title: Exercise physiology

text: Tim Noakes, based on an earlier idea by the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner Archibald Hill has proposed the existence of a central governor. In this, the brain continuously adjusts the power output by muscles during exercise in regard to a safe level of exertion. These neural calculations factor in prior length of strenuous exercise, the planned duration of further exertion, and the present metabolic state of the body. This adjusts the number of activated skeletal muscle motor units, and is subjectively experienced as fatigue and exhaustion. The idea of a central governor rejects the earlier idea that fatigue is only caused by mechanical failure of the exercising muscles ("peripheral fatigue"). Instead, the brain models the metabolic limits of the body to ensure that whole body homeostasis is protected, in particular that the heart is guarded from hypoxia, and an emergency reserve is always maintained. The idea of the central governor has been questioned since ‘physiological catastrophes’ can and do occur suggesting that if it did exist, athletes (such as Dorando Pietri, Jim Peters and Gabriela Andersen-Schiess) can override it.


title: Exercise physiology

text: Prolonged exercise such as marathons can increase cardiac biomarkers such as troponin, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and ischemia-modified (aka MI) albumin. This can be misinterpreted by medical personnel as signs of myocardial infarction, or cardiac dysfunction. In these clinical conditions, such cardiac biomarkers are produced by irreversible injury of muscles. In contrast, the processes that create them after strenuous exertion in endurance sports are reversible, with their levels returning to normal within 24-hours (further research, however, is still needed).


title: Exercise physiology

text: Humans are specifically adapted to engage in prolonged strenuous muscular activity (such as efficient long distance bipedal running). This capacity for endurance running may have evolved to allow the running down of game animals by persistent slow but constant chase over many hours.


title: Exercise physiology

text: Central to the success of this is the ability of the human body, unlike that of the animals they hunt, to effectively remove muscle heat waste. In most animals, this is stored by allowing a temporary increase in body temperature. This allows them to escape from animals that quickly speed after them for a short duration (the way nearly all predators catch their prey). Humans, unlike other animals that catch prey, remove heat with a specialized thermoregulation based on sweat evaporation. One gram of sweat can remove 2,598 J of heat energy. Another mechanism is increased skin blood flow during exercise that allows for greater convective heat loss that is aided by our upright posture. This skin based cooling has resulted in humans acquiring an increased number of sweat glands, combined with a lack of body fur that would otherwise stop air circulation and efficient evaporation. Because humans can remove exercise heat, they can avoid the fatigue from heat exhaustion that affects animals chased in a persistent manner, and so eventually catch them.


title: Exercise physiology

text: Rodents have been specifically bred for exercise behavior or performance in several different studies. For example, laboratory rats have been bred for high or low performance on a motorized treadmill with electrical stimulation as motivation. The high-performance line of rats also exhibits increased voluntary wheel-running behavior as compared with the low-capacity line. In an experimental evolution approach, four replicate lines of laboratory mice have been bred for high levels of voluntary exercise on wheels, while four additional control lines are maintained by breeding without regard to the amount of wheel running. These selected lines of mice also show increased endurance capacity in tests of forced endurance capacity on a motorized treadmill. However, in neither selection experiment have the precise causes of fatigue during either forced or voluntary exercise been determined.


title: Exercise physiology

text: Physical exercise may cause pain both as an immediate effect that may result from stimulation of free nerve endings by low pH, as well as a delayed onset muscle soreness. The delayed soreness is fundamentally the result of ruptures within the muscle, although apparently not involving the rupture of whole muscle fibers.


title: Exercise physiology

text: Muscle pain can range from a mild soreness to a debilitating injury depending on intensity of exercise, level of training, and other factors.


title: Exercise physiology

text: There is some preliminary evidence to suggest that moderate intensity continuous training has the ability to increase someone's pain threshold.


title: Exercise physiology

text: Accreditation programs exist with professional bodies in most developed countries, ensuring the quality and consistency of education. In Canada, one may obtain the professional certification title – Certified Exercise Physiologist for those working with clients (both clinical and non clinical) in the health and fitness industry. In Australia, one may obtain the professional certification title - Accredited Exercise Physiologist (AEP) through the professional body Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). In Australia, it is common for an AEP to also have the qualification of an Accredited Exercise Scientist (AES). The premiere governing body is the American College of Sports Medicine.


title: Exercise physiology

text: An exercise physiologist's area of study may include but is not limited to biochemistry, bioenergetics, cardiopulmonary function, hematology, biomechanics, skeletal muscle physiology, neuroendocrine function, and central and peripheral nervous system function. Furthermore, exercise physiologists range from basic scientists, to clinical researchers, to clinicians, to sports trainers.


title: Exercise physiology

text: Colleges and universities offer exercise physiology as a program of study on various different levels, including undergraduate, graduate degrees and certificates, and doctoral programs. The basis of Exercise Physiology as a major is to prepare students for a career in field of health sciences. A program that focuses on the scientific study of the physiological processes involved in physical or motor activity, including sensorimotor interactions, response mechanisms, and the effects of injury, disease, and disability. Includes instruction in muscular and skeletal anatomy; molecular and cellular basis of muscle contraction; fuel utilization; neurophysiology of motor mechanics; systemic physiological responses (respiration, blood flow, endocrine secretions, and others); fatigue and exhaustion; muscle and body training; physiology of specific exercises and activities; physiology of injury; and the effects of disabilities and disease. Careers available with a degree in Exercise Physiology can include: non-clinical, client-based work; strength and conditioning specialists; cardiopulmonary treatment; and clinical-based research.


title: Exercise physiology

text: In order to gauge the multiple areas of study, students are taught processes in which to follow on a client-based level. Practical and lecture teachings are instructed in the classroom and in a laboratory setting. These include:


title: Exercise physiology

text: The curriculum for exercise physiology includes biology, chemistry, and applied sciences. The purpose of the classes selected for this major is to have a proficient understanding of human anatomy, human physiology, and exercise physiology. Includes instruction in muscular and skeletal anatomy; molecular and cellular basis of muscle contraction; fuel utilization; neurophysiology of motor mechanics; systemic physiological responses (respiration, blood flow, endocrine secretions, and others); fatigue and exhaustion; muscle and body training; physiology of specific exercises and activities; physiology of injury; and the effects of disabilities and disease. Not only is a full class schedule needed to complete a degree in Exercise Physiology, but a minimum amount of practicum experience is required and internships are recommended.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home (also known as St Mary's Mother and Baby Home or simply The Home) that operated between 1925 and 1961 in the town of Tuam, County Galway, Ireland, was a maternity home for unmarried mothers and their children. The Home was run by the Bon Secours Sisters, a religious order of Catholic nuns, that also operated the Grove Hospital in the town. Unmarried pregnant women were sent to the Home to give birth.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In 2012, the Health Service Executive raised concerns that up to 1,000 children had been sent from the Home, for the purpose of illegal adoptions in the United States, without their mothers' consent. However, subsequent research discovered files relating to just 36 illegal foreign adoptions from the home.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Separately in 2012, a local historian, Catherine Corless, published an article documenting the history of the home before she uncovered the names of the children who died in the home the following year. In 2014, Anna Corrigan uncovered the inspection reports of the home, which noted that the most commonly recorded causes of death among the infants were congenital debilities, infectious diseases and malnutrition (including marasmus-related malnutrition). Corless' research led her to conclude that almost all had been buried in an unmarked and unregistered site at the Home, and the article claimed that there was a high death rate of residents. Corless estimated that nearly 800 children had died at the home.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Home was investigated by the Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation, a statutory commission of investigation under Judge Yvonne Murphy. Excavations carried out between November 2016 and February 2017, that had been ordered by the Commission, found a significant quantity of human remains, aged from 35 foetal weeks to two to three years, interred in "a vault with twenty chambers". Carbon dating confirmed that the remains date from the time the home was operated by the Bon Secours order. The Commission said that it was shocked by the discovery, and that it would continue its investigation into who was responsible for the disposal of human remains in this way.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Corless's original research noted that the site was also the location of a septic tank when overlaid with maps of the period of use as a workhouse. The 2017 report by an Expert Technical Group, commissioned by the Department of Children and Youth Affairs, confirmed that the vault was a sewage tank after reviewing historical records and conducting a magnetometer survey; it concluded, "The combination of an institutional boarding home and commingled interments of juvenile remains in a sewage treatment system is a unique situation, with no directly comparable domestic or international cases."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In October 2018, the Irish government announced that it would introduce legislation to facilitate a full excavation of the mass grave and site, and for forensic DNA testing to be carried out on the remains, at a cost estimated to be between €6 and €13 million. The Mother and Baby Home Commission finalised its report in 2020, and it was published in January 2021. The Bon Secours Sisters issued an apology in the wake of the report's publication, stating "We did not live up to our Christianity when running the Home."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Between 1925 and 1961 in Tuam, a town in County Galway, the Bon Secours Sisters ran "The Home", an institution where thousands of unmarried pregnant women gave birth. Previously, it had been a workhouse and military barracks.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The building that eventually became "The Home" was built in 1841 as a workhouse under the Irish Poor Laws. Like many other workhouses, it had been designed by Poor Law Commissioners' architect George Wilkinson to house about 800 people. This workhouse opened in 1846, close to the peak of the Great Famine. As well as dormitories, the main building contained an infirmary and an "idiots' ward". Sheds were constructed on the property to house additional inmates and fever victims. A fever hospital was later constructed next door. After the Famine, the workhouse continued to house the poor and homeless for more than sixty years.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In 1916, during the uprising against British rule, British troops took over the workhouse, evicted the occupants and made the building their barracks. In 1923, during the Irish Civil War, six anti-treaty IRA volunteers were imprisoned and executed at the workhouse by Irish Free State forces, followed by two others some weeks later. These were among the last executions of the Civil War. The nuns who took over the building later erected a crucifix in memory of the executed IRA members.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The order of Bon Secours Sisters, led by Mother Hortense McNamara, took over the Tuam Workhouse in 1925 and converted it into "The Home". This resulted from the prior closure of all workhouses in the county by the Galway Board of Health, and the transfer of the hospital wing of Glenamaddy Workhouse to Tuam.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Unmarried single women who became pregnant were sent to give birth there, rather than at a hospital or at home. The nuns may have included trained nurses, but were extremely unlikely to have been midwives, as the Papal prohibition on nuns being midwives or attending births wasn't lifted until 1936. In 1927, the Board of Health directed that a maternity ward be added to the Home so that the mothers could be segregated from the public wards. This was built in 1929. The mothers were required to stay inside the Home for one year, doing unpaid work for the nuns, as reimbursement for some of the services rendered. They were separated from their children, who remained separately in the Home, raised by nuns, until they could be adopted – often without consent.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Some women who had had two confinements were sent directly to nearby Magdalene laundries after giving birth, as punishment for their perceived "recidivism". According to Professor Maria Luddy, "Such a stance, though not intended to be penal, allowed for the development of an attitude that accepted detention as a means of protecting society from these reoffending women."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: For each mother and child in the home, the County Council paid the nuns £1 a week. (Average female earnings in 1949 were £2.97/week; a loaf of bread cost three pence; a stone of potatoes (6.35 kg) cost 14 pence)).


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: At the end of the year, the mothers left while their babies were typically kept at the Home. The children stayed there until they could be adopted, fostered, or until they were old enough to be sent to industrial boarding schools. Even at the time, there were some complaints of fostered children being exploited. An October 1953 article in "The Tuam Herald" said "an effort was not always made to find the home that most suited the child or the child that most suited the home. The allowance given to foster parents was not always spent on the child's welfare". Local historian Catherine Corless also uncovered one case where a mother found work in England and paid the nuns to care for her son in the Home. The nuns did not tell her that her son had been fostered and kept each installment that she sent them. Some babies were sent to clergy in the United States to be illegally adopted by Catholic families there.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: A 1947 report by an official inspector who visited the Home says some of the children were suffering from malnutrition, and 12 out of 31 infants examined were described as being "emaciated and not thriving". It also says that the Home was overcrowded, with 271 children and 61 mothers living there. Death rates were extraordinarily high: 34 per cent of children died in the home in 1943; 25 per cent died in 1944; 23 per cent died in 1945; 27 per cent died in 1946. The report states "The death rate amongst infants is high... The death rate had appeared to be on the decrease but has now begun to rise again. It is time to enquire into the possible cause before the death rate mounts higher." The report went on to say, "the care given to infants in the Home is good, the Sisters are careful and attentive; diets are excellent. It is not here that we must look for cause of the death rate".


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: An inspection two years later in 1949, conducted by inspectors from the Galway County Council, reported "everything in the home in good order and congratulated the Bon Secour sisters on the excellent condition of their Institution".


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Home closed in 1961, and most of the occupants were sent to similar institutions, such as Sean Ross Abbey in Roscrea. The building lay mostly disused until its demolition in 1972, and a new housing estate was built on the site.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In 1975, two boys, ages 10 and 12, were playing at the site of the former Mother and Baby Home. They found a hole or chamber "filled to the brim" with children's skeletons underneath a concrete slab. One of them later said he had seen about twenty skeletons. The slab was believed by some to have covered the former Home's septic tank. Locals speculated that these were the remains of victims of the Great Famine, unbaptised babies, and/or stillborn babies from the Home. The number of bodies was then unknown, but was assumed to be small. It was re-sealed shortly afterwards, following prayers at the site by a priest. For the next 35 years the burial site was tended to by a local couple, who also built a small grotto there.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In 2012, local historian Catherine Corless published an article about the home in the annual Journal of the Old Tuam Society. At that stage she did not have the names of all of the children who had died there. In 2013, Ann Glennon, a public servant at the Galway Health Service Executive registrar for births, deaths and marriages, at Corless' request and expense, retrieved the names of the 796 children who had death certificates listing "The Tuam Home" or the "Tuam Children's Home" as place of death. Most of the children were infants and had died at the Home during its years of operation (1925 - 1961). In 2018, Glennon said she was "privileged" to be able to carry out the work.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Corless studied the state death certificates and found that they listed a range of ailments such as tuberculosis, convulsions, measles, whooping cough, malnutrition and influenza. She then cross-referenced the names with those in local graveyards and found that only two had been buried in any of them. Her research led her to conclude that the only possible location for the bodies was the site where the skeletons were found in 1975. Maps showed that this was the site of the Home's septic tank. Corless believed that some of the skeletons found are inside the septic tank. This common burial ground was unmarked and not registered with the authorities; no records were kept of any burials there. International media outlets and other commentators described the site as a "mass grave".


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Corless's conclusions were supported by some local residents who recalled seeing nuns and workmen apparently burying remains there late in the evenings. In 2010, the bodies of 222 infants from Bethany Home, another maternity home, were found in a mass unmarked grave in Dublin.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In April 2014, Corless's research into Tuam was publicised during the dedication of a memorial to the 222 dead children at the Bethany Home. Corless is campaigning for a similar grave marker to be placed at the Tuam site.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Numerous news reports alleging the existence of a mass grave containing 800 babies in a septic tank, based on Corless' work, were published - first by journalist Alison O'Reilly, in the "Irish Mail on Sunday", and later by international media outlets in late May/early June 2014. The story sparked outrage in Ireland and internationally.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Irish government came under pressure to launch an investigation. The government called the allegations "deeply disturbing" and ordered the police to begin a preliminary investigation, with the aim of launching an inquiry.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: After the issue received global attention in 2014, some commentators, in advance of official factfinding investigations, criticised the story and proffered alternative explanations for the presence of bodies in a septic tank. Some of their suggested explanations were not supported or were actively disproved by the subsequent 2017 Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation interim report, following excavations of the site.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Local Gardaí initially surmised that any bones on the site likely dated from the Great Famine in the 19th-century: "These are historical burials going back to famine times. There is no suggestion of any impropriety". Bones of famine victims had been found nearby in 2012, and archaeologists determined that they were 19th century "paupers" from the same Tuam Poor Law Union Workhouse which had originally occupied the building later used for the Bon Secours Children's Home. The Gardaí were later ordered to investigate and issue a report on their findings by the Minister for Justice.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Data from the National Archives from 1947 showed that during the preceding twelve months, the death rate of children in Bon Secours was almost twice that of some other mother and baby homes. A government inter-departmental report into the records stated that an "assessment of mortality rates will need public health specialist/historical analysis of statistics on children born and resident at the home in Tuam".


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Professor Liam Delaney said the high child death rate at the Home could not be explained by higher overall child death rates at the time, nor by the higher death rate among "illegitimate" children. He added: "This points to something serious within these institutions".


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Kevin Higgins, a solicitor representing former residents, said that the number of deaths recorded at the Tuam home over a period of over more than 30 years was "off the scale" compared to the rate of children's deaths elsewhere at the same time.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: An RTÉ documentary in the "Would You Believe" series, on the topic of the Tuam Babies, was broadcast on Sunday, 12 April 2015.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In October 2017, "The New York Times" published an extended multimedia article, "The Lost Children of Tuam", by Dan Barry and others covering the home, the children and the burial site.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In November 2022, "TheJournal.ie" published a podcast series titled "Redacted Lives". Episode 3, "Tuam", focuses on the Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: On 3 June 2015, the "Irish Examiner" published a special report which claimed that the Health Services Executive (HSE) had voiced concerns in 2012 that up to a thousand children may have been trafficked from the home, and recommending that the then health minister, James Reilly, be informed so that "a fully fledged, fully resourced forensic investigation and state inquiry" could be launched.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The issue had arisen within the HSE when a principal social worker responsible for adoption discovered "a large archive of photographs, documentation and correspondence relating to children sent for adoption to the USA" and "documentation in relation to discharges and admissions to psychiatric institutions in the Western area".


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The HSE noted that letters from the Home to parents asked for money for the upkeep of their children and notes that the duration of stay for children may have been prolonged by the order for financial reasons. It also uncovered letters to parents asking for money for the upkeep of some children that had already been discharged or had died. The social worker had compiled a list of "up to 1,000 names". HSE reports mentioned the possibility that up to 1,000 children had been trafficked for adoption. One of those reports mentioned that it was possible that death certificates were falsified so children could be "brokered for adoption", which could "prove to be a scandal that dwarfs other, more recent issues with the Church and State". The report noted that deaths recorded at the Bessborough mother and baby home in Cork dropped "dramatically" in 1950 with the introduction of adoption legislation, stating "This...may point to babies being identified for adoption, principally to the USA, but have been recorded as infant deaths in Ireland and notified to the parents accordingly." The Bon Secours Sisters in a statement said "As the Commission of Investigation has now been established the Sisters of Bon Secours do not believe it would be appropriate to comment further except to say that they will co-operate fully with that commission."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The October 2012 HSE memo recommended that due to the gravity of the issue, the then Health Minister be informed with a view towards launching a full inquiry. That did not happen, with the Minister only becoming involved following the revelations in the press of a mass grave at the home in May 2014.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The report states that if thousands of babies were illegally adopted to the United States, without the willing consent of the birth mother, then this practice was facilitated by doctors, social workers, religious orders, and many more people in positions of authority. The report states that there is a real danger that some of these people may still work within the system.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Writing in a 2012 HSE report, Declan McKeown, a consultant public health physician and medical epidemiologist stated that the infant mortality rate in the home were "similar to those recorded at Bessborough" (another Mother and Baby Home), which were five times the rate for Ireland in 1950 and 65 times the 2012 rate. McKeown stated that these rates were equivalent to the infant mortality rate in Ireland in the 1700s.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The commission's report subsequently found that the 2012 HSE report was based on conjecture accepted as fact, and that overseas adoptions had been overestimated in the case of Tuam. The 'large archive of photographs, documentation and letters' was revealed to be just two passport photographs and the original source witness had found no evidence of trafficking of babies. However, the Commission concluded that allegations of foreign adoptions for money were "impossible to prove and impossible to disprove."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Following the revelations about the mass grave, there were calls locally and internationally for an investigation of the Tuam site and an inquiry into all such mother and baby homes. The Gardaí had initially released a statement saying "These are historical burials going back to famine times. There is no suggestion of any impropriety and there is no garda investigation. Also, there is no confirmation from any source that there are between 750 and 800 bodies present." On 4 June 2014 the Irish government announced it was putting together representatives from various government departments to investigate the deaths at the home and propose how to address the issue. The then Minister for Children and Youth Affairs Charles Flanagan said any government inquiry would not be confined to the home in Tuam and that officials would advise the Government on the best form of inquiry before the end of June 2014.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: On 6 June, two senior Gardaí were appointed to lead a "fact-finding" mission. They were asked to gather all surviving records and to carry out preliminary tests on the suspected mass grave. Gardaí said there was no criminal investigation as yet because there was no evidence of a crime, but senior sources said the review may change that.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: On 16 July 2014, the Irish Government appointed Judge Yvonne Murphy to chair the Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby homes. In October 2014, the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, James Reilly, announced that the draft terms of reference for the inquiry had been circulated to government departments for comment.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In September 2014, a legal representative of former residents of the home has called on the Attorney General to order coroner's inquests to be carried out into the deaths. This would necessitate excavations and exhumations of the site, which is authorised under the 1962 Coroner's Act.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: On 19 February 2015, the then Minister for Children, James Reilly, announced that the terms of reference had been set out for the "establishment of the independent commission, which has a three-year deadline and which will cost approximately €21 million, followed the signing by the Taoiseach of a Government order at Tuesday's Cabinet meeting". The three-person Commission comprises Judge Yvonne Murphy as chairperson, with international legal expert on child protection and adoption Dr William Duncan, and historian Professor Mary E. Daly, appointed as Commissioners.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: On 25 May 2015, a remembrance ceremony for those who died at the Home was organised by a coalition of survivors' groups and was held outside Government Buildings. The organisers also sought:


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: On 3 March 2017, the Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation announced that human remains had been found during a test excavation carried out at the site between November 2016 and February 2017. Tests conducted on some of the remains indicated they had been aged between 35 foetal weeks and 2–3 years. The announcement confirmed that the deceased died during the period of time that the property was used by the Mother and Baby Home, not from an earlier period, as most of the bodies dated from the 1920s to the 1950s. The remains were found in an "underground structure divided into 20 chambers". While some speculated that this indicated that "children who died at the home were interred on the site in unmarked graves, a common practice at such Catholic-run facilities amid high child mortality rates in early 20th-century Ireland," the Commission said "it had not yet determined what the purpose of this structure was but it appeared to be a sewage tank. The commission had also not yet determined if it was ever used for this purpose."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Commission stated that it was continuing its investigation into who was responsible for the disposal of human remains in this way, that it had also asked the relevant State authorities to take responsibility for the appropriate treatment of the remains, and that it had notified the coroner. Minister for Children, Katherine Zappone said that the coroner's results would determine the direction of the investigation and that the commission would determine if other sites needed to be excavated, including another part of the Tuam site.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Adoption Rights Alliance and Justice for Magdalenes Research campaign groups demanded that Zappone publish a five-month-old report from the commission on the issue of broadening the probe's terms of reference beyond the original 18 institutions included, and said the State must ensure that all human remains buried in unmarked graves at institutions in Ireland are identified.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Then Taoiseach, Enda Kenny, described the findings as "truly appalling", saying "the babies of single mothers involved had been treated like some kind of sub-species." He commended the work of Catherine Corless in bringing the issue to light. Speaking on the find in Dáil Éireann, in response to requests to widen the terms of reference of the Commission, he described the Mother and Baby Home as "a chamber of horrors".


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In the same debate, AAA-PBP T.D. Bríd Smith called for the Bon Secours order of nuns to be disbanded. She said "its hospital empire, the biggest private hospital group in the State, was built on the bones of the dead Tuam babies." Smith said "everyone was not responsible for what happened in Tuam. It was paid for by the State, which knew exactly what was going on, and there were 'headage payments' of up to $3,000 for each child sent to the United States."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Taoiseach's speech was criticised by some. In the Dáil, independent member Catherine Connolly directly addressed the speech, stating:


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Leader of Fianna Fáil, Micheál Martin T.D., called for a state apology for the infants, a commemoration to be held for them, and for the expansion of the Commission of Inquiry to include other institutions and sites.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The then Minister for Justice, Frances Fitzgerald, stated that "the discovery is an infinitely sad reminder of an Ireland that was a very harsh, harsh place for women and their babies" and that "it shows the tortured relationship the State and church had with pregnant women - it is a tragedy that we are now facing in its entirety."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, speaking about the find at an International Women's Day reception, said there "are dark shadows that hang over our meeting, shadows that require us all to summon up yet again a light that might dispel the darkness to which so many women and their children were condemned, and the questions left unanswered as we moved on." President Higgins described Catherine Corless' work as "another necessary step in blowing open the locked doors of a hidden Ireland".


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Catholic Archbishop of Tuam, Michael Neary, said that he is horrified by the confirmation that significant quantities of human remains were buried on the site of a former mother and baby home in the town. Describing the news as "a body blow", he said he had been "greatly shocked to learn of the scale of the practice during the time in which the Bon Secours ran the mother and baby home in Tuam".


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference apologized for the hurt caused by its part in the system, which they said also involved adoptions. They also urged parishes to ensure that the burial sites of former residents are appropriately marked, and said that "the appalling story of life, death and adoptions related to the Mother and Baby Homes has shocked everyone in Ireland and beyond."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Both TV3 and RTÉ broadcast documentaries on the scandal, with the latter's Claire Byrne Live including a segment listing the names of all 796 children who had died at the home.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Corless appeared on "The Late Late Show" on 10 March 2017, alongside Tuam survivor Peter Mulryan, whose sister is buried in the Tuam grave, Anna Corrigan, whose two brothers were born in Tuam, and journalist Alison O'Reilly, who broke the story. Corless received a standing ovation at the end of the segment. Host Ryan Tubridy said "If that audience represents the people watching tonight, there is a hunger in this country for the truth."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Corless was awarded the Bar Council of Ireland's Human Rights Award in October 2017, an award presented for "exceptional humanitarian service". In her acceptance speech, she said:


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Paul McGarry, SC, chairman of Bar Council, in presenting the award, said of Corless "She has worked tirelessly on their behalf and has shone a light on a dark period of our history, passionately represented the victims and their rights at all times, often in the face of adversity. She epitomises the very essence of a humanitarian and is a very deserving recipient of this award."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In October 2018, Corless was awarded an honorary doctorate by NUI Galway. Making the award, Professor Caroline McGregor of NUIG's School of Political Science and Sociology said Corless' research "sought to re-subjectify the children who had died and their families and relatives because in the moment of their death, they were treated more like objects to dispose of rather than subjects with right for dignity, justice and respect in life and in death. Her work is not just about a focus on those who died but also those who continue to live with the pain, trauma and hurt in the present." She received an honorary degree from Trinity College Dublin in December 2018.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In June 2017, Minister Zappone announced the appointment of an "Expert Technical Group" team of international experts, comprising an Irish-based forensic archaeologist, a US-based forensic anthropologist and a UK-based forensic scientist, to investigate the burial site. Zappone also said that she was considering broadening the terms of reference for the Commission, in order to "help to answer some of the questions which have been raised again in public debate". The team is led by Dr. Niamh McCullagh, who previously worked with the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains in Northern Ireland and the Joint Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Command that aimed to locate the bodies of war dead.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Zappone stated that McCullagh will identify options for government, looking at the possibility of exhuming the remains and identifying if there are any further remains on the site that have yet to be discovered.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The team conducted an extensive geophysical survey on the site in July 2017. This consisted of data collection through a variety of non-invasive techniques, over the course of five days. The team liaised with the Coroner for North Galway, the Garda Síochána, the National Monuments Services and Forensic Science Ireland, and advice was received from the International Committee for the Red Cross.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In December 2017, the Expert Technical Group reported to the Department of Children and Youth Affairs, outlining five possible courses of action on the Tuam site. The five possible courses of action outlined are:


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Zappone said that before any decision was taken on the option to be used, she first wanted to consult with the local community in Tuam and other affected parties, such as relatives of those who were resident in the home. She said the consultation process, which would be undertaken by Galway County Council, would take three months.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Tuam Home Survivors Network said its members had given careful consideration to the Expert Technical Group's report and that the only appropriate action was "a complete excavation of the Tuam site to ensure the recovery of all human remains contained there". The Network are also seeking postmortems in respect of each set of human remains and cataloguing of DNA from all remains in order to create the most complete database possible.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Technical Group also identified a number of human rights issues which were outside its terms of reference. Zappone appointed human rights expert and Special Rapporteur on Child Protection, Professor Geoffrey Shannon, to examine these issues and to report to her on his findings. Shannon's report was published on 23 October 2018, the same day as the announcement that the Tuam site would be fully excavated.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: On 23 October 2018, Minister Zappone announced that the Government had approved her recommendation for full forensic excavation of the available site. The approach taken will involve what is known as "Humanitarian Forensic Action" and will include:


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Zappone said "I am committed to ensuring that all the children interred at this site can have a dignified and respectful burial", and that "this comprehensive and scientific approach provides us with the best opportunity to address the many deeply personal questions to which former residents and their families need answers." Zappone said that due to the "unprecedented" nature of the site, bespoke legislation would be required in advance of the commencement of further excavations and forensic and DNA testing, and that drafting of such legislation is expected to commence in November 2018.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Catherine Corless said that the full excavation and DNA testing announced was everything that they had been campaigning for. The Tuam Babies Family Group welcomed the announcement, saying "This is an exceptionally important decision and will pave the way for all the other mother and baby homes, and the lost children of Ireland. We hope this decision will bring peace to the families of these children."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The Bon Secours Sisters have offered a €2.5 million voluntary contribution towards the costs of excavation and forensic excavation, which are estimated at between €6 and €13 million. Zappone stated that this contribution was not a settlement or an indemnity.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In December 2018, the Taoiseach announced that legislation would be required to enable the full excavation to proceed. The required legislation is expected to be passed in the first half of 2019, with procurement of specialist services and planning going ahead at the same time, with the excavations then proceeding in the latter half of 2019. Taoiseach Varadkar said "We've never really done this before in Ireland, on this scale, so we've a lot to set up, a lot to learn before we do it. We're not entirely sure what we're getting into, but as a Government we're convinced this is the right thing to do, to remove the remains and to give those children a proper decent burial they didn't get."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The final report of the Commission was submitted to the Minister for Children, Equality, Disability, Integration & Youth on 30 October 2020, and was published on 12 January 2021. The report detailed an "appalling level of infant mortality at mother-and-baby homes," and said "in the years before 1960 mother-and-baby homes did not save the lives of 'illegitimate' children; in fact, they appear to have significantly reduced their prospects of survival", stating that 9,000 children had died in the 18 institutions covered by the Commission's terms of reference, between 1922 and 1998 - an infant mortality rate almost double that of the general population - and one in seven died. It was also announced that the Taoiseach, Micheál Martin, would apologise to survivors on behalf of the state.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Katherine Zappone raised the issue of the mass grave with Pope Francis when she met him on his visit to Áras an Uachtaráin on Saturday 25 August, and presented him with a memorandum on the issue, telling him "I hope the church will make reparations for this shameful chapter. It is important and I will write to you in detail." Speaking to members of the press, Pope Francis said "She told me, and she was brief: 'Holy Father, we found mass graves of children, buried children, we're investigating... and the Church has something to do with this.' But she said it very politely and truly with a lot of respect. I thanked her to the point that this had touched my heart."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: A march from Tuam town hall to the Bon Secours site and a subsequent vigil were attended by over 1,000 people Sunday 26 August 2018, timed to coincide with a mass being celebrated by Pope Francis in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, during his visit to Ireland. The names of the dead were read out and a sculpture in memory of the dead was unveiled.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Catherine Corless had been invited to attend a state reception for the pope by the office of the Taoiseach, Leo Varadkar, but she declined the invitation, saying "I had to take a stand with the babies. We have asked the Church to meet with survivors and to talk to us about the babies in the sewage tank. We have asked the Bon Secours sisters to give us some record, to come to Tuam, to help the survivors; to talk to them. For the last four years none of the priests or the Archbishop of Tuam indeed would entertain us." In advance of the papal visit to Ireland, Corless wrote to the Vatican to ask that the pope meet one of the survivors of the home. She stated that her request had not been answered.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: In December 2018, the "Sunday Independent" published excerpts from a letter from Pope Francis replying to Katherine Zappone's letter, which it interpreted as putting pressure on religious orders to accept responsibility for the treatment of children who died in mother and baby homes. The Pope wrote "I pray in particular that efforts made by the Government and by local churches and religious congregations will help face, responsibly, this tragic chapter in Ireland's history." No mention was made of additional reparations, as sought by the Minister. The Taoiseach described the response as "more of an acknowledgement than a substantive response."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: On the 2018 International Day of the Disappeared (30 August), Liam Herrick, Director of the Irish Council for Civil Liberties, called for an investigation into the Bon Secours home and related issues such as the Magdalene Laundries and forced and illegal adoptions, saying Ireland had several questions to answer on enforced disappearances and what happened to unmarried mothers and their children throughout the 20th century. He said that: "When we look at Tuam, we're talking here about the obligations of the State to take all measures possible to identify the children who died in Tuam. And then to, where possible, return the remains to the families. We also are talking about a full public investigation into the circumstances of what happened at Tuam and steps being taken to guarantee that nothing of this nature could ever happen in another Irish institution in the future."


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Following the release of the final report of the Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation, the Bon Secours Sisters released an apology. It states:


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: The order also committed to participating in a "Restorative Recognition Scheme" to be set up to compensate survivors.


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: It was announced in February 2022 that the cabinet had agreed an 'Institutional Burials Bill', intended to provides a lawful basis for the forensic excavation, recovery and DNA analysis of remains from the site of the former institution and other sites. It will allow families to be reunited with the remains of their loved ones, and according to Minister for Children Roderic O'Gorman, it "will ensure that the children there have the dignified burial that has been denied to them for so long".


title: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home

text: Some Tuam residents have now called for an investigation into the town's Grove Hospital, which had also been run by the Bon Secours order. A number of people have claimed their children or siblings were buried on the site from the 1950s right up until the late 1970s, although the order denies that there was a graveyard on the site. Galway County Council has stipulated that an archaeologist must monitor excavation work on the site in order to preserve any remains which may be buried there.


title: Aathi

text: Aathi () or known as Aadhi is a 2006 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film, directed by Ramana and produced by S. A. Chandrasekhar. Starring Vijay in the lead role, it is a remake of the 2005 Telugu film "Athanokkade".


title: Aathi

text: The film starts by with Anjali sitting on a bench in Rameswaram feeding a white pigeon by a calm ocean. A retired police officer Shankar comes and sits on the bench by her side, and they exchange pleasantries. Suddenly, she whips out a knife and kills him with the help of her paternal uncle Ramachandran, while saying that she has been waiting for this moment for many years. She then comes back to Chennai with Ramachandran to attend college.


title: Aathi

text: After that, the scene shifts to Aathi, who lives in New Delhi with his foster family consisting of his parents Mani and Lakshmi, who are both loving to him, and his sister. He takes up a course in a college in Chennai against his foster parents' wishes, while he is actually on a personal mission to eliminate the people behind the murder of his blood family. Unable to be separated from Aadhi, his foster family comes to Chennai along with him.


title: Aathi

text: It is revealed that Anjali is studying in the same college as Aadhi, and she also has her own agenda to seek revenge on her family's killers, and she is assisted by Ramachandran. Meanwhile, RDX, a local gangster, enters and is shown to have a dispute with Pattabhi. To exact their revenge, Ramachandran attempts to kill Sadha, one of RDX's henchmen, but fails to do so since Aadhi kills Sadha with a gun he was armed with. At first naturally, RDX assumes the killer can be none other than Pattabhi, so he kills him. However, Aathi arrives on the scene with help from Bullet, his college classmate who is a comical rowdy. Aathi threatens RDX telling that he was the one who killed Sadha, and that he will also kill Abdullah. As typical and usual, Abdullah gets angry and goes to kill Aathi but fails, and Aathi beheads Abdullah, while his foster family witnessed this act with horror. On being questioned by his foster family, Aathi tells his flashback.


title: Aathi

text: Aathi's biological father was an honest cop who arrested one of RDX's henchmen. It is revealed that Anjali and Aadhi are from the same family as Anjali's father is Aathi's maternal uncle. RDX pays Aathi's house a visit and asks his grandfather to let his henchmen go. When Aathi's grandfather refuses, RDX threatens them, only to find knives being held at him by Aadhi and his cousins. Aathi's father arrives and arrests RDX. Infuriated, he pays them a visit with some of his henchmen and Shankar. Together, they murder the whole extended family. Only Anjali, Ramachandran, and Aathi survived the blast that annihilated their family. After the house is blown up by RDX, Aadhi escapes and is taken in by a couple who later became his foster parents.


title: Aathi

text: On finding out his past, Aathi's foster parents request him to come back to New Delhi, but he refuses. He then takes them to the railway station, but is nearly ambushed by RDX's men. He succeeds on defeating them in a fight and meets RDX, warning him to bring his brother Robert from Dubai, whom he promises to kill. Soon, Robert arrives, and in revenge, kills Ramachandran, while challenging Aathi to meet him at RDX's place. Aathi came after finding out that RDX had kidnapped Anjali and held her hostage by his henchmen in the library of their college, which happens to be the old house that Aathi, Anjali, and their family lived in. Aathi escapes after killing Robert with his own gun. RDX's men hold Anjali hostage, but she is saved by Bullet and the other students in the college. In a thrilling climax, Aathi kills RDX and is shown to be leaving and reuniting with Anjali, the only one left in his family.


title: Aathi

text: Chandrasekhar bought the remake rights of Telugu film "Athanokkade" (2005) to make it in Tamil with his son Vijay. Ramana, who earlier worked with Vijay in "Thirumalai" (2003) was selected to direct this film.


title: Aathi

text: Trisha was chosen to be the lead actress pairing with Vijay for third time after "Ghilli" (2004) and "Thirupaachi" (2005). Saikumar was chosen to portray the antagonist while Prakash Raj, Vivek, Naasar, Seetha and Manivannan were selected to portray supporting roles.


title: Aathi

text: The film released on 15 January 2006. The satellite rights of the film were sold to Kalaignar TV for 10 crore. Theatrical rights for Tamil Nadu were sold for 17 crore. The film didn't perform as well as expected, which Sify.com attributed to the film not being released on Pongal Day. The film released alongside "Saravana" and "Paramasivan".


title: Aathi

text: The film was dubbed and released in Telugu as "Nenera Aadhi," in Hindi as "Aadhi Naath and it was also dubbed in malayalam in the same title".


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Teri Meri Kahaani () is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film directed by Kunal Kohli. Shahid Kapoor (Vivah - 2006, Jab We Met - 2007 & Kismat Konnection - 2008) and Priyanka Chopra (Dostana - 2008, What's Your Raashee? - 2009 & Anjaana Anjaani - 2010), who also co-starred in "Kaminey" in 2009, portray three couples from three different eras. In 1910 Sargodha, they are two star-crossed lovers during the British Raj; in 1960 Mumbai, a popular Bollywood actress and a struggling musician; and in 2012 London, two university students.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Kohli conceived "Teri Meri Kahaani" from the idea of soulmates, showing the strength of love beyond generations by having the same two actors portray all three couples without using a reincarnation theme. He co-wrote the film with Robin Bhatt. Muneesh Sappel created three sets for depicting the different time periods, requiring months of research and detailed designs. Principal photography began in Mumbai in mid-2011 and later moved to London, where it was primarily shot at the Jublee Campus of the University of Nottingham and Stratford-upon-Avon.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Sajid–Wajid composed the soundtrack with lyrics by Prasoon Joshi. The film was released on 22 June 2012 to mixed reviews to positive reviews from critics, receiving praise mostly for the performances of the lead pair and their chemistry, the music and the production design, especially the re-creation of 1960s Mumbai. Made on a budget of 300 million, the film grossed 540 million. Although it performed "averagely" at the domestic box office, it fared well in the overseas market.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: In 1960, aspiring musician Govind (Shahid Kapoor) and popular Bollywood superstar Rukhsar (Priyanka Chopra) meet on a train heading to Bombay, India. Ruksar had run away from her home Lucknow with her best friend to become a film star. The two bond over their careers but part ways after arriving in Bombay. Govind befriends Radhika (Prachi Desai), a confident and modern girl, who is charmed by his simplicity. Rukhsar and Govind meet again and hit it off at a party, but Govind notices a photo journalist following them. He holds Radhika's hand to mislead the journalist, unaware that Radhika has fallen in love with him. Radhika is the best friend Rukhsar had run away with, and the two tell each other about the man they've fallen in love with, not realising he is the same person. When Rukhsar, Radhika and Govind all meet, the three realise what happened and brokenheartedly part ways.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: In London in 2012, college students Krrish and Radha meet after Krrish breaks up with his girlfriend, Meera (Neha Sharma), on his birthday. After a misunderstanding between Krrish and Radha is cleared, they become friends and spend time getting to know each other. When Meera learns that Krrish is with Radha, she angrily uploads embarrassing photos of him to Facebook that go viral. Radha learns that Krrish spent the night with her on his birthday only two hours after he broke up with Meera, but when she tries to talk to him, he is too busy retaliating against Meera. Frustrated and heartbroken, Radha leaves.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: The film rewinds to 1910 Sargodha during the times of the British Raj. Javed, a Punjabi Muslim womaniser with a talent for reciting poetry, meets Aradhana, a young woman in the village, while being chased by the police. They become acquainted, but Javed's flirty nature upsets Aradhana. Javed insists she is special and focuses all his attention on her. He joins Aradhana's father in a protest for freedom from the British, but when officers begin to physically abuse the protestors, Javed hides while Aradhana's father is beaten. Aradhana is disgusted with him. To appease her, Javed allows himself to be beaten and arrested in front of her. She visits him in jail and tells him their love cannot happen, but he asks her to wait. Three months later, Javed is freed, but he learns that Aradhana was married a month before. Aradhana tells Javed in tears that she only married to make her father happy. Soon after, Javed also must marry for his father's happiness. Aradhana comes to the wedding to see him one last time. During the vows, Javed realises Aradhana is wearing a widow's clothes and stops the wedding, insisting on marrying Aradhana.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: To conclude, all three couples are revisited. In 1960, Govind packs up and boards a train, but is followed by Rukhsar, and the two reconcile. In 2012, Krrish speaks to Meera and Radha one more time, severing ties with Meera and confessing his true love to Radha. In 1910, Javed and Aradhana vow that their love will not only last this lifetime but for all lifetimes to come.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Director Kunal Kohli was fascinated with the idea of soulmates and conceived the film as a tale of "the strength of love beyond generations". The premise would be a love story with the same two actors in three different time period that did not involve reincarnation. He said, "It's the story of three different lives and proves that love is a promise forever. We have chosen one hundred years to talk about love. We didn't want it to be soppy or melodramatic."


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Kohli co-wrote the screenplay with Robin Bhatt. He found it difficult to represent three time periods, but felt that the film could appeal to everyone if he chose to "keep some of it in the past and still make it youthful and modern." He said, "I have created humour and situations which would be liked by everyone". For instance, he chose to display a different side to the Indian independence movement of the 1910s as opposed to the "unromantic and non-colourful" depiction. Kohli said "everyone takes a very serious approach to that part of the history," so he instead used it to frame a love story between a Punjabi belle and a Casanova.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: 1960s Bollywood also fascinated Kohli, who wanted to pay tribute to Raj Kapoor, Dev Anand, Shammi Kapoor, and Dilip Kumar. However, rather than remaking films of the past, he "remade a whole era. It is much easy to remake a film, remaking an entire era is not a cakewalk; it is a very challenging task."


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Through the final storyline of the film, set in 2012, Kohli wanted to demonstrate a modern romance, which mostly happens through SMS, instant messaging apps, and Internet chat. Kohli described it by saying, "Today people flirt, communicate and connect through smses and you get that feeling of being with somebody even when you are not with that person because that person is telling you everything that is happening in their life. You are constantly updating the other person with your thoughts and that is what keeps you connected to that person."


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: In February 2011, it was announced that Kohli would be producing the film with Eros International. Amitabh Shukla was chosen to edit the film while Sandeep Shirodkar was brought in to compose the background score.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: In November 2010, Kohli announced that Shahid Kapoor would be starring in his untitled upcoming film and stated that he was looking to sign the leading actress in the next few days. In January 2011, Kohli confirmed Priyanka Chopra's casting on Twitter. This became the second film collaboration between the two actors after "Kaminey" (2009). Kohli said that he had always wanted to bring Kapoor and Chopra together for a "quintessential musical love story." Kohli had approached Kapoor for a different film while the script of "Teri Meri Kahaani" was still in development. When Kapoor asked about working together on a different film, Kohli proposed the as yet unwritten love story. Kapoor was confused but interested, and after Kohli explained the concept, he agreed to the role.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Kohli had been in discussions with Chopra for a different project before, which would have paired her with Saif Ali Khan. At that time, Khan and Chopra had been asked to star together in a number of films, including "2 States", "Cocktail", "Race 2" and Vishal Bhardwaj's "Dreams". Siddharth Anand's adaptation of "2 States" would film at the same time as Kohli's proposed film. Anand and Kohli met and agreed that Chopra would act in "2 States". Later, Kohli approached Chopra with a new script, and she agreed to join the cast for "Teri Meri Kahaani". Prachi Desai and Neha Sharma were cast to play Kapoor's love interests in the 1960s and 2012, respectively.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Kapoor said that of the three characters he plays—Javed the poet, Govind the struggling musician and Krish the college student—Krish is the closest to himself, but Javed was the most interesting, a type of character he had never played before. Javed uses shayari, a type of poetry, to flirt. "Shayaris are his pickup lines and very often he does succeed to getting the girls," said Kapoor. "He is not a sophisticated shayar and that is part of his charm." He also called Javed "the funniest and naughtiest character of 1910 I have ever seen." Despite the role being his favourite, Kapoor faced problems with the era-appropriate costume, which required him to wear traditional mojari shoes and clip-on stud earrings; he suffered from both shoe bites and red ears during filming.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Chopra faced the challenge of her triple roles by playing each one as differently as possible. She used the script to identify unique characteristics of each—Aradhana is a Punjabi girl, Ruksar speaks with the manners of a popular Bollywood actress from Lucknow, and Radha displays a contemporary confidence. Of the three, Chopra found playing a girl from 1910 to be the toughest. She said, "There was no reference point for it except some books," and the few sketches Kohli was able to provide for costume design. Even with only written sources, she worked toward developing an accent that would have been typical for a Punjabi girl from Pakistan. In contrast, Chopra was able to consult Saira Banu, a leading Hindi film actress of the 1960s, to understand the way her character Ruksar lived. Like Kapoor, Chopra enjoyed the novelty of playing a character in 1910, "a certain period which normally [she] would not get to play," and she related best to her contemporary character Radha. But for her Ruksar was the most interesting. "I got to play a superstar actress of the 1960s," she said. "I got to wear the glamorous clothes of those days, don big hair-dos and speak the way actresses spoke then. I loved all those things."


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Manish Malhotra and Kunal Rawal designed the costumes for Chopra and Kapoor respectively. Malhotra also consulted Asha Parekh, who gave several insights into the life of actresses in her day, to design Chopra's costumes and look to play Ruksar.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Muneesh Sappel handled the art direction while Sunil Patel did the cinematography. Sappel created three sets depicting the 1910, 1960s and 2012 settings for the three storylines. He did extensive research for six months, visiting each location in person to ensure that the sets looked authentic and real, and using visual effects (VFX) to complete the designs.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: The 1910 portion, which is set in Sargodha, Punjab, during the British Empire, was easy to recreate with "a temple, mosque, market, a small village, brick houses etc." Initially, the crew wanted to use an actual village as the set, but were unable to find one that had not changed in the past century. Instead, they chose to construct a set that would be historically accurate. Sappel said that the set for 1960s Mumbai was much more time-consuming, with "trams, chawl, guest houses, old studios and old cinema houses" to create the intended atmosphere.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Principal photography started in Mumbai in late May 2011. The first stage of shooting was completed in early July 2011. Filming resumed at the end of the month, and continued until mid-August 2011. Initially, the London scenes were to be shot in September after the release of "Mausam" (2011), another film starring Kapoor. However, the release date was postponed one week to 16 September, causing the pre-release promotions to conflict with the existing shooting schedule. Chopra was scheduled to film "Barfi!" (2012) in July, but director Anurag Basu agreed to move filming to September so that Kohli could film with both Chopra and Kapoor in July.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: The London portion, where Kapoor and Chopra portray two college students, was filmed at the University of Nottingham's Jubilee Campus and the Stratford-upon-Avon. Filming ended in January 2012 with a four-day long song shoot in Aurangabad, Maharashtra.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: The film's soundtrack was composed by Sajid–Wajid, with lyrics written by Prasoon Joshi. The album consists of five original songs and two remixes. The vocals were performed by Wajid, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Mika Singh, Shreya Ghoshal, Sonu Nigam, Sunidhi Chauhan and Shaan. It was released on 6 June 2012 by T-Series.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: The soundtrack received positive reviews from critics. Noting it as a "a very good success, especially so since it has melody at its base", Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave the album a rating of 4 out of 5, writing, "Sajid-Wajid and Prasoon Joshi can be rest assured that their music would reach out to the masses in a big way and find very good appreciation." "Hindustan Times" gave it a rating of 3.5 out of 5, praising its "youthful fervour" and adding that "the album manages to capture the essence of three different periods on which the film is premised." "The Times of India" gave it 3 out of 5, also commenting on its fresh and youthful feel, and calling it "another hit album" despite the fact that "it falls short in some songs". Koimoi gave the "good album" 3 out of 5 and wrote, "as a package it has enough ingredients in it that would ensure that the songs do catch your attention when they are played on screen." BBC identified the album as "A crowd pleaser featuring the cream of the industry's playback singers."


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Several stills from the films were released to the media before the trailer, which was posted online on 5 April 2012. Media publications noted the chemistry between Kapoor and Chopra, with "Hindustan Times" writing, "After a scintillating chemistry in Kaminey, Priyanka and Shahid look picture-perfect [and] ooze wonderful screen chemistry in each of their avatars." Following the release of the theatrical trailer, media started speculating that the film might be a remake of or inspired by the 2005 Taiwanese film "Three Times", which has a similar theme. However, Kohli denied the speculations, saying that he had not even seen that film and any resemblance was just a coincidence. "Now-a-days if you want to remake a film, you just buy the rights and make the film," he said. "So if I wanted to make 'Three Times' I would have bought the rights." The first-look poster of the film was released on 9 April 2012. A second trailer was released on 5 June 2012. The film's trailers and music built anticipation for the film.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: During the production stage, the film underwent several name changes. Initially, the media reported that the film was titled "Janam Janam Ka Saath Hamara Tumhara", shortened to "Janam Janam Ka Saath", but later it became "Teri Meri Kahaani". In November 2011, reports began that the film's name might be changed again to "Muqtasar". At the time Kohli stated only that they had not yet decided the title of the film. Such speculation was believed to be a marketing choice to increase curiosity for the film.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Made on a budget of 300 million, "Teri Meri Kahaani" was released on 22 June 2012, clashing with "Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 1". The film had a "below the mark" opening, garnering only 30% collections. It performed best in the Delhi region. Reports stated that the only good news for the film was that collections had not dropped significantly on the second day. However, collections rose by the end of the weekend, amassing a total of 160 million for the film's opening weekend in India and a further $1.42 million overseas; its worldwide opening weekend collection stood at 295 million. By the fourth day it dropped around 55%. In its first week, the film went on to collect 230 million at the domestic box office and $2 million from overseas for a worldwide total of 414 million. By the end of its second week, it had collected domestically a total of 250 million. After its theatrical run, the film grossed over 370 million in India and $3 million from overseas for a worldwide total of over 540 million. The film underperformed at the Indian box-office, but performed well in the overseas market.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Distributed by Eros International, a DVD was released on 14 August 2012 in all regions in a single-disc pack in NTSC format, with no bonus content. The VCD version was released at the same time. The Indian television premiere occurred on 3 January 2014 on Zee Cinema.


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Critics praised the performances of the lead pair, their chemistry, the music and the production design, particularly the re-creation of 1960s Mumbai, but were disappointed with the story's predictability. Calling the film "uncomplicated and charming", Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and wrote, "Not the usual romantic fare, this one presents three different stories in three different eras without getting theatrical or melodramatic. Thanks to its innovative storytelling, it comes across as the perfect date movie, holding tremendous appeal for the Facebook Gen. Teri Meri Kahaani is pleasurable and fascinating in equal measures." He said that the chemistry between the lead actors was what made the film work, and noted the production design as "impressive" and the cinematography as "top notch". Sonia Chopra of Sify gave it 3 out of 5 stars, concluding, "Teri Meri Kahaani holds your attention whether it's the writing, storytelling, or the technical aspect. It's a popcorn cruncher, but that's also fairly intelligent and hearty." She added that the two leads "sparkle with earnestness and zing," with Kapoor "sure to increase his fan-following several fold" and Chopra "easily slipping in-and-out of the layered characters with dexterity."


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Rummana Ahmed of Yahoo! movies labelled the film a "breezy romantic comedy which makes for an effortless watch".


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: In another review, Business of Cinema gave a rating of 3 out of 5, stating, "Predictable, but beautifully told, 'Teri Meri Kahaani' is for die-hard romantics." It also praised the versatility of the lead pair as they "effortlessly slip into the shoes of each character," with their "wonderful" chemistry "strengthened by effective dialogues". Calling the film "charming", Sukanya Verma of Rediff gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars, writing, "Teri Meri Kahaani, with its breezy running time and frothy leads, continues the tradition in a much better manner than I anticipated." She explained, "Kohli dilutes the chance of a wholesome, affable entertainer down by his predilection for risk-free conclusions. But [...] Teri Meri Kahaani is a far better film than I came to see."


title: Teri Meri Kahaani (film)

text: Vinayak Chakravorty of "India Today" gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5, noting that the film tells the stories which "you and I already knew" and that the lead pair "hardly get a reason from the screenplay to give something extra to their roles." "Daily News and Analysis" gave it a rating of 2 out of 5 with a review stating, "The film does have its moments for sure. Overall, it remains a sweet film – a light and frothy entertainer, but without much substance." Firstpost gave it a rating of 2 out of 5, noting that the film was all about Kapoor and Chopra's "magnetic screen presence" in "the picturesque surroundings they fall in love in. Director Kunal Kohli's dialogues hit the right notes, but not always. The story goes a tad askew and a bit flat in parts, so as a whole, Teri Meri Kahaani is not the greatest love story ever told on celluloid." Rajeev Masand also gave it 2 out of 5 for being "harmless but dull"; though he said that the opening story "has a nice charm to it," he felt that the film "doesn't work despite potential in the premise."


title: Argentine Confederation

text: The Argentine Confederation (Spanish: "Confederación Argentina") was the last predecessor state of modern Argentina; its name is still one of the official names of the country according to the Argentine Constitution, Article 35. It was the name of the country from 1831 to 1852, when the provinces were organized as a confederation without a head of state. The governor of Buenos Aires Province (Juan Manuel de Rosas during most of the period) managed foreign relations during this time. Under his rule, the Argentine Confederation resisted attacks by Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, France and the United Kingdom, as well as other Argentine factions during the Argentine Civil Wars.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: Rosas was ousted from power in 1852 by Justo José de Urquiza, after the battle of Caseros. Urquiza convened the 1853 Constituent Assembly to write a national constitution. Buenos Aires resisted Urquiza and seceded from the Confederation in 1852, becoming the State of Buenos Aires; the province would return to Argentina in 1861.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: Modern Argentina is a small subset (approx. 1/3) of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a colony of Spain which also included present-day Bolivia, Uruguay, part of Peru and most of Paraguay. Long after attaining independence, Argentina attacked and conquered large areas of indigenous land.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: The May Revolution in Buenos Aires began the Argentine War of Independence, and the country was renamed the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Modern Bolivia and Paraguay were lost during the conflict and became new states. Uruguay was invaded and annexed by Brazil in 1816, until the Thirty-Three Orientals led an insurrection to rejoin the United Provinces. This began the Cisplatine War, which ended with the Treaty of Montevideo that made Uruguay a new state.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: When Argentine forces returned to Buenos Aires, Juan Lavalle led a military coup against governor Manuel Dorrego. He executed him and began a campaign against all federals, supported by José María Paz in Córdoba, who deposed Juan Bautista Bustos and took similar measures against federals. The rancher Juan Manuel de Rosas organized the resistance against Lavalle, forcing him out of government and restoring the Legislature. Paz organized the Unitarian League with the provinces that joined him, and Rosas signed the Federal Pact with Entre Ríos and Santa Fe. All the unitarian provinces were defeated and joined the Pact, and became the Argentine Confederation. Rosas declined a new term as governor after the victory over the unitarian league.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: Rosas left Buenos Aires and waged the first campaign in the desert in the south, to prevent further malones from the indigenous peoples. The campaign combined military actions and negotiations and succeeded in preventing malones for several years. Despite being absent, the political influence of Rosas in Buenos Aires was still strong, and his wife Encarnación Ezcurra was in charge of keeping good relations with the people of the city. On October 11, 1833, the city was filled with announcements of a trial against "The restorer of laws" (a newspaper, but it was misunderstood as a trial against Rosas himself, who held that title). A large number of gauchos and poor people instigated the Revolution of the Restorers, a demonstration at the gates of the legislature, praising Rosas and demanding the resignation of Governor Juan Ramón Balcarce. The troops who were organized to fight the demonstration instead mutinied and joined it. The legislature finally gave up the trial, and a month later ousted Balcarce and replaced him with Juan José Viamonte. Still, the social unrest led many people to believe that only Rosas could secure order and that Viamonte or Manuel Vicente Maza would be unable to do so. The murder of Facundo Quiroga in Córdoba increased this belief, so the legislature appointed him governor in 1835, with the sum of public power.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: Rosas faced a difficult military threat during first years of his second administration. First, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation in the North declared the War of the Confederation against Argentina and Chile. Then, France made diplomatic requests which were denied by Rosas and subsequently imposed a naval blockade as a result. France invaded Martín García island and deposed the Uruguayan president Manuel Oribe, appointing instead the loyal Fructuoso Rivera, who declared war on Argentina in support of France. Domingo Cullen, from Santa Fe, promoted the secession of all provinces, leaving Buenos Aires alone in the conflict. Berón de Astrada, from Corrientes, opposed Rosas as well, and Juan Lavalle organized an army to take Buenos Aires. The ranchers mutinied in Chascomús and organized the "Freemen of the South" militia.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: Rosas overcame all these threats. The Peru–Bolivian Confederation was defeated by Chile and ceased to exist. Cullen was defeated and shot, and Astrada was defeated by Justo José de Urquiza. The ranchers were defeated as well. The diplomat Manuel Moreno channeled the protests of the British merchants in Buenos Aires who were impacted by the blockade; this added to French doubts about maintaining a conflict that they had expected to be quite short. France finally lifted the blockade with the Mackau-Arana treaty. Lavalle lost French support but sought to continue the conflict anyway. He retreated before reaching Buenos Aires, without starting any battles, and escaped to the North. He was chased by Oribe, now in charge of Argentine armies, and died in unclear circumstances.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: Despite the French defeat, Uruguay was still an open war theater. Manuel Oribe claimed to be the rightful president of Uruguay, and waged the Uruguayan Civil War against Rivera. Rosas supported Oribe in the conflict, as Uruguay was still at war with Argentina. Oribe laid siege to Montevideo. Britain and France joined forces with Rivera, captured the Argentine navy, and began a new naval blockade against Buenos Aires. Giuseppe Garibaldi helped to secure the Uruguay river, aided by Italian soldiers. A new expedition tried to secure the Paraná river by navigating to Paraguay and returning. The Argentine army resisted the invasion of the river at several points along the Paraná (most notably during the battle of Vuelta de Obligado), but could not stop them. The damage to the British and French ships, however, were so great that both countries eventually resigned and lifted the blockade.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: Justo José de Urquiza, governor of Entre Ríos, had supported Rosas so far, but the ranchers of his province had an expanding economy and wanted to have a local customs, able to engage in commerce with other countries directly. The port of Buenos Aires had that exclusive right. Entre Ríos also requested the federalization of the national income generated by exports, and the calling of a Constituent Assembly to write a Constitution, as laid out in the Federal Pact. Urquiza made a "pronunciamiento", resuming the rights of Entre Ríos to commerce and negotiations with other countries, instead of delegating such powers to Buenos Aires. Rosas declared war against him, but Urquiza defeated Rosas at the battle of Caseros, forcing him into exile.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: Urquiza was not a unitarian, but another federalist like Rosas. Thus, the unitarians did not support him, but opposed him as they did Rosas. Urquiza's ambition to reduce the national centralism of Buenos Aires and promote a higher federalization of the country generated conflicts with the unitarians. Urquiza called the San Nicolás Agreement, so that all provinces agreed to convene the 1853 Constituent Assembly. This was resisted in Buenos Aires, and the unitarians took advantage of a temporary absence of Urquiza from the city to stage the Revolution of 11 September and secede Buenos Aires from the confederation. It was now the State of Buenos Aires, and the other Argentine provinces were now the Argentine Confederation.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: Manuel Guillermo Pinto was appointed governor of Buenos Aires, and removed the delegates from the constituent assembly. The capital of the Confederation was now located in Paraná, Entre Ríos. Buenos Aires attempted military actions against the Confederation, to prevent the work of the Assembly, but failed. The Argentine Constitution of 1853 was sanctioned on May 1, 1853, inviting Buenos Aires to return. Buenos Aires wrote its own constitution in 1854. Both countries, the Confederation and the State of Buenos Aires, accepted the status quo, with a serious danger of the secession becoming permanent.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: The Confederation attacked Buenos Aires in 1856, led by Jerónimo Costa, who was defeated by Bartolomé Mitre. Mitre got 140 prisoners: he executed 125 of them.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: in 1857, Mitre and other politicians in Buenos Aires considered making the secession a definitive one, renaming the state to the "Republic of the Río de la Plata". The project was resisted by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, who began his conflicts with Mitre. The project did not find popular support, and was forgotten.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: The Confederation had a political commotion with the murder of Nazario Benavídez, from San Juan, carried out by supporters of Sarmiento. Enraged, Urquiza resumed military hostilities against Buenos Aires. He defeated Mitre at the Battle of Cepeda, and laid siege to the city. Most federals thought that Urquiza should occupy Buenos Aires and impose the Constitution on the rebellious province. However, Urquiza just stayed outside, and sought the mediation of the Paraguayan Francisco Solano López. Buenos Aires would call a Constituent Assembly, to accept the National Constitution or requesting amendments, and rejoin the Confederation.


title: Argentine Confederation

text: The Assembly requested several amendments, the most important of which was that Buenos Aires would not be the capital city of Argentina. This would allow the city to keep the exclusive use of the port. With Santiago Derqui as the new president of the Confederation, the amendments were accepted, and the new National constitution promulgated. However, the murder of governor José Antonio Virasoro generated new military conflicts between Buenos Aires and the Confederation. Mitre defeated Urquiza at the battle of Pavón in 1861, and Buenos Aires returned to the Confederation, which would then become the modern Republic of Argentina.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: Alex Mashinsky (born October 5, 1965) is an Israeli-American entrepreneur and business executive. He was the founder and CEO of Celsius Network, a cryptocurrency lending platform, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on July 13, 2022.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: In the early 1990s, Mashinsky founded VoiceSmart, one of the first firms to offer telecommunications switches to handle ordinary voice as well as Voice over IP call routing. Mashinsky founded GroundLink in 2004 as a service to book an on-demand limousine and car services from a computer or smartphone. He was also the founder of Q-Wireless, which later became part of Transit Wireless. From 2014 to 2015, Mashinsky served as CEO of Novatel.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: Mashinsky was born in 1965 in Ukraine. His family obtained permission to leave the country in the 1970s and later moved to Israel. From an early age, he was a tinkerer, like his father, and would tap into and use public phone lines in Israel. Mashinsky attended a few different universities where he majored in electrical engineering but did not graduate. He later served in the Israeli Army. At the end of the 1980s, he left Israel and moved to the United States.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: Mashinsky has worked in a variety of different industries, often focusing on popular technologies. The "Wall Street Journal" described him in 2022 as "a brash, confident serial entrepreneur with a constant stream of big ideas." On several occasions, Mashinsky has left his companies after a period of conflict or tension.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: After relocating to New York City, Mashinsky ran a business trading contracts for delivery of chemicals such as urea, gold, and sodium cyanide. However, after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the business slowed as exports of sodium cyanide from China fizzled. Mashinsky then worked at A+ Systems, a computer-based voicemail software company for phone carriers.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: He was also an early developer of Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP). In the early 1990s, he founded VoiceSmart, one of the first companies to offer computer-based VOIP phone service. By 1993, Mashinsky had realized the potential for a commodity market for international telephone capacity. So, in 1996, Mashinsky founded Arbinet, a marketplace for VOIP telephone service. The platform was one of the first to allow telecommunication companies to trade minutes. In November 1997, Arbinet began offering a similar service for data connectivity, allowing the more than 400 T1 lines connected to its New York hub to exchange their unused bandwidth.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: In 2005, he sold his stake in Arbinet and used part of the profits from the sale to start GroundLink. The company allowed people to book limousine and car service from a smartphone or computer. Mashinsky was inspired to start the company after a car he had reserved for himself and his wife failed to pick them up, along with a business associate he was trying to impress, from the airport. In 2010, Mashinsky organized a joint venture between GroundLink and several limousine and car service companies. These companies with LimoRes Car & Limo Service, a company Mashinsky also founded, installed free Wi-Fi service funded solely by sales of advertising. He also partnered with Gogo Inflight Internet to offer the free service on US flights.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: Mashinsky's company Q-Wireless is one of the four companies that made up Transit Wireless, a joint venture to install wireless cellphone and free Wi-Fi internet service in the New York City Subway system. It took Mashinsky three years to convince Metropolitan Transportation Authority to initiate a survey to determine if there was a demand for cell phone service inside the subway system and two more years for the authority to request a proposal. By 2010, his company had received a contract to install the service at 277 below-ground subway stations in New York City.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: In April 2014, Mashinsky was named to the board of directors of Novatel, a provider of Wi-Fi hotspot products. He was appointed CEO in June of that year. In October 2015, Mashinsky left his position at Novatel after a year and a half as CEO of the company. In a 2018 deposition, Mashinsky said that he was terminated from his post because he refused to move from New York to Novatel's San Diego headquarters.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: RTX, a London-based financial technology firm in the telecom industry, hired Mashinsky as Global CEO in September 2016. After six months in the role, following a dispute with management, Mashinsky left the company, according to his 2018 deposition.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: In 2017, Mashinsky founded Celsius Network, a borrowing and lending platform for digital assets like Bitcoin, Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies. It encouraged its customers to "unbank" themselves and offered interest rates as high as 18.6 per cent on cryptocurrency deposits.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: As CEO, he hosted "Ask Mashinsky Anything", a weekly YouTube livestream in which he answered questions about Celsius. He became known for wearing T-shirts reading "Banks are not your friends," for his critical comments about unsuccessful businesses (including his own), and for publicity stunts such as an attempt to vandalize a branch of Chase Bank.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: In January 2022, Mashinsky took control of Celsius’s trading strategy. Some insiders reported that he personally directed large individual cryptocurrency trades, overruling executives with significant financial experience.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: Mashinsky withdrew $10 million from Celsius in May 2022. The withdrawals came as customers were withdrawing assets in large quantities while the company was nearing bankruptcy, according to a report in October 2022. A spokesperson for Mashinsky told the "Financial Times" that the funds were used for tax payments and estate planning. In total, Arkham Intelligence estimates that Mashinsky sold $44 million worth of CEL tokens through exchanges.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: On July 13, 2022, one month after it paused customer withdrawals, Celsius filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Mashinsky said that "the Company made what, in hindsight, proved to be certain poor asset deployment decisions."


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: Mashinsky resigned as Celsius CEO on September 27, 2022. Chris Ferraro, the former CFO of Celsius, was appointed to replace him as interim CEO. The Unsecured Creditors Committee, an organization of depositors, described the executive change as "a positive step" towards resolving the cases against Celsius.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: Mashinsky was listed in "Business Insider"s “The Silicon Alley 100: New York’s Coolest Tech People” in 2010. As head of LimoRes, Mashinsky was selected as one of Crain’s Top Entrepreneurs in 2010. His VoIP intellectual property was recognized by "Internet Telephony" magazine in its list of Top 100 VoIP Communications. He was awarded the Albert Einstein Technology Medal in 2000, and the Technology Foresight Award for Innovation in 1999. He won the Catalyst of Innovation Award from TechUnited:NJ on May 25, 2022.


title: Alex Mashinsky

text: Mashinsky lives in New York City with his wife, Krissy Mashinsky, and six children. Krissy runs the online retailer usastrong.IO, which attracted controversy for selling shirts reading “Unbankrupt Yourself”, a play on Celsius Network’s slogan “Unbank Yourself”, after Celsius went bankrupt.


title: Heather Mack

text: Lois Heather Mack (born 1995) is an American heiress and criminal, convicted of murdering her mother, Sheila von Wiese, while on vacation in Bali, Indonesia, in August 2014. The murder was widely publicized internationally because Mack and her boyfriend stuffed von Wiese-Mack's body in a suitcase. She was sentenced to 10 years, for which she served 7.


title: Heather Mack

text: Mack was born to notable jazz musician and composer James L. Mack (November 9, 1929-August 6, 2006) and Sheila Ann von Wiese (June 10, 1952-August 12, 2014) in 1995. She attended Oak Park and River Forest High School in Oak Park, Illinois, as did her future co-conspirator, Tommy Schaeffer. Mack and her mother reportedly had a contentious relationship, with police reporting that they'd made 86 visits to the home between 2004 and 2013.


title: Heather Mack

text: The Macks went on a Royal Caribbean Mediterranean cruise in 2001. During the trip, James L. Mack suffered a foot injury, for which he did not receive adequate medical treatment from the ship's doctor, resulting in partial paralysis. He filed suit against Royal Caribbean, saying that he was partly paralyzed, and had to urinate in a bottle, but this case took many years to resolve.


title: Heather Mack

text: In 2004, police were called to the Mack residence over claims that the children from James' previous relationships were denied access to their father by Heather's mother who would turn off the lights and pretend not to be home.


title: Heather Mack

text: In 2006, the Macks went on a vacation to Greece. During the trip, James L. Mack died in his hotel from a pulmonary embolism, on August 9.


title: Heather Mack

text: A settlement in the 2001 lawsuit was reached in 2011. After legal fees, $340,667 was awarded to Sheila Mack, and $500,000 to the estate of James Mack. Despite the existence of a will dated 5 days prior to James L. Mack's death, willing his entire estate to Heather Mack, the $500,000 was awarded to Sheila Mack by a judge in Cook County, Illinois. No transcript for the case is available.


title: Heather Mack

text: It is reported that the police were called to the Mack home on 86 occasions on theft and domestic violence reports cases between January 2004 and June 2013 all relating to domestic incidents between mother and daughter. In January 2010, Heather punched her mother's broken ankle. Her daughter was also accused of stealing $1000. In February 2011, Heather broke her mother's arm, and then removed the phone cord to prevent her mother calling 911. In July 2011, Heather again threatened her mother. In November 2012, she bit her mother, leaving a bruise, but her mother refused to allow police to photograph it.


title: Heather Mack

text: Heather attended Oak Park and River Forest High School from 2010-2014. While a senior at Oak Park, Heather began dating Tommy Schaefer, an unemployed rapper also known as Tommy EXX. Heather's mother did not approve of the relationship and so she sold their house and moved Heather and herself to Gold Coast, Chicago. Despite this, Heather became pregnant by Tommy. According to her lawyer, Heather had had two abortions under her mother's control and her mother was seeking to obtain a power of attorney over her daughter to enforce the third abortion, at the time that Sheila booked their final trip to Bali, where she was still waiting for blood work to find out if Heather was really pregnant.


title: Heather Mack

text: In August 2014, Sheila and Heather arrived at the St. Regis Hotel in Nusa Dua, Bali, where they had flown first class. Heather stole her mother's credit card and booked a business class flight to Bali for her boyfriend Tommy.


title: Heather Mack

text: Tommy claimed that he had gone to Bali to tell Sheila about Heather's pregnancy, but emails later released showed that this was a lie.


title: Heather Mack

text: On the night of August 7, 2014, security camera video at the St. Regis showed Sheila having an argument with Schaefer in the hotel lobby. Shortly after, Tommy Schaeffer killed Sheila with a metallic blunt object in the room, which then led to Heather and Tommy stuffing the body of Sheila Von Wiese Mack into a suitcase. The two then put the suitcase with the body into the trunk of a cab outside the St Regis. After the couple did not return, a security guard found blood outside the suitcase and advised the cab driver to go to the police station. After police found the body inside the suitcase, both Mack and Schaeffer were arrested at a nearby motel. The couple told police that Sheila was killed by robbers, but they were able to escape


title: Heather Mack

text: On August 15, 2014, both Mack and Schaeffer were designated as prisoners. On August 20th, a urine test confirmed that Mack was pregnant, which was initially thought to be a ruse for her to be sent home. September 19th, Schaeffer admitted to killing Sheila and Heather admitted to helping him stuff the body into the suitcase. They were both charged with premeditated murder on January 14, 2015, for which the punishment could have been death by firing squad.


title: Heather Mack

text: Schaeffer claimed that he had killed Sheila Von Wiese Mack after she had threatened to kill their unborn baby, and choked him for half a minute. Heather Mack was sentenced to 10 years in prison, and Tommy Schaeffer to 18 years in April 2015. Judges said during sentencing that they were lenient to Heather because she had given birth to a baby.