belly (band)

text: "Shiny One", the first single from "Dove", was released on February 23, 2018. Preceding the release of "Dove", the band released the "Feel" EP for Record Store Day in April 2018.


title: Belly (band)

text: In the summer and fall of 2018, the band went on a tour of the United States and Europe to promote the album.


title: Belly (band)

text: For their 30th anniversary and for Record Store Day 2021, the band released a compilation of B-Sides and cover songs called "Bees".


title: Belly (band)

text: Belly vocalist Tanya Donelly's voice has been described as having a "fiery spark" with a "sweet rasp in her throat", with a style described as "down to earth." Her lyrics are rich with celestial, mythological and fairytale-like imagery. Musically the band finds its foundations in guitar rock, with sometimes quirky, but tightly composed arrangements that put a premium on melody.


title: George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan

text: George Charles Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan (born 21 September 1967), styled Lord Bingham until 2016, is a British hereditary peer.


title: George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan

text: George Charles Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan, was born on 21 September 1967, the only son of Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan, and Veronica Mary Duncan.


title: George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan

text: He is the thrice great-grandson of George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, who is remembered for his role in the Crimean War, leading the cavalry division which included the Heavy Brigade and the Light Brigade, the latter of which was involved in the Charge of the Light Brigade. The Binghams are an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family.


title: George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan

text: Lucan was educated at Eton College and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He married Anne-Sofie Foghsgaard (known as "Fie"; b. 1977) at St George's, Hanover Square, London, on 14 January 2016. She is the daughter of Danish industrialist Lars Foghsgaard, the former owner of the Spott Estate in East Lothian, Scotland. They have two children, a daughter, Lady Daphne, born in 2017, and a son, Lord Bingham (Charles Lars John), born in 2020. Lady Lucan is a fashion designer.


title: George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan

text: Lord Lucan has two sisters: Lady Frances Bingham (born 1964), and Lady Camilla Bloch KC (born 1970), who married Michael Bloch KC in 1998.


title: George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan

text: Lucan's father, the 7th Earl, disappeared in November 1974 after the murder of the family nanny Sandra Rivett. The 8th Earl and his sister Lady Camilla are not convinced that their father was responsible for Sandra Rivett's death.


title: George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan

text: In the 1990s the Probate Registry (a division of the High Court of Justice) gave leave for the 7th Earl to be sworn dead by his trustees, and the family was granted probate over his estate in 1999, but no death certificate was issued. In 1998, Bingham, supported by sworn statements from his entire living family save for his mother, and by the Metropolitan Police, applied for his father to be declared dead for House of Lords purposes. The Lord Chancellor, Lord Irvine of Lairg, decided he was unable to issue Bingham his writ of summons to the Lords without a death certificate for his father. In October 2015, twelve months after the Presumption of Death Act 2013 came into effect, Bingham sought for his father to be declared dead at the General Register Office (GRO), which issues death certificates; in this case, an application to the High Court was necessary. On 3 February 2016, a judge declared the GRO could issue the certificate, allowing Bingham to inherit the titles.


title: George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan

text: On 23 May 2016, Lucan formally petitioned the House of Lords to have his succession recognised. On 7 June, the House declared that he had established his claims to the titles, and he was directed to be entered on the register of hereditary peers maintained in connection with the House of Lords Act 1999 by virtue of his subsidiary title "Baron Bingham" in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. As of March 2018, he had not stood in the internal Lords by-elections for replacing of the 92 electable hereditary representative peers (upon their retirements or deaths).


title: P. S. Vinod

text: P. S. Vinod is Indian cinematographer who works in Telugu, Hindi and Tamil films. He debuted as an independent cinematographer with the 2000 Tamil film "Rhythm" and then went to work for several Hindi and Telugu projects.


title: P. S. Vinod

text: His notable works include "Musafir" (2004), "My Wife's Murder" (2005), "Tees Maar Khan" (2010), "Panjaa" (2011), "Manam" (2014), "Soggade Chinni Nayana" (2015) "Oopiri" (2015) and "Hello" (2017).


title: P. S. Vinod

text: He did the majority of the apex commercials in India. He graduated from the Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu, now called the MGR Film Institute. After he graduated from the institute, he assisted veteran cinematographer Santosh Sivan. He was then signed by director Vasanth for two of his successive Tamil films, "Rhythm" and "Appu". Subsequently, he did a few well known films in Bollywood. His second Hindi film "Musafir" got him a Zee Film Awards nomination. His work in "Striker" (2010) was praised by critics.


title: P. S. Vinod

text: He was chosen by choreographer-turned-director Farah Khan to film her third directorial "Tees Maar Khan". Vinod's work in the film was lauded by critics, with the film being selected by Rediff as one of the most good looking Bollywood films of 2010. He has worked on two Tamil films, the gangster film "Aaranya Kaandam" that won The Grand Jury Award for Best Film at South Asian International Film Festival, and the romantic comedy "Kadhal 2 Kalyanam". He won the Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer for the former. The latter that marks actor Arya's brother Sathya's debut has been severely delayed and slated to release in 2012.


title: Totnes

text: Totnes ( or ) is a market town and civil parish at the head of the estuary of the River Dart in Devon, England, within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is about west of Paignton, about west-southwest of Torquay and about east-northeast of Plymouth. It is the administrative centre of the South Hams District Council.


title: Totnes

text: Totnes has a long recorded history, dating back to 907, when its first castle was built. By the twelfth century it was already an important market town, and its former wealth and importance may be seen from the number of merchants' houses built in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.


title: Totnes

text: Today, the town has a sizeable alternative and "New Age" community, and is known as a place where one can live a bohemian lifestyle. Two electoral wards mention "Totnes" (Bridgetown and Town). Their combined populations at the 2011 UK Census was 8,076.


title: Totnes

text: According to the "Historia Regum Britanniae" written by Geoffrey of Monmouth in around 1136, "the coast of Totnes" was where Brutus of Troy, the mythical founder of Britain, first came ashore on the island. Set into the pavement of Fore Street is the 'Brutus Stone', a small granite boulder onto which, according to local legend, Brutus first stepped from his ship. As he did so, he was supposed to have declaimed:Here I stand and here I rest. And this town shall be called Totnes.


title: Totnes

text: The stone is far above the highest tides and the tradition is not likely to be of great antiquity, being first mentioned in John Prince's "Worthies of Devon" in 1697. It is possible that the stone was originally the one from which the town crier, or "bruiter" called his "bruit" or news; or it may be "le Brodestone", a boundary stone mentioned in several 15th century disputes: its last-known position in 1471 was below the East Gate.


title: Totnes

text: The Middle English prose "Brut" () places the fight between Brutus' general Corineus, and the British giant Gogmagog "at Totttenes", while Cornish antiquary Richard Carew suggested that the fight may have begun near the town, but ended at Plymouth Hoe. The "Historia" has several other landings at the Totness coast: the Roman general Vespasian, Constantine of Brittany at the port of Totnes, Aurelius Ambrosius and his brother Uther Pendragon attempting to win back the throne of Britain from the usurper Vortigern, the Saxons at war with King Arthur, and in one version Cadwallo fighting against the Mercians. The "Historia" also mentions the town in a prophecy of Merlin: "after [the dragon of Worcester] shall succeed the boar of Totness, and oppress the people with grievous tyranny. Gloucester shall send forth a lion, and shall disturb him in his cruelty, in several battles. He shall trample him under his feet, and terrify him with open jaws."


title: Totnes

text: Despite this legendary history, the first authenticated history of Totnes is in AD 907, when it was fortified by King Edward the Elder as part of the defensive ring of burhs built around Devon, replacing one built a few years earlier at nearby Halwell. The site was chosen because it was on an ancient trackway which forded the river at low tide. Between the reigns of Edgar and William II (959–1100) Totnes intermittently minted coins. Some time between the Norman Conquest and the compilation of the Domesday Book, William the Conqueror granted the burh to Juhel of Totnes, who was probably responsible for the first construction of the castle. Juhel did not retain his lordship for long, however, as he was deprived of his lands in 1088 or 1089, for rebelling against William II.


title: Totnes

text: The name "Totnes" (first recorded in AD 979) comes from the Old English personal name "Totta" and "ness" or headland. Before reclamation and development, the low-lying areas around this hill were largely marsh or tidal wetland, giving the hill much more the appearance of a "ness" than today.


title: Totnes

text: By the 12th century, Totnes was already an important market town, due to its position on one of the main roads of the South West, in conjunction with its easy access to its hinterland and the easy navigation of the River Dart.


title: Totnes

text: By 1523, according to a tax assessment, Totnes was the second-richest town in Devon, and the sixteenth-richest in England, ahead of Worcester, Gloucester and Lincoln.


title: Totnes

text: In 1553, King Edward VI granted Totnes a charter allowing a former Benedictine priory building that had been founded in 1088 to be used as Totnes Guildhall and a school. In 1624, the Guildhall was converted to be a magistrates' court. Soldiers were billeted here during the English Civil War and Oliver Cromwell visited for discussions with the general and parliamentary commander-in-chief Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1646. Until 1887, the Guildhall was also used as the town prison with the addition of prison cells. It remained a magistrates' court until 1974.


title: Totnes

text: Permaculture designer Rob Hopkins developed this idea with his students and later with Naresh Giangrande developed the transition model in his home town of Totnes, which has since featured in many articles and films showing this concept. Totnes has adopted an Energy Descent Plan, as a response in answer to the twin problems of greenhouse gas emissions and peak oil. As a result of a series of large, well attended public gatherings with key experts from around the world, and the organisation of a number of special interest groups, the community has come together with lecturers and trainers shared with Schumacher College, through a process of participative strategic planning, to hone their skills in project development. As a result of the initiatives in Totnes, a large number of other communities have started "Transition Town" projects, and there are now more than 400 around the world, ranging from small communities to whole cities (e.g. Berlin). Totnes hosts the Sea Change Festival that has been running in the town and neighbouring Dartington since 2016.


title: Totnes

text: Totnes' borough charter was granted by King John, probably around 1206; at any rate, the 800th anniversary of the charter was celebrated in 2006, although Totnes lost its borough status in local government reorganisation in 1974. Totnes was served by Totnes electoral borough from 1295 until the reform act of 1867, but was restored by the 1884 Franchise Act. The constituency of Totnes was abolished a second time in 1983, and formed part of the South Hams constituency until 1997, when it was restored as the Totnes county constituency: as such it returns one Member of Parliament (MP) to Parliament.


title: Totnes

text: In August 2009, Totnes became the first constituency to select the Conservative's Prospective Parliamentary Candidate through an open primary that was organised by the local Conservative Association. Dr Sarah Wollaston won the Totnes primary in August 2009, and went on to be elected to Parliament at the 2010 general election. In 2019, she moved to Change UK, and then to the Liberal Democrats, for whom she contested Totnes in the 2019 general election, coming second when the seat reverted to the Conservatives.


title: Totnes

text: Totnes has a mayor who is elected by the sixteen town councillors each year. Follaton House, on the outskirts of the town, is the headquarters of the South Hams District Council. The town is twinned with the French town of Vire, after which Vire Island on the River Dart near the "Plains" is named. There is also a local longstanding joke that Totnes is twinned with the fantasy land of Narnia.


title: Totnes

text: The town is built on a hill rising from the west bank of the River Dart, which separates Totnes from the suburb of Bridgetown. It is at the lowest bridging point of the river which here is tidal and forms a winding estuary down to the sea at Dartmouth. The river continues to be tidal for about above the town, until it meets Totnes Weir, built in the 17th century.


title: Totnes

text: Today there are two road bridges, a railway bridge and a footbridge over the river in the town. Totnes Bridge is the nearest bridge to the sea and is a road bridge built in 1826–28 by Charles Fowler. At low tide the foundations of the previous stone bridge are visible just upstream—it was probably built in the early 13th century and widened in 1692. Before the first stone bridge was built there was almost certainly a wooden bridge here, and a tidal ford for heavy vehicles was just downstream. In 1982 a new concrete bridge was built about upstream as part of the Totnes inner relief road. Its name, Brutus Bridge, was chosen by the local residents. A further upstream, the railway bridge carries the National Rail Exeter to Plymouth line over the river. Immediately upstream of the railway bridge is a footbridge, built in 1993 to provide access to the terminus of the South Devon Railway.


title: Totnes

text: Totnes has attracted a sizeable "alternative" community, and the town is known as a place where one can live a "New Age" lifestyle. There are a number of facilities for artists, painters and musicians, and there is a twice-weekly market offering antiques, musical instruments, second-hand books, handmade clothing from across the world, and local organically produced products. In 2007, "Time" magazine declared Totnes the capital of new age chic. In 2005, "Highlife", the British Airways magazine, declared it one of the world's Top 10 Funky Towns.


title: Totnes

text: In March 2007 Totnes was the first town in Britain to introduce its own local alternative currency, the Totnes pound, to support the local economy of the town. Fourteen months later, 70 businesses within the town were trading in the "Totnes Pound," accepting them as payment and offering them to shoppers as change from their purchases. The initiative is part of the transition town concept, which was pioneered by Rob Hopkins, who had recently moved to Totnes.


title: Totnes

text: Emphasising the town's continuing history of boatbuilding, between 1998 and 2001 Pete Goss built his revolutionary but ill-fated 120-foot Team Philips catamaran there.


title: Totnes

text: Loss of revenue from Dartington College of Arts which moved to Falmouth in 2010 was partially offset by increased tourism due to interest in Totnes's status as a transition town.


title: Totnes

text: The Norman motte-and-bailey Totnes Castle, now owned by English Heritage, was built during the reign of William I, probably by Juhel of Totnes. The late medieval church of St Mary with its high west tower, visible from afar, is built of rich red Devonian sandstone. A prominent feature of the town is the Eastgate—an arch spanning the middle of the main street. This Elizabethan entrance to the walled town was destroyed in a fire in September 1990, but was rebuilt.


title: Totnes

text: The ancient Leechwell, so named because of the supposed medicinal properties of its water, and apparently where lepers once came to wash, still provides fresh water. The Butterwalk is a Tudor covered walkway that was built to protect the dairy products once sold here from the sun and rain. Totnes Elizabethan House Museum is in one of the many authentic Elizabethan merchant's houses in the town, built around 1575.


title: Totnes

text: The A38 passes about to the west of Totnes, connected to the town by the A384 from Buckfastleigh and the A385 which continues to Paignton. The town also lies on the A381 between Newton Abbot and Salcombe. Totnes railway station is situated on the Exeter to Plymouth line, and has trains direct to London Paddington, Plymouth and Penzance, and as far north as Aberdeen. Nearby, Totnes (Riverside) railway station is at the southern end of the South Devon Railway Trust which runs tourist steam locomotives along the line that follows the River Dart up to Buckfastleigh. Since the River Dart is navigable to seagoing boats as far as Totnes, the estuary was used for the import and export of goods from the town until 1995.


title: Totnes

text: King Edward VI Community College more popularly known as KEVICC, is the local secondary school which shares its name with the former grammar school set up by King Edward VI over 450 years ago. At the western edge of the town is the Dartington Hall Estate, which includes the Schumacher College and, until July 2010, included Dartington College of Arts. There are also a number of alternative private schools in the Totnes area, providing primary and secondary education.


title: Red beret

text: The red beret is a military beret worn by many military, paramilitary, commando, and police forces and should not be confused with the maroon beret worn by airborne troops all around the world.


title: Red beret

text: The red beret was worn as a distinguishing device by Carlist Guías de Navarra (Navarre Guides) soldiers in the First Carlist War, encouraged by their commander Tomás de Zumalacárregui. Regular Carlists wore a black beret. The red beret became widespread amongst the Carlists in the Second Carlist War, it later became an emblem of Carlists in general, often with a yellow pom pom or tassel. See also the Requetés, (Spanish:Hunting callers) a type of volunteer unit during the Spanish Civil War.


title: Red beret

text: The red beret was also worn by the Chapelgorris (Spanish:Red caps) who fought against the Carlists in the First Carlist War.


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: Major David John Croft, (born David John Andrew Sharland; 7 September 1922 – 27 September 2011) was an English television comedy screenwriter, producer and director. He produced and wrote a string of BBC sitcoms with partners Jimmy Perry and Jeremy Lloyd, including "Dad's Army", "Are You Being Served?", "It Ain't Half Hot Mum", "Hi-de-Hi!" and "'Allo 'Allo!"


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: Croft was born into a show business family: his father, Reginald Sharland (1886–1944), had a successful career as a radio actor in Hollywood, and his mother, Annie Croft (1896–1959), was a famous stage actress who had starred in the 1927 silent film "On With The Dance," she was also the first woman to own a West End theatre company. His first public appearance was at the age of seven, when he was seen in a commercial which aired in cinemas. After that, his acting career in films "began and ended" with his uncredited appearance as Perkins in the film "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" (1939).


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: Croft was educated at two independent schools: at St John's Wood prep school in North London, followed by Rugby School in Warwickshire. The boys attended Sunday services at St. Aldhelm's Church, and Croft later gave that name to the church in Dad's Army.


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: He enlisted in the Royal Artillery in 1942. He served during the Second World War in North Africa, India and Singapore. After contracting rheumatic fever in North Africa, was sent home to convalesce and then underwent officer training at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: Croft was posted to India, arriving as the war in Europe ended, and was assigned to the Essex Regiment, rising to the rank of Major. When his military service ended he began working in the entertainment industry, as an actor, singer and writer.


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: Croft met Freddie Carpenter, who produced many pantomimes for Howard & Wyndham across the UK, resulting in Croft writing scripts such as "Aladdin", "Cinderella" and "Babes in the Wood". Through his lifelong friend, composer/conductor Cyril Ornadel, Croft met the producer Fiona Bentley, who had obtained rights to adapt and musicalise a number of Beatrix Potter stories. Croft wrote the scripts and lyrics for a series released on His Master's Voice Junior Record Club, narrated by Vivien Leigh and starring several singer-actors and actresses including Barbara Brown, Graham Stark and Cicely Courtneidge. David Croft himself played a number of roles, including Timmy Willie in "Johnny Town-Mouse", Kep in "Jemima Puddle-Duck", and Old Brown in "Squirrel Nutkin".


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: Croft relocated to the Northeast of England to work at Tyne Tees Television, where he produced many editions of the variety show "The One O'Clock Show". For Tyne Tees, Croft also directed and produced the admags "Ned's Shed" and "Mary Goes to Market", as well as producing his first sitcom, "Under New Management", set in a derelict pub in the North of England.


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: After leaving Tyne Tees Television to work at the BBC in the mid-1960s, he produced several of the Corporation's sitcoms such as "Beggar My Neighbour", "A World of His Own", "Further Up Pompeii!" and "Hugh and I". It was while producing "Hugh and I" that he was introduced to actor Jimmy Perry, who handed him an unsolicited script for a pilot called "The Fighting Tigers" about the British Home Guard during the Second World War. Croft liked the idea. The two men co-wrote nine series of the show, which was retitled "Dad's Army", as well as a feature film and a stage show based on it.


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: While "Dad's Army" was still running, Croft began to co-write "Are You Being Served?" with Jeremy Lloyd. He was to continue both writing partnerships for the rest of his career in several hit series including "It Ain't Half Hot Mum", "Hi-de-Hi!" and "You Rang M'Lord" (with Perry) and "'Allo 'Allo!" (with Lloyd). His last full series "Oh, Doctor Beeching!", broadcast from 1995 to 1997, was co-written with Richard Spendlove. He created a television pilot in 2007, entitled "Here Comes The Queen", with Jeremy Lloyd. This starred Wendy Richard and Les Dennis, but the show was not continued as a series. Of these, "It Ain't Half Hot Mum" "was David’s and my favourite", Jimmy Perry told journalist Neil Clark for a "Daily Telegraph" article in 2013.


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: As a producer, Croft's regular practice was to signal the end of an episode with the caption "You have been watching ...", followed by shots of the main cast.


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: Croft married theatrical agent Ann Callender on 2 June 1952; the couple had seven children and sixteen grandchildren. In 1986, one daughter, Rebecca, married Simon Cadell, a star of Croft's comedy "Hi-de-Hi!".


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: Croft was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1995 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel outside BBC Television Centre.


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: David Croft died in his sleep at his home in Portugal on 27 September 2011. He was 89 years old. His widow Ann died on 11 June 2016.


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: Croft became an Officer of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire with Jimmy Perry in 1978 for services to television. He also received the 1981 "Desmond Davis award" from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, for his outstanding contributions to the industry.


title: David Croft (TV producer)

text: In addition to writing most of the episodes of these television series, Croft also worked as producer, director and, later, executive producer.


title: Crampons

text: A crampon is a traction device that is attached to footwear to improve mobility on snow and ice during ice climbing. Besides ice climbing, crampons are also used for secure travel on snow and ice, such as crossing glaciers, snowfields and icefields, ascending snow slopes, and scaling ice-covered rock.


title: Crampons

text: There are three main attachment systems for footwear: step-in, hybrid, and strap bindings. The first two require boots with welts, or specialized mountaineering boots with dedicated front and rear lugs, as a cam-action lever attaches the crampon to the heel. The last type (strap bindings) are more versatile and can adapt to virtually any boot or shoe, but often do not fit as precisely as the other two types.


title: Crampons

text: Oscar Eckenstein designed the first 10-point crampon in 1908, dramatically reducing the need for step cutting. This design was then made commercially available by the Italian Henry Grivel.


title: Crampons

text: Crampons are made of steel alloy, light weight aluminium, or a combination of the two. Lighter weight crampons are popular for alpine ski touring where demands are generally lower and light weight a premium.


title: Crampons

text: Early 10-point crampons lacked forward angled spikes and thus required step cutting on steep terrain. In the 1930s two additional forward-slanting points were added, making them exceptional for mountaineering and glacier travel and beginning a revolution in front pointing. There is currently a range of models, including specialized crampons with as many as 14 points and models with single points for ice climbing.


title: Crampons

text: Crampons are fastened to footwear by means of a binding system. Improved attachment systems – such as a cam action "step-in" system similar to a ski binding and particularly well adapted to plastic technical mountaineering boots - have widely increased crampon use. Crampons also use a full "strap-in" system and a "hybrid" binding that features a toe strap at the front and a heel lever at the back.