title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: The ACLS shifted to a hostile environment in The Bronx at Yankee Stadium for Game 3, where the Astros posed Cristian Javier to face Yankees ace Gerrit Cole in a rematch of the Astros' no-hitter on June 25. Outfielder Chas McCormick got the scoring started with a 2-out, 2-run home run to right field after Yankees outfielder Harrison Bader dropped a fly ball off the bat of catcher Christian Vázquez which resulted in an error. After consecutive no-hit innings at Yankee Stadium dating back to the June 25th game, Javier gave up his first hit, a 1-out double to Giancarlo Stanton in the fourth. However, Javier retired the next two batters to end the fourth and strand Stanton at 2nd. After beginning the postseason 0-for-25, José Altuve hit a one-out double to right field to break the slump but was stranded at 3rd. After 2 hits and a walk in the sixth, Cole was removed after five-plus innings and replaced by Lou Trivino. Trey Mancini drove in another run with a sacrifice fly and Vazquez drove in two runs to make it 5–0 Houston and closed the book on Gerrit Cole, as he gave up five runs on five hits in five innings plus three batters in the sixth. Javier was replaced by Héctor Neris with 1 out in the 6th. Javier went , allowing 1 hit and 3 walks. Hunter Brown came on in the 8th, walked the first two hitters and got the next two outs before being replaced by Rafael Montero, who recorded the final out of the eighth inning. Bryan Abreu came on in relief of Montero in the 9th inning and recorded the first 2 outs of the inning before giving up back to back hits to Matt Carpenter & Harrison Bader. Abreu then retired Josh Donaldson to give the Astros a 5–0 win and a commanding 3–0 series lead.


title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: Game 4 of the series began in a rain delay and first pitch was delayed to 8:30 ET. The Astros sent out Lance McCullers Jr. while the Yankees countered with Nestor Cortés Jr. The Yankees got on the board in the 1st after Harrison Bader lead off with a single. A flyout and HBP later, Giancarlo Stanton hit a sharp single to drive in Bader. The next batter, Gleyber Torres, blooped a single in right field to drive in Rizzo and make it 2–0 Yankees before McCullers retired the next two batters and end the first inning. In the 2nd, Rizzo added another run on an RBI double which scored Isiah Kiner-Falefa to make it 3–0. In the third, things unraveled for Cortés as he walked Martín Maldonado and José Altuve to begin the inning before Jeremy Peña crushed a towering game-tying 3 run home run. Cortés left the game after that with a left groin injury, being replaced by reliever Wandy Peralta. The Astros took the lead a couple of batters later as Yuli Gurriel drove in Yordan Álvarez to make it 4–3 Astros after three innings. Rizzo would tie the game back up on an RBI single, scoring Bader. Peralta would record two innings of 1 run ball before giving way to Jonathan Loáisiga. McCullers worked 5 innings, allowing four runs (three earned) as reliever Héctor Neris replaced him in the sixth inning. Bader hit a 2 out solo homer in the sixth to give the Yankees a 5–4 lead. The Astros responded in the top of the seventh with an RBI single from Álvarez to tie the game at 5–5. Bregman then gave Houston the lead with an RBI single to make it 6–5. Yankees reliever Clay Holmes held the Astros scoreless from there as he went . Astros closer Ryan Pressly came in to pitch in the 9th and recorded a 1-2-3 inning to give the Astros their 2nd consecutive AL pennant and fourth in their last six seasons. Jeremy Peña won the ALCS Most Valuable Player Award (MVP), going 6-for-17 (.353) with 2 home runs.


title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: The Astros, who faced the Phillies in their final regular season series, met the now-National League champions in the World Series. In Game 1, Kyle Tucker hit a two-run and a three-run home in consecutive innings versus Phillies starter Aaron Nola to build a 5–0 lead after three innings. Tucker became the first Astros player to hit a multi-home run game in World Series play. Astros starting pitcher Justin Verlander retired the first nine Phillies batters he faced but was unable to hold the lead and departed after allowing the tying runs. Luis García, making his first appearance since earning the win in the ALDS finale versus Seattle, allowed a home run in the top of the tenth inning to J. T. Realmuto that stood as the game-winner for Philadelphia, 6–5.


title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: Within the first four pitches of the game and an error in Game 2, the Astros took care of all scoring necessary to secure a 5–2 win that mimicked the blueprint of many of their 106 wins during the regular season. The top of their lineup did much of the damage, starting pitching was stifling, and the bullpen secured the win. Each of Altuve, Peña, and Álvarez hit consecutive doubles off Phillies starter Zach Wheeler to open the contest; leading a game off with three consecutive extra base hits was unprecedented in World Series history. Astros starter Framber Valdez allowed one run over innings, striking out nine, getting nine ground ball outs, and allowing a Bryce Harper line drive as the only out in the air. Alex Bregman hit a two-run home run in the fifth inning for his third home run of the postseason.


title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: The series shifted to Philadelphia for Game 3, which was scheduled to take place on October 31, but was postponed to November 1 due to rain. The Phillies hit Astros starter Lance McCullers Jr. hard for seven runs on five home runs en route to a 7–0 win. The Phillies got the scoring started with a 2-out, 2-run homer from Bryce Harper and never looked back, getting homers from Alec Bohm, Brandon Marsh, Kyle Schwarber and Rhys Hoskins to back starter Ranger Suárez. Bohm's home run represented a milestone in World Series history as the 1,000th hit all-time. The five home runs represented another milestone and record, albeit dubiously for McCullers, who became the first pitcher to allow that many in a World Series contest. Suárez, who worked 5 scoreless innings and struck out four, was the winning pitcher as Philadelphia mounted a 2–1 Series lead.


title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: In Game 4, Aaron Nola made his second start of the series for the Phillies, while Cristian Javier started for the Astros. The Astros and Phillies remained scoreless through four innings until the Astros loaded the bases in the top of the fifth inning against Nola. José Alvarado relieved Nola and hit Yordan Álvarez with a pitch, scoring the game's first run and breaking a 16-innings scoreless streak for Houston. The next batter, Alex Bregman hit a two-RBI double, Kyle Tucker followed with an RBI sacrifice fly, and then Yuli Gurriel hit a single to score Bregman. Javier threw six innings without allowing a hit, striking out nine batters and walking two. He was relieved by Bryan Abreu, who struck out the side in the seventh inning. Rafael Montero pitched a hitless eighth inning for the Astros. Ryan Pressly pitched in the ninth inning for the Astros despite giving up a walk, completing the no-hitter. It was the first combined no-hitter in World Series history, and the second no-hitter in World Series history after Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series.


title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: Game 5 coincided with a "Thursday Night Football" game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Houston Texans, the NFL franchises of the World Series cities. Noah Syndergaard started for the Phillies and Justin Verlander started for the Astros. The Phillies wore the throwback uniforms from the 1970s and 1980s while the Astros wore their orange uniforms.


title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: Game 6 of the Series will set a record for the latest date a Major League Baseball game is played. The latest a World Series game was November 4, in both the 2001 World Series and 2009 World Series In a rematch from Game 2, Framber Valdez will start for the Astros, while Zack Wheeler will start for the Phillies. Prior to the game, the Astros removed first baseman Yuli Gurriel from the roster due to a knee injury he sustained in Game 5. He was replaced by rookie catcher Korey Lee. The game remained scoreless through five innings, when Kyle Schwarber lasered a solo home run to right field for the Phillies in the top of the sixth inning. Wheeler allowed two Astros to reach base and was relieved by José Alvarado, who allowed a three-run home run to Yordan Álvarez. Later in the inning, Christian Vázquez hit an RBI single, scoring Alex Bregman. Relievers Héctor Neris, Bryan Abreu and Ryan Pressly each worked scoreless innings and sealed the Astros first World Series title since the controversial 2017 World Series win. Reliever Will Smith joined Joc Pederson, Jack Morris, Ryan Theriot, Jake Peavy and Ben Zobrist as the only players to win back 2 back World Series' on two different teams.


title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: Major League Baseball announced a reversion of changes to names of leagues throughout the minor leagues. Included with significant amendments that were introduced in advance of the 2021 season, the minor leagues were realigned and renamed according to classification. The Pacific Coast League became the AAA West, International League the AAA East, Texas League the Double-A Central, and so forth. However, that convention lasted just one season. On March 16, 2022, MLB announced that all leagues would be referred to by their previous names starting in 2022 and beyond. The realignment would remain in place.


title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: On March 1, 2022, Joe Thon was promoted to manager of the Fayetteville Woodpeckers in the Single-A Carolina League for 2022, his second overall season with the club, after having served as a development coach in 2021. Thon’s staff included pitching coach John Kovalik, hitting coach Jose Puentes, development coach Vincent Blue, athletic trainer trainer Erik Braun and strength coach Matt Jones.


title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: On August 19, the Space Cowboys scored 17 runs in the sixth inning of the second game a doubleheader versus the Oklahoma City Dodgers to set a franchise record. The previous record for runs in an inning was eight. The inning lasted 58 minutes and the Space Cowboys sent 23 batters to the plate, collecting ten hits and nine walks. Yainer Díaz hit a three-run home run and Alex De Goti drove in five runners during the inning. The Space Cowboys won, 21–4


title: 2022 Houston Astros season

text: The 2022 MLB First-Year Player Draft was held July 17–19, 2022, in Los Angeles, California, during the All-Star break to assign amateur baseball players to MLB teams. The draft order was set based on the reverse order of the 2021 MLB season standings. In addition, compensation picks were distributed for players who did not sign from the 2021 MLB Draft.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: The second season of "American Idol" premiered on January 21, 2003, and continued until May 21, 2003. The title of show was shortened from "American Idol: The Search for a Superstar" of Season 1 to just "American Idol". Brian Dunkleman quit after the first season, and Ryan Seacrest therefore became the lone host in Season 2 as well as all subsequent seasons. Kristin Holt was a special correspondent.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: The second season was won by Ruben Studdard, who defeated Clay Aiken by 134,000 votes out of the 24 million votes recorded, in the closest finale vote winning margin ever recorded in the show's history. It was the first season to crown a male winner and the first season to have a finale with two male contestants. It was also the first season to feature a Wild Card contestant (Aiken) in the finale, followed by the thirteenth season.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: Studdard released his coronation song "Flying Without Wings" after the show and reached number two on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100. Aiken also released a single with "This Is the Night", written by Chris Braide, Aldo Nova and Gary Burr. It became the first non-winning contestant to have a "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one. It was also the biggest US single of 2003, selling over one million copies and reaching six times platinum status in Canada as well as number 1 in New Zealand.<ref name="chart.http://acharts.us"></ref>


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: In addition to Studdard and Aiken, Kimberley Locke, Joshua Gracin, Kimberly Caldwell, and Carmen Rasmusen have signed with various record labels.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: The number of auditioners increased significantly after the success of the first season, and arenas and stadiums started to be used to hold the first auditions from this season onwards when the Rose Bowl in Pasadena was used this season instead of the hotel originally planned. Around 70,000 attended the auditions this season and 234 were selected to proceed on to the Hollywood round. Radio DJ Angie Martinez was originally signed up as a fourth judge, but quit after a few days, stating that "it became too uncomfortable for me to tell someone else to give up on their dream". Paula Abdul was absent from the Atlanta audition.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: At the Miami auditions, one failed auditioner was Edgar Nova who, after being rejected, tried to get back again and had to be escorted off the premise. Nova then auditioned in Los Angeles, but with a different hairstyle to avoid recognition, and was again unsuccessful.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: Another auditioner named Bryan Washington auditioned in Atlanta, Georgia, and made it to Hollywood, but did not make it into the top 32. He was also overweight at the time of his "American Idol" audition, and later became a contestant on "The Biggest Loser" (Season 4.)


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: Auditioner Amber Riley was rejected by producers and did not get to audition for the judges, but later went on to co-star on the television series "Glee" as Mercedes Jones.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: The contestants performed in a series of rounds and the number of contestants trimmed was in each round. In the first round, the 234 contestants performed a song, after which 114 of them were eliminated. In the second round, the remaining 120 contestants were asked to compose a melody for one of five sets of lyrics, and 40 more were cut. In the third round, the contestants were separated by gender and performed in small groups. The remaining 48 boys chose from The Carpenters' "Superstar", Seal's "Kiss from a Rose", and Barry Manilow's "Tryin' to Get the Feeling Again", while the remaining 32 girls chose from Melissa Manchester's "Don't Cry Out Loud", Freda Payne's "Band of Gold", and Dionne Warwick's "You'll Never Get to Heaven (If You Break My Heart)". During his group's performance, Corey Clark, who would later claim a relationship with Paula Abdul, sang to Paula directly and kissed her hand.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: In the last round, each of the remaining 48 contestants performed solo. After their performances, the contestants were then divided into three groups of sixteen and placed in separate rooms. One group was eliminated, and 32 contestants proceeded on to the semi-final rounds.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: The format changed slightly in Season 2; instead of three groups of ten, the semi-finalists were grouped into four groups of eight. The singers performed solo in a new improved stage with piano accompaniment by Michael Orland, and the performance pre-taped. There were no live audience although family members of contestants were present in the Red Room where the contestants were placed.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: The results of the public vote were announced live the next day. From each group, two were selected to proceed on to the top 12, and those selected reprised their performance in the result show. Nine of those who failed at any of previous stages (including the Hollywood rounds and the initial regional auditions) were given one more chance to perform again in the wild-card show. Each of the three judges put one contestant from the wild-card group through to the top 12, with the final one selected by the public vote.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: In this season, guests were introduced as celebrity judges, some of whom who may also act as a mentor in for the week they were on.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: On March 31, 2003, during what would it be Top 9, it was announced that Corey Clark had been disqualified.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: In most weeks the bottom vote-getter performed his or her song again after their elimination was announced, but at Top 5 and Top 8 both the bottom 2 vote-getters performed their song.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: The two finalists sing three songs. After the finale in which Studdard won the season ahead of Aiken, the margin was just 134,000 votes cast out of the 24 million votes recorded, creating a controversy.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: The finale vote had been controversial due to the smallness of the margin. Ryan Seacrest also added fuel by mistakenly announcing the difference in vote count first as 13,000, then 1,335, but eventually revealed later to be around 130,000. There was much discussion in the communication industry about the phone system being overloaded, and that more than 150 million votes were dropped, making the voting results suspect. In an interview prior to the start of the fifth season, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe revealed that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wild card week onward until the finale.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: There was controversy when contestant Frenchie Davis was disqualified from the competition after topless photos of her surfaced on the Internet. Shortly afterwards, she landed a role in the Broadway musical "Rent".


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: Corey Clark was also disqualified from the show because, according to the Idol producers, Clark had a police record he had not disclosed to the show. However, in 2005, contestant Corey Clark alleged in an interview on ABC's Primetime Live and in a book, "They Told Me to Tell the Truth, So... The Sex, Lies and Paulatics of One of America's Idols", that he and judge Paula Abdul had an affair while he was on the show and that this contributed to his removal. Clark also alleged that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show and tips on song choice. A subsequent investigation by an independent counsel hired by Fox "could not corroborate the evidence or allegations provided by Mr. Clark or any witnesses". Paula Abdul was therefore considered exonerated but an "enhanced non-fraternization policy" was put in place after the investigation.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: Trenyce was also found to have been arrested on felony theft charge; however, Nigel Lythgoe considered her offense to be minor and one which she has been honest about, therefore "warranted no concern regarding her participation in the show."


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: During the Top 10, a problem with the telephone system resulted in some votes not being registered for Julia DeMato; however, Fox insisted that the mistake would not have made any difference in Julia DeMato being voted off.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: During the course of the contest, Studdard became known for wearing 205 Flava jerseys representing his area code; when asked about them early in the season, Studdard told Seacrest that he was "just representing 205". Shortly after the end of the contest, Studdard sued 205 Flava, Inc. for $2 Million dollars for using his image for promotional purposes. 205 Flava responded by alleging that Studdard had accepted over $10,000 in return for wearing 205 shirts, and produced eight cashed checks to validate their claim. The allegations, if true, were a clear violation of the "American Idol" rules. The lawsuit was settled out of court.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: Some questions were raised about the participation of Joshua Gracin, who was then in the Marine Corps, in "American idol" during the time of the Iraq War. He later missed both the finale performance night as well as the "Idol" tour that year after being recalled to duty by the Marines.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: Some speculation about Vanessa Olivarez' dismissal and treatment by American Idol surfaced in 2007. During the show, Olivarez took part in a scripted joke where, after Seacrest had asked Olivarez to read a cue card taking the viewers to a commercial, Olivarez would reply by saying, "Ryan, I'm a real artist, not a performing monkey like you, so why don't you read your own script?" However, viewers booed, and Olivarez was voted off afterwards, a result of what some thought to be negative public perception of her due to the joke. It was suggested that she was deliberately ousted because she had come out as a lesbian to other contestants. She had also posed nude for an ad campaign for the animal rights group PETA after she was voted off. Olivarez was the only finalist omitted from the Season 2 CD, and she was not chosen for the tour after Joshua Gracin was recalled to the Marines.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: The number of average viewers per episode this season was 21.7 million, an increase of 71% over season 1. Its Wednesday episodes finished as the third most-watched show of the year averaging 21.93 million, and the Tuesday episodes fifth at 21.56 million. The show ranked second in the coveted 18/49 demographic for the 2002-2003 season. This season's finale episode still ranks as the most-watched single episode in "Idol" history at 38.1 million, the finale night itself averaged 33.7 million when the pre-show special is taken into consideration. The show also helped Fox become the season's number three network in total viewers for the first time.


title: American Idol (season 2)

text: A couple of specials were aired later in the year - "From Justin To Kelly: The Rise of Two American Idols" on June 20, 2003, and "American Idol: Christmas Songs" on November 25, 2003, the latter of which was ranked number 30 with total viewer number of 10.9 million, and number 28 in the 18/49 demo with a 4.1 rating.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Thiruvananthapuram District (), is the southernmost district in the Indian state of Kerala. The district was created in 1949, with its headquarters in the city of Thiruvananthapuram, which is also Kerala's administrative centre. The present district was created in 1956 by separating the four southernmost Taluks of the erstwhile district to form Kanyakumari district. The city of Thiruvananthapuram is also known as the Information technology capital of the State, since it is home to the first and largest IT park in India, Technopark, established in 1990. The district is home to more than 9% of total population of the state.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The district covers an area of . At the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,301,427, making it the second most populous district in Kerala after Malappuram district. Its population density is the highest in Kerala, with . The district is divided into six subdistricts: Thiruvananthapuram, Chirayinkeezhu, Neyyattinkara, Nedumangadu, Varkala, and Kattakada. The urban bodies in the district are the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, and the Varkala, Neyyattinkara, Attingal, and Nedumangad municipalities.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Thiruvananthapuram district is located between and . At the southernmost extremity of the district, Kaliyikkavila is from Kanyakumari, the southernmost point on the Indian peninsula. 33.75% of the population lives in urban areas.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The district has three major rivers, several freshwater lakes, and over 300 ponds. Its eastern region is forested, northern regions are mostly under rubber cultivation and the remaining areas grow mixed dry-land crops of coconut, plantain, and tapioca, among others. Built-up areas and rice fields complete the land use pattern.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The name Thiruvananthapuram, shared by the district and its headquarters city, comes from the Sanskrit word "anantha-pura", meaning "Abode of Lord Anantha". The name derives from the deity of the Hindu temple at the center of Thiruvananthapuram city. Anantha is the another name of Vishnu, the deity of Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple . The district's official name in English was Trivandrum until 1991, when the government reinstated the city's original name, Thiruvananthapuram, in all languages.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The city of Thiruvananthapuram features several landmarks with regards to ancient tradition, folklore, and literature. Several other locations in the district feature similar landmarks. The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Kanyakumari in the south to Kasaragod in the north. This included Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Salem, and Kolli Hills. The region around Coimbatore served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu. The southernmost region of present-day Malabar coast (the coastal belt between Kanyakumari and Kollam) was under the Ay dynasty, who were related to, and officially feudatories of the Cheras. The Ay Dynasty (later known as the Venad Dynasty and finally the Thiruvithamkur Dynasty), followed by the Nannan Dynasty (later known as the Mushika dynasty and finally the Kolathiri dynasty), were the two oldest and most important lineages of the Velir clan, who had very frequent intermarriages with the Cheras, Cholas, and the Pandyas.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Present-day Thiruvananthapuram city, district, and Kanyakumari district, were ruled by the Ay dynasty during ancient and medieval ages, which was a Tamil kingdom based in the southernmost part of Indian Subcontinent. Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by Cholas and Pandyas in various periods. Later it became a part of Venad in late middle ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of Travancore in 18th century CE. The Tamil-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct from the architectural style of temples in Kerala in general.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: In 1684, during the regency of Umayamma Rani, the English East India Company acquired a sandy spit of land at Anchuthengu, near Varkala on the sea coast about north of Thiruvananthapuram city, with a view to erecting a factory and fortifying it. The location had earlier been frequented by the Dutch, then by the British. It was from here that the English gradually extended their diplomacy to other parts of Travancore.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Modern history begins with Marthanda Varma (1729 CE–1758 CE), generally regarded as the Father of modern Travancore. In the early 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu (a long separated younger sister dynasty of Ay/Venad/Thiruvithamkur with whom they had the tradition of mutual adoption of heirs for centuries) based in Kannur. Thiruvananthapuram was known as a great center of intellectual and artistic activity at this time. Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The temple of Vishnu reclining on Anantha, the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple, is the most recognizable and iconic landmark of the city and the district and dates back to the 16th century. In addition to the presiding deity of Padmanabha, this temple contains several shrines, dedicated to Lord Krishna, Lord Narasimha, Lord Ganesha, and Lord Ayyappa. It was built by King Marthanda Varma of the Travancore royal family in 1745, when he transferred the Travancore capital from Padmanabhapuram, now in neighbouring Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu. King Marthanda Varma began his reign as 'Sree Padmanabhadasa', the Slave of Sree Padmanabha. The vast temple complex, with its tall Gopuram decorated with detailed carvings reflected in a huge temple tank, is today a center of attraction for devotees and sightseers.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The city was the capital of the Travancore state from 18th century CE until India's independence. The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in Travancore region. After two decades, during the reign of Sree Chithira Thirunal, Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Corporation on 30 October 1940. Consequent to the recommendations of the State Reorganization Commission, the Vilavancode subdistrict of Thiruvananthapuram was merged with Tamil Nadu, along with another three southern subdistricts, Thovala, Agastheewaram, and Kalkulam from Travancore which eventually formed Tamil Nadu's Kanyakumari district. The state of Kerala came into being on 1 November 1956.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: In 1705 (ME 880) the son and two daughters of Ittammar Raja of Parappanad royal house (originally based at Parappanangadi in present-day Malappuram district) were adopted into the Royal house of Venad. Ittammar Raja's sister and her sons, Rama Varma and Raghava Varma, settled in Kilimanoor and married the now adopted sisters. Marthanda Varma, the founder of the Kingdom of Travancore, was the son of Raghava Varma. The nephew of Raghava Varma, Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran, married the sister of Marthanda Varma. Their son became known as Dharma Raja Kartika Thirunnal Rama Varma.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: In 1740 when an allied force, led by Dutchman Captain Hockert supporting the Deshinganadu King, attacked Venad, an army from Kilimanoor resisted and then defeated them. Although a small victory, this was the first time an Indian army had defeated a European power. In 1753, in recognition of this feat, Marthanda Varma exempted the areas controlled by the Kilimanoor palace from taxes, and granted them autonomous status. The present palace complex was built at this time, together with the Ayyappa temple. for the family deity, "Sastha" or Ayyapan.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Velu Thampi Dalawa held meetings at Kilimanoor palace while planning uprisings against the British. He handed over his sword at the palace before going into his final battle against the British, and India's first President, Dr Rajendra Prasad received this sword from the palace and it was kept in the National Museum in Delhi. Afterwards the sword was moved to the Napier Museum, Trivandrum.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The district is located between and . The southernmost part of the city, Parassala, is just away from the southern peninsular tip of India, Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari). The district stretches along the shores of the Arabian Sea on the west. Kollam district lies to the north, with the Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu to the east and south respectively.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The climate of Thiruvananthapuram district is generally hot and tropical. Large forest reserves have a favorable effect on the climate and induce rains. Cold weather is experienced in the mountain ranges. Lower down, the weather is bracing, and generally hot in the coastal regions. The mean maximum temperature is 95 °F (35 °C) and the mean minimum temperature is 69 °F (20 °C). As the district stretches from north to south, with the Arabian Sea to the west, the relative humidity is generally high. It rises to about 95% during the southwest monsoon.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The total annual rainfall in the district is about per annum. The southwest monsoon, from June to September is the principal rainy season, during which the district receives most of its annual rainfall. The second rainy season is the Northeast monsoon, from October to November. The district also experiences thunderstorm rains in the pre-monsoon months of April and May.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: December to February are the coolest months. The average temperature drops to 69 °F (20 °C) in these months, generally considered India's winter season. The summer season starts in February and continues until May. The average temperature rises to 95 °F (35 °C) in these months.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The media and information technology sectors are mainstays of Thiruvananthapuram district's economy, and other major sectors are tourism and leisure, agriculture, and education. India's first animation park, the Kinfra Animation Park, is in the district.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Thiruvananthapuram district has 2 central-sector, 14 state-sector, 1 co-operative-sector, 4 joint-sector, and 60 private-sector medium- and large-scale enterprises. As of 31 March 2003, Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC) units employed 9,262 people, and had invested Rs. 3439.4 million. In 2002, there were 901 registered working factories, including oil mills, cashew factories, Cotton mills, Sawmills, printing units, rubber industrial units, chemical units, match factories, general engineering units, and automobile workshops. The Shree Mulam Thirunal Shashtiabdapoorthy Memorial Institute (S.M.S.M. Institute) in Thiruvananthapuram city is a major state government emporium marketing products of Kerala's handicraft industries.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The Neyyar Irrigation Project, commissioned in 1959, irrigates an area of . The Neyyar river is the source of water for the Neyyar reservoir. The dam is long and high. The catchment draining into the reservoir, covering an area of of forest, receives an annual average rainfall of about 2260 mm from the two monsoons. The total length of the main canal and its branches is .


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The headquarters of the district administration is at Kudappanakunnu, Thiruvananthapuram. The district administration is headed by the District collector. He is assisted by five deputy collectors with responsibility for general matters, land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, and elections.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The district is divided into two revenue divisions which together incorporate six Taluks, each of which is headed by a Tehsildar, within them.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Thiruvananthapuram district is divided into 124 revenue villages for the ease and decentralisation of its revenue administration. They are further incorporated into 6 taluks as eludicated below.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: National Highway 66 (formerly known as National Highway 47) stretches from Kaliyikkavila at its southern end to Navaikulam near Parippally in the north, covering a distance of within the district. The Main Central Road covers a distance of , passing through Kesavadasapuram, Vembayam, Venjaramoodu, Kilimanoor, and Nilamel in the north. The Kerala Public Works Department maintains some of road in the district. Local bodies are responsible for the maintenance of of road. There are 116 bridges in Thiruvananthapuram District.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Rail transport in the district is operated by Southern Railway zone of Indian Railways. Thiruvananthapuram is connected to the rest of the country by broad gauge railway line. of railway line passes through the district. Thiruvananthapuram district currently has 20 stations, including Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Domestic and international airlines operate from Trivandrum International Airport, which has direct flights to many international cities, including Kuwait City, Dubai, Dammam, Singapore, Malé, Colombo, Sharjah, Muscat, Manama, Doha, Jeddah, and Abu Dhabi. Domestic flights link it with Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, and Kolkata.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: According to the 2011 census Thiruvananthapuram district has a population of 3,301,427. This gives it a ranking of 103rd in India out of a total of 640 districts. The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 2.25%. Thiruvananthapuram has a sex ratio of 1088 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 92.66%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 11.30% and 0.81% of the population respectively.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Hindus (66.46%) constitute the majority of the population, followed by Christians (19.10%) and Muslims (13.72%). The Hindu community consists of Nairs, Nadars, Brahmins, Ezhavas, Viswakarma etc. The Christians belong mainly to the Latin Catholic Church, the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church,the Pentecostal churches, the Church of South India, the Malankara Orthodox Church ,the Marthoma Church and the Syro Malabar Catholic Church . The Sunni Muslim community also forms a major division of the total population.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Malayalam is the predominant mother tongue. Thiruvananthapuram city is more cosmopolitan, with speakers of languages including Malayalam, English, Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Tulu and a small percentage of Marathi.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: More than 50% of the total population depends on agriculture for its livelihood. Agricultural workers constitute 42% of the total labour class. Most of the workforce is engaged in low-income, low capital intensity occupations. Political and social awareness and the efforts of social, religious and cultural leaders have contributed to breaking down the traditional feudal order. Economic changes have also had an impact on community social life and attitudes.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: In the 20th century, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed a cultural renaissance. Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran (1845–1914), who spent a major part of his life in Thiruvananthapuram, translated Kalidasa's "Abhijñānaśākuntalam" into Malayalam, which earned him the title of "Kerala Kalidasa". He is regarded as the father of modern Malayalam prose.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: A strong film culture prevails in the district. The city is home to animation companies, including Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd. The Kinfra Film and Video Park, near the Technopark, is an advanced film and animation production facility.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The Malayalam film industry, formerly based in Chennai (Madras), began a gradual shift towards the end of the 1970s to establish itself in Thiruvananthapuram.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Other major cultural events include the annual flower show in Thiruvananthapuram city, the Attukal Pongala, the Varkala Sivagiri pilgrimage in December, the Kaalioottu in Sarkara Devi Temple near Chirayinkeezh, the Navarathri festival at the Poojamandapam near Sri Padmanabha Swamy Temple, the Aaraat of Padmanabha Swamy Temple, the Beemapally Uroos, and the Vettucaud Perunaal.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The district has a rich diversity of plants, ranging from rare orchids, medicinal plants, and spices to hedge plants, tuber crops, and plants yielding edible fruits and fibre. Aromatic plants and spices, such as pepper and ginger, are cultivated on a large scale on the hilly tracts. Nedumangad taluk is one of the biggest centres for the cultivation and trade of pepper and other hill produce. A major portion of the district lies on the middle plain, where coconut, rice, tapioca, tuber crops, plantains, and vegetables are cultivated.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The forests of the district abound in a variety of animals and birds, providing excellent wildlife habitats. Elephants, bison, monkeys, and rare reptiles are among the most prominent species. Nestled in the Western Ghats, a wildlife sanctuary extends over an area of nearly around the Neyyar reservoir. The forest at the foot of the Kulathupuzha range is the habitat of rare species of snakes and lizards. Among characteristic mammals of the region are the Nilgiri langur, lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri brown mongoose, and the Malabar civet. Carnivores include the tiger, wild cat, jackal, leopard, and dhole (Indian wild dog). The Sloth bear, gaur, a few species of deer and elephants are also seen. Reptiles include snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and tortoises. There are some 75–80 species of snakes in this area of which some are highly venomous.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Tourism is a major sector of Thiruvananthapuram's economy. A full range of tourist options is available in the district, including hill stations, the Kerala backwaters, beaches, lagoons, and wildlife sanctuaries. Kovalam & Varkala and its internationally known beaches are in Thiruvananthapuram district.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Thiruvananthapuram is a major destination for chartered flights to India for medical tourism, with over fifty recognized Ayurveda centres in and around the city. The city also offers world-class modern hospitals. Convalescent facilities are available at nearby five-star beach resorts and hill stations.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Thiruvananthapuram district is a major academic hub. The University of Kerala is in Thiruvananthapuram city. There are 20 arts and sciences colleges in the district, and the estimated total number of students is 15,926. The University of Kerala has its research and higher-education centres at Kariavattom.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Thiruvananthapuram Medical College is the premier health institute of the state and one of the finest in the country. It is being upgraded to the status of an All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). Thiruvananthapuram's three main engineering colleges are the College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Government Engineering College, Barton Hill, and Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering. The two main law colleges are the Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram and the Kerala Law Academy Law College. Among the many other well-known arts and sciences colleges are University College Thiruvananthapuram, Mahatma Gandhi College, Mar Ivanios College, Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram, College of Fine Arts Trivandrum, and Swathi Thirunal College of Music, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Centre for Development Studies, L B S Institute of Technology for Women, Central Polytechnic College, Vattiyoorkavu and the College of Engineering Attingal.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Thiruvananthapuram has long been a media center in India. "Kerala Chandrika", the first newspaper of the state, was published from Thiruvananthapuram in 1789. Now, more than 30 newspapers have been published from the district, including "The Hindu", "The New Indian Express", "The Deccan Chronicle" , "The Times of India", "Malayala Manorama", "Mathrubhoomi", "Kerala Kaumudi", "Desabhimani", "Deepika", "Madhyamam", "Chandrika", "Thejas", "Siraj", "Janmabhoomi" and "Metro Vaartha".


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Weeklies, fortnightlies, monthlies, bi-monthlies and quarterlies are published from parts of the district. The Kerala Information and Public Relations Department is the main government agency disseminating information to the public and for the provision of feedback.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Most Malayalam television channels are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The government-owned Doordarshan began broadcasting from the city in 1981. Asianet, the first private Malayalam channel, began its telecasts from Thiruvananthapuram in 1991.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The district has many radio stations, most broadcasting from Thiruvananthapuram city. All India Radio has an AM (1161 MHz), an FM (Ananthapuri FM; 101.9 MHz) and a SW ( various frequencies ) station in the city. FM radio channels broadcasting from Thiruvananthapuram are Gyanvani 105.6 MHz, Ananthapuri FM (AIR) 101.9 MHz, Big FM 92.7 MHz, Club FM 94.3 MHz, Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz, Red FM 93.5 MHz, and Radio DC 90.4 MHz. Radio DC broadcasts at low-power CRS. This channel is only available within a radius from the broadcasting station.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: Wireline telephone services are provided by BSNL, Reliance, and Tata Indicom. The main GSM networks operating in the district are BSNL CellOne, Airtel, Tata Docomo, Idea Cellular, Vodafone, Reliance, and Virgin Mobile. The main CDMA providers are Reliance, MTS, and Tata Indicom. Major broadband internet services are provided by BSNL DataOne, Asianet Dataline, and Siti Cable.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The most popular sports in the district are football and cricket. Basketball, badminton and volleyball, played mostly in schools, are also popular.


title: Thiruvananthapuram district

text: The Kerala Cricket Association (KCA) is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram city. The Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, in city center, is a prominent football stadium and has hosted both national and international-level matches. The University Stadium has hosted two international cricket matches. This stadium is part of the University of Kerala, and has synthetic tracks for athletics. The Central Stadium has facilities for athletics, football, basketball, and volleyball, and has cricket practice nets. The Jimmy George Sports Complex is another major sports establishment in the district. The Kariavattom Outdoor Stadium is one of the largest international stadia, and can be used for both cricket & football.


title: Maxi Kleber

text: Maximilian Kleber (born 29 January 1992) is a German professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). At 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in), he plays the power forward position.


title: Maxi Kleber

text: Kleber made his professional debut in Germany's top-flight Basketball Bundesliga during the 2011–12 season, representing the s.Oliver Baskets, a team based in his hometown Würzburg. In his first year, he was a role player on the team with an average of 7 minutes a game. In his second season, he grew to become an important player on the team, that averaged 9.9 points and 6.7 rebounds per game. In 2012, he declared for the NBA draft before removing his name from the list. He became auto-eligible for the NBA draft in 2014, but was not picked by any team.


title: Maxi Kleber

text: In the 2014 off-season, he signed a two-year deal with Spanish club Obradoiro CAB. In the 2014–15 ACB season, he was named MVP of round 25 after scoring 36 points against Fuenlabrada. Kleber made 33 appearances in the league that year, averaging 11.5 points and 6.5 rebounds per game.


title: Maxi Kleber

text: On 1 July 2015, Kleber returned to Germany and signed a two-year deal with Bayern Munich. In 2015–16, he played 24 Bundesliga games for Bayern, including 17 starts, averaging 8.0 points and 4.9 boards per game. He appeared in 37 games (37 starts) during the 2016–17 Bundesliga season, supplying averages of 9.0 points, 5.3 rebounds and 1.8 assists per game.


title: Maxi Kleber

text: On 13 July 2017, Kleber signed with the Dallas Mavericks. He made his NBA debut on 21 October 2017 against the Houston Rockets. Kleber moved from end of bench piece to key rotation player in his first few years, increasing his points, rebounds, assists and blocks per game numbers in each of his first three seasons. He was re-signed by the Mavericks on 10 July 2019.


title: Maxi Kleber

text: On 21 February 2020, Kleber scored a career high 26 points against the Orlando Magic in a 122–106 victory. In the 2019–20 season, Maxi posted a career high 9.1 points per game. He led the league in games played with 74 games and finished 19th in the league in blocks. Kleber played in his first playoffs that year against the 2nd seed LA Clippers. Kleber was tasked with guarding Kawhi Leonard for most of the series. Kleber struggled shooting the ball in the series, averaging 6.7 points per game and making just 5 of his 26 three-point attempts across the six game series.


title: Maxi Kleber

text: Kleber began the 2020–21 season strong, averaging 7.4 points per game and shooting 47.2% from three-point range in his first 9 games. Kleber would go on to miss the next 10 games however, as he recovered from COVID-19. Kleber would return to action 2 February 2021 against the Phoenix Suns. He logged 17 minutes of game play, grabbing 6 rebounds and scoring 2 points. Kleber and the Mavericks would go on to lose to the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round of the playoffs in 7 games.


title: Maxi Kleber

text: On 18 April 2022, during Game 2 of the first round of the playoffs, Kleber scored 25 points and hit eight 3-pointers in a 110–104 win over the Utah Jazz. In the 2022 off-season, he signed a four-year contract extension with the Mavericks.


title: Maxi Kleber

text: Kleber has also played games for the senior German national team. In 2014, he played for the team during the EuroBasket qualification rounds. Kleber was forced to sit out the 2020 Summer Olympics as he was recovering from an Achilles injury


title: Terror Train

text: Terror Train is a 1980 slasher film directed by Roger Spottiswoode in his directorial debut and starring Jamie Lee Curtis, Ben Johnson, and Hart Bochner. Set aboard a moving train on New Year's Eve, the film follows a group of pre-medical school students holding a costume party who are targeted by a killer who steals their costumes after murdering some students to avoid being caught. It features supporting performances from Sandee Currie, Anthony Sherwood, and David Copperfield.


title: Terror Train

text: The concept for the film was based on an idea by executive producer Daniel Grodnik, who sought to "make "Halloween" on a train". A full-length script for the film was composed by T. Y. Drake, and production was initiated within four months. The film was shot in Montreal between late November and late December 1979, shortly after Curtis had completed filming for "Prom Night" (1980).


title: Terror Train

text: An independently produced film, "Terror Train" was purchased for distribution by the major studio 20th Century Fox, who had yet to release a slasher film; the studio was able to supply an expansive marketing campaign for the film that cost an estimated $5 million. It was released theatrically in the United States on October 3, 1980, grossing $8 million during its theatrical run.


title: Terror Train

text: At a Northern Illinois University fraternity's New Year's Eve party, a reluctant Alana Maxwell is coerced into participating in a prank: she lures the shy and awkward pledge Kenny Hampson into a darkened room on the promise of a sexual liaison. However, some other students have placed a woman's corpse (stolen from the university medical school during the Christmas vacation) in the bed instead. Kenny is traumatized by the prank and is sent to a psychiatric hospital.


title: Terror Train

text: Three years later, the members of the same fraternities and sororities hold a New Year's Eve costume party aboard a train. Class clown Ed is disguised as Groucho Marx; Prank ringleader Doc Manley is disguised as a monk; Jackson is disguised as an alien lizard; Mitchy, Doc's girlfriend and Alana's best friend, is disguised as a witch; and Alana's boyfriend Mo is disguised as a bird. Also along are Carne, the train conductor, and a magician hired to entertain the crowd.


title: Terror Train

text: Ed is murdered prior to boarding and the killer dresses himself in Ed's Groucho Marx mask, allowing him to board the train unnoticed. Ed's corpse is then crushed by the train when it takes off. As the train journeys into the wilderness, the killer wanders amongst the students, who believe him to be Ed. In the sleeper bathroom, he murders Jackson by smashing his head into a mirror. Carne finds Jackson's bloodied body in the bathroom, still donning the lizard costume. When Carne returns to the scene with the brakeman Charlie, the killer has hidden Jackson's body and is now posing in the lizard costume; as he appears conscious, Charlie assures Carne that the partygoer is merely drunk.


title: Terror Train

text: Mitchy goes with the killer, whom she believes to be Jackson, to a compartment where she attempts to seduce him. As she closes her eyes, he caresses her with Jackson's severed hand before he slashes her throat. Carne subsequently finds her corpse in the compartment. Alana stumbles upon the scene, and Carne informs her that Mitchy is dead. During a magic show held by the magician and his female assistant, Doc finds Mo dead, though the partying onlookers assume the scene to be a prank. Carne and Charlie stop the train, and find a bloody hat. It belongs to Shovels, a worker. Carne realizes that Shovels and another crew member are dead. Carne and Charlie then sequester the students in one car; while doing so, two pullman porters find the corpse of Pet, another student.


title: Terror Train

text: Suspecting Kenny may be involved, Alana recalls the prank to Doc, and recounts her attempt to visit Kenny at the psychiatric hospital, where she learned that Kenny may have been involved in a murder before the prank. Doc subsequently seals himself inside a room in the sleeper car where the killer is hiding, and is decapitated. Shortly after, Alana and Carne find his body. Believing the magician may be Kenny in disguise, Alana notifies Carne, who goes to lock him inside the parlor car; there he finds the magician's female assistant, but Carne and the porters are unable to find the magician.


title: Terror Train

text: Alana is sequestered in a locked compartment for her safety, which the masked killer infiltrates, killing the chief porter with one of the magician's prop swords before arming himself with an axe. Alana is pursued through the train. While in-between cars, she manages to push the killer overboard, unaware that he has managed to hold on below. Later, after finding the magician's dead body in his sword box, Alana runs through the train car and finds Charlie in the baggage car seated with his head resting in his hands. She tells him the magician is dead, and lays her head on the table, when he grabs her by her wrists. Alana realizes it is Kenny, who is indeed the killer, dressed in Charlie's uniform. Kenny removes the uniform cap to reveal a blonde wig, and Alana realizes he has been posing in drag as the magician's female assistant.


title: Terror Train

text: Alana apologizes to Kenny about the prank, but he refuses to accept her apology and forces her to kiss him. However, the kiss causes Kenny to relive his memories from the prank and suffer a mental breakdown, unwittingly leaving himself vulnerable to an arriving-Carne, who beats Kenny with a shovel, causing him to fall out the open door of the baggage car to his death. His body lands in a nearly frozen river and floats away as the train roars off.


title: Terror Train

text: The motivation for the villain in "Terror Train", similarly to other slasher films, is based on revenge; however, as film scholar John Kenneth Muir notes, the film's central organizing principle is "magic, or the often undetectable gulf between reality and illusion... In other words, characters live and die in "Terror Train" based, in large part, on how they perceive the reality or non-reality around them". Muir adds: "If the would-be victims can see through the illusion, they tend to survive. If they can't do so, they die. It's as simple that, but this approach makes "Terror Train" a more complex and layered film than the average slasher picture".


title: Terror Train

text: Producer Daniel Grodnik had the idea for the film's central narrative, which he had wanted to be "like "Halloween" on a train". Grodnik had been a friend of "Halloween" director John Carpenter and producer Debra Hill, both of whom gave him their blessing when he told them of his idea. Grodnik pitched the film to American producer Sandy Howard, who was impressed by the concept.


title: Terror Train

text: The film was the first motion picture directed by Roger Spottiswoode (a former editor for Sam Peckinpah), who would go on to make such films as "Turner & Hooch" (1989), "Air America" (1990), and "Tomorrow Never Dies" (1997). Spottiswoode was hired to direct the film by Sandy Howard on the condition that he also edit the film (though Anne Henderson was later brought in to edit). Because it was made under a Canadian tax shelter, Daniel Grodnik was appointed executive producer, as he was legally unable to serve as a primary producer.


title: Terror Train

text: There was no stage show magician in the original script, but producer Howard was a fan of magic tricks and illusions, so a magician character was written in. Copperfield's character becomes the suspect at one point of the film, but it turns out to be a red herring when the real killer is revealed to be Kenny Hampson. There is some confusion about David Copperfield's character's name. In the film, the Conductor calls out to him twice as "Ken", but this is when it is believed by him and the passengers that he is Kenny Hampson, the murderer. Additionally, his assistant calls out to him as "Ken", but since his assistant is Kenny in disguise, this could have been an intentional misdirection. In the credits, he is simply listed as "The Magician".


title: Terror Train

text: Producer Grodnik sought Jamie Lee Curtis for the lead role of Alana Maxwell based on her performance in the successful "Halloween", released two years prior. Curtis was also signed on to star in Paul Lynch's "Prom Night", which she filmed in Toronto two months before production began on "Terror Train". Veteran actor Ben Johnson was cast as Carne, the train conductor, whom Grodnik said was "amused" to have been in a horror film amongst such a young cast.


title: Terror Train

text: The majority of the supporting cast was made of Canadian actors, including Hart Bochner, Sandee Currie and Anthony Sherwood. The film included a number of untrained actors, including Derek MacKinnon in the role of the villain, as well as illusionist David Copperfield as the Magician, and rock singer Vanity as one of the coed partygoers.


title: Terror Train

text: To create the train for the film, the producers leased an actual Canadian Pacific Railway locomotive from the Steamtown Foundation in Bellows Falls, Vermont. The train's engine was renumbered from its original 1293 to 1881, and, along with five passenger cars, painted black with silver stripes. Afterward, the Steamtown Foundation reverted the engine back to its original number and had it restored to a historic color and lettering scheme. Production designer Glenn Bywdwell crafted the interiors of the train in an Art Deco style. As of January 2021, Canadian Pacific Railway No. 1293 continues to be an "operable locomotive".


title: Terror Train

text: Principal photography for "Terror Train" mainly took place in and around Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The shoot began on November 21, 1979, and was completed on December 23. The bulk of the film's train sequences were shot first, while the film's opening sequence was shot on December 22, the penultimate day of the shoot; filming of it took place at a real fraternity house belonging to McGill University. The final day of shooting (December 23) consisted of a small crew completing the footage of Kenny's body plummeting from the train into a frozen river below, which was shot on location in New Hampshire, United States. The stunt man was reportedly unable to withstand the freezing temperature of the water, leading art director Guy Comtois to play the part of the dead killer instead.


title: Terror Train

text: The interior train sequences posed numerous obstacles for the crew, specifically cinematographer John Alcott, who devised a unique method of lighting "Terror Train" given the limited space and scant natural lighting of the sets: He rewired the entire train and mounted individual dimmers on the exteriors of the carriage cars. Utilizing a variety of bulbs with different wattages, and controlling them with the external dimmers, Alcott could light the set in a very fast, efficient manner. At times, Alcott also used medical lights-"pen torches"- to hand light the actors' faces, as well as Christmas lights. To capture some of the film's footage, Alcott used a small lens he had previously used while shooting "Barry Lyndon". To achieve the rocking motion of a real train on film, a crew was appointed to push on each side of the stationary train car in order for the interior sequences to appear as though they were taking place on a moving train.


title: Terror Train

text: Taking a cue from director John Ford, Ben Johnson originally asked director Spottiswoode to give his character Carne less dialogue in "Terror Train", rather than more. Jamie Lee Curtis also provided input in regard to her character during the filming process. The kissing sequence between her character and that of the killer was an idea that she originated: "I just thought that if she kissed him that it would bring a lot of tenderness to the scene and to the film. The kiss was totally my idea. All during filming, I was looking for ways to make my character more interesting but there weren't many opportunities because most of the film was about the action and the killer".


title: Terror Train

text: Canadian actor Derek MacKinnon, who played the masked killer, appears in 11 scenes in "Terror Train", wearing a different costume or masked disguise in each scene, including his real character of Kenny. There was friction between director Spottiswoode and MacKinnon during the shoot, which Spottiswoode claimed was a result of his inexperience: "He wasn't an actor. He was a transvestite from the streets of Montreal, and he wasn't familiar with the concepts of a contract and showing up for work on time. In a strange way though he did a pretty good job. He was familiar with that world of cheap theater and was strangely effective".


title: Terror Train

text: The film was purchased for theatrical release in the United States by 20th Century Fox, who had recently garnered attention with the release of "Star Wars" (1977). The studio spent an estimated $5 million on an advertising campaign for the film, which would be their only foray into the slasher film sub-genre during its peak years. The campaign included billboards and trade advertisements, as well as several posters: the first one-sheet featured the killer dressed in the Groucho Marx mask, brandishing a knife; a second one-sheet emphasized the film's college youth setting, including the same image of the killer in addition to a bonfire and a train in the foreground.


title: Terror Train

text: "Terror Train" opened in the United States on October 3, 1980, and grossed an estimate $8 million at the box office on a budget of $3.5 million.


title: Terror Train

text: "Variety" deemed the film "competent" in a mildly positive review, while Roger Ebert gave the film one out of four stars, writing: "The classic horror films of the 1930s appealed to the intelligence of its audiences, to their sense of humor and irony. Movies like "Terror Train", and all of its sordid predecessors and its rip-offs still to come, just don't care. They're a series of sensations, strung together on a plot. Any plot will do. Just don't forget the knife, and the girl, and the blood". However, he conceded that "it's not a rock-bottom-budget, schlock exploitation film". Ed Blank of the "Pittsburgh Press" criticized the film for its lack of characterization, summarizing: ""Terror Train". A neat name. A nothing movie".


title: Terror Train

text: A review in the "Los Angeles Times" praised the film's atmosphere and characterized it as "stylish, scary fun". Richard Corliss of "Time" also praised the film's style, calling it "sleek and eerie". Bill Kelley of the "Fort Lauderdale News" was critical of the film's "lapses in logic" and clichés, but ultimately deemed it "a respectable (if that's the word) exploitation movie". Jacqi Tully of the "Arizona Daily Star" wrote a similarly favorable review of the film, praising it for its pacing, setting, performances, and Copperfield's magic tricks. Writing for the "Statesman Journal", Ron Cowan commended the cinematography and noted that although the film "starts fairly clumsily, [it] does manage some gripping moments toward the last".


title: Terror Train

text: Contemporary internet film guide AllMovie praised John Alcott's cinematography, but concluded ""Terror Train" is too mediocre a piece of work to raise interest from anyone but the genre's most devoted fans", while "Time Out London" called it "better than most of its kind". Leonard Maltin concurred, claiming that the "stylish photography and the novelty of the killer donning the costume of each successive victim lift this slightly above most in this disreputable genre". Film scholar Adam Rockoff praised the film for its "style and oppressive atmosphere". Horror fiction scholar John Kenneth Muir also praised the film in his book "Horror Films of the 1980s": "The thrill of a picture like "Terror Train" is the shrewd manner in which it plays against audience expectations; the sense that the slasher film paradigm gives it parameters which it can then undercut, subvert, and if needs be, violate".


title: Terror Train

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, "Terror Train" holds a 40% approval rating based on 15 critic reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10.


title: Terror Train

text: The film was first released on VHS home video in 1988 by CBS/Fox Video. The film was released twice on DVD by 20th Century Fox; once in 2004 as a single edition release and again in 2008 in a triple pack alongside "" and the original "The Fog".


title: Terror Train

text: Shout! Factory released a collector's edition Blu-ray and DVD combo-pack under their Scream Factory label in October 2012. This Blu-ray edition was out of print five years later in December. Scorpion Releasing released a new limited edition Blu-ray edition on July 22, 2019, exclusively through Ronin Flix. Scorpion released a general retail Blu-ray edition of the film on April 7, 2020, in association with Kino Lorber.


title: Terror Train

text: In the UK, 88 Films released a limited-edition Blu-ray on November 4, 2019, with a new HD transfer plus extra bonus content.


title: Terror Train

text: A remake of "Terror Train", set on Halloween, was produced by Tubi and Canadian production company Incendo Productions. It was also shot in Montreal and was released on Tubi's streaming platform on October 21, 2022. The film was produced by Graham Ludlow and Kaleigh Kavanagh, directed by Philippe Gagnon, and written by Ian Carpenter and Aaron Martin. Included in the cast are Robyn Alomar as Alana, Tim Rozon as the magician, and Mary Walsh as Carne. The most significant difference in the remake is that Carne is Kenny's mother, and has committed the murders. The remake scored 20% on Rotten Tomatoes, receiving seven negative ratings and one positive one from film critics. But Robyn Alomar was praised for her breakout performance.


title: ER (season 4)

text: The fourth season of the American fictional drama television series "ER" first aired on September 25, 1997, and concluded on May 14, 1998. The fourth season consists of 22 episodes.


title: ER (season 4)

text: Season four opens with the live episode "Ambush", performed twice (once for the East coast, once for the West coast). Dr. Morgenstern, head of the ER, has a heart attack, threatening his life. Weaver agrees to temporarily step in until he recovers. Unfortunately, when Morgenstern does come back, he cannot perform surgery like he used to do because he now knows what it is like to be a patient. After a surgical accident takes a man's life, Morgenstern decides to permanently step down as head of the ER and he leaves the hospital.


title: ER (season 4)

text: Two new physicians join the ER: Dr. Anna Del Amico, played by Maria Bello and a new British surgeon Dr. Elizabeth Corday, played by Alex Kingston. Corday came to America under the fellowship of Dr. Robert "Rocket" Romano (played by Paul McCrane), but their relationship sours towards the end of the season. After she rejects Romano when he asks her out, he decides not to renew her fellowship. She is forced to choose whether she moves back to England or stays in America as an intern.


title: ER (season 4)

text: Meanwhile, as Greene copes with his beating, he and Ross travel to California to bury Ross' dad. While there, Greene visits his own parents, where he finds out that his mother is sick, and his relationship with his dad continues to be strained. Back in Chicago, he begins to date new ER desk clerk Cynthia Hooper (played by Mariska Hargitay). The relationship is purely physical, and when Greene has to visit his parents again later in the season, she comes along uninvited, only to realize that Greene does not love her. After the awkward breakup, Cynthia leaves, but Greene stays to take care of his ailing mother and begin to mend his relationship with his father.


title: ER (season 4)

text: Ross and Hathaway get more serious when Ross surprises Hathaway and proposes to her in front of the ER staff, which she accepts. She later has commitment issues when she kisses a vulnerable paramedic. She tells Ross, and he reacts angrily. After a short time, Ross forgives her and tells her he will wait until she is ready to marry. In addition, Hathaway is able to open a free clinic in the ER with the help of Carter's grandmother. Ross vies for a pediatric attending position in the ER.


title: ER (season 4)

text: A lonely Corday starts a relationship with Benton, which causes friction with Benton's family because she is white.


title: ER (season 4)

text: Weaver attends a Synergix seminar to see how to better manage the ER. She begins to date a Synergix representative, Ellis West, who advises her to fire a physician's assistant, which happens to be Jeanie Boulet. Jeanie fights for her job, claiming that she was fired because of her HIV status. Facing a lawsuit, Chief of Staff Donald Anspaugh decides to hire her back. Weaver begins to see Synergix's dark side, and breaks up with West because she feels he is using her, effectively cutting off all ties with Synergix. During all of this, Jeanie's ex-husband, Al, is forced to reveal his HIV status. This gets him fired and forces him to look for a job in Atlanta, and he asks Jeanie to join him. Jeanie refuses, and Al leaves her. Later in the season, Jeanie cares for Anspaugh's cancer stricken son, because she is the only person able to get through to him. After he dies, Anspaugh feels much gratitude and remorse towards Jeanie, given her prior termination.


title: ER (season 4)

text: Carter pretends to be of humble origins in order to impress Anna, which fails when she finds out he actually comes from a wealthy family. Despite this, the two still become good friends, and she helps Carter help his cousin Chase detoxify from a heroin addiction. She had experience in the subject, considering her ex-boyfriend went through a similar experience. Unfortunately, their efforts were in vain, because Chase started using again, eventually crippling him for life. At the end of the season, Anna's ex-boyfriend comes to the hospital to see if the ER is in need of a pediatrics attending. Anna is still in love with him, and faces a decision about her future in the ER. While Mark is away, a large explosion sends multiple patients to the ER. Weaver briefly has a seizure after being exposed to the toxic fumes. Mark returns and has fully recovered from his beating.


title: ER (season 4)

text: Original executive producers John Wells and Michael Crichton reprised their roles. Lydia Woodward also returned as an executive producer and writer. Carol Flint became a fourth executive producer. Flint was replaced as co-executive producer by Christopher Chulack. Chulack was previously a regular director and a producer for the third season. Paul Manning left his supervising producer role but remained involved with the series as an executive consultant. Long-time crew members Lance Gentile and Neal Baer were promoted to producers for the fourth season. Third season co-producers Wendy Spence Rosato and Penny Adams returned to their positions. Jack Orman and David Mills joined them as new co-producers and writers. Mills left the show midway through the season. Following his departure Adams was promoted to producer and Richard Thorpe and Michael Salamunovich joined the production team as co-producers. Thorpe had previously worked on the series as both a cinematographer and director. Salamunovich was the series unit production manager for the first three seasons and continued to fulfill this role as a co-producer. Michael Hissrich continued to serve as an associate producer. Manning, Hissrich, and Gentile all left the crew with the close of the season.


title: ER (season 4)

text: The series executive producers took a back seat to new writers in the fourth season. Wells' writing role was limited to just two episodes. Woodward wrote a single episode. Manning wrote a further episode. Flint wrote two episodes. Baer wrote two episodes while Gentile wrote a single episode and continued to serve as the series medical consultant. New co-producer Jack Orman contributed to four episodes as a writer. Mills wrote two episodes before leaving the series. New writer Walon Green wrote three episodes. Third season regular writer Samantha Howard Corbin became a story editor and wrote three more episodes. She was promoted to executive story editor mid-season. New writer Linda Gase wrote two episodes. Joe Sachs returned as technical adviser and wrote a further episode.


title: ER (season 4)

text: Chulack continued to serve as the series' most prominent director and helmed a further four episodes. Thorpe directed three more episodes. Charles Haid returned to the series for the first time since the first season to helm two episodes. New director Darnell Martin was the season's only other repeat director with two episodes. Other directors making their series debut with the fourth season were executive producer John Wells, Christopher Misiano, T.R. Subramaniam, and Sarah Pia Anderson. Regular directors returning to the series for single episodes include Jonathan Kaplan, Félix Enríquez Alcalá, Lesli Linka Glatter, and Thomas Schlamme. Cast member Anthony Edwards moved behind the camera to direct a further episode of the series. Editor Jacque Toberen and producer Lance Gentile each directed a single episode of the fourth season.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: Jesper Grænge Lindstrøm (; born 29 February 2000), commonly known as Jobbe, is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt and the Denmark national team.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: Lindstrøm made his full international debut for Denmark on 11 November 2020 against Sweden. He has also represented Denmark at under-19 and under-21 levels.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: Lindstrøm began his career at Tåstrup B.70 at age three, close to where he lived with his family in Høje-Tåstrup. When his parents divorced, he moved to Brøndby with his mother as a six-year-old, and began playing for BSI within a stone's throw from his new home. He only played there for six months, as the school he attended closed, and he joined Vallensbæk IF closer to his new school on the recommendation of his stepfather's friend, coach Henrik From, the father of Rasmus From, a goalkeeper who has played for the Nordsjælland academy as well as VSK Aarhus. He then joined the academy at Danish top side Brøndby IF at under-13 level, a club which his family supported.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: In August 2018, he signed a three-year contract with the club. He made his first team debut, aged 18, as a substitute in a 4–1 win over Danish third tier side BK Marienlyst in the Danish Cup on 22 November 2018. Eventually, he was promoted to the first team in the summer of 2019.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: Lindstrøm made his breakthrough for the first team in the 2019–20 season under new coach Niels Frederiksen. On 11 July, Lindstrøm made his first European appearance for Brøndby, coming on as a substitute in the first leg of their UEFA Europa League qualification round against Inter Turku. On 28 July, he made his first start and scored the first senior goal of his career to contribute to a 3–2 victory in a league match against OB. On 1 August, he came on as a substitute in the last minute of regulation and scored two goals in extra time as Brøndby defeated Lechia Gdańsk 4-1 (5-3 aggregate) in the second round of Europa League qualification. Due to his performances in the first months of the 2019–20 season, he received a lot of attention and was pointed out as the club's "jóia da coroa" (crown jewel) in a scouting report by Braga, Brøndby's opponent in Europa League qualifiers. After the COVID-19 pandemic had suspended the Superliga for some months, Lindstrøm scored the club's first goal in competition after the return, securing a 1–0 win over SønderjyskE on 2 June 2020.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: On 3 July 2020, Lindstrøm signed a new contract with Brøndby, keeping him at the club until 2023. He finished his first season at senior level with 33 total appearances in which he scored five goals.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: Lindstrøm started the 2020–21 season strong, as he scored the 1–1 equaliser in a 2–1 away win over rivals Copenhagen on the second-matchday of the season on 20 September 2020. After the match he stated that "[i]t's crazy. There is not much more to say. It's insane. It doesn't matter who scored the goals. Our win is the most important thing, and that we have started in the Superliga season with six points is insane." On 2 October, Lindstrøm was named Superliga Young Player of the Month for September, registering two goals and one assist during the month. He scored again on 24 October, in a 3–2 home loss to Midtjylland, his third goal of the season. His strong form continued in November, with one-goal performances against OB and Vejle Boldklub and finally a brace on 30 November against Lyngby Boldklub to propel Brøndby to first place in the league table. His performances led to him being named Superliga Player of the Month for November, as well as Young Player of the Month. In December, he was voted the "Tipsbladet" Player of the Fall, the first time a Brøndby player won the award since Peter Graulund in 2000.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: Lindstrøm continued in strong fashion during the championship play-offs, in which he was in the starting line-up in each of his seven appearances and scored one goal. At the end of the season, Brøndby claimed their first Danish Superliga title in 16 years, despite Lindstrøm being out with a suspension for the final two games of the season.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: On 11 July 2021, it was announced via official channels that Lindstrøm had signed with Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt on a five-year contract. He made his debut on 8 August in a 2–0 loss in the DFB-Pokal to 3. Liga club Waldhof Mannheim. His domestic league debut followed six days later, on the opening day of the Bundesliga, where he came on as a half-time substitute for Aymen Barkok in a 5–2 loss to Borussia Dortmund away at Westfalenstadion. On 21 August, he made his first start under manager Oliver Glasner in the 0–0 home draw against FC Augsburg. After mixed performances to start the season, he recorded a last-minute assist to Jens Petter Hauge in an important 2–1 group stage victory in the UEFA Europa League against Olympiacos on 2 November. On 21 November, Lindstrøm scored his first goal for Eintracht Frankfurt in a 2–0 win over SC Freiburg, toe-poking the ball past Mark Flekken inside the area. He continued his strong performances in December, scoring in league appearances against Bayer Leverkusen, Borussia Mönchengladbach and Mainz 05 to earn him the award of Bundesliga Rookie of the Month.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: In the second half of the 2021–22 season, he grew into an undisputed starter in attacking midfield next to Daichi Kamada and behind lone striker Rafael Borré. His performances earned him the award of Bundesliga Rookie of the Season. In the Europa League, Lindstrøm reached the final with Frankfurt after knocking out Real Betis, Barcelona and West Ham United. In the final on 18 May 2022 against Rangers, he featured in the starting eleven before being substituted for Hauge in the 70th minute, as Frankfurt won the title after a penalty shoot-out.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: On 13 September 2022, he scored his first Champions League goal in a 1–0 away win against Marseille. This was also the first Champions League victory in the history of the club and the club's first goal scored in the tournament.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: On 29 September 2020, Lindstrøm was named in manager Albert Capella's squad for the 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifiers against Malta and Finland. He made his debut on 9 October, in a 3–1 win over Malta, scoring his first goal in the dying minutes of the game to secure the win.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: On 9 November 2020, Lindstrøm was called up to Kasper Hjulmand's senior squad for the friendly against Sweden due to several cancellations from, among others, the Danish national team players playing in England, due to the COVID-19 restrictions, as well as a case of COVID-19 in the squad, which had put several national team players in quarantine. He came on as a substitute in the second-half during the match against Sweden at Brøndby Stadium in his debut match, on 11 November 2020.


title: Jesper Lindstrøm

text: On 7 November 2022, Lindstrøm was called up to the Denmark squad for the 2022 World Cup in Qatar. On 22 November 2022, he made his debut in a major tournament in Denmark's opening World Cup game against Tunisia, coming on as a replacement for Andreas Skov Olsen in the 65th minute of a 0–0 draw at Education City Stadium.


title: World Wrestling Championships

text: The World Wrestling Championships are the Amateur Wrestling World Championships organized by United World Wrestling. The Men's Greco-Roman Wrestling tournament began in 1904, and the Men's Freestyle Wrestling tournament began in 1951. The Women's Freestyle Wrestling tournament was first held in 1987.


title: World Wrestling Championships

text: The tables shows those who have won at least 5 gold medals at the World Championships. Boldface denotes active wrestlers and highest medal count among all wrestlers (including these who not included in these tables) per type.


title: Craig Wayans

text: Craig Mikel Wayans (born March 27, 1976) is an American writer, television producer and actor. He is the nephew of Keenen Ivory Wayans, Damon Wayans Sr., Kim Wayans, Shawn Wayans and Marlon Wayans.


title: Craig Wayans

text: Craig was born in New York City, New York to Diedre Wayans, sister to Keenen Ivory Wayans, Damon Wayans, Sr., Kim Wayans, Shawn Wayans and Marlon Wayans. He worked as production assistant on his uncle Damon's film, "Major Payne". He helped write the script for "Scary Movie 2". He has also appeared in bit parts in "Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood" (1996) and "The Sixth Man" (1997). He co-starred in "" (2006) and "Dance Flick" (2009). He was a regular writer and producer on Damon Wayans' TV sitcom "My Wife And Kids", along with Damien Dante Wayans, and Kim Wayans. Craig co-created and co-starred in the 2013 BET TV show "Second Generation Wayans" with his cousin, Damien Dante Wayans.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: After registering steady increases during the Soviet period, the population of Armenia declined from its peak value of 3.633 million in 1992 to 2.986 million in 2017.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Whilst the country's population increased steadily during the Soviet Union as a result of periods of repatriation and low emigration rates, it has declined in recent times due to the exodus of peoples following the Soviet break-up. The rates of emigration and population decline, however, have decreased in recent years, and there has been a moderate influx of Armenians returning to Armenia.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Following the Russian annexation, 45,000 Armenians from Persia and 100,000 from the Ottoman Empire migrated to Eastern Armenia, with another 25,000 migrating following the 1878 Russo-Turkish war. As a result of the repatriation, Armenians had regained a majority in their homeland "for the first time in several hundred years." As a result of persecution and massacres in the Ottoman Empire, some 100,000 Armenians immigrated to Eastern Armenia between 1870 and 1910. The areas with Armenian-majorities would later "form the nucleus in the twentieth century of an independent Armenian state."


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Historian Sen Hovhannisian writes that during the 80 years of peace during which Eastern Armenia was part of Russia, there was "unprecedented" population growth: it tripled from 161,700 to 496,100 between 1831–1873, and doubled in the following forty years until it reached 1,000,100 in 1913. The population between 1831 and 1913 increased 6.18 times, yielding an average annual growth rate of 10,200 people. Following the outbreak of World War I, the population, which was 1,014,300 in 1914, fell by 20,500 in 1916 due to the Christian population being drafted. As a result of "wars and civil clashes, hunger and diseases" of 1918–1920, 432,000 people (35.8 percent of the population) were "exterminated."


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Upon its sovietisation, the territory of modern-day Armenia had a population of some 720,000, a decline of nearly 30 percent—"almost half" consisted of refugees. American historian Richard Pipes describes the demographic changes in Armenia:According to Soviet estimates, the Armenian population of Transcaucasia declined between 1914 and 1920 by one half million: 200,000 in consequence of Turkish, and, presumably, Communist, massacres, and 300,000 from other causes, mostly famine and disease.The drastic decline of the population was addressed by the Soviet Armenian government by repatriating displaced Azerbaijanis to districts where they had formed a significant population in Armenia. The Azerbaijani population of Armenia which numbered some 10,000 in 1920 (attributed to the ARF government's expulsion of at least 200,000 Turks and Kurds) rose to 72,596 in 1922 as a result of the return of 60,000 refugees. In addition to this, the Soviet government welcomed 44,000 Armenian refugees from Greece, Iraq, Turkey, and elsewhere throughout the 1920s and 1930s. In 1946–1948, 86,000 Armenians were repatriated to Soviet Armenia to offset the country's wartime losses. At the same time, by agreement of Armenian and Azerbaijani Soviet leaderships, tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis in Armenia were resettled to Azerbaijan to make room for the repatriates.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: According to the 2018 HDI statistical update (with data for 2017), compared to all its neighbouring countries Armenia has:


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Since 1990, Armenia recorded steady growth of average annual HDI scores in every reported period (1990–2000, 2000–2010, 2010–2017).


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: According to the 2016 Sustainable Society Index, Armenia has a higher rank of Human Wellbeing than all its neighbours. At the same time its Economic Wellbeing rank is below neighbouring countries.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: The 2011 census counted 539,394 persons (19.4 percent of the population above 6 years of age) with higher professional education.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: According to the 2018 HDI statistical update, compared to all its neighbouring countries Armenia has the highest health expenditures as percentage of its GDP and the highest healthy life expectancy at birth.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: In 2016, the average life expectancy at birth for males was 71.6 years and for females was 78.3 years, with the average at 75.0 years.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: After a setback during 1986–1996, mostly due to the Spitak earthquake, and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Armenia regained its position and was consistently among the top three former Soviet republics during 1997–2016, topping the list in 2007.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: During the Soviet period, life expectancy was traditionally high in Armenia and topped all other republics of the USSR, and most other countries in Eastern Europe between 1978–1980.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: In 2016, natural increase of population comprised 12,366 persons and the crude rate of natural increase reached 4.1%, per 1000 population, decreasing by 0.4 percent compared to the previous year.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: After double-digit crude natural increase rates between 1982–1992, rates did not exceed 5.5 after 1998. At a regional level, slightly better rates were recorded in the capital Yerevan, where the value of 5.5 is consistently being surpassed since 2009. Particularly weak is natural increase in Tavush and Syunik provinces, not much better off are Lori and Vayots Dzor provinces.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Armenia's Total Fertility Rate at 1.6 was lowest in the Caucasus region in 2017. TFR is expected to stay at 1.6 between 2015–2020, less from 1.7 in years 2010–2015.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: The mean age of mothers at birth was 26.8 years and at first birth it was 24.7 years in 2016. Adolescent birth rate, as well as, share of women married at age of 18 was lowest in Armenia compared to its neighbouring countries.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: A study revealed that population growth rate "changes" were more favourable in Armenia than in its surrounding countries between 2005–2015.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: In 2016, households with up to four members prevailed in urban areas throughout Armenia, with the share of such households coming to 70.2 percent in urban communities compared to 60.1 percent in rural communities.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: The numbers of life births and deaths until 1959 were calculated from the birth rate and death rate, respectively


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: In 2002, ethnic minorities included Russians, Assyrians, Ukrainians, Yazidis, Kurds, Iranians, Greeks, Georgians, and Belarusians. There were also smaller communities of Vlachs, Mordvins, Ossetians, Udis, and Tats. Minorities of Poles and Caucasus Germans also exist, though they are heavily Russified.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: As per 2001 census data, Armenian is most widely spoken at 97.7%, Kurdish at 1%, Russian at 0.9%, among others at 0.4%.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: As per 2011 census data, native languages were reported as follows: Armenian – 2,956,615, Yezidian – 30,973, Russian – 23,484, Assyrian – 2,402, Kurdish – 2,030.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Most Armenians are Christians, primarily of the Apostolic Church rite. Armenia is considered the first nation to officially adopt Christianity, which was first preached in Armenia by two Apostles of Jesus, St. Bartholomew and St. Thaddeus in the 1st century. The Armenian Apostolic Church can trace its roots back to the 3rd and 4th centuries. The country formally adopted the Christian faith in 301 A.D. Over 90 percent of Armenians belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. Armenia also has a population of Catholics and Evangelical Protestants.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: According to the census of 2011, the primary religions in Armenia is the following: Christianity 2,862,366 (94.8%) of whom 2,797,187 Armenian Apostolic (92.5%), 29,280 Evangelical, 13,996 Armenian and Roman (Latin) Catholic, 8,695 Jehovah's Witness, 8,587 Eastern Orthodox (Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian, Greek), 2,874 Molokan (non-Orthodox Russians), 1,733 Assyrian Church of the East (Nestorian), 733 Protestant, 241 Mormon, Yazidism (0.8%), Paganism (0.2%), 812 Islam, 5,299 Other Religion (0.2%), 121,587 No Response (4%).


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Compared to its neighbouring countries, Armenia has the highest share of immigrants (6.5 percent of total population, 2017 data).


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: The estimated number of population net migration is −24.8 thousand persons, according to the Integrated living conditions survey of households of 2016; for urban population −13.8 thousand and for rural population −11.0 thousand persons.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: 24.9% of households were involved in external and internal migration processes over the period of 2013– 2016. Migration directions were distributed as follows: 12% – internal, 10.5% – Republic of Artsakh, rest (76.4%) – international (of which 89.8% – Russia). Among household members of age 15 and above, who left their permanent residence in 2013–2016 for 3 months and longer and had not returned as of 2016, 11.9% were in Armenia, 13.0% in Artsakh, and 75.1% in other countries, predominantly in Russia. More than 54% of migrant household members of the age 15 years and above sent money and/ or goods to their families/relatives/friends within 12 months preceding the survey.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: According to 2019 UN data, the emigration rate averaged annually around 1.7 per 1000 inhabitants in years 2015–2020 and is expected to remain the same until year 2045. These are below average emigration rate of 11.5 per 1000 in years 2000–2010 and even below the emigration rate of 3.2 per 1000 in years 1980–1985.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Economically recessed situation in Armenia during the 1990s enhanced the emigration of 125,000 refugees and displaced persons. Human and natural disasters also caused approximately 192,000 individuals to become internally displaced persons in Armenia. Among the disasters, the major impact was the 1988 Spitak earthquake.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: After the collapse of the Soviet Union, borders that were once formal, now assumed real significance. Nonetheless, increased political, inter-ethnic, and social tensions prompted more and more people to migrate between Armenia and its neighbouring countries. As a result, approximately 100,000 persons or 3 percent of the country’s population emigrated during the beginning of 1990s.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Refugees and forcibly displaced persons started arriving to Armenia in spring 1988 and continued coming until late 1991. During this time, Armenia gave shelter to approximately 419,000 refugees and displaced persons, 360,000 of whom migrated from Azerbaijan. The rest immigrated from other regions of the former Soviet Union.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: According to government records, over 55 per cent of all emigrants are unmarried and 60 per cent are males between the ages of 20 and 44 (very few are children and even fewer are elderly people). Most have an educational level far higher than the national average and have no intention of returning to Armenia. Although no hard data exists, emigrant families appear to be even less likely to return.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: The emigration of the major part of the Armenian population has brought about important changes. For example, a decrease in the number of people of reproductive age in Armenia has led to a progressive drop in marriages and birth rates. There has also been a considerable change in the ethnic composition of the population in Armenia due to a higher rate of emigration among ethnic minorities.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Out of 41 emerging economies, Armenia was among only four, which recorded rising inequality (measured by Gini coefficient) in years 2007–2015.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: According to Global Wealth Report, prepared by Credit Suisse, mean wealth per adult in Armenia in 2019 is estimated at $19,517 (rising 9 times from estimated $2,177 in year 2000). Mean wealth per adult in Armenia surpasses corresponding values for neighboring countries Georgia and Azerbaijan by over 50%, all CIS countries except Russia and Kazakhstan, and neighboring Iran. Growth rate of mean wealth per adult between 2000 and 2019 with the value of 9 times beats all neighboring countries, most of CIS countries as well as Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Median wealth per adult is reported at $8,309 in 2019, above the world average, rising 9.6 times from $862 in year 2000.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: Between 2000 and 2019, average debts per adult grew 28.7 times to $1,261, or 6.5% of wealth per adult (below the 11.9% world average).


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: 55% of adults own less than $10,000, 42.7% — $10,000–$100,000, 2.2% — $100,000–$1 million and 0.1% — over $1 million. The share of adults owning less than $10,000 with the value of 55% is less than corresponding value in each of CIS countries, neighboring Iran and Turkey, as well as the world average. Gini coefficient for wealth is reported at 66.3%, less than 82.4% the European average and 88.5% the world average.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: As much as 53.5 % of the country’s population was officially considered poor in 2004. Poverty fell significantly in the following years amid double-digit economic growth that came to an end with the onset of the global financial crisis in late 2008. It soared to almost 36% in 2010, one year after Armenia’s Gross Domestic Product shrunk by over 14%. Afterwards, there was a decreasing trend throughout the last years reaching 23.5% in 2018, down from 25.7% in 2017.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: The poverty indicators in Shirak, Lori, Kotayk, Tavush and Armavir provinces are higher than the country average. The highest poverty rate in the country has been recorded in Shirak province, where 46% of the population is below the poverty line. To overcome poverty, Armenia would need AMD 63.2 billion, or an amount equal to 1.2% of GDP, in addition to the resources already allocated for social assistance, assuming that such assistance would be efficiently targeted to the poor.


title: Demographics of Armenia

text: In terms of the international poverty line corresponding to US$1.25 in 2005 PPP, poverty in Armenia went down from 19.3% in the year 2001 to 1.5% in the year 2008 and remained nearly unchanged until the year 2015 moving in the range of 1.5% – 2.7%.