title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: With Confederate troops moving into southern New Mexico, Col. Canby sent Agent John Ward into Navajo lands to persuade any who might be friendly to move to a central encampment near the village of Cubero where they would be offered the protection of the government. Ward was also instructed to warn all Navajos who refused to come in that they would be treated as enemies; he was partly successful. Captain Evans was overseeing the abandonment of Fort Lyon and had been told that the new policy would be that the Navajo had to be removed to settlements or pueblos, mentioning the region of the Little Colorado west of Zuni as possibly an ideal place. In November, some Navajo were raiding again. On December 1, Col. Canby wrote to his superior in St. Louis that "recent occurrences in the Navajo country have so demoralized and broken up [the Navajo] nation that there is now no choice between their absolute extermination or their removal and colonization at points so remote...as to isolate them entirely from the inhabitants of the Territory.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: Aside from all considerations of humanity the extermination of such a people will be the work of the greatest difficulty".


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: By 1862, the Union Army had pushed the Confederates down the Rio Grande. The United States government again turned its attention to the Navajos, determined to eliminate Navajo raiding and raids on the Navajo. James H. Carleton was ordered to relieve Canby as the Commander for the New Mexico Military Department in September 1862. Carleton gave the orders to Colonel Christopher "Kit" Carson to proceed to Navajo territory and to receive the Navajo surrender on July 20, 1863. When no Navajos showed up, Carson and another officer entered Navajo territory in an attempt to persuade Navajos to surrender and used a scorched earth policy to starve the Navajo out of their traditional homeland and force them to surrender. By early 1864 when thousands of Navajo began surrendering to the Army. Some Navajos refused to surrender to the U.S. Army. These groups scattered to Navajo Mountain, the Grand Canyon, the territory of the Chiricahua Apache, and to parts of Utah.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: Major General James H. Carleton was assigned to the New Mexico Territory in the fall of 1862, it is then that he would subdue the Navajos of the region and force them on the long walk to Bosque Redondo. Upon being assigned the territory Carleton set boundaries in which the Navajos would not engage in any sort of conflict. They were prohibited from trespassing onto lands, raiding neighboring tribes, and engaging in warfare with both the Spaniards and European Americans. A majority of the Navajos were abiding by these requirements but a band of Navajo freelancing raiding parties broke these rules, for which the entire tribe was penalized. In the eyes of Carleton, he was unsuccessful and enlisted outside resources for aid including famous mountain man Kit Carson.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: Carson also enlisted neighboring tribes in aiding his campaign to capture as many Navajos as he could. One tribe that proved to be most useful were the Utes. The Utes were very knowledgeable of the lands of the Navajos, and were very familiar with Navajo strongholds as well. Carson launched his full-scale assault on the Navajo population in January 1864. He destroyed everything in his path, eradicating the way of life of the Navajo people. Hogans were burned to the ground, livestock were killed off, and irrigated fields were destroyed. Navajos who surrendered were taken to Fort Canby and those who resisted were murdered. Some Navajos were able to escape Carson's campaign but were soon forced to surrender due to starvation and the freezing temperature of the winter months.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: The "Long Walk" started in the beginning of spring 1864. Bands of Navajo led by the Army were relocated from their traditional lands in eastern Arizona Territory and western New Mexico Territory to Fort Sumner (in an area called the Bosque Redondo or by the Navajo) in the Pecos River valley. (Bosque Redondo is Spanish for "round forest"—in New Mexican Spanish a "bosque" means a river-bottom forest usually containing cottonwood trees.) The march was one that was very difficult and pushed many Navajos to their breaking point, including death. The distance itself was cruel, but the fact that they did not receive any aid from the soldiers was devastating. Not every single person was in prime condition to trek 400 miles. Many began the walk exhausted and malnourished, others were not properly clothed and were not in the least prepared for such a long journey. Neither sympathy nor remorse were given to the Navajos. They were never informed as to where they were going, why they were being relocated, and how long it would take to get there. One account passed through generations within the Navajos shows the attitude of the U.S. Army as follows:


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: It was said that those ancestors were on the Long Walk with their daughter, who was pregnant and about to give birth [...] the daughter got tired and weak and couldn't keep up with the others or go further because of her condition. So my ancestors asked the Army to hold up for a while and to let the woman give birth, but the soldiers wouldn't do it. They forced my people to move on, saying that they were getting behind the others. The soldier told the parents that they had to leave their daughters behind. "Your daughter is not going to survive, anyway; sooner or later she is going to die," they said in their own language. "Go ahead," the daughter said to her parents, "things might come out all right with me," But the poor thing was mistaken, my grandparents used to say. Not long after they had moved on, they heard a gunshot from where they had been a short time ago.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: At least 200 died during the 18-day, 300-mile (500-km) trek. Between 8,000 and 9,000 people were settled on an area of 40 square miles (104 km), with a peak population of 9,022 by the spring of 1865.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: There were as many as 50 groups taking one of seven known routes. They each took a different path but were on the same trail. When returning to the Navajo lands, they reformed their group to become one; this group was ten miles (16 km) long. Some of these Navajos escaped and hid with Apaches that were running from Gen. Crook on what is known as Cimmaron Mesa southeast of present-day NM Highway 6 and I-40; later they relocated to Alamo Springs northwest of Magdalena, NM and are known as the Alamo Band of the Diné (Navajos). Nelson Anthony Field who had a trading post made a trip to DC to lobby for a reservation for this Band and it was granted. This Band is part Navajo and part Apache.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: The campaign to subdue the Navajo by the Army was supplemented by raids by New Mexican and Ute slavers who fell on isolated bands of Navajo, killing the men, taking the women and children captive, and capturing horses and livestock. During the army campaign the Ute scouts attached to the army unit engaged in this activity and left destruction of Navajo infrastructure to the main army unit. Following the surrender of the Navajo, the Utes continued to raid the Navajo as did New Mexican slavers. A large number of slaves were taken and sold throughout the region.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: Like some internment camps involving several tribes, the Bosque Redondo had serious problems. About 400 Mescalero Apaches were placed there before the Navajos. The Mescaleros and the Navajo had a long tradition of raiding each other; the two tribes had many disputes during their encampment. Furthermore, the initial plan was for around 5,000 people, certainly not 10,000 men, women, and children. Water and firewood were major issues from the start; the water was brackish and the round grove of trees was quite small. Nature and humans both caused crop failures every year. The corn crop was infested with army worms and failed repeatedly. The Pecos River flooded and washed out the head gates of the irrigation system. In 1865 Navajo began leaving. By 1867 the remaining Navajo refused to plant a crop. Comanches raided them frequently, and they raided the Comanche, once stealing over 1,000 horses. The non-Indian settlers also suffered from the raiding parties who were trying to feed their starving people on the Bosque Redondo. And there was inept management of what supplies were purchased for the reservation. The army spent as much as $1.5 million a year to feed the Indians. In 1868 the experiment—meant to be the first Indian reservation west of Indian Territory—was abandoned. A memorial site honoring those who were incarcerated at Bosque Redondo is located at Fort Sumner, New Mexico.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: The Treaty of Bosque Redondo between the United States and many of the Navajo leaders was concluded at Fort Sumner on June 1, 1868. Some of the provisions included establishing a reservation, restrictions on raiding, a resident Indian Agent and agency, compulsory education for children, the supply of seeds, agricultural implements and other provisions, rights of the Navajos to be protected, establishment of railroads and forts, compensation to tribal members, and arrangements for the return of Navajos to the reservation established by the treaty. The Navajo agreed for ten years to send their children to school and the U.S. government agreed to establish schools with teachers for every thirty Navajo children. The U.S. government also promised for ten years to give to the Navajos annually: clothing, goods, and other raw materials, not exceeding the value of five dollars per person, that the Navajos could not manufacture for themselves.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: The signers of the document were: W. T. Sherman (Lt. General), S. F. Tappan (Indian Peace Commissioner), Navajos Barboncito (Chief), Armijo, Delgado, Manuelito, Largo, Herrero, Chiquito, Muerte de Hombre, Hombro, Narbono, Narbono Segundo and Ganado Mucho. Those who attested the document included Theo H. Dodd (Indian Agent) and B. S. Roberts (General 3rd Cav).


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: On June 18, 1868, the once-scattered bands of people who call themselves "Diné", set off together on the return journey, the "Long Walk" home. This is one of the few instances where the U.S. government permitted a tribe to return to their traditional boundaries. The Navajo were granted 3.5 million acres (14,000 km) of land inside their four sacred mountains. The Navajo also became a more cohesive tribe after the Long Walk and were able to successfully increase the size of their reservation since then, to over 16 million acres (70,000 km).


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: After relating 20 pages of material concerning the Long Walk, Howard Gorman, age 73 at the time, concluded:


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: Historians speculated that the battles between U.S. troops and the Navajo and factors such as disease and famine reduced the Navajo population of approximately 25,000 to somewhere in the neighborhood of 2,000 Navajo of reproductive age, creating a genetic bottleneck. This produced the consequence of certain otherwise rare genetic diseases, for example Xeroderma pigmentosum, stemming from recessive genes to present with greater dominance. An alternative put forth by some Navajo is that the sudden rise of xeroderma pigmentosum is directly related to wide spread uranium contamination.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: Navajo artist Richard K. Yazzie created a mural entitled "Long Walk Home" for the city of Gallup, New Mexico. It is located at the intersection of Third and Hill streets. It is rendered in the four "sacred colors", black, white, blue and yellow.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: A supposed remnant of the Long Walk from Bosque Redondo, a rug called Woven Sorrow, figures prominently as a valuable antique in the plot of "The Shape Shifter" by Tony Hillerman, published in 2006. Anne Hillerman mentioned the Long Walk in a subsequent novel in the series, "Cave of Bones" (2018).


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: The story of the forced relocation is the setting of the youth fiction novel "The Girl Who Chased Away Sorrow", written in 1999 by Ann Turner.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: Another novel depicting the Long Walk from Bosque Redondo is the Welsh novel "I Ble'r aeth Haul y Bore?" by Eurig Wyn. This Welsh language novel follows a number of characters (some historic, others created by the writer), and focuses not only on the Navajos, but also the Apache.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: In the 1979 Stephen King novel "The Long Walk" (written under the pen name Richard Bachman) two Hopis are among one hundred teenage boys who participate in a competitive and voluntary death march which serves as a macabre annual spectacle in a totalitarian re-imagining of America.


title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: Scott O'Dell's Newbury Award-winning book "Sing Down the Moon" (1970) depicts the forced migration of the Navajos to Bosque Redondo.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: X is the sixth studio album by American singer Chris Brown. It was released on September 16, 2014, by CBE Entertainment and RCA Records. The album serves as the follow-up to his fifth album "Fortune" (2012). Brown for the album worked with several producers, including RoccStar, Danja, Nic Nac, Diplo and others. The album also features guest appearances by various urban artists, including Kendrick Lamar, R. Kelly, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Usher, Trey Songz, Tyga, Rick Ross, Brandy, Lil Wayne, Jhené Aiko and Aaliyah.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: The release date of the album was delayed several times due to RCA's choices and the singer's legal problems throughout the last months of 2013 and the first half of 2014. Initially, the album release was set for July 16, 2013, then for August 20, 2013, then for May 5, 2014, and finally released on September 16, 2014. "X" was preceded by five singles: "Fine China", "Don't Think They Know", "Love More", "Loyal" and "New Flame". The album's fourth single "Loyal" became its most successful, by peaking at number nine on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and at number ten in the United Kingdom. Pushing the promotion for the album further, Brown performed and appeared at several televised music events and music festivals across the United States.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: The working of the album started in 2012 and ended in August 2014. The album's aesthetics feature a black and white imagery, handled by Brown himself along with art director Courtney Walter. "X" is an R&B album, also containing songs influenced by disco, soul and hip-hop. Its lyrical content focuses on falling in love, internal conflict and sexual desire. The album divided reviewers: while most praised the album’s sound, others criticized the songwriting and album's length. At the 2015 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for the Best Urban Contemporary Album, while "New Flame" was nominated for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: Commercially, the album debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 selling 146,000 copies in its first week, becoming Brown's first album to miss the summit of the chart since "Graffiti" (2009) and his third album to go to number two on the chart overall following "Exclusive" (2007). It also became his sixth consecutive top ten debut in the United States. By the end of 2015, the album had sold 404,000 copies in the United States. It has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: On November 8, 2012, in an interview with Power 106's (KPWR) at Los Angeles, California, Brown debuted the dance-pop track titled "Nobody's Perfect". The song was supposed to be the first single for his upcoming sixth album, under the working title of "Carpe Diem", which was due to be released in 2013. However the single was never released, Brown changed idea on the concept for the album, and after concluding his Carpe Diem Tour in the last days of 2012, Brown's next studio album started to develop. MTV News confirmed the development of the album, with Brown collaborating with producers, such as Timbaland, Danja and Diplo, among others.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: On March 26, 2013, Brown announced the release of "X", in various interviews and listening sessions. In an interview with "Ebony", Brown spoke of taking his music in a different direction and changing his sound from the pop-infused and sexually explicit one of the previous album "Fortune", to a more mature, soulful and vulnerable theme for the album. He said during an interview for "Rolling Stone":


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: Sputnikmusic described this reasoning as "numerological" and "idiotic", and in any case the album missed this date.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: In March 2013, Brown spoke about working with artists and producers, such as Pharrell Williams, Ariana Grande, Kendrick Lamar, Ludacris, Rihanna, Nicki Minaj, Wiz Khalifa, Timbaland, Diplo, Danja and RoccStar. On July 4, 2013, Brown confirmed different guest features on the album, including Nicki Minaj, Kendrick Lamar, Rihanna, Wiz Khalifa, B.o.B and Kelly Rowland, among others. However, various artists announced didn't make the cut for "X". At the same time, the production would be confirmed by Timbaland, Diplo, Polow da Don, Danja, Pharrell and Drumma Boy.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: Brown said that while making the record he wanted to "take the Quincy Jones approach" to his music, trying to hear what was in rotation on the radio as little as possible, locking himself in a recording studio with the producers, so that the album could've come out as authentic as possible. On August 5, 2014, Brown said that he ended the recording sessions for the album, and that he had "about 50 songs" to sift through and perfect for "X".


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: "X" is an R&B record, with its sound being noted by Andy Kellman of AllMusic for being "clean and diversified". Disco influences stand out in songs like "Add Me In", "Time for Love", "Lost in Ya Love", "Fine China" and "No Lights". The album also contains hip-hop infused songs with productions that feature heavy-bass, double-claps and "candy" synths that can be heard in "Loyal", "Came to Do" and "Love More". Brown's vocal performances on the album were commended by critics for showcasing his timbre. His vocals in songs like "X", "Lady in a Glass Dress", "Autumn Leaves" and "Do Better" were defined to be "soul-driven". "X"'s lyrical content focuses on falling in love, the difficulty of managing emotions and sexual desire. Ivan Rytlewski of "The A.V. Club", in his review for the album, defined it as a "loveful and reflective record", delineated by "some of Brown's bad boy aesthetics". Martín Caballero of "USA Today" found its songwriting to be a mixture of "romantic love, mature reflection, sexual passion, playboyness and desire".


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: The album's opener "X", produced by Diplo, was described as a "progressive R&B" track by Rytlewski, saying that "it starts as a quiet and calm song, then exploding during a powerful chorus made off Brown strong vocals over an electronic drop". The song's lyrics depict his admissions on his past errors and his desire to prove his growth. On "Autumn Leaves", according to Brad Wete of "Billboard", Brown "examines a fleeting love with gloominess and a high level of sensitivity", comparing a lover's departure with summer's, in time for fall. "It seems that all the autumn leaves are falling/ I feel like you're the only reason for it.", while the guest Kendrick Lamar, raps on Brown's behalf, mood-swinging from thoughtful to vicious: "And they won’t let me live/ Even when it’s remorse that I give/ When are they gon' rejoice and forgive/ Tell me how [do] I stay positive?". "Do Better" was described by Wete as "a sparse and pensive duet" where Brown and Brandy play the two sides of a relationship where both feel like scorned lovers that don't know how to deal with their emotions, singing: "I learn more and more each day that I don't know me / It's like I can't get out of my own way". "Add Me In" is an up-tempo disco and R&B song with math-tinged lyrics about subtracting a girl's boyfriend to "add me in".


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: "Songs On 12 Play" is a pure R&B slow-jam, duetted with Trey Songz, about wild sex, with lyrics that pay homage to R. Kelly works, citing lots of his song, as well as his classic debut studio album "12 Play". The track is followed by the interlude "101", where the singer expresses his sexual desire to the directly concerned lady, and subsequently by a collaboration with R. Kelly himself on the lustful "Drown In It". Both "Loyal" and "Stereotype" are centered on unfaithful women, while "Time for Love" and "Lady in a Glass Dress" talk about falling in love, with the last one being a promise to a girl recovering from a rough breakup that he "can make your dreams come true". "Los Angeles Times"s writer Mikael Wood defined "Lost In Ya Love" as a "melodious, sweet mid-tempo" where the singer expresses "the beauty of being romantically in love" to the directly concerned lady. On the album's standard edition closing track, "Drunk Texting", Brown and Jhené Aiko play the role of two people that try to numb the pain of their heartbreak drinking alcohol, but end up texting their loved one while they're drunk.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: On February 15, 2013, the singer unofficially released the song "Home", with an official videoclip, where he expresses a reflection on the bitter price of fame, and on how the only moment of respite from that thought is when he returns to the neighborhood where he grew up with people who knew him from the start. On March 26, 2013, Brown definitively confirmed the title and release of "X", telling "Rolling Stone" that he was working on the song "X" with Diplo, "Autumn Leaves" with Kendrick Lamar, and he said he was considering the inclusion of "Put It Up", a collaboration with Rihanna, though his violence against her in 2009 was still an issue with the public.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: On April 29, 2013, Brown announced a release date of July 16 for "X", also unofficially releasing a song called "I Can't Win". In July Brown previewed several unreleased songs through his social media accounts, also announcing that the album's release date was pushed back to August 20, 2013. However, it was later revealed that the album has been pushed back again to November 19, 2013. In the same month, Brown stated that the album will be a double disc album with 10 songs on each disc, and was now due on December 3.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: On November 20, 2013, Brown was sentenced to an anger management rehabilitation center for three months, putting the December 2013 release of "X" in jeopardy. To "hold [fans] over until [the "X" album] drops," Brown released a mixtape, titled "X Files" on November 19, 2013, which consists of six tracks and features guest appearances from Busta Rhymes, Ludacris and Kid Ink, including the song "Main Chick". On February 22, 2014, it was announced that the album would be released on Brown's birthday, May 5, 2014. On April 14, 2014, Brown released a teaser of new track "Don't Be Gone Too Long" featuring Ariana Grande, however, the song and album were again delayed due to Brown's prison sentence. On August 6, 2014, the album cover shot by Eliot Lee Hazel was revealed. The title track "X" was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014. The album was finally released on September 16, 2014, promoted through radio and magazine interviews, and by performing tracks of the album live in various televised shows. Brown embarked on his 2015 Between the Sheets Tour along with Trey Songz and Tyga.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: The album's lead single, titled "Fine China", was released on March 29, 2013, and it was sent to US rhythmic contemporary radio the following day. The production on the song was handled by RoccStar and PK. The song has since peaked at number 31 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: The album's second single, titled "Don't Think They Know", was released on June 17, 2013, and it was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio in the United States on July 1, 2013. The song features a posthumous appearance from R&B singer Aaliyah, while the production on the song was handled by Mel & Mus. The music video was shot in Los Angeles, California, and was released on June 17, 2013. Aaliyah appears as a hologram which are actually scenes from Aaliyah's 2000 video "Try Again" and 1996's "If Your Girl Only Knew". The song has since peaked at number 81 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: The album's third single, titled "Love More" featuring Nicki Minaj, was announced, which Brown performed the song along with Minaj at the 2013's BET Awards. On July 19, he released its cover artwork. On July 16, the song was released for digital download and a week later, the song was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio. The music video was officially released on August 17, 2013. The song has since peaked at number 23 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: On December 19, 2013, the album's fourth single, titled "Loyal", was released for digital download on iTunes. There are two versions to the song, the "West Coast Version" featuring Lil Wayne and Too Short, while the "East Coast Version" featuring Lil Wayne, and another rapper French Montana. In March 2014, the third and final version officially was released, featuring Lil Wayne and Tyga. The song has been commercially successful, reaching at number nine on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 10 on the UK Singles Chart, making it Brown's highest-charting single from "X" in both countries.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: On June 26, 2014, Brown previewed the track, titled "New Flame" featuring Usher and Rick Ross, along with the cover artwork on his Instagram account. The song was released on June 30, 2014, as the album's fifth single. The song peaked at number 27 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: The track "Don't Be Gone Too Long", was announced for single release for March 25, 2014, which in its original form features Ariana Grande. However, due to Brown's prison sentence, the single was eventually scrapped on March 17, even though the music video had already been filmed.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: The title track "X", was released as an instant-gratification track alongside the album pre-order on iTunes on August 25, 2014. It peaked at number 98 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: According to review aggregator Metacritic, X received “generally positive” reviews, with a score of 63/100.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: Many reviewers complimented the album's production and overall sound. Brad Wete of Billboard gave the album a largely positive review, and said "Once gratuitous fillers are skipped, gems appear, especially on the closing half, where Brown is lucid about his tabloid love life." Miranda Johnson of XXL gave the album an XL (4/5), and argued that "X certainly proves that Chris Brown’s talent will forever shine through over whatever troubles come his way." An anonymous staff editor of Sputnikmusic gave the album a glowing 3.8/5, and simply stated, "It is simply a good collection of good songs, put together by talented folks to showcase their obvious talents." Andy Kellman of AllMusic gave the album 3 and a half stars out of five, and enjoyed the albums diverse sound, while disliking some of the material, and said midway in the review that, "Brown combines memorable hooks with some stellar production work on the rubbery disco-funk of "Add Me In" (courtesy of Danja) and the blithe, swaying "Time for Love" (a collaboration with Jean Baptiste and Free School). In these and a few other songs, romantic affection, expressed with seemingly genuine sweetness, takes precedence over sexual aggression and petulance."


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: Other reviewers found issues with the length and content of the album. Evan Rytlewski of The A.V. Club gave the album a B-, and stated that while he found the album more appealing than Brown's previous releases, argued that "Running 21 tracks and 75 minutes in its deluxe edition, X sometimes threatens to be too much. But there’s enough appealing material to support that runtime." Marcus Dowling of HipHopDX gave the album a mixed score of 3 out of 5, and criticized Brown's personality and the album's structure, while arguing that "Personality aside, Chris Brown’s ability to succeed artistically at delivering sounds in all three sectors of urban Pop makes this release a great, yet disjointed listen." Christopher Weingarten of Rolling Stone was largely divided in his review of the album, stating that "Chris Brown's sixth album is adventurous musically and a total mess lyrically – it's almost defiantly oblivious to his past as a domestic-abuser. Throughout, Brown plays the victim..." while also arguing that the content was "a shame", because "It's a shame, because X is full of great beats", and gave the album 2 and half stars out of 5.


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: Other reviews were more negative. In another review with the score of 2 and a half stars out of five, Alexa Camp of Slant Magazine found the length of the album and the inclusion of R. Kelly "a good case" of considering the album an act of abuse, likening it to his legal troubles, while also questioning the use of mathematical metaphors throughout the album. In the near closing moments of her review, she stated that "Aside from the standout club banger "Add Me In," which is steeped in arithmetic and trigonometry metaphors, and "101," which finds Brown doing "101 on the 101," the album's lyrics largely eschew mathematical objects in favor of soul-baring like "Autumn Leaves" and sex talk like "Songs on 12 Play," which likens a girl to a song from the titular R. Kelly album." She also stated at the end of her review that title track was "an admirable attempt to take responsibility for his anger-management issues" while also finding that it was only after "seemingly placing the blame on others, specifically on-and-off-again girlfriend Rihanna" Joe Caramanica argued that "X is one of his least ambitious releases." and gave the album 2 out of 5 stars. Jim Farmer of New York Daily News agreed, and found that while there was a large wave of support for Brown, he had only wished that "... the new songs supported him as strongly."


title: X (Chris Brown album)

text: The album debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200, with first-week sales of 146,000 copies in the United States. In its second week, the album dropped to number six on the chart, selling 36,000 copies. In its third week, the album dropped down to number nine on the chart, selling 23,000 copies. In its fourth week, the album dropped down to number 21 on the chart, selling 16,000 copies. By November 2015, the album has sold 404,000 copies in the United States. On October 1, 2021, "X" was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for combined album sales, on-demand audio, video streams, track sales equivalent of two millions.


title: Yuko Shimizu

text: She was born in Japan. After graduating from Musashino Art University, she joined Sanrio. She designed the first original Sanrio character, Coro Chan, a bear which was introduced in 1973. In 1974 she made the original design for Hello Kitty, Sanrio's most successful and best known character. She left Sanrio in 1976 to get married and has been working as a freelance designer ever since. She did not make a lot of money from Hello Kitty.


title: Yuko Shimizu

text: The other characters she has created include Angel Cat Sugar and Rebecca Bonbon. She has also published some picture books.


title: Emmanuel Agassi

text: Emanoul Aghassian (, anglicized as Emmanuel "Mike" Agassi; December 25, 1930 – September 24, 2021) was an Iranian Olympic boxer and the father and coach of American tennis player Andre Agassi. He represented Iran at the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics.


title: Emmanuel Agassi

text: Agassi was born in Salmas, Pahlavi Iran to Assyrian and Armenian parents (however in his own words, his father, David Agassi, was a Ukrainian Armenian from Kiev and mother was Armenian from the Ottoman Empire). He was raised in a Christian household in Tehran, Iran's capital. One of his ancestors had changed his surname from Aghassian to Agassi to avoid Ottoman persecution.


title: Emmanuel Agassi

text: Agassi was first exposed to tennis by American and British servicemen. He represented Iran as a boxer in the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics, losing in the first round both times. His trainer was the retired Polish-German boxer Hans Ziglarski.


title: Emmanuel Agassi

text: He followed his brother Samuel to Chicago in 1952, and changed his name to "Mike Agassi". Less than a month after graduating from Roosevelt University, he met Elizabeth Dudley through a common friend. They married at a Methodist church in Chicago's North Side on August 19, 1959. When a friend offered Agassi a job at the Tropicana Hotel, the couple moved to Las Vegas with their two-year-old daughter Rita and eight-day-old son Phillip in October 1962; daughter Tamara (Tami) was born in 1967 and Andre in 1970.


title: Emmanuel Agassi

text: Agassi described Rita, Phillip, and Tami as "guinea pigs" in the development of the methods he used to mold Andre into a world-class player. In 1984, Rita, having rebelled against her father's 5,000-balls-a-day-regimen, married Pancho Gonzales. In his autobiography "Open", Andre recalled Mike and Steffi Graf's father Peter nearly coming to blows arguing over whether Andre or Steffi had the superior backhand technique when Mike showed Peter the machine he built to fire tennis balls at Andre and his siblings.


title: Emmanuel Agassi

text: Mike Agassi's autobiography "The Agassi Story" was published in 2004. He died on September 24, 2021, at the age of 90, in Las Vegas.


title: Emmanuel Agassi

text: Below is the record of Emmanuel Agassi, an Iranian bantamweight boxer, who competed at the 1948 London Olympics:


title: Critical discourse analysis

text: Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice. CDA combines critique of discourse and explanation of how it figures within and contributes to the existing social reality, as a basis for action to change that existing reality in particular respects. Scholars working in the tradition of CDA generally argue that (non-linguistic) social practice and linguistic practice constitute one another and focus on investigating how societal power relations are established and reinforced through language use. In this sense, it differs from discourse analysis in that it highlights issues of power asymmetries, manipulation, exploitation, and structural inequities in domains such as education, media, and politics.


title: Critical discourse analysis

text: Critical discourse analysis emerged from 'critical linguistics' developed at the University of East Anglia by Roger Fowler and fellow scholars in the 1970s, and the terms are now often interchangeable. Research in the field of sociolinguistics was paying little attention to social hierarchy and power. CDA was first developed by the Lancaster school of linguists of which Norman Fairclough was the most prominent figure. Ruth Wodak has also made a major contribution to this field of study.


title: Critical discourse analysis

text: In addition to linguistic theory, the approach draws from social theory—and contributions from Karl Marx, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Jürgen Habermas, Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu—in order to examine ideologies and power relations involved in discourse. Language connects with the social through being the primary domain of ideology, and through being both a site of, and a stake in, struggles for power. Ideology has been called the basis of the social representations of groups, and, in psychological versions of CDA developed by Teun A. van Dijk and Ruth Wodak, there is assumed to be a sociocognitive interface between social structures and discourse structures. The historical dimension in critical discourse studies also plays an important role.


title: Critical discourse analysis

text: CDA is an application of discourse analysis, it is generally agreed that methods from discourse studies, the humanities and social sciences may be used in CDA research. This is on the condition that it is able to adequately and relevantly produce insights into the way discourse reproduces (or resists) social and political inequality, power abuse or domination. CDA does not limit its analysis to specific structures of text or talk, but systematically relates these to structures of the sociopolitical context. CDA has been used to examine rhetoric in political speech acts, and any forms of speech that may be used to manipulate the impression given to the audience. However, there have been flaws noted with CDA. For example, it has been said that it is simultaneously too broad to distinctly identify manipulations within the rhetoric, yet is also not powerful enough to appropriately find all that researchers set out to establish.


title: Critical discourse analysis

text: Norman Fairclough discussed the term CDA in his book "Language and Power." Fairclough introduced the concepts that are now viewed as vital in CDA such as "discourse, power, ideology, social practice and common sense." He argues that language should be analyzed as a social practice through the lens of discourse in both speaking and writing.


title: Critical discourse analysis

text: Fairclough developed a three-dimensional framework for studying discourse, where the aim is to map three separate forms of analysis onto one another: analysis of (spoken or written) language texts, analysis of discourse practice (processes of text production, distribution and consumption) and analysis of discursive events as instances of socio-cultural practice. Particularly, he combines micro, meso and macro-level interpretation. At the micro-level, the analyst considers various aspects of textual/linguistic analysis, for example syntactic analysis, use of metaphor and rhetorical devices. The meso-level or "level of discursive practice" involves studying issues of production and consumption, for instance, which institution produced a text, who is the target audience, etc. At the macro-level, the analyst is concerned with intertextual and interdiscursive elements and tries to take into account the broad, societal currents that are affecting the text being studied.


title: Critical discourse analysis

text: Teun A. van Dijk's approach to Critical Discourse Analysis combines cognitive theories with linguistic and social theories. Van Dijk uses cognition as the middle layer of a three-layer approach consisting of discourse, cognitive and society. By integrating a cognitive approach, researchers are better able to understand how larger social phenomenon are reinforced through popular, everyday discourse. Critics of this practice point out that his approach focuses on the reproduction of ideologies rather than the transformation.


title: Critical discourse analysis

text: Ruth Wodak has developed a framework based on the systemic collection of sample texts on a topic to better understand the interrelationship of discourses that exist within the field. This framework allows for the discussion and analysis of ideologies involved in a set of discourses. The macro level of analysis is helpful in understanding how macro-structures of inequality persist through discursive processes across multiple sites and texts.


title: Critical discourse analysis

text: CDA has been applied to media studies, advertisements texts English language teaching, heritage language socialization and environmental sciences to name a few.


title: Critical discourse analysis

text: Notable writers include Norman Fairclough, Michał Krzyżanowski, Paul Chilton, Teun A. van Dijk, Ruth Wodak, John E. Richardson, Phil Graham, Theo Van Leeuwen, , , James Paul Gee, Roger Fowler, Gunther Kress, Mary Talbot, Lilie Chouliaraki, Thomas Huckin, Hilary Janks, Veronika Koller, Christopher Hart, and Bob Hodge, William Feighery William Feighery.


title: Rendition (film)

text: Rendition is a 2007 American political thriller film directed by Gavin Hood and starring Reese Witherspoon, Jake Gyllenhaal, Meryl Streep, Peter Sarsgaard, Alan Arkin, and Omar Metwally. It centers on the controversial CIA practice of extraordinary rendition and is based on the true story of Khalid El-Masri, who was mistaken for Khalid al-Masri.


title: Rendition (film)

text: In North Africa, CIA analyst Douglas Freeman (Jake Gyllenhaal) briefs an agent. A suicide attack kills the agent and 18 civilians; the target was high-ranking police official Abbas-i "Abasi" Fawal (Yigal Naor), a liaison for the United States who conducts interrogations with techniques amounting to torture, but Fawal is unharmed.


title: Rendition (film)

text: Egyptian-born Anwar El-Ibrahimi (Omar Metwally), a chemical engineer living in Chicago with his mother, his pregnant wife Isabella (Reese Witherspoon), and their young son, is believed linked to known terrorist Rashid by records indicating several calls to Anwar's cellphone. Returning from a conference in South Africa, Anwar is detained by American officials and sent to a secret facility near the earlier attack, where he is interrogated and tortured.


title: Rendition (film)

text: Isabella is not informed of her husband’s whereabouts, and all official evidence of his being on the plane at Cape Town International Airport is erased.


title: Rendition (film)

text: Freeman, assigned to observe Anwar’s interrogation by Fawal, is doubtful of Anwar’s guilt, but CIA superior Corrine Whitman (Meryl Streep) insists such treatments are necessary to save potential victims of terrorism.


title: Rendition (film)

text: Isabella travels to Washington, D.C. to ask friend Alan Smith (Peter Sarsgaard), an aide to Senator Hawkins (Alan Arkin), to find her missing husband. Smith informs Isabella that Anwar failed to board the plane in Cape Town, but she shows him her husband's credit card purchase at the in-flight duty-free shop, confirming he was on the flight. Smith pieces together details of Anwar's detention but is unable to convince Hawkins or Whitman, who ordered the rendition, to release Anwar or acknowledge his imprisonment.


title: Rendition (film)

text: Hawkins tells Smith to let the matter go, as public debate on extraordinary rendition would complicate the senator’s bill before Congress. His sympathetic secretary tips Isabella off that Whitman will be visiting. Isabella confronts Whitman and Hawkins before being led out by security, only to go into labour in the hallway.


title: Rendition (film)

text: Under torture, Anwar eventually confesses that he advised a man named Rashid on chemicals to enhance explosives and was promised $40,000. Freeman suspects a false confession, confirmed when the names Anwar gives are traced by Interpol and draw a blank. A quick Google search reveals the names belong to an Egyptian soccer team. Freeman approaches the Minister of the Interior with this finding, questioning why a man with a $200,000 salary would risk his life for $40,000. When discussing the value of intelligence gathered through torture, Freeman quotes from "The Merchant of Venice" by William Shakespeare: "I fear you speak upon the rack, Where men enforced do speak anything."


title: Rendition (film)

text: Freeman persuades the minister to release Anwar, sending him back to America via a clandestine ship to Spain, ignoring Whitman's frantic orders to hand Anwar back to Fawal and knowing he will probably be branded as insubordinate. Meanwhile, Smith similarly disregards Hawkins' advice and leaks the torture details to the press, igniting a worldwide scandal and likely ending his political aspirations. Anwar returns home and shares a tearful reunion with Isabella, his son, and their newborn baby.


title: Rendition (film)

text: In a parallel storyline, Abasi Fawal's daughter Fatima (Zineb Oukach) runs away with her boyfriend Khalid (Moa Khouas). Abasi learns Khalid's late brother was an inmate at his prison.


title: Rendition (film)

text: Fatima learns that Khalid belongs to a terrorist group, and discovers a notebook with pictures: Khalid and his brother brandishing AK-47s; a grief-stricken Khalid standing over his brother's corpse; her father; and a statement that Khalid will avenge his brother.


title: Rendition (film)

text: Realising that her father, responsible for the death of Khalid's brother, is about to be assassinated by Khalid, she runs to the town square and confronts Khalid. He hesitates, and is killed by the attack’s organizers; he releases the dead man's switch, and Fatima is killed in the explosion from the beginning of the film.


title: Rendition (film)

text: Abasi rushes to Khalid's apartment and discovers Khalid's grandmother grieving the loss of her grandsons and Fatima. Abasi realizes his daughter died trying to protect him.


title: Rendition (film)

text: The phone record implicating Anwar remains unexplained. It is mentioned that phones are often passed off to avoid tracing; the DVD extras explain a subplot on this concept that was cut from the film. Director Gavin Hood stated in an interview that the ambiguity of Anwar’s involvement was deliberate, to let the viewer decide whether the possibility of his guilt justified kidnapping and torture.


title: Rendition (film)

text: Reviews for "Rendition" were mixed. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports a 47% approval rating from critics, based on 152 reviews, with the consensus noting "The impressive cast cannot rescue "Rendition", which explores complex issues in woefully simplified terms." On Metacritic, the film averaged a score of 55 based on 34 reviews. Roger Ebert awarded the film four stars out of four, saying, ""Rendition" is valuable and rare. As I wrote from Toronto: 'It is a movie about the theory and practice of two things: torture and personal responsibility. And it is wise about what is right, and what is wrong.'" In contrast, Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" applauded the cast, but noted that the film was a "bust as a persuasive drama". Travers declared the film the year's Worst Anti-War Film on his list of the Worst Movies of 2007.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The Philippine Statistics Authority (Filipino: "Pangasiwaan ng Estadistika ng Pilipinas"), abbreviated as PSA, is the central statistical authority of the Philippine government that "collects, compiles, analyzes and publishes statistical information on economic, social, demographic, political affairs and general affairs" of the people of the Philippines and enforces the "civil registration functions" in the country.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: It is an attached agency of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) for purposes of policy coordination. The PSA comprises the PSA Board and offices on sectoral statistics, censuses and technical coordination, civil registration, Philippine registry office, central support and field statistical services.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The "National Statistician", who is appointed by the President of the Philippines from a list of nominees submitted by a Special Committee and endorsed by the PSA Board Chairperson, is the head of the PSA and has a rank equivalent to an Undersecretary. Aside from directing and supervising the general administration of the PSA, the National Statistician provides overall direction in the implementation of the Civil Registry Law and related issuances and exercise technical supervision over the civil registrars as "Civil Registrar General".


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The current National Statistician and Civil Registrar General (NSCRG) is Usec. Dennis S. Mapa, Ph.D. as appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: Recognizing the need to further enhance the efficiency of the statistical system and improve the timeliness and accuracy of statistics for planning and decision making, the Philippine Statistical System (PSS) was restructured on January 30, 1987. The issuance of Executive Order 121 provided the basis for the structure of the decentralized PSS.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The PSS consist of statistical organizations at all administrative levels, its personnel and the national statistical program. Specifically, the organizations composing the system included the following:


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The major statistical agencies in the PSS included the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), National Statistics Office (NSO), Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS), Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics (BLES), Statistical Research and Training Center (SRTC), and the Department of Economic Statistics of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP).


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS) was a successor organization to the Bureau of Agricultural Economics (BAECON) and was established on January 30, 1987, by virtue of Executive Order No. 116. It absorbed the Bureau of Fisheries Statistics, and was placed within the Department of Agriculture (DA).  It served as the principal government agency for the efficient collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of official statistics on agriculture and fisheries as inputs to policy and decision towards a sustainable agricultural development.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: In year 2000, the BAS structural organization was strengthened and reoriented pursuant to the relevant provisions of DA Administrative Order No. 6 series of 1998 in compliance with the provisions of the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act or RA 8435 of 1997. This law designated BAS as the central information source and server of the National Information Network (NIN) of the Department of Agriculture.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: It was also on January 30, 1987, when the Ministry of Labor and Employment was reorganized anew under Executive Order No. 126 and one of its provisions was the abolition of the Labor Statistics Service and the creation of the Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics (BLES) as one of the six bureaus of the department. It served as the statistical arm of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), BLES ensured the quality of data being generated by all agencies within the Department. Its mandate was to “develop and prescribe uniform standards, nomenclatures and methodologies for the collection, processing, presentation and analysis of labor and employment data”.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) was created by virtue of Executive Order No. 121 as the highest policy-making and coordinating body on statistical matters in the country. Its major goal was to promote the independence, objectivity, integrity, responsiveness, and relevance of the Philippine Statistical System (PSS). It aimed to achieve the development of an orderly statistical system capable of providing timely, accurate and useful data for the planning, programming and evaluation needs of all sectors of the Philippine economy.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The Executive Board was headed by the Director-General of the NEDA or his/her designated representative as Chairman and assisted by the Undersecretary of the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) as Vice-Chairman. Other members of the Board consist of Undersecretaries of the remaining Departments as well as the Deputy Governor of the BSP, the Secretary General of the NSCB, the Administrator of the NSO, the Executive Director of the SRTC the Governor or City Mayor nominated by the League of Governors and City Mayors and a representative from the private sector who is elected by the Board.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The National Statistics Office (NSO) (formerly known as Bureau of Census and Statistics) was the Philippine government's major statistical agency responsible for collecting, compiling, classifying, producing, publishing, and disseminating general-purpose statistics. The NSO also had the responsibility of carrying out and administering the provision of the Civil Registry Law including the archiving of birth, death and marriage and servicing requests for copies and certifications based on these documents as provided for in Act No. 3753 dated February 1931.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The organization assumed its responsibilities when Commonwealth Act (C.A.) No. 591 was approved on August 19, 1940. It was then known as the Bureau of the Census and Statistics (BCS). It became the National Census and Statistics Office () in 1974 until was renamed to be the National Statistics Office by Executive Order No. 121. It was responsible for collecting, compiling, classifying, producing, publishing and disseminating general-purpose statistics and for carrying out and administering the provisions of the Civil Registry Law.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The Philippine Statistics Authority was created by virtue of Republic Act No. 10625, otherwise known as the "Philippine Statistical Act of 2013", which was signed into law by President Benigno Simeon Aquino III on September 12, 2013. It mandated the reorganization of the PSS and create PSA from merging the four major statistical agencies engaged in primary data collection and compilation of secondary data, namely BAS, BLES, NSCB and NSO.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The Philippine Identification System (PhilSys) is the government's central identification platform for all citizens and resident aliens of the Philippines. An individual's record in the PhilSys shall be considered as an official and sufficient proof of identity. It was established through Republic Act No. 11055, which was signed into law by President Rodrigo Duterte on August 6, 2018.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: PhilSys aims to eliminate the need to present other forms of identification when transacting with the government and the private sector, subject to appropriate authentication measures based on a biometric identification system. In addition, it aims to be a social and economic platform through which all transactions including public and private services can be availed of and shall serve as the link in the promotion of seamless service delivery, enhancing administrative governance, reducing corruption, strengthening financial inclusion and promoting ease of doing business.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The PhilID can be used in all transactions requiring proof or verification of citizens or resident aliens’ identity, such as, but not limited to the following: application for eligibility and access to social welfare and benefits granted by the government; application for services and benefits offered by GSIS, SSS, PhilHealth, HDMF, and other government agencies; applications for passports and driver's license; tax-related transactions; registration and voting identification purposes; admission to any government hospital, health center or similar institution; all other government transactions; application for admission in schools, colleges, learning institutions and universities, whether public or private; application and transaction for employment purposes; opening of bank accounts and other transactions with banks and other financial institutions; verification of cardholder's criminal records and clearances; such other transactions, uses or purposes, as may be defined in the IRR.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS), which was established by Republic Act 11315 and was signed into law by President Rodrigo Duterte on April 17, 2019, is an organized technology-based system of collecting, processing and validating necessary disaggregated data that may be used for planning, program implementation and impact monitoring at the local level which serves as basis in targeting households in the planning, budgeting and implementation of government programs geared towards poverty alleviation and economic development. In addition, it merges the methodologies used in data collection activities of all national agencies, geo-tagging, and the CBMS implemented by local government units (LGUs).


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: In addition, CBMS entails a census of households undertaken by the LGUs with the participation of the community using accelerated poverty profiling system in the data collection, processing, mapping and analysis of data.  Regular and synchronized data collection is to be conducted by every city and municipality every three years. The PSA is the lead agency in its implementation.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The PSA shall primarily be responsible for the implementation of the objectives and provisions of R.A. 10625. It shall plan, develop, prescribe, disseminate and enforce policies, rules and regulations and coordinate government-wide programs governing the production of official statistics, general-purpose statistics, and civil registration services. It shall primarily be responsible for all national censuses and surveys, sectoral statistics, consolidation of selected administrative recording systems and compilation of national accounts.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The PSA has the following functions: Serve as the central statistical authority of the Philippine government on primary data collection; Prepare and conduct periodic censuses on population, housing, agriculture, fisheries, business, industry, and other sectors of the economy; Collect, compile, analyze, abstract and publish statistical information relating to the country's economic, social, demographic and general activities and condition of the people; Prepare and conduct statistical sample surveys on all aspects of socioeconomic life including agriculture, industry, trade, finance, prices and marketing information, income and expenditure, education, health, culture, and social situations for the use of the government and the public; Carry out, enforce and administer civil registration functions in the country as provided for in Act 3753, the Law on Registry of Civil Status; Collaborate with departments of the national government including GOCCs and their subsidiaries in the collection, compilation, maintenance and publication of statistical information, including special statistical data derived from the activities of those  departments, corporations and their subsidiaries; Promote and develop integrated social and economic statistics and coordinate plans for the integration of those statistics, including the national accounts; Develop and maintain appropriate frameworks and standards for the collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of data; Coordinate with government departments and local government units (LGUs) on the promotion and  adoption of statistical standards involving techniques, methodologies, concepts, definitions and classifications, and on the avoidance of duplication in the collection of statistical information; Conduct continuing methodological, analytical and development activities, in coordination with the PSRTI, to improve the conduct of censuses, surveys and other data collection activities; Recommend executive and legislative measures to enhance the development of the statistical activities and programs of the government; Prepare, in consultation with the PSA Board, a Philippine Statistical Development Program (PSDP); Implement policies on statistical matters and coordination, as directed by the PSA Board, and; Perform other functions as may be assigned by the PSA Board and as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of RA 10625.


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The PSA Board is the highest policymaking body on statistical matters, and offices on sectoral statistics, censuses and technical coordination, civil registration and central support and field statistical services. It is headed by the Secretary of Socioeconomic Planning and Director-General of NEDA as chairperson, with the Secretary (or the duly designated Undersecretary) of the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) as vice-chairperson. Its members are composed of the following:


title: Philippine Statistics Authority

text: The PSA publishes a large variety of statistical reports, census data, and surveys largely related to the economy of the Philippines. For the complete list of PSA publications and CD products, refer to Philippine Statistics Authority List of Publications.


title: Routing number (Canada)

text: A routing number is the term for bank codes in Canada. Routing numbers consist of eight numerical digits with a dash between the fifth and sixth digit for paper financial documents encoded with magnetic ink character recognition and nine numerical digits without dashes for electronic funds transfers. Routing numbers are regulated by Payments Canada, formerly known as the Canadian Payments Association, to allow easy identification of the branch location and financial institution associated with an account.


title: Routing number (Canada)

text: A routing number consists of a five digit "transit number" (also called "branch number") identifying the branch where an account is held and a three digit "financial institution number" corresponding to the financial institution. The number is given as one of the following forms, where XXXXX is the transit number and YYY is the financial institution number:


title: Routing number (Canada)

text: The symbol that delimits a routing number on MICR-encoded paper documents is the E-13B transit character (Unicode value U+2446): ⑆


title: Routing number (Canada)

text: Each branch in a financial institution is assigned a unique transit number for identification. The format of the transit number may vary by institution. Most institutions use the transit number and branch number synonymously; however Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD Canada Trust) uses four-digit branch numbers, reserving the final digit of the transit number for the geographical location of the branch:


title: Routing number (Canada)

text: Therefore, a (fictional) routing number would indicate that the associated account is held at a TD Canada Trust branch (number 4567) located in eastern Ontario.


title: Routing number (Canada)

text: While some other institutions use the same or similar patterns for the last digit of the transit number, it is not applied consistently. For example, all transit numbers for Bank of Montreal in Newfoundland and Labrador end in "1", while those for Scotiabank in that province end in "3" (including for branches in Labrador) instead of the split used by TD. Meanwhile, RBC also uses four-digit branch numbers, but these include the last digit, with the transit numbers instead being padded with leading zeroes (and only a handful of non-branch transits using a leading "1" instead). While some older branches happen to adhere to the pattern above, it has been abandoned for many newer RBC branches, apparently in order to limit its branch transit numbers to four digits.


title: Routing number (Canada)

text: Payments Canada maintains the Financial Institutions File (FIF), an electronic directory of routing numbers for all financial institutions in Canada. The FIF is updated weekly and is operated as a fee-based subscription service to member institutions of Payments Canada.


title: Routing number (Canada)

text: A companion free-of-charge directory, the Financial Institutions Branch Directory (FIBD), is also operated by Payments Canada for occasional referencing by the general public. The FIBD is only available in PDF format and cannot be imported into business applications.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Kelly Robert Pavlik (born April 5, 1982) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 2000 to 2012. He won the unified WBC, WBO, "Ring" magazine and lineal middleweight titles by defeating Jermain Taylor in 2007, and made three successful defenses before losing them to Sergio Martínez in 2010.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Known as "The Ghost", Pavlik grew up on the south side of Youngstown, Ohio, in the traditional ethnic Slovak neighborhood of Lansingville. He graduated from Lowellville High School and Mahoning County Joint Vocational School in 2000. Pavlik has been trained by Jack Loew of Youngstown's South Side Boxing Gym for his entire career. His loyalty to his neighborhood and his unassuming, unglamorous lifestyle have earned him praise inside and outside the world of boxing.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Pavlik turned professional in 2000 and won his first 26 fights before stepping up in competition on October 7, 2005, to face Fulgencio Zúñiga for the vacant NABF Middleweight title. Zúñiga scored a knockdown with a left hook in the first round, but Pavlik recovered quickly and dominated the rest of the fight. Zúñiga was cut over his right eye by a clash of heads, and his corner stopped the fight after the ninth round.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: On July 7, 2006, Pavlik defeated the former WBO Light Middleweight Champion Bronco McKart with sixth round technical knock out in his first defense of his NABF Middleweight title. McKart scored a knockdown when both of Pavlik's gloves touched the canvas in the fourth round. Pavlik knocked McKart down twice in the sixth round before the referee stopped the fight.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Pavlik headlined in his hometown at the Covelli Centre on November 2, 2006, and put on a dominant performance against Lenord Pierre. Pavlik scored a knockdown with a right hand late in the first round, and rocked Pierre repeatedly in the second and third rounds. Pavlik knocked down Pierre again with a left hook in the fourth round and the referee stopped the fight.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: On January 27, 2007, in Anaheim, California, Pavlik defeated Jose Luis Zertuche with an eighth-round knockout in his second and final defense of his NABF Middleweight title. It was a fast-paced, exciting fight that concluded when Pavlik landed a right fist that froze Zertuche in his tracks and then landed an uppercut that dropped him face-first to the canvas.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Pavlik defeated Edison Miranda on May 19, 2007, with a technical knock out in the seventh round. The fight was a WBC Middleweight Title Eliminator bout. This fight established him as the #1 middleweight contender. During the sixth round, Pavlik knocked Miranda down to the canvas twice. After the first knock down, Miranda spat out his mouthpiece, causing the referee, Steve Smoger, to deduct a point. As the sixth round ended, Miranda seemed unable to continue, but came out nonetheless. In the seventh round, Pavlik trapped Miranda in a corner with a barrage of vicious shots, forcing Smoger to stop the fight. Pavlik thus earned a chance for the middleweight title against Jermain Taylor, who had defeated Pavlik during their amateur careers in a bout that was part of the 2000 Olympic Team-USA Box-offs.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: However, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in front of a pro-Pavlik crowd (approximately 6,231 Youngstown natives made the trip), Pavlik defeated Jermain Taylor on September 29, 2007. In the pre-fight build-up, Taylor's trainer, Emmanuel Steward, called Pavlik "overrated" and promised a knockout win for his boxer. It nearly happened, as Pavlik was knocked down in the second round and tossed about the ring for much of that round. However, using his reach advantage and ability to trap opponents in the corner, Pavlik slowly turned the tide on Taylor. By the sixth round, many at the ringside, such as the HBO commentator Larry Merchant, saw the fight as even. HBO's unofficial scorer, Harold Lederman, even had Pavlik leading the fight at the halfway point. Despite this, he was trailing on all three official scorecards. In the seventh round, Pavlik stunned his opponent with a clean left hook to the chin and backed him against the ropes knocking Taylor out with a barrage of punches. With the victory, Pavlik became the new WBC, WBO, "The Ring" and lineal middleweight champion. After the fight with Taylor, Pavlik and his father, Mike Pavlik Sr., accidentally left their paychecks in their hotel room. He was named "The Boxing Times" Fighter of the Year in 2007.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: After the defeat, Taylor activated his clause for a non-title rematch, which was held on February 16 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise, Nevada, with both fighters weighing-in at super middleweight. Pavlik won the fight with a unanimous decision (117-111, 116-112 and 115–113), handing Taylor his second defeat.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Pavlik made his first title defense of the Middleweight Championship against the WBO #1 mandatory challenger Gary Lockett on June 7, 2008, at Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City. Pavlik defeated Lockett with a third round technical knock out after Enzo Calzaghe, Lockett's trainer, threw in the towel when Lockett was down for the third time.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: In a HBO PPV non-title bout on October 18, 2008, 43-year-old Bernard Hopkins (49-5-1 with 32 KOs) won a unanimous decision over Pavlik. Hopkins and Pavlik fought at a catch weight of 170 lbs (5 pounds below the light heavyweight limit) in a twelve-round non-title bout. Hopkins dominated the whole fight with multiple punch combinations, good defense and movement. Both fighters fought after the bell and needed to be separated by their corners.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: On February 21, 2009, his first bout after his defeat to Hopkins, Pavlik defeated Marco Antonio Rubio (the WBC #1 contender) in his hometown of Youngstown, Ohio, at the Chevy Centre with a ninth-round technical knockout. Pavlik dominated the fight, forcing Rubio's corner to concede the bout before the start of the tenth round.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Pavlik fought "The Contender" alumnus Miguel Espino on December 19, 2009, at the Beeghly Center on the campus of Youngstown State University and won with a fifth-round technical knockout.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Following his win over Espino, Pavlik was set to fight Paul Williams. However, due to a major staph infection and an allergic reaction to some antibiotics that nearly killed him, Pavlik was forced to drop out of the fight. He was eventually able to fight again against the Light Middleweight Champion Sergio Martínez.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: On April 17, 2010, Pavlik attempted to defend his middleweight title for the fourth time against Sergio Martínez in Atlantic City. The fight was for Pavlik's WBC, WBO and "The Ring" Middleweight titles. Pavlik was defeated by Martinez by a unanimous 12-round decision.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Martínez controlled the early rounds with quick in and out movements, refusing to heavily engage with Pavlik. Martínez managed to cut Pavlik's left eyebrow in the first round. Pavlik then started to mount a comeback in the middle rounds by blocking Martínez's punches more effectively. Pavlik spent most of his time headhunting trying to land a hard right, which did help Pavlik score a knock-down in the seventh round. In the late rounds, Martínez came back and started to open up Pavlik's cuts more, making his face extremely bloody. In the post-fight interview, Pavlik stated that he could not see due to the blood.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Pavlik was set to move up the super middleweight division and fight Brian Vera, as the co-main event to Manny Pacquiao vs. Antonio Margarito on November 13, 2010. However, roughly two weeks before the fight, Pavlik suffered a rib injury and had to pull out of the fight. He checked himself into the Betty Ford Center for alcohol rehabilitation.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Pavlik then fought Alfonso López III in the main card of Manny Pacquiao vs. Shane Mosley. He won with a majority decision (95-95, 98–92, 99–91).


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: After taking nearly a year off from boxing, Pavlik defeated Aaron Jaco in a largely unpublicized fight in San Antonio, Texas. Three months later, on June 8, 2012, Pavlik made his return to the national spotlight, defeating Scott Sigmon on ESPN2's "Friday Night Fights". Sigmon had attacked Pavlik on Twitter, leading Pavlik to respond, "I'm gonna hurt this kid". Despite never knocking Sigmon down, Pavlik attacked the face of Sigmon, especially in the fifth, sixth and seventh rounds. Badly bloodied, Sigmon conceded after the seventh round. On July 7, 2012, Pavlik fought the fairly-highly touted, up-and-coming prospect: Will Rosinsky. He defeated Rosinsky with a unanimous decision, to earn the fortieth win of his professional boxing career.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Pavlik was scheduled to fight on HBO the lineal super middleweight, as well as WBA and WBC, champion Andre Ward for his title on January 26, 2013 at the Galen Center in Los Angeles, California. The fight was initially rescheduled for February 23, 2013 after Andre Ward suffered a shoulder injury in a sparring session leading up to the fight. However, the shoulder injury was more severe than originally thought and the fight was ultimately cancelled.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: He no longer had the heart for the sport and had also been suffering from seizures, which contributed to his decision.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: Kelly Pavlik was charged with theft on September 18, 2013 after he had refused to pay a cab fare. Pavlik was arrested on Saturday of April 2015 for assault at a Foo Fighters concert.


title: Kelly Pavlik

text: On January 26, 2016 Pavlik was charged with misdemeanor assault after shooting a worker with a pellet gun whilst he was digging a lake at Pavlik's home in August 2015. The case was upgraded to felonious assault after it was presented to a grand jury.


title: Swazi language

text: The Swazi or siSwati language is a Bantu language of the Nguni group spoken in Eswatini and South Africa by the Swati people. The number of speakers is estimated to be in the region of 2.4 million. The language is taught in Eswatini and some South African schools in Mpumalanga, particularly former KaNgwane areas. Siswati is an official language of Eswatini (along with English), and is also one of the eleven official languages of South Africa.


title: Swazi language

text: The official term is "siSwati" among native speakers; in English, Zulu, Ndebele or Xhosa it may be referred to as "Swazi". Siswati is most closely related to the other Tekela languages, like Phuthi and Northern Transvaal (Sumayela) Ndebele, but is also very close to the Zunda languages: Zulu, Southern Ndebele, Northern Ndebele, and Xhosa.


title: Swazi language

text: Siswati spoken in Eswatini can be divided into four dialects corresponding to the four administrative regions of the country: Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, and Shiselweni.


title: Swazi language

text: Siswati has at least two varieties: the standard, prestige variety spoken mainly in the north, centre and southwest of the country, and a less prestigious variety spoken elsewhere.


title: Swazi language

text: In the far south, especially in towns such as Nhlangano and Hlatikhulu, the variety of the language spoken is significantly influenced by isiZulu. Many Swazis (plural "emaSwati," singular "liSwati"), including those in the south who speak this variety, do not regard it as 'proper' Swazi. This is what may be referred to as the second dialect in the country. The sizeable number of Swazi speakers in South Africa (mainly in the Mpumalanga province, and in Soweto) are considered by Eswatini Swazi speakers to speak a non-standard form of the language.


title: Swazi language

text: Unlike the variant in the south of Eswatini, the Mpumalanga variety appears to be less influenced by Zulu, and is thus considered closer to standard Swazi. However, this Mpumalanga variety is distinguishable by distinct intonation, and perhaps distinct tone patterns. Intonation patterns (and informal perceptions of 'stress') in Mpumalanga Swazi are often considered discordant to the Swazi ear. This South African variety of Swazi is considered to exhibit influence from other South African languages spoken close to Swazi.


title: Swazi language

text: A feature of the standard prestige variety of Swazi (spoken in the north and centre of Eswatini) is the royal style of slow, heavily stressed enunciation, which is anecdotally claimed to have a 'mellifluous' feel to its hearers.


title: Swazi language

text: Swazi does not distinguish between places of articulation in its clicks. They are dental (as ) or might also be alveolar (as ). It does, however, distinguish five or six manners of articulation and phonation, including tenuis, aspirated, voiced, breathy voiced, nasal, and breathy-voiced nasal.


title: Swazi language

text: The consonants each have two sounds. and can both occur as ejective sounds, and , but their common forms are and . The sound differs when at the beginning of stems as , and commonly as within words.


title: Swazi language

text: Swazi exhibits three surface tones: high, mid and low. Tone is unwritten in the standard orthography. Traditionally, only the high and mid tones are taken to exist phonemically, with the low tone conditioned by a preceding depressor consonant. Bradshaw (2003) however argues that all three tones exist underlyingly.


title: Swazi language

text: The depressor consonants are all voiced obstruents other than . The allophone of appears to behave as a depressor for some rules but not others.


title: Swazi language

text: The Swazi noun (') consists of two essential parts, the prefix (') and the stem (""). Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, which are numbered consecutively, to ease comparison with other Bantu languages.


title: Swazi language

text: The following table gives an overview of Swazi noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs.


title: Swazi language

text: "Bonkhe bantfu batalwa bakhululekile balingana ngalokufananako ngesitfunti nangemalungelo. Baphiwe ingcondvo nekucondza kanye nanembeza ngakoke bafanele batiphatse futsi baphatse nalabanye ngemoya webuzalwane."


title: Swazi language

text: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: The Mark 12 5"/38 caliber gun was a United States dual-purpose naval gun, but also installed in single-purpose mounts on a handful of ships. The 38 caliber barrel was a mid-length compromise between the previous United States standard 5"/51 low-angle gun and 5"/25 anti-aircraft gun. United States naval gun terminology indicates the gun fired a projectile in diameter, and the barrel was 38 calibers long. The increased barrel length provided greatly improved performance in both anti-aircraft and anti-surface roles compared to the 5"/25 gun. However, except for the barrel length and the use of semi-fixed ammunition, the 5"/38 gun was derived from the 5"/25 gun. Both weapons had power ramming, which enabled rapid fire at high angles against aircraft. The 5"/38 entered service on , commissioned in 1934, the first new destroyer design since the last "Clemson" was built in 1922. The base ring mount, which improved the effective rate of fire, entered service on , commissioned in 1936.<ref name="5/38"></ref>


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: Among naval historians, the 5"/38 gun is considered the best intermediate-caliber, dual purpose naval gun of World War II, especially as it was usually under the control of the advanced Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System which provided accurate and timely firing against surface and air targets. Even this advanced system required nearly 1000 rounds of ammunition expenditure per aircraft kill. However, the planes were normally killed by shell fragments and not direct hits; barrage fire was used, with many guns firing in the air at the same time. This would result in large walls of shell fragments being put up to take out one or several planes or in anticipation of an unseen plane, this being justifiable as one plane was capable of significant destruction. The comparatively high rate of fire for a gun of its caliber earned it an enviable reputation, particularly as an anti-aircraft weapon, in which role it was commonly employed by United States Navy vessels. Base ring mounts with integral hoists had a nominal rate of fire of 15 rounds per minute per barrel; however, with a well-trained crew, 22 rounds per minute per barrel was possible for short periods. On pedestal and other mounts lacking integral hoists, 12 to 15 rounds per minute was the rate of fire. Useful life expectancy was 4600 effective full charges (EFC) per barrel.


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: The 5"/38 cal gun was mounted on a very large number of US Navy ships in the World War II era. It was backfitted to many of the World War I-era battleships during their wartime refits, usually replacing 5"/25 guns that were fitted in the 1930s. It has left active US Navy service, but it is still on mothballed ships of the United States Navy reserve fleets. It is also used by a number of nations who bought or were given US Navy surplus ships. Millions of rounds of ammunition were produced for these guns, with over 720,000 rounds still remaining in Navy storage depots in the mid-1980s because of the large number of Reserve Fleet ships with 5"/38 cal guns on board.


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: Each mount carries one or two Mk 12 5"/38cal Gun Assemblies. The gun assembly shown is used in single mounts, and it is the right gun in twin mounts. It is loaded from the left side. The left gun in twin mounts is the mirror image of the right gun, and it is loaded from the right side. The Mk12 gun assembly weighs . The Mark 12 Gun Assembly was introduced in 1934, where it was first used in single pedestal mounts on the s, but by the time of World War II they had been installed in single and twin mounts on nearly every major warship and auxiliary in the US fleet.


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: US ships during World War II carried only small quantities of special common ammunition, as the anti-aircraft common was considered more useful, even if it meant achieving much less armor penetration. Bursting charges were explosive D composition A, the special common had only 0.9-1.2 kg due to its thicker walls (AP).


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: At the "LOAD" command, or if the mount is executing "RAPID" loading: (NOTE: Rapid loading means that, when the gun fires, the gun crew immediately reloads the gun without command until "CEASE FIRE" or "CHECK FIRE" is given.)


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: "Farragut" and "Mahan" had only open mounts. The "Gridley" class introduced the enclosed single gun house, but not all of its guns were enclosed. The "Benham" class replaced all pedestal mounts with open base ring mounts later on. The "Fletcher" class was the first to only have enclosed guns (except for the "Porter" and "Somers" destroyer leaders).


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: There are several models of the 5"/38, differentiated by the word "Mark" (or its abbreviation "MK") and a number. Variations to the basic design are called "Modifications" (or its abbreviation "Mod"). For instance, 5"/38 MK 21 is a single-barrel open pedestal mount widely used on amphibious ships, auxiliaries, and merchant ships. The 5"/38 MK 30 is a single enclosed base ring mount widely used on destroyer escorts. The 5"/38 MK 38 is a twin mount specifically designed for newer destroyers.


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: Since this gun fires semi-fixed ammunition, each round is delivered to the gun in two piecesa projectile and a powder case.


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: Depending on the mount, a 5"/38 caliber gun could have a crew of 15 to 27 personnel in the gun room and upper handling room. This does not include the personnel needed in the magazines during extended actions. There were two modes of mount operation that the crew was trained and expected to know. The primary mode was "automatic control", where the mount was slaved to the fire control system. But if the fire control system was damaged, or if the ship's power was out; the mount could continue the action in "local control". In US service, most gun crews were US Navy personnel. Even the civilian Merchant Marine ships had a small detachment of the Navy Armed Guard on board to operate the 5"/38 and other guns. One exception to this was on ships with a Marine Detachment, where the Marines manned one of the mounts, usually decorated with the Marine emblem ("see the USMC emblem on USS New Jersey's Mk 28, Mod 2 mount picture above").


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: This gun uses semi-fixed ammunition. ("Pictured") (Also called Separated Ammunition.) Each round consists of a projectile and a powder case. The two parts of the round are kept separate until they get to the gun. At the gun, they are first combined on the rammer tray, and then power rammed into the chamber together with one ram cycle. The powder case completely fills the volume of the chamber, and its length seats the projectile's rotating band into the bore's rifling. This is different from a naval bag gun. In a bag gun: (1) The projectile, by itself, is power rammed into the chamber until its rotating band is seated in the bore's rifling. (2) The rammer is retracted. (3) The powder bags are then rammed in. This is also different from some artillery field guns: (1) The projectile is hand rammed into the chamber with a ramrod until its rotating band is seated in the bore's rifling. (2) The ramrod is retracted. (3) Next powder is placed in the chamber either as a bag or primed canister with the required charge. Note that the single ram operation used in semi-fixed guns decreases the loading time, and therefore increases the firing rate on medium and large caliber guns. For example, each of the nine 8"(203 mm)/55 caliber Rapid-Fire guns installed on the used auto-loaded semi-fixed ammunition and had a firing rate of 10 to 12 rounds a minute. See also the 8"/55 caliber Mark 71 gun.


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: The body is basically a machined steel tube with an ogive shape at one end. At the ogive and rear ends are threaded openings used to the install the shell's filler and hold the fuzes. Around the tube near the base is a copper alloy ring called the Rotating Band. This band has a diameter larger than the bore, and when the projectile and powder case are rammed into the chamber, the band is jammed into the grooves of the bore's rifling. It forms a gas seal between the projectile and the bore. Also, as the projectile travels down the barrel, the band grips the rifling to impart spin to the projectile.


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: The Fuse detonates the projectile to cause maximum damage to the target. Different targets required different fuzes. The safety requirements of a fuze are that...


title: 5-inch/38-caliber gun

text: The powder case is a brass or steel alloy cylinder closed at one end. It holds the propelling charge and a case combination primer. The charge is held packed around the primer by a wad, distance piece (not in clearing charge), and plug. When rammed in the chamber with the projectile, the Full and Reduced charge cases are designed to completely fill the volume of the chamber from the breechblock face to the base of the projectile when its rotating band is jammed into the bore's rifling. In other words, the powder case acts a rammer extension for the projectile. There are three types of powder cases:


title: Brenham, Texas

text: Brenham ( ) is a city in east-central Texas in Washington County, United States, with a population of 17,369 according to the 2020 U.S. census. It is the county seat of Washington County.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: Washington County is known as the "Birthplace of Texas," as it contains the site of the signing of the Texas Declaration of Independence on March 2, 1836 in the town of Washington-on-the-Brazos. This is now a state historic site.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: Brenham is also known for its annual German heritage festival that takes place each May called Maifest, similar to Volksfest. Numerous German immigrants settled here in the mid-nineteenth century, following the Revolutions in German states in 1848.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: The area surrounding Brenham was occupied by various Native American tribes through the nineteenth century. The Brenham area was part of the Old Three Hundred, the first authorized colonization of Texas by Anglo-Americans led by Stephen F. Austin. In the 1820s and 1830s, several small communities developed in the area. In 1843, the Hickory Grove community was renamed Brenham in memory of a local physician, Richard Fox Brenham, who died while serving in the Texian militia during the Mier Expedition. On February 4, 1844, Washington County voters selected Brenham to become the county seat. German immigrants settled in Brenham as early as 1846. With the exception of the Civil War years, the German-born population of Brenham increased throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. The largest numbers of German immigrants arrived between 1880 and 1883. Jewish immigrants settled in Brenham beginning in the 1860s and established one of the first Orthodox congregations in Texas in 1885.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.8 square miles (22.7 km), all of it land.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate System describes the weather as humid subtropical, and uses the abbreviation "Cfa".


title: Brenham, Texas

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 17,639 people, 6,197 households, and 3,606 families residing in the city.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 13,507 people, 4,907 households, and 3,115 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,541.5 people per square mile (595.3/km). There were 5,317 housing units at an average density of 606.8 per square mile (234.3/km). The racial makeup of the city was 69.99% White, 21.91% African American, 0.25% Native American, 1.86% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 4.75% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.25% of the population.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: There were 4,907 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.01.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 15.9% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: The median income for a household in the city was $32,198, and the median income for a family was $41,486. Males had a median income of $31,133 versus $22,152 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,351. About 12.8% of families and 17.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.9% of those under age 18 and 20.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: Brenham is the home of and headquarters for Blue Bell Creameries. Blue Bell is the 4th best-selling ice cream brand in the United States, and is sold in 16 states.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: Brenham is also home to a large Valmont Industries industrial plant, where metal poles are manufactured.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: The city is the site of the Brenham State Supported Living Center, the largest facility in Texas for providing housing and care to intellectually disabled persons.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: The Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services operates the Brenham State Supported Living Center (formerly Brenham State School).


title: Brenham, Texas

text: The city operates as a council–manager government - as such it elects its mayor and city council, who then appoint a city manager. The mayor is elected by the city at large, while the city council is elected per-ward. There are four wards, and each ward elects a single city council member. Two additional council members are elected from the city at large. The mayor and city council members serve 4 year terms.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: The City of Brenham's primary education is provided by Brenham Independent School District (Brenham ISD) and various private schools. The public schools in Brenham ISD include Brenham Elementary School, Krause Elementary School, Alton Elementary School, Brenham Middle School, Brenham Junior High School, and Brenham High School. Brenham High School's mascot is the lion .


title: Brenham, Texas

text: The traditional role of middle school is split in two in Brenham, with 5th through 6th graders attending Brenham Middle School and 7th through 8th graders attending Brenham Junior High School. In 2022, Brenham ISD proposed a project to tear down and rebuild Brenham Junior High School to be able to handle the 6th grade through 8th grade population, then convert Brenham Middle School into a third elementary school serving students up to 5th grade, however this proposal was rejected by voters.


title: Brenham, Texas

text: Blinn College, the oldest county-owned junior college in Texas, is located in Brenham. Blinn has campuses also in Bryan, Schulenburg, and Sealy.


title: Nikki (comics)

text: Nicholette "Nikki" Gold is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Nikki first appeared in "Marvel Presents" #4 (April 1976) and was created by Steve Gerber and Mary Skrenes.


title: Nikki (comics)

text: The character is usually depicted as a woman in the Earth-691 timeline of the fictional Marvel Universe, genetically engineered to live on the planet Mercury. As such, her character has a superhuman ability to withstand heat and ultraviolet radiation, and can see clearly in very bright light. She is described as bald, although her fictional powers allow her to expel body heat through her head in a low-temperature flame resembling hair in shape.


title: Nikki (comics)

text: The Nikki character was the sixth member of the Guardians of the Galaxy, and noted for her acrobatic and sharp-shooting skill.


title: Nikki (comics)

text: Mercurians were first seen in "The Defenders" vol #1, #26, August 1975. Nikki first appeared in "Marvel Presents" #4 (April, 1976). Writer Steve Gerber recalled, "I wanted to [add] a girl – a Mercurian – because there wasn't one in the group. The conception was, I think, half mine and half Mary Skrenes'." She was first referred to in "FOOM" #12. At the time Gerber stopped writing "Marvel Presents", Nikki still had no clearly defined powers, leaving his successor Roger Stern to fill in that aspect of the character. Stern reflected, "Nikki was the blankest slate. I saw her 'power' as being able to adapt to virtually any environment. Otherwise, how would someone who had been born on the planet Mercury been able to stand - much less turn somersaults - under standard Earth gravity?"


title: Nikki (comics)

text: Nicholette "Nikki" Gold was born on the planet Mercury in the 31st century. She was rescued from an abandoned spacecraft by the Guardians of the Galaxy. She joined the Guardians, seeking excitement and adventure after years of solitude aboard the abandoned spacecraft. She later joined with Vance Astro in a metaphysical union in a successful attempt to use the force of human love to destroy the Topographical Man. The sexual nature of this union embarrassed Vance, but not Nikki.


title: Nikki (comics)

text: Nikki traveled to the present with the other Guardians, and assisted the Avengers in battle against Korvac. She traveled to the present again, and battled Hammer and Anvil alongside Spider-Man.


title: Nikki (comics)

text: Alongside the Guardians, Nikki later went on a quest to find the lost shield of Captain America, and battled Taserface. She battled the Stark alongside the other Guardians. She encountered Firelord. She battled the super-humanoid team known as Force alongside the Guardians.


title: Nikki (comics)

text: During her time on the team, Nikki had a romantic relationship with Charlie-27, though they later amicably separated. She became attracted to later Guardian recruits Firelord and Talon though both simply wished to remain friends.


title: Nikki (comics)

text: Nikki is a member of a genetically engineered offshoot of humanity whose traits were designed for survival in the harsh conditions of the planet Mercury. As such, she has the ability to see in intense light, and has a high degree of resistance to heat and most types of radiation. As she has matured, Nikki has demonstrated an ability to increase the intensity of the flames radiating from her scalp, to the point of being able to briefly project the flames outward as an offensive tactic; she has been shown using this ability to burn the hair from Charlie-27's scalp and eyebrows, scorch opponents such as the evil mutant Blockade, and lay down a wall of flame to repel attackers. Another side effect of Mercurian physiology is a natural body temperature of several hundred degrees; at one point, Nikki took up swimming to temporarily reduce her body temperature for Charlie-27's safety while they were in a romantic relationship.


title: Nikki (comics)

text: Nikki has achieved extensive proficiency in hand-to-hand combat and proficiency in gymnastics and sharp-shooting. She is self-taught from memory tapes.


title: Nikki (comics)

text: Nikki is often armed with a neuronic frequency stun gun, a laser pistol, and various handgun-type weapons as needed.