title: Where Everybody Knows Your Name

text: Portnoy and Hart Angelo then wrote and submitted two more potential themes for "Cheers". One of them, entitled "Another Day", contained a lyric line "There are times when it's fun to take the long way home" that greatly appealed to the Charles brothers. But overall, the song missed the mark and was passed over. The fourth song began with a catchy intro followed by simple alternating chords on a piano. The opening verse lines, both musically and lyrically, were something of a lament. The verse then transitioned into a soaring refrain that seemed to capture the essence of why people might want to go to a place like "Cheers"—a place "Where Everybody Knows Your Name". The two songwriters recorded a simple piano/voice demo of the new song for the Cheers producers. Upon hearing it, the Charles Brothers gave it their stamp of approval, and once Portnoy and Hart Angelo had complied with a request for a few lyric changes intended to broaden the song's appeal to a more general audience, "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" was officially designated the "Theme from "Cheers"". The original opening verse,


title: Where Everybody Knows Your Name

text: After several months of mulling over possible outside singers, the producers eventually asked Gary Portnoy to record the vocal for the opening credits of their new series. (The chorus of the song is six of Portnoy’s vocals that he recorded one on top of the other to create the "group sound" of the hook.) It was also decided to maintain the simple feel of the New York demo in the TV version by keeping the number of instruments to a minimum. The finalized version of the "Cheers" theme song was recorded on August 13, 1982 at Paramount Pictures in Los Angeles, California.


title: Where Everybody Knows Your Name

text: The song received an Emmy Award nomination in 1983 for Outstanding Achievement in Music and Lyrics. In a 2011 Readers Poll in "Rolling Stone" magazine, "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" was voted the best television theme of all time. In 2013, the editors of "TV Guide" magazine named "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" the greatest TV theme of all time.


title: Wonderstruck (film)

text: Wonderstruck is a 2017 American mystery drama film directed by Todd Haynes and based on the 2011 novel "Wonderstruck" by Brian Selznick, who also adapted the novel into a screenplay. The film stars Oakes Fegley, Julianne Moore, Michelle Williams, and Millicent Simmonds.


title: Wonderstruck (film)

text: The film premiered at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2017, and competed for the Palme d'Or. It was given a limited release in the United States by Amazon Studios and Roadside Attractions on October 20, 2017.


title: Wonderstruck (film)

text: The film interlaces two stories set fifty years apart, switching frequently between them, with the older storyline filmed in black and white. Each tells the story of a child's quest. In 1927, young deaf girl Rose runs away from her father's New Jersey home to find her mother/idol, the actress Lillian Mayhew. In 1977, recently orphaned Ben, made deaf by a freak accident, runs away from his Minnesota home in search of his father.


title: Wonderstruck (film)

text: Todd Haynes directed "Wonderstruck" based on an adapted screenplay by Brian Selznick, who also wrote the novel of the same name. Haynes was involved as director by May 2015 with Christine Vachon producing under her Killer Films banner. Haynes said his previous films had mostly been period films and that "Wonderstruck"s double-period premise, set in the 1920s and the 1970s, intrigued him. The director also considered the story "a classic mystery" in learning why two stories are being told and how they would connect. He saw it as a family film and as an opportunity to make a film about children that children could also see.


title: Wonderstruck (film)

text: In November 2015, Julianne Moore had been cast in the film, with Pamela Koffler and John Sloss joining as producers. In April 2016, Jaden Michael, Cory Michael Smith, Michelle Williams, Oakes Fegley, and Amy Hargreaves joined the cast of the film. In May 2016, James Urbaniak joined the cast. Among those cast was Millicent Simmonds, a deaf actor from Utah. Haynes said they wanted to cast a deaf actor since deafness was integral to the two stories and the driving theme in the film. He instructed his casting director Laura Rosenthal to seek out deaf children around the country and if they could not find someone, they would cast a hearing child. They sought out deaf communities and received audition tapes from 200 deaf children. Simmonds was cast, and on set, she worked with American Sign Language interpreter Lynette Taylor.


title: Wonderstruck (film)

text: Principal photography began on May 4, 2016. Filming took place in Peekskill, New York. Production concluded on July 3, 2016. The 1927 scenes were filmed in black and white in 35-negative anamorphic, which differs from the aspect ratio of silent films. Haynes, who was a fan of silent film directors F.W. Murnau and King Vidor, watched numerous silent films and observed that there was a wide range of styles that disappeared when sound technology made cameras too bulky to move easily. In "Wonderstruck", the black-and-white scenes have a near-continuous musical soundtrack and use some design features that Haynes said were "not naturalistic or literal". The 1977 scenes were filmed with color-negative film in a way that matched the visual language of films from the 1970s, and also had "a gritty urban color" like the films "Midnight Cowboy" (1969) and "The French Connection" (1971). Both parts were filmed by cinematographer Edward Lachman.


title: Wonderstruck (film)

text: Amazon Studios and Roadside Attractions will distribute the film. Amazon Studios partnered with Roadside to distribute "Wonderstruck" in the United States. It had its world premiere on May 18, 2017 at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, where it competed for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section.


title: Wonderstruck (film)

text: It also screened at the New York Film Festival on October 7, 2017. The film began a limited release in the United States on , 2017, before a wider release in mid-November 2017.


title: Wonderstruck (film)

text: "Wonderstruck" has grossed $1 million in the United States and Canada, and $2.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $3.3 million.


title: Wonderstruck (film)

text: "Wonderstruck" was met with a three-minute standing ovation following its premiere at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 68% based on 227 reviews, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Wonderstruck"s efforts to juggle timelines and tonal shifts aren't always smooth, but the end result still adds up to an emotional journey whose visual thrills live up to its title." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 71 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Wonderstruck (film)

text: David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review writing: "Alive with the magic of pictures and the mysteries of silence, this is an uncommonly grownup film about children, communication, connection and memory." David Ehrlich of "IndieWire" also gave the film a positive review writing: "A soul-stirring and fiercely uncynical film."


title: Acherontia styx

text: Acherontia styx, the lesser death's head hawkmoth or bee robber, is a sphingid moth found in Asia, one of the three species of death's-head hawkmoth. It is very fond of honey, and bee keepers have reported finding dead moths in their hives as a result of bee stings. They can mimic the scent of bees so that they can enter a hive unharmed to get honey. Their tongue, which is stout and very strong, enables them to pierce the wax cells of the beehive and suck the honey out. They are also known to be a pest of yuzu ("Citrus junos") in South Korea, using their tongue to pierce and damage the fruit.


title: Acherontia styx

text: This species is similar to the European "A. atropos" but differs in having two medial bands on the underside of the forewing, instead of one, and usually no dark bands across the ventral surface of the abdomen. The skull-like marking is darker and there is a faint blue tornal dot enclosed by a black submarginal band on the hindwing upperside. The forewing discal spot (stigma) is orange; in "A. atropos" it is usually white.


title: Acherontia styx

text: There are two described subspecies, "A. s. styx" and "A. s. medusa" , but they intergrade widely, and authorities presently consider that "A. s. medusa" is just a wet zone/season form and not taxonomically distinct.


title: Acherontia styx

text: In, "The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume I", the species is described as follows.


title: Acherontia styx

text: Eggs are laid primarily on Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, Oleaceae, Pedaliaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae. In India the larvae sometimes occur in such numbers as to cause serious damage to crops such as "Sesamum indicum". Mature larvae can be 120 mm long, and come in green, yellow or brown color forms. Larvae closely resemble those of "A. atropos" except that the dark blue dorsal speckling is more pronounced on the anterior half of each abdominal segment, and the tail horn is less curved and lacks a reflexed tip. Pupation occurs in an underground chamber, excavated less than 10 cm below the surface of the soil.


title: Acherontia styx

text: The variant referred to as "A. styx medusa" occurs throughout eastern continental Asia, from northeastern China (where it is a migrant) and Japan, south through eastern China and Vietnam to Peninsular Malaysia and peninsular Thailand. It is also found throughout the islands of the Malay Archipelago. "A. s. styx" occurs from north-central and western China westward across northern Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan and Iran to Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan and Israel.


title: Acherontia styx

text: The species "A. styx" was featured in the 1991 film, "The Silence of the Lambs". In the film, the moths were captive-raised by serial killer Jame Gumb (portrayed by Ted Levine). In one scene, police performing a postmortem examination of a suspected female victim of Gumb was found to have a pupa of "A. styx" placed in her windpipe, with a pair of entomologists determining the species identity upon dissection and examination of the collected specimen.


title: Doosan Group

text: Doosan Group () is a South Korean multinational conglomerate corporation. In 2009, the corporation was placed in the "Fortune" Global 500 index. It is the parent company of Bobcat and Škoda Power. Doosan Group is the oldest running company in South Korea and is ranked as one of the world's top 10 largest heavy equipment manufacturers in 2018.


title: Doosan Group

text: The Doosan Group was founded in 1896. The company began as the Park Seung Jik Store in 1896 in Baeogai (now Jongno 4-ga, Seoul).


title: Doosan Group

text: The company's acquisitions include Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction in 2001, Koryeo Industrial Development in 2004 and Doosan Infracore (formerly Daewoo Heavy Industries & Machinery in 1967) in 2005.


title: Doosan Group

text: In 2006, Doosan acquired the boiler engineering company Mitsui Babcock UK (renamed Doosan Babcock) and Kvaerner IMGB, the largest casting and forging company in Romania. In 2007, Doosan acquired the construction machinery company Bobcat USA, the world's largest supplier of small construction equipment. After the absorption of Bobcat USA into Doosan Infracore, the Doosan Group became the world's seventh largest supplier of construction machinery. Doosan currently has 41,400 employees in 38 countries.


title: Doosan Group

text: In 2011, Doosan renewed its licensing agreement with Wärtsilä - Sulzer for the construction of large marine propulsion engines, for which it is one of the world leaders.


title: Doosan Group

text: On January 1, 2018, Doosan and Doosan Bobcat were separated into independent companies. In July 2021, Doosan Infracore was acquired by Hyundai Heavy Industries, which paid approximately $722.45 million for a 30% controlling stake in the company. Doosan Infracore is planned to become a subsidiary of the newly created Hyundai Genuine group.


title: Durai Murugan

text: Durai Murugan (born 1 July 1938) is an Indian politician and lawyer. He is the Minister for Water Resources under the government of M. K. Stalin since 2021. He is the general secretary of the DMK party since 9 September 2020. He graduated in M.A. and B.L. and is an advocate by profession. He is a very close confidant to former DMK Supremo M. Karunanidhi and his son DMK President M. K. Stalin. He also worked as Treasurer, Principal Secretary and Deputy General secretary of the DMK party.


title: Durai Murugan

text: Durai Murugan was first elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly in 1971 and has been elected ten times since. He was elected from the Katpadi constituency in 2006. After the 2006 assembly elections, Durai Murugan was appointed Minister for Public Works in the Government of Tamil Nadu.


title: Leominster

text: Leominster ( ) is a market town in Herefordshire, England, at the confluence of the River Lugg and its tributary the River Kenwater. The town is north of Hereford and south of Ludlow in Shropshire. With a population of 11,700, Leominster is the largest of the five towns (Leominster, Ross-on-Wye, Ledbury, Bromyard and Kington) in the county.


title: Leominster

text: From 1974 to 1996, Leominster was the administrative centre for the former local government district of Leominster.


title: Leominster

text: The town takes its name from the English word minster, meaning a community of clergy and the original Celtic name for the district "Leon" or "Lene", probably in turn from an Old Welsh root "lei" to flow. The Welsh name for Leominster is "Llanllieni", with Llan suggesting a possible Celtic origin to the town's religious community.


title: Leominster

text: Contrary to certain reports, the name has nothing to do with Leofric, an 11th-century Earl of Mercia (most famous for being the miserly husband of Lady Godiva).


title: Leominster

text: During the Early Middle Ages, Leominster was home to Æthelmod of Leominster, an English saint known to history mainly through the hagiography of the Secgan Manuscript. He is reputedly buried in Leominster.


title: Leominster

text: During the 8th and 9th Century, Danes (or Vikings) frequently raided the area. In 2015, two individuals (operating without landowner permission), using metal detectors, found a large hoard near Leominster (the Leominster hoard) consisting primarily of Saxon jewellery and silver ingots but also coins; the latter date to around 879 CE. According to a news report, "experts believe it was buried by a Viking during a series of raids", while Wessex was ruled by Alfred the Great and Mercia by Ceolwulf II of Mercia.


title: Leominster

text: According to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", a raid by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn on Leominster in 1052 resulted in the Battle of Llanllieni, between the Welsh and a combined force of Normans (mercenaries) and English Saxons.


title: Leominster

text: Henry I bestowed the minster and its estates on Reading Abbey, which founded a priory at Leominster in 1121, although there was one here from Saxon times. Its Priory Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, which now serves as the parish church, is the remaining part of this 12th-century Benedictine monastery. Quatrefoil piers were inserted between 1872–79 by Sir George Gilbert Scott.


title: Leominster

text: The priory was ransacked by the Welsh forces of Owain Glyndŵr after their victory at the Battle of Bryn Glas near Pilleth in 1402, along with several local manor houses.


title: Leominster

text: Investigations to the north of the priory in 2005 located the position of the cloister, although most of the stone had been stolen following the Dissolution. Discarded animal bones found on the site when submitted to carbon dating showed that the area was occupied in the 7th century. This agrees with the date of 660 CE associated with the founding myth, which suggests a Christian community was established here by a monk, St. Eadfrith, originally from Lindisfarne in Northumbria.


title: Leominster

text: Leominster is also the historical home of Ryeland sheep, a breed once famed for its "Lemster" wool, known as 'Lemster ore'. This wool was prized above all other English wool in trade with the continent of Europe in the Middle Ages. It was the income and prosperity from this wool trade that established the town and the minster and attracted the envy of the Welsh and other regions.


title: Leominster

text: From approximately 1748 to 1754, Pinsley Mill in Leominster was home to one of the Paul-Wyatt cotton mills, the first four cotton mills in the world, employing the spinning machines of Lewis Paul and John Wyatt. The mill was financed by Lancashire native Daniel Bourn, and was partly owned by other men from Lancashire. Bourn introduced his own version of the carding engine to work at this mill, and of the four Paul-Wyatt mills, it may have been the most successful, as shortly after the fire that destroyed the mill, it was reported that the cotton works "had been viewed with great pleasure and admiration by travellers and all who had seen them."


title: Leominster

text: One of the last ordeals by ducking stool took place in Leominster in 1809, with Jenny Pipes as the final incumbent. The ducking stool is on public display in Leominster Priory; a mechanised depiction of it is featured on the town clock.


title: Leominster

text: As with all towns in the United Kingdom, Leominster has a maritime climate, with mild winters and summers. The data below is from a weather station in Preston Wynne, a village about 10 miles South East of Leominster.


title: Leominster

text: The A49 £9 million bypass opened in November 1988. The town also has a bus station linking it to Hereford and a number of nearby towns and villages.


title: Leominster

text: Leominster railway station is managed by Transport for Wales who provide services on the Welsh Marches Line.


title: Leominster

text: Earl Mortimer college, is a state comprehensive school providing secondary education for about 650 pupils. There is also Leominster Primary School and Westfield's Special School. Primary schools in the villages around the town include Ivington, Kimbolton, Kingsland, Luston and Stoke Prior.


title: Leominster

text: In print, Leominster is served by the "Hereford Times", "The Leominster News" and the "Teme Valley Times". Local radio stations are Sunshine Radio, Sunshine 855, BBC Radio Hereford & Worcester and Free Radio Herefordshire & Worcestershire.


title: Matthew (given name)

text: Matthew is an English language male given name. It ultimately derives from the Hebrew name "" ("Matityahu") which means "Gift of Yahweh".


title: Matthew (given name)

text: The Hebrew name "" (Matityahu) was transliterated into Greek to "Ματταθίας" ("Mattathias"). It was subsequently shortened to Greek "Ματθαῖος" ("Matthaios"); this was Latinised as "Matthaeus", which became "Matthew" in English. The popularity of the name is due to Matthew the Apostle who, in Christian tradition, is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and the author of the Gospel of Matthew.


title: Matthew (given name)

text: Maiú and Maidiú were both a borrowing of the name Matthew among the Anglo-Normans settlers in Ireland. Maitiú is the most common Irish form of the name. Matthew is also used as an anglicisation of the Irish name "Mathúin" (meaning "bear").


title: Matthew (given name)

text: The name Matthew became popular during the Middle Ages in Northwest Europe, and has been very common throughout the English-speaking world.


title: Matthew (given name)

text: In Ireland, Matthew was ranked the 15th most popular male name in 2007. In 2008, it was ranked 20th, falling to 23rd between 2009-2010, and then 24th between 2011-2012. In 2016, it was the 29th most popular male name in Ireland, rising to 26th in 2017.


title: Matthew (given name)

text: In the United Kingdom, Matthew has been among the 10 most popular male names. Matthew has been in the top 1,000 most popular male names in Australia, Canada and United States.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: Michael Meeropol (born Michael Rosenberg on March 10, 1943) is an American retired professor of economics. He is the older son of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, convicted communist spies. Born in New York City, as Michael Rosenberg, Meeropol spent his early childhood living in New York and attending local school there.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: His father Julius, an electrical engineer, and his mother Ethel ("née" Greenglass), a union organizer, were members of the Communist Party. When Michael was seven years old, his parents were apprehended. In 1951, they were convicted and sentenced to death for conspiracy to commit espionage related to the passing of atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. After two years, during which they both maintained their innocence, and a worldwide campaign for executive clemency raged, they were executed in June 1953.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: During the trial, Michael and his younger brother Robert lived first with their maternal grandmother, Tessie Greenglass, until November 1950, when she placed them in the Hebrew Children's Home in the Bronx. In June 1951, they moved in with their paternal grandmother, Sophie Rosenberg, in upper Manhattan until June 1952, at which time they were taken in by family friends, Ben and Sonia Bach, in Toms River, New Jersey, from June 1952 until the December after their parents' executions on June 19, 1953. The Toms River school superintendent "turned the boys away as non-residents".


title: Michael Meeropol

text: The brothers were eventually adopted by the lyricist, librettist, and musician Abel Meeropol and his wife Anne, whose first children had been stillborn. Taking their last name, Michael and Robert grew up first in Manhattan and then (after 1961) in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: Michael graduated from Swarthmore College, before going on to graduate work at King's College, Cambridge. In 1973, he received his Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: Meeropol eventually became an economist, teaching at Western New England College (now Western New England University), a small private college in Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1998 he authored "Surrender: How the Clinton Administration Completed the Reagan Revolution". Many of his articles have advocated liberal to left-wing economic policies, including, in 2005, his opposition to the Bush administration's efforts to partially privatize Social Security. Since September 2006 he has been a monthly commentator on the Albany NPR-affiliate WAMC radio.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: He and his brother Robert have written about their parents as well as participated in documentaries about them. Together they wrote "We Are Your Sons" (1975). A second edition was published in 1986 (University of Illinois Press) with three new chapters, including a rebuttal to the book, "The Rosenberg File". Meeropol said that even though the authors got it "right" about the (partial) guilt of Julius Rosenberg, Michael Meeropol said they were "right" like a stopped clock is right twice a day.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: Meeropol separately edited a complete edition of his parents' prison correspondence, "The Rosenberg Letters" (1994). Though currently not speaking in public about his parents' case as much as his brother, he remains a strong advocate for his parents. His daughter Ivy Meeropol interviewed both brothers about the Rosenberg trial and his childhood for her 2004 film "Heir to an Execution", and included new comments from Michael in her 2019 documentary on Roy Cohn. In the latter, we see the younger Michael Meeropol debating Roy Cohn in 1981, as well as re-visiting Sing Sing in September 2018.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: Meeropol retired as professor of economics and chair of the department at Western New England University in December 2008. He worked for four years at John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City University of New York teaching economics and interdisciplinary studies. He taught his last class at John Jay in May 2014.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: In June of 2022 he openly called for non-violent nuisance protest at the homes of NRA board members because they enable mass murderers. The exact quote as reported by FOX is:


title: Michael Meeropol

text: He also floated the idea of throwing red paint on the front stoop, driveway and lawn of their homes in order to make them "uncomfortable."


title: Michael Meeropol

text: In December 1965, Meeropol married Ann Karusaitis. They have two children, Ivy and Greg, and two grandchildren. His wife died in May 2019.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: In 2008, after the Rosenberg co-defendant Morton Sobell admitted that he and Julius Rosenberg had engaged in espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union during World War II, Michael and Robert Meeropol agreed that their father was a Soviet spy. But they reiterated what they perceived to be the failures of the government prosecution:"[W]hatever atomic bomb information their father passed to the Russians was, at best, superfluous; the case was riddled with prosecutorial and judicial misconduct; their mother was convicted on flimsy evidence to place leverage on her husband, and neither deserved the death penalty." A month later, the brothers published an op-ed in "the Los Angeles Times" stating that Sobell's confession revealed no detail about the theft of the atom bomb design. They noted that the witness Ruth Greenglass' recently released grand jury testimony said nothing about Ethel Rosenberg's alleged spying activities, for which the government convicted her.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: The Meeropol brothers have endorsed the conclusions of Walter Schneir, in his posthumously published book "Final Verdict", that Greenglass's version of events was concocted – that Julius Rosenberg had been given notice of termination by the KGB in early 1945, and thus was out of the espionage loop when a cross-section drawing of an implosion-type atomic bomb (exhibit 8 at the Rosenberg Trial) was passed to the Soviets. Schneir said that David and / or Ruth Greenglass turned that drawing and descriptive material over to a KGB agent in December 1945 – not, as testified at the trial, to Julius Rosenberg in September 1945.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: In 2015 after the death of David Greenglass, his secret grand jury testimony was released. Claiming that that testimony supported their view that their mother was not an espionage agent (twice Greenglass under oath before the Grand Jury asserted he had never spoken with his sister about any of his espionage activities with Julius Rosenberg or Ruth Greenglass) the brothers Meeropol wrote an op-ed in "The New York Times" demanding that the US government exonerate their mother. On September 28, 2015, the date that would have been Ethel Rosenberg's 100th birthday, the brothers and eight members of their extended families (including one great-grandchild of the Rosenbergs) gathered on the steps of New York's City Hall to receive two proclamations – one by 13 City Council members and one by the Borough President of Manhattan honoring Ethel Rosenberg and decrying her reputedly false conviction and execution.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: Meeropol and his brother Robert appeared on the CBS news magazine show 60 Minutes in the fall of 2016 arguing that their mother deserved exoneration because of the recent release of grand jury testimony by her chief accuser, David Greenglass, which directly contradicted his trial testimony against her. They submitted requests to President Obama for a proclamation to in effect nullify the original jury verdict because of the perjuries involved in the government's case against her. This request was accompanied by the documents including grand jury minutes supporting their arguments. On December 1, 2016 Meeropol and his brother Robert stood outside the White House gate to symbolically re-create the effort they engaged in back in 1953 when Michael delivered a handwritten letter to President Eisenhower asking for clemency for his parents to a White House guard. They turned in petitions containing more than 60,000 signatures in support of their request. The request received no response, and it is unclear if President Obama was ever aware of the request.


title: Michael Meeropol

text: Meeropol published a 2018 article revisiting his uncle David Greenglass' testimony and role in the Rosenberg case.


Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP) is an ethical hacking certification offered by Offensive Security that teaches penetration testing methodologies and the use of the tools included with the Kali Linux distribution (successor of BackTrack). The OSCP is a hands-on penetration testing certification, requiring holders to successfully attack and penetrate various live machines in a safe lab environment. It is considered more technical than other ethical hacking certifications, and is one of the few certifications that requires evidence of practical penetration testing skills.


title: Offensive Security Certified Professional

text: In 2015, the UK's predominant accreditation body for penetration testing, CREST, began recognising OSCP as equivalent to their intermediate level qualification CREST Registered Tester (CRT).


text: In "Kali Linux: A toolbox for pentest," JM Porup called OSCP certification "coveted" because it required passing a difficult 24-hour exam demonstrating hacking. In a press release on a new chief operating officer for a security services company, the company's use of OSCP professionals was described as a strength. In "The Ultimate Guide To Getting Started With Cybersecurity" Vishal Chawla of Analytics India Mag recommended OSCP as one of two "well known" security certifications. In an interview of Offensive Security CEO Ning Wang, Adam Bannister of The Daily Swig discussed a "major update" to "Penetration Testing with Kali Linux (PWK)" training course, which leads to OSCP certification for students who pass the final exam. The training updates were discussed in detail in helpnet security.


text: In "The Basics of Web Hacking: Tools and Techniques to Attack the Web", Josh Pauli called OSCP "highly respected." "Cybersecurity Education for Awareness and Compliance" gave a syllabus outline of the training course for OSCP. In "Phishing Dark Waters: The Offensive and Defensive Sides of Malicious Emails", co-author Christopher Hadnagy listed OSCP as one of his qualifications. "Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) Foundation Guide" listed OSCP as one of two certifications by Offensive Security for a "Security Testing Track." "Sicherheit von Webanwendungen in der Praxis" also included OSCP in a list of recommended certifications. "Building a Pentesting Lab for Wireless Networks" called Offensive Security training "practical and hands-on" and said they were "most recommended."


text: In "The Information Security Undergraduate Curriculum: Evolution of a Small Program" Lionel Mew of University of Richmond said 35% of Information security jobs require certifications, and described OSCP as a "popular certification." "Maintaining a Cybersecurity Curriculum: Professional Certifications as Valuable Guidance" called OSCP an "advanced certification" and one of "a select few" requiring hands-on penetration skills demonstrations.


title: If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)

text: "If I Can't Have You" is a disco song written by the Bee Gees in 1977. The song initially appeared on the "Saturday Night Fever" soundtrack in a version by Yvonne Elliman, released in November 1977. The Bee Gees' own version appeared a month later as the B-side of "Stayin' Alive".


title: If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)

text: The song later appeared on the Bee Gees' compilation "". The remixed version was released and remastered in the compilation "Bee Gees Greatest" in 2007 and marked the return of the Bee Gees to the US Hot Dance Tracks charts after 28 years. According to Maurice, this track was the first song they did while they were recording the other songs for the film. The recording was started at Château d'Hérouville as a basic track only and completed later at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles.


title: If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)

text: Although Yvonne Elliman had cut her 1976 album, "Love Me", with producer Freddie Perren, who was a major force in the disco movement (Perren had produced the Sylvers' 1976 number 1 "Boogie Fever" and would soon collaborate with Gloria Gaynor on the disco anthem "I Will Survive"), "Love Me" had showcased Elliman not as a disco artist but rather as a pop ballad singer, notably on the title cut, a Barry Gibb composition that Elliman turned into an international hit. It was originally intended that Elliman's contribution to the "Saturday Night Fever" soundtrack would be another ballad written by the Gibb brothers, "How Deep Is Your Love".


title: If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)

text: Meanwhile, the Bee Gees recorded their own version of "If I Can't Have You" for the film. However, RSO Records chairman and Bee Gees manager Robert Stigwood, who was executive-producing the "Saturday Night Fever" album, dictated that the Bee Gees record "How Deep Is Your Love" and Elliman be given the disco-style "If I Can't Have You".


title: If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)

text: Stigwood's decisions proved a success as the soundtrack's first single, the Bee Gees' version of the ballad "How Deep Is Your Love", shot to number one, followed to the top spot by the soundtrack's second and third singles, also by the Gibb brothers, "Stayin' Alive" and "Night Fever". Elliman's "If I Can't Have You", produced by Perren, was released as the fourth single off the "Saturday Night Fever" album in February 1978. "Billboard Magazine" praised Elliman's "powerful" vocal performance. "Cash Box" said that it was "pop music with a very danceable beat" and that Elliman's vocal was unique enough that it would not create confusion with any Bee Gees recording. As the first single off the "Saturday Night Fever" soundtrack not performed by the Bee Gees, "If I Can't Have You" would become the fourth number 1 hit from the album, reaching the number one spot on the US Hot 100 in "Billboard" dated 13 May 1978, ending an eight-week number 1 tenure by "Night Fever". "If I Can't Have You" was the fourth consecutive US number 1 to be co-written by Barry Gibb, and the RSO record label's sixth consecutive number one on the US Hot 100. The B-side of the Elliman single was a song from the "Love Me" album, "Good Sign", a composition by Melissa Manchester and Carole Bayer Sager which had also served as the B-side of Elliman's hit "Hello Stranger".


title: If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)

text: Far from the success going to Elliman's head or giving her ideas of following up the sudden disco success with a deeper foray into the genre, a contemporary interview by journalist Peter J. Boyer found Elliman dismissive of her number 1 hit, referring to it in conversation only casually as "that current thing from "Saturday Night Fever"". In spite of the coattail success she's had with "If I Can't Have You", it's a disco song and Elliman decided her broad, husky vocals are best suited elsewhere. "If I Can't Have You" was featured on Elliman's February 1978 album release "Night Flight", which, apart from that song, was produced by Robert Appère and was not disco-oriented. No song from "Night Flight" was issued as a follow-up single to "If I Can't Have You", Elliman's next single being a rock ballad entitled "Savannah" which failed to consolidate Elliman's potential mainstream stardom. Elliman did return to disco music in 1979 with "Love Pains" which returned her to the US Top 40 one more time before she dropped out of the music scene in the 1980s.


title: If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)

text: Elliman's "If I Can't Have You" was also featured in the 1999 film "Big Daddy" as well as on its soundtrack album.


title: If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)

text: The song was covered in 1993 by British singer Kim Wilde and recorded as one of two new tracks on her second compilation album, "The Singles Collection 1981–1993" (1993). The single reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart and number six on the UK Dance Singles Chart. It became Wilde's biggest hit of the 1990s and one of her biggest hits in Australia, where it reached number three. In Europe the song also peaked within the top 10 in Belgium and Ireland, and within the top 20 in Iceland, the Netherlands, Italy and Switzerland. It was released in several extended remixes on the 12" and CD-single formats. The B-side was an exclusive non-album track called "Never Felt So Alive".


title: If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" called it a "NRGetic rendition", adding it as "a delicious guilty pleasure, oozing with over-the-top strings and angelic backing vocals. Kim works her program for all it's worth—and we're buying it bigtime." Pan-European magazine "Music & Media" commented, "The brothers Gibb—a.k.a. the Bee Gees—wrote this song for Yvonne Elliman in the heyday of disco in the end of the '70s and Wilde recycles the song in the dance era. The kids will absolutely go wild(e) on this one." Alan Jones from "Music Week" gave the song three out of five, writing that "this lacklustre cover lacks the finesse of the original and it won't be one of Wilde's biggest hits."


title: If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)

text: On 2 November 2007, Rhino Records and Reprise Records released a remix version of "If I Can't Have You" by German house music production duo The Disco Boys. The song was released as a single from the remastered version of "Bee Gees Greatest" (2007), originally released in 1979, and reached the US Hot Dance Club Play chart, peaking at #47 in January 2008.


title: If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)

text: In 2016, English singer and songwriter Jess Glynne re-recorded "If I Can't Have You" in support of the French musical "Saturday Night Fever", which was to premiere in 2017. Warner Music France released her rendition as a digital single on 22 May 2016.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Daniel John Hannan, Baron Hannan of Kingsclere (born 1 September 1971) is a British writer, journalist and former politician serving as an adviser to the Board of Trade since 2020. He is the founding president of the Initiative for Free Trade. A member of the Conservative Party, he was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for South East England from 1999 to 2020.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan was the first secretary-general of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE), serving from 2009 to 2018. He was one of the founders of Vote Leave, one of the organisations that campaigned to leave the EU in 2016, and served on its board throughout the referendum. He played a prominent role in the referendum campaign, participating in a number of public debates. He stood down from the European Parliament at the United Kingdom's exit from the EU in 2020.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Lord Hannan of Kingsclere has written columns for "The Sunday Telegraph", the "International Business Times, ConservativeHome", and the "Washington Examiner", as well as occasional columns in the "Daily Mail", "The Guardian", "The Daily Telegraph", "The Sun", "The Spectator", and "The Wall Street Journal". He is editor-in-chief of "The Conservative", a quarterly journal of centre-right political thought. He has published several books.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan was born on 1 September 1971 in Lima, Peru. His mother was a Scot who had been working in the British Embassy in Lima. His father, whose family origins are Ulster Catholic, had been educated in the UK and had served in Italy during the Second World War with the North Irish Horse of the British Army. Hannan grew up on his parents' farm outside Lima, attending school and university in Britain. He was educated at Winchester House School and Marlborough College.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan read Modern History at Oriel College, Oxford. He was active in university politics, being elected President of the Oxford University Conservative Association in 1992 – when Nicky Morgan was his opponent. As an undergraduate, he established the Oxford Campaign for an Independent Britain in 1990, a group which campaigned against closer EU integration – a theme that was to shape his later career.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: On 12 September 1992, he organised a protest at the EU finance ministers' summit in Bath against membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. Three days later, the pound was forced to leave the system in an event known as Black Wednesday. In an article published in "The Daily Telegraph", Hannan has claimed that his protest activities were connected with this event.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: After graduating in 1993, Hannan became the first director of the European Research Group, an organisation for Eurosceptic Conservative MPs chaired by Michael Spicer. From 1994 to 1995, he served as Chairman of the National Association of Conservative Graduates.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In 1996, he became a leader-writer at "The Daily Telegraph" under Charles Moore. He wrote leaders for the paper until 2004, and has written blogs and columns ever since. Hannan has since contributed to "The Spectator" and many other newspapers and magazines around the world. In 1997, he became an adviser and speechwriter to Michael Howard, then Shadow Foreign Secretary.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In 2001, during the general election campaign, while already serving as an MEP, he wrote speeches for William Hague, the Conservative leader. In 1999 he stood down from his posts at the European Research Group and Conservative Graduates.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan was elected to the European Parliament in 1999. His first act on being elected was to write an article in "The Daily Telegraph" about the expenses and allowances available to MEPs, which caused great controversy.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In 2000, he launched a public appeal to support the underfunded "No" campaign in Denmark's referendum on joining the euro. "The Guardian" newspaper accused him of running the appeal from his parliamentary office, but withdrew the accusation when it was shown that he had, in fact, operated out of his own flat. Denmark ultimately voted against joining the euro.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan was re-elected at the top of his party's list for the South East England constituency in 2004. He was re-elected again, in 2009 and 2014, each time at the head of the Conservative list – a ranking determined by party members in a postal ballot.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In December 2018, Hannan ranked 738 out of 751 MEPs for his participation in roll call votes in the European Parliament.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: One of Hannan's longest-running campaigns as an MEP was for a referendum – first on the European Constitution and then, when that text was revised and renamed, on the Lisbon Treaty. He would end every speech, whatever its subject, with a call, in Latin, for the Lisbon treaty to be put to the vote: ""Pactio Olisipiensis censenda est"". The words were a deliberate echo of Cato the Elder, the Roman Senator who ended every speech with a call for Carthage to be destroyed: ""Carthago delenda est"".


title: Daniel Hannan

text: When no referendum was forthcoming, Hannan began to use parliamentary procedure to draw attention to his campaign. Under the rules as they then stood, all MEPs were allowed to speak for up to 60 seconds following the vote on each matter on which they had voted, a procedure known as "Explanations of Vote". In 2008, he organised a multi-national rota of Eurosceptic MEPs to speak on every permissible vote, always ending their speeches by calling for a referendum on Lisbon.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: The campaign served to delay proceedings, and the President of the European Parliament, Hans-Gert Pöttering, declared that he should have a discretionary right to disallow any such interventions when he was "convinced that these are manifestly intended to cause, and will result in, a prolonged and serious obstruction of the procedures of the House or the rights of other Members" (Rule 20, para 1).


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Following this intervention when Hannan continued speaking after his allocated time, he was interrupted and had his microphone cut off by Luigi Cocilovo, one of the 14 Vice-Presidents.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In response to this the EPP leader, Joseph Daul, initiated proceedings to expel Hannan from the group. At the relevant meeting, Hannan told members that the ideological differences between him and the majority of EPP members on the question of European integration made his expulsion their only logical choice. He duly left the group on 20 February 2008, and sat as a non-attached (non-inscrit) member until the rest of the British Conservatives followed to form the European Conservatives and Reformists following the 2009 election.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan, who had campaigned against EPP membership since before his election, rejoined his colleagues in the new ECR Group in 2009, and became the first Secretary-General of its attached Euro-party, AECR, subsequently ACRE.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: While Secretary-General, ACRE has attracted criticism over spending of EU funds to promote events which are of limited relevance or benefit to the EU. On 10 December 2018, European parliament senior leaders ordered ACRE to repay €535,609 (£484,367) of EU funds adjudged to have been spent on inappropriate events, including €250,000 spent on a three-day event at a luxury beach resort in Miami and €90,000 spent on a trade "summit" at a five-star hotel on the shores of Lake Victoria in Kampala. Parliament authorities suggest that Hannan used EU funds for ACRE to support other pet projects, such as his free-trade thinktank, the Initiative for Free Trade (IFT), as well as Conservatives International.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: On 24 March 2009, after Gordon Brown had given a short speech to the European Parliament in Strasbourg in advance of the G20 London summit, Hannan followed up by delivering a 3-minute speech strongly criticising the response by Gordon Brown to the global financial crisis. He finished the speech with the phrase, "the devalued Prime Minister of a devalued government", which was a quote taken from a 1992 speech by then-Labour Party leader John Smith about then-Prime Minister John Major. A video clip of the speech went viral on YouTube that evening It eventually got over 3 million views, and two years later remained the most-watched YouTube video of any UK politician.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: The video of the speech brought Hannan to prominence in both the UK and elsewhere around the world, notably the United States. In the following months, Hannan appeared both via satellite and in person on various Fox News shows, including those of Sean Hannity, Glenn Beck and Neil Cavuto. Given that the United States was then in the middle of a debate about the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Hannan was often asked about the benefits of the British National Health Service. Hannan generally criticized the NHS, saying it "puts the power of life and death in the hands of a state bureaucracy".


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan later said that he was "slightly perplexed" at the popularity of the speech, given that he had made similar speeches before. However, he was pleased with the outcome, saying that it showed that, with the rise of the internet, "political reporters no longer get to decide what's news", which he felt was "good news for libertarians of every stripe."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan, being one of the founders of the Vote Leave campaign, was at the forefront of the 2016 Referendum on membership of the European Union. Described in "The Guardian" as "the man who brought you Brexit", the "Financial Times" described his Oxford Campaign for an Independent Britain as the start of the Brexit movement.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Along with Douglas Carswell, Hannan is credited with being "part of the hard core who kept the flame of Tory Euroscepticism burning – and tirelessly promoted their own positive, internationalist case for Britain's exit from the EU in parallel to Farage's negative, isolationist one."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: As he was about to graduate in 1992, Hannan wrote to Tory rebels who were against the Maastricht Treaty in 1992; together they created the European Research Group, with Hannan as their secretary.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan claims the name was intentionally innocuous, since the group worked unabashedly against the single currency and the ECJ. He was involved in the creation of the Congress for Democracy, an umbrella organisation for various Eurosceptic groups, which reportedly contained both trade union shop stewards and UKIP activists.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: On Twitter, Hannan claimed that "it's irresponsible to scare EU nationals in the UK by hinting their status might change after Brexit. No one's suggesting such a thing". This was despite the government's wish to make EU nationals apply for "settled status" to remain in the UK.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In an interview in 2015 Hannan asserted that "absolutely nobody is talking about threatening our place in the single market." Seven years later, he began a "Daily Telegraph" column with "Staying in the single market, or large parts of it, would have saved us a lot of trouble", noting that that statement had long been treated as a "pledge" and used to discredit him Critics of Brexit treated that as a major concession on his part, given his lengthy advocacy for the UK to leave the EU long before 2016.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan clarified that what he had always advocated was that after leaving the EU, the UK should rejoin the European Free Trade Association, of which it had been a founding member, and thus retain what benefits of the single market it felt it should. Given the narrow success of the referendum, he emphasized that it was important that an agreement on the terms of Britain's departure have broad support from both sides, and he believed that would have been a start. Had Cameron's successor been an enthusiastic Leave supporter, Hannan believed, that would have come to pass and the UK would have left the EU earlier than it ultimately did. May's support for retaining freedom of movement above all else hampered that transition, empowered extremists on both sides, and led to Britain's failure to take advantage of many opportunities to relax or repeal EU legislation it had retained, leaving the UK in some ways more restrictive than some EU countries.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Some of those who responded were not convinced, primarily noting that if that was what Hannan felt, he should have said so "with any kind of force between 2016 and 2019, when it might have changed or meant anything", as Zoe Williams put in "The Guardian". Jonn Elledge in "New Statesman" concurred that Hannan was only willing to say this so bluntly when doing so carried no political risk to himself or his side. "Much easier instead to blame the lack of compromise on Remainers and the left, two groups who famously had a huge degree of influence over Theresa May's thinking."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In September 2020, Hannan was named an advisor to the British Board of Trade.<ref name="https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/board-of-trade#advisers-to-the-board-september-2020"></ref> Later, in December of that year, it was announced he would be conferred a life peerage after a nomination by Prime Minister Boris Johnson. In the morning of Monday 25 January 2021 he was created "Baron Hannan of Kingsclere, of Kingsclere in the County of Hampshire".


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan is an advocate of localism. He believes that local government independence is impossible without giving fiscal autonomy. To that end, he supports replacing Value Added Tax with a local sales tax, set by local councils.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: He was co-author, along with 27 Conservative MPs elected in 2005, of "Direct Democracy: An Agenda for a New Model Party", which proposes the wholesale devolution of power and the direct election of decision-makers, and the replacement of the NHS with a private insurance system These ideas were developed further in a series of six pamphlets, "The Localist Papers", serialised in "The Daily Telegraph" in 2007.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan is an advocate of national sovereignty and has questioned the idea that "nationalism causes war". Hannan has been referred to as a "British nationalist" and "British Gaullist". In a debate prior to the EU Referendum in Great Britain, Hannan said "Being a nation means that we are not just a random set of individuals born to a different random set of random individuals. It imposes on us a duty to keep intact the freedoms that we were lucky enough to inherit from our parents and pass them on securely to the next generation." He advocates an affinity of "English-speaking nations" which share "Anglosphere characteristics".


title: Daniel Hannan

text: After British Labour party leader Jeremy Corbyn suggested that the Elgin Marbles be returned to Athens, Hannan criticised Corbyn for "national masochism", writing in ConservativeHome that this confirms the view that Corbyn will "always and everywhere back another country against his own". Hannan similarly criticised former Downing Street press secretary Alastair Campbell for "cheering for the other side" after Campbell retweeted positions of Irish Taoiseach Leo Varadkar on social media while Campbell, writing in The New European, suggested that Hannan was "claiming a monopoly on patriotism."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Journalist Philip Collins, in Prospect Magazine, writes "Hannan has the constant tra-la-la effusiveness of a man forever on his way home from choral evensong at an


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Oxford college. There is a sense from all of them of living out a caricature. None of them thinks they have signed up for the narrow version of nationalism written in blood."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan argues in his writings and in the media (for example, during an appearance on "Question Time" on BBC television on 28 May 2009) for ballot initiatives (whereby electors can directly enact legislation as happens in Switzerland), a power of recall (whereby a sitting Member of Parliament can be forced to submit to re-election if enough of the local electorate support this), fixed term parliaments, local and national referendums, open primaries and the abolition of party lists. He is also an advocate of Single Transferable Vote as a replacement for the UK's First Past The Post system of voting.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan wrote in March 2011, criticizing anti-austerity protesters, stating they "have decided to indulge their penchant for empty, futile, self-righteous indignation". He remarked, "After 'No Cuts!' the marchers' favourite slogan was 'Fairness!' All right, then...How about being fair to our children, whom we have freighted with a debt unprecedented in peacetime?"


title: Daniel Hannan

text: A supporter of the 'leave' campaign in the 2016 Brexit vote, Hannan writes regularly about the United Kingdom's future international trade relationship once it leaves the EU. In September 2017, he became the founding president of the Institute for Free Trade (IFT), a free-market think tank based in London. Following the creation of the UK Government's Department for International Trade (DIT) to prepare for international trading arrangements after Brexit, the IFT states its aims as filling the gap in UK-based research and expertise on trade issues. Chuka Umunna has described the organisation as "fanatical hard Brexit-supporting ideologues".


title: Daniel Hannan

text: The IFT briefly changed its name to "Initiative for Free Trade" after it emerged that permission to use the title "Institute", which is protected by law, had not been granted by Companies House and the Business Secretary. However, in Summer 2018, the name was restored. The IFT advisory board includes prominent Brexit advocates such as former Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott and former Home Secretary Michael Howard.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan has suggested that the UK adopt a globally free-trading policy after Brexit, and has suggested that the UK should join the trans-pacific partnership. Trade experts have routinely criticised such a position for ignoring the impracticality of creating as close trading relationships as those the UK already has as a member of the single market.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan is on the International Board of Students for Liberty, a non-profit group operating globally to encourage classical liberalism and liberal economics.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan has a 'deep admiration' of the United States, and describes himself as an Atlanticist with positive views of the United States as well as other nations of the Anglosphere. Hannan claims to be supportive of free trade, arguing that the European Union blocks trade with countries such as China, India and Ethiopia.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: He opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq undertaken during the premiership of Tony Blair. He opposed British intervention in Libya.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan has proposed that British foreign policy pivot away from the European Union towards the United States and the Commonwealth.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: He endorsed then-Democratic candidate Barack Obama for President on 18 October 2008 against John McCain. He stated that a McCain presidency would mean an "imperial overstretch", particularly arguing that the U.S. should have been preparing to leave Iraq immediately.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan regretted his endorsement, which he called in his blog his "single most unpopular post" in his blogging career, and backed Mitt Romney in 2012. He argued, "Any American reader who wants to know where Obamification will lead should spend a week with me in the European Parliament. I'm working in your future and, believe me, you won't like it."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In the 2016 United States presidential election, Hannan argued that both main parties had put forward unfit candidates, and urged Americans to vote for the Libertarian, Gary Johnson.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan is opposed to what he considers to be "victimless crimes", and he favours drug decriminalisation: "I'd start with cannabis, and if that worked I wouldn't in principle be against decriminalising heroin."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In April 2009, he criticised claims that the National Health Service was the greatest British invention, saying that it is clearly eclipsed by the inventions of parliamentary democracy, penicillin, and common law, the discovery of DNA, or the abolition of slavery.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan claimed the NHS has left Britain with low survival rates for cancers and strokes, a high risk of becoming more ill in hospital, and with constant waiting lists. He remarked on American television at a time when the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was being debated that he "wouldn't wish it [the NHS] on anyone". David Cameron, who had said that his priorities were "three letters: NHS", distanced himself from Hannan's remarks as "some rather eccentric points of view".


title: Daniel Hannan

text: At the same time, he made the wider point that:we seem to have lost the notion that a backbencher speaks for himself. I like David Cameron, and want him to be Prime Minister, not least so that Britain stops racking up debt. But the idea that I therefore agree with him on every issue is, when you think about it, silly.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In 2015, writing for "The Washington Examiner", Hannan claimed the popular support for the NHS in the UK was a consequence of the wider public being "passively conscripted" by a "knot of hardline leftists" like those who had harassed his mother after he criticised the NHS. He told his readers "This is your last chance to strangle Obamacare at birth; flunk it, and you won't get another."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan provoked criticism in August 2009 when it emerged that he had praised the Conservative politician Enoch Powell as "somebody who understood the importance of national democracy, who understood why you need to live in an independent country and what that meant, as well as being a free marketeer and a small-government Conservative."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan nonetheless disagrees with Powell's most famous policy view, his anti-immigration stance, stating, "For what it's worth, I think Enoch Powell was wrong on immigration... Being an immigrant myself, I have particular cause to be grateful for Britain's understated cosmopolitanism."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Writing on "The Telegraph" website, Hannan said: "I'm surprised that no one has picked up on the thing that I most admire about Enoch Powell, namely his tendency to ignore conventional wisdom and think things through from first principles. Like Rowan Williams, he always did his hearers the courtesy of addressing them as intelligent adults. Both men regularly got into trouble in consequence, either because they were genuinely misunderstood or because their detractors affected to misunderstand them. Neither responded by dumbing down. That, in politics, takes a special kind of integrity."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: The government's policy on the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union that the Cabinet had discussed at Chequers was published as a White Paper on 12 July 2018 for debate in the House of Commons the following week. In July 2018, Hannan wrote in his "Telegraph" column regarding the Government's Chequers Proposal. Distinct from the Government's position and from that of the ERG, Hannan argued that MPs should vote for the proposal despite its shortcomings, so long as it is not "watered down further". Summarising, he wrote that "The question is not whether the White Paper is ideal, but whether an imperfect departure is better than either a hostile breakdown or a more subservient relationship".


title: Daniel Hannan

text: He claimed that with Chequers, the UK Government was begging for the kind of deal the EU has with Moldova and Albania, who themselves only sought as a transitional arrangement towards full membership. Writing on the contents of the White Paper, Hannan claimed that "There is a good reason to accept EU standards on goods rather than services: half our goods exports go to the EU, but only 37 per cent of our services." He also stated that since most goods standards are set at a global level, the concession to maintain EU standards on goods makes sense.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In spring 2012, Hannan suggested in a "Daily Telegraph" article that an accommodation be made between the Conservative Party and the UK Independence Party (UKIP), and would be preferable to one with the Liberal Democrats.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Writing in "The Daily Telegraph", Hannan has argued that while the Good Friday Agreement was "often spoken about in quasi-religious terms … its flaws have become clearer over time." Hannan's account of the Good Friday Agreement has been criticised as factually inaccurate and reckless.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In a January 2019 article for "The Daily Telegraph", Hannan wrote that Irish political party Fianna Fáil "won every Irish election" between 1932 and 2008. Fianna Fáil did receive the highest proportion of the vote out of any party at every election during those years. However, it failed to form the government in six of those elections.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan's statement led to online mockery in March 2019; on Twitter, some of those making fun of Hannan's statement used the hashtag "#HannanIrishHistory" to post incorrect facts about Irish history. Hannan, who is himself part Ulster Catholic responded to the mockery by writing on Twitter, "I managed a Double First in Modern History from Oxford. One of the things I was taught is that historians necessarily have different takes on the same events. Please try to accept that yours is not the only interpretation."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: Hannan has argued that the COVID-19 virus is not as serious to the general population as is widely believed. He has been very critical of the UK government's response to the pandemic, arguing against the restrictions on the public in response to the pandemic. Hannan joined other high-profile critics, known as 'lockdown sceptics', such as Lord Sumption and Toby Young, in arguing that the full restrictive lockdown after this date would have serious negative consequences, as a result of restrictions on civil liberties, locking down the population, and stalling the economy. He first expressed this view in February in an article he wrote in the website "Conservative Home", and has stuck to it consistently through the lockdown.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In September 2016, Hannan launched "The Conservative", a periodical publication in print volume and in an online version published quarterly. In an editorial, he defined its philosophy as follows: "Conservatism is an instinct rather than an ideology. It is ironic, quizzical, cool-tempered, distrustful of grand theories. Conservatives understand that the things they cherish – property rights, parliamentary government, personal freedom, norms of courtesy – take a long time to build up, but can be quickly destroyed."


title: Daniel Hannan

text: He won the award for Speech of the Year at the 2009 Spectator Awards, for his Gordon Brown speech in the European Parliament.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: He won the 2012 Columbia Award (Washington Policy Centre) and the 2014 Paolucci Book Award (Intercollegiate Studies Institute). Hannan was shortlisted for the Orwell Prize in blogging in 2011.


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In 2014, Hannan won the Political Books Awards polemic of the year award, for his book "How We Invented Freedom and Why It Matters".


title: Daniel Hannan

text: In 2017, Hannan received the Whittaker Chambers Award from the National Review Institute in person from John O'Sullivan. The award was opposed by the family of Whittaker Chambers; David Chambers, Whittaker's grandson, wrote that Whittaker would have supported a strong European Union as a counterweight to "Russia's new Stalin, Vladimir Putin."


title: Gurgaon district

text: Gurgaon district, officially known as Gurugram district, is one of the 22 districts of Haryana in northern India. The city of Gurgaon is the administrative headquarters of the district. The population is 1,514,432. It is one of the southern districts of Haryana. On its north, it is bounded by the district of Jhajjar and the Union Territory of Delhi. Faridabad district lies to its east. On its south, lie the districts of Palwal and Nuh. To its west lies Rewari district.


title: Gurgaon district

text: According to Mahabharata (900 BCE), the area was granted by the eldest Pandava king, Yudhishthira, to their teacher, Dronacharya. Later, it passed into the hands of the Maurya empire and to invaders like the Parthians and the Kushan, and the Yaudheya (after they expelled Kushanas from the area between Yamuna and Satluj). Yodheyas was subjugated by king Rudradaman I of the Indo-Scythians and later by the Gupta Empire and then by Hunas, who were in turn overthrown by Yashodharman of Mandsaur and then by Yashovarman of Kannauj. The area was also ruled by Harsha (590 - 467 CE) and Gurjara-Pratihara (mid 7th century CE to 11th century). The Tomara dynasty, who founded Dhillika in 736 CE, who were earlier tributaries of Partiharas, overthrew Partiharas. Tomaras were defeated by who were in turn were overthrown in 1156 CE by king "Visaladeva Chauhan" of Chauhan Dynasty.


title: Gurgaon district

text: After the defeat, Prithviraj Chauhan conquered the area of Gurgaon, Nuh, Bhiwani and Rewari in 1182 CE. Following the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in his turn in 1192 CE, the area came under Qutb al-Din Aibak (1206 CE) of Delhi Sultanate who defeated and killed Prithviraj's son Hemraj who had invaded Mewat area from Alwar. Meo - who were all Hindus during those times - killed "Sayyid Wajih-ud-din" who had been sent to subjugate the Meos. They were later pacified by a nephew of Aibak called "Miran Hussain Jang". Many Meo converted to Islam, allegedly some in forced conversions. Those Meo who remained Hindus were obliged to pay non-Muslim military exemption tax Jizya. In 1249 CE, Balban killed 2000 rebellious Meos. Meo rebels took away large numbers of camels from Balban's army in 1257-58 CE. In 1260 CE, Balban retaliated by overrunning the area and killing 250 Meo prisoners and slaughtering 12,000 women, children and surviving men.


title: Gurgaon district

text: At the time of the invasion of Timur in 1398 CE, "Sambar Pal", titled "Bahadur Nahar", of the Hindu Jadu gotra, was the prominent king of the area who constructed the fort called "Kotla Bahadur Nahar" near Kotla lake at the village of Kotla, Nuh. Sambar Pal converted to Islam with the new name "Raja Nahar Khan" and became the founder of the Khanzada Rajputs after submitting to Timur. In 1421 CE, Khizr Khan, the Sayyid dynasty king of Delhi, defeated Bahadur Nahar's converted son "Jalal Khan" of Mewat and Kotla fort. When, in 1425, converted grandsons of Bahadur Nahar named Jalal Khan and Abdul Qadir (Jallu and Qaddu) revolted, they were defeated by Sultan of Delhi Mubarak Shah ( 1421– 1434 CE), who overran Mewat and killed Qaddu. Jallu continued the native Mewati rebellion against the Delhi sultanate.


title: Gurgaon district

text: In 1527, Hasan Khan Mewati, a descendant of Sambar Pal, sided with Rajput king Rana Sanga and they were defeated by Babur at the Battle of Khanwa where "Hassan Khan Mewati" was killed by Mughals, and his son "Naher Khan II", ruled Mewat as a vassal of the Mughals. Aurangzeb sent Jai Singh I to crush the revolting Khanzada Mewati chief "Ikram Khan". After the death of Aurangzeb, Bahadurgarh and Farrukhnagar in the north were under the Baloch nawabs who were granted jagir in 1713 CE by the Mughal king Farrukhsiyar.


title: Gurgaon district

text: The central area of Badshapur was under Hindu Tomar Jat king "Hathi Singh Kuntal" and south. including Nuh. were under another Jat king of Bharatpur State, Maharaja Suraj Mal.


title: Gurgaon district

text: During Maratha Empire the area was conquered by their Christian French generals in the late 18th century and they granted Farukhnagar to George Thomas and Jharsa (Badshahpur) to Begum Samru. Southern areas, including Nuh, stayed under the Bharatpur king and their vassal relatives, one of whom was Nahar Singh.


title: Gurgaon district

text: According to the 2011 census, Gurgaon district has a population of 1,514,432, roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 328th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 73.93%. Gurgaon has a sex ratio of 853 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 84.4%. Scheduled Castes make up 13.07% of the population.


title: Gurgaon district

text: At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 65.60% of the population spoke Hindi, 23.28% Haryanvi, 2.35% Punjabi, 2.20% Bengali and 1.33% Bhojpuri as their first language.


title: Gurgaon district

text: There are 4 Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in this district: Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi and Badshahpur. All 4 of these are part of Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency.


title: Gurgaon district

text: The Gurgaon district is headed by an IAS officer of the rank of Deputy Commissioner (DC) who is the chief executive officer of the district. The district is divided into 4 sub-divisions, each headed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM): Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi and Badshahpur


title: Gurgaon district

text: The above 4 sub-divisions are divided into 5 revenue tehsils, namely, Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi, Farrukhnagar & Manesar and 4 revenue sub-tehsils namely Wazirabad, Badshahpur, Kadipur and Garhi Harsaru. Gurgaon district also comprises 4 Rural development blocks - Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi and Farrukhnagar.


title: Gurgaon district

text: A large number of industries and offices have been established in Gurgaon city, Manesar and Sohna Road.


title: Gurgaon district

text: Cyber City on NH8 is a popular location where most Multi National Companies (MNC) have taken large office spaces. All Special Economic Zones (SEZ)s in Haryana state are in Gurgaon, except Sonipat


title: Gurgaon district

text: Gurugram Leopard and Deer Safari, also Gurugram Wildlife Safari, will be established as an urban forest for Gurgaon city on 1,000 acres land in Aravall's foothills across several villages such as Gairatpur Bas, Sakatpur, and Sikhohpur. It will include construction of a greenfield 10-acre lake at the existing natural depression at Gairatpur Bas. Forests will be rejuvenated by plantiong the native trees. Safari will be developed, along the lines of Etawah Safari Park, in compliance of The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) regulations and guidelines. Safari and lake will support the wildlife, resident and migratory birds, tourist facilities such as boat rides and picnic spots.


title: Gurgaon district

text: "Gairatpur Bas lake:" Lake near Gairatpur Bas (on the Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway NH-48) will be in the natural depression which drains into Badshahpur drain and finally into Najafgarh drain (tail end of Sahibi River before it confluences with Yamuna on western gate of Delhi's Red Fort). Gairatpur Bas lake will collect the rainwater from Aravallis. Haryana Forests Department (HFD) has also been laying pipelines and making channels in the Aravallis around Gairatpur Bas depression to direct rainwater to the lake during rains. To make it perennial the treated water from Gurgaon's Behrampur Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Sector 72 will be supplied by a 3.5 km long pipe. Behrampur STP treats 17 cr ltr/day water, of which only 90 lakh ltr was in use, and remaining 16 cr ltr/day water was available for rejuvenating the wetlands of Aravali in Gurgaon and NCR.


title: Gurgaon district

text: "Significance - biodiversity and wetlands:" This area is rich in biodiversity, falls within the Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor stretching from Sariska Tiger Reserve to Delhi, has several nearby wildlife areas such as Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary, Mangar Bani, Aravali Biodiversity Park, etc. There are several wetlands in Aravallis in this area, some of those formed in the abandoned open pit mines in and around the area and have significance for the migratory birds, including Damdama Lake, Badkhal Lake, 10th century ancient Surajkund reservoir and Anangpur Dam. Locals frequently spot the leopards around Gairatpur Bas, who rarely enter human habitations. According to the Haryana's Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, there were nearly 100 leopards, including 18 cubs, in the Delhi-Gurugaon-Faridabad Aravalli Forests (South Delhi Ridge) in Sept 2019. Earlier in June 2019, Haryana Forests Dept had engaged Wildlife Institute of India (WII), at cost of INR 40 lakh, to conduct leopard census both in Aravalli and Shivalik areas of Haryana, as 2016 survey was held only in Shivalik hills.


title: Gurgaon district

text: "Funds:" In Sept 2019, Haryana's Forests Minister had announced that they will allocate INR 300 cr for the project.


title: Gurgaon district

text: "Concerns:" Activists have raised concerns that there is lack of transparency in the plan. Activists and locals also have concerns about the freedom of leopards. If Safari has any barricades it will confine the movement of free ranging leopards, they must not be placed in any enclosures as they are ""already facing a threat of losing their territory because of the ruin the Aravalli forest has been facing over the past two to three decades.""


title: Gurgaon district

text: "Conservation:" Haryana's Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, assured that ""Once the DPR is ready, we will be in a better position to comment what kind of safari it will be. We will not disturb the natural movement, feeding and breeding of leopards. We are working in consultation with wildlife experts of the country and under the guidance of the ministry of environment and forest."" Since [Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) has developed similar leopard safari near Jamnagar in Gujarat under Corporate social responsibility (CSR), there are suggestions to engage RIL for their partnership, expertise and CSR funding in public–private partnership (PPP) mode to set up similar sections such as the ""Forest of India"", ""Frog House"", ""Insect Life"", ""Dragon’s Land"", ""Exotic Island"", ""Wild Trail of Haryana"" and ""‘Aquatic Kingdom"" and many more.


title: Gurgaon district

text: "Current status:" As of August 2019 was that the GDMA will lay the water pipe by March 2020 provided DPR is approved by the GoH. By October 2019, forests officials had surveyed the area and sent two separate Detailed Project Reports (DPR) to Government of Haryana (GoH) for approval - once each for the wildlifie safari by forests department and for water pipeline by PHED Haryana and GDMA (Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority).


title: Gurgaon district

text: Gurgaon area has several natural lakes formed by the streams draining the Aravali hills in the area. To avoid the flooding various check dams, called "bund" or "bundh", were built.


title: Gurgaon district

text: Deforestation, ruined state of some of the check dams and obstruction to the ephemeral streams due to random urbanisation and encroachments have led to flooding. This can be prevented by rejuvenating the johads (lakes) and existing check dams and also by constructing new check dams and artificial lakes. Following must be developed to prevent flooding and enable groundwater recharge, water for wildlife which includes leopards of Haryana, eco tourism and boating, etc.


title: Gurgaon district

text: Due to the rapid urbanisation in and around Gurgaon, there is rampant illegal deforestation and encroachments by people in violation of rules, often in cahoots with corrupt officials.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: Osceola County (, ) is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 388,656. Its county seat is Kissimmee. Osceola County is included in the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Fla. Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: Being 54.3% Hispanic, Osceola is one of three Hispanic-majority counties in Florida, owing to its large Puerto Rican American population. It also is the 12th-largest majority-Hispanic county in the nation.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: Osceola County is named for the Indian leader Osceola, whose name means "Black Drink Cry [Asi Yaholo]".


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: Osceola County was created in 1887. On July 21, 1821, Florida was divided into two counties, named Escambia County to the west and St. John's County to the east. In 1824, the southern part of St. John's County became Mosquito County, with Enterprise as the county seat. In 1844, Brevard County was carved out from Mosquito County. When Florida became a state in 1845, Mosquito County was renamed Orange County. On May 12, 1887, Osceola was named a county, having been created from both Orange and Brevard Counties. Osceola County reached all the way down to Lake Okeechobee until 1917 when Okeechobee County was formed.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: Since the late 20th century, Osceola County has experienced a significant influx of migrants from the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the unincorporated territory of the United States, and in the 2000 U.S. Census Puerto Rican was the largest self-reported ancestry group.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: Osceola County is a charter county, and a subdivision within the State of Florida. Voters approved the County Charter in March 1992, and it took effect on October 1, 1992. The structure of County government under the charter does not depart dramatically from the structure of a County government outlined in the Florida Statutes.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: Osceola County Government is governed by three sets of elected officials, each of which independently directs separate branches of County Government. These include: the five-member County Commission, five separate Constitutional Officers, and a number of Judicial Officers. Under State law, the County Commission is responsible for funding the budgets of all Osceola County Government, including the independently elected Constitutional Officers and Judicial Officers, as well as the Commission's own departments. Each independent officer has discretion to administer his or her own programs. The County Commission exercises oversight only over its own departments.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: Osceola County has five electoral districts each represented by a commissioner. All the commissioners compose the Board of Commissioners that appoint a County Manager. There also is a Commission Auditor and County Attorney.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (11.9%) is water.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: CSX's A-line, formerly the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad mainline, and originally built by the South Florida Railroad in the 1880s, runs through the urbanized northern part of the county. CSX has leased the line to the FDOT. Intercity passenger service is provided by Amtrak at Kissimmee station and commuter passenger service is operated by SunRail, with stops at Kissimmee and Poinciana.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 388,656 people, 109,642 households, and 81,168 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 162,661 housing units at an average density of 122 per square mile (83/km). The majority of Hispanics/Latinos in the county are Puerto Ricans, who account for an estimated 33.7% of the population and are the largest ancestral group in the county.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: 38.2% of the county population is affiliated with a religious congregation. There are 206 or more religious congregations in the county. 16.5% are Catholic; 1.3% are Mormons; 3.5% are Baptist, 3.7% are Pentecostal, 1.4% are Methodist, 8.3% are members of other Christian faiths, 0.1% are Jewish, 0.2% affiliate with an eastern faith, and 3.2% affiliate with Islam.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: There were 111,539 households, 57% were married couples living together, 23% had a female householder with no spouse present, 7% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 13% were non-families. The average household size was 3.4 persons per household.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: In the county, the population was spread out, with 12% being 0 to 9 years old, 15% 10 to 19, 14% 20 to 29, 15% from 30 to 39, 13% from 40 to 49, 11% 50 to 59, and 19% who were 60 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.20 males.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: The median income for a household in the county was $52,279. The per capita income for the county was $22,196. About 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.00% of those under age 18 and 10.00% of those age 65 or over.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: The School District of Osceola County, Florida serves the county. The county is home to 47 schools, not including colleges.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: The Hart Memorial Library is home to the Ray Shanks Law Library, and TechCentral the library system's "creative space".


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: Until 1989, there was no independent Osceola Library System. Instead, Osceola patrons were taken care of by Orange County Library System. Before that, there were two libraries, which are still named after the original independent libraries, run by women's organizations: Veteran's Memorial in Saint Cloud and Hart Memorial Library in Kissimmee.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: In 1910, land for the Hart Memorial Library was donated by a widow of a former Florida Governor, Carrie S. Hart. It was located on North Stewart Avenue in Kissimmee . In 1914, women pooled money together from themselves and other community members to build the actual building and Annie Palmer Fell, another widow of a prominent Florida man, donated furnishings and books from her personal collection to begin building inventory in the new library. In 1968, the location moved to a 4,000 square foot building on Broadway and Dakin. Hart Memorial Library is the Osceola headquarters and is now located in a 43,000 square building .


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: Veteran's Memorial Library was at first a reading room until enough funds were raised to build the first official location on Massachusetts Avenue in Saint Cloud. In the early 70's the location moved to a former SunBank location on 10th Street and New York Avenue. In 1995, this branch moved for its final time to a larger building on Indiana Avenue and 13th street where it is still located today.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: The first Poinciana Branch was opened in 1988. It was a modular building and consisted of a 14,000 book collection. This branch was eventually moved into a larger location with a collection of 40,000 books and computer access for patrons.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: In 1991, volunteers helped open the Kenansville Branch Library in a shared space with the old Kenansville school. During the 2004 hurricanes, the collection was a total loss. It was rebuilt in 2007 with a larger collection, including books, DVDs, and computer/wifi access.


title: Osceola County, Florida

text: Currently, a new suburb is planned in Osceola County called Destiny. If completely built, it would house up to 240,000 residents.


title: Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum

text: Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum trans. ("The Breeze Will Come and Touch Me") is an Indian Tamil language television series that premiered on Star Vijay and streams on Disney+ Hotstar. It is the remake of the television series Khelaghor, which is aired on Star Jalsha.


title: Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum

text: The story starts with an educated woman Abhinaya maintains her traditions. She meets Vetri, a village goon who isn't aware of the importance of marriage procedures, when she helps a couple get married in the temple. A samiyar encounters her and appears one day and predicts that Abhinaya will wed an rogue, whether they had previously given it any credence. Abhi was attempting to help a couple who had secretly wed. Before leaving, Vetri pulls a mangala sutra (thaali) and fastens it around Abhi's neck after giving him a slap where Vetri. He later regrets it, though. To the dismay of her father and Vetri, Abhinaya was forcibly ushered into the slum as a newlywed bride despite her first astonishment and anguish. Vetri dismisses Abi's attempts to help him comprehend the meaning of love. But Abhinaya discovers the truth about Vetri and the reasons behind his abrupt change, as well as the fact that Radha, a lifelong acquaintance, is secretly in love with him. However, destiny causes several things to happen in the lives of Vetri and Abhinaya that finally lead to the two of them becoming close. Additionally, Vetri mentions that he likes Abhinaya in the scene where she was taken away. Finally, Vetri and Abhinaya are forbidden from entering the house. However, Vetri's other family members agreed to let them live with them on the terrace next to their house. Will Vetri and Abhinaya be acknowledged as a couple and live jointly.


title: Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum

text: In the preview of this series, Vetri, the protagonist, argues that the love marriage against his parents is invalid. Then the heroine Abhinaya comes to stop him. In anger he takes the thali from Amman's neck and puts it on Abhi's neck. Just tying a yellow rope is enough. "Now I will be your husband," he says angrily. Not only many feminists have seen this scene, but there has been widespread criticism from all sides in this serial.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: Partus sequitur ventrem (L. "That which is born follows the womb"; also partus) was a legal doctrine passed in colonial Virginia in 1662 and other English crown colonies in the Americas which defined the legal status of children born there; the doctrine mandated that all children would inherit the legal status of their mothers. As such, children of enslaved women would be born into slavery. The legal doctrine of "partus sequitur ventrem" was derived from Roman civil law, specifically the portions concerning slavery and personal property (chattels).


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: The doctrine's most significant effect was placing into chattel slavery all children born to enslaved women. "Partus sequitur ventrem" soon spread from the colony of Virginia to all of the Thirteen Colonies. As a function of the political economy of chattel slavery in Colonial America, the legalism of "partus sequitur ventrem" exempted the biological father from relationship toward children he fathered with enslaved women, and gave all rights in the children to the slave owner. The denial of paternity to enslaved children secured the slaveholders' right to profit from exploiting the labour of children engendered, bred, and born into slavery. The doctrine also meant that multiracial children with white mothers were born free. Early generations of Free Negros in the American South were formed from unions between free working-class, usually mixed race women, and black men.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: Similar legal doctrines also derived from the civil law, operated in all the various European colonies in the Americas and Africa which were established by the British, Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Dutch.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: In 1619, a group of "twenty and odd" Negroes were landed in the Colony of Virginia, marking the beginning of the importation of Africans in England's colonies in continental North America. They had been captured from a Portuguese slaver, the Portuguese having begun the Atlantic slave trade a century earlier. During the colonial era, English colonial administration struggled to determine the status of the children born in the colonies, where their births were the product of a union between an English subject and a "foreigner", or entirely between foreigners.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: English common law mandated that the legal place or status of an English subject's children was based on that of their father as the head of the household, known as "pater familias". Common law stipulated that men were legally required to acknowledge their bastard children in addition to their legal ones, and give them food and shelter - while they also had the right to put their children to work or hire them out taking any earnings, or arranging an apprenticeship or indenture so that they could become a self-supporting adult. Child labor was a critical benefit both to the family headed by a father in England, and to the development of England's colonies - the child was as property to the father, or to those who stood in place of the father, but the child grew out of that condition as they came of age.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: Regarding personal property (chattels), common law mandated that the profits and increase generated by personal property (live stock, mobile property) accrued to the owner of the chattel property. Beginning in the Virginia royal colony in 1662, colonial governments incorporated the legal doctrine of "partus sequitur ventrem" into the laws of slavery, ruling that the children born in the colonies took the place or status of their mothers; therefore, children of enslaved mothers were born into slavery as chattel, regardless of the status of their fathers. The doctrine existed in English common law (which agreed with the civil law in such matters as live stock) but in England the "partus sequitur ventrem" doctrine did not make chattels of English subjects.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: In 1656, multiracial woman Elizabeth Key Grinstead, then illegally classified as being enslaved, won her freedom lawsuit and legal recognition as a free woman of color in colonial Virginia. Key's successful lawsuit was based upon the circumstances of her birth: her English father was a member of the House of Burgesses; had acknowledged his paternity of Elizabeth, who was baptized as a Christian in the Church of England; and, before his death, had arranged a guardianship for her, by way of indentured servitude until she came of age. When the man to whom Key was indentured returned to England, he sold her indenture contract to a second man. The latter prolonged Key's servitude beyond the indenture's original term. At the death of the second owner of her indenture, his estate classified Elizabeth Key and her mixed-race son (who also had a white father, William Grinstead), as "Negro slaves" who were personal property of the deceased. Elizabeth, with William acting as her attorney, sued the estate over her status, claiming that she was an indentured servant who had served past her term and that her son was thus freeborn. This was eventually accepted by the Virginia General Court, though it overturned the decision after an appeal from the estate. Elizabeth took the case to the Virginia General Assembly, which accepted her arguments.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: children born to English parents outside the country became English subjects at birth, others could become "naturalized subjects" (although there was no process at the time in the colonies). What was unsettled was the status of children if only one of the parents was an English subject, as foreigners (including Africans) were not considered subjects. Because non-whites came to be denied civil rights as foreigners, mixed-race people seeking freedom often had to stress their English ancestry (and later, European).


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: As a direct result of freedom suits such as those filed by Elizabeth, the Virginian House of Burgesses passed the legal doctrine of "partus sequitur ventrem", noting that “doubts have arisen whether children got by an Englishmen upon a negro woman should be slave or free”.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: After the American Revolution, slave law in the United States continued to maintain such distinctions. Virginia established a law that no one could be a slave in the state other than those who had that status on October 17, 1785 "and the descendants of the females of them." Kentucky adopted this law in 1798; Mississippi passed a similar law in 1822, using the phrase about females and their descendants; as did Florida in 1828. Louisiana, whose legal system was based on civil law (following its French colonial past), in 1825 added this language to its code: "Children born of a mother then in a state of slavery, whether married or not, follow the condition of their mother." Other states adopted this "norm" through judicial rulings. In summary, the legal doctrine of "partus sequitur ventrem" functioned economically to provide a steady supply of slaves.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: By the 18th century, the colonial slave population included mixed-race children of white ancestry, such as mulattoes (half Black), quadroons (one-quarter Black), and octoroons (one-eighth Black). They were fathered by white planters, overseers, and other men with power, with enslaved women who were also sometimes of mixed race.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: Numerous mixed-race slaves lived in stable families at the Monticello plantation of Thomas Jefferson. In 1773 his wife, Martha Wayles, inherited more than one hundred slaves from her father John Wayles. These included the six mixed-race children (three-quarters white) whom he fathered with his enslaved concubine Betty Hemings, a mulatto born of an Englishman and an enslaved African (Black) woman. Martha Wayles's three-quarters white (“quadroon”) half-brothers and half-sisters included the much younger Sally Hemings. Some years later, the widower Jefferson took Sally Hemings (then between 14 and 16 years of age) as a concubine. Over 38 years, he had six children with her, four of whom survived to adulthood. As their mother was enslaved, they too were enslaved from birth.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: Under Virginia law at the time, being seven-eighths European (“octoroon”) would have made the Jefferson–Hemings children legally white, if they’d been free. Jefferson allowed the two eldest to "escape", and freed the two youngest in his will. As adults, three of the Jefferson–Hemings children passed into white society: Beverly and Harriet Hemings in the Washington, DC area, and Eston Hemings Jefferson in Wisconsin. He had married a mixed-race woman in Virginia, and both their sons served as regular Union soldiers. The oldest gained the rank of colonel.


title: Partus sequitur ventrem

text: Historians had long discounted rumors that Jefferson had this relationship. But in 1998, a Y-DNA test confirmed that a contemporary male descendant of Sally Hemings (through Eston Heming's descendants) was a direct, genetic descendant of the male line of Jeffersons. It was Thomas Jefferson who was documented as having been at Monticello each time Hemings conceived, and the weight of historical evidence favored his paternity.