title: UAAP Volleyball Championship

text: In the semi-Finals, the top four teams based on team standings (and tie-breakers, if applicable) from the group stage battle for a Finals slot. The two top seeds have a twice-to-beat advantage, that is they must be beaten twice in order to be eliminated. The lower seeds, on the other hand, are eliminated when they are defeated once. The surviving teams face off in a best-of-three Finals, where the team which notches two wins wins the championship.


title: UAAP Volleyball Championship

text: If a team wins all of the games in the group stage, the step ladder format is used, where the unbeaten team has a bye to the Finals. The third and fourth seed will figure in a knockout game; the winner of that game will face the second seed which has a twice-to-beat advantage. The surviving team meets the first seed team in the Finals. From 2012 to 2015, the first seed team holds a thrice-to-beat advantage (or an automatic 1–0 lead in a best-of-five Finals) for sweeping the group stage. Starting 2016, all volleyball Finals series will be a best-of-three affair, but the rest of the regular and step ladder semi-Finals formats will remain in place.


title: UAAP Volleyball Championship

text: Current tournament format introduced. Tournament for juniors' division are added on the second year of implementation of Final Four.


title: UAAP Volleyball Championship

text: The Final Four for Volleyball was instituted in Season 56 (1993–94). That year, the UAAP declared that there will be a Final Four in all mandatory sports. In 2004, there was no Final Four since the DLSU Lady Spikers swept the double round-rbin and were awarded the championship outright, becoming the only volleyball varsity team in the UAAP to win the championship outright with a 14-0 group stage sweep record. In 2007, following the loss of the UE Red Warriors to the DLSU Green Archers in the Finals series of the UAAP Season 70 basketball tournament despite UE's group stage sweep, the UAAP Final Four format was modified for elimination sweep cases.


title: UAAP Volleyball Championship

text: The stepladder format was introduced beginning 2008 for all UAAP sports. Until 2015, in the earlier stepladder format, the no. 1 seed team was automatically qualified to a Finals berth with a thrice-to-beat incentive (and thus reformatting the best-of-three series to a 1-0 incentive lead in a best-of-five series). The other three teams in the top four rankings underwent play-off games to determine which will qualify for a Finals berth. Starting 2016, the thrice-to-beat incentive was removed, reverting to a best-of-three championship series for all sporting events in the UAAP (except football, which is a single-game UAAP championship match). Other Final Four rules still remain in place.


title: UAAP Volleyball Championship

text: The UST men's volleyball team's 14-0 perfect group stage record in 2009 was the first to be recorded in UAAP history, but they played based on the regular Final Four format, becoming the only UAAP varsity team to achieve a perfect 17–0 season sweep record. , the UST Growling Tigers, DLSU Lady Spikers, the ADMU Blue Eagles and Lady Eagles, and the NU Lady Bulldogs achieved the 14-0 elimination sweeps record in the Final Four era of the UAAP collegiate volleyball. DLSU is currently the only school in UAAP collegiate volleyball history to complete multiple season-long elimination sweeps within the 2008–present form of the Final Four era, with the Lady Spikers having achieved it twice and currently holding the longest ongoing appearance in the Final Four of UAAP volleyball (since 2009).


title: UAAP Volleyball Championship

text: In 2014 and 2015, ADMU emerged as the lowest Final Four-seeded volleyball team to ever win the UAAP championship (where they played through the stepladder playoffs format and won over 5 knockout games) as well as the first volleyball varsity team in UAAP history to both win the championship and achieve a perfect 16–0 season sweeps record (from group stage playoffs to championship series), respectively. ADMU also remains the only UAAP collegiate team to achieve both the 14-0 group stage and 16–0 season sweeps records for both men's and women's volleyball teams (each at least once), after the former achieved this feat in 2017. In 2022, NU became the first volleyball varsity team in the UAAP since the COVID-19 pandemic to both win the championship and achieve a perfect 16–0 season sweeps record after ending their 65-year volleyball championship drought in the women's division.


title: UAAP Volleyball Championship

text: The volleyball tournaments in Juniors' division started in Season 57 (1994–1995). The number of schools participating in the girls' division increased to six in Season 76 (2013–14) when Adamson University fielded a team. In Season 77 (2014–15), the number of schools participating in the boys' and girls' divisions increased to seven each as FEU fielded a team in both divisions.


title: Hawkwind discography

text: The discography of the British space rock group Hawkwind spans from their formation in 1969 through to the present day, with consistent output of live and studio albums, EPs and singles. The group have used aliases to release some albums in an attempt to either redefine themselves, as with the 1978 album "25 Years On" released under the name Hawklords, or simply to distinguish the piece of work from their usual output, as with "White Zone" released under the name Psychedelic Warriors.


title: Hawkwind discography

text: From 1970 through to 1975, the group were contracted to Liberty/UA producing their most commercially successful and critically acclaimed work, five studio albums, the UK top 9 live album "Space Ritual" and five singles, including the UK top 3 single "Silver Machine". This catalogue is now owned by EMI and is in print.


title: Hawkwind discography

text: The mid-late 1970s saw them produce four studio albums under contract to Charisma. In the early 1980s, they produced a studio album and live album under contract to Bronze in 1980, then three studio albums for Rockfield Studios owner Kingsley Ward's Active/RCA. Since then, the band have recorded for numerous independent labels, including Flicknife, their former manager Douglas Smith's label GWR, Essential (through Castle Communications), and from 1994-97 their own label EBS administered by Smith.


title: Hawkwind discography

text: The catalogue from this 1976-97 period has passed through various record companies and seen numerous releases, in North America through Griffin, and some counterfeit copies on the German label Rock Fever. It was secured by Cherry Red in the UK for their Atomhenge imprint in 2008 and has been re-issued with the inclusion of previously unreleased bonus tracks.


title: Hawkwind discography

text: Between 1999 and 2007, the band released both new and archive material through Voiceprint, this catalogue now being out of print.


title: Hawkwind discography

text: At the beginning of 1980, Dave Brock started collating material from his archives and issuing cassette tape albums under the imprint Weird Records. He would subsequently license these recordings to various independent record companies, such as Flicknife, former bass player Dave Anderson's American Phonograph, the then band manager Jim White's Samurai and later Voiceprint. This material has been subject to many retitling, repackaging and re-issuing through different labels, leading to multitudes of cheap titles of which the band have no control.


title: Hawkwind discography

text: This section contains official (i.e. contractual and contemporaneous) albums that Hawkwind have recorded live or in the studio for release. It has long been a practice of theirs to incorporate live recordings (albeit with studio overdubs) of previously unreleased tracks on studio albums (for example "Hall of the Mountain Grill"), and studio recordings of previously unreleased tracks on live albums (for example "Palace Springs"). Compilation albums listed are those that have been compiled by record labels that had Hawkwind under contract to produce a series of albums.


title: Hawkwind discography

text: The singles and EPs listed here, in the main, are all of those that went on general release in the UK. There are a couple of overseas releases included as they are significant in that their A-side and/or B-side were unavailable in the UK.


title: Hawkwind discography

text: This section lists those Hawkwind albums, EPs and singles that have been compiled and released from previously unissued archive tapes, be it live, studio out-takes or demo material. All of the releases listed here are the original ones; retitles, re-releases and derivatives have purposefully been omitted. Only one release, "Bring Me the Head of Yuri Gagarin", was not approved for release by Dave Brock.


title: Hawkwind discography

text: This section contains Various Artists compilations that contain Hawkwind material that was unavailable elsewhere.


title: Hawkwind discography

text: There have been several CDs and DVDs that have been privately pressed by the band and made available for either members of the band's fan club, or for the audience at gigs.


title: Higher Learning Commission

text: The Higher Learning Commission (HLC) is an institutional accreditor in the United States. It has historically accredited post-secondary education institutions in the central United States: Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The headquarters of the organization is in Chicago, Illinois.


title: Higher Learning Commission

text: The United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation recognize the commission as an institutional accreditor; it was previously a regional accreditor. HLC grew out of the higher education division of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA) which dissolved in 2014.


title: Higher Learning Commission

text: In 2009, the Office of the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Education (OIG-ED) criticized the Higher Learning Commission's oversight of for-profit colleges and recommended that the agency consider "limiting, suspending, or terminating the organization's status." Although the OIG reaffirmed their recommendation that the department consider sanctions for the HLC the following year, adding critical reviews of HLC's accreditation of American InterContinental University and The Art Institute of Colorado, the Department of Education did not withdraw or limit HLC's accreditation authority. Six years later in 2015, the OIG-ED again criticized HLC this time with an audit on the review process the HLC used while considering colleges' proposals for competency-based credentials.


title: Higher Learning Commission

text: The Academic Quality Improvement Program is a set of policies and procedures that institutions can follow in order to maintain accreditation by the HLC.


title: Higher Learning Commission

text: The Academic Quality Improvement Program (AQIP) was developed as the "Academic Quality Improvement Project" beginning in 1999 by Stephen Spangehl at the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) (then the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools). The project was funded by a grant from the Pew Charitable Trusts. The project was inspired by Dr. Spangehl's experience as an examiner for the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, and sought to apply the principles of Total quality management to higher education.


title: Higher Learning Commission

text: AQIP originally focused on 9 categories of activity that lent themselves to self-assessment and continuous improvement, improved and refined in 2008. The guidelines identified ten core principles—Focus, Involvement, Leadership, Learning, People, Collaboration, Agility, Foresight, Information, and Integrity—that high performing organizations use to guide their operations, and required institutions to develop their own projects to apply those principles tho their own activity and measure their success.


title: Higher Learning Commission

text: The program took a collaborative approach with "Strategy Forums" where groups of institutions shared their insights about the "Action Projects" they undertook to address various challenges. The records of Action Projects were stored in an online network that other participants could access and use as guidance for future improvements. At the end of the review cycle institutions were responsible for preparing a "Systems Portfolio" that required them to answer specific question about processes, results, and improvements for each of the 9 AQIP categories.


title: Higher Learning Commission

text: Known as the "AQIP Pathway", AQIP was one of three options (including Standard and Open Pathways) that institutions accredited by the Higher Learning Commission were able to pursue for reaccreditation. Dr. Linnea Stenson served as director of the program from 2015 to 2021.


title: Higher Learning Commission

text: In order to elect participation in AQIP, institutions were required to be accredited for ten years and to have demonstrated established foundations in "expected practice" under traditional pathways. Numerous factors might have made an institution ineligible for the optional pathway, including recent change in control, substantive change, sanction, monitoring, or if the accreditor had serious concerns about the institution's conduct or commitment to required accreditation activities.


title: Higher Learning Commission

text: At the end of academic year 2019–2020, HLC officially phased out AQIP as an accreditation pathway, leaving only Standard and Open Pathways as re-accreditation options.


title: Language deprivation experiments

text: Language deprivation experiments have been claimed to have been attempted at least four times through history, isolating infants from the normal use of spoken or signed language in an attempt to discover the fundamental character of human nature or the origin of language.


title: Language deprivation experiments

text: The American literary scholar Roger Shattuck called this kind of research study the "forbidden experiment" because of the exceptional deprivation of ordinary human contact it requires. Although not designed to study language, similar experiments on non-human primates (labelled the "pit of despair") utilising complete social deprivation resulted in serious psychological disturbances.


title: Language deprivation experiments

text: An early record of a study of this kind can be found in Herodotus's "Histories". According to Herodotus (ca. 485 – 425 BE), the Egyptian pharaoh Psamtik I (664 – 610 BE) carried out such a study, and concluded the Phrygian race must antedate the Egyptians since the child had first spoken something similar to the Phrygian word "bekos", meaning "bread". Recent researchers suggest this was likely a willful interpretation of their babbling.


title: Language deprivation experiments

text: An experiment allegedly carried out by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in the 13th century saw young infants raised without human interaction in an attempt to determine if there was a natural language that they might demonstrate once their voices matured. It is claimed he was seeking to discover what language would have been imparted into Adam and Eve by God. The experiments were recorded by the monk Salimbene di Adam in his "Chronicles", who was generally extremely negative about Fredrick II (portraying his "calamities" as parallel to the Biblical plagues in "The Twelve Calamities of Emperor Frederick II") and wrote that Frederick encouraged "foster-mothers and nurses to suckle and bathe and wash the children, but in no ways to prattle or speak with them; for he would have learnt whether they would speak the Hebrew language (which he took to have been the first), or Greek, or Latin, or Arabic, or perchance the tongue of their parents of whom they had been born. But he laboured in vain, for the children could not live without clappings of the hands, and gestures, and gladness of countenance, and blandishments."


title: Language deprivation experiments

text: A few centuries after Frederick II's alleged experiment, James IV of Scotland was said to have sent two children to be raised by a mute woman isolated on the island of Inchkeith, to determine if language was learned or innate. The children were reported to have spoken good Hebrew, but historians were sceptical of these claims soon after they were made.


title: Language deprivation experiments

text: Mughal emperor Akbar was later said to have children raised by mute wetnurses. Akbar held that speech arose from hearing; thus children raised without hearing human speech would become mute.


title: Language deprivation experiments

text: Some authors have doubted whether or how exactly the experiments of Psamtik I and James IV actually took place; and probably the same goes for that of Frederick II. Akbar's study is most likely authentic, but offers an ambiguous outcome.


title: Kathleen York

text: Kathleen York is an American actress, screenwriter, and Oscar-nominated singer-songwriter recording artist. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "In the Deep" from the 2004 film "Crash."


title: Kathleen York

text: Acting since her teens, York is most known for her work recurring as Andrea Wyatt in NBC's "The West Wing", the Dominick Dunne miniseries "A Season in Purgatory", and received critical acclaim for her starring role as Naomi Judd in the NBC miniseries, "Naomi & Wynonna: Love Can Build a Bridge". Her film credits include "Nightcrawler", "Crash", "Cries of Silence", "The Big Day", "I Love You to Death", "Flashback", and "Cold Feet".


title: Kathleen York

text: Series regular roles include "In the Dark", "Vengeance Unlimited", "Aaron's Way" and "The Client List" and recurring roles in "How To Get Away With Murder", "Jane The Virgin", "Outcast", "Murder One", "The O.C" and "Desperate Housewives". Guest star appearances include "True Blood", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "All Rise", "Longmire", "House", and "Revenge".


title: Kathleen York

text: As a screenwriter, York has developed television projects for Sony, Warner Brothers, Fox Television Studios and Fox Broadcasting Network and is an alumnus of The Showrunners Training Program.


title: Kathleen York

text: Musically, York achieved global recognition with her song "In the Deep", on whose writing and composition she collaborated with Michael Becker. It appears on her album "Wicked Little High," and it was written for the 2005 film "Crash". "In the Deep" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, with York performing the song live at the 78th Academy Awards in 2006.


title: Kathleen York

text: Her other music credits include the main theme song of the Sony Picture "Seven Pounds," the Felicity Huffman indie "Tammy's Always Dying" (2019), as well as featured song placements in "American Idol", "Nip/Tuck", "", "In Justice", "Warehouse 13", "House", "Army Wives" and "So You Think You Can Dance." She was the in-house song writer/composer for Season Two of the CBS series "Family Law". Her earlier releases include the self-titled "Bird York." Her EP "Have No Fear" was released independently in 2008.


title: McFlurry

text: The McFlurry is a brand of flavored ice cream distributed and sold by the American-based international fast food chain McDonald's.


title: McFlurry

text: The McFlurry was created by Canadian McDonald's franchisee Ron McLellan in Bathurst, New Brunswick, in 1995. In the U.S., the McFlurry was test-marketed in select regions in 1997. By March of 1998 the product was available to all U.S. and Canada locations and has been gradually introduced in other locations since then.


title: McFlurry

text: The McFlurry consists of whipped, soft serve McDonald's vanilla-flavored ice cream in a cup. The McFlurry has a specially designed spoon with a hole in the handle which is attached to a blender. Various types of candy or cookies are added to the cup, which are then blended using the spoon. McFlurry flavors vary from market to market, and new flavors are introduced regularly.


title: McFlurry

text: The ice cream in a McFlurry is the same that McDonald's uses for its cones and sundaes. The ice cream is made from Ultra-high-temperature processing (UHT) milk, extended with methylcellulose. CNBC reported that, from late 2016, McDonald's started phasing out artificial flavors from its vanilla ice cream. The change was part of an effort to recover the more than 500 million customer visits it had lost since 2012.


title: McFlurry

text: Despite calling the McFlurry "a quick-serve medley of gelatinous, innocuous ice cream that some reviewers might consider closer to caulk than dairy," Wil Fulton of the Thrillist ranked the M&M McFlurry at the end of his list of the 17 Best Fast Food Desserts. The Daily Meal put the Oreo McFlurry on its list of the Best Fast Food Desserts.


title: McFlurry

text: Prior to September 2006, the opening of McFlurry container lids was of a size that caused some animals to become trapped with their heads inside the container. A small outcry in the UK, particularly to protect hedgehogs, caused a redesign in the container shape. After "significant research and design testing," the size of the opening was reduced to prevent entry of these animals. In 2019, McDonald's announced it would remove the lids as part of a move to reduce the use of single-use plastics by the chain.


title: McFlurry

text: The program "30 Rock" prominently featured the McFlurry in the plot of its season 3 episode 11 show, "St. Valentine's Day". The intentionally heavy-handed product placement caused a controversy in the media.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: The history of the Jews in Ethiopia refers to people in Ethiopia who practice Judaism or have Jewish ancestry. This history goes back millennia. The largest Jewish group in Ethiopia is the Beta Israel, also known as Ethiopian Jews. Offshoots of the Beta Israel include the Beta Abraham and the Falash Mura, Ethiopian Jews who were converted to Christianity, some of whom have reverted to Judaism. Addis Ababa is home to a small community of Adeni Jews. Chabad also maintains a presence in Addis Ababa.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: According to the Beta Israel tradition, the Jewish kingdom of Beta Israel, later called the kingdom of Gondar, was initially established after Ezana was crowned as the Emperor of Axum in 325 CE. Ezana, who was educated in his childhood by the missionary Frumentius, declared Christianity as the religion of the Ethiopian empire after he was crowned. The inhabitants who practiced Judaism and refused to convert to Christianity began revolting; this group was referred to as "Beta Israel" by the emperor. Following civil war between the Jewish population and the Christian population, the Beta Israel appear to have forged an independent state, either in northern western Ethiopia or the eastern region of Northern Sudan. By the 13th century, the Beta Israel had already moved to the more easily defensible mountains to the northwest of the Christianized region of the plains. The kingdom was located in the Semien Mountains region and the Dembia region – situated to the north of Lake Tana and south of the Tekezé River. They made their main city at Gondar, crowned their first king, Phineas, a descendant of the Jewish High Priest Zadok, and started a period of territorial expansion eastward and southward.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: During the mid-9th century, the empire of Aksum began a new expansion, which led to an armed conflict between the Empire forces and the Beta Israel forces. The Beta Israel kingdom under King Gideon IV managed to defeat the Axum forces. During the battle, King Gideon IV was killed. As a result, Gideon's daughter Judith inherited the kingdom from her father and took command.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Queen Judith signed a pact with the Agaw tribes which were pagans. Around 960, The large confederation led by Queen Judith, which included both forces of the Agaw tribes and the Beta Israel forces, invaded the capital city of Axum, conquering and destroying it (including many churches and monasteries which were burned and destroyed) and imposed the Jewish rule over Axum. In addition, the Axumite throne was snatched and the forces of Queen Judith sacked and burned the Debre Damo monastery which at the time was a treasury and a prison for the male relatives of the emperor of Ethiopia, killing all of the potential heirs of the emperor.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: The Golden Age of the Beta Israel kingdom took place, according to the Ethiopian tradition, between the years 858–1270, in which the Jewish kingdom flourished. During that period, the world Jewry heard for the first time the stories of Eldad ha-Dani, who either visited the kingdom or heard many accounts of it in his own Jewish kingdom of pastoralists. Even Marco Polo and Benjamin of Tudela mention an independent Ethiopian Jewish kingdom in the writings from that period. This period ends with the rise of the Christian Solomonic dynasty; in 1270 the dynasty was "restored" after the crowning of a monarch who claimed descent from the single royal prince who managed to escape Queen Judith's uprising. For the next three centuries, the Solomonic dynasty emperors conducted several long ongoing series of armed confrontations with the Jewish kingdom.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: In 1329, Emperor Amda Seyon campaigned in the northwest provinces of Semien, Wegera, Tselemt, Tsegede and Dembiya in which many had been converting to Judaism and where the Beta Israel had been gaining prominence. He sent troops there to fight people "like Jews" (Ge'ez ከመ:አይሁድ "kama ayhūd"). There is no evidence for a unified Beta Israel dominion at this time. Judaized groups were dispersed, politically divided,- some being allied to the Emperor.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Emperor Yeshaq (1414–1429) who had allies among the Beta Israel invaded the Jewish kingdom, annexed it, and began to exert religious pressure. Yeshaq divided the occupied territories of the Jewish kingdom into three provinces, which were controlled by commissioners appointed by him. He reduced the Jews' social status below that of Christians and forced the Jews to convert or lose their land. It would be given away as "rist", a type of land qualification that rendered it forever inheritable by the recipient and not transferable by the Emperor. Yeshaq decreed, "He who is baptized in the Christian religion may inherit the land of his father, otherwise let him be a "Falāsī"." This may have been the origin for the term "Falasha" ("falāšā", "wanderer", or "landless person"). This term is considered derogatory to Ethiopian Jews.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: In 1435, Elijah of Ferrara recounted meeting an Ethiopian Jew in Jerusalem in a letter to his children. The man told him of the ongoing conflict of his independent nation with the Christian Abyssinians; he relayed some of the principals of his faith, which, Ferrara concluded, balanced between Karaite and Rabbinical Judaism. His people were not familiar with the Talmud and did not observe Hanukkah, but their canon contained the book of Esther and they had an oral interpretation of the Torah. Ferrara further recorded that they had their own language, that the journey from their land lasted six months, and that the biblical Gozan river was found within their borders.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: By 1450, the Jewish kingdom managed to annex back the territories it lost beforehand and began preparing to fight the armies of the emperor. The Beta Israel forces invaded the Ethiopian Empire in 1462, but lost the campaign, and many of its military forces were killed. Later on, the forces of the Ethiopian emperor invaded the kingdom in the region of Begemder, and massacred many of the Jews in that region throughout a period of seven years. The Emperor Zara Yaqob (reigned 1434–1468) even proudly added the title "Exterminator of the Jews" to his name. Although the area of the kingdom became significantly smaller afterwards, the Jews were able to eventually restore their mountain kingdom.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: In the 16th century, the Chief Rabbi of Egypt, David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (also called Radbaz, ca.1479-1573), proclaimed that in terms of "halakha" the Ethiopian Beta Israel community are ethnically Jewish.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Between the years 1529 until 1543, the Muslim Adal Sultanate armies, with the assistance of forces from the Ottoman Empire, fought the Ethiopian Empire, and came close to defeating Ethiopia, and converting its subjects to Islam. During that time period, the Jews made a pact with the Ethiopian Empire. The leaders of the Kingdom of Beta Israel changed their alliance during the war, and began supporting the Muslim Adal Sultanate armies. However, the Adal Sultanate armies felt strong enough to ignore this offer of support, and killed many of its members. As a result, the leaders of the Beta Israel kingdom turned to the Ethiopian empire and their allies, and continued the fight against them. They conquered different regions of the Jewish kingdom, severely damaged its economy, and requested their assistance in winning back the regions lost to the Adal Sultanate. The forces of the Ethiopian empire did succeed eventually in conquering the Muslims and preventing Ahmed Gragn from conquering Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the Ethiopian Christian empire decided to declare war against the Jewish Kingdom, giving as their justification the Jewish leaders' change of positions during the Ethiopian–Adal War. With the assistance of Portuguese forces from the Order of the Jesuits, the Ethiopian empire, under the rule of Emperor Gelawdewos, invaded the Jewish kingdom, and executed the Jewish king Joram. As a result of this battle, the areas of the kingdom became significantly smaller, and included now only the region of the Semien Mountains.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: After the execution of King Joram, King Radi became the leader of the Beta Israel kingdom. King Radi also fought against the Ethiopian Empire, which at that period of time was ruled by Emperor Menas. The forces of the Jewish kingdom managed to conquer the area south of the kingdom, and strengthened their defenses in the Semien Mountains. The battles against the forces of Emperor Menas were successful, as the Ethiopian empire forces were eventually defeated by the Beta Israel army.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: During the reign (1563–1597) of Emperor Sarsa Dengel, that invaded the Beta Israel kingdom with the use of Cannons that He recently captured from the ottomans. the forces of the Ethiopian empire besieged the Jewish kingdom. The Jews survived the siege, but at the end of the siege, their King Goshen was executed, and many of his soldiers, as well as many other Beta Israel members, decided to commit mass suicide.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: During the reign of Susenyos I, who publicly converted to Catholicism in 1622, the Ethiopian empire waged war against the Jewish kingdom, and managed to conquer the entire kingdom and annex it to the Ethiopian empire by 1627. The vanquished Jews were forced to baptize, and denied the right to own land.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: After the Beta Israel autonomy in Ethiopia ended in the 1620s, Emperor Susenyos I confiscated their lands and forcibly baptized others. In addition, Jewish writings and religious books were burned and the practice of any form of Jewish religion was forbidden in Ethiopia. As a result of this period of oppression, much traditional Jewish culture and practice was lost or changed.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Nonetheless, the Beta Israel community appears to have continued to flourish during this period. The capital of Ethiopia, Gondar, in Dembiya, was surrounded by Beta Israel lands. The Beta Israel served as craftsmen, masons, and carpenters for the Emperors from the 16th century onwards. Such roles had been shunned by Ethiopians as lowly and less honorable than farming. According to contemporary accounts by European visitors, Portuguese merchants and diplomats, French, British, and other travellers, the Beta Israel numbered about one million persons in the 17th century. These accounts also recounted that some knowledge of Hebrew persisted among the people in the 17th century. For example, Manoel de Almeida, a Portuguese diplomat and traveller of the day, wrote that:


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: The sources of De Almeida's knowledge are not spelled out, but they at least reflect contemporary views. His comments regarding the Hebrew knowledge of the Beta Israel of that time is very significant: it could not have come from recent intercourse with Jews elsewhere, so it indicates deep antiquity to Beta Israel traditions, at least at that time, before their literature was taken away from them and demolished by the later conquering Christians. (The more sceptical school of historians, whose views are discussed above, deny that the Ethiopian Jews ever knew Hebrew; they certainly have no Hebrew texts remaining, and have been forced in recent centuries to use the Christian "Old Testament" in Ge'ez after their own literature was destroyed.) It is also of interest that he mentions more Jewish communities dwelling beyond Ethiopia in the Sudan. As so often in such medieval hearsay accounts, however, loose claims are made that may not be accurate. The Beta Israel were not predominantly of the Arabic race, for instance, but he may have meant the term loosely or meant that they also knew Arabic.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: The isolation of the Beta Israel community in Ethiopia, and their continuing use of some Hebrew, was also reported by the Scottish explorer James Bruce who published his travelogue "Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile" in Edinburgh in 1790.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: The Beta Israel lost their relative economic advantage in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the Zemene Mesafint, a period of recurring civil strife. Although the capital was nominally in Gondar during this time period, the decentralization of government and dominance by regional capitals resulted in a decline and exploitation of Beta Israel by local rulers. No longer was there a strong central government interested in and capable of protecting them. During this period, the Jewish religion was effectively lost for some forty years, before being restored in the 1840s by Abba Widdaye, the preeminent monk of Qwara.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Rabbi David ibn Zimra of Egypt (1479–1573), when asked about a certain black-skinned woman taken captive from Ethiopia (Judeo-Arabic: אל-חבאש) and sold to a Jew in Egypt (the woman claiming to be of Jewish descent), wrote of the impressions the Jews of Egypt had at that time of their Ethiopian counterparts who claimed Jewish descent:


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: ...Lo! the matter is well-known that there are perpetual wars between the kings of Kush, which has three kingdoms; part of which belonging to the Ishmaelites, and part of which to the Christians, and part of which to the Israelites from the tribe of Dan. In all likelihood, they are from the sect of Sadok and Boethus, who are [now] called Karaites, since they know only a few of the biblical commandments, but are unfamiliar with the Oral Law, nor do they light the Sabbath candle. War ceases not from amongst them, and every day they take captives from one another...


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: In the same "responsum", he concludes that if the Ethiopian Jewish community wished to return to rabbinic Judaism, they would be received and welcomed into the fold, just as the Karaites who returned to the teachings of the Rabbanites in the time of Rabbi Abraham ben Maimonides.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: The contemporary history of the Beta Israel community begins with the reunification of Ethiopia in the mid-19th century during the reign of Tewodros II. At that time, the Beta Israel population was estimated at between 200,000 and 350,000 people.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Despite occasional contacts in an earlier stage, the West only became well-aware of the existence of the Beta Israel community when they came in contact through the Protestant missionaries of the "London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews" which specialized in the conversion of Jews. The organization began its operating in Ethiopia in 1859. The Protestant missionaries, who worked under the direction of a converted Jew named Henry Aaron Stern, converted many of the Beta Israel community to Christianity. Between 1859 and 1922, about 2,000 Beta Israel members converted to Ethiopian Christianity (they did not convert to Protestantism due to an agreement the Protestant missionaries had with the government of Ethiopia). The relatively low number of conversions is partly explained by the strong reaction to the conversions from religious leadership of the Beta Israel community. The Beta Israel members who were converted to Christianity are known today as "Falash Mura".


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: The Protestant missionaries' activities in Ethiopia provoked European Jewry. As a result, several European rabbis proclaimed that they recognized the Jewishness of the Beta Israel community, and eventually in 1868 the organization "Alliance Israélite Universelle" decided to send the Jewish-French Orientalist Joseph Halévy to Ethiopia in order to study the conditions of the Ethiopian Jews. Upon his return to Europe, Halévy made a very favorable report of the Beta Israel community in which he called for world Jewish community to save the Ethiopian Jews, to establish Jewish schools in Ethiopia, and even suggested to bring thousands of Beta Israel members to settle in Ottoman Syria (a dozen years before the actual establishment of the first Zionist organization).


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Nevertheless, after a brief period in which the media coverage generated a great interest in the Beta Israel community, the interest among the Jewish communities worldwide declined. This happened mainly because serious doubts still remained about the Jewishness of the Beta Israel community, and because the Alliance Israélite Universelle organization did not comply with Halévy's recommendations.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Between 1888 and 1892, northern Ethiopia experienced a devastating famine. The famine was caused by rinderpest that killed the majority of all cattle (see 1890s African rinderpest epizootic). Conditions worsened with cholera outbreaks (1889–1892), a typhus epidemic, and a major smallpox epidemic (1889–1890).


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: About one-third of the Ethiopian population died during that period. It is estimated that between a half to two-thirds of the Beta Israel community died during that period.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: The myth of the lost tribes in Ethiopia intrigued Jacques Faitlovitch, a former student of Joseph Halévy at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes in Paris. In 1904, Faitlovitch decided to lead a new mission in northern Ethiopia. Faitlovitch obtained funding from the Jewish philanthropist Edmond de Rothschild, traveled and lived among the Ethiopian Jews. In addition, Faitlovitch managed to disrupt the efforts of the Protestant missionaries to convert the Ethiopian Jews, who at the time attempted to persuade the Ethiopian Jews that all the Jews in the world believe in Jesus. Between the years 1905–1935, he brought out 25 young Ethiopian Jewish boys, whom he planted in the Jewish communities of Europe, for example Salomon Yesha, Taamerat Ammanuel, Abraham Adgeh, Yona Bogale, and Tadesse Yacob.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Following his visit in Ethiopia, Faitlovitch created an international committee for the Beta Israel community, popularized the awareness of their existence through his book "Notes de voyage chez les Falashas" (1905), and raised funds to enable the establishment of schools in their villages.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: In 1908, the chief rabbis of 45 countries made a joint statement officially declaring that Ethiopian Jews were indeed Jewish.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: The Jewishness of the Beta Israel community became openly supported amongst the majority of the European Jewish communities during the early 20th century.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: In 1921, Abraham Isaac Kook, the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the British Mandate for Palestine, recognized the Beta Israel community as Jews.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: In 1935, armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy, headed by the fascist leader Benito Mussolini, invaded and occupied Ethiopia.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: The Italian regime showed hostility towards the Jews of Ethiopia. The racial laws which were enacted in Italy were also applied to Italian East Africa. Mussolini attempted to reach an agreement with Britain which would recognize Italian East Africa, during which Mussolini proposed to solve the "Jewish problem" in Europe and in Palestine by resettling the Jews in the north-west Ethiopian districts of Gojjam and Begemder, along with the Beta Israel community. The proposed Jewish state was to be federally united with the Italian Empire. Mussolini's plan was never implemented.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: When the State of Israel was established in 1948, many Ethiopian Jews began contemplating immigrating to Israel. Nevertheless, the Emperor Haile Selassie refused to grant the Ethiopian Jewish population permission to leave his empire.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Between the years 1965 and 1975, a relatively small group of Ethiopian Jews immigrated to Israel. The Beta Israel immigrants in that period were mainly a very few men who had studied and come to Israel on a tourist visa, and then remained in the country illegally.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Some supporters in Israel who recognized their Jewishness decided to assist them. These supporters began organizing associations, including one under the direction of Ovadia Hazzi, a Yemeni Jew and former sergeant in the Israeli army who married a wife from the Beta Israel community after the Second World War. Some of the illegal immigrants managed to regularize their status with the Israeli authorities through the assistance of these support associations. Some agreed to "convert" to Judaism, which helped them to regularize their personal status and thus remain in Israel. Those who had regularized their status often brought their families to Israel as well.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: In 1973, Ovadia Hazzi officially raised the question of the Jewishness of the Beta Israel to the Israeli Sephardi rabbi Ovadia Yosef. The rabbi, who cited a rabbinic ruling from the 16th century Radbaz and asserted that the Beta Israel are descended from the lost tribe of Dan, acknowledged their Jewishness in February 1973. This ruling was initially rejected by the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi Shlomo Goren, who eventually changed his opinion on the matter in 1974.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: In April 1975, the Israeli government of Yitzhak Rabin officially accepted the Beta Israel as Jews, for the purpose of the Law of Return (an Israeli act that grants all the Jews in the world the right to immigrate to Israel).


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Later on, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin obtained clear rulings from Ovadia Yosef that they were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes. The Chief Rabbinate of Israel did, however, initially require them to undergo "pro forma" Jewish conversions, to remove any doubt as to their Jewish status.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: After a period of civil unrest, on September 12, 1974, a pro-communist military junta, known as the "Derg" ("committee"), seized power after ousting the emperor Haile Selassie I. The Derg installed a government which was socialist in name and military in style. Lieutenant Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam assumed power as head of state and Derg chairman. Mengistu's years in office were marked by a totalitarian-style government, and the country's massive militarization, financed by the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and assisted by Cuba. Communism was officially adopted by the new regime during the late 1970s and early 1980s.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: As a result, the new regime gradually began to embrace anti-religious and anti-Israeli positions, as well as showing hostility towards the Jews of Ethiopia.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Towards the mid-1980s, Ethiopia underwent a series of famines, exacerbated by adverse geopolitics and civil wars, which eventually resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands. As a result, the lives of hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians, including the Beta Israel community, became untenable and a large part tried to escape the war and the famine by fleeing to neighboring Sudan.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Concern for the fate of the Ethiopian Jews and fear for their well-being contributed eventually to the Israeli government's official recognition of the Beta Israel community as Jews in 1975, for the purpose of the Law of Return. Civil war in Ethiopia prompted the Israeli government to airlift most of the Beta Israel population in Ethiopia to Israel in several covert military rescue operations which took place from the 1980s until the early 1990s.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Addis Ababa at one point had a prominent Adenite community. Most of them left fairly quickly, with many making aliyah, however some stayed and established synagogues and Hebrew schools. By 1986, there were only six Adeni families left in the city, and almost all of their property was seized by the Mengistu regime.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Ethiopia has an embassy in Tel Aviv; the ambassador is also accredited to the Holy See, Greece and Cyprus. Israel has an embassy in Addis Ababa; the ambassador is also accredited to Rwanda and Burundi. Israel has been one of Ethiopia's most reliable suppliers of military assistance, supporting different Ethiopian governments during the Eritrean War of Independence.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: During the imperial era, Israeli advisers trained paratroops and counterinsurgency units belonging to the Fifth Division (also called the Nebelbal, 'Flame', Division). In December 1960, a section of the Ethiopian army attempted a coup whilst the Emperor Haile Sellassie I was on a state visit in Brazil. Israel intervened, so that the Emperor could communicate directly with general Abbiye. General Abbiye and his troops remained loyal to the Emperor, and the rebellion was crushed.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: In the early 1960s, Israel started helping the Ethiopian government in its campaigns against the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF). The Ethiopian government portrayed the Eritrean rebellion as an Arab threat to the African region, an argument that convinced the Israelis to side with the Ethiopian government in the conflict. Israel trained counter-insurgency forces and the Governor General of Eritrea, Asrate Medhin Kassa, had an Israeli Military Attaché as his advisor. An Israeli colonel was put in charge of a military training school at Decamare and the training of the Ethiopian Marine Commando Forces. By 1966, there were around 100 Israeli military advisors in Ethiopia.


title: History of the Jews in Ethiopia

text: Ethiopian Prime Minister Aklilu Habte-Wold began seeking political support for breaking relations with Israel after the OAU summit. After long discussions, the cabinet voted to sever diplomatic links with Israel. The decision was however censored by a veto from the Emperor. Even after Ethiopia broke diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973, Israeli military aid continued after the Derg military junta came to power and included spare parts and ammunition for U.S.-made weapons and service for U.S.-made F-5 jet fighters. Israel also maintained a small group of military advisers in Addis Ababa. In 1978, however, when the Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Dayan admitted that Israel had been providing security assistance to Ethiopia, Mengistu Haile Mariam expelled all Israelis so that he might preserve his relationship with radical Arab states such as Libya and South Yemen. In 1983, for example, Israel provided communications training, and in 1984 Israeli advisers trained the Presidential Guard and Israeli technical personnel served with the police. Some Western observers believed that Israel provided military assistance to Ethiopia in exchange for Mengistu's tacit cooperation during Operation Moses in 1984, in which 10,000 Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews) were evacuated to Israel. In 1985 Israel reportedly sold Addis Ababa at least US$20 million in Soviet-made munitions and spare parts captured in Lebanon. According to the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), the Mengistu regime received US$83 million worth of Israeli military aid in 1987, and Israel deployed some 300 military advisers to Ethiopia. Additionally, the EPLF claimed that thirty-eight Ethiopian pilots had gone to Israel for training. In return for this aid, Ethiopia permitted the emigration of the Beta Israel. Departures in the spring reached about 500 people a month before Ethiopian officials adopted new emigration procedures that reduced the figure by more than two-thirds. The following year, Jerusalem and Addis Ababa negotiated another agreement whereby Israel provided agricultural, economic, and health assistance. Also, in May 1991, as the Mengistu regime neared its end, Israel paid US$35 million in cash to allow nearly 15,000 Beta Israel to emigrate from Ethiopia to Israel.


title: Minix

text: MINIX (from mini-Unix) is a Unix-like operating system based on a microkernel architecture. Since version 2.0, it has been Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) compliant.


title: Minix

text: Early versions of MINIX were created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum for educational purposes. Starting with MINIX 3, the primary aim of development shifted from education to the creation of a highly reliable and self-healing microkernel OS. MINIX 3 was developed as open-source software.


title: Minix

text: MINIX was first released in 1987, with its complete source code made available to universities for study in courses and research. It has been free and open-source software since it was relicensed under the BSD-3-Clause license in April 2000.


title: Minix

text: Andrew S. Tanenbaum created MINIX at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam to exemplify the principles conveyed in his textbook, "" (1987). (Despite sharing a name, it has no relation to the older MINIX from Digital Systems House, Inc. based on AT&T Unix code.)


title: Minix

text: An abridged 12,000 lines of the C source code of the kernel, memory manager, and file system of MINIX 1.0 are printed in the book. Prentice-Hall also released MINIX source code and binaries on floppy disk with a reference manual. MINIX 1 was system-call compatible with Seventh Edition Unix.


title: Minix

text: Tanenbaum originally developed MINIX for compatibility with the IBM PC and IBM PC/AT 8088 microcomputers available at the time.


title: Minix

text: MINIX 1.5, released in 1991, included support for MicroChannel IBM PS/2 systems and was also ported to the Motorola 68000 and SPARC architectures, supporting the Atari ST, Commodore Amiga, Apple Macintosh and Sun SPARCstation computer platforms. There were also unofficial ports to Intel 386 PC compatibles (in 32-bit protected mode), National Semiconductor NS32532, ARM and Inmos transputer processors. Meiko Scientific used an early version of MINIX as the basis for the MeikOS operating system for its transputer-based Computing Surface parallel computers. A version of MINIX running as a user process under SunOS and Solaris was also available, a simulator named SMX (operating system) or just "SMX" for short.


title: Minix

text: Demand for the 68k-based architectures waned, however, and MINIX 2.0, released in 1997, was only available for the x86 and Solaris-hosted SPARC architectures. It was the subject of the second edition of Tanenbaum's textbook, cowritten with Albert Woodhull and was distributed on a CD-ROM included with the book. MINIX 2.0 added POSIX.1 compliance, support for 386 and later processors in 32-bit mode and replaced the Amoeba network protocols included in MINIX 1.5 with a TCP/IP stack.


title: Minix

text: Version 2.0.3 was released in May 2001. It was the first version after MINIX had been relicensed under the BSD-3-Clause license, which was retroactively applied to all previous versions.


title: Minix

text: Minix-vmd is a variant of MINIX 2.0 for Intel IA-32-compatible processors, created by two Vrije Universiteit researchers, which adds virtual memory and support for the X Window System.


title: Minix

text: MINIX 3 was publicly announced on 24 October 2005 by Tanenbaum during his keynote speech at the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP). Although it still serves as an example for the new edition of Tanenbaum's textbook, coauthored by Albert S. Woodhull, it is comprehensively redesigned to be "usable as a serious system on resource-limited and embedded computers and for applications requiring high reliability."


title: Minix

text: MINIX 3 currently supports IA-32 and ARM architecture systems. It is available in a live CD format that allows it to be used on a computer without installing it on the hard drive, and in versions compatible with hardware emulating and virtualizing systems, including Bochs, QEMU, VMware Workstation and Fusion, VirtualBox, and Microsoft Virtual PC.


title: Minix

text: Version 3.1.2 was released on 18 April 2006. It was the first version after MINIX had been relicensed under the BSD-3-Clause license with a new fourth clause.


title: Minix

text: Version 3.1.5 was released on 5 November 2009. It contains X11, emacs, vi, cc, gcc, perl, python, ash, bash, zsh, ftp, ssh, telnet, pine, and over 400 other common Unix utility programs. With the addition of X11, this version marks the transition away from a text-only system. In many cases it can automatically restart a crashed driver without affecting running processes. In this way, MINIX is self-healing and can be used in applications demanding high reliability. MINIX 3 also has support for virtual memory management, making it suitable for desktop OS use. Desktop applications such as Firefox and OpenOffice.org are not yet available for MINIX 3 however.


title: Minix

text: As of version 3.2.0, the userland was mostly replaced by that of NetBSD and support from pkgsrc became possible, increasing the available software applications that MINIX can use. Clang replaced the prior compiler (with GCC now having to be manually compiled), and GDB, the GNU debugger, was ported.


title: Minix

text: MINIX 3.4.0RC, Release Candidates became available in January 2016. However, a stable release of MINIX 3.4.0 is yet to be announced, and MINIX development has been dormant since 2018.


title: Minix

text: MINIX supports many programming languages, including C, C++, FORTRAN, Modula-2, Pascal, Perl, Python, and Tcl.


title: Minix

text: All Intel chipsets post-2015 are running MINIX 3 internally as the software component of the Intel Management Engine.


title: Minix

text: Linus Torvalds used and appreciated MINIX, but his design deviated from the MINIX architecture in significant ways, most notably by employing a monolithic kernel instead of a microkernel. This was disapproved of by Tanenbaum in the Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate. Tanenbaum explained again his rationale for using a microkernel in May 2006.


title: Minix

text: Early Linux kernel development was done on a MINIX host system, which led to Linux inheriting various features from MINIX, such as the MINIX file system.


title: Minix

text: In May 2004, Kenneth Brown of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution made the accusation that major parts of the Linux kernel had been copied from the MINIX codebase, in a book named "Samizdat". These accusations were rebutted universally—most prominently by Tanenbaum, who strongly criticised Brown and published a long rebuttal on his own personal Web site, also claiming that Brown was funded by Microsoft.


title: Minix

text: At the time of MINIX's original development, its license was relatively liberal. Its licensing fee was very small ($69) relative to those of other operating systems. Tanenbaum wished for MINIX to be as accessible as possible to students, but his publisher was unwilling to offer material (such as the source code) that could be copied freely, so a restrictive license requiring a nominal fee (included in the price of Tanenbaum's book) was applied as a compromise. This prevented the use of MINIX as the basis for a freely distributed software system.


title: Minix

text: When free and open-source Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and 386BSD became available in the early 1990s, many volunteer software developers abandoned MINIX in favor of these. In April 2000, MINIX became free and open-source software under the BSD-3-Clause license, which was retroactively applied to all previous versions. However, by this time other operating systems had surpassed its capabilities, and it remained primarily an operating system for students and hobbyists. In late 2005, MINIX was relicensed with a fourth clause added to the BSD-3-Clause license.


title: Lee Si-eon

text: Lee Si-eon (born Lee Bo-yeon on July 3, 1982) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his comic supporting role in the popular campus drama "Reply 1997". He is also known for being a cast member of MBC's popular reality TV show "I Live Alone" until his departure in December 2020.


title: Lee Si-eon

text: On November 8, 2021, it was reported that Lee is getting married on December 25, 2021, held in Jeju. which will have a private wedding. Later the same day, Lee's agency confirmed that Lee was going to have a wedding.


title: Mae Muller

text: Holly Mae Muller (born 26 August 1997) is an English singer-songwriter. She released an album titled "Chapter 1" with Capitol Records in 2019 and released an EP, "No One Else, Not Even You," in 2020.


title: Mae Muller

text: Before pursuing music Muller worked in an American Apparel shop on Oxford Street, as well as in a bar in Kentish Town. She has expressed her gratitude at having worked rather than attending university, since it "pushed [her] to work hard". Muller attended Fine Arts College, in Belsize Park. Muller began writing songs at the age of 19, and released a song titled "Close". She approached a friend who plays guitar and uses Logic Pro to help her produce the song, which she released on SoundCloud. She said that she "gave him a bottle of wine for doing it", since she "had no money". The attention received from the song led to her quitting her job and working on music full-time. After uploading a video of her singing onto Instagram, Muller was discovered and signed by her manager. She stated that her lack of writing experience prior to the release of the song "worried her" when she began writing her debut extended play. The EP, "After Hours", was released in February 2018, and was described as a "bold, confident first step" by "DIY". "After Hours" was followed by the release of her second EP, "Frankly", in September 2018, which "A1234" described as a "stunning piece of work", and noted that Muller is "one to watch".


title: Mae Muller

text: On 5 April 2019, Muller released her debut studio album, titled "Chapter 1". She went on to become a supporting act for Little Mix along with boy band New Rules, on the British leg of their . Following the tour, she released a single titled "Therapist", which she had performed on the tour prior to its release. Alongside the release of "Therapist", Muller also announced her first national tour, visiting five cities across the United Kingdom. In September 2020, Muller announced that her third EP would be released on 6 November 2020. The EP, titled "No One Else, Not Even You", will be supported by a headline tour across the United Kingdom and Europe. The video for one of its songs, "So Annoying", was directed by Sophie Muller, who is not related to Mae.


title: Mae Muller

text: In 2021, Muller appeared as guest vocalist on "When You're Out", Billen Ted's follow-up to their number one hit "Wellerman. She joined the Swedish artist collective Neiked and the American rapper Polo G on the single "Better Days", a song which was a new entry at number 57 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart of October 30 and which climbed 22 places into the top 40 a week later. "Better Days" also charted on the UK Singles Chart, debuting at number 52 on the chart of 4 November 2021 after accumulating a sales total of 8,007.


title: Mae Muller

text: On 27 October 2022, Muller released her single 'I Just Came To Dance', with music video to follow on 28 October.


title: Rory McGrath

text: Patrick Rory McGrath (born 17 March 1956) is a British comedian, television personality, and writer. He came to prominence in the comedy show "Who Dares Wins" and was a regular panellist on the game show "They Think It's All Over" for many years. He acted in the sitcom "Chelmsford 123" and appeared in the ITV reality show "Sugar Free Farm".


title: Rory McGrath

text: McGrath was born in Redruth, Cornwall, England. He studied at Redruth Grammar School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, from which he received a lower second class degree in modern languages.


title: Rory McGrath

text: McGrath became a member of the Footlights while at Cambridge and met Jimmy Mulville, with whom he wrote and performed. After university, they wrote BBC radio scripts for Frankie Howerd and Windsor Davies. McGrath also co-wrote "Black Cinderella Two Goes East" with Clive Anderson for BBC Radio 2 in 1978. McGrath and Mulville went on to write for shows such as "Not the Nine O'Clock News" and "Alas Smith and Jones", and they were part of the team of writer/performers behind "Injury Time" (1980–1982), and the Channel 4 comedy sketch series "Who Dares Wins". In 1981 McGrath wrote and performed in the radio show Glompus Van De Hloed's Tales From The Crypt alongside Andrew Sachs, Chrissy Roberts, Griff Rhys Jones and Mel Smith, from which an album was produced.


title: Rory McGrath

text: In 1986, McGrath, with Jimmy Mulville and Denise O'Donoghue, co-founded the independent British TV production company Hat Trick Productions. An early production was "Chelmsford 123" (1988 and 1990), which McGrath and Mulville wrote and performed. In 1990, he hosted the game show "Trivial Pursuit" on BBC One, but in 1992 he was dismissed from Hat Trick, allegedly for not pulling his weight. The confrontation came days after McGrath had left his wife and two young children. He was a panel member on the BBC comedy sports quiz "They Think It's All Over" (1995–2006). He was presenter of the series "Rory's Commercial Breakdown" (1997), where humorous adverts were shown from different countries. He has made two football DVDs, "Own Goals and Gaffs – The Premiership" in 2002 and "More Own Goals and Gaffs" in 2003. McGrath also appeared in an episode of the Sooty Show (Time Capsule), as a scuba diver who appeared from anywhere to stop Matthew Corbett and Sooty from burying their time capsule.


title: Rory McGrath

text: From 2006 to 2011, McGrath starred in the BBC's "Three Men in a Boat" series, alongside Dara Ó Briain and Griff Rhys Jones. The series has included the trio rowing up the River Thames (similar to the eponymous 1889 novel "Three Men in a Boat" by Jerome K. Jerome), sailing from London to the Isle of Wight for a sailing yacht race, borrowing numerous vessels to make their way from Plymouth to the Isles of Scilly, taking to the Irish canals and rivers along with Ó Briain's dog (Snip Nua), travelling in the Mediterranean to Venice and attempting to find a boat to take to the anniversary of the Statue of Liberty, where in response to a challenge between Ó Briain and Rhys Jones (who had each secured a boat and refused to give it up to use the other's), he secured permission to use the Nantucket Lightship. He also hosted Industrial Revelations: Best of British Engineering, series 5, first broadcast in 2008.


title: Rory McGrath

text: His first book, "Bearded Tit – Confessions of a Birdwatcher", was published by Ebury Press on 1 May 2008 and was serialised by BBC Radio 4.


title: Rory McGrath

text: First airing in August 2008, McGrath co-starred in a four-part television series with British comedian Paddy McGuinness, broadcast on Channel 5, "Rory and Paddy's Great British Adventure". In the series McGuinness and McGrath embarked on a nationwide road-trip, "on a mission to explore Britain's sporting heritage by probing the hidden life of its towns and villages". The series documented numerous arcane sports such as cheese rolling, toe wrestling and swamp soccer. In 2011, McGrath presented "Pub Dig" for History. He presented two series of "The Lakes" for ITV and in 2016, he took part in ITV's "Sugar Free Farm" which saw him go sugar free for two weeks.


title: Rory McGrath

text: McGrath is married to Nicola. They met at Cambridge, but married other people. After both their marriages ended, she contacted him and they restarted their relationship in 1995.


title: Rory McGrath

text: McGrath supports Arsenal, Celtic and Plymouth Argyle. He and Peter Cook (a Tottenham supporter) used to have a friendly rivalry over their respective clubs. On the night that Cook died in January 1995, Tottenham had beaten Arsenal. McGrath found out about his friend's death after failing to receive Cook's usual abusive phonecall the next morning. McGrath is a friend and fan of Ralph McTell. He contributed liner notes to "Affairs of the Heart", a McTell compilation album.


title: Rory McGrath

text: In May 2013, McGrath assaulted two people whilst intoxicated, leaving one person with a bloody nose and scratches. He received a caution.


title: Rory McGrath

text: In January 2017, McGrath was sentenced to 10 weeks in jail, suspended for 18 months, for harassing a former lover.


title: Easy Life

text: Easy Life (stylised as easy life) are an English alternative indie pop group formed in Leicester in 2017. They came second in the 2020 edition of the BBC's Sound of..., an annual music poll of music critics and industry figures to find the most promising new music talent. Their third mixtape, "Junk Food", reached No. 7 on the UK Albums Chart a day after its release. Their debut studio album, "Life's a Beach", was released on 28 May 2021.


title: Easy Life

text: The band was formed by frontman Murray Matravers in mid-2017. They released their first single, "Pockets", via Chess Club Records in November 2017, and subsequently signed to Island Records. They released their debut mixtape "Creature Habits" in April 2018. Following the release of the singles "Frank" in July 2018 and "Nightmares" in September 2018, the band appeared on "Later... with Jools Holland". The band finished 2018 by releasing their fourth single, "Temporary Love Part 1" (with B-side "Temporary Love Part 2"), in December. In 2022 they took to Glastonbury's Pyramid Stage, this was their second Glastonbury appearance and a remarkable step-up from their first on BBC Introducing. They featured alongside former Brockhampton member Kevin Absract, who joined them on stage and promptly forgot his verse.


title: Easy Life

text: They released their second mixtape, "Spaceships", containing the single "Sunday" in March. They headlined the BBC Introducing stage at the Glastonbury Festival in June. Debuting as Annie Mac's "Hottest Record" on BBC Radio 1 in July, the band released the single "Earth". The music video, commenting on environmental issues, was shot at a plastic recycling plant in Morocco.


title: Easy Life

text: The band released their debut album "Life's a Beach" on 28 May 2021. It reached the number two spot on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Easy Life

text: They released their second album "Maybe in Another Life..." on 7 October 2022. Like the band's first album, it also reached the number two spot on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: Jared Francisco Borgetti Echavarría (; born 14 August 1973) is a Mexican former professional footballer who currently works as a commentator for ESPN Deportes and ESPN Mexico.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: As a player, Borgetti was known as a prolific goal scorer at both club and national level, and was renowned for his heading ability. With 46 goals, Borgetti is the second all-time leading goal scorer (behind Javier Hernández) of the Selección de fútbol de México. He is the Santos Laguna top goal scorer with 205 goals. He was popularly known by the nickname of "El Zorro del Desierto" ("The Desert Fox") in reference to his debut team, Atlas, and his birthplace.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: Borgetti began his club career with Atlas in the Primera División de México on 6 March 1994, debuting in a 3–1 loss to Club América. After two successful seasons, he signed with Santos Laguna, where he claimed three golden boot titles for most goals in the season in his seven-year participation with club. With Santos, he won two league championships. Borgetti later signed a one-year contract with promoted team Dorados de Sinaloa, where he stated he wanted to play in his home team, before joining Pachuca, at the latter where he had little activity due to the qualifying games for the World Cup.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: On 4 August 2005, Borgetti signed a two-year deal with English club Bolton Wanderers for a fee of around £1 million. He became the first Mexican to play for an English club.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: He made his official English debut in a 2–0 Premier League win over Newcastle United twenty days after signing, and scored his first goal for the club during Bolton's UEFA Cup tie against Lokomotiv Plovdiv on 15 September, scoring again in the competition against Besiktas on 20 October. He went on to score in the FA Cup against Watford and in the League Cup against West Ham and Leicester City. Having also scored two league goals against Manchester City and Charlton Athletic, Borgetti ended the season with seven goals in all competitions.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: After the 2005–06 season, Borgetti was released by Bolton. He eventually signed with Saudi Arabian club Al-Ittihad. He made his debut on 9 September 2006, scoring two goals in a 3–2 victory over Saudi team Al-Ta'ee. In December 2006, Borgetti left Al-Ittihad. Teams from the leagues of France, England, and Spain showed interest in signing the player.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: In mid-December 2006, Santos Laguna showed interest in signing Borgetti and Francisco Fonseca, but unfortunately, days later, Club América signed Vicente Matias Vuoso on loan to Santos. Borgetti and Fonseca turned down the club's offer and later announced that he would return to Mexico as a member of Cruz Azul under a one-year contract. In 2007, Borgetti was called upon by Hugo Sánchez to represent Mexico in a series of international friendly matches and tournaments. His jersey number was 58.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: On 21 December 2007, it was officially announced that Borgetti would play for Monterrey for the next six months in the Mexico Clausura 2008 tournament. Borgetti scored his first goal with the "Rayados" in the "Clásico Regiomontano" against Tigres UANL, where Tigres won 3–2.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: Starting on 14 January 2009, Borgetti played for Guadalajara for six months. He was brought especially to play in the 2009 Copa Libertadores. He always stated that he had accomplished one of his dreams as a footballer, to be on a team where all of the players were Mexican-born and to be on a team with the most championships in the Primera División. Borgetti played seven games in the Torneo Clausura 2009 as a starter and six as a sub, barely recording 220 minutes for the club. In the Copa Libertadores, he played six out of the six games, three as a starter and three as a sub, playing a total of 366 minutes. Shortly after the season ended Borgetti was let go along with other newly recruited teammates due to the club's disappointing season.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: Since his departure from Guadalajara, Borgetti has gone on to sign with Puebla as of 13 June 2009 in time for the Apertura 2009 Tournament. In a pre-season game, Borgetti suffered a broken ribcage and had to sit out for the first four weeks of the Apertura Tournament. He scored his first goal on 9 August 2009 against Querétaro. He continued his good form by scoring a header on 22 August 2009, in a 2–1 win against Pachuca. At the end of the season Borgetti left the club to pursue another team. He decided to go back to Mexico with his family and friends.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: On 27 December 2009 signed a one-year contract with Monarcas Morelia. On 13 February 2010 he scored his first goal with Monarcas Morelia and 249th in Mexico league soccer. That same goal tied him for 3rd top goal scorer in Mexico league history with José Saturnino Cardozo. On 24 April 2010, he scored his 250th goal, giving him the sole possession of the 3rd position in the top goal scorers of the Mexico League, passing Jose Cardozo who played for Toluca and scored 249 goals.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: After his departure from Morelia, Borgetti was considering retirement, but after getting an agreement with Club León, he played for the team in Mexico's Liga de Ascenso in the fall of 2010. After failing to make it to the play-offs he was released from his contract. On 5 December 2010, he announced his retirement from professional football.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: On the international stage, Borgetti first played with Mexico on 5 February 1997 against Ecuador. He would not make his mark internationally, however, until the qualification campaign for the 2002 FIFA World Cup began in late 2000. After the qualification campaign proved successful for Mexico, Borgetti became a regular starter within the squad and went on to score goals for his country at the 2001 Copa América, the 2002 World Cup, and the 2004 Copa América.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: Borgetti's most successful tournament was the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup. He scored three goals against Brazil and Germany and helped Mexico to a fourth-place finish. He also had to retake a penalty twice against Brazil due to various infractions. It was blocked on the third attempt, but he later scored the winning goal that resulted in a 1–0 upset.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: On 25 March 2007, Borgetti came off the bench, replacing Omar Bravo in a match against Paraguay. Borgetti scored two goals within three minutes. On 8 June 2007, Borgetti played in the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup, scoring two goals. He also scored a goal in the quarter-finals against Costa Rica. In the final against the United States, Borgetti injured himself, and could not participate in the 2007 Copa América, where the Mexico national team reached the third place in the competition against Brazil and Argentina, beating Uruguay in the third place game of the Copa América.


title: Jared Borgetti

text: Borgetti is of Italian descent through his grandfather, who migrated from Cuneo, Piedmont, to Sinaloa. Due to this, he was able to get an Italian passport, though Borgetti has stated that this was solely for the purpose of playing football in England. Allowing him to be a EU-member player and not a foreign player.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: A policy of deliberate ambiguity (also known as a policy of strategic ambiguity, "strategic uncertainty") is the practice by a government of being intentionally ambiguous on certain aspects of its foreign policy. It may be useful if the country has contrary foreign and domestic policy goals or if it wants to take advantage of risk aversion to abet a deterrence strategy. Such a policy can be very risky as it may cause misinterpretation of the intentions of a state, leading to actions that contradict that state's wishes.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: There is deliberate ambiguity regarding the government of the country of 'China' (as well as what land this country constitutes). Currently, two governments claim legitimate rule and sovereignty over all of China, which they claim includes Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, as well as some other islands. The People's Republic of China (PRC) rules Mainland China under a one-party system and Hong Kong and Macau as special administrative regions, while the Republic of China (ROC) governs the Island of Taiwan as well as the Kinmen Islands, the Pescadores Islands and the Matsu Islands, formerly under a one-party system which the ROC collectively refers to as the "Free area of the Republic of China". Similar circumstances existed until 1949 as the Nationalist government controlled most parts of the country while the Communist rebels held on parts of China, particularly in the north and Jiangxi where the Chinese Soviet Republic was declared. Other proto-states such as Fujian, Tibet, and Outer Mongolia were not under the central government's control. For further background, see Two Chinas, One China and Cross-Strait relations.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: Owing to the controversial political status of Taiwan and the People's Republic of China's One China principle, foreign governments have felt a need to be ambiguous regarding Taiwan. The PRC pressures states to recognize it as the sole legitimate representative of China, with which most states comply. In practice, however, most states maintain different levels of ambiguity on their attitudes to the Taiwan issue: see Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China and Foreign relations of the Republic of China.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: Starting with the 1979 Nagoya Resolution, an agreement with the International Olympic Committee, those from Taiwan who attend the Olympic Games and other various international organizations and events participate under the deliberately ambiguous name of "Chinese Taipei".


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: Saddam Hussein employed a policy of intentional ambiguity about whether Iraq had weapons of mass destruction prior to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. He persisted in a “cat and mouse” game with U.N. inspectors to try to avoid violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687, while at the same time trying to ensure that the population and its neighbors (specifically Iran) still believed that Iraq may have weapons of mass destruction.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: Israel is deliberately ambiguous as to whether or not it possesses nuclear weapons, which its commentators term "nuclear ambiguity" or "nuclear opacity". Most analysts agree that Israel is in possession of nuclear weapons.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: Israel also practices deliberate ambiguity over the issue of targeted killings and airstrikes. Prior to 2017, Israel almost never confirmed or denied whether Israel was involved in the deaths of suspected terrorists on foreign soil. However, with the onset of the Syrian Civil War (and Israel's involvement against Iran and Hezbollah), exceptions to its policy became more prominent. Israel acknowledged its intervention in missile strikes in military role in the war has been limited to missile strikes, which until 2017 were not officially acknowledged. Israel has made rare exceptions to this policy to deny involvement in certain killings in the Syrian Civil War.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: In early April 2015, an editorial in the British newspaper "The Times", with a reference to semi-official sources within the Russian military and intelligence establishment, opined that Russia's warnings of its alleged preparedness for a nuclear response to certain non-nuclear acts on the part of NATO, were to be construed as "an attempt to create strategic uncertainty" to undermine Western concerted security policy.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: The United Kingdom is deliberately ambiguous about whether its ballistic missile submarines would carry out a nuclear counter-attack in the event that the government were destroyed by a nuclear first strike. Upon taking office, the incoming prime minister issues sealed letters of last resort to the commanders of the submarines on what action to take in such circumstances.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: The United States has historically and presently has a policy of strategic ambiguity on several issues.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: The oldest and longest running of the United States' deliberately ambiguous policies was whether and how it would defend the Republic of China on Taiwan in the event of an attack by the People's Republic of China (Mainland China). This issue is at the cornerstone of United States–Taiwan relations and a central sticking point in United States–China relations. This policy was intended to discourage both a unilateral declaration of independence by ROC leaders and an invasion of Taiwan by the PRC. The United States seemingly abandoned strategic ambiguity in 2001 after then-President George W. Bush stated that he would "do whatever it takes" to defend Taiwan. He later used more ambiguous language, stating in 2003 that "The United States policy is one China".


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: In October 2021, President Biden announced a commitment that the United States would defend Taiwan if attacked by the People's Republic of China. But then the White House quickly clarified: "The president was not announcing any change in our policy and there is no change in our policy". In May 2022 Biden again stated that the U.S. would intervene militarily if China invaded Taiwan. Though a White House official again stated that the statement did not indicate a policy shift.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: Another historic use of this policy is whether the United States would retaliate to a chemical or biological attack with nuclear weapons; specifically, during the Persian Gulf War. Related is the notion of a nuclear umbrella. Some commentators believe President Barack Obama broke US policy and damaged U.S. interests by failing to take sufficient action against the regime of Bashar al-Assad for its Ghouta chemical attack on civilians in the village of Ghouta near Damascus on August 21, 2013. President Barack Obama had used the phrase "red line" in reference to the use of chemical weapons on August 20, just one day prior. Specifically, Obama said: "We have been very clear to the Assad regime, but also to other players on the ground, that a red line for us is we start seeing a whole bunch of chemical weapons moving around or being utilized. That would change my calculus. That would change my equation."


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: Since passing a 1987 law, New Zealand has banned all nuclear powered means of war, whether nuclear weapons or nuclear powered propulsion from its sovereign territory; thereby making it a military nuclear-free zone. New Zealand has not banned civilian nuclear energy, but it is no longer used there and the public is quite opposed, thereby making it a "de facto" nuclear-free country. This ban includes its territorial waters as per the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: Official U.S. Navy policy is "not to deploy nuclear weapons aboard surface ships, naval aircraft, attack submarines, or guided missile submarines. However, we do not discuss the presence or absence of nuclear weapons aboard specific ships, submarines, or aircraft.” Because the U.S. Navy refuses to confirm whether any particular ship is or is not carrying nuclear weapons, this was an effective ban on the ships' entry into New Zealand territory. In response, the United States partially suspended New Zealand from the ANZUS military alliance. President Ronald Reagan stated that New Zealand was "a friend, but not an ally".


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: The United States also tolerates Israel's deliberate ambiguity as to whether Israel has nuclear weapons. Israel is not a signatory to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Therefore, by not acknowledging that Israel likely has nuclear weapons, the US avoids having to sanction it for violating American anti-proliferation law.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: After West Germany gave up its "Hallstein Doctrine" of ending diplomatic relations with any country recognizing East Germany (thus implicitly following a "one Germany policy"), West Germany turned to a policy of virtual/"de facto" recognizing East Germany in the 1970s, despite still maintaining several policies in accordance with the fictive but "de jure" legal principle of there being only one Germany.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: East German citizens were treated as West German citizens upon arrival in West Germany and exports to East Germany were treated as if they were domestic trade. That created a deliberately ambiguous policy that reconciled the demand by the rest of the world for West Germany to acknowledge the existence of East Germany and the desire by the vast majority of West German politicians to avoid recognizing German partition as permanent.


title: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

text: India's Draft Nuclear Doctrine has been put under scrutiny ever since it was updated in January 2003.


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: The World Football Elo Ratings are a ranking system for men's national association football teams that is published by the website eloratings.net. It is based on the Elo rating system but includes modifications to take various football-specific variables into account, like the margin of victory, importance of a match, and home field advantage. Other implementations of the Elo rating system are possible and there is no single nor any official Elo ranking for football teams.


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: Since being developed, the Elo rankings have been found to have the highest predictive capability for football matches. FIFA's official rankings, both the FIFA World Rankings for men and the FIFA Women's World Rankings are based on a modified version of the Elo formula, the men's rankings having switched away from FIFA's own system for matches played since June 2018.


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: The Elo system, developed by Hungarian-American mathematician Árpád Élő, is used by FIDE, the international chess federation, to rate chess players, and by the European Go Federation, to rate Go players. In 1997, Bob Runyan adapted the Elo rating system to international football and posted the results on the Internet. He was also the first maintainer of the World Football Elo Ratings web site, currently maintained by Kirill Bulygin. Other implementations of the Elo rating system are possible.


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: The Elo system was adapted for football by adding a weighting for the kind of match, an adjustment for the home team advantage, and an adjustment for goal difference in the match result.


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: The ratings consider all official international matches for which results are available. Ratings tend to converge on a team's true strength relative to its competitors after about 30 matches. Ratings for teams with fewer than 30 matches are considered provisional.


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: A 2009 comparative study of eight methods found that the implementation of the Elo rating system described below had the highest predictive capability for football matches, while the men's FIFA ranking method (2006–2018 system) performed poorly.


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: The FIFA World Rankings is the official national teams rating system used by the international governing body of football. The FIFA Women's World Rankings system has used a modified version of the Elo formula since 2003. In June 2018, the FIFA ranking switched to an Elo-based ranking as well, starting from the current FIFA rating points. The major difference between the World Football Elo Rating and the new men's FIFA rating system is that the latter does not consider goal differential and counts a penalty shoot-out as a win/loss rather than a draw (neither method distinguishes a win in extra time from a win in regular time).


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: The status of the match is incorporated by the use of a weight constant. The constant reflects the importance of a match, which, in turn, is determined entirely by which tournament the match is in; the weight constant for each major tournament is:


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: The FIFA adaptation of the Elo rating features 8 weights, with the knockout stages in the World Cup weighing 12 times more than some friendly matches.


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: W is the result of the game (1 for a win, 0.5 for a draw, and 0 for a loss). This also holds when a game is won or lost in extra time. If the match is decided on penalties, however, the result of the game is considered a draw (W = 0.5).


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: where "dr" equals the difference in ratings (add 100 points for the home team). So "dr" of 0 gives 0.5, of 120 gives 0.666 to the higher-ranked team and 0.334 to the lower, and of 800 gives 0.99 to the higher-ranked team and 0.01 to the lower.


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: The FIFA adaptation of the Elo rating does not incorporate a home team advantage and has a larger divisor in the formula (600 vs 400), making the points exchange less sensitive to the rating difference of two teams.


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: The same example of a three-team friendly tournament on neutral territory is used as on the FIFA World Rankings page. Beforehand team A had a rating of 630 points, team B 500 points, and teams C 480 points.<br>The first table shows the points allocations based on three possible outcomes of the match between the strongest team A, and the somewhat weaker team B:


title: World Football Elo Ratings

text: When the difference in strength between the two teams is less, so also will be the difference in points allocation. The next table illustrates how the points would be divided following the same results as above, but with two roughly equally ranked teams, B and C, being involved:


title: Norwalk, California

text: Norwalk is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 105,549 at the 2010 census and an estimated 103,949 in 2019. It is the 58th most densely-populated city in California.


title: Norwalk, California

text: Founded in the late 19th century, Norwalk was incorporated as a city in 1957. It is located southeast of downtown Los Angeles and is part of the Greater Los Angeles area.


title: Norwalk, California

text: Norwalk is a member of the Gateway Cities Council of Governments. Norwalk's sister cities are Morelia in the Mexican state of Michoacán, and Hermosillo, in the Mexican state of Sonora.


title: Norwalk, California

text: The area known as "Norwalk" was first home to the Shoshonean Native American tribe. They survived primarily on honey, an array of berries, acorns, sage, squirrels, rabbits and birds. Their huts were part of the Sejat Indian village.


title: Norwalk, California

text: In the late 1760s, settlers and missions flourished under Spanish rule with the famous El Camino Real trail traversing the area. Manuel Nieto, a Spanish soldier, received a Spanish land grant (Rancho Los Nietos) in 1784 that included Norwalk.


title: Norwalk, California

text: After the Mexican–American War in 1848, the Rancho and mining days ended. Portions of the land were subdivided and made available for sale when California was admitted into the union of the United States. Word of this land development reached the Sproul Brothers in Oregon. They recalled the fertile land and huge sycamore trees they saw during an earlier visit to the Southern California area. In 1869, Atwood Sproul, on behalf of his brother, Gilbert, purchased of land at $11 an acre ($2,700/km) in an area known as "Corazón de los Valles", or "Heart of the Valleys".


title: Norwalk, California

text: By 1873, railroads were being built in the area and the Sprouls deeded , stipulating a "passenger stop" clause in the deed. Three days after the Anaheim Branch Railroad crossed the "North-walk" for the first time, Gilbert Sproul surveyed a town site. In 1874, the name was recorded officially as Norwalk. While a majority of the Norwalk countryside remained undeveloped during the 1880s, the Norwalk Station allowed potential residents the opportunity to visit the "country" from across the nation.


title: Norwalk, California

text: The families referred to as the "first families" of Norwalk (including the Sprouls, the Dewitts, the Settles, and the Orrs) settled in the area in the years before 1900. D.D. Johnston pioneered the first school system in Norwalk in 1880. Johnston was also responsible for the first real industry in town, a cheese factory, by furnishing Tom Lumbard with the money in 1882. Norwalk's prosperity was evident in the 1890s with the construction of a number of fine homes that were located in the middle of orchards, farms and dairies. Headstones for these families can be found at Little Lake Cemetery, which was founded in 1843 on the border between Norwalk and Santa Fe Springs at Lakeland Road.


title: Norwalk, California

text: At the turn of the 19th century, Norwalk had become established as a dairy center. Of the 50 local families reported in the 1900 census, most were associated with farming or with the dairy industry. Norwalk was also the home of some of the largest sugar beet farms in all of Southern California during this era. Many of the dairy farmers who settled in Norwalk during the early part of the 20th century were Dutch.


title: Norwalk, California

text: After the 1950s, the Hispanic population in Norwalk grew significantly as the area became increasingly residential.


title: Norwalk, California

text: In February 1958, two military aircraft, a Douglas C-118A military transport and a U.S. Navy P2V-5F Neptune patrol bomber, collided over Norwalk at night. Forty-seven servicemen were killed, as was a civilian 23-year-old woman on the ground who was hit by falling debris. A plaque commemorating the disaster and erected by the American Legion in 1961 marks the spot of the accident, today a mini-mall at the corner of Firestone Boulevard and Pioneer Boulevard.


title: Norwalk, California

text: Built in 1891 by the D.D. Johnston family, the Hargitt House was built in the architectural style of Victorian Eastlake. The Hargitt House Museum, located at 12426 Mapledale, was donated to the people of Norwalk by Charles ("Chun") and Ida Hargitt.


title: Norwalk, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (0.40%) is water.


title: Norwalk, California

text: Norwalk is bordered by Downey to the northwest, Bellflower to the southwest, Cerritos and Artesia to the south, and Santa Fe Springs and Whittier to the north and east.


title: Norwalk, California

text: 67.7% of persons age 5 years+, 2014-2018 live in a home where another language than English is spoken.


title: Norwalk, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Norwalk had a population of 105,549. The population density was . The racial makeup of Norwalk was 52,089 (49.4%) White (12.3% Non-Hispanic White), 4,593 (4.4%) African American, 1,213 (1.1%) Native American, 12,700 (12.0%) Asian (5.3% Filipino, 2.5% Korean, 0.9% Chinese, 0.8% Indian, 0.8% Vietnamese, 0.6% Cambodian, 0.3% Thai, 0.3% Japanese), 431 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 29,954 (28.4%) from other races, and 4,569 (4.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 74,041 persons (70.1%)


title: Norwalk, California

text: The Census reported that 103,934 people (98.5% of the population) lived in households, 315 (0.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 1,300 (1.2%) were institutionalized.


title: Norwalk, California

text: There were 27,130 households, out of which 13,678 (50.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 15,190 (56.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 5,045 (18.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,348 (8.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,712 (6.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 178 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 3,417 households (12.6%) were made up of individuals, and 1,631 (6.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.83. There were 22,583 families (83.2% of all households); the average family size was 4.10.


title: Norwalk, California

text: The population was spread out, with 29,164 people (27.6%) under the age of 18, 12,026 people (11.4%) aged 18 to 24, 30,138 people (28.6%) aged 25 to 44, 23,790 people (22.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 10,431 people (9.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.3 males.


title: Norwalk, California

text: There were 28,083 housing units at an average density of , of which 17,671 (65.1%) were owner-occupied, and 9,459 (34.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.8%. 70,180 people (66.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 33,754 people (32.0%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Norwalk, California

text: During 2009–2013, Norwalk had a median household income of $60,770, with 12.9% of the population living below the federal poverty line.