title: Pantham

text: The protagonist is a vigilante who taps the phone of a medical mafia king named Amith Rajvi and listens to a conversation in which a man named Nayak Bhai orders him to send money on a goods train. The protagonist's sidekick Satti stops a tractor at a railway crossing, causing the train to stop and the protagonist to enter the compartment containing the money where he fights off the guards and decouples it before the train reaches the next station. Later, a partially deaf CBI officer instantly cracks the case. The protagonist helps a rich woman in winning a horse betting race and later steals money from her safe in her absence. The home minister Jayendra is revealed to be Nayak Bhai who's frustrated at his money getting stolen and orders the killing of both Rajvi and the woman. Again, the CBI officer cracks the second case and hands over the evidence to Nayak who then attacks a lot of people out of suspicion. The health minister sends him the protagonist's photo which is forwarded to all his goons over the city, and the protagonist is brought to the goons by a cab driver who turns out to be Nayak's henchman. A fight ensues, resulting in a conversation in which Nayak recruits the protagonist to help him catch the robber, as per the health minister's suggestion who was impressed by how neatly the protagonist and Satti had stolen his cars earlier.


title: Pantham

text: The protagonist and Nayak's men then are sent for a safe money transfer. With the help of three men, the protagonist tricks the goons into giving them the money but due to a tracker kept inside the currency bag, the three men are captured and beaten up. The protagonist reveals himself as the real robber and fights off all the goons. The protagonist's girlfriend Akshara and an old man named Tilak are kidnapped and brought to Nayak. Tilak then reveals the protagonist is Vikranth Surana, the son of a London-based businessman Anand Surana. Vikranth loved his mother Durgadevi but his father despised her social service as it didn't yield enough money. They all had to go to London since Anand wanted to expand his business, where Durgadevi died. Tilak is the owner of Durgadevi charitable trust and invited Anand for the trust's 25th-anniversary celebrations, but Vikranth came instead for the celebrations and became disillusioned by the plight of several bomb blast victims who were promised ex-gratia by the home minister Jayendra and the health minister, to whom Vikrath had also anonymously sent a cheque of 1 crore rupees. Vikranth then decided to help the people after knowing about their plight and proceeded to resign from his post at his father's company.


title: Pantham

text: Back to the present, Vikranth brings reporters to Nayak's house and makes him pay 5 crore rupees as ex-gratia. Later, Vikranth creates a fake bomb alert outside a court where he surrenders after opening a truck full of money stolen from corrupt ministers. Following his arrest, his father arrives to meet him and has a change of heart when he sees so many people supporting Vikranth who decides to fight his case himself. An enraged Nayak sends prisoners to kill Vikranth at night, but he manages to fight them off and the next day in the court, presents all the evidence against Nayak and other ministers. He even brings Rajvi and the Nayak's female client as witnesses who reveal that Vikranth saved them. Vikranth also presents footage of Nayak threatening them but the opposing lawyer presents a doctored version of the footage and levies false charges not just on Vikranth and his father but also on the Durgadevi charitable trust. The judge orders a CBI inquiry on the trust, which is carried out by the same officer hired by Nayak earlier. He testifies against Nayak and also states that due to being partially deaf, he had to record Nayak's conversations which now stand as evidence against him. Further, Vikranth cites the Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 as his defense and suggests the government digitally transfer ex-gratia to victims. The court sentences all the perpetrators and orders the government to disperse ex-gratia via digital transfer method.


title: Pantham

text: The film mark Gopichand's 25th film in his career, it also marks the directorial debut of K. Chakravarthi Reddy, who previously worked as the screenplay writer for Telugu action films like "Balupu", "Power" and "Jai Lava Kusa".


title: Pantham

text: The music was composed by Gopi Sundar and released by Mango Music. All lyrics were penned by Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar.


title: Pantham

text: "The Times of India" rated the film 2.5/5 and considered that: "Despite the commercial elements, ‘Pantham’ would’ve worked if only the screenplay and narrative were a tad bit tighter."


title: Pantham

text: 123 Telugu rated the film 3/5 and commented that: "Pantham is a passable social drama which showcases a decent message. Even though the story is outdated, director Chakri has made sure that there is some fun in the first half and climax is satisfactory."


title: Pantham

text: Greatandhra rated the film 2.5/5 and considered that: "Major complaint from audiences has been Gopichand’s movies have turned too predictable of late. Still, the star is not coming out from them."


title: Pantham

text: First Post wrote, "Pantham’s strength lies in what it truly wants to say in the end. It calls for a systematic change in the government’s approach to governance and making politicians accountable. And it also calls out people in general for a wide range of issues. But then it does all this after ensuring that it narrates a story which is sloppy and unimaginative before it turns into a show reel of our apathy towards suffering."


title: Dementia 13

text: Dementia 13, known in the United Kingdom as The Haunted and the Hunted, is a 1963 independently made black-and-white horror-thriller film, written and directed by Francis Ford Coppola and produced by Roger Corman. It was Coppola's feature film directorial debut. The film stars William Campbell and Luana Anders with Bart Patton, Mary Mitchell, and Patrick Magee. It was released in the United States by American International Pictures during the fall of 1963 as the bottom half of a double feature with Corman's "".


title: Dementia 13

text: Although Coppola had been involved in at least two sexploitation films previously, "Dementia 13" served as his first mainstream "legitimate" directorial effort. Corman offered Coppola the chance to direct a low-budget horror film in Ireland using funds left over from Corman's recently completed "The Young Racers", on which Coppola had worked as a sound technician. The producer wanted a cheap "Psycho" copy, complete with gothic atmosphere and brutal killings, and Coppola quickly wrote a screenplay with Corman's requirements. Although he was given total directorial freedom during production, Coppola found himself at odds with Corman after the film was completed. The producer declared it unreleasable and demanded several changes be made.


title: Dementia 13

text: In 2017, Coppola's company, American Zoetrope, restored the film's director's cut under the supervision of James T. Mockoski, with editing by Robert Schafer, sound restoration by Jim McKee of Earwax Productions, and color supervision by Chris Martin of Mission Film and Design.


title: Dementia 13

text: While out rowing in the middle of a lake after dark, John Haloran and his young wife Louise argue about his rich mother's will. Louise is upset that everything is designated to go to charity in the name of a mysterious "Kathleen." The argument, combined with the exertion of rowing the boat, causes John to have a heart attack. He informs Louise that, should he die before his mother, Louise will receive none of the inheritance, after which he dies. Louise dumps his corpse over the boat's side, where it sinks to the bottom of the lake. Her plan is to pretend that he is still alive so that she can ingratiate her way into the will. She types up a letter to her mother-in-law, Lady Haloran, inviting herself to the family's castle in Ireland while her husband is "away on business."


title: Dementia 13

text: At the castle, John's two brothers, Billy and Richard, take part in a bizarre ceremony with their mother, part of a yearly tribute to their deceased younger sister Kathleen, who died years before in a freak drowning accident. Lady Haloran still mourns for her daughter, and during the ceremony, she faints dead away as she does every year. As Louise helps her mother-in-law into the castle, Lady Haloran tells her that she fainted because one of the fresh flowers she had thrown died as it touched Kathleen's grave.


title: Dementia 13

text: Louise, realizing that Lady Haloran is emotionally overwrought and superstitious, devises a plan to convince the old woman that Kathleen is trying to communicate with her from beyond the grave. She steals some of Kathleen's old toys and places them at the bottom of the estate's pond, where they will float to the surface in a ghostly way during the middle of the day. She sees what appears to be Kathleen's perfectly preserved corpse at the bottom of the pond. Horrified, she surfaces and is attacked with an axe by an unknown assailant. Her killer drags Louise's corpse away.


title: Dementia 13

text: Concerned family doctor Justin Caleb arrives and becomes determined to solve the mystery. He questions the family. The murderer decapitates a man named Simon, who has been poaching on the estate. Dr. Caleb has the pond drained, revealing a stone statue shrine, engraved with the words "Forgive Me, Kathleen." The following night, Lady Haloran is attacked by a shadowy figure, but she eludes him and collapses in the castle's courtyard.


title: Dementia 13

text: Dr. Caleb uses an obscure nursery rhyme ("Fishy, fishy, in a brook, Daddy caught you on a hook"), recited by Billy under hypnosis, to help him discover Louise's frozen corpse hidden away in a meat locker. Next to the bloody body is a wax figure of Kathleen. Dr. Caleb places the figure in a public square to lure out the killer. Taking the bait, a gibbering Billy, who has gone insane with guilt over causing the death of his sister Kathleen, attempts to kill Richard's fiancée Kane with an axe. Dr. Caleb saves her life by shooting Billy to death with a pistol he was carrying in his pocket.


title: Dementia 13

text: Francis Ford Coppola worked as a sound man on Corman's "The Young Racers" (1963), a racing film which starred Campbell and Magee. That film was shot in several different countries, and after production was completed in Ireland, Corman still had $22,000 of the film's allocated $165,000 budget remaining. Corman originally thought of using the funds to direct a "quickie" film himself, but his schedule made this impractical. Instead, Corman suggested that Coppola remain in Ireland with a small crew and direct a low-budget horror film, to be produced by Corman. Coppola later recalled, "Roger wanted to make "Dementia 13" cheaply. He wanted it to be homicidal, sort of a copy of "Psycho". You know, gothic and psychological, with some kind of terrible knife-killing scene thrown in. So I wrote the script to order".


title: Dementia 13

text: Coppola wrote a brief draft story idea in one night. The next morning, he described to Corman the most vividly detailed sequence: a half-naked woman ties several dolls to the bottom of a lake, then surfaces to find herself at the feet of an axe murder: "axed to death!", Coppola exclaimed. Corman was impressed enough to immediately provide Coppola with the $22,000 for the film. The young director was able to arrange an additional $20,000 in financing himself by pre-selling the European rights to a producer named Raymond Stross. Coppola did not inform Corman of the production's additional funding ... and quickly moved the initial $22,000 into a bank account in case an angry Corman ever attempted to reclaim his original investment.


title: Dementia 13

text: Coppola's friend Al Locatelli served as the film's art director and helped Coppola write the final script in three days, uncredited. The speed at which the screenplay was completed resulted in unrealistic, "stilted" dialogue that Campbell recalled as being very difficult for the actors to speak.


title: Dementia 13

text: The majority of the American actors in the cast were friends of Coppola's from UCLA, and many of them paid their own way to Ireland for the opportunity to appear in a film. Most of the Irish cast members were from the Abbey Theatre and were paid strictly minimum wage salaries. Eithne Dunne received approximately $600 for her performance. The cast and crew lived together in a farm house located outside of Dublin.


title: Dementia 13

text: Howth Castle, located in the Dublin suburb of Howth, depicted the fictitious "Castle Haloran" in the film.


title: Dementia 13

text: "Dementia 13" was one of several Roger Corman productions veteran B-movie character actor Campbell appeared in, but it was the first that was completed on such a small budget. Coppola had convinced Campbell (and his "The Young Racers" co-star Patrick Magee) to appear in the film. The actor originally felt that it would turn out to be a strictly "amateur endeavor", but he soon became impressed by Coppola's leadership abilities, talent, and energy on the set. Campbell recalled years later, "There were all kinds of promises as to what he [Coppola] would do for me later. It was one of those 'I-owe-you-one' things, but he never did "anything"! I tried to get to him when he was doing "The Godfather", thinking that a cop or gangster part might be good for about 17 weeks, but after "Dementia 13", I was never able to get through to him again!"


title: Dementia 13

text: Anders' role as the scheming wife of a rich but prematurely dead heir to a fortune is one of the actress's most notable screen roles. "Dementia 13" was one of several appearances that she made in AIP productions. Most of these films had been directed by Roger Corman, including a major role co-starring with Vincent Price in "The Pit and the Pendulum" (1961). Like Campbell and Patrick Magee, Anders had been borrowed by Coppola from the cast of Corman's just-completed film "The Young Racers". After "Dementia 13", Anders never had such a sizable role again, appearing in numerous small parts in both television and film until her death from breast cancer in 1996.


title: Dementia 13

text: Magee's role as the family doctor who manages to solve the mystery in "Dementia 13" was one of many horror film parts the Tony Award-winning actor accepted during the course of his distinguished career. He had just finished shooting Corman's "The Young Racers" when Coppola convinced him, along with his "Racers" co-stars Campbell and Anders, to appear in Coppola's debut feature. Years later, Campbell warmly remembered Magee as being a brilliant performer although a little prone to overacting.


title: Dementia 13

text: Principal photography on "Dementia 13" began on September 10, 1962 at Ardmore Studios in Bray, Ireland, under the working title "Dementia". During filming, Coppola kept Corman updated on the status of the production in letters that promised much sex and violence would appear in the film, "enough to make people sick". Coppola was left entirely on his own while directing the film, without interference of any kind from Corman. When the completed film was shown to him, Corman stormed out of the screening room and demanded that several changes be made, changes that Coppola did not agree with. According to Coppola, Corman "insisted on dubbing the picture the way he wanted it, adding voiceovers to simplify some of the scenes. Worse, he wanted extra violence added, another axe murder at least..." Jack Hill was later hired by Corman to shoot some brief sequences featuring actor Karl Schanzer as a comical poacher, who is beheaded by the murderer.


title: Dementia 13

text: Corman also complained the film was too short and insisted that it be padded out with at least another five minutes of footage. Gary Kurtz, one of Corman's assistants at the time, recalled, "So we shot this stupid prologue that had nothing to do with the rest of the film. It was some guy who was supposed to be a psychiatrist, sitting in his office and giving the audience a test to see if they were mentally fit to see the picture. The film was actually released with that prologue". The prologue was directed by Monte Hellman. This cheap William Castle-style gimmick also included a "D-13 Test" handout that was given to theater patrons. It was devised by a supposed "medical expert" to weed out psychologically unfit people from viewing the film. The test consisted of such questions as, "The most effective way of settling a dispute is with one quick stroke of an axe to your adversary's head?" and "Have you ever been hospitalized in a locked mental ward, sanitarium, rest home or other facility for the treatment of mental illness?" "Yes" or "No" were the only possible answers.


title: Dementia 13

text: The Roan Group released the film on LaserDisc and DVD, both of which included an audio commentary by Campbell. The DVD also featured the original "D-13 Test" in digital form as an extra; the film's five-minute added prologue, which featured the test, has not been included on any of the film's numerous home video releases. "Dementia 13" was released on Blu-ray April 26, 2011.


title: Dementia 13

text: "Dementia 13" was restored to a director's cut in 2017 that was released to 1080p Blu-ray Disc and Digital 4k UHD on September 21, 2021. The Blu-ray from Lionsgate/Zoetrope includes an introduction and audio commentary by Francis Ford Coppola, and "Prologue (Dementia 13 Test)".


title: Dementia 13

text: The film was released in the fall of 1963 as the bottom half of a double bill with Corman's "". Because of its rushed production and a somewhat incomprehensible screenplay, reviews of "Dementia 13" have been mixed:


title: Dementia 13

text: The reviewer for "The New York Times", "H. T.", dismissed the film, writing, "Under the stolid direction of Francis Coppola, who also wrote the script, the picture stresses gore rather than atmosphere and all but buries a fairly workable plot". Michael Weldon, in "The Psychotronic Encyclopedia of Film", noted it had "[A] great trick ending, some truly shocking, gory axe murders, and lots of inventive photography". Tom Raynes, in the "Time Out Film Guide", said "The location (an Irish castle) is used imaginatively; the Gothic atmosphere is suitably potent, and there's a wonderfully sharp cameo from Patrick Magee". Danny Peary, in his "Guide for the Film Fanatic", stated that "despite the hopelessly confusing storyline ... the horror sequences are very exciting". Phil Hardy's "The Aurum Film Encyclopedia: Horror" opined, "[O]ne senses the presence of a director right from the moody opening sequence ... A piece of high gothic melodrama ... The weakness of the film is in the script, which gives every indication of having been bundled together at the last minute"... John Charles, in "Video Watchdog", wrote that the film was "a remarkably confident and proficient thriller. Several of its components hint at the creativity that was still to come from Coppola ... and the finished product is a testament to his ingenuity". Kim Newman opined, "Coppola ... works fast and creative in "Dementia 13"... making memorable, shocking little sequences out of the killings and the implied haunting, using his locations well and highlighting unexpected eeriness like a transistor radio burbling distorted pop music as it sinks into a lake, along with a just-murdered corpse".


title: Dementia 13

text: At the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, "Dementia 13" has a 68% favorable rating out of 28 reviewers surveyed.


title: Dementia 13

text: The film's title appears on a theater marquee in the Coppola-produced film "American Graffiti" (1973), even though the film was set in 1962, before the theatrical release of "Dementia 13".


title: Dementia 13

text: The 1976 song "American Girl" from the debut album by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers opens with a lyrical reference to the line in the movie when Louise Haloran says, "…especially an American Girl. You can tell she's been raised on promises."


title: Dementia 13

text: In the HBO series, "The Sopranos", Meadow goes with her first college boyfriend to see the film in a revival house in the 6th episode of Season 3 entitled, “University”.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: On July 25, 1987, President Corazon Aquino promulgated the Administrative Code of the Philippines. Chapter 7 of this code specified a list of ten nationwide regular holidays and two nationwide special days and provided that the President may proclaim any local special day for a particular date, group or place. Seven of the regular holidays were specified with fixed dates, two with movable dates, and one was specified to fall on the last Sunday in August. The code did not specify how the movable dates were to be determined


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: In 2001, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo decided to include holiday manipulation, also known as "Holiday Economics" as part of the then-new government's list of principal economic policies, moving the celebration dates for holidays occurring on midweek days to weekend days. This was codified by Republic Act. No. 9492, approved on July 25, 2007, which replaced the list of holidays and special days. This act had been specified by the Administrative Code with a new list of eleven national holidays and three nationwide special days. The act also provided that Eidul Adha shall be celebrated as a regional holiday in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. The act specified two of the holidays and one special day with fixed dates, five of the holidays and two special days as occurring on a Monday nearest to or preceding specified dates, and two of the holidays as having movable dates. The act mandated that the President shall issue a proclamation for specifying the specific date movable holidays at least six months prior to the holiday concerned. The act specified that holidays falling on a Wednesday will be observed on the Monday of that week, that holidays falling on a Sunday will be observed on the Monday that follows, and provided that regular holidays and special days may be modified by order or proclamation.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: Presidential Proclamations issued subsequent to the promulgation of Republic Act No. 9492 established celebration dates for national holidays and special days, and established new holidays and special days, some nationwide and some local to specified localities.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: The Labor Code of the Philippines specifies two types of holidays: the "regular holiday" and the "special non-working day". There is a difference in the pay that employers are required to pay between the two type of holidays. There is also a difference in what is closed and in how the days are declared.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: On top of these pay rules, an employee shall be given an additional 30% if the holiday falls on his or her rest day, and an additional 30% if the employee works overtime.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: On a regular holiday, if the employee did not work, the employee is entitled 100% of his daily wage. However, special non-working day usually follows a 'No Work, No Pay' principle. Therefore, the employee is not entitled to any compensation if he did not work that day. If the employee works on the special non-working day, the employee shall be entitled to an additional compensation of 30% of the regular daily wage.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: Independence Day was formerly celebrated on July 4—the date of the Philippine independence from the United States in 1946, a date chosen because it was also American Independence Day. On May 12, 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, which declared Tuesday, June 12 a special public holiday throughout the Philippines, "... in commemoration of our people's declaration of their inherent and inalienable right to freedom and independence." On August 4, 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 renamed July 4 holiday as "Philippine Republic Day", proclaimed June 12 as "Philippine Independence Day", and enjoined all citizens of the Philippines to observe the latter with befitting rites.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: In 1955, President Ramón Magsaysay issued Presidential Proclamation No. 212, s. 1955, which established the observance of Philippine–American Day every November 15, which was the anniversary of the 1935 inauguration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. Sometime during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine–American Day was renamed "Philippine–American Friendship Day" and moved to July 4, overshadowing the observance of the date as Republic Day. After the Third Republic and the abolition of the 1935 Constitution under Martial Law, it was impolitic to remind the public of the old republic. This is why, when President Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2346 s. 1984, reference was made to Philippine–American Friendship Day, which was relegated to a working holiday without mention of Republic Day.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: During the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino, the practice of celebrating July 4 as both Philippine–American Friendship Day and Republic Day as a non-working holiday was formally abolished. Section 26 of the Administrative Code of 1987 specified a list of regular holidays and nationwide special days that did not include July 4.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: Originally, there were only regular and special holidays. On February 26, 2021, President Rodrigo Duterte announced the certain special holidays as special working holidays in 2021 under Proclamation No. 1107. This new measure is intended to boost productivity and economic recovery in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: Philippine cities, municipalities, or barangays, often observe one or more holidays. Being a predominantly Catholic country, these are usually the feasts of the locale's one or more patron saints.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: Secular observances usually mark a government's founding day or the birth or death of a prominent native. These are often celebrated with parades, processions, entertainment, and feasting, as well as whatever local customs are traditional.


title: Public holidays in the Philippines

text: Local holidays for the most part are applicable only to the immediate area concerned, and barangay fiestas do not usually warrant a public holiday for the area unless otherwise ordered. Such holidays are usually declared as special non-working day and is proclaimed by the President.


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: In digital signal processing, downsampling, compression, and decimation are terms associated with the process of "resampling" in a multi-rate digital signal processing system. Both "downsampling" and "decimation" can be synonymous with "compression", or they can describe an entire process of bandwidth reduction (filtering) and sample-rate reduction. When the process is performed on a sequence of samples of a "signal" or a continuous function, it produces an approximation of the sequence that would have been obtained by sampling the signal at a lower rate (or density, as in the case of a photograph).


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: "Decimation" is a term that historically means the "removal of every tenth one". But in signal processing, "decimation by a factor of 10" actually means "keeping" only every tenth sample. This factor multiplies the sampling interval or, equivalently, divides the sampling rate. For example, if compact disc audio at 44,100 samples/second is "decimated" by a factor of 5/4, the resulting sample rate is 35,280. A system component that performs decimation is called a "decimator". Decimation by an integer factor is also called "compression".


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: Rate reduction by an integer factor "M" can be explained as a two-step process, with an equivalent implementation that is more efficient:


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: Step 2 alone allows high-frequency signal components to be misinterpreted by subsequent users of the data, which is a form of distortion called aliasing. Step 1, when necessary, suppresses aliasing to an acceptable level. In this application, the filter is called an anti-aliasing filter, and its design is discussed below. Also see undersampling for information about decimating bandpass functions and signals.


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: When the anti-aliasing filter is an IIR design, it relies on feedback from output to input, prior to the second step. With FIR filtering, it is an easy matter to compute only every "M" output. The calculation performed by a decimating FIR filter for the "n" output sample is a dot product:


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: where the "h"[•] sequence is the impulse response, and "K" is its length.  "x"[•] represents the input sequence being downsampled. In a general purpose processor, after computing "y"["n"], the easiest way to compute "y"["n"+1] is to advance the starting index in the "x"[•] array by "M", and recompute the dot product. In the case "M"=2, "h"[•] can be designed as a half-band filter, where almost half of the coefficients are zero and need not be included in the dot products.


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: Impulse response coefficients taken at intervals of "M" form a subsequence, and there are "M" such subsequences (phases) multiplexed together. The dot product is the sum of the dot products of each subsequence with the corresponding samples of the "x"[•] sequence. Furthermore, because of downsampling by "M", the stream of "x"[•] samples involved in any one of the "M" dot products is never involved in the other dot products. Thus "M" low-order FIR filters are each filtering one of "M" multiplexed "phases" of the input stream, and the "M" outputs are being summed. This viewpoint offers a different implementation that might be advantageous in a multi-processor architecture. In other words, the input stream is demultiplexed and sent through a bank of M filters whose outputs are summed. When implemented that way, it is called a polyphase filter.


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: For completeness, we now mention that a possible, but unlikely, implementation of each phase is to replace the coefficients of the other phases with zeros in a copy of the "h"[•] array, process the original "x"[•] sequence at the input rate (which means multiplying by zeros), and decimate the output by a factor of "M". The equivalence of this inefficient method and the implementation described above is known as the "first Noble identity". It is sometimes used in derivations of the polyphase method.


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: Let "X"("f") be the Fourier transform of any function, "x"("t"), whose samples at some interval, "T", equal the "x"["n"] sequence. Then the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) is a Fourier series representation of a periodic summation of "X"("f"):


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: When "T" has units of seconds, formula_3 has units of hertz. Replacing "T" with "MT" in the formulas above gives the DTFT of the decimated sequence, "x"["nM"]:


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: The periodic summation has been reduced in amplitude and periodicity by a factor of "M".  An example of both these distributions is depicted in the two traces of Fig 1.


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: Aliasing occurs when adjacent copies of "X"("f") overlap. The purpose of the anti-aliasing filter is to ensure that the reduced periodicity does not create overlap. The condition that ensures the copies of "X"("f") do not overlap each other is: formula_5 so that is the maximum cutoff frequency of an "ideal" anti-aliasing filter.


title: Downsampling (signal processing)

text: Step 1 requires a lowpass filter after increasing ("expanding") the data rate, and step 2 requires a lowpass filter before decimation. Therefore, both operations can be accomplished by a single filter with the lower of the two cutoff frequencies. For the "M" > "L" case, the anti-aliasing filter cutoff, formula_6 "cycles per intermediate sample", is the lower frequency.


title: William Tubman

text: William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman (29 November 1895 – 23 July 1971) was a Liberian politician. He was the 19th president of Liberia and the longest-serving president in the country's history, serving from his election in 1944 until his death in 1971.


title: William Tubman

text: Tubman is regarded as the "father of modern Liberia" in that during his presidency sufficient foreign investment was attracted to modernize the country's economy and infrastructure. During his tenure, Liberia experienced a period of prosperity. He also led a policy of national unification in order to reduce the social and political differences between his fellow Americo-Liberians and the indigenous Liberians.


title: William Tubman

text: William Tubman was born on 29 November 1895, in Harper. Tubman's grandfather, Alexander Tubman, was a stonemason, general in the Liberian army, and a former Speaker of the Liberian House of Representatives, as well as a Methodist preacher. A strict disciplinarian, he required his five children to attend daily family prayer services, and to sleep on the floor because he thought beds were too soft and "degrading to character development". Tubman's mother, Elizabeth Rebecca (née Barnes) Tubman, was from Atlanta, Georgia. Alexander's parents, Sylvia and William Shadrach Tubman, were freedmen, part of a group of 69 freed slaves whose transportation to Liberia in 1844 was paid by their former mistress Emily Harvie Thomas Tubman, a widow and philanthropist in Augusta, Georgia.


title: William Tubman

text: Emily Tubman was instrumental in the manumission of enslaved African Americans and paying for their transportation to Liberia for "repatriation". Initially, she had great difficulty freeing her slaves in ante-bellum Georgia. Despite appeals to the Georgia State Legislature and financial donations to the University of Georgia, her efforts to manumit numerous slaves were disapproved. Since the Nat Turner Slave Rebellion in 1831, the state legislature had greatly restricted manumissions, requiring a legislative act for each, and posting of expensive bonds by the owner to guarantee the free black would leave the state within a short period of time.


title: William Tubman

text: Tubman sought the help of her friend and mentor, Henry Clay of Kentucky, president of the American Colonization Society. This organization, made up of both abolitionists and slaveholders, had proposed colonization in Africa as a solution for freedmen, rather than allowing them to remain in the United States. Their presence was considered to unsettle slaves in the South, and in both the North and South, lower-class whites resented competing with them for jobs. Clay assured her that sending her former slaves to Liberia would be a safe and suitable option. After arriving in Liberia, this group of freedmen took "Tubman" as their surname and settled together. They named their community "Tubman Hill" after their benefactress.


title: William Tubman

text: William Tubman, the second son, went to primary school in Harper, followed by the Methodist Cape Palmas Seminary, and Harper County High School. Beginning in 1910, when he was 15, he participated in several military operations within the country through 1917, being promoted from private to officer.


title: William Tubman

text: Planning to become a preacher, at age 19 Tubman was named as a Methodist lay preacher. After studying law under various private tutors, he passed the bar examination and became a lawyer in 1917.


title: William Tubman

text: Tubman was soon appointed as a recorder in the Maryland County Monthly and Probate Court a tax collector, teacher, and as colonel in a militia.


title: William Tubman

text: Having joined the True Whig Party (TWP), the dominant party of Liberia since 1878, Tubman began his career in politics. In 1923, aged 28, he was elected to the Senate of Liberia from Maryland County, holding the record as the youngest senator in the history of Liberia. Identifying as the "Convivial Cannibal from the Downcoast Hinterlands," he fought for constitutional rights for the members of indigenous tribal groups, who comprised the overwhelming number of Liberians.


title: William Tubman

text: Re-elected as senator in 1929, Tubman became the legal adviser to vice president Allen Yancy. He resigned from the Senate in 1931 to defend Liberia before the League of Nations amid allegations that his country was using slave labor. Tubman was reelected to the national legislature in 1934; he resigned in 1937 after being appointed by President Edwin Barclay as associate justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia, where he served until 1943. An official biography speculates that Barclay appointed Tubman to the Liberian Supreme Court to remove him as a competitor for the presidency.


title: William Tubman

text: In December 1942, Liberia had to elect a successor to President Edwin Barclay. Six candidates ran for office; the two favorites were Tubman and Foreign Minister Clarence L. Simpson. Tubman was elected president on 4 May 1943, at the age of 48, and was inaugurated 3 January 1944.


title: William Tubman

text: While the United States, its ally, began to base military operations in the country after it entered World War II, Liberia did not declare war on Germany and Japan until 27 January 1944. In April 1944, Liberia joined the Allied cause by signing the Declaration by United Nations.


title: William Tubman

text: Choosing to sever diplomatic relations with Germany and expel German citizens from Liberia was a difficult decision for Tubman for economic and social reasons: (1) German merchants were integral to the Liberian economy; (2) Germany was Liberia's major trading partner; and (3), most of the doctors in Liberia were Germans. Under the above declaration, Tubman agreed to expel all German residents and oppose the Axis powers.


title: William Tubman

text: In foreign policy, Tubman aligned his country with the US, which he hailed as "Our strongest, closest, and most reliable friend." In June 1944, he and former president, Edwin Barclay, traveled to the White House as guests of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and became the first African heads of state to be received there. Following the war, which resulted in an anti-colonial movement on the African continent, Tubman strengthened ties among fellow Africans by participating in the Asian-African Conference of 1955, and the First Conference of Independent African States in Accra, organized in 1958 by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. In 1959, Tubman organized the Second Conference of African States.


title: William Tubman

text: In 1961, following a Pan-African conference held in Monrovia, Tubman helped to found the African Union. This association of "moderate" African leaders worked for gradual unification of Africa, unlike the "revolutionary" group based at Casablanca.


title: William Tubman

text: Tubman's government was critical of communism, and avoided establishing diplomatic relations with most of the communist countries (Yugoslavia, which was regarded highly by the Liberian government, was the lone exception); however, Liberia did exchange trade and goodwill missions with the Soviet Union and other Eastern European states.


title: William Tubman

text: When Tubman was appointed to the Supreme Court in the 1930s, Liberia was seriously underdeveloped, lacking basic infrastructure of roads, railways, and sanitation systems. Tubman said that Liberia had never received the "benefits of colonization", by which he meant the investment by a wealthy major power to develop the infrastructure of the country. He established an economic policy, known as the ""porte ouverte"" ("open door"), to attract foreign investment. Working to facilitate and encourage foreign businesses to locate in Liberia, he encouraged development. Between 1944 and 1970, the value of foreign investments, mainly from the United States, increased by 200%. From 1950 to 1960, Liberia experienced an average annual growth of 11.5%.


title: William Tubman

text: With the expansion of the economy, Tubman gained revenues for the government to construct and modernize infrastructure: the streets of Monrovia were paved, a public sanitation system was installed, hospitals were built, and a literacy program was launched in 1948. During Tubman's administration, several thousand kilometers of roads were built, as was a railway line to connect the iron mines to the coast for transport of this commodity for export. During this period, he transformed the Port of Monrovia into a free port to encourage trade.


title: William Tubman

text: By early 1960, Liberia began to enjoy its first era of prosperity, thanks in part to Tubman's policies and implementation of development. It was during this time that Tubman became regarded as a pro-Western, stabilizing influence in West Africa, at a period when other countries were achieving independence—often amid violence. During the 1960s, Tubman was courted by many Western politicians, notably U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.


title: William Tubman

text: In the past, the bulk of Liberia's production depended on rubber. But with the modernization of the state's infrastructure at the hands of Tubman, Liberia started to use its other national resources. Several Americo-Liberian nationalities, German, and Swedish companies became involved in the exploitation of iron mines—making Liberia the first source of iron in Africa, and the fourth worldwide. Tubman wanted to diversify the economy, rather than basing it on rubber and iron resources, which made up 90% of the country's exports. He encouraged the development of coffee plantations, palm oil, sugar cane, and especially rice cultivation in 1966 (with the help of Taiwan).


title: William Tubman

text: Tubman is best known for his policies of National Unification and the economic Open Door. He tried to reconcile the interests of the native tribes with those of the Americo-Liberian elite, and increased foreign investment in Liberia to stimulate economic growth.


title: William Tubman

text: During the 1950s, Liberia had the second-highest rate of economic growth in the world. By the time of his death in 1971, Liberia had the largest mercantile fleet in the world, the world's largest rubber industry, was the third-largest exporter of iron ore in the world, and had attracted more than US$1 billion in foreign investment.


title: William Tubman

text: Tubman died at a clinic in London, following post-operative complications from prostate gland surgery at the age of 75. He was succeeded by his long-time vice president, William Tolbert. Political dissent increased following Tubman's autocratic rule, and new groups wanted a share of the nation's success. The dominance of the True Whig Party was overthrown in 1980 by the People's Redemption Council, a group of soldiers led by Samuel Doe. The ensuing civil wars and violence destroyed the economic prosperity of Liberia's golden age.


title: Irish name

text: A formal Irish name consists of a given name and a surname. In the Irish language, surnames are generally patronymic in etymology but are no longer literal patronyms as, for example, most Icelandic names still are. The form of a surname varies according to whether its bearer is male or female, and in the case of a married woman, whether she chooses to adopt her husband's surname.


title: Irish name

text: An alternative traditional naming convention consists of the first name followed by a double patronym, usually with the father and grandfather's names. This convention is not used for official purposes but is generalized in "Gaeltachtaí" (Irish-speaking areas) and also survives in some rural non-"Gaeltacht" areas. Sometimes the name of the mother or grandmother may be used instead of the father or grandfather.


title: Irish name

text: A first name may be modified by an adjective to distinguish its bearer from other people with the same name. Mór ("big") and Óg ("young") are used to distinguish father and son, like English "senior" and "junior", but are placed between the given name and the surname: "Seán Óg Ó Súilleabháin" corresponds to "John O'Sullivan Jr." (although anglicised versions of the name often drop the "O'" from the name).


title: Irish name

text: The word "Beag"/"Beg", meaning "little", can be used in place of "Óg". This did not necessarily indicate that the younger person was small in stature, merely younger than his father. Sometimes "beag" would be used to imply a baby was small at birth, possibly premature.


title: Irish name

text: Adjectives denoting hair colour may also be used, especially informally: "Pádraig Rua" ("red-haired Patrick"), "Máire Bhán" ("fair-haired Mary").


title: Irish name

text: A male's surname generally takes the form Ó/Ua (meaning "grandson/descendant of") or Mac ("son/descendant of") followed by the genitive case of a name, as in "Ó Dónaill" ("grandson/descendant of Dónall") or "Mac Siúrtáin" ("son/descendant of Jordan").


title: Irish name

text: A son has the same surname as his father. A female's surname replaces "Ó" with Ní (reduced from "Iníon Uí" – "daughter of descendant of") and "Mac" with Nic (reduced from "Iníon Mhic" – "daughter of the son of"); in both cases the following name undergoes lenition. However, if the second part of the surname begins with the letter "C" or "G", it is not lenited after "Nic". Thus the daughter of a man named Ó Dónaill has the surname "Ní Dhónaill"; the daughter of a man named Mac Siúrtáin has the surname "Nic Siúrtáin". When anglicised, the name can remain O' or Mac, regardless of gender.


title: Irish name

text: If a woman marries, she may choose to take her husband's surname. In this case, "Ó" is replaced by Bean Uí ("wife of descendant of") and "Mac" is replaced by Bean Mhic ("wife of the son of"). In both cases "bean" may be omitted, in which case the woman uses simply Uí or Mhic. Again, the second part of the surname is lenited (unless it begins with "C" or "G", in which case it is only lenited after "Uí"). Thus a woman marrying a man named Ó Dónaill may choose to use "Bean Uí Dhónaill" (Mrs. O'Donnell in English) or "Uí Dhónaill" as her surname; a woman marrying a man named Mac Siúrtáin may choose to use "Bean Mhic Siúrtáin" (Mrs. MacJordan in English) or "Mhic Siúrtáin" as her surname.


title: Irish name

text: If the second part of the surname begins with a vowel, the form "Ó" attaches an "h" to it, as in "Ó hUiginn" (O'Higgins) or "Ó hAodha" (Hughes). The other forms effect no change: "Ní Uiginn", "(Bean) Uí Uiginn"; "Mac Aodha", "Nic Aodha", "Mhic Aodha", and so forth.


title: Irish name

text: "Mag" is often used instead of "Mac" before a vowel or (sometimes) the silent "fh". The single female form of "Mag" is "Nig". "Ua" is an alternative form of "Ó".


title: Irish name

text: Some names of Norman origin have the prefix "Fitz", from Latin language "filius" "son", such as Fitzwilliam, Fitzgerald, and so forth. Other Norman surnames may have the prefix "de", such as de Búrca, de Paor, or de Róiste.


title: Irish name

text: Many Irish surnames are concentrated in particular parts of the country and there are areas where a single surname may account for a large proportion of the population. Examples include O'Reilly in County Cavan, Ryan in County Tipperary and East County Limerick, or O'Sullivan in the Beara peninsula of West Cork; or areas, such as Glenullin in the Sperrins, where there are several dominant surnames (in that instance O'Kane, Mullan, McNicholl and some others). In such cases, the surname may also acquire an additive in popular usage to differentiate one group bearing the same surname from another. This sometimes originates as a simple patronym – that is, a James whose father was Harry might be referred to as Harry's James – but may be passed to later generations, so that James' son Pat might be Harry's Pat. This can also occur if a person becomes well known by a nickname: his children may take his nickname as an additive. For example, if Seán O'Brien was often referred to as "Badger", his son Patrick might be referred to orally as Pat Badger and written as Patrick O'Brien (B).


title: Irish name

text: In Tipperary, additives are particularly common among those bearing the Ryan surname. Examples include Ryan Lacken, Ryan Luke and Ryan Doc. A man christened Thomas Ryan might be known as Tommy Doc and his family might be referred to as the Docs. While the additive is not part of a person's official name, it may be used in a postal address, on an election register or in newspaper reports. In this case, Tommy Doc might be written as Thomas Ryan (D).


title: Irish name

text: In "Gaeltachtai" (Irish-speaking areas) it remains customary to use a name composed of the first name, followed by the father's name in the genitive case, followed by the name of the paternal grandfather, also in the genitive. Thus Seán Ó Cathasaigh (Seán O'Casey), son of Pól, son of Séamus, would be known to his neighbours as Seán Phóil Shéamuis. Occasionally, if the mother or grandmother was a well-known person locally, her name may be used instead of that of the father or grandfather. If the mother's name is used, then that of the maternal grandfather (or potentially grandmother) follows it, for example, Máire Sally Eoghain.


title: Irish name

text: These names are not used for official purposes. Often a nickname or English version of a name is used in their composition whereas the person would use a standard Irish form in formal circumstances. For example, the prominent sean-nós singer Seán Mac Donnchada is perhaps better known as Johnny Mhairtín Learaí.


title: Irish name

text: This naming system also survives to a certain extent in rural areas outside the existing Gaeltacht. The system can be particularly useful for distinguishing individuals who live in the same locale and who share a common surname but are not closely related. For example, two individuals named John McEldowney might be known as "John Patsy Den" and "John Mary Philip" respectively. Even the Irish forms sometimes survive in parts of the Sperrins, so that among the principal families of Glenullin some branches are known by father/grandfather forms such as Pháidí Shéamais or Bhrian Dhónaill.


title: Irish name

text: Some Irish people use English (or anglicised) forms of their names in English-language contexts and Irish forms in Irish-language contexts. The Irish names of some famous people include:


title: Lawsonia inermis

text: Lawsonia inermis, also known as hina, the henna tree, the mignonette tree, and the Egyptian privet, is a flowering plant and one of the only two species of the genus "Lawsonia", with the other being "Lawsonia odorata". The species is named after the Scottish physician Isaac Lawson, a good friend of Linnaeus.


title: Lawsonia inermis

text: Henna is a tall shrub or small tree, standing . It is glabrous and multi-branched, with spine-tipped branchlets. The leaves grow opposite each other on the stem. They are glabrous, sub-sessile, elliptical, and lanceolate (long and wider in the middle; average dimensions are 1.5–5.0 cm x 0.5–2 cm or .6–2 in x 0.2–0.8 in), acuminate (tapering to a long point), and have depressed veins on the dorsal surface. Henna flowers have four sepals and a calyx tube, with spread lobes. Its petals are ovate, with white or red stamens found in pairs on the rim of the calyx tube. The ovary is four-celled, long, and erect. Henna fruits are small, brownish capsules, in diameter, with 32–49 seeds per fruit, and open irregularly into four splits.


title: Lawsonia inermis

text: The henna plant is native to northern Africa, Asia and northern Australia, in semi-arid zones and tropical areas.


title: Lawsonia inermis

text: It produces the most dye when grown in temperatures between . During the onset of precipitation intervals, the plant grows rapidly, putting out new shoots. Growth subsequently slows. The leaves gradually yellow and fall during prolonged dry or cool intervals. It does not thrive where minimum temperatures are below . Temperatures below will kill the henna plant.


title: Lawsonia inermis

text: It is the source of the dye henna used to dye skin, hair and fingernails, as well as fabrics including silk, wool and leather.


title: Roustabout

text: Roustabout (Australia/New Zealand English: rouseabout) is an occupational term. Traditionally, it referred to a worker with broad-based, non-specific skills. In particular, it was used to describe show or circus workers who handled materials for construction on fairgrounds. In modern times it is applied to rural employment, such as those assisting sheep shearing, and positions in the oil industry.


title: Roustabout

text: "Oil roustabout" refers to a worker who maintains all things in the oil field. Roustabout is an official classification of natural gas and oil rig personnel. Roustabouts working in oil fields typically perform various jobs requiring little training. Drillers start off as roustabouts until they gain enough hands-on experience to move up to a roughneck or floorhand position, then to driller and rig supervisor. Roustabouts will set up oil well heads, maintain saltwater disposal pumps, lease roads, lease mowing, create dikes around tank batteries on a lease, etc. An oil roustabout has no limits in the oil industry and can, and will do any and all oil field work, including roughneck drilling, oil well completion and well service, and even chemical work. An oil field roustabout will also do all things that an oil field pumper would have to do. However, they frequently turn out to be long-term employees and take on more difficult and sometimes dangerous jobs as they gain experience. Most go on to at least become “roughnecks” if they work for the rig company for more than a few months.


title: Roustabout

text: An early 2010 survey by Careercast.com of the best and worst jobs based on five criteria—environment, income, employment outlook, physical demands and stress—rated 'roustabout' as the worst job. Nonetheless, the anecdotal and subjective experience of an actual roustabout suggests that for some, it can be a challenging, adventurous job.


title: Roustabout

text: In Australia and New Zealand a "rouseabout" can be any worker with broad-based, non-specific skills, in any industry. However, rouseabouts or "rousies" most commonly work in rural employment, especially sheep farming, as in the film "The Sundowners", where they leave town before the sun goes down.


title: Roustabout

text: The term was discriminately used in Disney's 1941 animated film "Dumbo", during a musical scene in which depicted a group of African-American laborers pulling circus materials off the train for construction.


title: Roustabout

text: "Roustabout" was a 1964 musical movie starring Elvis Presley, Barbara Stanwyck, and Joan Freeman, in a story set in a traveling carnival — for which Presley recorded the song titled "Roustabout".


title: Roustabout

text: Farley Granger's character, Arthur "Bowie" Bowers, in Nicholas Ray's 1948 film noir They Live By Night, tells Catherine "Keeetchie" Mobley (Cathy O'Donnell) that he was a roustabout with a circus.


title: Roustabout

text: The term is used in the song "The Mariner's Revenge Song", by The Decemberists. "Roustabout" is also the name of a song recorded by the bluegrass band, Open Road, on their album "Lucky Drive".


title: Roustabout

text: The Slamball team Rousties is named after a roustabout. In the musical theater production "All Shook Up", the lead character Chad is often referred to as a roustabout.


title: Roustabout

text: "Roughnecks and Roustabouts" is the second album by Pete Williams, formerly bassist and vocalist with Dexys Midnight Runners, and currently performing as The Pete Williams Band.


title: Roustabout

text: In the sci-fi short story "Big Sam Was My Friend", Harlan Ellison refers to roustabout robots as "roustabots".


title: The Conspiracy Against the Human Race

text: The Conspiracy Against the Human Race: A Contrivance of Horror is a 2010 non-fiction book by American author Thomas Ligotti. Better known as a horror fiction author, with "Conspiracy" Ligotti offers a series of essays exploring his philosophical pessimism and antinatalist views. Among other sources, Ligotti cites Peter Wessel Zapffe's essay "The Last Messiah" and the writings of Emil Cioran (1911–1995) and Philipp Mainländer (1841–1876) as inspirations for his philosophical outlook. The book is noted for its repeated usage of the phrase "malignantly useless," as well as for the manner "in which philosophical thought and literary analysis converge" in his writings. In 2018, the book was re-released, with a new preface.


title: The Conspiracy Against the Human Race

text: Ligotti assumes a pessimistic outlook from the outset of the book. Taking as a starting assumption the premise that "being alive is not all right," or that in general suffering outweighs pleasure, he argues that the existence of consciousness entails a tragedy: The more conscious one is of the meaningless and often horrifying nature of the world (which is referred to as being "malignantly useless"), the more one wishes not to be aware of this fact, and so overly conscious beings must constantly engage in exercises which limit their awareness of the negative aspects of existence, either intentionally or instinctively. This makes consciousness something that "should not be," and humanity's attempts at either coping with, ignoring, or actively suppressing this fact drive a significant portion of modern society's obsessions, such as the quest for healthy living (despite the fact that everyone dies regardless), art and horror (as acts of sublimation), and the desire to have children (as a futile attempt at a form of genetic immortality), among many other common behavioral norms. Ligotti argues that the only complete escape from the predicament of consciousness is either to undergo ego death, which very few humans successfully achieve, or for humanity to cease existing, preferably through voluntary human extinction (which Ligotti believes is highly unlikely to ever happen), but which may also be achieved on an individual level through death, although that may entail further suffering in the process, and is therefore not always worth the increased pain.


title: The Conspiracy Against the Human Race

text: Ligotti posits that very few people would be willing to be born in the past (due in part to the inevitable increased suffering of inferior medical care), but that very few people feel bad about being alive in the present, despite the strong possibility that future generations will feel the same about us that we feel towards the past (that their lives were filled with more suffering than we would be willing to bear). Philosophical pessimism is not held or even widely considered by most humans, which, according to Ligotti, is because of its terrifying implications rather than the strength of the arguments for or against it.


title: The Conspiracy Against the Human Race

text: W. Scott Poole of "PopMatters" praised "Conspiracy's" "astonishing range", saying that "Ligotti takes us on a tour of both philosophy and literature that manages to include Schopenhauer, Ann Radcliffe, Thomas De Quincey, H.P. Lovecraft, and Poe. This is no simple ornamental display of learning and range; Ligotti has insights into each of these figures that cut like a razor." Poole went on to call "The Conspiracy Against the Human Race" one of the best books of the year.


title: The Conspiracy Against the Human Race

text: Mark Fisher described "Conspiracy" as "amateur philosophy in the best possible sense, driven by a metaphysical hunger that is so often lacking in the work of professional philosophers."


title: The Conspiracy Against the Human Race

text: In 2014, the HBO television series "True Detective" attracted attention from some of Ligotti's fans because of the striking resemblance between the pessimistic philosophy espoused in the first few episodes by protagonist Rust Cohle (played by Matthew McConaughey) and Ligotti's writings in "The Conspiracy Against the Human Race," leading to accusations that dialogue from Cohle's character in "True Detective" were plagiarised from "The Conspiracy Against the Human Race." The series' writer, Nic Pizzolatto, confirmed in "The Wall Street Journal" that Ligotti, along with several other writers and texts in the supernatural horror genre, had indeed influenced him. Pizzolatto said he found "The Conspiracy Against the Human Race" to be "incredibly powerful writing". On the topic of hard-boiled detectives, he asked: "What could be more hardboiled than the worldview of Ligotti or [Emil] Cioran?" The attention from "True Detective" resulted in increased sales for "The Conspiracy Against the Human Race", to the point that it began to outsell "Atlas Shrugged".


title: Barsaat (2005 film)

text: Barsaat () is a 2005 Bollywood romantic drama film directed by Suneel Darshan. It stars Bobby Deol, Priyanka Chopra, and Bipasha Basu. The plot of the movie is loosely based on the 2002 movie "Sweet Home Alabama".


title: Barsaat (2005 film)

text: Arav is an ambitious young Indian whose dream is to design cars. He travels to the United States seeking greener pastures, where he meets the beautiful Anna, a firm believer in destiny. Anna instantly goes head over heels for Arav, but Arav remains focused on his career. Over time, he mellows and the two fall in love. Moreover, Arav's ambitions go on the upswing as the chairman of a major auto company in the U.S. gives him a job as a designer.


title: Barsaat (2005 film)

text: Coincidentally, the chairman happens to be Anna's grandfather, and after he finds out about Arav and Anna's relationship he happily announces the impending nuptials of Arav and Anna. Arav, who wants to marry Anna, realizes that he has some matters to tend to back in India. He tells Anna he has to go back to India to tend to his sickly father, but actually returns there intent on securing a divorce from his childhood sweetheart-turned-wife, Kajal, whom he hadn't seen for three years. Arav had been forced by his parents to marry Kajal but had left for the United States on their wedding night. They never consummated their marriage.


title: Barsaat (2005 film)

text: After finding out about Arav's plans, Kajal tries her level best to somehow win him back. She yields however when Arav tells her he is in love with another woman and doesn't love her. After having Kajal sign the divorce papers Arav submits them to his lawyer. Kajal, who had been living with Arav's parents, moves out of their house.


title: Barsaat (2005 film)

text: Feeling guilty, Arav, who had previously been avoiding Kajal, spends some time with her. He tries to help her out financially, but finds out that Kajal has started a thriving export company for locally made sari's. She’s also learnt to fluently speak English. Arav realises that there is more to Kajal than he thought. The two spend the day reliving various childhood memories and Arav starts feeling attraction towards her again.


title: Barsaat (2005 film)

text: Meanwhile, Anna arrives in India. Her grandfather had decided that, since Arav was already in India, their marriage should also take place there. Arav tells Anna about Kajal. She quickly forgives him and he introduces her to Kajal. Anna privately asks Kajal if she feels that Anna stole Arav away from her. Kajal tells Anna not to worry and that Arav never really loved her, their marriage was just an agreement between two families. Anna is impressed by Kajal’s independence and the two become friends. Kajal decides that she will attend Arav's wedding in order to give her love a proper "funeral".


title: Barsaat (2005 film)

text: Kajal asks Anna to wear her old wedding jewellery and helps her get dressed but Kajal flees the wedding premises shorty after the wedding rituals begin, unable to bear the sight of Arav marrying someone else. However, Arav's lawyer interrupts the wedding and informs Arav that he is not divorced yet because he forgot to sign the divorce papers himself. If Arav signs the papers right there, his divorce will be final and he'll finally be able to marry Anna. However, Arav finds himself unable to sign the papers, realising that he does love Kajal. It suddenly starts raining.


title: Barsaat (2005 film)

text: Anna senses that Arav loves Kajal and after meeting Kajal earlier knows that Kajal also still loves Arav. She tells Arav that the rain is a sign that he should not get a divorce and reasons that, had he not met Anna, Arav never would have realised that he loved Kajal. Anna tells him to go back to Kajal. Anna's grandfather threatens to ruin Arav's career, but Anna tells him that he shouldn't do that and that she knows Arav loves her, but that "he just loves Kajal a little more". According to her, Arav's destiny is to be with Kajal.


title: Barsaat (2005 film)

text: Arav finds Kajal in the place where they used to play when they were kids and tells her that he loved her the whole time. He just didn't realise it. They kiss and get back together. Anna happily watches them and leaves to return to the United States.


title: Barsaat (2005 film)

text: The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 1/5 and said "Barsaat" is like watching a 1970 film. Overall the film was rated 5/10. It was declared below average at the box office.


title: Barsaat (2005 film)

text: The soundtrack of the movie was composed by the music duo Nadeem Shravan. The song lyrics were penned by Sameer. All songs were very popular in 2005, with the song "Barsaat Ke Din Aaye" being a chart buster. Singers Kumar Sanu and Alka Yagnik gave their voices for the song. Other singers who have sung for the album include Abhijeet, Udit Narayan, Alisha Chinai, Sonu Nigam, Kailash Kher, Ishq Bector and Priyanka Chopra. The album was voted ninth in the all-time music sales chart. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 15,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's ninth highest-selling.


title: Punch (singer)

text: Bae Jin-young (; born February 19, 1993), better known by her stage name Punch (), is a South Korean singer. She is best known for her original soundtracks for various TV series, notably "Sleepless Night" for "It's Okay, That's Love" (2014), "Everytime" for "Descendants of the Sun" (2016) with Exo member Chen and "Stay with Me" for "" (2016) with Exo member Chanyeol.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: Proposition 47, also known by its ballot title Criminal Sentences. Misdemeanor Penalties. Initiative Statute, was a referendum passed by voters in the state of California on November 4, 2014. The measure was also referred to by its supporters as the Safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act. It recategorized some nonviolent offenses as misdemeanors, rather than felonies, as they had previously been categorized.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: The measure's main effects were to convert many nonviolent offenses, such as drug and property offenses, from felonies to misdemeanors. These offenses include shoplifting, writing bad checks, and drug possession. The measure also required that money saved as a result of the measure would be spent on "school truancy and dropout prevention, victim services, mental health, and drug abuse treatment, and other programs designed to keep offenders out of prison and jail." The measure included exceptions for offenses involving more than $950 and criminals with records including violence or sex offenses. For example, forgery had previously been a "wobbler" offense that could be charged by the prosecutor as a misdemeanor or a felony. Now with the passage of Proposition 47, prosecutors cannot charge a forgery involving less than $950 as a felony unless the defendant has a criminal record.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: The measure both affects future convictions and allows for people currently incarcerated for crimes covered by the measure to petition for re-sentencing.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: In November 2015, a report by the Stanford University Justice Advocacy Project authored by the co-author of Proposition 47, found that Proposition 47 had reduced the state's prison population by 13,000 and that it would save the state about $150 million that year.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: The provision allowing past offenders to petition for resentencing would have expired on November 4, 2017, though governor Jerry Brown approved a bill that extended the deadline to November 4, 2022.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: The measure was endorsed by the editorial board of "The New York Times", which praised it as a way to reduce overcrowding in the state's prisons. It was also endorsed by the editorial board of the "Los Angeles Times", which wrote that the measure was a "good and timely measure that can help the state make smarter use of its criminal justice and incarceration resources." The American Civil Liberties Union also supported the measure and donated $3.5 million to support it.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: Opponents of the measure include Mark A. Peterson, the District Attorney of Contra Costa County, who wrote before its passage that the measure "would make our neighborhoods and schools less safe". It was also criticized by Nancy O'Malley, the District Attorney of Alameda County, who said it would "expose Californians to significant harm" and called it a "Trojan horse".


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: Among the most prominent arguments made against the law was that possession of the date-rape drug Rohypnol would, under the law, be punished as a misdemeanor rather than a felony, which critics described as a "slap on the wrist". Critics also argued that not being able to use incarceration to force drug users into treatment would make it more difficult for drug users to enter into a treatment program.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: In 2015, the "Los Angeles Times" reported that "law enforcement officials and others have blamed Proposition 47 for allowing repeat offenders...to continue breaking the law with little consequence." Also that year, a spokesman for George Gascón, the district attorney of San Francisco, said that the law "has made it easier for drug offenders to avoid mandated treatment programs." The mayor of Los Angeles, Eric Garcetti, has also suggested that the law may explain why his city's crime rates went from decreasing to increasing. In a 2015 story in "The Washington Post", the police chief of San Diego, Shelley Zimmerman, described Proposition 47 as "a virtual get-out-of-jail-free card." She and other police chiefs also expressed concern about the increasing phenomenon of "frequent flier" criminals–people who exploit Proposition 47 to commit crimes. For example, one criminal allegedly brought a calculator into a store to avoid stealing more than $950 worth of goods. The ACLU responded by releasing a report saying that those who linked Proposition 47 and crime were "making irresponsible and inaccurate statements."


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: The director of the Stanford Justice Advocacy Project and co-author of Proposition 47, Michael Romano, said in November 2015 that, with respect to Proposition 47, "In the long term, this reallocation of resources should significantly improve public safety". Romano authored a study supporting his conclusion.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: A March 2016 report released by the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice concluded that it was still too early to determine whether Proposition 47 had an effect on California's crime rates.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: A study in June 2018 by the Public Policy Institute of California found evidence that Proposition 47 may have contributed toward an uptick in larceny and auto break-in thefts. The study indicates it found a decline in recidivism and no evidence of an increase in violent crime linked to Proposition 47.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: However, a 2018 study from the University of California, Irvine, maintains that Prop 47 was not a "driver" for recent upticks in crime, based upon comparison of data from New York, Nevada, Michigan and New Jersey (states that closely matched California’s crime trends) 1970 to 2015, but that "what the measure did do was cause less harm and suffering to those charged with crime."


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: Numerous media outlets have continued to report an increase in retail theft related to the passage of Prop 47. Large retailers Safeway, Target, Rite Aid and CVS pharmacies reported in 2016 that shoplifting increased from 15 percent to (in some cases) over 50 percent since voters approved Proposition 47. The "Los Angeles Times" reported in 2017 that the California Supreme Court ruled that a person convicted of a felony for stealing a car may have that conviction reduced to a misdemeanor if the vehicle was worth no more than $950, and in 2018 that researchers found Prop 47 contributed to a jump in car burglaries, shoplifting and other thefts. The San Francisco Chronicle reported in 2018 that Prop. 47 led to a rise in the larceny theft rate of about 9 percent compared to the 2014 rate.


title: 2014 California Proposition 47

text: By 2019, organized retail theft was on the rise; police and store owners attributed it to Prop 47. Fox News reported that post Prop 47 both shoplifters and fencers operated openly and with impunity, with both criminals and storekeepers aware that selective enforcement policies mean police largely ignore reports of shoplifting, or respond too slowly. President of the California Retailers Association Rachel Michelin stated that thieves will bring in calculators to ensure that they do not go over the $950 limit and that "one person will go into a store, fill up their backpack, come out, dump it out and go right back in and do it all over again." She also reported that out-of-state crime rings use children as they are even less likely to be prosecuted, and that even when police make arrests, charges are dropped or downgraded by the district attorney.


title: Area code 509

text: Area code 509 is the telephone area code for the eastern two-thirds of the state of Washington. The western boundary of 509 roughly follows the Cascades. The 509 area code includes Spokane, the Tri-Cities (Richland, Pasco, and Kennewick), Ellensburg, Yakima, Walla Walla, and Wenatchee. The 509 code was created in a split from 206, originally the area code for all of Washington, in a flash-cut on January 1, 1957.


title: Area code 509

text: This part of Washington is not as densely populated as the west, and the great majority of the state's landlines and cell phones are located west of the Cascades. As a result, while western Washington went from one area code to four during the 1990s, 509 has remained unchanged for over 60 years. That said, with the proliferation of cell phones (particularly in Spokane, Yakima, and the Tri-Cities), 509 is close to exhaustion and will likely require an overlay with a second area code by 2025.


title: Area code 509

text: Prior to October 2021, area code 509 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, "988" was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.


title: Area code 509

text: Spokane (509)-209 216 217 218 220 227 228 230 232 241 242 244 247 251 252 263 267 270 271 272 275 277 278 279 280 290 294 321 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 340 342 343 344 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 362 363 368 370 381 385 389 434 435 441 443 444 448 455 456 458 459 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 471 472 473 474 475 477 479 481 482 483 484 487 489 490 495 496 499 532 533 534 535 536 561 562 568 570 590 599 622 623 624 625 626 638 644 688 691 692 693 694 695 696 701 710 714 742 744 747 752 753 755 756 757 768 777 789 818 835 838 842 844 847 863 868 869 879 880 889 891 892 893 921 922 924 926 927 928 931 939 944 951 953 954 979 981 984 990 991 993 994 995 998 999 Premium service - 976


title: Area code 509

text: Wenatchee (509)-264 293 300 393 414 421 470 548 630 662 663 664 665 667 668 669 670 679 699 763 782 860 881 884 885 886 888


title: Area code 509

text: Yakima (509)-225 248 249 307 388 451 452 453 454 457 469 480 494 573 574 575 576 577 594 654 728 833 834 853 895 901 910 930 933 941 945 949 952 955 961 965 966 969 972 985


title: Area code 509

text: Kennewick (509)-205 222 294 308 330 366 374 378 380 392 396 438 460 515 551 581 582 584 585 586 591 619 627 628 727 734 735 736 737 783 947 948 987


title: Hobble skirt

text: A hobble skirt was a skirt with a narrow enough hem to significantly impede the wearer's stride. It was called a "hobble skirt" because it seemed to hobble any woman as she walked. Hobble skirts were a short-lived fashion trend that peaked between 1908 and 1914.


title: Hobble skirt

text: The hobble skirt may have been inspired by one of the first women to fly in an airplane. At a 1908 Wright Brothers demonstration in Le Mans, France, Mrs. Edith Ogilby Berg asked for a ride and became the first American woman to fly as a passenger in an airplane, soaring for two minutes and seven seconds. She tied a rope securely around her skirt at her ankles to keep it from blowing in the wind during the flight. According to the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, a French fashion designer was inspired by the way Mrs. Berg walked away from the aircraft with her skirt still tied and created the hobble skirt based on her ingenuity.


title: Hobble skirt

text: The French fashion designer in the Berg story might have been Paul Poiret who claimed credit for the hobble skirt, but it is not clear whether the skirt was his invention or not. Skirts had been rapidly narrowing since the mid-1900s. Slim skirts were economical because they used less fabric.


title: Hobble skirt

text: Hobble skirts inspired hundreds of cartoons and comic postcards. One series of comic cards called it the "speed-limit skirt." There were several reports of women competing in hobble-skirt races as a joke.


title: Hobble skirt

text: Boarding a streetcar in a hobble skirt was difficult. In 1912, the New York Street Railway ran hobble-skirt cars with no step up. Los Angeles introduced similar streetcars in 1913.


title: Hobble skirt

text: Hobble skirts were directly responsible for several deaths. In 1910, a hobble-skirt-wearing woman was killed by a loose horse at a racetrack outside Paris. A year later, eighteen-year-old Ida Goyette stumbled on an Erie Canal bridge while wearing a hobble skirt, fell over the railing, and drowned.


title: Hobble skirt

text: To prevent women from splitting their skirts, some women wore a fetter or tied their legs together at the knee. Some designers made alterations to the hobble skirt to allow for greater movement. Jeanne Paquin concealed pleats in her hobble skirts while other designers such as Lucile offered slit or wrap skirts.


title: Hobble skirt

text: The trend began to decline in popularity at the beginning of World War I, as the skirt's limited mobility did not suit the wartime atmosphere.


title: Hobble skirt

text: The next time skirts would be narrow enough to impede movement would be with the sheath skirts of the 1950s, first introduced at the end of the 1940s. Though shorter lengths (from just below the knee to the lower calf) and advances in fabric would enable a little more movement than in the hobble-skirt era, the 1950s sheath skirt's new waist-to-hem tightness, said to reveal the shape of the leg, still created problems of mobility, with split seams a familiar occurrence. Nonetheless, they were widely promoted by designers and the fashion industry, their narrowness exaggerated even more by having models pose with one leg directly in front of the other. Some other skirt styles of the time also had very narrow hems, particularly the knee-length puffball/pouf skirts shown by Pierre Cardin and Yves Saint Laurent from 1958 to 1960. A few of Saint Laurent's 1959 skirts were so narrow at the hem that some fashion writers revived the word "hobble" to refer to them. Sheath skirts remained part of the fashion picture into the early 1960s and then went very much out of style with the rise of the flared miniskirts of the mid- to late sixties and the easy, comfortable clothes of the 1970s.


title: Hobble skirt

text: Toward the end of the seventies, beginning in fall of 1978, some designers began reviving the narrow skirt silhouettes of decades past. Initially, many of them allowed some movement via slits, though not always. Some were so inhibiting that the word hobble was once again used to describe them. When the tight silhouette of the 1950s sheath skirt was revived in the early 1980s, it was somewhat less restricting, as it was now usually produced in stretchier, often knit fabrics and could even be in mini lengths, though there's only so much movement possible in a knee-length or longer skirt that's tight all the way to the hem. These 1980s-style stretch sheath skirts in various lengths have been revived off and on ever since.


title: Hettienne Park

text: Hettienne Park (born March 7, 1983) is an American actress and writer, having played roles in "Year of the Fish" (2007), "Bride Wars" (2009), "Blindspot" (2018), "The Outsider" (2020), her most notable role being Beverly Katz on the Psychological horror television series "Hannibal" (2013–14).


title: Hettienne Park

text: Park was born in Boston, raised in Wayland, Massachusetts, and is of South Korean descent. She received her Bachelor of Arts in Religion and Economics from the University of Rochester. Park studied classical flute and piano at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. and studied acting for 2 years at the William Esper Studio in New York City.


title: Hettienne Park

text: Park's first role as an actress was in a junior high school production of “Cats”. Her screen debut was in the 2007 movie "Year of the Fish". Park is known for supporting roles in such films as "Don't Look Up", "Bride Wars" and "Young Adult". She starred as Special Agent Beverly Katz, a crime-scene investigator specializing in fiber analysis, in the television series "Hannibal", alongside Mads Mikkelsen who plays Hannibal Lecter, and Hugh Dancy. Park starred as Tamika Collins in Stephen King's "The Outsider on HBO.


title: Hettienne Park

text: Park was a recipient of the 68th Theatre World Award for Outstanding Broadway and Off-Broadway debuts for Theresa Rebeck's "Seminar" and "The Intelligent Homosexual's Guide to Capitalism and Socialism with a Key to the Scriptures" by Tony Kushner.


title: Karen Sharpe

text: Karen Kay Sharpe (born September 20, 1934) is an American film and television actress. She is known for playing Laura Thomas in the American western television series "Johnny Ringo".


title: Karen Sharpe

text: Sharpe was born in San Antonio, Texas, the daughter of Dorothy Shrout and Kirk Howard Sharpe. Her father was a businessman and oilman. She was an ice skater in Hollywood, California and a student at the Hollywood Professional School. She studied dancing with ballet dancer and choreographer Adolph Bolm in Los Angeles, California.


title: Karen Sharpe

text: Sharpe had unsuccessful screen tests while she worked as a model. After she was discovered by a talent scout, she began her career in 1952, starring in the film "Army Bound". Sharpe also appeared in the films "The Sniper", "Bomba and the Jungle Girl", "Holiday for Sinners", "The Vanquished", "Strange Fascination" and "Mexican Manhunt". She guest-starred in television programs, including "Gunsmoke" (1957 episode “Sweet and Sour”), "Bonanza", "Death Valley Days", "Perry Mason", "The Wild Wild West", "The Texan", "Rawhide", "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.", "Trackdown", "Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer", "77 Sunset Strip", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "The Millionaire" and "I Dream of Jeannie". In 1955, Sharpe won the Golden Globe Award in the category New Star of the Year – Actress for her acting performance as Nell Buck in the 1954 film "The High and the Mighty", along with actresses, Shirley MacLaine and Kim Novak.


title: Karen Sharpe

text: In 1959, Sharpe starred in the new CBS western television series "Johnny Ringo", playing Laura Thomas. She retired in 1966, last appearing in the television film "Valley of Mystery", playing Connie Lane.


title: Karen Sharpe

text: Sharpe married Charles Stevens Marshall, an actor, in 1957. She later filed for divorce from Marshall, on the grounds that he had physically abused her. According to The Odessa American, due to beatings at the hands of Marshall, her rib cage was contused and her head was smashed into brickwork. The divorce became final on September 18, 1962. Charles Stevens Marshall was murdered at his home in 1974.


title: Karen Sharpe

text: In the early 1960s Sharpe inherited her father's business, and spent several years running it in Texas before selling up and returning to California.


title: Karen Sharpe

text: Sharpe subsequently married Stanley Kramer, a film director and producer, on September 1, 1966. They were married in Beverly Hills, California. They had two children, Jennifer and Katharine.


title: Karen Sharpe

text: In 2022, Sharpe revealed that she was sexually assaulted and harassed by comedian, actor, singer, director, producer, writer and humanitarian Jerry Lewis on the set of the 1964 film "The Disorderly Orderly". She stated that Lewis had sent for Sharpe to come his office, whereupon he grabbed and fondled her, then unzipped his pants. Sharpe stated that "I was dumbstruck." She rebuffed his advances, which enraged Lewis so much that that was the last time she ever worked with him. Actress Hope Holiday shared that she was similarly sexually assaulted by Lewis.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: "Brown Skin Girl" (stylized in uppercase) is a song by American singer Beyoncé, Guyanese-American rapper Saint Jhn, and Nigerian singer Wizkid, featuring Beyoncé's daughter Blue Ivy Carter. Produced by P2J and Beyoncé, it is taken from the 2019 soundtrack album "". The song was sent to Top 40/Rhythmic radio on July 23, 2019, as the second single from the album.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: The song was released to widespread critical acclaim and received numerous awards, including the Soul Train Music Award for The Ashford & Simpsons Songwriter's Award and the BET HER Award.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: The music video for "Brown Skin Girl" was featured in Beyoncé's 2020 film "Black Is King" and was released separately on August 24, 2020. Directed by Beyoncé and Jenn Nkiru, the video acts a celebration and affirmation of the beauty of dark-skinned women. The video, featuring Beyoncé, Blue Ivy and Wizkid won the award for Best Music Video at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, as well as the Soul Train Music Award for Video of the Year and the MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: The song marks the second collaboration between Beyoncé and her daughter Blue Ivy Carter, following "Blue", a song from Beyoncé's 2013 album "Beyoncé". Carter is also credited as a songwriter and contributed vocals. The song caused the #BrownSkinGirlChallenge to go viral upon release.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: The song contains "spare, syncopated African rhythms", while its lyrics deal with colorism faced by darker-complexioned women: ""Brown skin girl / ya skin just like pearls / Your back against the world"". "Billboard" magazine called the lyrics "compelling", noting how the song shout-outs pioneering brown girls such as Naomi Campbell, Lupita Nyong'o, and Beyoncé's former Destiny's Child bandmate Kelly Rowland.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: In a positive review, Imani Bashir of "Teen Vogue" described the song as a "celebration of dark-skinned women". Amanda Mitchell at "O, The Oprah Magazine" complimented the song for being "unapologetically and fearlessly Black". "Time" magazine praised Blue Ivy Carter's appearance, calling it a "gracious cameo". Ellise Shafer of "Billboard" noted that she added a "sentimental tone to the track". Alexis Petridis writing for "The Guardian" pinpointed "Brown Skin Girl" as one of the album highlights, describing it as "brilliant".


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: Lupita Nyong'o also reacted by posting a video of herself on Friday, July 19, 2019 via Instagram, singing and dancing along to "Brown Skin Girl", in which her name was specifically applauded by Beyoncé.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: At the 2019 Soul Train Music Awards, "Brown Skin Girl" won the Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award and was also nominated for Best Collaboration.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: In September 2019, Stormzy covered "Brown Skin Girl" for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge. The song was also covered by Kanye West and Sunday Service Choir in December 2019. In April 2020, Leslie Odom Jr. and Nicolette Robinson performed a cover of "Brown Skin Girl" for Global Citizen . The performance was nominated for a LiveXLive Lockdown Award for Digital Chemistry: Favorite Duet.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: A music video for the song, directed by Beyoncé and Jenn Nkiru, was included in "Black Is King", a visual album and film based on the music of "The Lion King: The Gift" which premiered on Disney+ on July 31, 2020. On August 24, 2020, a standalone version of the music video was premiered on "Good Morning America" and subsequently released through Beyoncé's YouTube channel. It became the second music video from the film available to officially watch outside of Disney+, following "Already" which premiered on YouTube and was uploaded to Instagram a few hours prior to "Black Is King"'s release.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: The video acts as a celebration and affirmation of the beauty of dark skin. It depicts a black debutante ball (a tradition in African-American communities in the Southern United States) and showcases a variety of black and brown girls and women, including Mexican-Kenyan actress Lupita Nyong'o, British model Naomi Campbell, American singer Kelly Rowland, South Sudanese-Australian model Adut Akech, Sudanese model Aweng Ade-Chuol, Beyoncé's mother Tina Knowles-Lawson, and Beyoncé's daughters Blue Ivy and Rumi Carter.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: Beyoncé explained the development of the music video, telling "Good Morning America", "It was so important to me in 'Brown Skin Girl' that we represented all different shades of brown... We wanted every character to be shot in a regal light — Jenn Nkiru came up with the black debutantes. It was important that we are all in this together and we're all celebrating each other." The music video was primarily filmed in South London, as it was intended for "Black Is King" to feature locations from throughout the African diaspora. Nkiru told "British Vogue" that the video aims to showcase images that are not typically seen on screen, such as a black debutante ball which is a rite of passage in African-American culture, and display "intimacy, sisterhood, [and] celebrations" between black women.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: In an interview for "Essence", Nkiru explained how as well as featuring the "incredible star-studded cast", she also cast "women who are lesser known but are on the ground really doing work" and "who are the activists in their field". Nkiru also wanted to expand the conversation by highlighting non-black women who face colorism in their communities, and consequently included an indigenous Brazilian woman and women of southeast Asian heritage in the music video. Nkiru picked South Asian model Sheerah Ravindren to be featured in the video, who said that it was "such a blessing to be in this beautiful art piece that shows the beauty and power of Blackness" and adding that Beyoncé has "already done so much MORE for representation and empowerment for South Asians than the South Asian film industries." Nkiru also asked Selma Nicholls, founder of casting agency Looks Like Me, to cast children for the video. Nicholls called it "a dream come true, not just for me, not just for those children that were selected, but for all black children". Nicholls' own daughter was chosen for the film; Nicholls explained that "it's made my daughter be part of something where five years from when she wanted to look like Elsa and Anna, is singing along to the song "Brown Skin Girl".


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: Beyoncé's hairstyles in the film were inspired by traditional African styles, according to hairstylist Neal Farinah. This included a braid crown inspired by the Mangbetu people of the Eastern Congo, whose Lipombo skull elongation technique represented royalty and status, and a style known as Orisha Bunmi, which is a Nigerian hairstyle worn for special events.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: Zoe Haylock for "Vulture" declared the "Brown Skin Girl" video "a revolution in six minutes", praising the "African influences, intricate, opulent styling, and pure Black-girl joy". Haylock added that the video should be placed in the Louvre and would rival the Mona Lisa. Jem Aswad of "Variety" similarly described the video as "almost more like a series of paintings" and praised the series of "beautiful" costumes. "IndieWire" named the "Brown Skin Girl" video the sixth best music video of 2020. Leonardo Adrian Garcia wrote that "Variety"'s review "implies a passivity to the proceedings", however the beauty of the video is not "just about locations and wardrobe", but also "the kinetic motion of the camera in relation to its subjects, subtly panning up, zooming out, or spinning overhead. It really is a marvel." Callie Ahlgrim of "Insider" named "Brown Skin Girl" the second best music video of 2020, after Beyoncé's own "Already" which was also featured in "Black Is King". Ahlgrim stated that there are "many details... to fawn over" in the video and praised the numerous cameos, especially the moments with Kelly Rowland, which she described as "intimate and intensely heartwarming". "Complex" ranked the video as the 10th best one of 2020. Describing the video as "stunning" and "celebratory", Glenn Rowley of "Billboard" wrote that it "laud[s] and pass[es] down the ideals of Black identity, heritage and beauty to future generations of brown skinned girls." Mekishana Pierre for "PopSugar" described how the video moved her to tears, noting that the "lush visuals punctuate the song's devotion to melanin-rich beauty". Sukriti Wahi of "Elle" "Australia" praised how the video includes non-black people of color who have experienced colorism, such as Sri Lankan Tamilian model Sheerah Ravindren.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: The release of "Black Is King" kicked off hair and makeup trends, with stylists and artists around the world creating looks particularly inspired by those seen in the "Brown Skin Girl" video. For an exhibition in the African American Museum titled "Hair Story", artist Youveline Joseph produced artworks inspired by "Brown Skin Girl" that recreated some of the braided hairstyles from the video.


title: Brown Skin Girl

text: At the BET Awards 2020, "Brown Skin Girl" won the BET HER Award, making Blue Ivy the youngest BET Award winner of all time. The "Brown Skin Girl" music video won Best Music Video at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards. For this award, Blue Ivy received the Guinness World Record for the youngest individually credited winner at the Grammy Awards.


title: Exodus (Uris novel)

text: Exodus is a historical novel by American novelist Leon Uris about the founding of the State of Israel beginning with a compressed retelling of the voyages of the 1947 immigration ship "Exodus" and describing the histories of the various main characters and the ties of their personal lives to the birth of the new Jewish state.


title: Exodus (Uris novel)

text: Published by Doubleday in 1958, it became an international publishing phenomenon, the biggest bestseller in the United States since "Gone with the Wind" (1936) and still at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list eight months after its release. It has been both widely praised and criticized as being anti-Arab or anti-Palestinian and as having "ignored the basic injustice" at the root of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.


title: Exodus (Uris novel)

text: Otto Preminger directed a 1960 film based on the novel, featuring Paul Newman as Ari Ben Canaan. It focuses mainly on the escape from Cyprus and subsequent events in Palestine.


title: Exodus (Uris novel)

text: Uris covered the Suez Crisis as a war correspondent in 1956 and there are two stories told about how he came to write the work. The first suggests Uris, motivated by an intense interest in Israel, financed his own research for the novel by selling the film rights in advance to MGM and writing articles about the Sinai campaign. It has also been reported that the book involved two years of research, extensive travel, and hundreds of interviews.


title: Exodus (Uris novel)

text: There is a whole school of American Jewish writers who spend their time damning their fathers, hating their mothers, wringing their hands and wondering why they were born. This isn't art or literature. It's psychiatry. These writers are professional apologists. Every year you find one of their works on the best-seller list. Their work is obnoxious and makes me sick to my stomach. I wrote "Exodus" because I was just sick of apologizing—or feeling that it was necessary to apologize.


title: Exodus (Uris novel)

text: Others hold Uris was approached by a public relations firm in the mid-1950s with the idea of a writing a propaganda novel on behalf of Israel.


title: Exodus (Uris novel)

text: Whatever the genesis of the work, it initiated a new sympathy for the newly established State of Israel. The book has been widely praised as successful propaganda for Israel. Uris acknowledged writing from a pro-Israel perspective after the book's publication, stating that: "I set out to tell a story of Israel. I am definitely biased. I am definitely pro-Jewish," and the then–Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion remarked that: "as a piece of propaganda, it’s the greatest thing ever written about Israel".