title: Live from Daryl's House

text: Episode 4 of the series was filmed at Hall's London Townhouse where he performs "Let's Give Them Something to Talk About" with K.T. Tunstall.


title: Live from Daryl's House

text: The house band consists of Hall and a core of key members along with several guest musicians based on the genre of the guest star. The late T-Bone Wolk was the musical director. After Wolk's death in 2010, guitarist Paul Pesco was the musical director until early 2014. Hall replaced Pesco as musical director with guitarist Shane Theriot.


title: Live from Daryl's House

text: From the first episode, Wolk's house musicians were guitarist/keyboardist Eliot Lewis, drummer Shawn Pelton, percussionist Everett Bradley, and bassist Zev Katz, who frequently ended episodes with a "Moment of Zev." Through Pesco's tenure and into Theriot's, the band coalesced around Lewis, drummer Brian Dunne, bassist Klyde Jones, and percussionist Porter Carroll. Dunne, Jones, and Lewis played together in the Average White Band in the 2000s. A frequent guest throughout the series is saxophonist Charles DeChant.


title: Live from Daryl's House

text: In 2010, "Live from Daryl's House" won the "Best Variety Series" from the Webby Awards Group. The series was also nominated for a Music Webby in the same year.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filterless device that removes fine particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge minimally impeding the flow of gases through the unit.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: In contrast to wet scrubbers, which apply energy directly to the flowing fluid medium, an ESP applies energy only to the particulate matter being collected and therefore is very efficient in its consumption of energy (in the form of electricity).


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The first use of corona discharge to remove particles from an aerosol was by Hohlfeld in 1824. However, it was not commercialized until almost a century later.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: In 1907 Frederick Gardner Cottrell, a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, applied for a patent on a device for charging particles and then collecting them through electrostatic attraction—the first electrostatic precipitator. Cottrell first applied the device to the collection of sulphuric acid mist and lead oxide fumes emitted from various acid-making and smelting activities. Wine-producing vineyards in northern California were being adversely affected by the lead emissions.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: At the time of Cottrell's invention, the theoretical basis for operation was not understood. The operational theory was developed later in Germany, with the work of Walter Deutsch and the formation of the Lurgi company.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Cottrell used proceeds from his invention to fund scientific research through the creation of a foundation called Research Corporation in 1912, to which he assigned the patents. The intent of the organization was to bring inventions made by educators (such as Cottrell) into the commercial world for the benefit of society at large. The operation of Research Corporation is funded by royalties paid by commercial firms after commercialization occurs. Research Corporation has provided vital funding to many scientific projects: Goddard's rocketry experiments, Lawrence's cyclotron, production methods for vitamins A and B, among many others.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Research Corporation set territories for manufacturers of this technology, which included Western Precipitation (Los Angeles), Lodge-Cottrell (England), Lurgi Apparatebau-Gesellschaft (Germany), and Japanese Cottrell Corp. (Japan), and was a clearinghouse for any process improvements. However, anti-trust concerns forced Research Corporation to eliminate territory restrictions in 1946.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Electrophoresis is the term used for migration of gas-suspended charged particles in a direct-current electrostatic field. Traditional CRT television sets tend to accumulate dust on the screen because of this phenomenon (a CRT is a direct-current machine operating at about 15 kilovolts).


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The most basic precipitator contains a row of thin vertical wires, and followed by a stack of large flat metal plates oriented vertically, with the plates typically spaced about 1 cm to 18 cm apart, depending on the application. The air stream flows horizontally through the spaces between the wires, and then passes through the stack of plates.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: A negative voltage of several thousand volts is applied between wire and plate. If the applied voltage is high enough, an electric corona discharge ionizes the air around the electrodes, which then ionizes the particles in the air stream.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The ionized particles, due to the electrostatic force, are diverted towards the grounded plates. Particles build up on the collection plates and are removed from the air stream.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: A two-stage design (separate charging section ahead of the collecting section) has the benefit of minimizing ozone production, which would adversely affect the health of personnel working in enclosed spaces. For shipboard engine rooms where gearboxes generate an oil mist, two-stage ESP's are used to clean the air, improving the operating environment and preventing buildup of flammable oil fog accumulations. Collected oil is returned to the gear lubricating system.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Precipitator performance is very sensitive to two particulate properties: 1) electrical resistivity; and 2) particle size distribution. These properties can be measured economically and accurately in the laboratory, using standard tests. Resistivity can be determined as a function of temperature in accordance with IEEE Standard 548. This test is conducted in an air environment containing a specified moisture concentration. The test is run as a function of ascending or descending temperature, or both. Data is acquired using an average ash layer electric field of 4 kV/cm. Since relatively low applied voltage is used and no sulfuric acid vapor is present in the test environment, the values obtained indicate the maximum ash resistivity.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: In an ESP, where particle charging and discharging are key functions, resistivity is an important factor that significantly affects collection efficiency. While resistivity is an important phenomenon in the inter-electrode region where most particle charging takes place, it has a particularly important effect on the dust layer at the collection electrode where discharging occurs. Particles that exhibit high resistivity are difficult to charge. But once charged, they do not readily give up their acquired charge on arrival at the collection electrode. On the other hand, particles with low resistivity easily become charged and readily release their charge to the grounded collection plate. Both extremes in resistivity impede the efficient functioning of ESPs. ESPs work best under normal resistivity conditions.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Resistivity, which is a characteristic of particles in an electric field, is a measure of a particle's resistance to transferring charge (both accepting and giving up charges). Resistivity is a function of a particle's chemical composition as well as flue gas operating conditions such as temperature and moisture. Particles can have high, moderate (normal), or low resistivity.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Bulk resistivity is defined using a more general version of Ohm’s Law, as given in Equation () below:


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: A better way of displaying this would be to solve for resistivity as a function of applied voltage and current, as given in Equation () below:


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Resistivity is the electrical resistance of a dust sample 1.0 cm in cross-sectional area, 1.0 cm thick, and is recorded in units of ohm-cm. A method for measuring resistivity will be described in this article. The table below, gives value ranges for low, normal, and high resistivity.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Resistance affects electrical conditions in the dust layer by a potential electric field (voltage drop) being formed across the layer as negatively charged particles arrive at its surface and leak their electrical charges to the collection plate. At the metal surface of the electrically grounded collection plate, the voltage is zero, whereas at the outer surface of the dust layer, where new particles and ions are arriving, the electrostatic voltage caused by the gas ions can be quite high. The strength of this electric field depends on the resistance and thickness of the dust layer.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: In high-resistance dust layers, the dust is not sufficiently conductive, so electrical charges have difficulty moving through the dust layer. Consequently, electrical charges accumulate on and beneath the dust layer surface, creating a strong electric field.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Voltages can be greater than 10,000 volts. Dust particles with high resistance are held too strongly to the plate, making them difficult to remove and causing trapping problems.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: In low resistance dust layers, the corona current is readily passed to the grounded collection electrode. Therefore, a relatively weak electric field, of several thousand volts, is maintained across the dust layer. Collected dust particles with low resistance do not adhere strongly enough to the collection plate. They are easily dislodged and become retained in the gas stream.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The electrical conductivity of a bulk layer of particles depends on both surface and volume factors. Volume conduction, or the motions of electrical charges through the interiors of particles, depends mainly on the composition and temperature of the particles. In the higher temperature regions, above , volume conduction controls the conduction mechanism. Volume conduction also involves ancillary factors, such as compression of the particle layer, particle size and shape, and surface properties.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Volume conduction is represented in the figures as a straight-line at temperatures above . At temperatures below about , electrical charges begin to flow across surface moisture and chemical films adsorbed onto the particles. Surface conduction begins to lower the resistivity values and bend the curve downward at temperatures below .


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: These films usually differ both physically and chemically from the interiors of the particles owing to adsorption phenomena. Theoretical calculations indicate that moisture films only a few molecules thick are adequate to provide the desired surface conductivity. Surface conduction on particles is closely related to surface-leakage currents occurring on electrical insulators, which have been extensively studied. An interesting practical application of surface-leakage is the determination of dew point by measurement of the current between adjacent electrodes mounted on a glass surface. A sharp rise in current signals the formation of a moisture film on the glass. This method has been used effectively for determining the marked rise in dew point, which occurs when small amounts of sulfuric acid vapor are added to an atmosphere (commercial Dewpoint Meters are available on the market).


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The following discussion of normal, high, and low resistance applies to ESPs operated in a dry state; resistance is not a problem in the operation of wet ESPs because of the moisture concentration in the ESP. The relationship between moisture content and resistance is explained later in this work.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: As stated above, ESPs work best under normal resistivity conditions. Particles with normal resistivity do not rapidly lose their charge on arrival at the collection electrode. These particles slowly leak their charge to grounded plates and are retained on the collection plates by intermolecular adhesive and cohesive forces. This allows a particulate layer to be built up and then dislodged from the plates by rapping. Within the range of normal dust resistivity (between 10 and 2 × 10 ohm-cm), fly ash is collected more easily than dust having either low or high resistivity.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: If the voltage drop across the dust layer becomes too high, several adverse effects can occur. First, the high voltage drop reduces the voltage difference between the discharge electrode and collection electrode, and thereby reduces the electrostatic field strength used to drive the gas ion-charged particles over to the collected dust layer. As the dust layer builds up, and the electrical charges accumulate on the surface of the dust layer, the voltage difference between the discharge and collection electrodes decreases. The migration velocities of small particles are especially affected by the reduced electric field strength.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Another problem that occurs with high resistivity dust layers is called back corona. This occurs when the potential drop across the dust layer is so great that corona discharges begin to appear in the gas that is trapped within the dust layer. The dust layer breaks down electrically, producing small holes or craters from which back corona discharges occur. Positive gas ions are generated within the dust layer and are accelerated toward the "negatively charged" discharge electrode. The positive ions reduce some of the negative charges on the dust layer and neutralize some of the negative ions on the "charged particles" heading toward the collection electrode. Disruptions of the normal corona process greatly reduce the ESP's collection efficiency, which in severe cases, may fall below 50% . When back corona is present, the dust particles build up on the electrodes forming a layer of insulation. Often this can not be repaired without bringing the unit offline.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The third, and generally most common problem with high resistivity dust is increased electrical sparking. When the sparking rate exceeds the "set spark rate limit," the automatic controllers limit the operating voltage of the field. This causes reduced particle charging and reduced migration velocities toward the collection electrode. High resistivity can generally be reduced by doing the following:


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Thin dust layers and high-resistivity dust especially favor the formation of back corona craters. Severe back corona has been observed with dust layers as thin as 0.1 mm, but a dust layer just over one particle thick can reduce the sparking voltage by 50%. The most marked effects of back corona on the current-voltage characteristics are:


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The Figure below and to the left shows the variation in resistivity with changing gas temperature for six different industrial dusts along with three coal-fired fly ashes. The Figure on the right illustrates resistivity values measured for various chemical compounds that were prepared in the laboratory.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Results for Fly Ash A (in the figure to the left) were acquired in the ascending temperature mode. These data are typical for a moderate to high combustibles content ash. Data for Fly Ash B are from the same sample, acquired during the descending temperature mode.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The differences between the ascending and descending temperature modes are due to the presence of unburned combustibles in the sample. Between the two test modes, the samples are equilibrated in dry air for 14 hours (overnight) at . This overnight annealing process typically removes between 60% and 90% of any unburned combustibles present in the samples. Exactly how carbon works as a charge carrier is not fully understood, but it is known to significantly reduce the resistivity of a dust.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Carbon can act, at first, like a high resistivity dust in the precipitator. Higher voltages can be required in order for corona generation to begin. These higher voltages can be problematic for the TR-Set controls. The problem lies in onset of corona causing large amounts of current to surge through the (low resistivity) dust layer. The controls sense this surge as a spark. As precipitators are operated in spark-limiting mode, power is terminated and the corona generation cycle re-initiates. Thus, lower power (current) readings are noted with relatively high voltage readings.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The same thing is believed to occur in laboratory measurements. Parallel plate geometry is used in laboratory measurements without corona generation. A stainless steel cup holds the sample. Another stainless steel electrode weight sits on top of the sample (direct contact with the dust layer). As voltage is increased from small amounts (e.g. 20 V), no current is measured. Then, a threshold voltage level is reached. At this level, current surges through the sample... so much so that the voltage supply unit can trip off. After removal of the unburned combustibles during the above-mentioned annealing procedure, the descending temperature mode curve shows the typical inverted “V” shape one might expect.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Particles that have low resistivity are difficult to collect because they are easily charged (very conductive) and rapidly lose their charge on arrival at the collection electrode. The particles take on the charge of the collection electrode, bounce off the plates, and become re-entrained in the gas stream. Thus, attractive and repulsive electrical forces that are normally at work at normal and higher resistivities are lacking, and the binding forces to the plate are considerably lessened. Examples of low-resistivity dusts are unburned carbon in fly ash and carbon black.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: If these conductive particles are coarse, they can be removed upstream of the precipitator by using a device such as a cyclone mechanical collector.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The addition of liquid ammonia () into the gas stream as a conditioning agent has found wide use in recent years. It is theorized that ammonia reacts with contained in the flue gas to form an ammonium sulfate compound that increases the cohesivity of the dust. This additional cohesivity makes up for the loss of electrical attraction forces.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The table below summarizes the characteristics associated with low, normal and high resistivity dusts.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The moisture content of the flue gas stream also affects particle resistivity. Increasing the moisture content of the gas stream by spraying water or injecting steam into the duct work preceding the ESP lowers the resistivity. In both temperature adjustment and moisture conditioning, one must maintain gas conditions above the dew point to prevent corrosion problems in the ESP or downstream equipment. The figure to the right shows the effect of temperature and moisture on the resistivity of a cement dust. As the percentage of moisture in the gas stream increases from 6 to 20%, the resistivity of the dust dramatically decreases. Also, raising or lowering the temperature can decrease cement dust resistivity for all the moisture percentages represented.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The presence of in the gas stream has been shown to favor the electrostatic precipitation process when problems with high resistivity occur. Most of the sulfur content in the coal burned for combustion sources converts to . However, approximately 1% of the sulfur converts to . The amount of in the flue gas normally increases with increasing sulfur content of the coal. The resistivity of the particles decreases as the sulfur content of the coal increases.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Other conditioning agents, such as sulfuric acid, ammonia, sodium chloride, and soda ash (sometimes as raw trona), have also been used to reduce particle resistivity. Therefore, the chemical composition of the flue gas stream is important with regard to the resistivity of the particles to be collected in the ESP. The table below lists various conditioning agents and their mechanisms of operation.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: If injection of ammonium sulfate occurs at a temperature greater than about , dissociation into ammonia and sulfur trioxide results. Depending on the ash, may preferentially interact with fly ash as conditioning. The remainder recombines with ammonia to add to the space charge as well as increase cohesiveness of the ash.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: More recently, it has been recognized that a major reason for loss of efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator is due to particle buildup on the charging wires in addition to the collection plates (Davidson and McKinney, 1998). This is easily remedied by making sure that the wires themselves are cleaned at the same time that the collecting plates are cleaned.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Sulfuric acid vapor () enhances the effects of water vapor on surface conduction. It is physically adsorbed within the layer of moisture on the particle surfaces. The effects of relatively small amounts of acid vapor can be seen in the figure below and to the right.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The inherent resistivity of the sample at is 5 × 10 ohm-cm. An equilibrium concentration of just 1.9 ppm sulfuric acid vapor lowers that value to about 7 × 10 ohm-cm.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: ESPs continue to be excellent devices for control of many industrial particulate emissions, including smoke from electricity-generating utilities (coal and oil fired), salt cake collection from black liquor boilers in pulp mills, and catalyst collection from fluidized bed catalytic cracker units in oil refineries to name a few. These devices treat gas volumes from several hundred thousand ACFM to 2.5 million ACFM (1,180 m³/s) in the largest coal-fired boiler applications. For a coal-fired boiler the collection is usually performed downstream of the air preheater at about which provides optimal resistivity of the coal-ash particles. For some difficult applications with low-sulfur fuel hot-end units have been built operating above .


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: The original parallel plate–weighted wire design (see figure of Plate and Bar precipitator above) has evolved as more efficient (and robust) discharge electrode designs were developed, today focusing on rigid (pipe-frame) discharge electrodes to which many sharpened spikes are attached (barbed wire), maximizing corona production. Transformer-rectifier systems apply voltages of at relatively high current densities. Modern controls, such as an automatic voltage control, minimize electric sparking and prevent arcing (sparks are quenched within 1/2 cycle of the TR set), avoiding damage to the components. Automatic plate-rapping systems and hopper-evacuation systems remove the collected particulate matter while on line, theoretically allowing ESPs to stay in continuous operation for years at a time.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Electrostatic precipitators can be used to sample biological airborne particles or aerosol for analysis. Sampling for bioaerosols requires precipitator designs optimised with a liquid counter electrode, which can be used to sample biological particles, e.g. viruses, directly into a small liquid volume to reduce unnecessary sample dilution. See Bioaerosols for more details.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: A wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP or wet ESP) operates with water vapor saturated air streams (100% relative humidity). WESPs are commonly used to remove liquid droplets such as sulfuric acid mist from industrial process gas streams. The WESP is also commonly used where the gases are high in moisture content, contain combustible particulate, or have particles that are sticky in nature.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Plate precipitators are commonly marketed to the public as air purifier devices or as a permanent replacement for furnace filters, but all have the undesirable attribute of being somewhat messy to clean. A negative side-effect of electrostatic precipitation devices is the potential production of toxic ozone and . However, electrostatic precipitators offer benefits over other air purifications technologies, such as HEPA filtration, which require expensive filters and can become "production sinks" for many harmful forms of bacteria.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: With electrostatic precipitators, if the collection plates are allowed to accumulate large amounts of particulate matter, the particles can sometimes bond so tightly to the metal plates that vigorous washing and scrubbing may be required to completely clean the collection plates. The close spacing of the plates can make thorough cleaning difficult, and the stack of plates often cannot be easily disassembled for cleaning. One solution, suggested by several manufacturers, is to wash the collector plates in a dishwasher.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Some consumer precipitation filters are sold with special soak-off cleaners, where the entire plate array is removed from the precipitator and soaked in a large container overnight, to help loosen the tightly bonded particulates.


title: Electrostatic precipitator

text: A study by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation testing a variety of forced-air furnace filters found that ESP filters provided the best, and most cost-effective means of cleaning air using a forced-air system.


title: Kevin Max

text: Kevin Max Smith (born August 17, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter, and poet. He is best known for being a member of the Christian pop group dc Talk. As a solo artist following the band going on hiatus, he has recorded 12 full-length studio albums, including a Christmas album. From 2012 until 2014, he was the lead singer of the band Audio Adrenaline.


title: Kevin Max

text: Adopted as a baby to Max and Elaine Smith, Kevin Smith was raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Kevin went to high school at Grand Rapids Baptist (now Northpointe Christian). He went to college at Liberty University in Lynchburg Virginia. Kevin Max Smith legally changed his name to "Kevin Max" in 1997 as a tribute to his adoptive father, Max Smith.


title: Kevin Max

text: While at Liberty University, he met fellow dc Talk bandmates: Toby McKeehan ("tobyMac") and Michael Tait. They formed DC Talk in 1988 and went on to achieve great success in both Christian and mainstream music winning numerous Dove Awards and Grammys. The band went on to win 4 Grammy Awards, 16 GMA Dove Awards, and other recognition. The band went on hiatus in 2000 to pursue solo careers.


title: Kevin Max

text: Max's first solo album, "Stereotype Be", released on August 28, 2001, was praised by Allmusic for "[combining] pop, rock, and world music to create a versatile and intriguing project.". Artists Adrian Belew and Tony Levin of King Crimson, Larry Norman and drummer Matt Chamberlain contributed to the album along with Max's collaborator Erick Cole. It became a turning point in Max's career, as the project was a foreshadowing of Max's own brand of alternative music.


title: Kevin Max

text: While "Stereotype Be" has developed a considerable cult following, it was not well received in the Christian music market. Soon after its release, Max was dropped from his Christian label, Forefront Records. Undeterred, Max began to slowly build his solo career through live shows and word-of-mouth. He released independent albums via his website, including "Between the Fence & the Universe" and a spoken-word collaboration with Adrian Belew, "Raven Songs 101", both in 2004.


title: Kevin Max

text: In fall of 2004, Max's word-of-mouth strategy finally began to pay off. He played the title role in the Visalia Theatre Company / Hutson-Cavale Productions revival of the classic Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber musical "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat". Later that year, he signed a new deal with Northern Records and released a second full-length album, "The Imposter" on October 11, 2005. He released a Christmas album, "Holy Night", in time for the 2005 Christmas season.


title: Kevin Max

text: In April 2007, Infinity Music announced that Max had been signed to their label for his next project. "The Blood" was released on December 26, 2007. According to Max, "The Blood is not a classic hymns cover project or a white/homogenized version of black gospel or soul music. It's a sensitive and stylized adaption of the music that was at the root of rock and roll, blues and popular culture."


title: Kevin Max

text: Max has attempted to create a name for himself apart from DC Talk. While he does not shy away from vocally defending his faith, he has expressed a desire to create art with a universal appeal. He insists, "My music is for a Christian and a Buddhist to pick up and still enjoy, as well as for an atheist. But it is there to prod and ask questions: What is my worldview? What do I believe in, and why do I believe it?"


title: Kevin Max

text: In February 2008, Max starred in the independent film "The Imposter". In the film, Kevin plays a character named "Johnny C", a singer who becomes addicted to OxyContin and loses his family and job as a Christian music star. The movie also features Tom Wright and Troy Baker.


title: Kevin Max

text: In 2009, Max released Crashing Gates through dPulse records. It was critically praised as returning to his experimental side in the rock and pop genres.


title: Kevin Max

text: In February 2011, Max formed a supergroup with Broadway singer Tony Vincent and longtime collaborator David Larring. The band was tentatively named "Bad Omens". The three were writing songs when Vincent decided to drop out to pursue theater interests, leaving the new band in a state of pause. A song, "Control", can be heard on Max's SoundCloud.


title: Kevin Max

text: On February 27, 2012, Max released "Fiefdom of Angels-Side One", the first of two albums to coincide with the forthcoming novel series of the same name. The overall project were chosen covers of well known 80's rock songs, with one Kevin Max original and a Muse cover set to lush orchestration. Ology Magazine describes the work as "a new wave mix-tape played at full volume through the Sistine Chapel".


title: Kevin Max

text: In August 2012, Max became the new lead vocalist in a reunited Audio Adrenaline. He continued with the band until June 2014, when the band opted to take a different creative direction.


title: Kevin Max

text: Max has also contributed vocally to other artists projects including Mark Heard, Jonathan Thulin, Marc Martel, Michael McDonald, 3kStatic, and many others.


title: Kevin Max

text: In late 2014, Max released two singles, "Infinite" and "Light Me Up". On March 10, 2015 the album "Broken Temples" was released.


title: Kevin Max

text: In 2015, Max released another studio album of covers of pop standards "Starry Eyes Surprise". Max released "Playing Games With the Shadow" in 2016, "Serve Somebody" in 2017, and both "AWOL" and "Romeo Drive" in 2018.


title: Kevin Max

text: In 2020, Max released spoken word album "Radio Teknika" with electronic pioneers 3Kstatic and in the same summer released "Revisiting This Planet" a tribute to legendary rock artist Larry Norman. Later that year, Max announced a new indie rock band called Sad Astronauts.


title: Kevin Max

text: In 2022, Max released the album "FANTASY" with co-production by Old Bear Records, Chris Hoisington. Singles "Pure Imagination" and David Bowie's "As The World Falls Down" were also released.


title: Kevin Max

text: A Kickstarter campaign was successful in supporting the new album "Winter Woods" to be released before December 25, 2022.


title: Kevin Max

text: In a statement made on his Facebook page, Max announced that he would be creating an album with Father John Misty Bassist, Eli Thomson in the Spring of 2023. Elijah Thomson was also featured on Max's album The Imposter.


title: Kevin Max

text: In 1997, Max married Alayna Bennett. They divorced in 2003. In April 2005, he married Amanda Lynn MacDonald, but stated in an interview that earlier the two had "a secret wedding and marriage vows were spoken and we had binding agreement together in front of a spiritual leader, but we decided to go with the public ceremony a little bit later." They have four children. In August 2010, Max and family moved back to Grand Rapids, Michigan. In 2016, Kevin Max bought a farm an hour southwest of Nashville in Centerville, Tennessee, and called it "Blind Thief Farm and Studio". In 2018, the Max family moved to the Westhaven community in Franklin, Tennessee. The Max family frequently tours the states in a Winnebago/Mercedes RV titled "Bilbo Waggons". It is estimated that Kevin Max has a net worth of $6 million.


title: Kevin Max

text: Max became vocal on social media about his politics and spiritual deconstruction in 2019 and 2020 during the pandemic. On the song "Shock Ra" from his 2020 album "Radio Teknika", he proclaims himself a ""gothic, hippie, inclusive, Jesus freak wanting peace"", alongside other political commentary on the album"." Politically, Max has identified as both a socialist and an anarchist and expressed support for a number of left-wing causes. By 2021, he specifically identified as an "exvangelical", though he rejected claims that he was no longer a Christian and said that he followed "the Universal Christ".


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical interventions. One QALY equates to one year in perfect health. QALY scores range from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (dead). QALYs can be used to inform health insurance coverage determinations, treatment decisions, to evaluate programs, and to set priorities for future programs.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: Critics argue that the QALY oversimplifies how actual patients would assess risks and outcomes, and that its use may restrict patients with disabilities from accessing treatment. Proponents of the measure acknowledge that the QALY has some shortcomings, but that its ability to quantify tradeoffs and opportunity costs from the patient and societal perspective make it a critical tool for equitably allocating resources.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: The QALY is a measure of the value of health outcomes to the people who experience them. It combines two different benefits of treatment—length of life and quality of life—into a single number that can be compared across different types of treatments.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: Calculating a QALY requires two inputs. One is the utility value (or utility weight) associated with a given state of health by the years lived in that state. The underlying measure of utility is derived from clinical trials and studies that measure how people feel in these specific states of health. The way they feel in a state of perfect health equates to a value of 1 (or 100%). Death is assigned a utility of 0 (or 0%), and in some circumstances it is possible to accrue negative QALYs to reflect health states deemed "worse than dead." The value people perceive in less than perfect states of health are expressed as a fraction between 0 and 1.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: The second input is the amount of time people live in various states of health. This information usually comes from clinical trials.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: To calculate the QALY, the two measures are multiplied. For example, one year lived in perfect health equates to 1 QALY. This can be interpreted as a person getting 100% of the value for that year. A year lived in a less than perfect state of health can also be expressed as the amount of value accrued to the person living it. For example, 1 year of life lived in a situation with utility 0.5 yields 0.5 QALYs—a person experiencing this state is getting only 50% of the possible value of that year. In other words, they value the experience of being in less than perfect health for a full year as much as they value living for half a year in perfect health (0.5 years × 1 Utility). This characteristic is what makes the QALY useful for evaluating tradeoffs.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: The utility values used in QALY calculations are generally determined by methods that measure people's willingness to trade time in different health states, such as those proposed in the "Journal of Health Economics":


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: Another way of determining the weight associated with a particular health state is to use standard descriptive systems such as the EuroQol Group's EQ-5D questionnaire, which categorises health states according to five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities (e.g. work, study, homework or leisure activities), pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: Data on medical costs are often combined with QALYs in cost-utility analysis to estimate the cost-per-QALY associated with a health care intervention. This parameter can be used to develop a cost-effectiveness analysis of any treatment. This incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) can then be used to allocate healthcare resources, often using a threshold approach.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: In the United Kingdom, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), which advises on the use of health technologies within the National Health Service, has since at least 2013 used "£ per QALY" to evaluate their utility.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: In the Netherlands the use of QALYs is also applied to decision making on security measures of highways and local roads and railway crossings.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: QALY is credited to work by Klarman et al. (1968), Fanshel and Bush (1970) and Torrance et al. (1972) who suggested the idea of length of life adjusted by indices of functionality or health. A 1976 article by Zeckhauser and Shepard was the first appearance in print of the term. QALYs were later promoted through medical technology assessments conducted by the US Congress Office of Technology Assessment.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: In 1980, Pliskin et al. justified the QALY indicator using multiattribute utility theory: if a set of conditions pertaining to agent preferences on life years and quality of life are verified, then it is possible to express the agent's preferences about couples (number of life years/health state), by an interval (Neumannian) utility function. This utility function would be equal to the product of an interval utility function on "life years", and an interval utility function on "health state".


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: According to Pliskin et al., the QALY model requires utility independent, risk neutral, and constant proportional tradeoff behaviour. For the more general case of a life time health profile (i.e., experiencing more than one health state during the remaining years of life), the utility of a life time health profile must equal the sum of single-period utilities. Because of these theoretical assumptions, the meaning and usefulness of the QALY is debated. Perfect health is difficult, if not impossible, to define. Some argue that there are health states worse than being dead, and that therefore there should be negative values possible on the health spectrum (indeed, some health economists have incorporated negative values into calculations). Determining the level of health depends on measures that some argue place disproportionate importance on physical pain or disability over mental health.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: The method of ranking interventions on grounds of their cost per QALY gained ratio (or ICER) is controversial because it implies a quasi-utilitarian calculus to determine who will or will not receive treatment. However, its supporters argue that since health care resources are inevitably limited, this method enables them to be allocated in the way that is approximately optimal for society, including most patients. Another concern is that it does not take into account equity issues such as the overall distribution of health states—particularly since younger, healthier cohorts have many times more QALYs than older or sicker individuals. As a result, QALY analysis may undervalue treatments which benefit the elderly or others with a lower life expectancy. Also, many would argue that all else being equal, patients with more severe illness should be prioritised over patients with less severe illness if both would get the same absolute increase in utility.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: As early as 1989, Loomes and McKenzie recommended that research be conducted concerning the validity of QALYs. In 2010, with funding from the European Commission, the European Consortium in Healthcare Outcomes and Cost-Benefit Research (ECHOUTCOME) began a major study on QALYs as used in health technology assessment. Ariel Beresniak, the study's lead author, was quoted as saying that it was the "largest-ever study specifically dedicated to testing the assumptions of the QALY." In January 2013, at its final conference, ECHOUTCOME released preliminary results of its study which surveyed 1361 people "from academia" in Belgium, France, Italy and the UK. The researchers asked the subjects to respond to 14 questions concerning their preferences for various health states and durations of those states (e.g., 15 years limping versus 5 years in a wheelchair). They concluded that:


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: ECHOUTCOME also released "European Guidelines for Cost-Effectiveness Assessments of Health Technologies," which recommended not using QALYs in healthcare decision making. Instead, the guidelines recommended that cost-effectiveness analyses focus on "costs per relevant clinical outcome."


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: In response to the ECHOUTCOME study, representatives of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, the Scottish Medicines Consortium, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development made the following points. First, QALYs are better than alternative measures. Second, the study was "limited." Third, problems with QALYs were already widely acknowledged. Fourth, the researchers did not take budgetary constraints into consideration. Fifth, the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence uses QALYs that are based on 3395 interviews with residents of the UK, as opposed to residents of several European countries. Finally, according to Franco Sassi, a senior health economist at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, people who call for the elimination of QALYs may have "vested interests".


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: While supporters laud QALY’s efficiency, critics argue that use of QALY can cause medical inefficiencies because a less-effective, cheaper drug may be approved based on its QALY calculation.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: The use of QALYs has been criticized by disability advocates because otherwise healthy individuals cannot return to full health or achieve a high QALY score. Treatments for quadriplegics, patients with multiple sclerosis, or other disabilities are valued less under a QALY-based system.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: Critics also argue that a QALY-based system would limit research on treatments for rare disorders because the upfront costs of the treatments tend to be higher. Officials in the United Kingdom were forced to create the Cancer Drugs Fund to pay for new drugs regardless of their QALY rating because innovation had stalled since NICE was founded. At the time, one in seven drugs were turned down.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: The Partnership to Improve Patient Care, a group opposed to the adoption of QALY-based metrics, argued that a QALY-based system could exacerbate racial disparities in medicine because there is no consideration of genetic background, demographics, or comorbidities that may be elevated in minority racial groups that do not have as much weight in the consideration of the average year of perfect health.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: Critics have also noted that QALY only considers the quality of life when patients may choose to suffer negative side-effects to live long enough to attend a milestone event, such as a wedding or graduation.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: The Rule of rescue and immoral or "inhuman acting" are frequently used arguments to ignore cost-effectiveness analysis and the use of QALYs. Especially during the 2020/2021 Covid-19 pandemic, national responses represented a massive form of applying the ‘rule of rescue’ and disregard of cost-effectiveness analysis (see e.g. Utilitarianism and the pandemic).


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: Both the Rule of rescue and immoral behaviour are heavily attacked by Shepley Orr and Jonathan Wolff in their 2014 article “Reconciling cost-effectiveness with the rule of rescue: the institutional division of moral labour” (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11238-014-9434-3). They argued that the “Rule of rescue” is the result of wrong reasoning. Cost-effectiveness reasoning with the aid of QALYs always leads to moral superior outcomes and optimal public health outcome, allthough not always perfect, given constraints of resources.


title: Quality-adjusted life year

text: The UK Medical Research Council and others are exploring improvements to or replacements for QALYs. Among other possibilities are extending the data used to calculate QALYs (e.g., by using different survey instruments); "using well-being to value outcomes" (e.g., by developing a "well-being-adjusted life-year"; and by value outcomes in monetary terms. In 2018 HM Treasury set a discount rate of 1.5% for QALYs, which is lower than the discount rate for other costs and benefits, because the QALY is a direct utility measure.


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Cowabunga Collection is a compilation of video games developed by Digital Eclipse and published by Konami. It features thirteen "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" video games developed by Konami between 1989 and 1994. It was released for Windows via Steam, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S in August 2022.


title: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Cowabunga Collection

text: "The Cowabunga Collection" compiles thirteen "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" games developed by Konami between 1989 and 1994, listed below.


text: "The Cowabunga Collection" adds save states, rewind functions, button mapping, as well as online capabilities in certain games and local co-op in all games where it was originally intended. It also features an in-game museum that offers previously unseen development art, sketches and game design material for the titles. Almost every game includes both the Western and Japanese versions, with the exceptions being the arcade version of "Turtles in Time" and the NES version of "Tournament Fighters," which did not have Japanese versions.


text: The compilation was developed by Digital Eclipse, who had previously worked on other retro collections, such as "The Disney Afternoon Collection" and "Street Fighter 30th Anniversary Collection".


text: "The Cowabunga Collection" was announced as part of the PlayStation State of Play event on March 9, 2022. The game was also featured at San Diego Comic-Con 2022. It was released for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S on August 30, 2022. A limited edition physical version of the game was also released, containing a cloth poster, an acrylic diorama, an enamel pin set, 12 Tournament Fighters cards, and a 180-page artbook. The box art and cloth poster were designed by Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles co-creator Kevin Eastman.


text: According to the review aggregator Metacritic, "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Cowabunga Collection" has "generally favorable reviews" among all available platforms with a score.


title: Linux namespaces

text: Namespaces are a feature of the Linux kernel that partitions kernel resources such that one set of processes sees one set of resources while another set of processes sees a different set of resources. The feature works by having the same namespace for a set of resources and processes, but those namespaces refer to distinct resources. Resources may exist in multiple spaces. Examples of such resources are process IDs, hostnames, user IDs, file names, and some names associated with network access, and interprocess communication.


title: Linux namespaces

text: The term "namespace" is often used for a type of namespace (e.g. process ID) as well as for a particular space of names.


title: Linux namespaces

text: A Linux system starts out with a single namespace of each type, used by all processes. Processes can create additional namespaces and join different namespaces.


title: Linux namespaces

text: Linux namespaces were inspired by the wider namespace functionality used heavily throughout Plan 9 from Bell Labs.


title: Linux namespaces

text: The Linux Namespaces originated in 2002 in the 2.4.19 kernel with work on the mount namespace kind. Additional namespaces were added beginning in 2006 and continuing into the future.


title: Linux namespaces

text: Adequate containers support functionality was finished in kernel version 3.8 with the introduction of User namespaces.


title: Linux namespaces

text: Since kernel version 5.6, there are 8 kinds of namespaces. Namespace functionality is the same across all kinds: each process is associated with a namespace and can only see or use the resources associated with that namespace, and descendant namespaces where applicable. This way each process (or process group thereof) can have a unique view on the resources. Which resource is isolated depends on the kind of namespace that has been created for a given process group.


title: Linux namespaces

text: Mount namespaces control mount points. Upon creation the mounts from the current mount namespace are copied to the new namespace, but mount points created afterwards do not propagate between namespaces (using shared subtrees, it is possible to propagate mount points between namespaces).


title: Linux namespaces

text: The clone flag used to create a new namespace of this type is CLONE_NEWNS - short for "NEW NameSpace". This term is not descriptive (it does not tell which kind of namespace is to be created) because mount namespaces were the first kind of namespace and designers did not anticipate there being any others.


title: Linux namespaces

text: The PID namespace provides processes with an independent set of process IDs (PIDs) from other namespaces. PID namespaces are nested, meaning when a new process is created it will have a PID for each namespace from its current namespace up to the initial PID namespace. Hence the initial PID namespace is able to see all processes, albeit with different PIDs than other namespaces will see processes with.


title: Linux namespaces

text: The first process created in a PID namespace is assigned the process ID number 1 and receives most of the same special treatment as the normal init process, most notably that orphaned processes within the namespace are attached to it. This also means that the termination of this PID 1 process will immediately terminate all processes in its PID namespace and any descendants.


title: Linux namespaces

text: Network namespaces virtualize the network stack. On creation a network namespace contains only a loopback interface.


title: Linux namespaces

text: Each network interface (physical or virtual) is present in exactly 1 namespace and can be moved between namespaces.


title: Linux namespaces

text: Each namespace will have a private set of IP addresses, its own routing table, socket listing, connection tracking table, firewall, and other network-related resources.


title: Linux namespaces

text: Destroying a network namespace destroys any virtual interfaces within it and moves any physical interfaces within it back to the initial network namespace.


title: Linux namespaces

text: IPC namespaces isolate processes from SysV style inter-process communication. This prevents processes in different IPC namespaces from using, for example, the SHM family of functions to establish a range of shared memory between the two processes. Instead each process will be able to use the same identifiers for a shared memory region and produce two such distinct regions.


title: Linux namespaces

text: UTS (UNIX Time-Sharing) namespaces allow a single system to appear to have different host and domain names to different processes. "When a process creates a new UTS namespace ... the hostname and domain of the new UTS namespace are copied from the corresponding values in the caller's UTS namespace."


title: Linux namespaces

text: User namespaces are a feature to provide both privilege isolation and user identification segregation across multiple sets of processes available since kernel 3.8. With administrative assistance it is possible to build a container with seeming administrative rights without actually giving elevated privileges to user processes. Like the PID namespace, user namespaces are nested and each new user namespace is considered to be a child of the user namespace that created it.


title: Linux namespaces

text: A user namespace contains a mapping table converting user IDs from the container's point of view to the system's point of view. This allows, for example, the root user to have user id 0 in the container but is actually treated as user id 1,400,000 by the system for ownership checks. A similar table is used for group id mappings and ownership checks.


title: Linux namespaces

text: To facilitate privilege isolation of administrative actions, each namespace type is considered owned by a user namespace based on the active user namespace at the moment of creation. A user with administrative privileges in the appropriate user namespace will be allowed to perform administrative actions within that other namespace type. For example, if a process has administrative permission to change the IP address of a network interface, it may do so as long as its own user namespace is the same as (or ancestor of) the user namespace that owns the network namespace. Hence the initial user namespace has administrative control over all namespace types in the system.


title: Linux namespaces

text: The cgroup namespace type hides the identity of the control group of which process is a member. A process in such a namespace, checking which control group any process is part of, would see a path that is actually relative to the control group set at creation time, hiding its true control group position and identity. This namespace type has existed since March 2016 in Linux 4.6.


title: Linux namespaces

text: The time namespace allows processes to see different system times in a way similar to the UTS namespace. It was proposed in 2018 and landed on Linux 5.6, which was released in March 2020.


title: Linux namespaces

text: The syslog namespace was proposed by Rui Xiang, an engineer at Huawei, but wasn't merged into the linux kernel. systemd implemented a similar feature called “journal namespace” in February 2020.


title: Linux namespaces

text: The kernel assigns each process a symbolic link per namespace kind in codice_1. The inode number pointed to by this symlink is the same for each process in this namespace. This uniquely identifies each namespace by the inode number pointed to by one of its symlinks.


title: Linux namespaces

text: Reading the symlink via readlink returns a string containing the namespace kind name and the inode number of the namespace.


title: Linux namespaces

text: If a namespace is no longer referenced, it will be deleted, the handling of the contained resource depends on the namespace kind. Namespaces can be referenced in three ways:


title: Linux namespaces

text: Various container software use Linux namespaces in combination with cgroups to isolate their processes, including Docker and LXC.


title: Linux namespaces

text: Other applications, such as Google Chrome make use of namespaces to isolate its own processes which are at risk from attack on the internet.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Secunderabad Junction (station code: SC) is a major intercity junction railway station and a commuter rail hub in the Hyderabad urban area. In the city centre, the station is in the South Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. Built in 1874 by the Nizam of Hyderabad during the British era, it was the main station of Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway until the Kacheguda railway station opened in 1916. The station was taken over by Indian Railways in 1951, when NGSR was nationalized. Its main portico and concourse are influenced by Nizamesque architecture. The station, which resembles a fort, is a tourist attraction in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: It is connected by rail to all regions of India. About 170,000 passengers arrive at (or depart from) the station daily on 229 trains. On the Vijayawada–Wadi (the SCR's main line) and Secunderabad–Manmad railway lines, it is the zone headquarters of the South Central Railway and the headquarters of the SCR's Secunderabad Division. The station has received ISO-9001 certification for quality management in ticket booking, parcel and luggage booking and platform management. Indian Railways has proposed an upgrade to a world-class station, emphasising vertical expansion. It is connected to nearly all the parts of the twin cities by the Hyderabad MMTS, Telangana State Road Transport Corporation buses and the Hyderabad Metro.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The station was proposed in 1870, when the Nizam of Hyderabad MIR MEHBOOB ALI KHAN SIDDIQUI ordered to construct the secundrabad railway station, the sixth Nizam of Hyderabad state decided to connect Hyderabad State with the rest of India. Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was formed as a private company, and construction of the Secunderabad–Wadi line began that year. The line, which would connect Hyderabad with the British Raj's Great Indian Peninsula Railway main line at Wadi Junction, was funded by the Nizam.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The Secunderabad–Wadi line and the Secunderabad railway station were finished on 9 October 1874, introducing railways to Hyderabad. The station's main portico and concourse were influenced by Nizam-era architecture. Resembling a fort, it is a tourist attraction in the twin cities. Hyderabad State took over the railway in 1879. In 1871, the Secunderabad station was connected to the Singareni Collieries Company by a line. The Secunderabad–Wadi line was extended to Vijayawada Junction as the Vijayawada–Wadi line in 1889. A broad-gauge connection between Vijayawada Junction and Chennai Central opened the following year, enabling rail travel between Hyderabad and Chennai (then Madras).


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The Hyderabad–Godavari Valley Railway was established in 1900 with the opening of the Manmad–Secunderabad metre-gauge line, and merged into the NGSR in 1930. In 1916, the Kachiguda railway station was built as NGSR headquarters and to regulate traffic at Secunderabad. Diesel rail cars manufactured by Ganz were tried for the first time in Hyderabad State by the NGSR in 1939.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: On 5 November 1951, Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was nationalized by the government of India and merged into the government-owned Indian Railways (IR) as part of the Ministry of Railways. The Secunderabad station was assigned to the Central Railway zone, with Victoria Terminus its headquarters. In 1966, the South Central Railway zone was formed with Secunderabad its headquarters (as well as the headquarters of Indian Railways' Secunderabad Division. Rail Nilayam (the zone headquarters) was built in 1972, and the division headquarters was built in 1980.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The Indian Railways Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications (IRISET), one of IR's six centralised training institutes, was established in Secunderabad by the Ministry of Railways on 24 November 1957. to address the specialised training needs of railway staff and officers in railway signalling and telecommunications. In 1967, the Ajanta Express was introduced between Kachiguda and Manmad via Secunderabad. With an average speed of , it was India's fastest metre-gauge train at the time. The Secunderabad–Vijayawada Junction Golconda Express was introduced in 1969. The country's fastest steam train, with an average speed of . it was later extended to Guntur. In February 1978, the Secunderabad Division was split into two divisions: Secunderabad and Hyderabad.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Although an early computerised reservation system began at Secunderabad in July 1989, the 30 September 1989 introduction of SCR's computerised Passenger Reservation System (PRS) at the station made reservations easier. The system, later linked to New Delhi (1997), Howrah (1998), Mumbai and Chennai (both 1999), preceded the CONCERT reservation system which was developed at Secunderabad in September 1994 and implemented in January 1995.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The Secunderabad–Mahbubnagar metre-gauge section was converted to broad gauge in 1993, breaking an important north–south metre-gauge freight connection north from Secunderabad. That year, the Secunderabad station was electrified towards Kazipet and Vijayawada Junction. The electric-locomotive shed in South Lallaguda (near the Secunderabad station), with a capacity of 100 locomotives, was built in 1995.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The Rajdhani Express, which connects India's state capitals with New Delhi (the national capital), was proposed in Andhra Pradesh between Secunderabad and the Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station in the 2001 Indian rail budget. The Secunderabad Rajdhani Express was introduced on 27 February 2002. The Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), the state's first of its kind, was introduced in 2003 with two lines: –Hyderabad railway station (initially 13 trains daily) and Lingampally– Secunderabad (11 trains daily). Another line was built between Secunderabad and Falaknuma railway station. SCR operated the last metre-gauge train on the Nizamabad–Manoharabad line on 30 June 2004, ending metre-gauge service (which began during the 1930s on the Secunderabad–Manmad line of the NGSR) to facilitate IR's broad-gauge track-conversion program. The line was open by 7 February 2005 after the conversion, permitting railway traffic on the Secunderabad–Manmad stretch of the Kachiguda–Manmad line.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: SCR introduced the "Himalaya Special" freight train at Secunderabad on 7 November 2007. Intended for the high-speed transport of freight such as coal, the train was expected to run at . The 2008–2009 Rail Budget provided for Secunderabad to upgrade to a world-class station. SCR's first Duronto Express, between Secunderabad and Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station, was flagged off by then Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Konijeti Rosaiah at Secunderabad on 14 March 2010.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Secunderabad is one of India's largest and busiest railway stations. The main railway terminus and a commuter hub in the Hyderabad urban area (the capital of Telangana), it is one of three major stations serving the city; the other two are Kacheguda and the Hyderabad Deccan railway station.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The station is the zone headquarters of South Central Railway and the headquarters of the Secunderabad Division. It is the busiest railway station in the state and SCR's Second-largest junction, after Vijayawada Junction. To reduce traffic at Secunderabad, the Railway Board has decided on a fourth major station in Hyderabad. There are two proposals for the new terminal: and Moula-Ali.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Secunderabad Station has a standard station layout. All its tracks are broad-gauge and electrified. The Secunderabad–Manmad line is non-electrified, however, so diesel trains are common.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The station has 10 platforms, which are covered by a reinforced concrete roof. Each platform can handle a train with more than 24 coaches. There is an additional track between platforms seven and eight, which is a service track for the Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System and suburban trains (where two trains halt at the same platform, due to their short length). Platforms six and seven are divided in two (6A and B and 7A and B).


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The Vijayawada–Secunderabad and Repalle–Secunderabad lines join at , near Secunderabad. The Vijayawada Junction–Wadi line is the only electrified line.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The station is serviced by an average of 229 Inter-city and suburban rail trains daily. Most trains originate or terminate at Secunderabad. The Vijayawada–Wadi line, which passes through the station, is one of SCR's busiest lines. It is also an IR freight station. Its Freight Operation Information System monitors freight movement.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: It is one of Indian Railways' busiest stations. About 170,000 passengers use Secunderabad daily on over 200 trains. The Secunderabad Rajdhani Express, between Secunderabad and the Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station, was introduced on 27 February 2002. Another daily Rajdhani Express, originating at the Bangalore City railway station, also stops at Secunderabad. Several Garib Rath Express trains stop at the station, including the daily Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad Garib Rath Express and a train to Yeswanthpur in Bangalore. The non-stop Duronto Express was introduced between Secunderabad and Hazrat Nizamuddin.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: All inter-city rail service is operated by Indian Railways. The bi-weekly Secunderabad–Mumbai Duronto Express, announced in the 2010–11 Union Railway Budget, was expected to begin by 31 March 2011. Most inter-city service operate to Vijayawada Junction, Guntur Junction, Tenali, Visakhapatnam, , Howrah station, Chennai Central and Bangalore. The greatest passenger volume is between Secunderabad and Visakhapatnam. The Godavari Express and Gowthami Express are SCR's most prestigious trains.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Secunderabad is the only station in the Hyderabad MMTS to connect to all four MMTS commuter lines, and is the system's commuter inter-change hub. The station is on Lines 2 and 3 of the Hyderabad Metro. Secunderabad East metro station, on the blue line, is near Secunderabad Junction.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Secunderabad Station is also the hub of suburban transit trains (push-pull trains). These DHMU's run in the non-electrified rail lines in the suburbs of the Hyderabad Urban Area. These also run in the electrified lines of MMTS).


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Secunderabad has a number of passenger facilities, including modern security and parking. A coach depot for cleaning and maintenance is next to the station. The area around the station is sometimes congested. The station has restaurants, cafes, a coffee shop, book stalls, waiting and cloak rooms, a cyber cafe, tourism agents' and train-inquiry counters, digital train-status boards, train-status announcements and foot bridges. A pharmacy has a dispensary and first-aid kit.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Three waiting rooms are at the station's north entrance, and two are at the south entrance. An air-conditioned waiting room is on platform 1, and a non-air-conditioned dormitory is on the first floor. The air-conditioned waiting room is free of charge for passengers with air-conditioned-class tickets. The latest dormitory would supplement the existing air-conditioned dormitory with eight beds and 13 rooms, each with two beds.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Both south-entrance waiting rooms, on platform 10, are air-conditioned. Intended for upper- and second-class passengers, they have comfortable chairs and pay toilets. Nearly 11,000 passengers use the waiting rooms daily.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Secunderabad is well-stocked with security equipment (including CCTVs, door-frame metal detectors and hand-held sensors) and security personnel. Forty-five fixed and pan–tilt–zoom cameras are installed throughout the station, equipped with internet-enabled digital video recorders and interconnected display monitors. The PTZ cameras can rotate 360 degrees, and have a range of one kilometre. The system is controlled at the station's Railway Protection Force post.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: RPF personnel are also available to monitor suspicious activity, and nine surveillance cameras were installed at the station after the 13 September 2008 Delhi bombings. Indian Railways plan to equip a commando outfit modeled on the National Security Guard to counter terrorism at the station.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: After increasing terrorist threats, SCR began baggage checks at an estimated cost of 40 lakh (4 million, or US$65,000) as part of a pilot project. To increase security, railway authorities introduced an integrated security system as part of the 2009 Rail Budget.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: On 14 July 2008, a caller rang up the police main control room around 10:30 a.m. and said that bombs had been placed at the railway station, passport office, and a Secunderabad bus stop. Between 1:00 and 1:15 p.m on 15 July, four smoke bombs were said to be about to go off on platforms one, six and seven. Railway authorities immediately alerted the EMRI 108 service in what was a drill.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: An actual bomb threat was phoned in to the Cyberabad Metropolitan Police branch of the Hyderabad City Police on 8 October 2009, which kept police in suspense for two hours. The caller, who spoke in Telugu, told a telephone operator that a bomb had been planted in the railway station and would explode within an hour. The CMP police alerted their Hyderabad counterparts, who rushed to the station and began a search for explosives. Local police, bomb-disposal squads and railway police scoured the entire station (and its trains) but found nothing, and the call was declared a hoax.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The station has a large car and motorcycle parking lot, and an auto rickshaw stand is at the station entrance. The south entrance has a taxi stand for municipal and private taxis. Secunderabad is India's first railway station with an automated parking system. The lot, built at a cost of 6 million, has a dispenser at its entrance to issue a magnetically-striped ticket with the time and date of arrival. A manual pay station is at the exit.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Secunderabad Junction has two ticket counters. Passengers can buy second- and general-class tickets on the train, since they are not reservable. A computerized reservation facility is provided, and an information counter for tourists. A Passenger Operated Enquiry Terminal (POET) is available, which can access the National Train Enquiry System (NTES). Indrail Passes are available at the reservation center, about 200 meters from the station.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: To conserve water, SCR installed a 12-million water-reclamation plant at the station. Station maintenance, including cleaning 800 coaches, aprons and platforms, requires over 30,000 litres of water daily. With the water-recycling plant, used water is collected and sent to the plant for biological and chemical treatment. The non-drinkable, recycled water is then used to clean coaches and platforms.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: During the 2008–09 Indian Railways budget session, Railway Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav unveiled a design to improve the two-century-old Secunderabad Junction station at an estimated cost of 40 billion (est.$1 billion). In the 2009–10 budget hearing, Mamata Banerjee listed 50 stations (including Secunderabad) to upgrade to world-class facilities. According to the Rail Ministry, the upgrade would be similar to (Rome's central rail station). Chief Minister Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy proposed developing the Gandhi Hospital land adjoining the station along the lines of Toronto's Union Station, which was developed into a major commuter terminus, a commercial hub and a parking facility.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Similar to an airport, the proposed station would have a shopping mall, a food plaza, entertainment and recreation centres. The plan includes vertical expansion of the station, with platforms on several floors connected by escalators and lifts. Separation of arriving and departing commuters and integration of the proposed integrated bus terminus (IBT) and metro service will be key ingredients of the upgrade. The station's current security apparatus might be overhauled. Lighting, seating areas, waiting rooms, bathrooms and Internet kiosks would be upgraded.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Since about 170,000 passengers commute through Secunderabad on 229 trains daily, the project needs to be developed with an eye to the next century; Union Railway Minister Mamata Banerjee concurred in June 2009, when she presented the maiden 2009–10 Rail Budget.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: Preservationists fear that the massive upgrade may leave the heritage building a memory of a bygone era, since 85 million has already been spent on station improvements.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: A series of meetings was convened with Railway Board authorities in July 2009. It was decided to hire a consultant to sketch a master plan for the project, including facilities to be incorporated, a time frame and estimated cost. Global tenders for consultants were issued on 26 September, and the successful bidder (who would have ten months to propose a master plan) would be selected on 30 October. The request for tender deadline was extended to 24 December and then indefinitely, due to a lack of bidders.


title: Secunderabad Junction railway station

text: The station's south side is planned for development with a number of facilities. A new building is being designed with four floors, of which the first and second have been completed at a cost of 22 million. In the 2009–10 Rail Budget, Union Railway Minister Mamata Banerjee introduced a non-stop Duronto Express from Secunderabad to .Very Recently A major step for the development of Secunderabad Railway station has been taken with the floating of tender for its upgradation at an estimated cost of ₹653 crore on Saturday.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: Camp X-Ray is a 2014 American independent drama film written and directed by Peter Sattler, in his directorial debut, based on the detention facility Camp X-Ray at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. It stars Kristen Stewart and Peyman Moaadi with John Carroll Lynch, Lane Garrison, and Joseph Julian Soria in supporting roles. The film premiered on January 17, 2014, at 2014 Sundance Film Festival in the U.S. dramatic competition category and released on October 17, 2014, by IFC Films.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: The film begins with the September 11 attacks shown on television when Ali Amir enters a house and begins to perform salah (Islamic prayer) when he is kidnapped and taken to Guantanamo Bay detention camp, specifically Camp Delta.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: Eight years later, Army Private first-class Amy Cole is placed as a guard at Guantanamo. Upon arrival, she volunteers for the IRF (the riot squad) and is cold towards the detainees, despite her contempt for the facility's handling of detainees. While on duty, Ali tries to make conversation, but Cole is annoyed by his persistence and rebuffs his advances; in return, Ali throws his feces at her and is sent to the frequent flyer program (sleep deprivation punishment). Corporal "Randy" Ransdell also takes an interest in Cole, going as far as to attempt to have sex with her in a bathroom.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: Cole enters Ali's cell while it is being searched and notices suicide-prevention pamphlets on the floor. She finds Ali's file, which reveals that he has a history of self-harm and discipline, becoming more and more violent as time passed. When Ali returns to his cell, he apologizes to Amy for his actions. He confides to her that he was born in Bremen, Germany and was not involved with terrorist groups, and a relationship forms between the two.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: Eight months later, Ransdell lies to Cole and orders her to watch Ali shower, violating SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) and Arabic social norms. Upon discovering that Ransdell lied, Cole files a report with her commanding officer, Colonel James Drummond. Drummond talks to Ransdell, who makes (unspecified) counter-accusations, and dismisses Cole's complaint because Ransdell is her superior. Ransdell and Cole must both attend a board of inquiry (not shown nor later referred to). Cole begins to become more isolated from the other guards and is reassigned to the night shift.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: One night, near the end of Cole's tour at Guantanamo, Ali takes a blade hidden in his Quran and is about to commit suicide, but is talked down by Cole, who tells him her name and where she's from (also violations of SOP). At this point, it is clear that her feelings towards the detainee have softened as she is distressed by the possibility of him dying. As Cole leaves Guantanamo teary-eyed, Ali discovers the Harry Potter book he had been hoping for over two years, finding she had written a note inside saying: "To Ali, I don't know if Snape's a good guy. But I know you are. Love, Blondie”.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: On February 6, 2014, IFC Films announced their acquisition of the North American rights to the film. Shooting Stars LLC acquired the rights to distribute the film in the United Arab Emirates. EDGE Entertainment will distribute "Camp X-Ray" in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. The film was distributed in Lebanon and Iraq with an October 30, 2014, release date.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: Production for "Camp X-Ray" took place in Los Angeles and Whittier, California. Principal photography began on July 17, 2013, and ended in mid-August. The location used for filming the prison scenes was the abandoned Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility in Whittier, California.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: The film moved to post-production in late summer 2013. The special effects were edited by Comen VFX. On December 5, 2013, it was announced that the film would premiere on January 17 at the Sundance Film Festival in the US Dramatic Competition category. On July 3, 2014, ten new stills from the film were released. IFC Films released the official trailer on August 8, 2014, on its YouTube channel.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: "Camp X-Ray" is rated R by the MPAA for language and brief nude images. The film became available in select theaters and through video on demand services including iTunes Movies and Amazon.com Video starting October 17, 2014. The film was also a selection for the Atlantic Film Festival, Deauville American Film Festival, BFI London Film Festival, Abu Dhabi Film Festival, Leiden International Film Festival, Hof International Film Festival, and the Stockholm International Film Festival.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: The soundtrack for "Camp X-Ray" includes "Kettering" by The Antlers from "Hospice" and "Concrete City" by Shyan Selah. The song "You There" by Aquilo is featured in the trailer released by IFC Films.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: Jess Stroup's original score for the film soundtrack released through iTunes by Lakeshore Records on October 14, 2014.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: The film opened on October 17, showing in one theater in New York City. The film grossed $1,316. The film expanded to three screens in its second week and posted an increase of 134% of $3,480. As of November 9, the film has grossed $9,837. The film also debuted on video on demand and rose to #12 in overall releases on iTunes. "Camp X-Ray" grossed $50,744 in the United Arab Emirates.


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: "Camp X-Ray" premiered at Sundance Film Festival with generally positive reviews, with specific praise of Stewart and Moaadi's performances. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a "Certified Fresh" rating with 75% of 59 film critics giving the film a positive review and it has an average rating of 6.4 out of 10. The critics' consensus states: ""Camp X-Ray"'s treatment of its subject verges on the shallow, but benefits greatly from a pair of impressive performances from Kristen Stewart and Peyman Moaadi." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 54 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave a positive review to the film, calling it "A somber but cogent drama that uses its setting as a provocative backdrop rather than a debate point" and praising the lead actors by saying that "Stewart, delivering perhaps her best screen work to date as an inexperienced military guard, against an equally compelling characterization from Maadi as the long-term detainee who pierces her shell." Marlow Stern of The Daily Beast wrote, "by the end of Camp X-Ray, you're won over by Stewart's layered turn as Cole, and Maadi's as the defiant Ali. It's a role perfectly suited to her strengths—vulnerability and hidden courage—and few young actresses, with the exception of Jennifer Lawrence, can hold a close-up like Stewart." Rob Nelson in his review of the film for Variety said that ""Camp X-Ray" is most commendable for believably depicting the U.S. military from a female's point of view" and that "The two leads (Stewart and Maadi) are excellent and play off each other deftly." Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote, "Kristen Stewart is engaging and Peyman Moaadi avoids the "noble savage" cliché with ease. The performances are stronger than the film which contains them, but since the picture is mostly a two-hander that's not entirely a fatal flaw." Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three stars and praised Peter Sattler's direction, as well as Stewart and Maadi. Seitz wrote of Stewart that: "There are silent film-quality close-ups where you can read every fluctuation in her mood even though she's barely moving a muscle. This is a true movie star performance." Seitz remarked that, "The relationship between Amy, a strong-silent type, and Ali, a chatterbox provocateur, has a '70s-movie feel."


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: Xan Brooks of "The Guardian" gave the film two out of five stars, echoing praise for the acting, saying "Moaadi (so good as the shifty dad in the "A Separation") is suitably anguished as Ali, while Stewart copes well as his pensive prison guard, constantly trying to act more tough than she is. It's a role that reminds us what a fine performer she was in the likes of "Into the Wild" and "Adventureland"", but criticized the film in general, saying "the supporting players are little more than equal opportunity stereotypes (frothing Islamists; brutish grunts), while the dialogue is a clatter of cookie-cutter exposition, intent on telling us everything but explaining very little". Eric Kohn of Indiewire criticized the screenplay and direction by saying that "Sattler's frustratingly on-the-nose screenplay" and "It's a powerful assertion about the prospects of being trapped by misguided intentions, which sadly applies to "Camp X-Ray" itself" but ultimately praised Stewart's performance. Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a negative review by saying that "it's also a flatly made movie" and said that Stewart was miscast in the role as "she has no toughness, no moxie, no callouses on her hide."


title: Camp X-Ray (film)

text: Writer/Director Peter Sattler earned a nomination for a Humanitas Prize in the Sundance category. Casting director Richard Hicks earned an Artios Awards nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Casting — Low Budget Feature — Drama. The Women Film Critics Circle also nominated Kristen Stewart for Best Actress and the film for "Best Movie about Women." Stewart was also nominated for the Razzie Redeemer Award.


title: Marshall Bell

text: Archibald Marshall Bell (born September 28, 1942) is an American character actor. He has appeared in many character roles in movies and television. He is known for roles in "" (1985), "Stand by Me" (1986), "Twins" (1988), "Total Recall" (1990) and "Starship Troopers" (1997).


title: Marshall Bell

text: Bell was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he lived until age 13. His family then moved to Denver, Colorado. Bell attended boarding school at St. Paul's, Concord, New Hampshire, but was expelled. He then went to Fountain Valley School in Colorado Springs, where he became interested in acting after performing as Elwood Dowd in the play "Harvey".


title: Marshall Bell

text: Bell was discouraged by others, however, who told him he was not a good enough actor, and did not act again for over 20 years. He attended the University of Colorado, majoring in sociology, and served three years in the Army. He eventually became a consultant, teaching business executives to improve their speaking skills.


title: Marshall Bell

text: Bell's movie debut was in the role as Ronsky in Alan Parker's drama "Birdy" (1984). After "Birdy", he played Gerry Jones in the Fred Roos comedy "Seven Minutes in Heaven" (1985). His first major role was as the cruel Coach Schneider in the slasher/horror "" (1985). Bell played Mr. Lachance, Gordie's grieving father, in the adventure/drama "Stand by Me" (1986); the ruthless hitman, Webster, in the comedy "Twins" (1988) starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito; and George, who has mutant Martian resistance leader, Kuato, attached to his stomach, in director Paul Verhoeven's blockbuster science fiction/adventure "Total Recall" (1990) starring Schwarzenegger.


title: Marshall Bell

text: He made his TV acting debut in the series "The Oldest Rookie" in 1987, playing Det. Gordon Lane. Bell starred as Ford Plasko in the short-lived series "G vs E". His many guest appearances include "Hill Street Blues", "Wiseguy", "Tales from the Crypt", "The X-Files", "Millennium", "Deadwood" and "House". He has also appeared in a TV commercial for IBM.


title: Marshall Bell

text: Other movie roles include Lips' Cop in the action/crime thriller "Dick Tracy" (1990) opposite Warren Beatty; the title role of a frightening homeless man terrorizing Bill Paxton's character in the comedy/thriller "The Vagrant" (1992) opposite Paxton and Michael Ironside; General Owen in the science fiction/adventure "Starship Troopers" (1997); the warden, Marshall Krutch, in the award-winning biopic "Capote" (2005) opposite Philip Seymour Hoffman; John Leshing in the family/mystery "Nancy Drew" (2007) opposite Emma Roberts; and Principal Rocker in the comedy "Hamlet 2" (2008). Bell also played the voice acting role as Mr. Sesehund in the animated feature "Heidi 4 Paws" (2008).


title: Marshall Bell

text: Bell is married to Milena Canonero, a four-time Oscar-winning costume designer, and they live in West Hollywood, California.


title: Garrick Club

text: The Garrick Club is a gentlemen's club in the heart of London founded in 1831. It is one of the oldest members' clubs in the world and, since its inception, has catered to members such as Charles Kean, Henry Irving, Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Arthur Sullivan, Laurence Olivier, Raymond Raikes, Stephen Fry and John Gielgud. From the literary world came writers such as Charles Dickens, H. G. Wells, J. M. Barrie, A. A. Milne, and Kingsley Amis. The visual arts have been represented by painters such as John Everett Millais, Lord Leighton and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.


title: Garrick Club

text: In 1956 the rights to A. A. Milne's Pooh books were left to four beneficiaries: his family, the Royal Literary Fund, Westminster School and the Garrick Club.


title: Garrick Club

text: , the club has around 1,400 members (with a seven-year waiting list) including many actors and men of letters in the United Kingdom. New candidates must be proposed by an existing member before election in a secret ballot, the original assurance of the committee being “that it would be better that ten unobjectionable men should be excluded than one terrible bore should be admitted”.


title: Garrick Club

text: The Garrick Club is also home to major collections of art, with more than 1,000 paintings, drawings and sculptures on display. It also houses a theatrical library.


title: Garrick Club

text: The Garrick Club was founded at a meeting in the Committee Room at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on Wednesday 17 August 1831. Present were James Winston (a former strolling player, manager and important theatre antiquarian), Samuel James Arnold (a playwright and theatre manager), Samuel Beazley (an architect and playwright), General Sir Andrew Barnard (an army officer and hero of the Napoleonic Wars), and Francis Mills (a timber merchant and railway speculator). It was decided to write down a number of names in order to invite them to be original members of the Garrick Club.


title: Garrick Club

text: The avowed purpose of the club was to "tend to the regeneration of the Drama". It was to be a place where “actors and men of refinement could meet on equal terms” at a time when actors were not generally considered to be respectable members of society.


title: Garrick Club

text: The club was named in honour of the actor David Garrick, whose acting and management at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in the previous century, had by the 1830s come to represent a golden age of British drama. Less than six months later the members had been recruited and a Club House found and equipped on King Street in Covent Garden. On 1 February 1832 it was reported that the novelist and journalist Thomas Gaspey was the first member to enter at 11am, and that “Mr Beazley gave the first order, (a mutton chop) at ½ past 12.”


title: Garrick Club

text: The list of those who took up original membership runs like a "Who’s Who" of the Green Room for 1832: actors such as John Braham, Charles Kemble, William Macready, Charles Mathews and his son Charles James; the playwrights James Planché, Theodore Hook and Thomas Talfourd; scene-painters including Clarkson Frederick Stanfield and Thomas Grieve. Even the patron, the Duke of Sussex, had an element of the theatrical about him, being a well-known mesmerist. To this can be added numerous Barons, Counts, Dukes, Earls and Lords, soldiers, parliamentarians and judges.


title: Garrick Club

text: The membership would later include Charles Kean, Henry Irving, Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Arthur Sullivan, J. M. Barrie, Arthur Wing Pinero, Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud. From the literary world came writers such as Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Anthony Trollope, H. G. Wells, A. A. Milne (who on his death in 1956 bequeathed the club a quarter of the royalties from his children’s books), and Kingsley Amis. The visual arts has been represented by painters such as John Everett Millais, Lord Leighton and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.


title: Garrick Club

text: The club’s popularity at the beginning of the 1860s created an overcrowding of its original clubhouse. Slum clearance being undertaken just round the corner provided the opportunity to move into a brand-new purpose-built home on what became known as Garrick Street. The move was completed in 1864 and the club remains in this building today.


title: Garrick Club

text: All new candidates must be proposed by an existing member before election in a secret ballot, the original assurance of the committee being “that it would be better that ten unobjectionable men should be excluded than one terrible bore should be admitted”. This exclusive nature of the club was highlighted when reporter Jeremy Paxman applied to join but was initially blackballed, though he was later admitted, an experience he shares with Henry Irving who despite being the first actor to receive a knighthood had himself been blackballed in 1873.


title: Garrick Club

text: When the club was founded in 1831 Rule 1 of the Garrick Club Rules and Regulations called for the "formation of a theatrical Library, with works on costume". At a General Meeting on 15 October 1831, the barrister John Adolphus suggested that members should present their duplicate dramatic works to the club, and that these should go some way towards forming a Library. A very valuable collection has thus come together over the years, and its special collections are particularly strong on eighteenth and nineteenth century theatre.


title: Garrick Club

text: James Winston, the first Secretary and Librarian of the club, was one of the principal early benefactors and his gifts included minutes from the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, as well as his own "Theatric Tourist". These presentations formed the nucleus of a Library which now holds well over 10,000 items, including plays, manuscripts, prints (bound into numerous extra-illustrated volumes), and many photographs.


title: Garrick Club

text: The club holds a remarkable collection of art works representing the history of the British theatre. There are over 1000 paintings, drawings and sculptures, a selection of theatrical memorabilia, and thousands of prints and photographs.


title: Garrick Club

text: The collection originated with the actor Charles Mathews, one of the original members of the club who had a passion for collecting theatrical portraits; they were once displayed by him in a gallery at his home, Ivy Cottage, in Highgate, north London. Mathews managed to secure a large number of pictures from the collection of Thomas Harris, who had been manager of the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, and which included paintings by the likes of Johann Zoffany, Francis Hayman and Gainsborough Dupont. He also actively commissioned artists such as Samuel De Wilde to paint all the popular stars of the stage at that time (there are 196 works by De Wilde in the collection).


title: Garrick Club

text: Mathews had hoped to sell the collection to the club and it appears that lengthy negotiations were entered into without any result. It was eventually purchased by a wealthy stockbroker and donated to the club, having already hung on its walls for several years.


title: Garrick Club

text: The collection continued to grow with many being presented by artist members, such as Clarkson Frederick Stanfield and David Roberts, who with fellow scene painter Louis Haghe painted a series of large canvases especially for the Smoking Room at the old Clubhouse. Roberts’ "Temple at Baalbec" remains today one of the most important paintings by that artist. Sir John Everett Millais is represented by one of his most important portraits, that of Henry Irving which he painted and presented to the club in 1884.


title: Garrick Club

text: The picture collection continued to expand throughout the twentieth century with artists such as Edward Seago and Feliks Topolski both represented.


title: Garrick Club

text: The club remains "for gentlemen only", which is to say restricted to male members, although women guests are welcome as visitors in most parts of the club. Several past attempts to open the club to women members have failed to attain the necessary two-thirds majority, though the most recent poll, in mid-2015, did garner a majority vote of 50.5%. Baroness Hale, when President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, protested about the club’s continued exclusion of women and the acquiescence of its members in that policy. She has said that "I regard it as quite shocking that so many of my colleagues belong to the Garrick, but they don’t see what all the fuss is about," arguing that judges "should be committed to the principle of equality for all." In reaction to the latest vote, Dinah Rose KC, a leading barrister specialising in human rights and public law, urged leading legal professionals including members of the Supreme Court, to "reconsider" their membership in the club.


title: Garrick Club

text: In September 2020, the entrepreneur Emily Bendell threatened a legal challenge over the club's refusal to admit women as members. She asserts that the rule breaches the Equality Act 2010.


title: Garrick Club

text: In 2011, the Garrick Club newsletter compiled a list of 100 notable deceased members (since updated),


title: Xian MA60

text: The Xian MA60 (新舟60, "Xīnzhōu liùshí", "Modern Ark 60") is a turboprop-powered airliner produced by China's Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation under the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). The MA60 is a stretched version of the Xian Y7-200A, which was produced based on the An-24 to operate in rugged conditions with limited ground support and has short take-off and landing (STOL) capability.


title: Xian MA60

text: The airplane received its type certificate from the Civil Aviation Administration of China in June 2000. The MA60 has not applied for FAA (US) and EASA (Europe) type certification, and is not certified for use in the European Union or the US. The general designer of MA-60 series is Lü Hai (吕海).