title: Robert Macfarlane (writer)

text: In 2018 Macfarlane co-edited, with Chris Packham and Patrick Barkham, "A People's Manifesto For Wildlife", arguing for urgent and large-scale change in Britain's relationship with nature. 10,000 people marched on Whitehall to deliver The Manifesto to DEFRA. He has been involved with the Sheffield tree-protectors campaign, fighting the unnecessary felling of thousands of street trees in the city. Macfarlane wrote 'Heartwood', a poem for the protestors, which was set to music, flyposted and subvertised across Sheffield, and hung as a 'charm' around endangered trees.


title: Robert Macfarlane (writer)

text: He is a patron of the Outdoor Swimming Society, the Outlandia Project, ONCA (One Network for Conservation and the Arts), and Gateway To Nature, a Lottery-funded mental-health initiative designed to improve access to nature for vulnerable groups and individuals. He is a founding Trustee of the charity Action For Conservation, which works to inspire a lifelong engagement with conservation in 12–17 year olds, working especially with schools with high pupil premium levels.


title: Robert Macfarlane (writer)

text: Most of Macfarlane's books have been jacketed with original work by the artist Stanley Donwood, known for his close association with the band Radiohead, exceptions include his book The Lost Words, for example, which was illustrated by Jackie Morris. Macfarlane also collaborated with Donwood and writer Dan Richards on "Holloway", published in an edition of 277 by Quive-Smith Press in 2012, and a trade edition by Faber & Faber in May 2013, which became a Sunday Times best-seller. Macfarlane and Donwood collaborated on an edition of Thomas Hardy's poems published by The Folio Society in 2021. Macfarlane selected and introduced 109 poems for the edition with Donwood providing the illustrations.


title: Robert Macfarlane (writer)

text: In June 2012, Macfarlane wrote the libretto to a "jazz opera" called "Untrue Island", composed by the double-bassist Arnie Somogyi, and performed in a former nuclear weapons storage site on Orford Ness in Suffolk.


title: Robert Macfarlane (writer)

text: His work has been involved with the music of contemporary musicians including Johnny Flynn, Frank Turner, The Memory Band, Grasscut, Julie Fowlis and Karine Polwart. He co-wrote the song "Coins for Eyes" with Flynn for the 9th series of the BBC programme Digging for Britain.


title: Visa requirements for Chilean citizens

text: Visa requirements for Chilean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Chile entering with a Chilean passport.


title: Visa requirements for Chilean citizens

text: Chile is an associated member of Mercosur. As such, its citizens enjoy unlimited access to any of the Mercosur full members countries of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay or Uruguay and the other associated member countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru with the right to residence and work, with no requirement other than nationality. Citizens of these nine countries (including Chile) may apply for a grant of "temporary residence" for up to two years in another country of the bloc. Then, they may apply for "permanent residence" just before the term of their "temporary residence" expires.


title: Visa requirements for Chilean citizens

text: Visa requirements for Chilean citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognised countries and restricted zones:


title: Visa requirements for Chilean citizens

text: Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:


title: S.W.A.T. (2017 TV series, season 1)

text: The first season of "S.W.A.T." an American police procedural drama television series, premiered on CBS on November 2, 2017, and ended on May 17, 2018, with 22 episodes. It aired on Thursday at 10:00 p.m. The series is based on the 1975 television series of the same name created by Robert Hamner and developed by Rick Husky, and centers on Sergeant Daniel "Hondo" Harrelson and his Special Weapons And Tactics (S.W.A.T.) team operating in Los Angeles.


title: S.W.A.T. (2017 TV series, season 1)

text: The series was announced in February 2017 with former "Criminal Minds" cast member Shemar Moore announced as the lead role. The series was officially ordered in May 2017.


title: S.W.A.T. (2017 TV series, season 1)

text: "S.W.A.T."s first season ranked as the 35th most watched for the 2017–18 United States network television schedule with a total of 9.13 million viewers.


title: S.W.A.T. (2017 TV series, season 1)

text: On February 3, 2017, it was announced that CBS had greenlit production of a pilot episode of a television series inspired by the 2003 film adaptation of the 1970s ABC series "S.W.A.T.". The pilot was written by Aaron Rahsaan Thomas and Shawn Ryan and directed by Justin Lin.


title: S.W.A.T. (2017 TV series, season 1)

text: The new series was ordered by CBS on May 12, 2017. Co-creator and executive producers Thomas and Ryan would serve as the showrunners. The series premiered on November 2, 2017. On November 17, 2017, CBS picked up the series for a full season of 20 episodes and on December 1, 2017, CBS ordered two additional episodes for the first season bringing the total to 22 episodes.


title: S.W.A.T. (2017 TV series, season 1)

text: In February 2017, former "Criminal Minds" cast member Shemar Moore was announced as the Daniel "Hondo" Harrelson, alongside new co-stars Kenny Johnson as Dominic Luca, who was originally named Brian Gamble, and Lina Esco as Christina "Chris" Alonzo, who also originally named Sanchez. Several additional cast members were announced in March 2017. Jay Harrington plays Officer Deacon Kay, Alex Russell is James "Jim" Street, and finally, Peter Onorati was cast as Jeff Mumford, are four member of the S.W.A.T team of the Los Angeles Police Department in the original movie. On September 21, 2017, David Lim was cast in the role of Hondo's new co-member Victor Tan and was later promoted to series regular status for first season.


title: S.W.A.T. (2017 TV series, season 1)

text: The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 48% approval rating for the first season, with an average rating of 4.59/10 based on 27 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Despite a commanding, charming performance from Shemar Moore, "S.W.A.T." remains a simple procedural overrun with clichés." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 45 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Triumph (2021 film)

text: Triumph is a 2021 American drama film directed by Brett Leonard and starring RJ Mitte and Terrence Howard. It is based on the life story of screenwriter Michael D. Coffey.


title: Triumph (2021 film)

text: Phuong Le of "The Guardian" awarded the film two stars out of five and wrote, "...this underdog, coming-of-age sports movie has a big heart but lacks the competency to execute its aspirational premise."


title: Triumph (2021 film)

text: Trace Sauveur of "The Austin Chronicle" also awarded the film two stars out of five and wrote, "Though good-natured, by the end it feels indistinguishable from an extended after-school special."


title: Triumph (2021 film)

text: Ben Kenigsberg of "The New York Times" gave the film a negative review and wrote that Mitte "sells Mike's tenacity, but the contrivances around him let him down."


title: Nadine Garner

text: Nadine Lynette Garner (born 14 December 1970 in Knoxfield, Melbourne) is an Australian actress who started her career as a teen performer.


title: Nadine Garner

text: Garner first came to public attention in 1985, as Tamara Henderson in the Australian TV series "The Henderson Kids" and then in her debut film, "The Still Point". She made her stage debut in 1987 in the title role of the Melbourne Theatre Company production of "A Day in the Death of Joe Egg". Since then she has worked extensively in film, theatre and TV (both in Australia and the UK) and received awards and nominations for performances in each field. Also interested in writing, she wrote and performed in the stage work "Birds Eye View" in Sydney in 2002.


title: Nadine Garner

text: Garner has worked with most state theatre companies in a wide variety of roles in works by Shakespeare, Molière, Sheridan, Ibsen, Ziegler, Chekhov, Orton, Shaffer, Lawler and Elton. She also played the role of Desire in the highly controversial Australian musical "Bad Boy Johnny and the Prophets of Doom".


title: Nadine Garner

text: Garner was married to Cameron Barnett, and they have two sons: Eden (born 2006) and Jem. In 2018 she revealed that she and Barnett were divorced. She grew up in the Melbourne suburb of Knoxfield.


title: Nadine Garner

text: Garner's first major role was in 1985 at age 15 as Tamara in "The Henderson Kids", for which she won several awards. This was followed by a role in the Australian teen drama "Blue Water High".


title: Nadine Garner

text: Garner played Arlene Toomer in the BBC comedy series "Boys from the Bush" for two series in 1991/92. She has since had a series of minor and guest roles in multiple Australian and British television series, including "Prisoner", "My Brother Tom" miniseries, "Neighbours", "The Bill", "A Country Practice", "The Flying Doctors", "Shadows of the Heart" miniseries, "G.P.", "Twisted Tales", "Good Guys Bad Guys", "Raw FM", "Tribe" miniseries, "Class Act", "Water Rats", "The Love of Lionel's Life" telemovie, "Changi" miniseries – Ep.5, "Heroes' Mountain" telemovie, "Young Lions", "The Secret Life of Us", "Stingers", "My Life Is Murder" and "Through My Eyes" miniseries.


title: Nadine Garner

text: Garner played the regular role of Detective Senior Constable Jennifer Mapplethorpe in the police drama series "City Homicide", from 2007 to 2011. Starting in February 2013, she appeared as Jean Beazley, the housekeeper, in "The Doctor Blake Mysteries" with Craig McLachlan.


title: Nadine Garner

text: In September 2013, Garner appeared as Eve in episode four of the ABC1 television comedy series "It's a Date".


title: Nadine Garner

text: Garner made her film debut in "The Still Point" (1986) and appeared in "Bushfire Moon" (1987), "Mull" (1988) (for which she won "Best Actress" in the 1988 Australian Film Institute Awards), "Metal Skin" (1994), "Fresh Air" (1999), "The Book of Revelation" (2006), and "" (2007).


title: Nadine Garner

text: In 2002–03, Garner played in a national tour of the musical "Cabaret" and received enthusiastic reviews—as well as two theatre awards—for her performance as "Fraulein Kost/Fritzi". In 2010, she returned to film, appearing in "The Wedding Party".


title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)

text: The third season of the American ABC fantasy-drama series "Once Upon a Time" was announced on May 10, 2013. Executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis also noted that the season would be split into two volumes, with the first premiering on September 29, 2013, through December 15, 2013, and the second from March 9, 2014, through May 11, 2014.


title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)

text: The first volume's plot revolved around the main characters traveling to Neverland from Storybrooke to retrieve a kidnapped Henry Mills from the possession of Peter Pan. After successfully retrieving Henry, the characters returned to Storybrooke, only to be returned to their original worlds following Pan's attempt to cast a new curse, leaving Emma Swan and Henry to escape to New York City. The second volume's plot followed the characters' past journey in the Enchanted Forest and how they were brought back to Storybrooke by the Wicked Witch of the West, while also documenting Emma's mission to break the new curse and save her family.


title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)

text: Existing fictional characters introduced to the series during the season include the main antagonists of the two volumes, Peter Pan and the Wicked Witch of the West, alongside Tinker Bell, Ariel, Prince Eric, Ursula, Medusa, Rapunzel, Lumiere, the Wizard of Oz, Glinda the Good Witch, the Good Witch of the North, the Witch of the East, Dorothy Gale, Blackbeard and Elsa.


title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)

text: After Henry is kidnapped, Emma, Regina, David, Mary Margaret, Mr. Gold, and Hook travel to Neverland to save him. While in Neverland, new allies are made such as Tinker Bell and the heroes attempt to defeat Peter Pan and the Lost Boys, who are trying to restore Neverland's magic with Henry's heart. Their time in Neverland results in Peter Pan returning with them to Storybrooke, where he unleashes Regina's original curse with hopes to make Storybrooke the new Neverland. As the heroes and Peter Pan collide, a sacrifice is made, with everyone returning to the Enchanted Forest except Emma and Henry. However, a year later, everyone is returned to Storybrooke via another curse as the Wicked Witch of the West has plans of her own. Emma and Henry are brought back to Storybrooke to help break the latest curse and defeat the Wicked Witch, which leads to a trip to the past with dire consequences.


title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)

text: On May 10, 2013, after the success of Disney's 2013 film "Oz the Great and Powerful", ABC ordered "Once Upon a Time" for a third season, which premiered on September 29, 2013. The same month, it was revealed that the season will feature crossover episodes connecting with the upcoming spin-off series "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland". In August 2013, it was announced that the season would be split into two parts, with the first eleven episodes premiering from September 29 to December 2013, while the second half would broadcast from March 9 to May 2014.


title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)

text: The first eleven episodes were set primarily in Neverland; co-creators Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis spoke about the setting of the third season stating, "Neverland is a land of belief, a land of imagination, and a land where all our main characters are being stripped down to their core. It's really allowing us, as writers, to dig deep into who they are and to push them forward to new places. I think being in Neverland is going to have a profound effect on each of the characters. It's really fun to see these characters and dig deep this year and explore what it's like for Emma to [be with] her parents. Neverland is really a place where we can sit down and think about that." The two also noted that Peter Pan will feature in the season but will be a more "complicated" version of the character, with Kitsis saying, "We have not yet met Peter Pan and we have not yet seen Neverland, and that is where we're going!" In a further interview, Horowitz stated, "Well for us, Neverland is kind of a place that makes you confront your past. It's sort of the heart of darkness and to be a 200-year-old person, you know because you don't grow up there, you have to keep yourself amused. However long Peter Pan has been there and for whatever reason he has been there, we intend to reveal our take on that and on the legend of Peter Pan. We have a way that it intertwines with our Once Upon a Time mythology that we're really excited to unveil." At Disney's D23 Expo event, the creators hinted at romantic sparks between Emma Swan and Captain Hook, and revelations about how Hook became a pirate. On March 10, 2014, the producers revealed that they may look ahead at incorporating characters from the films "The Princess and the Frog", "Brave", and "Frozen" in future episodes, possibly towards the end of the third season if they get the green light from Disney. Later that month, it was announced that the season finale will air on May 11, 2014 and have a duration of two hours.


title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)

text: In May 2013, it was revealed that season two regular Meghan Ory would be departing the show to star in CBS's upcoming sci-fi drama "Intelligence". However, Ory stated that she would still be open for more episodes on the show as a guest member. Ory later made appearances in episodes 12, 13 and the season finale. The same month, it was announced that Michael Raymond-James had been promoted from a recurring cast member to a series regular for the season. In July 2013, it was reported that Giancarlo Esposito would be returning as Magic Mirror/Sidney Glass following his absence from season two. In the same month, it was announced that the role of Robin Hood had been recast from Tom Ellis to Sean Maguire. British actor Robbie Kay played the role of Peter Pan, the villain for the first half of the season. On July 29, it was reported that Rose McIver had been cast as Tinker Bell. For episode five, Bernard Curry played a guest role as Captain Hook's brother Liam, while a member of the Lost Boys called Devin was portrayed by Skyler Gisondo. Joanna Garcia was later cast as Ariel. On September 3, 2013, Gil McKinney was cast in the recurring role of Prince Eric. On October 18, 2013, it was revealed that the American musician Marilyn Manson would voice the character of The Shadow. On October 21, British actor Stephen Lord was announced to be playing Rumplestiltskin's father, Malcolm. He featured in the eighth and eleventh episodes of the season.


title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)

text: For the second half of the season, Rebecca Mader was cast as the main villain, the Wicked Witch of the West Zelena. Alexandra Metz was later cast as Rapunzel. Rose McGowan returned as a young Cora for the season's eighteenth episode, while the introduction of a young King Leopold as a Prince played by Eric Lange, and the return of Princess Eva, played by Eva Bourne, was also featured. Charles Mesure was cast as Blackbeard in January 2014, to appear in one episode as an enemy of Captain Hook. In February 2014, a casting call was opened for an actress in her mid-to-late twenties to recur as Glinda the Good Witch, a role later landed with Sunny Mabrey.


title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)

text: After "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland" was canceled, it was reported that Michael Socha, who plays the Knave of Hearts in that series, was in talks to join the main cast in season four. In April 2014, it was confirmed that Michael Socha will become a regular for the following season.


title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)

text: On September 12, 2013, ABC released the original cast promotional photos for the season. However, due to fan backlash, the photos were removed. Instead, new photos were promoted via social networking outlets with the tag-line '#SaveHenry'. The second half of the season used the tag-line "#WickedIsComing" for promotional pre-release and "#WickedVsEvil" for most of its run.


title: Once Upon a Time (season 3)

text: Set in Neverland, filming of the first half of season three was shot in a versatile set inside a Vancouver soundstage, re-dressed to represent up to twelve different tropical locales, including the camps of Peter Pan, Mr. Gold and the other residents of Storybrooke. The expensive set took a month to construct and was inspired by both Disney's animated "Peter Pan" movie and the Ewok village from "Return of the Jedi". Foliage wrangler Sarah McCulloch spoke of the set-up saying, "It took us five days to assemble all the plants. We have 200 real plants that have to be watered and pruned every day and heated at night, 30 actual tree stumps and 450 fake branches" to which silk leaves were added. The Storybrooke scenes were again shot in Steveston, British Columbia, Canada.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The Workers' Party () is a Marxist–Leninist political party active in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: It arose as the original Sinn Féin organisation founded in 1905 by Arthur Griffith, but took its current form in 1970 following a division within the party, in which it was the larger faction. This majority group continued under the same leadership as Sinn Féin (Gardiner Place) or Official Sinn Féin. The party name was changed to Sinn Féin – The Workers' Party in 1977 and then to the Workers' Party in 1982. (The breakaway group became known as "Sinn Féin (Kevin Street)" or "Provisional Sinn Féin", giving rise to the contemporary party known as Sinn Féin).


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: Throughout its history, the party has been closely associated with the Official Irish Republican Army. Notable organisations that derived from it include Democratic Left and the Irish Republican Socialist Party.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: In the early to mid-1970s, Official Sinn Féin was sometimes called "Sinn Féin (Gardiner Place)" to distinguish it from the rival offshoot Provisional Sinn Féin, or "Sinn Féin (Kevin Street)". Gardiner Place had symbolic power as the headquarters of Sinn Féin for decades before the 1970 split.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: At its Ardfheis in January 1977, Official Sinn Féin renamed itself "Sinn Féin – The Workers' Party". Its first seats in Dáil Éireann were won under this new name. A motion at the 1979 Ardfheis to remove the "Sinn Féin" prefix from the party name was narrowly defeated. This change finally came about three years later.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: In Northern Ireland, Sinn Féin was organised under the name "Republican Clubs" to avoid a ban on Sinn Féin candidates (introduced in 1964 under Northern Ireland's Emergency Powers Act). The Officials continued to use this name after 1970, and later used the name "Workers' Party Republican Clubs". In 1982, both the northern and southern sections of the party became The Workers' Party.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The Workers' Party is sometimes referred to as the "Sticks" or "Stickies" because in the 1970s it used adhesive stickers for the Easter Lily emblem in its 1916 commemorations, whereas Provisional Sinn Féin used a pin for theirs.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The modern origins of the party date from the early 1960s. After the failure of the then IRA's 1956–1962 "Border Campaign", the republican movement, with a new military and political leadership, undertook a complete reappraisal of its "raison d'être". Through the 1960s, some leading figures in the movement, such as Cathal Goulding, Seán Garland, Billy McMillen, Tomás Mac Giolla, moved steadily to the left, even to Marxism, as a result of their own reading and thinking and contacts with the Irish and international left. This angered more traditional republicans, who wanted to stick to the national question and armed struggle. Also involved in this debate was the Connolly Association. This group's analysis saw the primary obstacle to Irish unity as the continuing division between the Protestant and Catholic working classes. This it attributed to the "divide and rule" policies of capitalism, whose interests were served by the working classes remaining divided. Military activity was seen as counterproductive, because its effect was to further entrench sectarian divisions. The left-wing faction believed the working classes could be united in class struggle to overthrow their common rulers, with a 32-county socialist republic being the inevitable outcome.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: However, this Marxist outlook became unpopular with many of the more traditionalist republicans, and the party/army leadership was criticised for failing to defend northern Catholic enclaves from loyalist attacks (these debates took place against the background of the violent beginning of what would become "the Troubles"). A growing minority within the rank-and-file wanted to maintain traditional militarist policies aimed at ending British rule in Northern Ireland. An equally contentious issue involved whether to or not to continue with the policy of abstentionism, that is, the refusal of elected representatives to take their seats in British or Irish legislatures. A majority of the leadership favoured abandoning this policy.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: A group consisting of Seán Mac Stiofáin, Dáithí Ó Conaill, Seamus Twomey, and others, established themselves as a "Provisional Army Council" in 1969 in anticipation of a contentious 1970 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis (delegate conference). At the Ard Fheis, the leadership of Sinn Féin failed to attain the required two-thirds majority to change the party's position on abstentionism. The debate was charged with allegations of vote-rigging and expulsions. When the Ard Fheis went on to pass a vote of confidence in the "official" Army Council (which had already approved an end to the abstentionist policy), Ruairí Ó Brádaigh led the minority in a walk-out, and went to a prearranged meeting in Parnell Square where they announced the establishment of a "caretaker" executive of Sinn Féin. The dissident council became known as the "Provisional Army Council" and its party and military wing as Sinn Féin and the Provisional IRA, while those remaining became known as Official Sinn Féin and the Official IRA. Official Sinn Féin, under the leadership of Tomás Mac Giolla, remained aligned to Goulding's Official IRA.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: A key factor in the split was the desire of those who became the Provisionals to make military action the key object of the organisation, rather than a simple rejection of leftism.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: In 1977 Official Sinn Féin ratified the party's new name: Sinn Féin The Workers' Party without dissension. According to Richard Sinnott, this "symbolism" was completed in April 1982 when the party became simply the Workers' Party.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: Although the Official IRA became drawn into the spiralling violence of the early period of conflict in Northern Ireland, it gradually reduced its military campaign against the United Kingdom's armed presence in Northern Ireland, declaring a permanent ceasefire in May 1972. Following this, the movement's political development increased rapidly throughout the 1970s.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: On the national question, the Officials saw the struggle against religious sectarianism and bigotry as their primary task. The party's strategy stemmed from the "stages theory": firstly, working-class unity within Northern Ireland had to be achieved, followed by the establishment of a united Ireland, and finally a socialist society would be created in Ireland.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: In 1977 the party published and accepted as policy a document called the "Irish Industrial Revolution". Written by Eoghan Harris and Eamon Smullen, it outlined the party's economic stance and declared that the ongoing violence in Northern Ireland was "distracting working class attention from the class struggle to a mythical national question". The policy document used Marxist terminology: it identified US imperialism as the now-dominant political and economic force in the southern state and attacked the failure of the national bourgeoisie to develop Ireland as a modern economic power.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: Official Sinn Féin gravitated towards Marxism-Leninism and became fiercely critical of the physical force Irish republicanism still espoused by Provisional Sinn Féin. Its new approach to the Northern conflict was typified by the slogan it would adopt: "Peace, Democracy, Class Politics". It aimed to replace sectarian politics with a class struggle which would unite Catholic and Protestant workers. The slogan's echo of Vladimir Lenin's "Peace, Bread, Land" was indicative of the party's new source of inspiration. Official Sinn Féin also built up fraternal relations with the USSR and with socialist, workers' and communist parties around the world.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: Throughout the 1980s, the party came to staunchly oppose republican political violence, controversially to the point of recommending cooperating with British security forces. They were one of the few organisations on the left of Irish politics to oppose the INLA/Provisional IRA 1981 Irish hunger strike.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The Workers' Party (especially the faction around Harris) strongly criticised traditional Irish republicanism, causing some of its critics such as Vincent Browne and Paddy Prendeville to accuse it of having an attitude to Northern Ireland that was close to Ulster unionism.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: In 1974, the Official Republican Movement split over the ceasefire and the direction of the organisation. This led to the formation of the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) with Seamus Costello (whom the Official IRA had expelled) as its chairperson. Also formed on the same day was IRSP's paramilitary wing, the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). A number of tit-for-tat killings occurred in a subsequent feud until a truce was agreed in 1977.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: Part of the party's plan to gain influence in the Republic of Ireland was the formation and maintenance of a secret branch ("cumann"), the Ned Stapleton Cumann, inside Ireland's national broadcaster RTÉ. Centred around the leadership of Eoghan Harris, the members were all employees of RTÉ and many of them were journalists. Members included Charlie Bird, John Caden and Marian Finucane. Úna Claffey was considered to be aligned with the Cumann. The branch started in the early 1970s and continued to operate in secrecy until the Worker's Party broke apart in the early 1990s as the Soviet Union collapsed (1991) and likewise the Worker's Party saw a major split with the formation of the Democratic Left (1992). Remaining undetected was fundamental to the existence of the Cumann, as officially RTÉ reporters were not allowed to have party-political affiliations, in order to appear objective as journalists. The Cumann was influential within RTÉ, and used its position to shape the output of RTÉ programming; they pushed for narratives which reflected the official Sinn Féin/Worker's Party outlook, particularly in relation to the Provisional IRA.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: One programme impacted by the Cumann, "Today Tonight", aired 4 nights a week and focused on investigative journalism. Although not directly involved with the show, the Cumann members ensured that SFWP members regularly appeared on the programme without having to acknowledge their membership. The Cumann was also able to influence one of RTÉ's flagship shows "The Late Late Show", and placed SFWP activists into the show's studio audience, a studio audience who often took part in discussions on the show.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: During 1981 Irish hunger strike, the Cumann was deeply annoyed by the positive coverage that the hunger strikers (such as Bobby Sands) began to receive, as they were aligned with the Provisionals. In response, they produced pieces which focused on the victims of violence by the Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: In early 1992, following a failed attempt to change the organisation's constitution, six of the party's seven TDs, its MEP, numerous councillors and a significant minority of its membership broke off to form Democratic Left, a party which later merged with the Labour Party in 1999.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The reasons for the split were twofold. Firstly, a faction led by Proinsias De Rossa wanted to move the party towards an acceptance of free-market economics. Following the collapse of communism in eastern Europe, they felt that the Workers' Party's Marxist stance was now an obstacle to winning support at the polls. Secondly, media accusations had once again surfaced regarding the continued existence of the Official IRA which, it was alleged, remained armed and involved in fund-raising robberies, money laundering and other forms of criminality.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: De Rossa and his supporters sought to distance themselves from alleged paramilitary activity at a special Árd Fheis held at Dún Laoghaire on 15 February 1992. A motion proposed by De Rossa and General Secretary Des Geraghty sought to stand down the existing membership, elect an 11-member provisional executive council and make several other significant changes in party structures was defeated. The motion to "reconstitute" the party achieved the support of 61% of delegates. However, this was short of the two-thirds majority needed to change the Workers' Party constitution. The Workers' Party later claimed that there was vote rigging by the supporters of the De Rossa motion. As a result of the conference's failure to adopt the motion, De Rossa and his supporters split from the organisation and established a new party which was temporarily known as "New Agenda" before the permanent name of "Democratic Left" was adopted. In the South the rump of the party was left with seven councillors and one TD.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: In the North, before the 1992 split, the party had four councillors – Tom French stayed with the party, Gerry Cullen (Dungannon) and Seamus Lynch (Belfast) joined New Agenda/Democratic Left, and David Kettyles ran in subsequent elections in Fermanagh as an Independent or Progressive Socialist.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: While the majority of public representatives left with De Rossa, many rank-and-file members remained in the Workers' Party. Many of these regarded those who broke away as careerists and social democrats who had taken flight after the collapse of the Soviet Union and denounced those who left as 'liquidators'. Marian Donnelly replaced De Rossa as president from 1992 to 1994. Tom French became president in 1994, and served for four years until Sean Garland was elected president in 1998. Garland retired as president in May 2008, and was replaced by Mick Finnegan who served until September 2014, being replaced by Michael Donnelly


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: A further minor split occurred when a number of members left and established a group called Republican Left; many of these went on to join the Irish Socialist Network. Another split occurred in 1998, after a number of former OIRA members in Newry and Belfast, who had been expelled, formed a group called the Official Republican Movement, which announced in 2010 that it had decommissioned its weapons.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The Workers' Party has struggled since the early 1990s to rejuvenate its fortunes in both Irish jurisdictions. The Workers' Party maintains a youth wing, Workers' Party Youth, and a Women's Committee. It also has offices in Dublin, Belfast, Cork and Waterford. Apart from its political work at home in Ireland, it has sent party delegations to international gatherings of communist and socialist parties.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The party supported an independent anti-sectarian candidate, John Gilliland, in the 2004 European elections in Northern Ireland.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: Waterford City remained a holdout for the party in the 1990s and early 2000s. In the 1997 Irish general election, Martin O'Regan narrowly failed to secure a seat in the Waterford constituency. However, in February 2008, John Halligan of Waterford resigned from the party when it refused to drop its opposition to service charges. He was later elected a TD for Waterford in the 2011 general election. The party's sole remaining councillor in Waterford lost his seat in the 2014 local elections.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: Michael Donnelly, a Galway-based university lecturer, was elected as the party President at the party's Ard Fheis on 27 September 2014 to replace Mick Finnegan who had announced his decision to retire from the position after six years.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The Workers' Party called for a No vote against the Treaty of Lisbon in both the June 2008 referendum, in which the proposal was defeated, and the October 2009 referendum, in which the proposal was approved. It was the only left-wing party to campaign for a No vote in the 2013 Seanad Abolition referendum. It called for a Yes vote in the marriage equality referendum in 2015. The party supported Brexit in the 2016 referendum.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The party has been involved in campaigning for public housing and renters' rights as a response to the ongoing housing crisis in Ireland. In 2016, the party published Solidarity Housing, a public housing policy that proposed a cost-rental housing model for Ireland. Later that year, a Workers' Party motion for 100% mixed-income public housing on the publicly owned O’Devaney Gardens site in the north inner city was passed by Dublin City Councillors, but was later overturned after an intervention by then Minister for Housing Simon Coveney.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The party retains a tradition of secularism. In April 2017, Councillor Éilis Ryan organised a demonstration against the proposed control of the new National Maternity Hospital by the Sister of Charity. The Workers' Party also campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum to repeal the 8th amendment in May 2018, having been the only party in the Dáil to oppose the introduction of the 8th amendment in 1983.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: At the 2019 Irish local elections, Éilís Ryan lost her seat on Dublin City Council, leaving Ted Tynan as the party's only remaining elected representative in Ireland.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: In November 2020, the Standards in Public Office Commission announced that the Workers' Party were one of five political parties who failed to provide them with a set of audited accounts for 2019, in breach of statutory obligations.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: In April 2021, "The Phoenix" reported that at the party's annual Ardfheis the party voted to expel their only elected representative Ted Tynan. This is disputed by the party themselves. In response, a faction of the party called an emergency general meeting in which they backed a vote of no confidence in party president Michael Donnelly and voted Tynan as his successor. Micheal McCorry, who had been General Secretary, became President of the Donnelly faction, with Tynan president of the breakaway faction. The "Belfast Telegraph" also reported upon the story in April 2021, and suggested one faction had tried to expel Tynan on the stated basis that he had not paid his membership fee for that year. However, Tynan told the Belfast Telegraph that he believed the actual basis for his expulsion was that a new guard of members who wished to move the party towards more Irish Republican positions, such as being in favour of a referendum on Irish reunification, sought to push him out of the organisation. Historically the Workers' Party opposed a border poll on the basis it would be "sectarian" and pit Nationalists against Unionists, and argued instead that the solution to Northern Ireland would be to unite both groups under the banner of Internationalist Socialism. Tynan and his supporters seek to retain the old position.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The Workers' Party made its electoral breakthrough in 1981 when Joe Sherlock won a seat in Cork East. It increased this to three seats in 1982 and to four seats in 1987. The Workers' Party had its best performance at the polls in 1989 when it won seven seats in the general election and party president Proinsias De Rossa won a seat in Dublin in the European election held on the same day, sitting with the communist Left Unity group.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: Following the split of 1992, Tomás Mac Giolla, a TD in the Dublin West constituency and president of the party for most of the previous 30 years, was the only member of the Dáil parliamentary party not to side with the new Democratic Left. Mac Giolla lost his seat in the general election later that year, and no TD has been elected for the party since then. However, at local authority level, the Workers' Party maintained elected representation on Dublin, Cork and Waterford corporations in the aftermath of the split, and Mac Giolla was elected Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1993.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: Outside of the south-east, the Workers' Party retains active branches in various areas of the Republic, including Dublin, Cork and County Meath. In the 1999 local elections, it lost all of its seats in Dublin and Cork and only managed to retain three seats in Waterford City. Further electoral setbacks and a minor split left the party after the 2004 local elections, with only two councillors, both in Waterford.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The party fielded twelve candidates in the 2009 local elections. The party ran Malachy Steenson in the Dublin Central by-election on the same date. Ted Tynan was elected to Cork City Council in the Cork City North East ward. Davy Walsh retained his seat in Waterford City Council. In the 2014 local elections Tynan retained his seat; however Walsh lost his, following major boundary changes resulting from the merging of Waterford City and County councils. In January 2015, Independent councillor Éilis Ryan on Dublin City Council joined the party.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: In the 2011 general election the Workers' Party ran six candidates, without success. In the 2016 general election, the party ran five candidates, again without success.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: At the 2019 Irish local elections, the party dropped to one remaining councillor, with Éilís Ryan losing her seat on Dublin City Council.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The party gained ten seats at the 1973 Northern Irish local elections. Four years later, in May 1977, this had dropped to six council seats and 2.6% of the vote. One of their best results was when Tom French polled 19% in the 1986 Upper Bann by-election, although no other candidates stood against the sitting MP and a year later, when other parties contested the constituency, he only polled 4.7% of the vote.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: Three councillors left the party during the split in 1992. Davy Kettyles became an independent 'Progressive Socialist' while Gerry Cullen in Dungannon and the Workers' Party northern chairman, Seamus Lynch in Belfast, joined Democratic Left. The party held on to its one council seat in the 1993 local elections with Peter Smyth retaining the seat that had been held by Tom French in Loughside, Craigavon. This was lost in 1997, leaving them without elected representation in Northern Ireland.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The party performed poorly in the March 2007 Assembly election; it won no seats, and in its best result in Belfast West, it gained 1.26% of the vote. The party did not field any candidates at the 2010 Westminster general election. In the 2011 Assembly election the Workers' Party ran in four constituencies, securing 586 first-preference votes (1.7%) in Belfast West and 332 (1%) in Belfast North.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The party contested the Westminster general election in May 2015, standing parliamentary candidates in Northern Ireland for the first time in ten years. It fielded five candidates and secured 2,724 votes, with Gemma Weir picking up 919 votes (2.3%) in Belfast North. The party did not field candidates in the December 2019 parliamentary election. In June 2020 the Ard Comhairle announced the Northern Ireland Business Committee and Belfast Constituency Council had split from the party by adopting "pro-unionist" policies.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The party contested the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election, winning 839 (0.10%) first-round votes.


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The party has published a number of newspapers throughout the years, with many of the theorists of the movement writing for these papers. After the 1970 split the Officials kept publishing the "United Irishman" (the traditional newspaper of the republican movement) monthly until May 1980. In 1973 the party launched a weekly paper "The Irish People", which was focused on issues in the Republic of Ireland, there was also a "The Northern People" published in Belfast and focused on northern issues. The party published an occasional international bulletin and a woman's magazine called "Women's View". From 1989 to 1992 it produced a theoretical magazine called "Making Sense". Other papers were produced such as "Workers' Weekly".


title: Workers' Party of Ireland

text: The party produces a magazine, "Look Left". Originally conceived as a straightforward party paper, "Look Left" was relaunched as a more broad-left style publication in March 2010 but still bearing the emblem of the Workers' Party. It is distributed by party members and supporters and is also stocked by a number of retailers including Eason's and several radical/left-wing bookshops.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: Lady Catherine Gordon (–October 1537) was a Scottish noblewoman and the wife of Yorkist pretender Perkin Warbeck, who claimed he was Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. After her imprisonment by King Henry VII of England, she became a favoured lady-in-waiting of his wife, Elizabeth of York. She had a total of four husbands, but there are no records of any surviving children.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: Lady Catherine was born in Scotland, the daughter of George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly, by his third wife, Lady Elizabeth Hay. Some 19th-century writers had assumed she was a daughter of King James I's daughter Annabella, who had been the Earl of Huntly's first wife.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text:
Before 4 March 1497, Lady Catherine was given in marriage to the pretender Perkin Warbeck, who was favoured by King James IV of Scotland for political reasons, and who had apparently been courting her since 1495. A copy of a love letter from Warbeck to Lady Catherine Gordon survives:Most noble lady, it is not without reason that all turn their eyes to you; that all admire love and obey you. For they see your two-fold virtues by which you are so much distinguished above all other mortals. Whilst on the one hand, they admire your riches and immutable prosperity, which secure to you the nobility of your lineage and the loftiness of your rank, they are, on the other hand, struck by your rather divine than human beauty, and believe that you are not born in our days but descended from Heaven.
All look at your face so bright and serene that it gives splendour to the cloudy sky; all look at your eyes so brilliant as stars which make all pain to be forgotten, and turn despair into delight; all look at your neck which outshines pearls; all look at your fine forehead. Your purple light of youth, your fair hair; in one word at the splendid perfection of your person:—and looking at they cannot choose but admire you; admiring they cannot choose but to love you; loving they cannot choose but to obey you.
I shall, perhaps, be the happiest of all your admirers, and the happiest man on earth, since I have reason to hope you will think me worthy of your love. If I represent to my mind all your perfections, I am not only compelled to love, to adore, and to worship you, but love makes me your slave. Whether I was waking or sleeping I cannot find rest or happiness except in your affection. All my hopes rest in you, and in you alone.
Most noble lady, my soul, look mercifully down upon me, your slave; who has ever been devoted to you from the first hour he saw you. Love is not an earthly thing, it is heaven born. Do not think it below yourself to obey love's dictates. Not only kings, but also gods and goddesses have bent their necks beneath its yoke.
I beseech you most noble lady to accept for ever one who in all things will cheerfully do your will as long as his days shall last. Farewell, my soul and consolation. You, the brightest ornament in Scotland, farewell, farewell.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: James IV gave Perkin Warbeck a 'spousing goune' of white damask for the wedding at Edinburgh, and the celebrations included a tournament. Warbeck wore armour covered with purple brocade.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: Lady Catherine, now called the Duchess of York, sailed from Ayr with Perkin with Guy Foulcart in the "Cuckoo" dressed in a new tanny coloured "sea gown". She was taken prisoner at St. Michael's Mount after King Henry's forces captured Warbeck's Cornish army at Exeter in 1497. On 15 October 1497 Robert Southwell was paid £7 13s. 4d. for horses, saddles and other necessities for the transportation of "my Lady Kateryn Huntleye" to London. Her husband was hanged at Tyburn on 23 November 1499. Lady Catherine was kept a virtual prisoner by King Henry, who placed her in the household of his wife Elizabeth of York, where she became a favourite lady-in-waiting.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: Henry VII paid some of her expenses from his privy purse and gave her gifts of clothing. The privy purse accounts record her name as "Lady Kateryn Huntleye". These gifts of clothing included, in October 1498, a black velvet gown trimmed with mink and Calabrian squirrel, and a black cloth gown trimmed with lettice and miniver; in March 1499 a tawny gown edged with black velvet, frontlets, and tippets; in November 1501, clothes of cloth-of-gold furred with ermine, a purple velvet gown, and a black hood in the French style; in April 1502, black and crimson velvet for gown and black kersey for stockings; and in November 1502, black satin, and other black cloth, to be trimmed with mink (from her own stock) and miniver, with a crimson bonnet. On 25 January 1503 Catherine attended the ceremony of marriage between James IV and Margaret Tudor at Richmond Palace. James was represented by the Earl of Bothwell as his proxy.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: In February 1503, Lady Catherine was a mourner at the funeral of Queen Elizabeth, arriving in a "chair", a carriage, with Lady Fitzwalter and Lady Mountjoy. The train of her dress was carried by the Queen's mother-in-law, Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby. Lady Catherine made the offerings at the masses and with 37 other ladies placed a pall, an embroidered cloth, on the coffin at Westminster Abbey.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: In 1510, Lady Catherine obtained letters of denization and that same year, on 8 August, was given a grant of the manors of Philberts at Bray, and Eaton at Appleton, both then in Berkshire. Two years later she acquired along with her second husband the manor of 'Fiffhede', Fyfield, and upon surrender of patent of 8 August the three manors were all re-granted to Lady Catherine Gordon with the proviso she could not leave England, for Scotland or other foreign lands, without licence.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: Before 13 February 1512, she married James Strangeways of Fyfield, a gentleman usher of the King's Chamber. The couple endowed a chantry priest to sing for the souls of their parents at St Mary Overie at Southwark in London, where James Strangeways, James's father, was buried.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: In 1517, she married her third husband, Matthew Craddock of Swansea, Steward of Gower and Seneschal of Kenfig, who died . Matthew Craddock's will notes the jewels and silver which Lady Catherine owned before they were married. These included a girdle with a pomander, a heart of gold, a fleur-de-lis of diamonds, and a gold cross with nine diamonds. He bequeathed her an income from the lands of Dinas Powys and Llanedeyrn near Cardiff.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: Her fourth and last husband was Christopher Ashton of Fyfield. She is not recorded as having any surviving children; however, she acquired two stepchildren by Ashton's previous marriage.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: According to biographer David Loades, Lady Catherine was head of Mary Tudor's Privy Chamber until 1530. When not at court, Catherine resided at Fyfield Manor, except during her marriage to Craddock, when she had gained permission to live in Wales. Catherine made her will on 12 October 1537, and died soon after.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: Catherine was buried in the church of St Nicholas at Fyfield, with a monument including brass figures (now lost). Matthew Craddock had previously erected a chest monument for himself and "Mi Ladi Katerin" with their effigies in St Mary's Church, Swansea. The carved heraldry included emblems of the Gordon and Hay family. Both Catherine's mother and paternal grandmother were members of the Hay family.


title: Lady Catherine Gordon

text: Lady Catherine Gordon features prominently in Mary Shelley's historical romance, "The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck" (1830). Her captivity is the subject of James Hogg's historical ballad, "The White Rose o' Scotland", first published in the "Monthy Magazine" in February 1834.


title: Emo Girl

text: "Emo Girl" (stylized in all lowercase) is a song by American rock musicians Machine Gun Kelly and Willow, with Travis Barker. The song was released on February 4, 2022, as the second single off of Kelly's sixth studio album "Mainstream Sellout", following "Papercuts".


title: Emo Girl

text: In 2021, musician Machine Gun Kelly had reported that he had worked on a collaboration with Willow Smith; at the time, the song had the working title of "Emo Prom". The song was first previewed on the January 30, 2022, on Kelly's TikTok account, by the title "Cherry Red Lipstick". By February 4, the clip had amassed 17 million views. The full version of the song, now titled "Emo Girl", was released on February 4, just after Kelly had announced the song's respective album had been retitled from "Born with Horns" to "Mainstream Sellout". The song features drumming, production, and a co-writing credit from Blink-182 drummer Travis Barker, who had previously collaborated with Kelly on his 2020 album "Tickets to My Downfall". Barker had also previously collaborated on Willow's 2021 album "Lately I Feel Everything".


title: Emo Girl

text: The song's sound was described as pop punk by multiple publications, being compared to the work of Blink-182, New Found Glory, and Bowling for Soup. As such, many also noted that it sounded like it could been released in 2000's rock music scene. The track opens with a soundbite of Kelly's fiancé Megan Fox stating that she is a god, followed immediately by a "pop punk guitar riff". The soundbite comes from the 2009 film "Jennifer's Body". The song then moves into lyrics that were described by Loudwire as a "laundry list of emo tropes" and as a mix between Blink 182's "The Rock Show" and Type O Negative's "Black No. 1". The song even references Blink-182 lyrically, with Willow singing about "bleeding on your Blink tee". "Rolling Stone" described the song musically as a mix between Avril Lavigne's "Sk8er Boi" and Good Charlottes "Riot Girl".


title: Emo Girl

text: "Billboard" praised the song as being a good example of how Machine Gun Kelly and Willow had successfully rebranded themselves as part of the 2020s pop punk revival, stating that the song "functions as a summit of artists hoisting up their rock cred in joyful unison". "NME" called it a stand out song on "Mainstream Sellout", praising Baker and Smith's chemistry, saying they bounce off each other. "Clash" said it has bucketloads of charm. "Rolling Stone" called it a "gleefully derivative" song that shows that "when Kelly reins in his yelp tiks, the buzzsaw bubblegum sticks". Other publications were more critical about the song's lack of originality. "Loudwire" found the lyrics to "pander[ing] to scenesters", while "The Daily Californian" complained of its "vapid lyricism and repetitive chorus." "Wall of Sound" felt that despite its "highly infectious melody", the song was ultimately annoying. "BrooklynVegan" called it "a thoughtless, generic song that even a C-list pop punk band would've left on the cutting room floor in the mid 2000s." "Far Out Magazine" called it terrible but admitted that it is still catchy. "Pitchfork" felt that it is too "serious to laugh at itself and too absurd to take seriously." "Sputnikmusic" called Smith the best part of the song, stating that unlike Baker she can actually sing.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: Russian presidential elections determine who will serve as the president of Russia for the next six (formerly four from 1996 to 2012 and five from 1991 to 1996) years.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: Since the establishment of the position of the President of Russia in 1991, the presidential elections have taken place seven times: in 1991, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2018. The next presidential election is scheduled for March 2024.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: Russian presidential elections are governed by the Russian Constitution, the Federal law on basic guarantees of electoral rights and the right to participate in referendums of citizens of the Russian Federation and the federal law on Presidential elections of the Russian Federation. The provisions of the electoral legislation were constantly evolving, but the foundations of the electoral system remained unchanged.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: Laws on elections of the President of Russia were adopted four times. From 1991 to 2003, before each election a new law was adopted: in 1991, in 1995, in 1999 and in 2003. Currently, there is a federal law "on Presidential elections of the Russian Federation" #19-FZ from January 10, 2003, in the version from December 5, 2017.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: In addition, the Federal Law "On the elections of the President of the Russian Federation" sets additional requirements, according to which, candidates may not be persons:


title: Russian presidential elections

text: Of all the candidates for President of Russia, only three were female. These were Ella Pamfilova in 2000, Irina Hakamada in 2004 and Ksenia Sobchak in 2018. In addition, there were other women who ran for president, but for one reason or another were not registered.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: From all candidates, eight candidates participated in the elections more than once (of these, only two each time won the election, Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin). The record for participation in the elections is Vladimir Zhirinovsky, who six times participated in the elections, from the first election in 1991 to 2018 (except 2004 election). Gennady Zyuganov and Vladimir Putin were candidates four times each. Aman Tuleyev and Grigory Yavlinsky — three times, while in 1996 Tuleyev withdrew his candidacy a few days before the election, and Yavlinsky also tried to run in 2012, but was rejected. Boris Yeltsin and Sergey Mironov — twice.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: Candidates can be nominated by a political party or run as independents. To officially nominate candidates, a party congress (for party candidates) or an initiative group meeting (for independent candidates) must be held. In any case, regardless of the method of nomination, a candidate must submit to the CEC consent to be nominated by a specific political party or a specific initiative group.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: To be nominated by a political party, a party congress must be held. At least one delegate from at least half of the federal subjects (i.e. at least 46 delegates) is required to nominate a candidate.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: A political party can only nominate one candidate. Also, the same candidate can only be nominated by one political party. At the same time, political parties may not nominate candidates at the congress, but may decide to support a candidate nominated by another party or an independent candidate. However, in this case, such party "de jure" will not participate in the election campaign, it will not be indicated in ballots, information stands and other official documents.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: Candidates nominated by political parties with factions in the State Duma (the lower house of the Russian parliament) or in legislatures at least one-third of the federal subjects are exempt from collecting signatures and are automatically included in the ballots.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: To nominate an independent candidate, a meeting of the initiative group of voters must be held. The initiative group must consist of at least 500 Russian citizens who have the right to vote. At the same time, unlike political party congresses, initiative groups do not require representation of federal subjects (all members of the group can be residents of the same federal subject).


title: Russian presidential elections

text: The elections are held on the second Sunday of the month when the previous elections were held. If this day coincides with a day preceding a holiday day, or this Sunday falls on the week including a public holiday or Sunday is duly announced a work day, elections are called for the next Sunday.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: The president is elected by direct popular vote in a two-round majoritarian contest: if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round, the two candidates with the most votes advance to a run-off. The second (run-off) round is held exactly three weeks after the first. The second round shall appoint with the written consent of the candidate to participate in the second round. If, prior to the second round, one of the registered candidates to be voted on has withdrawn his candidacy or has left it for other reasons, his / her place shall, by the decision of the Central Election Commission, be transferred to the next registered candidate by the number of votes obtained. A new candidate shall be put to the vote if there is a written Declaration of consent to participate in the second round of elections. Such application must be submitted to them no later than the second day after the departure of the candidate who initially participated in the second round. In this case, the voting shall be held on the first Sunday after 14 days from the date of application. At the end of the second round, the candidate with a simple majority of votes is considered elected. The second round can be held and one candidate, if after the departure of the remaining candidates will be only one. In this case, the voters must vote "for" or "against" the candidate. At the same time, the candidate is considered elected if he has received at least 50 percent of the votes. Otherwise, the election campaign starts again and new election are held.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: The typical periods of the presidential election process are as follows, with the dates corresponding to the 2018 election:


title: Russian presidential elections

text: In December 2011 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin proposed the Central Election Commission and the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications to ensure the surveillance procedures of voting and counting of votes in the presidential elections. According to the technical task set by the CEC, 91,400 election stations were covered by the video monitoring system. Two cameras were installed on each section. One passed the General plan, the second — directly to a ballot box. A total of 182,800 cameras were installed. Public access to election observation was carried out on a special web site. To view the videos of voting and counting votes, users must select the election stations from which they want to receive broadcasts on the day of voting.


title: Russian presidential elections

text: Video surveillance systems were used in the 2018 election, with cameras installed at 80% of election stations. In addition, cameras were installed for the first time in the territorial election commissions, which carry out the counting of votes at the level of cities and districts.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Gun laws in Florida regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Florida in the United States.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: “(a) The right of the people to keep and bear arms in defense of themselves and of the lawful authority of the state shall not be infringed, except that the manner of bearing arms may be regulated by law.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: (b) There shall be a mandatory period of three days, excluding weekends and legal holidays, between the purchase and delivery at retail of any handgun. For the purposes of this section, “purchase” means the transfer of money or other valuable consideration to the retailer, and “handgun” means a firearm capable of being carried and used by one hand, such as a pistol or revolver. Holders of a concealed weapon permit as prescribed in Florida law shall not be subject to the provisions of this paragraph.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: (c) The legislature shall enact legislation implementing subsection (b) of this section, effective no later than December 31, 1991, which shall provide that anyone violating the provisions of subsection (b) shall be guilty of a felony.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Florida law prohibits localities from regulating firearms, other than with regards to zoning laws (i.e., for restricting where gun sellers may locate their businesses) and as provided for in the Florida Constitution in regards to regulating sales by non-licensed sellers in public forums. The Florida Legislature has since 1987 occupied the whole field of regulation of firearms and ammunition, including the purchase, sale, transfer, taxation, manufacture, ownership, possession, and transportation. Due to a lack of penalties associated with violating the preemption statute, it was almost universally ignored by city and county authorities until, on December 7, 2010, Representative Matt Gaetz introduced a bill to the Florida Legislature adding penalties for violating the existing preemption statute. It was signed into law by Governor Rick Scott on June 2, 2011. Penalties may include fines, removal from public office, termination of employment and other punishments, however the penalties have been ruled unconstitutional.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Florida is a "shall issue" state, and issues concealed carry licenses to both residents and non-residents. Florida recognizes licenses from any other state which recognizes Florida's license, provided the non-resident individual is a resident of the other state and is at least 21 years old Florida also recognizes licenses from other states for those under 21 if the applicant is a member or veteran of the United States Armed Forces.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Firearms regulations are uniform throughout Florida, and a carry license is valid everywhere other than in a few specially defined areas. These prohibited places include any police station, prison, courthouse, polling place, government meeting place, airport (inside the passenger terminal and sterile area), seaport, or tavern. Concealed carry is also prohibited in any school, except for authorized security personnel, armed marshals, and school employees and teachers who have received special training.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Anyone lawfully carrying a firearm in a concealed manner, may briefly and openly display the firearm to the ordinary sight of another person, unless the firearm is intentionally displayed in an angry or threatening manner, not in necessary self-defense.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: "Concealed firearm" is defined in F.S.S.790.001(2) as "any firearm, as defined in subsection (6), which is carried on or about a person in such a manner as to conceal the firearm from the ordinary sight of another person."


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Unlicensed concealed carry is allowed during a mandatory evacuation as a result of a state of emergency for up to 48 hours, which may be further extended by the governor.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: As of 2018, school employees other than classroom teachers may choose to receive special training in order to carry a firearm at school. As of 2019, the program was expanded to include classroom teachers.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Open carry when on foot in a public area is generally illegal, but is permitted in certain circumstances, as defined by Florida statute 790.25(3). For example, open carry is permitted while hunting, fishing, camping, gun shows, or while target shooting at a gun range, and while going to and from such activities. The open carry ban statute was challenged in court but the ban was upheld.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Unrestricted open carry was briefly legal in 1987 due to the original legislation for concealed carry licences effective October 1, 1987, repealing the 1893 statute that prohibited carrying weapons in public. The ban on open carry was quickly restored with emergency legislation on October 10, 1987, out of concern that tourism might be negatively affected.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: <nowiki>**</nowiki> State has permit-less carry but the license recognition law still requires residency


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: <nowiki>****</nowiki> Vermont does not recognize the Florida license by statute, however, Florida license holders are not prohibited from carrying under Vermont law either.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Vehicle carry is legal without a license when a handgun is not available for immediate use or on someone's person.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Handguns must be either "securely encased" F.S. 790.25(3)(l) or not immediately available for use. "Securely encased" means in a glove compartment, whether or not locked; snapped in a holster; in a gun case, whether or not locked; in a zippered gun case; or in a closed box or container which requires a lid or cover to be opened for access. Carry of a Handgun on one's person inside a vehicle without a license is not permitted (except in the case of open carry in accordance with the law outlined above). Once a handgun is securely encased, it can be stored anywhere inside the vehicle and is not limited to just the glove compartment/center console. "Yet, pursuant to the unambiguous language of section 790.25(5), even a securely encased weapon does not fall under the private conveyance exception if it is carried on the person. "Doughty v. State", 979 So. 2d 1048, 1050 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008)(Internal citation marks omitted)


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Long guns may be anywhere in a private conveyance when such firearm is being carried for a lawful use.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: As of July 1, 2008, Florida became a "Take your gun to work" state (F.S. 790.251). This law prohibits most businesses from firing any employee for keeping a legal firearm locked in their vehicle in the company parking lot. The purpose of the new law is to allow citizens to exercise their Second Amendment rights during their commutes to and from work. Exceptions listed in F.S. 790.251(7) include school property, correctional institutions, nuclear power plants, national defense facilities, facilities for explosives or combustible materials, or a motor vehicle owned, rented, or leased by a person's employer.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: A case was filed against Walt Disney World Resort by a former Disney security guard who was fired, despite having a CWL, for having a firearm locked in his car on July 1, in violation of Disney's pre-existing no weapons allowed policy. The case was later dropped by the plaintiff citing personal and financial reasons. Disney claims that they are exempt from the new state law, on the basis of their having a fireworks license for conducting nightly fireworks shows at Disney World.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: "Castle doctrine" refers to the generally accepted common-law principle that one is not required to retreat when in one's own dwelling. Eliminating the requirement to retreat outside the home ("i.e.," in public) is generally referred to as a "stand your ground" law. As of October 1, 2005, Florida became a "No Duty to Retreat" ("i.e.," Stand Your Ground) state. Florida Castle Doctrine law establishes that law-abiding residents and visitors may legally presume the threat of bodily harm or death from anyone who breaks into a residence or occupied vehicle and may use defensive force, including deadly force, against the intruder.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: With the passage of Florida's Stand Your Ground law, this principle now also applies in any other place where a person "has a right to be." Essentially, that person has "no duty to retreat" if attacked and may "meet force with force, including deadly force if he or she reasonably believes it is necessary to do so to prevent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony". Note that all of the generally accepted common-law principles of self-defense must still be followed.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: A person who uses force within the parameters of the law is immune from criminal prosecution or civil action and cannot be arrested unless a law enforcement agency determines there is probable cause that the force used was unlawful. If a civil action is brought and the court finds the defendant to be immune under the law, the defendant will be awarded all costs of defense.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Buyers must be at least 21 years old to purchase any firearm in Florida from a licensed vendor. There is a waiting period of the longer of 3 business days or until background checks clear unless the purchaser has a concealed carry permit, is trading in a different firearm, the purchase is for a rifle or shotgun and the purchaser has completed a 16-hour hunter safety class in addition to holding a hunter safety certification card, or the purchaser is law enforcement or military.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: As state law on waiting periods and background checks do not apply to sales by non-licensed sellers, the Florida Constitution, Art VIII Sec. 5(b), permits counties to enact ordinances that require a criminal history records check and a 3 to 5-day waiting period for non-licensed sellers when any part of a firearm sale is conducted on property to which the public has the "right of access", such as at a gun show conducted on public property. These local option ordinances may not be applied to holders of a concealed weapons license. Only Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Hillsborough, and Volusia counties had enacted such ordinances.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: Under Florida's red flag law, law enforcement can get judicial approval to confiscate, for up to a year, the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others. Lake County has adopted a Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in response. It is estimated that 90 percent of cases the order is agreed to by the respondent.


title: Gun laws in Florida

text: The possession of a bump stock is illegal. According to Florida Law, the term “bump-fire stock” means a conversion kit, a tool, an accessory, or a device used to alter the rate of fire of a firearm to mimic automatic weapon fire or which is used to increase the rate of fire to a faster rate than is possible for a person to fire such semiautomatic firearm unassisted by a kit, a tool, an accessory, or a device. (F.S. 790.222). A class action lawsuit challenging the ban as an unconstitutional taking requiring just compensation was unsuccessful in the Leon County circuit court in May 2019 and in the 1st District Court of Appeal in January 2021.


title: SteelSeries

text: SteelSeries (styled as steelseries) is a Danish manufacturer of gaming peripherals and accessories, including headsets, keyboards, mice, controllers, and mousepads. SteelSeries was acquired by GN Store Nord in 2021.


title: SteelSeries

text: SteelSeries was founded in 2001 by Jacob Wolff-Petersen. The company's original name was Soft Trading, and it was changed to SteelSeries in 2007. Soft Trading made the Icemat and SteelPad mouse mats, which influenced the company's eventual name change. In 2008, SteelSeries acquired Ideazon, a North America-based developer and manufacturer of gaming peripherals.


title: SteelSeries

text: Michael von Essen-Mueller, the company's first CEO, helped the company establish its brand and grow to a global footprint. In 2007, SteelSeries hired Bruce Hawver as CEO. The company saw tremendous growth over the next five years as it expanded its portfolio and channels, developed the SteelSeries Engine platform, and added partnerships across the esports and the gaming ecosystem.


title: SteelSeries

text: In 2012, SteelSeries received investments of undisclosed amounts from U.S.-based private equity firm Catterton Partners and China-based private equity firm ClearVue Partners.


title: SteelSeries

text: Their popular products include their Rival and Sensei series of mice, Arctis headsets, and Apex keyboards. They also have made 5XL mousepads (QcK line). SteelSeries often creates limited edition collaborations, such as the Valve Howl Edition mouse and mousepad, and the CD Projekt Cyberpunk 2077 headset.


title: SteelSeries

text: In April 2020, SteelSeries acquired Nahimic audio software developer A-Volute, and in December 2020, SteelSeries acquired gaming accessory manufacturer KontrolFreek.


title: SteelSeries

text: In October 2021, GN Store Nord announced plans to acquire SteelSeries from Axcel for 8 billion DKK (about US$1.25 billion). The deal closed on January 12, 2022 officially making it a subsidiary.


title: SteelSeries

text: SteelSeries supports a number of electronic sports teams and individuals through sponsorships and community support. Sponsored teams include FaZe Clan, Evil Geniuses, Vitality, EDward Gaming, Alliance, among others. Past sponsorships include Manuel "Grubby" Schenkhuizen and Tom "Tsquared" Taylor in 2011.


title: SteelSeries

text: SteelSeries has held partnerships with major companies in the gaming industry, including Blizzard Entertainment, Electronic Arts, Hewlett-Packard (HP), Gunnar Optiks, Valve (Steam), MSI, and Discord.


title: Sutter family

text: The Sutter family, originally from Viking, Alberta, Canada, are one of the most famous families in the National Hockey League (NHL). Six brothers: Brent, Brian, Darryl, Duane, Rich and Ron, reached the NHL in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Four brothers, Brian, Duane, Darryl and Brent, have gone on to become coaches and general managers as well, with Brian, Darryl, and Brent each having a stint as head coach of the Calgary Flames. All brothers played either for the Chicago Blackhawks or the St. Louis Blues at one point or another. A seventh brother named Gary is said by his brothers to have been the best hockey player of all seven boys. Rather than making his living as a hockey player, Gary stayed home to work on the family farm, as Rich remarked on an episode of the Canadian sports show "Off the Record".


title: Sutter family

text: The first generation of Sutters had at least one brother playing in the NHL for 24 seasons – from 1976–77 to 2000–01 (with all six playing from 1982–83 to 1986–87). Collectively, the Sutter brothers played nearly 5,000 games and won six Stanley Cups (with Duane being on four Cup-winning teams from 1980 to 1983, joined by Brent for the 1982 and 1983 championships). Darryl has reached the Cup finals three times as head coach, winning the Cup twice. The second generation of Sutters has reached the NHL, as Brandon Sutter, Brody Sutter and Brett Sutter were members of the Carolina Hurricanes organization for a few seasons.


title: Sutter family

text: The brothers' father, Louis John Sutter, died on February 10, 2005, at the age of 73, following a lengthy illness. Many established hockey figures attended his funeral, including then-Edmonton Oilers general manager Kevin Lowe, then-Oilers coach Craig MacTavish, Mike Keenan, Hall of Famer Lanny McDonald and a busload of players from the Calgary Flames.


title: Sutter family

text: All six brothers took the same path to the NHL. Each player began his junior career with the Red Deer Rustlers of the Alberta Junior Hockey League before moving on to the WHL's Lethbridge Broncos. A seventh brother, Gary, who was the oldest, was offered a tryout with the Rustlers at the same time Brian was; however, he declined, choosing not to pursue a career playing hockey professionally. Gary's brothers have suggested that he may have been the best player of all of them.


title: Sutter family

text: Brian Sutter was drafted by the St. Louis Blues 20th overall in the 1976 NHL Entry Draft and by the Edmonton Oilers 36th overall in the 1976 WHA Amateur Draft. He spent the first 16 years of his adult life with the Blues, 12 as a player and four as a head coach. He appeared in three All-Star Games as a player. He later went on to coach the Boston Bruins, Calgary Flames and Chicago Blackhawks. Brian won the Jack Adams Award as the NHL's best coach in 1990–91. He also was the runner up with the Bruins in 1992–93 and the Blackhawks in 2001–02. His #11 is retired by the Blues. Brian was the director of pro personnel for the Calgary Flames organization until he took the head coaching position with the Bentley Generals of the Chinook Hockey League. Brian is now the head coach of the Innisfail Eagles Sr. AAA hockey club.


title: Sutter family

text: Darryl Sutter was the lowest draft pick of the family, waiting until the 11th round, 179th overall, before being selected by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1978 NHL Entry Draft. Darryl's playing career was cut short by injuries in 1987 after which he turned to coaching. Darryl spent 11 seasons coaching the Blackhawks, San Jose Sharks and Calgary Flames – leading the latter to a surprising run to the 7th game of the Stanley Cup Finals as both the coach and general manager in 2003–04. He replaced Terry Murray as the Los Angeles Kings head coach on December 17, 2011. He led the Kings to their two Stanley Cup Championships in 2012 and 2014. He was fired by the Kings on April 10, 2017. Upon the firing of Geoff Ward, Darryl was re-hired by the Calgary Flames in March 2021 for his second stint as head coach of the team and the fourth stint a Sutter brother has had coaching the team.


title: Sutter family

text: Duane Sutter was selected by the Islanders, 17th overall, in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft. He won the Stanley Cup in his first four seasons with the Islanders, the latter two with Brent. Duane also briefly coached the Florida Panthers from 2000 to 2002. On May 21 2019, the Edmonton Oilers relieved Duane from his head of pro scouting duties. Duane finished his career with 342 points in the NHL.


title: Sutter family

text: Drafted in the first round, 17th overall by the New York Islanders in 1980 NHL Entry Draft, Brent Sutter had the most success in the NHL, playing 1,111 games and recording 829 points. He won the Stanley Cup twice with the Islanders in 1982 and 1983 along with his brother Duane. As a member of the Chicago Blackhawks, he played with his brother Rich and was coached by brother Darryl. After finishing his NHL career, he bought the WHL's Red Deer Rebels where he also formerly served as the Rebels' head coach and general manager. Brent led the Rebels to the Memorial Cup in 2001. He also became the first coach to lead Canada to consecutive gold medals at the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, which he did in 2005 and 2006. In 2007, Brent left his posts with the Rebels to become the head coach of the New Jersey Devils. On June 23, 2009, he was hired as the head coach of the Calgary Flames. On April 12, 2012, he and the Flames came to an agreement for him to leave the club. His son Brandon was a first round draft pick of the Carolina Hurricanes in 2007. In 2012 Brent returned to the Red Deer Rebels as general manager and head coach. In 2021, Brent stepped down as head coach, remaining as GM.


title: Sutter family

text: Ron Sutter was the highest draft pick of the family, taken 4th overall by the Philadelphia Flyers in 1982 – six spots ahead of his twin brother Rich. Ron played for seven teams during his NHL career. Ron finished his career with the Calgary Flames in 2000–01. Rich and Ron spent three seasons together with the Flyers in the mid-1980s, and three more with the Blues in the early 1990s, where they were coached by brother Brian. As a San Jose Shark, Ron was coached by brother Darryl. Ron is the only brother who did not play or work for the Chicago Blackhawks.


title: Sutter family

text: Rich Sutter, twin brother of Ron, was drafted 10th overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft. He led the Lethbridge Broncos to a WHL championship in 1983 and a Memorial Cup appearance. Rich played 874 games with seven teams during his 13-year career. Throughout his career, he played with brothers Brent and Ron, and was coached by brothers Brian and Darryl. As of the 2020–21 NHL season he is a pro scout for the Columbus Blue Jackets.


title: Sutter family

text: As of 2020, three second-generation Sutters have played in the NHL: Brandon, Brett, and Brody. One other has played in the WHL, and two others were drafted by NHL teams but have not yet played there.


title: Sutter family

text: Shaun Sutter, Brian's son, was drafted by the Calgary Flames in the 4th round, 102nd overall, in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft but never made it to the NHL. He spent the early stages of his career in the ECHL, before heading to Europe to play in the British Elite Ice Hockey League in 2005 where he played with the Nottingham Panthers, Sheffield Steelers and Belfast Giants. He served as an assistant coach with the Western Hockey League's Regina Pats from 2009 to 2011. Since 2011, he has been employed by the Red Deer Rebels, first as senior scout, then promoted to assistant general manager in 2013.


title: Sutter family

text: Brett Sutter, Darryl's son, was drafted by the Calgary Flames as the 179th overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. He played pee-wee and midget hockey with the San Jose Jr. Sharks, then went on to captain his uncle Brent's Red Deer Rebels in the Western Hockey League while playing with his cousin Brandon. He made his NHL debut on December 23, 2008, playing against the Anaheim Ducks, and scored a goal while being named the game's third star. He was traded to the Carolina Hurricanes in November 2010, rejoining Brandon, and has spent most of his time since the trade with the Hurricanes' AHL affiliate Charlotte Checkers, where he was named team captain for the 2011–12 season. He was signed by the Minnesota Wild to a two-year, two-way contract on July 1, 2014, and on February 29, 2016, he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings (the team where his father coached) for Scott Sabourin.


title: Sutter family

text: Brandon Sutter, Brent's son, is a player for the Vancouver Canucks. He played under his father Brent as a junior with the Red Deer Rebels and Team Canada at the 2007 Super Series. He served as an alternate captain with the Rebels and played with cousin Brett. He was drafted 11th overall, the highest of the second-generation Sutters, in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft by the Carolina Hurricanes, and became the first of the second generation to play in the NHL. He scored his first NHL goal for the Carolina Hurricanes on October 23, 2008, against the Penguins. During the 2012 NHL Draft, he was traded to the Penguins, with Brian Dumoulin and the 8th overall pick, for Jordan Staal. He recorded his first career hat trick with the Vancouver Canucks on January 25, 2021 being the first of the second generation to do so.


title: Sutter family

text: Brody Sutter, Duane's son, is as of 2021 signed to the Vienna Capitals in the Erste Bank Hockey League. He was drafted 193rd overall in the 7th round of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft by the Carolina Hurricanes. He previously played for the Carolina Hurricanes (NHL), Springfield Thunderbirds (AHL), Charlotte Checkers (AHL), Florida Everblades (ECHL), Iserlohn Roosters (DEL), Lethbridge Hurricanes (WHL), Saskatoon Blades (WHL) and Calgary Buffaloes (AMHL).


title: Sutter family

text: Lukas Sutter, Rich's son, was born in St. Louis. He played major junior hockey with the Western Hockey League's (WHL) Saskatoon Blades, starting in the 2009–10 season. He was drafted by the Winnipeg Jets with the 39th overall pick in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft, but did not sign with the club. He was traded to the WHL's Red Deer Rebels for the 2013–14 season, where he was drafted again, this time by the New York Islanders, with the 200th overall pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft. He split the 2014–15 season between their AHL affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers, and their lower ECHL team, the Stockton Thunder. He played the 2016–17 season with the University of Saskatchewan Huskies and appears to have retired from hockey as of the 2017–18 season.


title: Sutter family

text: Riley Sutter, Ron's son, was drafted by the Everett Silvertips in the sixth round of the 2014 WHL Bantam Draft. Riley signed with the Silvertips on September 1, 2015. He was then selected by the Washington Capitals in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft, 93rd overall. As of 2022, he is playing for Washington's AHL affiliate Hershey Bears.


title: Clifford Geertz

text: Clifford James Geertz (; August 23, 1926 – October 30, 2006) was an American anthropologist who is remembered mostly for his strong support for and influence on the practice of symbolic anthropology and who was considered "for three decades... the single most influential cultural anthropologist in the United States." He served until his death as professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.


title: Clifford Geertz

text: Geertz was born in San Francisco on August 23, 1926. He served in the US Navy in World War II from 1943 to 1945. Geertz received a bachelor of arts in philosophy from Antioch College at Yellow Springs, Ohio in 1950 and a doctor of philosophy in anthropology from Harvard University in 1956.


title: Clifford Geertz

text: When in Harvard University, he studied at the Department of Social Relations with an interdisciplinary program led by Talcott Parsons. Geertz worked with Parsons, as well as Clyde Kluckhohn, and was trained as an anthropologist. Geertz conducted his first long-term fieldwork together with his wife, Hildred, in Java, Indonesia, a project funded by the Ford Foundation and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He also studied the religious life of a small, upcountry town for two-and-a-half years, living with a railroad laborer's family.


title: Clifford Geertz

text: After finishing his thesis, Geertz returned to Indonesia, in Bali and Sumatra, after which he would receive his PhD in 1956 with a dissertation entitled "Religion in Modjokuto: A Study of Ritual Belief In A Complex Society".


title: Clifford Geertz

text: Throughout his life, Geertz received honorary doctorate degrees from around fifteen colleges and universities, including Harvard, Cambridge, and the University of Chicago; as well as awards such as the Association for Asian Studies' (AAS) 1987 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Asian Studies. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the United States National Academy of Sciences. Following his divorce from anthropologist Hildred Geertz, his first wife, he married Karen Blu, another anthropologist.


title: Clifford Geertz

text: He taught or held fellowships at a number of schools before joining the faculty of the anthropology department at the University of Chicago in 1960. In this period Geertz expanded his focus on Indonesia to include both Java and Bali and produced three books, including "Religion of Java" (1960), "Agricultural Involution" (1963), and "Peddlers and Princes" (also 1963). In the mid-1960s, he shifted course and began a new research project in Morocco that resulted in several publications, including "Islam Observed" (1968), which compared Indonesia and Morocco.


title: Clifford Geertz

text: In 1970, Geertz left Chicago to become professor of social science at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey from 1970 to 2000, then as emeritus professor. In 1973, he published "The Interpretation of Cultures", which collected essays Geertz had published throughout the 1960s. That became Geertz's best-known book and established him not just as an Indonesianist but also as an anthropological theorist. In 1974, he edited the anthology "Myth, Symbol, Culture" that contained papers by many important anthropologists on symbolic anthropology. Geertz produced ethnographic pieces in this period, such as "Kinship in Bali" (1975), "Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society" (1978; written collaboratively with Hildred Geertz and Lawrence Rosen) and "Negara" (1981).


title: Clifford Geertz

text: From the 1980s to his death, Geertz wrote more theoretical and essayistic pieces, including book reviews for the "New York Review of Books". As a result, most of his books of the period are collections of essays—books including "Local Knowledge" (1983), "Available Light" (2000), and "Life Among The Anthros" (2010), which was published posthumously. He also produced a series of short essays on the stylistics of ethnography in "Works and Lives" (1988), while other works include the autobiographical "After The Fact" (1995).


title: Clifford Geertz

text: Geertz conducted extensive ethnographic research in Southeast Asia and North Africa. This fieldwork was the basis of Geertz's famous analysis of the among others. While holding a position in Chicago in the 1960s, he directed a multidisciplinary project titled "Committee for the Comparative Studies of New Nations". As part of the project, Geertz conducted fieldwork in Morocco on "bazaars, mosques, olive growing and oral poetry," collecting ethnographic data that would be used for his famous essay on thick description.


title: Clifford Geertz

text: Geertz contributed to social and cultural theory and is still influential in turning anthropology toward a concern with the frames of meaning within which various peoples live their lives. He reflected on the basic core notions of anthropology, such as culture and ethnography. He eventually died of complications following heart surgery on October 30, 2006. At the time of his death, Geertz was working on the general question of ethnic diversity and its implications in the modern world.


title: Clifford Geertz

text: Geertz's often-cited essay "" is a classic example of thick description, a concept adopted from the British philosopher Gilbert Ryle which comes from ordinary language philosophy. "Thick description" is an anthropological method of explaining with as much detail as possible the reason behind human actions. Many human actions can mean many different things, and Geertz insisted that the anthropologist needs to be aware of this. The work proved influential amongst historians, many of whom tried to use these ideas about the 'meaning' of cultural practice in the study of customs and traditions of the past.


title: Clifford Geertz

text: Another of Geertz's philosophical influences is that of Ludwig Wittgenstein's post-analytic philosophy, from which Geertz incorporates the concept of family resemblances into anthropology. Geertz would also introduce anthropology to the "umwelt-mitwelt-vorwelt-folgewelt" formulation of Alfred Schütz's phenomenology, stressing that the links between the "consociate," "contemporary," "predecessor," and "successor" that are commonplace in anthropology derive from this very formulation.


title: Clifford Geertz

text: At the University of Chicago, Geertz became a champion of symbolic anthropology, a framework which gives prime attention to the role of symbols in constructing public meaning. In his seminal work "The Interpretation of Cultures" (1973), Geertz outlined culture as "a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life."


title: Clifford Geertz

text: He was one of the earliest scholars to see that the insights provided by common language, philosophy and literary analysis could have major explanatory force in the social sciences. Geertz aimed to provide the social sciences with an understanding and appreciation of “thick description.” Geertz applied thick description to anthropological studies, particularly to his own 'interpretive anthropology', urging anthropologists to consider the limitations placed upon them by their own cultural cosmologies when attempting to offer insight into the cultures of other people. He produced theory that had implications for other social sciences; for example, Geertz asserted that culture was essentially semiotic in nature, and this theory has implications for comparative political sciences.


title: Clifford Geertz

text: Max Weber and his interpretative social science are strongly present in Geertz's work. Drawing from Weber, Geertz himself argues for a “semiotic” concept of culture:Believing…that man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun…I take culture to be those webs, and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science in search of law but an interpretative one in search of meaning. It is explication I am after, construing social expression on their surface enigmatical. (p.5)Geertz argues that to interpret a culture's web of symbols, scholars must first isolate its elements, specifying the internal relationships among those elements and characterize the whole system in some general way according to the core symbols around which it is organized, the underlying structures of which it is a surface expression, or the ideological principles upon which it is based. It was his view that culture is public, because “meaning is,” and systems of meanings are what produce culture, because they are the collective property of a particular people. We cannot discover the culture's import or understand its systems of meaning, when, as Wittgenstein noted, “we cannot find our feet with them.” Geertz wants society to appreciate that social actions are larger than themselves:


title: Clifford Geertz

text: It is not against a body of uninterrupted data, radically thinned descriptions, that we must measure the cogency of our explications, but against the power of the scientific imagination to bring us into touch with the lives of strangers.”


title: Clifford Geertz

text: In seeking to converse with subjects in foreign cultures and gain access to their conceptual world, this is the goal of the semiotic approach to culture. Cultural theory is not its own master; at the end of the day we must appreciate, that the generality “thick description” contrives to achieve, grows out of the delicacy of its distinctions, not the sweep of its abstraction. The essential task of theory-building here is not to codify abstract regularities, but to make thick description possible; not to generalize across cases, but to generalize within them.