title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: During the concept stage of the UDR the major armed threat to the state was the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Following a split in this organisation the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) was formed in December 1969, just days before recruiting was to begin for the regiment.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: PIRA became and remained the priority for the UDR, although threats to life and property also existed from other organisations. The Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA) (the remnants of the "old IRA") continued to commit acts of violence as did the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), another offshoot from the "old IRA". Threats to the public peace also came from loyalist organisations such as the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) which used the "nom de guerre" Ulster Freedom Fighters when killing, and a selection of other groupings who emerged during the Troubles. As the PIRA campaign continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s, it and other groups increasingly targeted Ulster Defence Regiment soldiers as well as others from the forces of law and order."


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Methods of attack included sniping, bombs and other tactics used by guerrilla armies when facing an enemy with superior forces. There were however open actions between the regiment and the IRA, which varied in style and tactics between the urban setting of Belfast and rural areas.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: There were few conventional attacks, but notably, on 2 May 1974, up to forty IRA men attacked the isolated 6 UDR Deanery base at Clogher, Co. Tyrone. A sustained assault lasted for around twenty minutes, during which it was hit by rockets, mortars, and small-arms fire. F/Private Eva Martin was fatally wounded during this attack, the first female UDR soldier to be killed by enemy action.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The IRA developed home-made mortars referred to as "barrack-busters". Normally fixed to the back of a commercial vehicle such as a builder's lorry, the vehicle would be parked in position near a barracks and the devices fired by timing device or remote controlled sending missiles made from gas cylinders into the barracks compound. The largest of these was twelve tubes fired at 3 UDR's Kilkeel base "The Abbey" in 1992. Bases were also attacked in other ways such as the truck bomb which destroyed 2 UDR's Glenanne Barracks killing three soldiers and wounding many more.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Some mortars could also be fired horizontally. The first recorded use of this weapon was against a mobile patrol from 2 UDR on 1 March 1991. Two soldiers died. The funeral of one, Private Paul Sutcliffe, an Englishman, was held in Barrowford, Lancashire – the only UDR funeral to be held outside Northern Ireland. The second casualty, Private Roger Love, from Portadown died after three days.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: On 8 November 1987 the Provisional IRA bombed the cenotaph at Enniskillen in what became known as the Remembrance Day bombing. 200 UDR soldiers were about to march onto the square beside the memorial when the bomb exploded.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Because the UDR did not live in barracks like other soldiers but lived at home (in many cases with families), they were vulnerable to attack when off-duty. A number of soldiers were issued with personal weapons. Some of these were stolen from soldiers homes. Part-time soldiers were most at risk as they had day jobs which often took them to unsafe areas. Most UDR soldiers killed in the Troubles were attacked off-duty.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Forty-seven former soldiers were killed after their service finished. Others, especially in the Fermanagh border area, were forced to move to safer areas, had to sell their homes and, sometimes, their land as a result of imminent threat.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In February 2010 "about a dozen" former UDR soldiers in Mid-Ulster were warned by the PSNI that they were under threat from dissident Republicans.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Between 1 April 1970 and 30 June 1992, a total of 197 soldiers were killed as active servicemen. Another 61 were killed after they had left the UDR. Three members of the UVF and one UDA member killed during the conflict were also soldiers of the regiment at the time of their deaths.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Two UDR soldiers were killed by the regular army, three by loyalist paramilitaries, and the remaining 192 by republican paramilitaries (mainly the Provisional IRA). 22 died "by their own hand" and 220 died of natural causes, mostly heart attack. Four Greenfinches were killed during the Troubles, Private Eva Martin, L/Cpl Jean Leggett, Cpl Heather Kerrigan and Pte Margaret A. Hearst.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: During this time soldiers of the UDR were responsible for the killing of six civilians and two members of the IRA.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The first UDR soldier to be killed was Private Winston Donnell, aged 22, from the Strabane Company of 6 UDR, who was Killed in action on 9 August 1971 at a vehicle checkpoint (as part of the internment call-out) close to the Clady Bridge border crossing.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The first serving Catholic to be killed was 32-year-old part-time Private Sean Russell of 7 UDR, who was shot dead on 8 December 1971, in front of his wife and children, by members of the Irish Republican Army who burst into his home in the predominantly Catholic area of New Barnsley, Belfast. The last was part-time Private William Megrath of 11 UDR who was shot dead in July 1987 as he drove through the Twinbrook area of west Belfast on his way home from his civilian job.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The last UDR soldier to be killed was L/Cpl Ken Newell of 4/6 UDR who was kidnapped and shot on 26 November 1991 in South Armagh. Another soldier kidnapped with him was set free near Crossmaglen not far from where Cpl Newell's body was found.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Attacks did not stop after amalgamation. Six soldiers who had served with the UDR were killed on active duty with the Royal Irish Regiment (Home Service Battalions).


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Members of extremist groupings managed to join the UDR despite the vetting process. Their purpose in doing so was to obtain weapons, training and intelligence. Several stolen weapons were used in the commission of sectarian killings, attempted killings and robberies.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Vetting procedures were carried out jointly by Army Intelligence and the RUC's Special Branch and if no intelligence was found to suggest unsuitability individuals were passed for recruitment and would remain as soldiers until the commanding officer was provided with intelligence enabling him to remove soldiers with paramilitary links or sympathies.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: When the regiment was formed, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) did not yet exist; it would not be established until September 1971. Dual membership was initially acceptable to the military authorities as the UDA was not seen as a threat to the state. This changed when on 29 November 1972, the GOCNI, on instructions from Westminster, announced that dual membership of UDR and paramilitary organisations would not be tolerated and began a purge which saw 171 soldiers with links to the UDA discharged by the end of 1975. Lt Col Dion Beard (1RTR) commander of 3 UDR issued a battalion order:


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: A similar statement was issued by the commanding officer of 11 UDR when Ian Paisley's Third Force was established in 1981. The media reported that he had issued a battalion order to the effect that any soldier who became involved in the Third Force would be dismissed.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: During the regiment's 22-year history, loyalist raids were mounted against 3 UDR, 5 UDR, 7 UDR, 10 UDR, and 11 UDR. Subsequent to a raid against 11 UDR's C company, Lurgan on 20 October 1972, the guard commander, Sgt. Billy Hanna MM, was convicted of supplying arms and information to loyalist paramilitaries. Most were recovered in follow up operations, but some were later proven to have been used by loyalist organisations to carry out crimes, including murders. Most stolen weapons were taken by loyalist organisations, but a number of soldiers were killed by members of the IRA who attacked their homes to steal rifles.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: An article on the newly-established regiment published in "Fortnight" magazine in October 1972 noted several court cases involving UDR soldiers in the preceding weeks. On 18 September a member of the UDR, William Wright, of Portadown, was granted bail after appearing on an arms charge at Hillsborough. Wright reportedly shouted "no surrender" as he left the court with two other men who had been similarly charged. The following day a former member of the UDR, John Haveron, was remanded in a Belfast court after being charged with the attempted murder of three men outside the Imperial Hotel on 17 September. On 23 September an instructor in the UDR, Peter Wally, was cleared of a murder charge but later received 18 months imprisonment on a charge of wounding with intent in relation to an incident at a taxi depot on June 1st. On 28 September two members of the UDR were charged with assault and possession of arms. Neither Private Robert Lawrence nor Private Reginald Jamieson were prosecuted. A day later another UDR member, Alexander Thompson, appeared before the same court on a charge of possession of arms and ammunition. The author warned that the regiment was being increasingly perceived as an organisation similar to its “B-Specials” predecessor and it would “only take a few more charges similar to the ones outlined above to discredit the UDR completely”.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In May 1974 a Catholic couple, James and Gertrude Devlin, were shot dead outside their home near Donaghmore, County Tyrone. The UVF claimed responsibility and a UDR soldier was later sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In November 1974 Catholic man Kevin Regan died five days after being shot during a UVF gun attack on Maguire's Bar in Larne, County Antrim. A serving UDR soldier was later sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In February 1975 Catholic woman Colette Brown, a mother of four, was shot dead by Loyalists in Larne, County Antrim. No specific group claimed responsibility. A UDR soldier was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Two soldiers from the 11 UDR's C Company (also UVF members) were convicted of the 1975 killing of three musicians from The Miami Showband. This attack was led by Robin Jackson, a former UDR soldier who had been discharged for "undisclosed reasons". Two soldiers from 11 UDR's E Company, Portadown (also UVF members), died in the premature explosion of their own bomb.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The Miami Showband killings were carried out by the Glenanne gang; a secret informal Loyalist alliance that included members of the UDR, RUC, and UVF. According to "Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland", by Anne Cadwallader, permutations of the group killed about 120 people – almost all of whom were Catholic civilians with no links to Irish republican paramilitaries. The Cassel Report investigated 76 killings attributed to the group and found evidence that British soldiers and RUC officers were involved in 74 of those. Another key figure was Robert McConnell, a serving corporal in the UDR's 2nd Battalion. The report by Justice Henry Barron into the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings which killed 33 people lists him as a suspect; UDR Captain John Irwin was identified by John Weir in his affidavit as providing the explosives for the Dublin and Monaghan bombings. Former Glenanne Gang members named him as being involved in numerous other attacks, including the Reavey and O'Dowd killings. Several other UDR soldiers participated in terrorist attacks attributed to the Glenanne Gang.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In October 1975 a UDR soldier from Islandmagee, County Down, William Workman, was accused in court of being an active member of the UVF who had for two years instructed UVF members in the usage of firearms. In an alleged police statement Workman had admitted to being a member of the UVF.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In October 1976 UDR soldier Samuel Farrell from County Fermanagh was charged in the Special Criminal Court in Dublin with conspiracy and causing an explosion in relation to a loyalist car bomb attack at Pettigo, County Donegal, in September 1973. Farrell admitted to acting as getaway driver on the night of the bombing.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In 1977, the Army investigated D and G companies of 10 UDR based at Girdwood Barracks, Belfast. The investigation concluded that 70 soldiers had "links" to the UVF. Following this two were dismissed on security grounds. 30 NCOs from D Company were suspected of fraudulently "siphoning off" between £30,000 – £47,000. A large percentage of this was suspected of going to the UVF. It was also alleged that UVF members socialized with soldiers in their mess. The investigation was halted after a senior UDR officer claimed it was harming morale. Details of the investigation were discovered in 2011.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In 1979 UDR soldier Benjamin Redfern was convicted of three sectarian murders in County Londonderry; Catholic farmer Liam Chivers near Ballymoney on 21 November 1972 and another Catholic man Joseph McAuley the following night, and John Bolton in October 1975.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In November 1979 full-time UDR soldier James Gordon Murdock was refused bail on charges of membership of the UVF. Police believed Murdock was "deeply involved" in the organisation and if he was released on bail he would regroup remnants of the Markethill-based UVF unit.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In June 1980 the UDA shot dead Irish nationalist politician John Turnley in Carnlough, County Antrim. A Protestant who came from a unionist background, Turnley had been a member of the SDLP before helping to found the Irish Independence Party, which he later served as chairman. Three men were later convicted of his murder and that of Catholic man Rodney McCormick in Larne in August 1980. In 2016 it emerged that one of the three had been a member of the UDR.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In November 1980 UDR Private David Jameson was charged with loaning his legally-held pistol to the UVF and also robbery and hijacking. Jameson was seriously injured in an IRA bomb attack in April 1991. Jameson's brother, Richard Jameson, was a senior member of the UVF who was killed in a Loyalist feud in January 2000.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In August 1981 a Catholic man, Liam Canning (19) was shot dead while walking along Alliance Avenue in the Ardoyne area of Belfast. The killing was initially claimed by the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF), the UDA's cover name, but UDR soldier Brian Roberts was later convicted. Roberts had used his UDR-issue Walther pistol. Roberts was also convicted of shooting and wounding two Catholic men in July 1981.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: During 1982 and 1983 a UVF cell operated from a base operated by the 9th Battalion in Ballymena, County Antrim. Security was so lax a local UVF commander had access to a bar inside the base for several months even though he had "known terrorist connections" and a firearms conviction. Seven serving UDR soldiers of the Ballymena platoon were convicted of a range of terrorist offences in 1987, including involvement in the murder of a Catholic man by "Shankill Butcher" Lennie Murphy in September 1982. The rest of the platoon claimed they never suspected any paramilitary infiltration despite them being on duty together regularly. A BBC "Panorama" documentary broadcast in 1990 alleged that an officer in the regiment said after the arrests "Ulster will one day be grateful to these men". The Panorama investigative team confirmed the remark with the soldier to whom it was made; the soldier was so appalled he reported the officer to his superiors but no action was taken. The officer was still serving in the UDR at the time the documentary was broadcast.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In December 1983 serving UDR soldier Private Geoffrey Edwards was charged with the murder of Sinn Féin election worker Peter Corrigan in Armagh in October 1982 and six other attempted murders. In all, he admitted nineteen terrorist offences, although he refused to name his UVF accomplices. In 1985 Edwards was sentenced to life in prison, with six concurrent twenty-year sentences for attempted murder.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In 1984 an arms haul of twenty-eight firearms that included several rifles, revolvers, and home-made submachineguns as well as 5,000 rounds of ammunition was uncovered on the County Antrim farm of a serving UDR soldier. In court it was alleged he was hiding the weaponry on behalf of a member of Ian Paisley's Third Force paramilitary group who had also been a member of the UDA and Tara. Both men pleaded guilty to arms charges in 1987.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In April 1985, the UFF/UDA claimed responsibility for shooting Catholic man Edward Love in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh. A serving UDR soldier and member of the regular British Army were later found guilty of murder and both men served thirteen years in prison before being released under the Belfast Agreement.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In January 1988 Loyalist paramilitaries shot dead Catholic businessman Jack Kielty (father of comedian Patrick Kielty) in Dundrum, County Down. A serving UDR soldier was suspected of involvement in the killing yet continued to serve in the British army, even after a RUC investigating officer requested that he be discharged. Although he was eventually discharged a Police Ombudsman report released in 2016 revealed the suspect continued to attend RUC/UDR briefings despite being questioned by police in connection with the murder of Jack Kielty. The RUC also uncovered British army maps and a UDR photograph album containing montages of IRA suspects; fingerprints belonging to the soldier were later found to be on the recovered montage. An investigating officer said it became apparent at the time that the UDR soldier was the driver during an earlier attempt to murder another man, John O'Rourke, at Dundrum in January 1986. He was also arrested by police investigating the Loughinisland massacre in August 1994 and he was later identified in an anonymous message on the police confidential telephone line as one of the gunmen at Loughinisland. Solicitor Niall Murphy, who represented the families of the Loughinisland victims commented that "at least three individuals and their families directly associated with the UVF unit in south Down were members of the UDR and also had close family members working locally at RUC establishments and within the police force itself."


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In February 1989 solicitor Pat Finucane was murdered by Loyalist paramilitaries from the UDA acting in collusion with British security services. The 9mm Browning handgun used in the murder of Finucane had been stolen from a UDR armoury at Malone Barracks, Belfast by a serving UDR soldier. The same weapon had been linked to the attempted killing of a Catholic man in September 1988. Several other weapons were taken from the same armoury.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In August 1989 the UDA claimed responsibility for the murder of Catholic man Loughlin Maginn in County Down; it later emerged two of the UDA gunmen had also been serving UDR soldiers. When Maginn's family denied he was a member of the IRA, the UDA attempted to justify the murder by releasing a twenty-minute video, shot by soldiers from the UDR, which showed the wall of a police briefing room covered with photographs of IRA suspects. This incident prompted the Stevens Inquiries concerning alleged security forces collusion with loyalist paramilitaries. Twenty-eight UDR soldiers were arrested as part of the investigation. Twenty-six belonged to the same company of 7/10 UDR. Six were later awarded damages. One was charged with activities linked to loyalist paramilitaries. The Stephens team caused "intense anger" as three hundred police had been used to surround the homes of suspects. This had identified them as UDR soldiers to their neighbours, potentially putting their lives at risk. Eleven moved house as a result, while the homes of eighteen others were provided with "additional security measures" at a cost of £25,000.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In December 1991, three serving UDR soldiers and a close associate were arrested and questioned for several days about the murder of four men in a gun attack by the UVF in Cappagh, County Tyrone in March 1991 before being released without charge. The RUC and British Army examination of intelligence relating to several murders and attempted murders between 1988 and 1991 "highlighted concerns in relation to several members" of the UDR's 8th Battalion based in County Tyrone. A Historical Enquiries Team (HET) report released by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) claimed the UDR men "were also named as responsible for other murders". Minutes of a 2012 meeting between HET officials, Cappagh families and representatives of campaign group Relatives for Justice recorded that the HET believed there were "probably four or five cases where UDR soldiers are linked to killings".


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Other members of the UDR were also questioned about the murder of Sinn Féin member Tommy Casey near Cookstown in October 1990, before being released without charge. An intelligence report indicated the murder was carried out by south Tyrone UVF and that three men named as being involved were UDR soldiers. The suspects were arrested along with two others, also in December 1991.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In 1999, David Jordan, a former UDR soldier, allegedly broke down in a bar and admitted to being part of a patrol that killed nationalist Councillor Patsy Kelly in 1974.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In January 2022, the Police Ombudsman published a report examining the RUC's handling of paramilitary attacks by the UDA/UFF between 1989 and 1993 in the north west of Northern Ireland which included 19 murders and multiple attempted murders. The report summarised that a "significant number of serving and former UDR members had links with loyalist paramilitaries" in the region and this included senior figures within the North West UDA/UFF. This overlap in membership gave loyalist paramilitaries access to weapons, training, intelligence, and uniforms which "added to their effectiveness in carrying out sectarian attacks." A leaked British military document that was posted to a local newspaper in 1992, claimed to have been sent by the UVF, contained the details of a number of republicans and also had the names of 28 UDR members named as being linked to loyalist paramilitaries. The Ombudsman's report was of the opinion that the RUC was not proactive enough in pursuing serving UDR members who were also actively involved in loyalist paramilitary violence; in one example two UDR soldiers linked to loyalist paramilitaries attended several security force briefings where they had access to sensitive information. The report found "no indications" that police investigated one of the soldiers links to the UDA/UFF despite RUC Special Branch's assessment that he had provided the intelligence for a murder in 1989. The other serving UDR soldier attended security force briefings at the same time as police were in possession of intelligence identifying him as having links to loyalist paramilitaries.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: At the start of June 1987 three attacks were made against soldiers of the same company of 7/10 UDR including Private Joe Tracey who was shot dead as he started a new job on apartments off the Lisburn Road, Belfast. The "Belfast Newsletter" reported that 7/10 UDR had been infiltrated by the IRA. The commanding officer accepted that someone must have informed on him but denied that the IRA had been able to penetrate the battalion calling the allegation a "wild rumour".


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Another incident involved William Bogle of 6 UDR who was ambushed and killed on 5 December 1972 at Killeter near the Tyrone/Donegal border. It was alleged that he was targeted by a former member of his own company "possessed of strong republican views" who moved across the border after the killing and is not known to have returned to Northern Ireland.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Brigadier Michael Bray adopted a zero-tolerance policy for any activity related to loyalism from the beginning of his tenure as Commander UDR. He instituted a number of safeguards including monitoring of entire battalions and six-month security reviews of all UDR personnel. An out of bounds list was compiled which included pubs and clubs known to be frequented by loyalist paramilitaries. Soldiers were cautioned as to whom they should socialise with. This was a concerted effort to remove anyone with dual membership from the regiment and to prevent peer pressure being applied.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The Stevens Report resulted in a tightening of control on even the most low-rated intelligence documents and heightened accountability. For the first time the RUC were given access to UDR vetting procedures and many soldiers found themselves under police observation for extended periods of time, in some cases resulting in their discharge. Stevens agreed there had been collusion between a small number of UDR soldiers who had "gravely abused their positions of trust" but that the issue was not "widespread or institutionalised".


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: A draft document, entitled "Subversion in the UDR", was amongst many released in 2005 and discovered in the Public Record Office. Some content appeared in "The Irish News" on 2 and 3 May 2006. Believed to have been prepared by British military intelligence in August 1973, it examines the issue of overlapping membership between the UDR and subversive organisations in the first three years of recruiting. "Subversion" was considered to be a "strong support for, or membership of, organisations whose aims are incompatible with those of the UDR" and attempts by soldiers to use their "knowledge, skills, or equipment to further the aims of such organisations." It speculated that "perhaps" 5–15% of UDR soldiers were, or had been, directly linked to "Protestant extremist groups". That the "best single source of weapons, and the only significant source of modern weapons, for these groups was the UDR" and that the British Government knew UDR weapons were being used by loyalist paramilitaries, including the killing of a Roman Catholic civilian and other attacks.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The report illustrated how over 200 UDR weapons were lost or stolen by the end of 1972, although the rate of loss had decreased to 56 by 1973 when the report was written. This was suggested to be partially due to increased security and also that "the reduced credibility of Protestant extremist groups in the eyes of the majority community, has made the subversion of UDR members more difficult." During 1973 the most successful loyalist extremist arms raids took place at the Department of Industrial and Forensic Science, and at firearms dealers in Belfast, Newtownards and Armagh, rather than on UDR locations. The report suggested there was no substantial threat of subversion from republican extremists in the regiment as the number of Catholics had decreased to under 4%. There were isolated incidents where Catholic UDR soldiers 'lost' weapons in suspicious circumstances, but "neither the number of weapons nor the threat is thought to be great".


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The report concluded that except in limited circumstances subversion in the UDR has not compromised its ability to carry out its duties.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: 18 UDR soldiers were convicted of murder and 11 for manslaughter. Between 1970 and 1985, 99 were convicted of assault, whilst others were convicted of armed robbery, weapons offences, bombing, intimidation and attacks on Catholics, kidnapping, and membership of the UVF. Only a small proportion of the 40,000 individuals who served with the regiment were convicted of criminal activities, but the proportion was higher than for the regular British Army or RUC.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The Ulster Defence Regiment commanded uncritically fierce support from most Protestants in Northern Ireland but never gained the confidence of the Roman Catholic minority. This can partially be explained by the failure to attract and retain Catholics, and partially by the sectarian culture and character of the regiment, which became explicit following the introduction of internment without trial of suspected Irish Republicans after 1971.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The first notable change to this was caused by the Parliament of Northern Ireland's decision to introduce internment. None of those initially interned were Protestant, which led Catholics to understand that this was a measure directed entirely against their community. For the UDR it meant an increase in Republican propaganda against the regiment. After the introduction of internment, Catholic support for the regiment plummeted and the few Catholic soldiers that remained faced intimidation from their own communities.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The Ballymurphy Massacre in August 1971 and Bloody Sunday in January 1972, when innocent Catholic civilians were murdered by the British Army, also served to convince Catholics that the UDR was a sectarian force. In 1971 25% of Catholic soldiers resigned from the UDR. During 1972 another 108 resigned.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The SDLP's Ivan Cooper said in a 1972 statement that the regiment "should be disbanded". The Alliance Party's chairman Oliver Napier expressed concern about "undesirables" in the regiment in a statement in November 1972.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The Social Democratic and Labour Party called for full disbandment of the regiment as early as 1974 through the media and by applying pressure through the Irish government and became the major conduit for complaints against the UDR from Catholics. The SDLP remained opposed to the regiment and continually called for its disbandment "due to the failure of the GOC to address the issue of Catholic recruiting and the regimental image". Although no official support was evident from the party leaderships various members (for example Seamus Mallon), condemned the killing of UDR soldiers and attended funerals, such as in the case of James Cochrane, a Catholic soldier from 3 UDR in Downpatrick who was killed in a culvert bomb attack on 6 January 1980.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: After the Hillsborough Agreement the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) began a campaign with the apparent motive of reducing morale in the regiment and causing mass resignations by undermining the confidence of soldiers in their officers. During this period Ian Paisley announced to the press that soldiers in Ballymena had been requested to report to barracks to be disarmed prior to the part-time cadre being disbanded. The DUP press office claimed that the use of English officers and senior NCOs was "London and Dublin insisting the UDR could not be trusted". and Peter Robinson, the deputy DUP Leader, advised soldiers not to co-operate with policemen who were attached to their patrols as they were there on the directions of the Anglo-Irish Council.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: A military assessment in 1981 had concluded there was no long-term requirement for the UDR except for possibly a role in home defence. Any British government doubts about the future viability of the regiment were kept secret for fear of provoking a Unionist backlash and prompting the formation of new Unionist paramilitary groups. Ulster Unionist MP Ken Maginnis interviewed for a BBC Panorama documentary in 1990 opined that disbanding the UDR would lead an increase in Loyalist paramilitary activity and the setting up of other paramilitary organisations.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The UDR's sectarian image received corroboration from an unlikely source in February 1985 when Ulster Unionist leader James Molyneaux privately informed a Northern Ireland Office official of his "concern about the way in which some UDR patrols abused their position in relation to members of the Catholic community".


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The weekly republican newspaper An Phoblacht carried reports highlighting what it saw as naked state oppression. In its editorials An Phoblacht referred to the UDR as, "not Dad's Army but a sectarian militia". To help emphasise their message they produced posters which supporters pasted over walls in Republican areas such as "The Loyalist Murderers" and "Blood Money," referring to the redundancy payments received by former UDR soldiers still serving with the Royal Irish Regiment at the end of Operation Banner (The official army title for operations in Northern Ireland). An Phoblacht claimed that the UDR had secret "death squads" (See: Glenanne gang) sponsored by United Kingdom Special Forces and that members of the UDR (in collusion with British Intelligence) were behind the Dublin and Monaghan bombings.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: When Gerry Adams (the Sinn Féin president) was wounded in an assassination attempt by three members of the UFF it was an off-duty full-time Non-commissioned officer of 10 UDR who gave chase to their car and arrested them, assisted by an off-duty policeman. This is not noted in Adams' Sinn Féin biography and the BBC still insists the assailants were arrested by "plain clothes policemen". The UDR NCO received the Queen's Gallantry Medal for arresting the gunmen. In the long term however the soldier was intimidated out of his home and the UDR as a direct result of these arrests.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Each battalion had a number of pipers who also participated in a centralised pipe band formally called the Pipes & Drums of the Ulster Defence Regiment. Its uniform followed the traditional military dress for Irish pipers, consisting of a saffron kilt, bottle-green "Prince Charlie" jacket, bottle-green cape and bottle-green caubeen adorned with a double-size cap badge. Unlike other Irish regiments in the British Army, UDR pipers did not wear a hackle and the lining colour of the cloaks was unique to the regiment.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In June 1986, the regiment held its only tattoo which ran over a period of two days in good weather at Ravenhill rugby ground, Belfast. Some of the attractions for the 12,000 people who attended were:


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The crowd is reported to have created a "deeply moving" moment by humming the evening hymn "The Day Thou Givest". At the end of the performance Brigadier Roger Preston and his wife were piped out of the arena on their way to retirement. Only one UDR Pipes & Drums recording was publicly released: the 5 UDR Pipes & Drums "Irish & Scottish Pipe Music", which includes recordings of the regimental and battalion marches as well as other popular tunes.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: After the fall of the Berlin Wall the United Kingdom began to reduce the size of its armed forced under the working title of Options for Change. Army strength was to be reduced from 160,000 to 110,000; the infantry to reduce from 55 battalions to 38. The GOC saw this as a perfect opportunity to streamline the UDR and also remove some of the more "intractable problems" with regards to image and career prospects. In a revolutionary plan he decided to merge the UDR with the Royal Irish Rangers; incorporating part-time soldiers into the regular army for the first time in history. The hope of the British Army's commander was that the process of amalgamation with the Rangers, coupled with the change of name, would be a fresh start for what he says was a "discredited UDR". The Rangers recruited from the South of Ireland, including many Catholics, and this would aid the process.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: "Project Infancy" would also ensure that the Royal Irish Rangers, the last Irish infantry battalion of "the line" did not lose their training facilities and presence in Northern Ireland. The UDR, which was not regular line infantry was, in the words of one commander, "like a fish without feathers". Incorporation as infantry of the line might provide UDR officers with career prospects which mirrored those of the regular army and hopefully resolve the problem of recruiting junior officers. To the GOC the prospect of having a larger number of Catholic officers and NCOs in the UDR would dampen much of the political furore surrounding the regiment. In a private memo to John MacGregor, Lord President of the Council in John Major’s government, then Defence Secretary Tom King emphasised that the merger was primarily motivated by the political controversy surrounding the UDR locally and in Anglo-Irish relations, and it was hoped the move would do away with the UDR's "sectarian stigma."


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The proposals were generally welcomed at senior level but there was predictable worry amongst the ranks that this was a precursor to disbandment. Unionist political parties protested, particularly the DUP who immediately relaunched their 1989 "Hands Off the UDR" campaign.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: When it merged in 1992 the UDR had been on active service longer than any regiment since the Napoleonic Wars, having remained on operations from the day it was created to the day it was amalgamated.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The most notable award to the Ulster Defence Regiment was the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross made by The Queen on 6 October 2006. The unit citation confers the right of the regiment to be known as "The Ulster Defence Regiment CGC". During the award ceremony in Belfast the Queen paid tribute to the regiment:


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In total 953 individuals received awards through the British honours system including: 12 Queen's Gallantry Medals; 2 Military Medals; 88 BEMs; 108 OBEs and 276 Mentions in Despatches, however for most UDR soldiers the presentation of decorations assumed the form of "service" or "campaign" medals including:


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The award of "UDR specific" long service medals had complex rules which meant that not very many were ever issued. The UDR medal was only issued to 1,254 of the 40,000 who served. Only 1,416 Accumulated Campaign Service medals were issued.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The most decorated UDR soldier was Corporal Eric Glass of 4 UDR who received both the Queen's Gallantry Medal and Distinguished Conduct Medal for bravery. Despite being gravely injured in an IRA ambush Glass managed to survive, killing one of his attackers, Joseph McManus in the process. An account of this (second) attack on Corporal Glass was carried in the Belfast News Letter.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: In 1987, the regiment submitted a request for the issuing of colours to the Queen which was given consent. This was granted in 1991, when the Queen decided to present the colours herself: an honour which is normally reserved only for those regiments of which she is Colonel in Chief.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Up to May 2010, 232 Elizabeth Crosses and Memorial Scrolls have been issued to the families of UDR personnel whose deaths are officially attributed to their military service.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The City of Belfast and a number of boroughs throughout Northern Ireland paid their own tribute to the regiment by granting freedoms including: North Down, Larne, and Newtownards.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The community relations work of 7th/10th (City of Belfast) Battalion was recognised by the award of the Wilkinson Sword of Peace for 1990.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: A memorial to the UDR was erected in Lisburn, to "recognise the self sacrifice of the soldiers, both men and women, from all traditions of the UK".


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The Memorial is "a 19-foot 'heroic scale' bronze sculpture" featuring "bronze figures of a male UDR soldier and a female 'Greenfinch' on operational duty...set upon an equally impressive Mourne granite plinth.".


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Lisburn City Council leased the site to the UDR Memorial Trust at Market Square, Lisburn. Under the terms of the lease, the UDR Memorial Trust are permitted to use this for the erection of a memorial. The planning, erection and maintenance of the memorial is the responsibility of the UDR Memorial Trust.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The UDR Memorial is in addition to the UDR Roll of Honour situated beside Lisburn War Memorial, Castle Street, Lisburn that commemorates UDR personnel from the Lisburn area who died in the conflict.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: The memorial group of statues was unveiled on 12 June 2011 by Viscount Brookeborough, one of the trustees of the UDR Memorial Trust. At the ceremony, Trust chairman Wesley Duncan said, "It was unfortunate that there were members who did bad things and we're not trying to hide that. But what we would say is that there's almost 50,000 people who didn't do bad things – who did good things, who were ordinary decent people who wanted to do the best they could for their country."


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: On Saturday, 28 April 2012 a memorial to the UDR was unveiled at the National Memorial Arboretum by Colonel Sir Dennis Faulkner CBE (Patron of the Regimental Association) along with Memorial Trees in memory of those UDR Soldiers who were murdered after having left the Regiment. Memorial Trees in memory of all those who were killed while serving had already been planted some years ago. The memorial takes the form of a 6-foot Mourne granite monument. The event was attended by around 100 UDR families, joined by the Northern Ireland Minister of State, Hugo Swire, DUP Junior Minister Jonathan Bell and UUP deputy leader John McCallister. A parade to the monument was led by the band of the 1st Battalion Royal Irish Regiment.


title: Ulster Defence Regiment

text: Colonel Sir Dennis Faulkner CBE VRD UD Royal Naval Reserve/3rd Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment (1982–1992)


title: Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (season 1)

text: The first season of the American television series "" follows Captain Christopher Pike and the crew of the USS "Enterprise" in the 23rd century as they explore new worlds and carry out missions throughout the galaxy during the decade before "". The season was produced by CBS Studios in association with Secret Hideout, Weed Road Pictures, H M R X Productions, and Roddenberry Entertainment, with Akiva Goldsman and Henry Alonso Myers serving as showrunners.


text: Anson Mount, Ethan Peck, and Rebecca Romijn respectively star as Pike, Spock, and Number One, along with Jess Bush, Christina Chong, Celia Rose Gooding, Melissa Navia, Babs Olusanmokun, and Bruce Horak. Development on a spin-off series from "" began by January 2020, with Mount, Romijn, and Peck reprising their roles, and it was officially ordered in May. The showrunners chose to return to the episodic storytelling of "The Original Series" rather than "Discovery" more serialized approach. The writers and directors focused on giving each episode a different genre and tone. Filming took place at CBS Stages Canada in Mississauga, Ontario, from February to July 2021, with additional filming in New Mexico. Many of the regular actors and several guest stars portray younger versions of characters from "The Original Series" in the season.


text: The season premiered on the streaming service Paramount+ on May 5, 2022, and ran for 10 episodes until July 7. It was estimated to have high viewership and audience demand, becoming the most watched Paramount+ original "Star Trek" series. It also received positive reviews from critics for its episodic storytelling and cast. The season was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and several other awards. A was announced in January 2022.


text: In June 2018, after becoming sole showrunner of "", Alex Kurtzman signed a five-year overall deal with CBS Television Studios to expand the "Star Trek" franchise beyond "Discovery" to several new series, miniseries, and animated series. After Anson Mount was revealed to be leaving "Discovery" with the finale, fans of that series began calling—including through online petitions—for him to reprise the role of Christopher Pike in a spin-off series set on the USS "Enterprise", alongside Rebecca Romijn as Number One and Ethan Peck as Spock. In January 2020, Kurtzman said active discussions regarding a spin-off series featuring the actors had begun with executive producer Akiva Goldsman. Paramount+ officially ordered "Star Trek: Strange New Worlds" to series in May 2020, with Goldsman and Henry Alonso Myers set as showrunners.


text: Myers began work on the series in March 2020, working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Co-creators Goldsman, Kurtzman, and Jenny Lumet had written the first episode by the time of the series' official announcement that May, and a writers room for the first season was underway by July. Stories for all 10 episodes were broken by the end of that month. Other writers for the season include Sarah Tarkoff, Akela Cooper, Bill Wolkoff, Davy Perez, Beau DeMayo, Robin Wasserman, and Onitra Johnson. In August, Kurtzman said they had been able to get "quite ahead in scripts" for the season, compared to seasons of previous "Star Trek" series, due to the pandemic postponing the start of production. Goldsman said the series was more episodic than "Discovery" and "", though it still has recurring character arcs. He took particular inspiration from "" while Myers was more of a "" and "" fan. The writers wanted to show the full potential of the series by giving each episode a "dramatically" different genre and tone.


text: One of Goldsman's first ideas was to feature the Gorn, a lizard-like alien species introduced in the "Original Series" episode "", as a recurring adversary for the season. Kurtzman was excited to use modern visual effects and puppetry to make the species feel "vivid and scary" compared to the "guy in a rubber suit" from "Arena". The writers discussed ways to incorporate the Gorn without contradicting the fact that the characters in "Arena", which is set around seven years after the events of this season, have not seen the species before. Perez explained that their goal for the series was to not "undo people's experience with "The Original Series", but if we can manage it, perhaps to give us an interesting perspective to consider that lines up with the original stories". Specifically discussing the line "I face the creature the Metrons called a Gorn" spoken by William Shatner's James T. Kirk in "Arena", Perez explained that "maybe Kirk has never seen them, he could even be one of those people who still doubts the stories, or maybe even he has seen them and they don't look the same". Some of the ways that the series attempts to maintain continuity include featuring the Gorn in the backstory of La'an Noonien-Singh, a character who does not appear in "The Original Series"; not actually showing them in "Memento Mori" when Gorn starships are seen; and only showing baby Gorn in "All Those Who Wander". Perez researched submarine films in an effort to replicate the feeling of the "Original Series" episode "Balance of Terror" for "Memento Mori", while "All Those Who Wander" is a horror-themed episode inspired by the films "Alien" (1979), "The Thing" (1982), "Gremlins" (1984), and "Predator" (1987). Perez said "Alien" was an especial influence on the episode because it was "hard not to draw the comparison when writing a 'horror story in space'", and this is primarily seen in the way that baby Gorn grow inside host bodies and burst out of them like the Xenomorphs from that franchise.


text: Another change to established canon was the inclusion of Spock's fiancée T'Pring from the "Original Series" episode "Amok Time". Myers acknowledged that the writers were interpreting that episode differently than fans had previously done in order to expand on T'Pring's role in Spock's life, but he felt this was necessary to explore a younger Spock. It allowed the writers to ask questions like "What are the pressures of being Vulcan? What are the pressures of coming from his family? What are the intricacies of Vulcan courtship that maybe we don't know about?" It also allowed T'Pring to be expanded on in interesting ways. In an effort to overcome the difficulties of their long-distance relationship, Spock and T'Pring accidentally switch bodies in "Spock Amok", which "" showrunner Mike McMahan did uncredited writing for. "Lift Us Where Suffering Cannot Reach" is a philosophical and allegorical episode, introducing a society that thrives due to the sacrifice of children. Pike is forced to consider how children also suffer in the United Federation of Planets, which is a controversial idea due to the "Star Trek" franchise's usual depiction as a utopia. Wolkoff acknowledged that "most Federation worlds are post-scarcity and not focused on the accumulation of wealth, but is every Federation world perfect in this way? Has all hunger and poverty been eliminated? I don't think we know that for certain. We've seen Federation colonies and worlds in need of supplies and resources. And I don't think it's an enormous stretch to imagine certain Federation member worlds straying from the ideals they're supposed to uphold." "Star Trek" actor Wil Wheaton suggested that this could be a reference to the Federation evolving from 21st century America, which does have such problems, and the series previously highlighted similar issues in "Strange New Worlds" when footage from the 2021 United States Capitol attack was used in a montage showing the events that lead to Earth's World War III.


text: In addition to the comedy "hijinks" of "Spock Amok" and the horror of "All Those Who Wander", other genres explored in the season include "storybook escapism" in "The Elysium Kingdom" and the pirate-themed "The Serene Squall". The latter episode emphasizes the idea that there are uncharted areas of space where the "Enterprise" cannot contact Starfleet. Myers explained that one of their main goals was to remind audiences that this period of the franchise's timeline is "the age of exploration" compared to later-set series such as "The Next Generation" in which communications with Starfleet are often instantaneous. "Children of the Comet" introduces a tragic backstory for cadet Nyota Uhura, who the writers felt had not been explored much despite the character's important role throughout the "Star Trek" franchise. Taking inspiration from the military experience of some of the writers, they felt it would be interesting if Uhura was unsure about being a member of Starfleet. This informs her character "journey" for the season, tying into the character Hemmer who becomes a mentor for Uhura. Pike's character arc for the season sees him struggling with the knowledge that he will suffer a horrible accident in the future, which he saw in a vision during the second season of "Discovery". This storyline culminates in the season finale, when Pike is shown a future where he avoids the accident but Spock is injured instead. The episode combined three big ideas from the writers room: it retells the events of an "Original Series" episode, "Balance of Terror", with the series' cast and modern effects; it tells a "The Ghost of Christmas Future"-inspired story where Pike is visited by an older version of himself; and it explores why Spock is "willing to go to unbelievable lengths" for Pike in the "Original Series" episode "". Goldsman said the episode was about changing Pike's fate from a "curse" to a choice, and Mount said Pike was "more resolute" and free after deciding not to try change his future.


text: Anson Mount, Ethan Peck, and Rebecca Romijn star in the series, reprising their respective roles of Captain Christopher Pike, science officer Spock, and first officer Una Chin-Riley / Number One from "Discovery". Also starring are Jess Bush as nurse Christine Chapel, Christina Chong as chief security officer La'an Noonien-Singh, Celia Rose Gooding as cadet Nyota Uhura, Melissa Navia as helmsman Erica Ortegas, Babs Olusanmokun as Dr. Joseph M'Benga, and Bruce Horak as chief engineer Hemmer. In "The Elysian Kingdom", the main cast portray characters from a fantasy book: Olusanmokun is King Ridley, Mount is the sniveling chamberlain Sir Amand Rauth, Horak is Caster the Wizard, Chong is the dramatic Princess Thalia, Gooding is the villainous Queen Neve, Bush is Lady Audrey, Peck is Pollux the Wizard, Navia is Sir Adya, and Romijn is Z'ymira the Huntress. Princess Thalia has a dog, named Princess Runa, that was portrayed by Chong's own dog Runa Ewok. Hemmer dies in "All Those Who Wander", but Horak said this would not be the end of his involvement in the series.


text: The season premiere introduces two characters from "The Original Series" who have recurring roles in the season: Gia Sandhu plays Spock's fiancée T'Pring and Dan Jeannotte plays George Samuel "Sam" Kirk—the brother to future "Enterprise" captain James T. Kirk. Sandhu replaced Arlene Martel, who portrayed T'Pring in the "Original Series" episode "Amok Time", and Sandhu said she was mostly able to develop T'Pring herself due to the character's limited prior screen time. Sam Kirk briefly appeared as a dead body in the "Original Series" episode "Operation -- Annihilate!", portrayed by William Shatner with a fake mustache; Jeannotte's version retains the mustache. Another recurring guest introduced in the premiere is Adrian Holmes as Robert April, the first "Enterprise" captain. April first appeared in the "" episode "The Counter-Clock Incident", which depicted him as an older white man voiced by white actor James Doohan (who also played Montgomery Scott in "The Original Series" and "The Animated Series"). Additionally, the likeness of "Star Trek" creator Gene Roddenberry, also white, was used by Michael Okuda to create a photograph of April in "The Star Trek Encyclopedia" (1994). Explaining why Holmes, a black man, was cast in the role for "Strange New Worlds", Myers said he and the other producers liked Holmes's performance and felt he had the gravitas to fill the character's "mythic" role. He also did not think that casting a black man would be a controversial change or take away from the character's appearance in "The Animated Series", and felt that Roddenberry may have himself gone with more progressive casting if he was making the original series in the 21st century rather than the 1960s. Okuda and "The Counter-Clock Incident" writer Fred Bronson both praised the casting of Holmes.


text: In March 2022, Paul Wesley was revealed to have been cast as James T. Kirk for the , though he made a surprise first appearance during the first-season finale, playing an alternate version of Kirk from the potential future that Pike visits. Wesley did not want to do an imitation of Shatner's performance. Transgender actress Jesse James Keitel was revealed in early June to have been cast as the nonbinary character Dr. Aspen, a Starfleet counselor who develops a connection with Spock, for the seventh episode. The episode reveals this to be a ruse, as Keitel actually portrays the villainous pirate Captain Angel who is the lover of Spock's half-brother Sybok. There was some concern about featuring a queer character as a villain due to the history of such characters being "villainized" for their identities in media, but Keitel felt it was "high time we let queer people be villains". Myers said Angel was created to be a recurring villain and was always intended to be connected to Spock by their relationship with Sybok, who briefly appears in the episode portrayed by an unknown actor. Myers said Sybok would also return to the series in the future. Other guest stars for the season include Melanie Scrofano as Batel, a Starfleet captain and Pike's "friend with benefits"; Samantha Smith as a leader on Kiley 279; Lindy Booth as Alora, a leader on Majalis who is an old flame of Pike's; Ian Ho as the First Servant, a boy on Majalis who was selected at birth to be sacrificed to the machine that runs the paradise-like planet; and Huse Madhavji as Gamal, the biological father of the First Servant who tries to save his son from the Majalis machine.


text: Additionally, audio of Sonequa Martin-Green as Spock's sister Michael Burnham from "Discovery" is heard in "Memento Mori". Rong Fu portrays operations officer Jenna Mitchell, André Dae Kim replaces "The Original Series" actor John Winston as transporter chief Kyle, Jennifer Hui plays ensign Christina, and Alex Kapp provides the voice of the "Enterprise" computer (taking over from Majel Barrett). Sage Arrindell portrays M'Benga's daughter Rukiya, who is played as an adult by Makambe Simamba, while Ava Cheung and Cameron Roberts appear as young La'an and her brother Manu in flashbacks to their time as captives of the Gorn. In "The Serene Squall", Roderick McNeil plays the Vulcan character Stonn who was portrayed by Lawrence Montaigne in "Amok Time". "A Quality of Mercy" features several actors taking over roles from "Balance of Terror": Matthew MacFadzean replaces Mark Lenard as the Romulan commander, Mathieu Bourassa replaces Montaigne as the Romulan sub-commander, and Ali Hassan replaces Garry Walberg as Commander Hansen. Montgomery Scott has a cameo appearance in the episode, but it was kept offscreen because the producers were not ready to cast a new actor. Matthew Wolf provided the voice for the cameo and was credited as "Engineer".


text: Design work began by August 2020, with production designer Jonathan Lee leading a team of 60 people, including set decorator Justin Craig. The "Enterprise" sets for "Strange New Worlds" were updated from the "Discovery" ones, to more closely align them with "The Original Series" and to reflect the "Enterprise" in-universe rebuild following damage it sustained in "Discovery". The sets were designed to function like a practical starship, including moving components and pre-programmed monitor graphics that reacted to the actors. Ten "Enterprise" sets were built for the season, including the transporter room, two corridors, crew quarters, the mess hall, and the cargo bay. A shuttlecraft interior was also built. The engineering, mess hall, and cargo bay sets were partially built and then augmented with virtual production technology. The sets were required to be bigger than "The Original Series" to better fit the series' cameras and crew, which Lee took advantage of to create "expansive" sets like Pike's large quarters. The sets were dressed with furniture designed in the 1960s or inspired by that era, such as Eero Saarinen's Tulip chairs ("The Original Series" used similar Tulip chairs by Maurice Burke that were considered to be "rip-offs" of Saarinen's design). The cutlery in Pike's quarters was designed by Arne Jacobsen and previously appeared in "" (1968) as well as episodes of "" and "". Other designers who inspired Lee included Oscar Niemeyer, Carlo Scarpa, and Pier Luigi Nervi.


text: Bernadette Croft was set as the costume designer for the series after working as an assistant for "Discovery" costume designer Gersha Phillips; Croft and Phillips co-designed the costumes for the season's first episode. The Starfleet uniforms were updated from the ones seen in "Discovery", keeping the same silhouette but moving towards a more "casual" "Original Series" style. The uniforms retained the primary colors from "The Original Series" (gold for command, blue for science, and red for operations) and have the insignia for each division as a pattern on the shoulders and sleeves. In "Spock Amok", Pike wears a green wrap tunic during diplomatic negotiations which Goldsman requested as a refence to the green tunics sometimes worn by James T. Kirk in "The Original Series". The "Strange New Worlds" version has a similar cut and silhouette to the series' main uniforms and leather accents on the shoulders and sleeves. The future version of Pike in "A Quality of Mercy" wears a version of the red uniforms from the "Original Series"-era films, but with the same fabric as the series' other uniforms and added Starfleet delta patterns on the shoulders and sleeves. Croft and her team had access to one of the costumes worn by Shatner in "" (1982) for reference. The series' miniskirt-style uniform was updated for the episode's future version of Uhura to include the "swoop neckline" from "The Original Series". The designers were unable to access any of Nichelle Nichols's Uhura costumes from that series, but were able to reference a replica costume that was created for the "Deep Space Nine" episode "Trials and Tribble-ations". They also created green hoop earings for Gooding to wear in the episode based one ones worn by Nichols in "The Original Series".


text: The first episode's script described T'Pring as wearing "ritual mating colors", so Croft took inspiration from the silver and purple costumes worn at Spock and T'Pring's wedding in "Amok Time" for Sandhu's dress. Croft's team also created a version of the ring that T'Pring wears in "Amok Time", while hairstylist Yasmine Crosdale gave Sandhu a similar "updo" look to what Martel had for that episode. "Amok Time" also inspired the costumes for Spock's dream sequence in "Spock Amok", which foreshadows the wedding sequence in "Amok Time". Paying homage to Martel's "fashion-forward dress", Sandhu wears a dress by Dutch fashion designer Iris van Herpen which Croft described as "wearable art". The dress was laser cut and glued onto mesh, and paired with an elaborate custom headpiece. Spock wears a leather and brocade jacket with a "traditional Vulcan silhouette", and the background characters all have "copper tones, metallics, and rich textured brocades" in their costumes. Later in "Spock Amok", Chapel goes to a bar in a black and white dress that was inspired by 1960s fashion as a reference to "The Original Series".


text: Because the costumes for the desert-dwelling Deleb people in the second episode were intended to have an "earthy and organic quality", textile artist Anna Pantcheva used techniques such as ice dying, rust dying, boiling wool, and covering embroidery with silicone. Costume effects builder Jennifer Johnson created pleated hats for the characters inspired by van Herpen's designs. For the planet Majalis in "Lift Us Where Suffering Cannot Reach", Croft wanted to reflect the utopia-like society by dressing the characters in jewel tones with long, flowing fabric and lots of gold and jewelry. Alora's ceremonial gown in the episode was designed with Lebanese fashion designer Hassidrissin and featured pleated material that was hand dyed ombre to match the color of a sunset. The main cast first learned about the medieval costumes they would be wearing in "The Elysian Kingdom" months before filming for the episode began, and Navia said it was the most talked about episode of the season among the cast. She was excited to play a medieval knight, a role that she felt other series would have only given to a male actor. Croft said the episode was a "dream come true" and praised the actors for all committing to their fantasy roles. A highlight of the episode for her was designing matching princess dresses for Chong and her dog to wear, and Chong enjoyed getting to play a lighter role compared to her more dramatic scenes as La'an. Olusanmokun's king costume was inspired by Nigerian royalty to match the actor's heritage.


text: Legacy Effects provided alien prosthetics for the series. Horak's Aenar prosthetics took three-and-a-half hours to apply each morning. The character's original design included contact lenses to give Hemmer white eyes, but Horak found them painful to wear and an eye specialist suggested that Horak not risk further damage to his sight given that he only has nine percent vision. His eyes were digitally altered by the visual effects team instead. New alien species were introduced in almost every episode, including "Strange New Worlds" which introduces the inhabitants of Kiley 279. Prosthetics department head Chris Bridges explained that the prosthetics for the Kiley needed to be interesting but also fast and easy to apply because there were up to 100 Kiley actors in some scenes, including members of the main cast. Legacy designed a "fairly simple forehead piece" that is a 'V' shape, extending around the eyes and over the nose. Special stencils were made to cover the prosthetics so "textural colored design work" similar to tattoos could be applied using airbrushes. The Shepherd in "Children of the Comet" was created with animatronics and prosthetics that left the actor's mouth visible but had the rest of the head controlled by puppeteers. Animatronics were also used for the alien Buckley in "All Those Who Wander", while the baby Gorn were created with puppets. Bridges said animatronics and puppetry were rare for television due to time constraints, but this episode demonstrated that they were viable and something that would be used more often. Kurtzman noted that they required specific lighting to work well on camera. The visual effects team augmented the puppets, removing control rods and adjusting movements where needed. For the Gorn's role in "Memento Mori", only their ships are seen and Myers wanted them to look unlike any other starships in "Star Trek", with "alien" shapes and movements that he hoped would make them scarier to the audience.


text: With the series' announcement in May 2020, Goldsman said he was unsure when production would begin due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Kurtzman stated on August 12 that filming would take place in 2021, and pre-production began on August 24. Kurtzman said in October that filming would be a "systematised, militarised operation" due to the pandemic, which the crew first experienced while working on "Discovery". He elaborated that filming would function in "pods" to minimize the potential spread of the virus, and added that, due to the pandemic delays, the series would begin filming with more completed scripts than is usual for "Star Trek". Paramount+ constructed a video wall to allow for virtual production on the series as well as the of "Discovery", based on the StageCraft technology used on the Disney+ series "The Mandalorian". The new virtual set was built in Toronto by visual effects company Pixomondo and features a 270-degree, by horseshoe-shaped LED volume with additional LED panels in the ceiling to aid with lighting. The technology uses the game engine software Unreal Engine to display computer-generated backgrounds on the LED screens in real-time; additional filming to support these visual effects took place in New Mexico.


text: Principal photography began on February 18, 2021, at CBS Stages Canada in Mississauga, Ontario, under the working title "Lily and Isaac". Despite feeling that he was not a "visual director", Goldsman wanted to direct the first episode and establish the series' tone because he had been thinking about it since he started working on "Discovery". Goldsman worked with cinematographer Glen Keenan, who was the lead director of photography for the season after serving the same role on the second and of "Discovery". Keenan worked on five episodes and Magdalena Górka served as cinematographer for the other five. Keenan brought back Cooke Optics' Anamorphic/i Special Flare lenses from "Discovery", and also used Anamorphic/i Full Frame Plus SF lenses that were custom built by Cooke for the series. Coincidentally, cinematographer Philip Lanyon also chose to use full frame format lenses on the fourth season of "Discovery" around the same time. Keenan was excited to help establish the look of the series and took inspiration from the tools and techniques that were used on "The Original Series" in the 1960s. His aim was to make "Strange New Worlds", which is mostly filmed on sets, feel organic by using on-set lighting where possible. Compared to "Discovery", which has a filming style of always moving the camera and "being aggressive with cameras spinning in every episode", Keenan said the spin-off had a more reserved approach where they tried not to get in the way of sets, actors, and story. This style allowed the series to use larger cameras than "Discovery", specifically Arri Alexa LF cameras. Górka consulted on virtual production with cinematographer Greig Fraser, who helped develop the StageCraft technology for "The Mandalorian".


text: The opening scenes set on Pike's snowy Montana ranch in the first episode were filmed on location north of Toronto. Mount's beard in the sequence took three months to grow. Due to pandemic restrictions, scenes on the "Enterprise" bridge were the only time that the whole main cast could film together. Mount played music on set those days to help them bond. Goldsman finished filming most of the first episode by early April 2021, only leaving some scenes that required large groups of extras which could not be filmed due to limits on the number of people allowed on set during the pandemic. He hoped to finish those scenes soon after. The showrunners encouraged the other directors to bring a unique look and tone to highlight the series' episodic approach. Myers stated, "sometimes it's funny, sometimes it's horrific, sometimes it's dramatic, and sometimes it's sad". The cinematographers worked with each director to devise a unique lighting approach for their episode that matched the themes in the script. In late April, a guest actor for the season flew from Vancouver to Toronto before testing positive for COVID-19. They had been in contact with a few crewmembers during a costume fitting before the positive test was returned, and those people were quarantined per the studio's protocols. Filming for the season was not impacted by the incident. "Discovery" and "Picard" director Maja Vrvilo beginning production on the second episode by April 26. Producing director Chris Fisher said the episode had the most complex virtual set of the season for the inside of the M'hanit comet, for which Pixomondo had to animate changing lights and colors into the digital background. The comet surface was filmed on a green screen stage instead of the virtual production set, due to scheduling and visual effects requirements.


text: Leslie Hope, who guest starred as Kira Meru in "Deep Space Nine", directed the third episode, filming the Illyrian colony scenes at the former theme park Ontario Place. Dan Liu directed the fourth episode, Rachel Leiterman directed the fifth, and Andi Armaganian directed the sixth. This overlapped with Armaganian also directing an episode of "Discovery" due to pandemic-related schedule changes. Location filming for the planet Majalis took place at the Parkwood Estate in Oshawa, Ontario. Filming for the seventh episode took place in the week of May 31 with Sydney Freeland directing, followed by Amanda Row directing the eighth episode in the week of June 7. Christopher J. Byrne, the director for episode nine, was the first director hired for the season and was specifically chosen for his experience working in the horror genre. For the scene in the episode where Hemmer jumps out of the cargo hold, Horak was filmed doing the jump on a blue screen stage and that footage was included in the digital background that was displayed on the video wall during filming. Production on the season finale, which was directed by Fisher, began on July 7. It includes some shot-for-shot remakes of scenes from "Balance of Terror". Fisher and Górka also tried to match the lighting style of "The Original Series", which made the episode visually distinct despite it mostly using existing "Enterprise" sets. Principal photography concluded on July 24, while additional filming took place later in the year and wrapped on October 11. More than 100 days were spent filming on the virtual production stage. Frequent "Star Trek" director Jonathan Frakes was expected to direct, but was unable to due to the pandemic.


text: Visual effects supervisor Jason Zimmerman said there was a clear direction from Kurtzman, Goldsman, and Myers for how the series' effects should look, aligning with the "retro tech" style of Lee's designs. This approach meant the series had less visual effects shots than "Discovery", and less complex work that focused more on cinematic establishing shots. Zimmerman took inspiration from the way "The Original Series" approached shots of starships and environments, something that he had wanted to do since fans had complained about the shorter, complicated starship shots in "Discovery". In addition to working on the season's virtual production effects throughout pre-production and filming, Pixomondo also provided "post-shoot touchup work" to remove the seams between the video wall and ceiling, as well as traditional visual effects such as set extensions that were not covered by the video wall. Other visual effects vendors for the season included Crafty Apes VFX and Ghost VFX. Crafty Apes developed the look of the transporter effects for the series, and were asked to create a "classic" style that was also "modern and fun". The company researched how the effect was created for "The Original Series" as well as how it was updated for the remastered version of "The Original Series" on Paramount+.


text: Composer Nami Melumad wanted the score to match the feeling of "The Original Series", which she said had "a more active style, a more dynamic style", and she approached each episode as if it was a feature film. The first music she wrote for the series was for "Children of the Comet", because Gooding—who has a musical theater background—and Peck had to sing along to the comet's music during filming. Melumad wrote a melody for the comet that she arranged in different variations. She was able to develop recurring motifs for the main characters, including Pike, Spock, Number One, Uhura, and M'Benga. She also wrote a love theme for Spock and T'Pring, which she found unusual to write because of the lack of emotion shown by the two characters. Melumad included the theremin in music for their scenes. Myers and Goldsman asked for the opening of the first episode to have "cold" music that was unlike other "Star Trek" projects, to highlight Pike's state of mind. Melumad used piano for this, and contrasted it with Pike's theme at the end of the episode which "embodies hope and acceptance".


text: Melumad reprised Gerald Fried's original fighting music from "Amok Time" during Spock's dream sequence in "Spock Amok", and Fred Steiner's theme for the Romulans from "Balance of Terror" in the finale. Jeff Russo, who composed the series' main theme, provided reference material from "The Original Series". Melumad had been recording her music for several months at the Eastwood Scoring Stage at Warner Bros. Studios in California by February 2022. A 36 or 37 person orchestra, similar to the one used for "The Next Generation" but smaller than those from "Discovery" and "Picard", was recorded together under COVID-19 safety protocols.


text: Kurtzman promoted the series during a virtual ""Star Trek" Universe" panel for the Comic-Con@Home convention in July 2020, where Mount, Romijn, and Peck participated in a table read of "Discovery" second-season finale and teased details about "Strange New Worlds". On September 8, 2020, CBS All Access streamed a free 24-hour event to celebrate the 54th anniversary of the "Original Series" premiere. It included a marathon of episodes from across the "Star Trek" franchise, and a break during the day for panels about different "Star Trek" series. These included the first official "Strange New Worlds" panel, with Mount, Romijn, Peck, Goldsman, Myers, Cooper, and Perez discussing the new series and their approach to developing it. In February 2021, Mount and Peck appeared in a marketing campaign for Super Bowl LV, advertising the rebranded streaming service Paramount+. A video introducing each of the series' main cast members and their characters was released during the "Star Trek" Day 2021 virtual event, celebrating the 55th anniversary of "The Original Series".


text: Cast and crew promoted the series at the Television Critics Association February 2022 event, where the first poster was revealed. Later that month, as fan anticipation was "building towards the release of the official trailer", a teaser was revealed during a Paramount investors call. The company did not want footage from the call to be made widely available, and had several social media posts and fan accounts taken down for circulating screenshots of the footage. In March, the first teaser was officially released online. Amanda Kooser of "c|net" said it was "pretty different" from the one that was shown during the investor call, taking a more "atmospheric approach" than that version. She compared its footage of Pike riding a horse in snow to the series "Yellowstone". Other commentators also noted the focus on atmosphere, especially highlighting Romijn's narration. James Whitbrook of "Gizmodo" speculated about the status of Pike at the beginning in the series and the impact that the second season of "Discovery" has had on him, while Witney Seibold of "/Film" opined that, despite the series' title, the teaser indicated it was "not about being strange and new. It is about being traditional and comforting. After some of the more recent "Star Trek" shows... perhaps this retreat to the familiar is a wise move."


text: Character promos for the main cast were released during the week of March 28: teasers for Uhura and La'an were released on March 29, for Ortegas and Hemmer on March 30, for M'Benga and Chapel on March 31, for Spock and Number One on April 1, and for Pike on April 2. These led to the release of the official trailer and key art on April 3. A version of the trailer was also shown during the 64th Annual Grammy Awards on that day. The release of the trailer began a week of celebrations for "First Contact Day", marking the fictional holiday of April 5 when first contact between humans and aliens was made in the "Star Trek" universe. Ryan Parker of "The Hollywood Reporter" said the trailer had "eye-popping sci-fi action and dashes of nostalgia", while Maggie Lovitt of "Collider" said it had "the best of both worlds, combining beloved characters from "The Original Series" with the awe-inspiring and engaging stories that has made "Star Trek: Discovery" a fan favorite". Writing for "Inverse", Ryan Britt felt the series was being presented as the most "mainstream" franchise iteration since the 2009 reboot film with a "zippy, old-school, swashbuckling space adventure" tone that matched "The Original Series" combined with a modern approach to sets and effects similar to the reboot films. Britt felt some "hardcore fans" would take issue with this due to wanting the series to "actually like it was filmed in the 1960s. But, the overall goal of "Strange New Worlds" feels too populist to care. Like the reboots, this series is going for a audience."


text: Later in April, a panel for the series was held at the "Star Trek: Mission Chicago" convention where the cast and crew discussed the first season and revealed a full clip from the first episode that had been seen in part during the character promos. Fans at the convention were able to pre-order their own Starfleet boots—in gray (for medical) or standard black—from shoe designer John Fluevog. The boots became available for purchase at Fluevog outlets later in 2022. "Mission Chicago" also had an exhibit of costumes and props from the series which was then moved to the Paley Center for Media in New York City for a larger exhibit called "The Visionary Universe of "Star Trek: Strange New Worlds"", running from April 27 to May 29. The first public screening of the series' first two episodes took place at the Paley Center on May 1, following a gold carpet premiere event on April 30. At the Las Vegas "Star Trek" convention in August, "Star Trek Wines" announced a 2221 Chateau Picard wine, based on a bottle seen in "Children of the Comet", which was created by the real Château Picard in Bordeaux, France.


text: The season premiered on the streaming service Paramount+ in the United States, Latin America, Australia, and the Nordics on May 5, 2022, and ran for 10 episodes until July 7. It was released in Canada by Bell Media (broadcast on CTV Sci-Fi Channel before streaming on Crave), in New Zealand on TVNZ, and in India on Voot. The season is being released in other countries and territories as Paramount+ becomes available there.


text: According to Whip Media, who track viewership data for the 19 million worldwide users of their TV Time app, "Strange New Worlds" was the second-most anticipated new series of May 2022 behind Disney+'s "Obi-Wan Kenobi". "Variety" also named it one of the 40 most anticipated series of 2022. Whip Media ranked "Strange New Worlds" in the top 10 original streaming series for U.S. viewership each week the season was released except for the week of the season premiere. Parrot Analytics determines audience "demand expressions" based on various data sources, and the company calculated that "Strange New Worlds" was the 26th-most in demand U.S. streaming series for the week ending on May 6 (after the series premiered on May 5). It then saw a 92.4 percent rise in demand expression for the series, which moved up to third-most in demand the next week behind Netflix's "Stranger Things" and Disney+'s "The Mandalorian". Parrot said the series was 35.1 times more in demand than the average U.S. streaming series. It remained on Parrot's weekly top 10 list until the week after the finale's release, and debuted at fifth place on the company's monthly list, for May 2022, at 30.9 times more in demand than the average series. The only other Paramount+ series on the list for that month was the of "Picard" (ranked 9th). In August, Paramount+ said "Strange New Worlds" was the most-watched original "Star Trek" series on the service over its first 90 days, and the second-most watched original series in general for the service in the United Kingdom.


text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 99% approval score with an average rating of 8.1/10 based on 80 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Strange New Worlds" treks across familiar territory to refreshing effect, its episodic structure and soulful cast recapturing the sense of boundless discovery that defined the franchise's roots." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 76 out of 100 based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


text: In July 2022, Alan Sepinwall of "Rolling Stone" named "Strange New Worlds" one of the 15 best series of 2022 so far, and "Gizmodo" included it on a list of the best "genre television" of the year so far. The next month, Zosha Millman included "Strange New Worlds" on a list of the best series so far in 2022 for "Polygon", as did Justin Kirkland and Adrienne Westenfeld who put it sixth on a list of twenty-five for "Esquire".


title: New Unity

text: The New Unity (, JV) is a centre-right political alliance in Latvia. Its members are Unity, the Latgale Party and four other regional parties, and it is orientated towards liberal-conservatism and liberalism.


title: New Unity

text: Before the 2018 Latvian parliamentary elections the Unity party formed the New Unity party alliance (the party itself is still registered as Unity) in April 2018 together with the regional "For Kuldīga Municipality", "For Valmiera and Vidzeme" and parties, joined by the "Jēkabpils Regional Party" in June.


title: New Unity

text: The Latgale Party, a previous partner of Unity that had run on its list in the past, initially was uncertain whether to join the alliance, since a faction of the party supported a partnership with the Latvian Association of Regions, ended up ultimately signing a cooperation agreement in July. An offer to join the list was also extended to the liberal Movement For! and the centre-left Progressives, but both parties eventually declined.


title: New Unity

text: While the JV list performed poorly at the 2018 elections, surpassing the 5% threshold by only 1.7% and becoming the smallest party in the newly elected parliament, the subsequent failure of the candidates for PM from the New Conservative Party and KPV LV to form a government by early January 2019 urged the President of Latvia, Raimonds Vējonis, to offer the opportunity to JV's candidate, former MEP Krišjānis Kariņš. The Kariņš cabinet, consisting of JV, the New Conservatives, KPV LV, Development/For!, the National Alliance was approved by the Saeima on 23 January 2019. Alongside the Prime Minister's office, the alliance controls two ministries: the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Finance.


title: Arno Breker

text: Arno Breker (19 July 1900 – 13 February 1991) was a German architect and sculptor who is best known for his public works in Nazi Germany, where they were endorsed by the authorities as the antithesis of degenerate art. He was made official state sculptor, and exempted from military service. One of his better known statues is "Die Partei", representing the spirit of the Nazi Party that flanked one side of the carriage entrance to Albert Speer's new Reich Chancellery.


title: Arno Breker

text: After the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945 Breker continued to thrive professionally as a sculptor in the new West Germany.


title: Arno Breker

text: Breker was born in Elberfeld, in the west of Germany, the son of stonemason Arnold Breker. He began to study architecture, along with stone-carving and anatomy. At age 20 he entered the Düsseldorf Academy of Arts where he concentrated on sculpture, studying under Hubert Netzer and Wilhelm Kreis. He first visited Paris in 1924, shortly before finishing his studies. There he met with Jean Cocteau, Jean Renoir, Pablo Picasso, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, and Alfred Flechtheim. In 1927 he moved to Paris, which he thereafter considered to be his home, in the same year he had an exhibition with Alf Bayrle. Breker was quickly accepted by the art dealer Alfred Flechtheim. He also established close relationships with important figures in the art world, including Charles Despiau, Isamu Noguchi, Maurice de Vlaminck and André Dunoyer de Segonzac, all of whom he later portrayed. He travelled to North Africa, producing lithographs which he published under the title "Tunisian Journey". He also visited Aristide Maillol, who was later to describe Breker as "Germany's Michelangelo".


title: Arno Breker

text: In 1932, he was awarded a prize by the Prussian Ministry of Culture, which allowed him to stay in Rome for a year. In 1934 he returned to Germany on the advice of Max Liebermann. At this time Alfred Rosenberg, editor of the Nazi newspaper "Völkischer Beobachter", actually denounced some of Breker's work as degenerate art. However, Breker was supported by many Nazi leaders, especially Adolf Hitler. Even Rosenberg later hailed his sculptures as expressions of the "mighty momentum and will power" ("Wucht und Willenhaftigkeit") of Nazi Germany. He took commissions from the Nazis from 1933 through 1942, for example participating in a show of his work in occupied Paris in 1942, where he met Jean Cocteau, who appreciated his work. He maintained personal relationships with Albert Speer and with Hitler. In 1936 he won the commission for two sculptures representing athletic prowess, to be entered in the 1936 Olympic games arts competition in Berlin, one representing a Decathlete ("Zehnkämpfer"), which won the silver medal for statues, and the other The Victress ("Die Siegerin"). In 1937 he married Demetra Messala (Δήμητρα Μεσσάλα), a Greek model. The same year, Breker joined the Nazi Party and was made "official state sculptor" by Hitler, given a large property and provided a studio with forty-three assistants. Breker was on a list of 378 "Gottbegnadeten" (divinely gifted) artists exempted from wartime military duty by Hitler and chief propagandist Joseph Goebbels. His twin sculptures "The Party" and "The Army" held a prominent position at the entrance to Albert Speer's new Reich Chancellery, as well as the "Striding Horses" (1939), which until 1945 flanked the entrance stairs on the garden front of Adolf Hitler's Reich Chancellery in Berlin.


title: Arno Breker

text: The neoclassical nature of his work, with titles like "Comradeship", "Torchbearer", and "Sacrifice", typified Nazi ideals, and suited the characteristics of Nazi architecture. On closer inspection, though, the proportions of his figures, the highly colouristic treatment of his surfaces (the strong contrasts between dark and light accents), and the melodramatic tension of their musculatures perhaps invites comparison with the Italian Mannerist sculptors of the 16th century. This Mannerist tendency to Breker's neoclassicism may suggest closer affinities to concurrent expressionist tendencies in German Modernism than is acknowledged.


title: Arno Breker

text: Ninety percent of Breker's public works were destroyed during the bombings of Germany toward the end of the war. In 1946, Breker was offered a commission by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, but he refused, saying "One dictatorship is sufficient for me". In 1948 Breker was designated as a "fellow traveller" of the Nazis and fired, despite which he continued to thrive professionally. He returned to Düsseldorf, now in the new West Germany, which remained his base, with periods of residence in Paris. During this time he worked as an architect. However, he continued to receive commissions for sculptures, producing a number of works in his familiar classical style, working for businesses and individual patrons. He also produced many portrait busts. In 1970 he was commissioned by the king of Morocco to produce work for the United Nations Building in Casablanca, but the work was destroyed. Many other works followed, including sculptures for Dusseldorf's city hall, portraits of Anwar Sadat and Konrad Adenauer, and a statue of Pallas Athene, helmeted and throwing a spear in the same bombastic style as his Nazi-era work. Breker's rehabilitation continued, culminating in the creation of a Breker museum, funded by the Bodenstein family, who set aside Schloss Nörvenich (between Aachen and Cologne) for the purpose. The Arno Breker Museum was inaugurated in 1985, and still open in 2021.


title: Arno Breker

text: Breker's rehabilitation led to backlashes from anti-Nazi activists, including controversy in Paris when some of his works were exhibited at the Centre Georges Pompidou in 1981. In the same year anti-Breker demonstrations accompanied an exhibition in Berlin. Breker's admirers insisted that he had never been a supporter of Nazi ideology (despite being a member of the Nazi Party), but had simply accepted their patronage.


title: Arno Breker

text: Breker's last major work was a monumental sculpture of Alexander the Great intended to be located in Greece.


title: Arno Breker

text: Arno Breker was married twice. His first wife, Demetra Messala, was a Greek model. She died in 1956 in a car accident. He remarried in 1958 to Charlotte Kluge. They had two children, Gerhart (1959) and Carola (1962). Breker remained married to Kluge until his death in 1991.


title: Netstat

text: In computing, codice_1 ("network statistics") is a command-line network utility that displays network connections for Transmission Control Protocol (both incoming and outgoing), routing tables, and a number of network interface (network interface controller or software-defined network interface) and network protocol statistics. It is available on Unix, Plan 9, Inferno, and Unix-like operating systems including macOS, Linux, Solaris and BSD. It is also available on IBM OS/2 and on Microsoft Windows NT-based operating systems including Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10.


title: Netstat

text: It is used for finding problems in the network and to determine the amount of traffic on the network as a performance measurement. On Linux this program is mostly obsolete, although still included in many distributions.


title: Netstat

text: On Linux, codice_1 (part of "net-tools") is superseded by codice_3 (part of iproute2). The replacement for codice_4 is codice_5, the replacement for codice_6 is codice_7, and the replacement for codice_8 is codice_9, all of which are recommended instead.


title: Netstat

text: Parameters used with this command must be prefixed with a hyphen () rather than a slash (). Some parameters are not supported on all platforms.


title: Netstat

text: To continuously display open TCP and UDP connections numerically and also which program is using them on Linux:


title: Netstat

text: To display active TCP connections and the process IDs every 5 seconds, type the following command (works on NT based systems only, or Windows 2000 with hotfix):


title: Netstat

text: To display active TCP connections and the process IDs using numerical form, type the following command (works on NT based systems only, or Windows 2000 with hotfix):


title: Netstat

text: Under "Local Address" *, in codice_16, means the process is listening on all of the network interfaces the machine has for the port mapped as smtp (see /etc/services for service resolution). This can also be shown as 0.0.0.0.


title: Netstat

text: The first *, in codice_17, means connections can come from any IP address, and the second *, in codice_17, means the connection can originate from any port on the remote machine.


title: Netstat

text: Some versions of codice_1 lack explicit field delimiters in their printf-generated output, leading to numeric fields running together and thus corrupting the output data.


title: Netstat

text: Under Linux, raw data can often be obtained from the /proc/net/dev to work around the printf output corruption arising in netstat's network interface statistics summary, codice_6, until such time as the problem is corrected.


title: Netstat

text: On the Windows platform, netstat information can be retrieved by calling the GetTcpTable and GetUdpTable functions in the IP Helper API, or IPHLPAPI.DLL. Information returned includes local and remote IP addresses, local and remote ports, and (for GetTcpTable) TCP status codes. In addition to the command-line netstat.exe tool that ships with Windows, GUI-based netstat programs are available.


title: Netstat

text: On the Windows platform, this command is available only if the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol is installed as a component in the properties of a network adapter in Network Connections.


title: Netstat

text: On the Windows platform running Remote Desktop Services (formerly Terminal Services) it will only show connections for the current user, not for the whole computer.


title: Netstat

text: On macOS, the /System/Library/CoreServices/Applications folder (or /Applications/Utilities in OS X Mountain Lion and earlier) contains a network GUI utility called Network Utility, the Netstat tab of which runs the netstat command and displays its output in the tab.


title: Dujail Massacre

text: The Dujail massacre was a mass killing of Shia rebels by the Ba'athist Iraqi government on 8 July 1982 in Dujail, Iraq. The massacre was committed in retaliation to an earlier assassination attempt by the Shia Iranian supported Islamic Dawa Party against the then President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein. The town of Dujail had a large Shia population, with 75,000 residents at the time of the incident, and was a well-known stronghold of the Dawa Party. It is located approximately from the capital of Baghdad, in the Sunni-majority Saladin Governorate of Iraq.


title: Dujail Massacre

text: Hundreds of men, women and children were detained after the failed assassination attempt; more than 140 people were sentenced and executed for their alleged involvement in the plot, including four people who were mistakenly killed during the mass executions. Hundreds more were sent into exile and their houses, farms and properties were demolished.


title: Dujail Massacre

text: Following his capture and subsequent trial during the Iraq War, Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006 for crimes against humanity in connection with his involvement in the Dujail massacre. Many others, including Hussein's brother, were also sentenced and executed for crimes against humanity.


title: Dujail Massacre

text: The Shia-dominated town of Dujail was a stronghold of the Islamic Dawa Party, an Islamist organization involved in the Iranian-backed insurgency against Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime in Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War. Widely viewed in the West as a terrorist organization at the time, the Dawa Party was banned by the Iraqi regime in 1980 and its members sentenced to death "in absentia" by the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council.


title: Dujail Massacre

text: On 8 July 1982, Saddam Hussein visited Dujail to make a speech praising local conscripts who had served Iraq in the ongoing war against neighbouring Iran. Hussein visited several households, and after finishing his speech, he prepared for his return to the capital city of Baghdad. As his motorcade proceeded down the main road, up to a dozen gunmen used the cover of the date palm orchards that lined both sides of the road to open fire, killing two of his bodyguards before fleeing on foot. In the ensuing four-hour-long firefight, most of the attackers were killed and several were captured.


title: Dujail Massacre

text: Saddam Hussein personally interviewed two of the captured attackers before he ordered his special security and military forces to round up all suspected members of the Islamic Dawa Party who lived in Dujail, along with their families. He later ordered the razing of orchards on both sides of the road from Balad to Dujail to prevent a repeat of the ambush.


title: Dujail Massacre

text: On 14 October 1982, the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council ordered the retitling of the roadside farmland to the Ministry of Agriculture and the compensation of the owners for their loss.