title: Annihilus

text: Sensing great power within Franklin Richards, Annihilus abducted him, along with the Fantastic Four, Medusa, Wyatt Wingfoot, and Agatha Harkness into the Negative Zone. He used a machine to prematurely release the child's full power potential, hoping to transfer the expended energies into himself. The Four defeated Annihilus and escaped back to Earth. Annihilus later allied with Mr. Fantastic against the Mad Thinker.


title: Annihilus

text: Blastaar, a fellow Negative Zone warlord, stole the Control Rod and left Annihilus to die. Desperate, Annihilus tried to escape to Earth. He was defeated by the Avengers and Fantastic Four before returning to the Negative Zone. Annihilus was revived by Blastaar and regained his Control Rod.


title: Annihilus

text: Annihilus attacked the dimension of Asgard, home of the Norse Gods, but was repelled by King Odin. Annihilus later kidnapped a sleeping Odin, transporting him to the Negative Zone to steal his power. Annihilus was defeated by Thunderstrike.


title: Annihilus

text: Soon after, Annihilus and Blastaar joined forces with fellow Negative Zone warlord Syphonn. During a confrontation with Adam Warlock, Annihilus and Blastaar betrayed Syphonn, allowing him to be defeated.


title: Annihilus

text: Annihilus began leading the Annihilation Wave, an enormous fleet of Negative Zone battleships, ostensibly claiming to have the goal of conquering the universe. He claims that the universe is expanding into areas of the Negative Zone, making the universe now rightfully his territory. His forces destroy the Kyln, an intergalactic power station and maximum security prison, and the planet Xandar, headquarters of the Nova Corps. He allies with Thanos and two beings that were trapped in the Kyln by Galactus, Tenebrous, and Aegis. Tenebrous and Aegis defeat Galactus and the Silver Surfer, and the two are connected to a giant mechanism in Annihilus' starship. Annihilus' goal is actually creating a massive Power Cosmic bomb that will destroy the Universe and the Negative Zone, leaving Annihilus the only survivor. Drax and the Silver Surfer manage to free Galactus, who destroys the Annihilation Wave. Nova battles and kills Annihilus. Annihilus was later reborn as an infant with all of the original's memories.


title: Annihilus

text: During the War of Kings, the Negative Zone is invaded by Darkhawk and his ally Talon. They discover the infant Annihilus and his Cosmic Control Rod have been placed under the care of a lesser lord of the Negative Zone, Catastrophus. Catastrophus had been using the Cosmic Control Rod to stunt the development of the infant Annihilus, hoping to prolong his own rule. Talon slew Catastrophus and seized the Control Rod, before calling out to the infant Annihilus and asking it to remember in the future that he had spared the creature's life.


title: Annihilus

text: During a later incursion into the Negative Zone, Johnny Storm discovers that Annihilus's forces have been rebuilt to "pre-Crunch assault levels," but are currently embroiled in a struggle with Blastaar's forces. Central to that struggle is a city built from the remains of the Negative Zone Prison Alpha. The war is further complicated by the involvement of the Universal Inhumans.


title: Annihilus

text: The Human Torch dies stopping a horde of aliens from the Negative Zone. Later, when Reed Richards opens a window to the Negative Zone and menaces Annihilus with the Ultimate Nullifier, Annihilus in return brandishes Johnny's uniform to Reed.


title: Annihilus

text: Annihilus uses regenerative surgery to revive the Human Torch, turning him into a gladiator when he refuses to reopen the portal from the Negative Zone.


title: Annihilus

text: Annihilus is contacted by an alternative version of Reed Richards (one of the last survivors of the Council of Reeds) via the Cult of the Negative Zone, a religious movement worshipping Annihilus. As part of a plan to orchestrate an event known as the "War of Four Cities", Richards offers to open a massive portal between the Negative Zone and Earth, allowing the Annihilation Wave to pass through. Annihilus agrees, and sends forces to attack the Baxter Building and secure its Negative Zone gateway.


title: Annihilus

text: Johnny Storm learns of the plan and enlists the Inhumans Light Brigade in an uprising, attacking Annihilus' forces as they prepare to cross over. With the aid of Light Brigade member Kal Blackbane, Johnny wrests the Cosmic Control Rod away from Annihilus, and takes control of the Annihilation Wave armada, using it to battle the Kree fleet as well as the Mad Celestials. Annihilus is captured and a leash is placed around his neck.


title: Annihilus

text: After a rebellion breaks out for free elections in the Negative Zone, Annihilus wins as a write-in candidate for new leader of the Negative Zone, with 14,980,336,901,214 votes for him.


title: Annihilus

text: It is later revealed that Annihilus is still trapped in a child form, and has been using a mechanized stand-in for public appearances. Seeking to return to a more impressive size, he has his agents arrange the abduction of Bruce Banner. After his scientists study Banner's physiology and learn what allows him to transform into the Hulk, Annihilus is mutated into a gigantic, more monstrous form. With this new form, Annihilus and his army make another attempt to conquer the universe. They are successful, ravaging many worlds and killing most of Earth's heroes. However, with help from Above-All-Others, Thanos and Adam Warlock are able to travel back in time and prevent Annihilus' invasion from ever occurring. Warlock then uses his powers to devolve Annihilus into a primitive insect, which is then stepped on by Thanos.


title: Annihilus

text: Annihilus, now back to a more standard form, later begins kidnapping and enslaving shipwreck survivors on a desolate world. Using the Nega-Bands to open a portal out of the Negative Zone, Annihilus plots to destroy Earth and the rest of the universe by using a powerful energy cannon. However, he is thwarted by the All-New, All-Different Avengers, who are able to steal the Nega-Bands and destroy the weapon.


title: Annihilus

text: Annihilus is capable of self-propelled flight and can withstand the vacuum of space. He wears "armor"—actually an insectoid exoskeleton with some armored components—that grants him resistance to most forms of injury (extreme temperatures, ballistic force, bullets, etc.) He has superhuman physical abilities. He is able to breathe in the vacuum of empty space, and his wings can carry him at speeds of up to 150 miles per hour.


title: Annihilus

text: Annihilus wields the Cosmic Control Rod, a weapon of great power. It allows him to manipulate cosmic energy in order to control the molecular structure of matter. The rod is capable of projecting vast amounts of destructive energy and concussive force. Continuous exposure to the cosmic energies of the rod has also retarded the aging process of its wielder, making Annihilus virtually immortal. Though not always engaging himself in direct combat, Annihilus has proved to be a very formidable opponent, and was able to defeat the Thing, Thor, Nova Prime, Quasar, and Blastaar in individual fights with relative ease. Annihilus also sometimes wields energy pistols based on Tyannan technology that he has modified.


title: Annihilus

text: In "Annihilation: Nova", Annihilus killed Quasar, and gained his Quantum Bands, adding to Annihilus's power. By using these in combination with most of his stored power reserves Annihilus was able to withstand a massive blast from Galactus in the "Annihilation " series. While the blast destroyed his entire army, along with several solar systems, Annihilus was able to survive. Even as a partially-grown adolescent, he was capable of withstanding the Human Torch's hottest flame with little effort, claiming that "not even all the suns in the sky" would be enough to burn him.


title: Annihilus

text: He also leads an elite personal guard, the Centurions, 200 superpowered aliens, each from a different Negative Zone world. They are extremely loyal to him and form a devastatingly effective army.


title: Annihilus

text: "Fantastic Four" #600 reveals that Annihilus is always reborn upon death, as he was at the conclusion of the "Annihilation" miniseries. This is described by Annihilus as "endless resurrection . . . can't stop living."


title: Annihilus

text: When the mutant known as Legion traveled back in time to kill his father's long time nemesis Magneto to prevent Xavier from dealing with years of conflict, so Charles could be a true father to him, Legion failed and accidentally killed Xavier instead resulting in the "Age of Apocalypse" reality.


title: Annihilus

text: With the battle between Legion and a team of X-Men sent back in time to stop him seen worldwide on television, mutants were revealed for the first time a full decade before they were seen in the normal Marvel Universe. Apocalypse made the decision to move up his quest for the creation of a world in his image: a world where mutants ruled and Survival of the Fittest was the only law.


title: Annihilus

text: In this harsh world, the X-Man known as Blink would travel to the Negative Zone where she met Ahmyor, a freedom fighter native to the Negative Zone who joined the rebellion against their malicious leader, Blastaar. The two would exchange fists rather than greetings at first, though the battle would end in a stalemate. Once Ahmyor realized she meant him no harm, the two called a truce and he began to explain to her his situation. The people wanted to restore control to their previous ruler, Annihilus, who was also malevolent, but the lesser of two evils in this case. For some time, Ahmyor had been haunted by visions of their tortured leader Annihilus who had been made undone in his quest for order through domination. He could feel his gnawing need for power, the endless struggle that drove him to madness, but blue-clad interlopers called the Fantastic Four would inevitably see to his end.


title: Annihilus

text: Despite not having any memories of herself, the girl found the spirit of rebellion to be a familiar one and joined his cause. Over the course of a week, Ahmyor would fall in love with this angel. She made him extremely happy as both a warrior and as a man and helped restore his soul. Eventually, the couple was captured and taken to Blastaar who revealed that Ahmyor was actually Annihilus. Blink felt betrayed as she believed she had done the honorable thing by aiding in a rebellion, but it appeared that she was only helping a dictator reclaim his empire. Ahmyor explained that he was amnesiac just like Blink was and had no recollection of his former life. When he was removed from power, he regressed to an earlier, humanoid stage in his being. However, his knowledge of the truth caused him to begin reverting into his insectoid form.


title: Annihilus

text: Blastaar had previously acquired the Annihilation Cannon, a deadly invention made by Annihilus that could not be fired without the Cosmic Control Rod joined to the form of its creator. With Ahmyor/Annihilus now in his clutches, Blastaar finally had the key to active this ultimate weapon and he planned on using it to destroy Earth. Suddenly, Blink with a renewed dedication to her beloved and found him bound to the Annihilation Cannon. She moved quickly to free him, but discovered that the device had been altered so that it would explode if Annihilus was removed from it. Ahmyor's transformation into Annihilus was nearly complete and he urged her to leave him and the Negative Zone as he was no longer the man she loved. With tears in her eyes, Blink teleported Ahmyor away, sent the Annihilation Cannon to Blastaar's position, and teleported herself back home where the X-Men had been frantically searching for her. Subsequently, Annihilus was once again himself. An image fluttered across his mind's eye, causing him to pause, and giving him a moment's worth of peace. It was an image of the only being ever to reach him, the only one he ever loved. However, it faded just as quickly as it had come and was replaced with rage that burned in his heart as thoughts of revenge boiled within him.


title: Annihilus

text: In the 2021 "Heroes Reborn" reality, General Annihilus is the leader of the Bottled Hive of Annihilation which are a race of small but powerful insects from Negative Zone. He is among the inmates that escape. General Annihilus and Ultron are defeated by Hyperion who use his freezing breath on the Bottled Hive of Annihilation.


title: Annihilus

text: In the Marvel Mangaverse, Annihilus is a gigantic, monster that attacks the Earth in order to destroy it. He is confronted and defeated by the Fantastic Four.


title: Annihilus

text: The Ultimate Fantastic Four encountered an Annihilus-like creature in their first foray into the N-Zone. Translating machines implanted in the Four's space suits dubbed the creature Nihil, though Nihil himself stated this is a caste title and not his proper name. Nihil ruled over a space station composed of the fused remains of several alien space ships. It orbited near a dying red dwarf star for warmth because the whole N-Zone is experiencing entropic decay.


title: Annihilus

text: Like Annihilus, Nihil and his caste are from a species that can live over a million years. Not wanting to die before he is supposed to naturally, when Nihil learned that the UFF were from a different, younger universe he engineered a plan to escape and kill them. Johnny Storm, who for the entire trip had been experiencing discomfort, fell ill and was rushed by Sue back to their ship. Reed Richards and Ben Grimm went along with her but once they returned to tell Nihil of their situation Nihil revealed his intention to steal their ship, named by Johnny as the "Awesome", and go to Earth. He exploded his translation devices, thereby rupturing Reed and Ben's space suits and exposing them to the N-Zone's highly acidic atmosphere. Nihil then sent his previously unseen soldiers to kill them but Reed sealed his damaged suit by covering his shattered face mask with his hand, and Ben discovered his lungs filter out poisons, enabling him to battle Nihil.


title: Annihilus

text: In the ensuing fight, Ben ripped Nihil's right wing off, most of Nihil's soldiers were beaten by the enslaved alien refugees living on the space station, and Ben and Reed escaped to the "Awesome". Nihil then launched a bioship after the UFF when they were racing back to Earth. Nihil's flagship managed to make it through but both ships crashed on to the Las Vegas Strip. Another battle started between Nihil and the Fantastic Four. During it, Johnny Storm emerged from the "Awesome", discovering that he would periodically enter hibernation and shed his dead skin cells so that his powers would regenerate, and then entered the fight. At the climax of the battle, Nihil pinned Reed to the ground and opened his jaws to consume him, but Reed, stating that he was better than Nihil because he could adapt and Nihil just wanted to rule, stretched and jammed a plasma emitting weapon into Nihil's mouth. Nihil tried to pry the rod out by the trigger and his head was subsequently blown up. Nihil is at this time presumed dead and his body is most likely in government possession. Many of Nihil's soldiers survived and they were presumably captured if not killed. The lasting effect of this battle is that the Fantastic Four's secrecy was blown and the team had to be given a formal introduction to the world.


Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans is a 2019 British historical comedy film directed by Dominic Brigstocke, based on the book series of the same name by author Terry Deary, and the television series of 2009 and 2015 on CBBC. The film production, of one of the stories, was announced in March 2016. The film is a co production, between Altitude Film Entertainment, BBC Films and Citrus Films. It was released on 26 July 2019.


title: Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans

text: Atti, a Roman teenager with brains but no muscle, is always coming up with schemes, but one of these upsets Emperor Nero. For his punishment, he is sent to cold wet Britain on the fringe of the Roman Empire.


text: Whilst in Britain, he is captured by Orla, a feisty Celt, but they eventually come to an understanding, but to Atti's horror, when he is returned to his regiment, he finds himself pitted against Orla and her tribe at the Battle of Watling Street.


text: The rights to a film were optioned from the "Horrible Histories" author, Terry Deary. The project was filmed in Bulgaria and the United Kingdom.


text: "Rotten Romans" opened to $754,973 in the United Kingdom. , the film has earned a total of $3.7 million, at the box office.


text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of , based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's consensus says, "Charmingly broad and appropriately goofy, "Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans" lands its punchlines often enough to entertain its target audience." Peter Bradshaw gave the film three out of five stars.


text: He describes Derek Jacobi reprising the role which made him famous in 1976 as the Emperor Claudius, as the film's most sensational coup. Bradshaw calls the film "a decent bit of school holiday entertainment" although he felt the broad humour was aimed at (very young) audiences, and not as good as the film "Bill", which was produced by the writers and actors from the television series of "Horrible Histories".


text: Wendy Ide gave the film two out of five stars, and felt that the film lacked some of the "essential rottenness", as the linear format of the film rather than the skit-based structure of the series led to a loss of "the punchy hit rate of gung ho, gross out that made the series such a deliciously uncouth pleasure".


title: Brian Fallon

text: Brian Fallon (born January 28, 1980) is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known as the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and main lyricist of the rock band the Gaslight Anthem, with whom he has recorded five studio albums. He is also a member of the duo the Horrible Crowes alongside the Gaslight Anthem's guitar technician and touring guitarist, Ian Perkins. Since 2016, Fallon has released four solo albums and one EP.


title: Brian Fallon

text: Fallon was born in Red Bank, New Jersey, in 1980. His mother Debbie was in a folk band in the late 1960s called 'The Group Folk Singers'. Fallon spent his teen years in Hackettstown, New Jersey, where he became close friends with Tom "Tommy Gunn" DuHamel of the band Communication Redlight. Fallon attended Hackettstown High School.


title: Brian Fallon

text: When Fallon was 17, he released a cassette under the stage name 'No Release'. He also once wanted to start a small record label to be called 'Old 45 Records'.


title: Brian Fallon

text: At the age of 17, Fallon released a cassette titled "The Coffeehouse Sessions" under the name No Release. It was released under Mean Little Man Productions. There are only about 200 copies of the limited release demo. There are 16 tracks on the demo which featured Chris Eissing as lead guitar on a few tracks.


title: Brian Fallon

text: With the band Amping Copper, which has been called "basically...Surrogate McKenzie version 2", Fallon was involved with the recording of the 6-track self-titled CD, "Amping Copper", in 2001.


title: Brian Fallon

text: After Amping Copper, Fallon wanted to record a solo EP while maintaining the band feel. He asked a friend, Casey Lee Morgan, from the band Lanemeyer to play drums. Another friend, Mike Hemberger, played bass and produced the EP. One of Fallon's old guitar teachers, Tim Fogarty, played guitar on two tracks. Together they recorded "The American Music EP" in 2004, which featured Fallon's mother on backing vocals.


title: Brian Fallon

text: In 2004, Fallon, along with Michael Volpe, Chris Clementi and Mike Leboeuf, founded This Charming Man. Fallon and Volpe remained the only original members when Benny Horowitz and Alex Levine joined in late 2005. In early 2006, Volpe decided to leave the band and Alex Rosamilia was brought on board, thus bringing together the future line-up of the Gaslight Anthem.


title: Brian Fallon

text: This Charming Man's only full release was "Every Little Secret" in 2005, with the original lineup. Another song by the original band called "She Coulda Raised the Titanic" later became "1930" on the Gaslight Anthem's album, "Sink or Swim".


title: Brian Fallon

text: Fallon has been the prominent song writer and vocalist for the Gaslight Anthem since their transition from This Charming Man. With the band he has recorded five studio albums, "Sink or Swim", "The '59 Sound", "American Slang", "Handwritten" and "Get Hurt". In 2009, he joined Bruce Springsteen on stage for the headlining set at the Hard Rock Calling Festival, performing the song "No Surrender". On July 29, 2015, the band announced an indefinite hiatus after their European summer tour, which ended with an appearance at Reading Festival on August 30.


title: Brian Fallon

text: Fallon said of the band, "People will always say, 'why are you doing a solo record?' And I'm like, 'because I don't have anything to say with Gaslight'. Those five records, that's what you got. That's the piece. I feel it's a lot like The Replacements. There's no new music because that's all Paul [Westerberg] and the band has to say. When the book is over, it's over. And I have like… four-and-a-half records I'm really proud of."


title: Brian Fallon

text: The Gaslight Anthem reunited on March 25, 2022, with Fallon posting: "I am very pleased to announce to you all that The Gaslight Anthem is returning to full time status as a band. We’ll be announcing a lot of tour dates in the next couple of days. We’re also beginning to write new songs for what will be our sixth LP. We’re very much looking forward to the future and seeing you all again. We want to thank you for staying with us. Stay tuned!"


title: Brian Fallon

text: On January 20, 2011, Fallon announced on his blog that he had formed the group the Horrible Crowes with his guitar tech, Ian Perkins.


title: Brian Fallon

text: The first single, "Behold the Hurricane", was made available for streaming through RollingStone.com on July 13, 2011. On September 1, "Rolling Stone" streamed the album in its entirety. On September 20, the video for "Behold The Hurricane" was uploaded to the Horrible Crowes' website.


title: Brian Fallon

text: Molly and the Zombies is an Americana/folk group that was formed in 2013 by Fallon with guitarist and Plow United frontman Brian McGee, former Ryan Adams and the Cardinals bassist Catherine Popper, and Scissor Sisters drummer Randy Schrager. The band performed their first show in December 2013 in Asbury Park, New Jersey, opening for the Bouncing Souls at the Stone Pony. According to Fallon, there is no record deal and there will be no album. He also said all of the band's music, which he wrote and didn't feel like using for the Gaslight Anthem, was inspired by Bob Dylan's "Highway 61 Revisited" album. The band's name comes partially from the Roky Erickson song "I Walked With a Zombie" and a 1943 horror movie.


title: Brian Fallon

text: Molly and the Zombies performed at The Bell House in Brooklyn, New York, on June 5, 2014, with Jared Hart of the Scandals and Dave Hause as opening acts. They released 5 songs for free online: "Long Drives", "Lucky", "Red Lights", "Sketchy", and "Smoke".


title: Brian Fallon

text: Fallon released his first solo album, "Painkillers", on March 11, 2016. He toured in support of the album with his backing band the Horrible Crowes. On April 16, 2016, Fallon released a three-song EP entitled "Georgia". The EP was a Record Store Day 2016 exclusive limited to 2,000 pressings on 10" vinyl. Fallon's second album, "Sleepwalkers", was released on February 9, 2018. He toured in support of this album during 2018.


title: Brian Fallon

text: "Local Honey", Fallon's third album, was released on March 27, 2020. Fallon's fourth album, "Night Divine", was released on November 5, 2021. The album consists of Fallon's recordings of classic Hymns and Christmas carols.


title: Brian Fallon

text: Brian Fallon is a Christian, but he avoids using references to his faith in his music. As he stated in an interview with spinner.com referring to the Gaslight Anthem's 2010 album "American Slang", "There are no religious songs and there never would be because the four of us, we all have different views, completely different religions...I'm very cautious not to push that on the band."


title: Brian Fallon

text: Much of the lyrics on the Gaslight Anthem's 2014 album, "Get Hurt" were inspired by his divorce. Fallon said “Sometimes, I don’t even know how it happened. I don’t even know how it got like this. All I know is that it did. And I now have to figure out: What do I do now?" Fallon has since remarried and welcomed his second child.


title: Philadelphia soul

text: Philadelphia soul, sometimes called Philly soul, the Philadelphia sound, Phillysound, or TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia), is a genre of late 1960s–1970s soul music characterized by funk influences and lush instrumental arrangements, often featuring sweeping strings and piercing horns. The genre laid the groundwork for disco by fusing the R&B rhythm sections of the 1960s with the pop vocal tradition, and featuring a slightly more pronounced jazz influence in its melodic structures and arrangements. Fred Wesley, the trombonist of the James Brown band and Parliament-Funkadelic, described the signature deep but orchestrated sound as "putting the bow tie on funk."


title: Philadelphia soul

text: Due to the emphasis on sound and arrangement and the relative anonymity of many of the style's players, Philadelphia soul is often considered a producers' genre. Bunny Sigler, Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff were credited with developing the genre.


title: Philadelphia soul

text: Philadelphia soul songwriters and producers included Bobby Martin, Thom Bell, Linda Creed, Norman Harris, Dexter Wansel, and the production teams of McFadden & Whitehead and Gamble & Huff of Philadelphia International Records, who worked with a stable of studio musicians to develop the unique Philadelphia sound used as backing for many different singing acts. Many of these musicians would record as the instrumental group MFSB, which had a hit with the seminal Philadelphia soul song "TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)" in 1974.


title: Philadelphia soul

text: Notable extensions of the Philadelphia sound were bassist Ronald Baker, guitarist Norman Harris and drummer/Trammps baritone Earl Young (B-H-Y), who also recorded as the Trammps and would produce records themselves. These three were the base rhythm section for MFSB, and branched off into a sub-label of Philadelphia International Records called Golden Fleece, distributed by CBS Records (now Sony Music). Soon after, Harris created the Gold Mind label in conjunction with Salsoul Records. Gold Mind's roster included First Choice, Loleatta Holloway, and Love Committee, all of whom would feature Baker/Harris/Young productions of their material. Their 1976 hit by Double Exposure, "Ten Percent", was the first commercial 12-inch single.


title: Philadelphia soul

text: Philadelphia soul was popular throughout the 1970s, and it set the stage for the studio constructions of disco and urban contemporary music that emerged later in the decade. Its style had a strong influence on later Philadelphia acts, most notably Daryl Hall John Oates, The Roots, Vivian Green, Jill Scott and Musiq Soulchild. David Bowie's 1975 album "Young Americans" was partially recorded in Philadelphia and influenced by the Philadelphia soul sound.


title: Narratology

text: Narratology is the study of narrative and narrative structure and the ways that these affect human perception. It is an anglicisation of French "narratologie", coined by Tzvetan Todorov ("Grammaire du Décaméron", 1969). Its theoretical lineage is traceable to Aristotle ("Poetics") but modern narratology is agreed to have begun with the Russian Formalists, particularly Vladimir Propp ("Morphology of the Folktale", 1928), and Mikhail Bakhtin's theories of heteroglossia, dialogism, and the chronotope first presented in "The Dialogic Imagination" (1975).


title: Narratology

text: Cognitive narratology is a more recent development that allows for a broader understanding of narrative. Rather than focus on the structure of the story, cognitive narratology asks "how humans make sense of stories" and "how humans use stories as sense-making instruments".


title: Narratology

text: Structuralist narratologists like Rimmon-Kenan define narrative fiction as "the narration of a succession of fictional events".


title: Narratology

text: Cognitive narratologists focus on how people experience something as narrative rather than on the structure of the text itself. The six-word story "", is often given as an example that would not qualify as a narrative in the strictly structural approach, but that evokes a sense of narrative.


title: Narratology

text: Marie-Laure Ryan distinguishes between "a narrative" as an object that can be clearly defined and the quality of narrativity, which means "being able to inspire a narrative response”. This allows her to understand video games as possessing narrativity without necessarily being conventional narratives. Astrid Ensslin builds upon this, explaining that "games have the potential to evoke multiple, individualized narrative scripts through world-building, causal event design, character development and other elements that players interact with the intention to solve problems and make progress".


title: Narratology

text: The origins of narratology lend to it a strong association with the structuralist quest for a formal system of useful description applicable to any narrative content, by analogy with the grammars used as a basis for parsing sentences in some forms of linguistics. This procedure does not however typify all work described as narratological today; Percy Lubbock's work in point of view ("The Craft of Fiction", 1921) offers a case in point.


title: Narratology

text: In 1966 a special issue of the journal "Communications" proved highly influential, becoming considered a program for research into the field and even a manifesto. It included articles by Roland Barthes, Claude Brémond, Gérard Genette, Algirdas Julien Greimas, Tzvetan Todorov and others, which in turn often referred to the works of Vladimir Propp (1895–1970).


title: Narratology

text: implicitly united in the recognition that narrative theory requires a distinction between "story," a sequence of actions or events conceived as independent of their manifestation in discourse, and "discourse," the discursive presentation or narration of events.'


title: Narratology

text: The Russian Formalists first proposed such a distinction, employing the couplet fabula and syuzhet. A subsequent succession of alternate pairings has preserved the essential binomial impulse, e.g. "histoire"/"discours", "histoire"/"récit", "story"/"plot". The Structuralist assumption that one can investigate fabula and syuzhet separately gave birth to two quite different traditions: thematic (Propp, Bremond, Greimas, Dundes, et al.) and modal (Genette, Prince, et al.) narratology. The former is mainly limited to a semiotic formalization of the sequences of the actions told, while the latter examines the manner of their telling, stressing voice, point of view, the transformation of the chronological order, rhythm, and frequency. Many authors (Sternberg, 1993, Ricoeur, 1984, and Baroni, 2007) have insisted that thematic and modal narratology should not be looked at separately, especially when dealing with the function and interest of narrative sequence and plot.


title: Narratology

text: Designating work as narratological is to some extent dependent more on the academic discipline in which it takes place than any theoretical position advanced. The approach is applicable to any narrative, and in its classic studies, vis-a-vis Propp, non-literary narratives were commonly taken up. Still, the term "narratology" is most typically applied to literary theory and literary criticism, as well as film theory and (to a lesser extent) film criticism. Atypical applications of narratological methodologies would include sociolinguistic studies of oral storytelling (William Labov) and in conversation analysis or discourse analysis that deal with narratives arising in the course of spontaneous verbal interaction. It also includes the study of videogames, graphic novels, the infinite canvas, and narrative sculptures linked to topology and graph theory.


title: Narratology

text: However, constituent analysis of a type where narremes are considered to be the basic units of narrative structure could fall within the areas of linguistics, semiotics, or literary theory.


title: Narratology

text: Digital-media theorist and professor Janet Murray theorized a shift in storytelling and narrative structure in the twentieth century as a result of scientific advancement in her 1998 book "Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace". Murray argues that narrative structures such as the multi-narrative more accurately reflected "post-Einstein physics" and the new perceptions of time, process, and change, than the traditional linear narrative. The unique properties of computers are better-suited for expressing these "limitless, intersecting" stories or "cyberdramas." These cyberdramas differ from traditional forms of storytelling in that they invite the reader into the narrative experience through interactivity i.e. hypertext fiction and Web soap "The Spot." Murray also controversially declared that video games – particularly role-playing games and life-simulators like "The Sims", contain narrative structures or invite the users to create them. She supported this idea in her article "Game Story to Cyberdrama" in which she argued that stories and games share two important structures: contest and puzzles.


title: Narratology

text: Development and exclusive consumption of digital devices and interactivity are key characteristics of electronic literature. This has resulted in varying narrative structures of these interactive media. Nonlinear narratives serve as the base of many interactive fictions. Sometimes used interchangeably with hypertext fiction, the reader or player plays a significant role in the creation of a unique narrative developed by the choices they make within the story-world. Stuart Moulthrop's "Victory Garden" is one of the first and most studied examples of hypertext fiction, featuring 1,000 lexias and 2,800 hyperlinks.


title: Narratology

text: In his book "Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature," Espen Aarseth conceived the concept of cybertext, a subcategory of ergodic literature, to explain how the medium and mechanical organization of the text affects the reader's experience:


title: Narratology

text: ...when you read from a cybertext, you are constantly reminded of inaccessible strategies and paths not taken, voices not heard. Each decision will make some parts of the text more, and others less, accessible, and you may never know the exact results of your choices; that is, exactly what you missed.


title: Narratology

text: The narrative structure or game-worlds of these cybertexts are compared to a labyrinth that invites the player, a term Aarseth deems more appropriate than the reader, to play, explore and discover paths within these texts. Two kinds of labyrinths that are referenced by Aarseth are the unicursal labyrinth which holds one single, winding path that leads to a hidden center, and the multicursal labyrinth, synonymous with a maze, which is branching and complex with the path and direction chosen by the player. These concepts help to distinguish between ergodic (unicursal) and nonergodic literature (multicursal). Some works such as Vladimir Nabokov's "Pale Fire" have proven to potentially be both depending on the path the reader takes.


title: Narratology

text: Narrative is also linked to language. The way a story can be manipulated by a character, or in the display of medium contributes to how a story is seen by the world.


title: Narratology

text: Narratology, as defined by Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, is a branch of narrative theory. The concept of narratology was developed mainly in France during the sixties and seventies.


title: Narratology

text: Theorists have argued for a long time about the form and context of narratology. American psychologist Robert Sternburg argued that narratology is "structuralism at variance with the idea of structure”. This basis goes with the French-American belief that narratology is a logical perversion, meaning that it followed a course that at the time did not seem logical.


title: Narratology

text: Another theorist Peter Brooks sees narrative as being designed and having intent which is what shapes the structure of a story.


title: Narratology

text: Narrative theorist Roland Barthes argues that all narratives have similar structures and in every sentence, there are multiple meanings.


title: Narratology

text: Barthes sees literature as "writerly text" which does not need a typical plot that has a beginning, middle, and end. Instead, written work "has multiple entrances and exits."


title: Narratology

text: Theorist Greimas agrees with other theorists by acknowledging that there is a structure in narrative and set out to find the deep structure of narrativity. However, in his findings, Greimas says that narratology can be used to describe phenomena outside of the written word and linguistics as a whole. He establishes a connection between the physical form of something and the language used to describe that something which breaks the structural code that many other theorists base their research on.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman began his career writing for comedy series such as "The Mrs Merton Show" (1993–1998) and "The Fast Show" (1994–1997), and later garnered acclaim for his stand-up shows, one of which earned him a nomination for a Perrier Award. He became widely known for his "Are You Dave Gorman?" stage show, which he debuted at the 2000 Edinburgh Fringe Festival and of which the television adaptation was broadcast as "The Dave Gorman Collection" in 2001.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman followed "Are You Dave Gorman?" with several other stand-up shows or comedic concepts that were turned into television series, including "Dave Gorman's Googlewhack Adventure" (2003–2005), "Genius" (2009–2010), and "" (2013–2017). He has also been a guest on other shows such as "Have I Got News for You", "Taskmaster", "Go 8 Bit", "They Think It's All Over", and "QI".


title: Dave Gorman

text: David James Gorman was born in Stafford on 2 March 1971. He has a twin brother named Nicholas. He studied mathematics at the University of Manchester but dropped out after a year.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Before his solo successes, he was in demand as a writer, having co-written three series of "The Mrs Merton Show", as well as writing for many other television series in the UK, including "The Fast Show". In 2003, he was listed in "The Observer" as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. As a producer, Gorman contributed to two series featuring Jenny Eclair. He has also written for comedians Harry Hill and Steve Coogan.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman's first one-man "documentary style" show was entitled "Reasons to be Cheerful". Billed as "a ninety minute show based on a four-minute pop song", it was based on the song "Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3" by Ian Dury and the Blockheads. The show examined the song's lyrics in detail, with a view to establishing whether or not each of the items listed in the song was really a reason to be cheerful. The visual aspect of the show was provided by each "reason" being illustrated by one of a collection of second-hand slides that he had accumulated for the show. The show was first performed at the 1998 Edinburgh Festival Fringe and toured theatres afterwards.


title: Dave Gorman

text: His second full-length show, "Dave Gorman's Better World", was first performed in Edinburgh in 1999. For the show he wrote anonymous letters to thousands of local newspapers and asked the public to suggest ways in which one man could make the world a better place. He then attempted to carry out their suggestions in order to determine their efficacy.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman shot to fame following a drunken bet with his flatmate Danny Wallace, which became the backdrop to a book, written by Gorman, and a play written by Wallace. The bet was thus: Gorman claimed that he shared the name "Dave Gorman" with the assistant manager of East Fife F.C. and that there must be "loads" of others around. Wallace disagreed with him, so the two travelled to Methil (about from London), with a Polaroid camera, to meet the assistant manager, whose name was indeed Dave Gorman. The bet soon evolved into a monster as, on the way to meet Dave Gormans numbers 4 and 5, Wallace decided Gorman must meet one for every card in the deck (including the jokers).


title: Dave Gorman

text: His quest to meet this target is described, with highlights including: five people changing their names by deed poll (two of whom were women); a trip to New York that resulted in failure when he discovered the man he had gone to meet was not Dave Gorman, but B. David Gorman and therefore was ineligible; and the American journey included a meeting with an actor who had played a character called David Gorman, the validity of which is hotly contested in the book.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman's second television series, broadcast on BBC Two in September 2002, was entitled "Dave Gorman's Important Astrology Experiment" and was based upon the idea of a controlled scientific experiment, although naturally not a serious one. The series had six episodes.


title: Dave Gorman

text: The premise was that it would test whether or not astrology really worked. Over the course of 40 days, he would try to follow any instructions given to people with his star sign in a selection of horoscopes, while his "control experiment" (his fraternal twin brother, Nick) ignored them. Each would record the events of each day, and how they fared in each of three areas of life: love, health and wealth. On each episode of the show, Gorman would show footage of the amusing situations he got into by trying to follow his horoscope, and then asked a panel of "experts", agony aunt Denise Robertson (love), GMTV's Dr. Hilary Jones (health) and financial expert Alvin Hall (wealth), in the studio to assess how he had fared in the three areas. Following an audience vote, Gorman would display on a "happiness graph" the difference between how he and his twin brother had fared that week, and whether it showed that astrology had produced a positive effect, a negative effect, or no significant effect at all.


title: Dave Gorman

text: The results of the "experiment" showed that his overall happiness, love, and wealth steadily began to recede over time (especially wealth as he was forced to travel excessively). Throughout the experiment, he had numerous adventures, including travelling to New York City to meet a long lost friend and then leaving a few hours later because he was ordered to spend as much time at home as possible, sharing pizza in a park while dressed in a rubber suit, and reading an illegally acquired pornographic magazine at Sunday lunch in front of his mother.


title: Dave Gorman

text: The most notable stunt he had to perform, from episode 2, was standing in Covent Garden on one leg with his foot in a bucket of water, a tangerine in one hand and some breakfast cereal in the other (in a bowl that cost £85 from Harrods), singing the national anthem backwards and balancing three books on his head. This was taken entirely literally from a very odd horoscope by Jonathan Cainer, which Gorman deemed so implausible that he did in fact present the copy of the newspaper which published it in the studio, while noting his suspicion that perhaps the author of the horoscope found out about his experiment and was pulling a prank on him.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman showed that his wealth was rapidly declining, as were happiness and love, until, on the last day, he invested the last of his money to travel to Dubai to watch a golf tournament (the "Dubai Desert Classic") and bet on Ian Woosnam, a golfer that shared his birthday (and would therefore share his luck). He emptied his account to travel there and, using his lucky number of the day from each of the 40 days of his experiment to determine how much he should bet, went ahead with the plan. However, he then found out that not only was gambling illegal in the country, but also that his lucky number indicated he should bet 2,903 Dirhams, which at the time was £549. Ultimately, he borrowed the money from his mother and asked her to bet the sum on Ian Woosnam to win the match of the day, as he had been instructed by his horoscope.


title: Dave Gorman

text: With his happiness at an all-time low, love scraping the bottom, and his finances in an extremely negative position, the experts, his mother, Wallace, the crowd and Gorman himself could only hope the bet would pay off – which it ultimately did at odds long enough to place him not only back at level wealth, but supplying him with twice as much cash as he had started off with. Therefore, he "proved" that astrology works and has made him happier than the control.


title: Dave Gorman

text: In 2003, Gorman toured Britain with a show entitled "Dave Gorman's Googlewhack Adventure", and published a book of the same name. It is another true story. At 31 Gorman decided to give up his stupid ways, grow a beard and write a novel. As a result, he believes people took him more seriously and a new novel was commissioned. While trying to write a novel for his publisher, Random House, Gorman became obsessed with Googlewhacks when someone notified him that his site had one (Francophile Namesakes), and caused him to travel across the world finding people who had authored them (one of whom turned out to be one of the Dave Gormans he had met in his first adventure). He eventually spent his publisher's advance on the quest, without writing any of the promised novel, and had to create the "Dave Gorman's Googlewhack Adventure" show to pay them back.


title: Dave Gorman

text: This show was premiered at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and then went on to sell out for a two-week run at the Sydney Opera House's Studio Theatre. It also sold out at the George Square Theatre as part of the 2003 Edinburgh Festival Fringe before embarking on a major UK tour of 75 shows in the space of three months. It won Gorman the award for Best One Person Show at the HBO U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado, an award he had previously won for the show "Are You Dave Gorman?" He ended up writing a book about his Googlewhack Adventure which went on to be the "Sunday Times" number one best seller. During his Googlewhack adventure, Gorman had a nervous breakdown, which he discusses frankly in the show.


title: Dave Gorman

text: In 2004, a DVD of the "Googlewhack Adventure" was released which was filmed at Swansea Grand Theatre. In 2005, Gorman toured the U.S. and performed his "Googlewhack" show in several cities. While in Los Angeles, he appeared on "The Tonight Show", elaborating on his travels and his quest. This tour, in which he stayed at chain motels and experienced corporate America, led him to undertake a road-trip across the U.S. in which he avoided such hotels and corporate petrol stations in favour of family-owned businesses. The road trip was documented as the book and film "America Unchained".


title: Dave Gorman

text: In 2011, Gorman published a book about his adventures in various British towns, during a period of his life when he challenged people to invite him to game-playing sessions. The book explains games of Khet, Kubb, Smite, Settlers of Catan, Monopoly, Poker and others.


title: Dave Gorman

text: He hosted a BBC Radio 4 show called "Genius", in which members of the public submitted suggestions to make a better world. Gorman and a guest then assess the idea in order to determine whether it qualifies as "genius". One series of five episodes was broadcast between 27 October and 24 November 2005, with a CD of the first series released on 27 November 2006. The second series was broadcast between 7 September and 12 October 2006, with a CD released on 7 January 2008 and a third series between 1 October and 5 November 2007. He has made many references to disliking Darren Day in various episodes of the show.


title: Dave Gorman

text: A pilot for a television version of Genius was recorded on 23 November 2007, and a series was commissioned in the spring of 2008. The series was created by Ali Crockatt and David Scott, and is produced by Simon Nicholls.


title: Dave Gorman

text: The six-part series started on Friday 20 March, 10pm on BBC2. A second series for 2010 was commissioned by the BBC. The show broadcast its first episode on Monday 27 September 2010 at 10pm on BBC Two.


title: Dave Gorman

text: On 24 April 2006, Gorman made his first appearance as a reporter (he had previously appeared as a guest on 11 December 2001 promoting "Are You Dave Gorman?"), in which he was credited as the show's senior new correspondent. On 27 April, he debuted as the host of the show's satirical statistical analysis piece called "Poll Smoking with Dave Gorman". He was the first "Daily Show" correspondent to have been born in England, and the third "Daily Show" correspondent to have been born outside of the United States. His most recent appearance on the show was on 5 October 2006. He has also appeared co-hosting a segment called "ConTROVersy" with the Daily Show's other English correspondent, John Oliver, in which the pair calmly and genteelly discussed former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair over tea, parodying American stereotypes of Britons.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Between 22 October and 5 December 2006, Gorman undertook a coast-to-coast road trip through 17 states from the west coast to east coast of the United States. A book about the trip, entitled "America Unchained: A Freewheeling Roadtrip in Search of Non-Corporate USA", was released on 3 April 2008. The rationale for the trip was to discover whether it is possible to travel across the United States without ever patronising any corporate or chain-style businesses ("The Man"). Gorman ate, slept, and filled his car in restaurants, hotels, and petrol stations which were all independently owned.


title: Dave Gorman

text: America Unchained also is the name of an annual campaign spearheaded by the American Independent Business Alliance since 2004 to promote the economic, cultural, and democratic importance of independent locally owned businesses. A documentary film of the adventure was also made and was aired on the British TV channel More4 on 5 February 2008 and released on DVD on 11 February. In 2007, it won the Audience Award for Best Documentary Feature at the Austin Film Festival.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman's journey started in Coronado, California, and ended in Savannah, Georgia, and he was continually challenged to find independently owned gas stations, as well as repairing the car itself – which broke down surprisingly little, considering the age and mileage (124,000 at start).


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman was a regular guest on "The Geoff Show", having been on a guest on the show three times (and also entering a phone-in competition whilst undertaking the "Important Astrology Experiment"), while he also had weekly interviews on "Geoff Lloyd's Hometime Show" to discuss his bikeathon during his "Sit Down, Pedal, Pedal, Stop and Stand Up Tour". He filled in for weekend presenter Frank Skinner for three weeks during the summer of 2009. The station subsequently announced that he would have a full-time show; his first show aired on 11 October, with Gorman joined by Danielle Ward and Martin White. White left the show in April 2012, to be replaced by Michael Legge. The show ended on 18 November 2012.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman performed numerous times as a stand up earlier in his career. On 30 August 2009, he began a 32-date tour called "Sit Down, Pedal, Pedal, Stop and Stand Up". The tour saw him covering the extremes of the British mainland as he cycled from Britain's southernmost point to its northernmost tip, taking in the most easterly and westerly points along the way and performing each night of the journey.


title: Dave Gorman

text: In 2010, Gorman performed a 37-date tour as an extension of his 2009 "Sit Down, Pedal, Pedal, Stop and Stand Up Tour". About this show he said, "I won't be cycling to these. Same show, fewer blisters." On 12 July 2010, he performed the show again – twice in one evening – at the Bloomsbury Theatre in London, which was recorded for a DVD release ("Dave Gorman Stand-Up. Live."). Prior to the recording, Gorman performed the act again as "The Warm Up Show" at four small venues in the UK in order to freshen his memory.


title: Dave Gorman

text: In September 2013, Gorman returned to television with a new show, "", on the Dave channel. In January 2014, the show was renewed for two additional series to follow the initial three. The fourth series commenced in November 2016. The fifth series ran from 31 October to 20 December 2017, after which Gorman confirmed that it was the final series. At its peak, the series attracted 1.5 million viewers.


title: Dave Gorman

text: On 13 November 2017, towards the end of the run of "Modern Life Is Goodish", Gorman announced a new stage show to conclude the series called "With Great PowerPoint Comes Great ". The show had an initial run from 6 September to 25 November 2018. Since then, Gorman has announced 19 more tour dates for January–February 2019 due to the number of tickets sold. While Dave has wished for the contents of the show to remain unspoiled for people going into the show, he has requested that people talk about the Giraffe joke, which Gorman has cited as being the best giraffe joke in the world. Due to the popularity of the show, after a short break during the filming of Terms and Conditions Apply, Dave continued to tour until November 2019.


title: Dave Gorman

text: In June 2019, it was announced on Chortle that Gorman will be hosting a new TV series on Dave called "Terms and Conditions Apply". There will be eight one-hour long episodes. The format is similar to that of "Modern Life Is Goodish", however Gorman shall be joined by guest stars on each episode, competing in various games based on the subjects presented. Filming for the first series took place from 2 July to 29 August 2019. It began airing on Dave in October 2019.


title: Dave Gorman

text: On 30 April 2022, Dave Gorman announced another live stage show tour called "PowerPoint to the People" for autumn 2022. It runs from 10 September to 11 November 2022. Extra dates have been added since, running from 16 March 2023 until 17 June 2023.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman appeared in one episode of "Absolutely Fabulous" in 2001. He played the part of Rimmer, a photographer, in the fourth season's third episode "". He also appeared for two series as one of the team captains on the BBC Three television show, "Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive". The programme was a comedy about the making of a celebrity panel show hosted by Rob Brydon, and ran from 2006 to 2007. In 2006, he also became an occasional contributor on Comedy Central's "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart". He has listed among his ambitions a wish to become a captain on the quiz show "Call My Bluff".


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman appeared in two episodes of "Have I Got News For You", including the famous episode broadcast in the week that news broke of host Angus Deayton's scandal involving prostitutes and the use of illegal drugs. He also appeared in an episode of the sports comedy quiz "They Think It's All Over". Gorman also appeared on, and won, episode nine of the first series of "QI", in which the guests included Jo Brand and Jeremy Hardy. He appeared again in 2011 in the ninth series, winning again. He appeared as a guest on the Frank Skinner show "Opinionated" on 23 April 2010.


title: Dave Gorman

text: In 2009, Gorman appeared in Robert Llewellyn's online programme "Carpool" which was broadcast on Dave, and can be viewed at Llewellyn's YouTube channel, LlewTube. He presented Bravo TV's first live PDC darts coverage alongside James Richardson during the 2010 European Championship Darts. Gorman appeared on the week-long special "Grand Designs Live", in which he showcased eccentric houses in the United States in 2015.


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman was a regular alongside Geoff Lloyd on Virgin Radio's "The Geoff Show", also appearing on the same presenter's "Hometime Show". Following the rebranding of the station to Absolute Radio, Gorman joined the station as a presenter himself. He has made many appearances on Channel 5's "The Wright Stuff", and has appeared on several episodes of Radio 4's "Just a Minute". Gorman was also the "Curator" for John Lloyd's BBC Radio 4 series "Museum of Curiosity" in the fourth series, as well as standing in for Jon Richardson in one edition of the third series after the latter was left stranded due to the volcanic eruption of Eyjafjallajökull.


title: Dave Gorman

text: In October 2014, it was announced that Gorman would voice a character in the upcoming crowdfunded animated film "Doug and the Meaning of Life". However, as of 2019, the domain hosting the website has been shut down, and no further updates have been posted to the Kickstarter page of the project. Only a small clip featuring Gorman's audition for his role seems to exist, via the official YouTube channel for the film.


title: Dave Gorman

text: When Lee Mack appeared on a "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?" celebrity special on 3 January 2012, Gorman was the 'phone-a-friend' to whom Mack turned; he successfully identified "Carte Blanche" as a James Bond novel, doing so without needing to be told the four possible answers.


title: Dave Gorman

text: In 2020, Gorman began setting cryptic crosswords for three British newspapers, first to "The Independent" under the pseudonym "Bluth" then to "The Daily Telegraph" under the name "Django" and to "The Guardian" under the name "Fed".


title: Dave Gorman

text: Gorman and his wife, Beth, were married on 8 October 2010. They reside in Bournemouth and have a son (born 2015).


title: Dave Gorman

text: During his performance at the 2011 Edinburgh Fringe Festival, Gorman referred to himself as an "atheist from a Christian background". He has been mistakenly identified as Jewish, which once led to his inclusion in the Jewish magazine "JLifestyle" list of top "literary Jews" in 2008. He has also often been incorrectly described as a vegetarian when he is actually pescatarian, primarily due to his habit of simply saying he does not eat meat rather than specifying that he still eats seafood.


title: CatboyKami

text: Tor Gustafsson Brookes (born either 1997 or 1998), better known by his online alias CatboyKami, is an Australian streamer, known for his various online activities connected to far-right activism.


title: CatboyKami

text: Tor Brookes was born in Gothenburg, Sweden, and he was raised in Brisbane, Australia. In his youth, he played various video games with his father, under the online username "Kamikaze", Brookes finished high school around 2015, and started streaming in 2019.


title: CatboyKami

text: Formerly going under the username "lolisocks", one of his most constant online activities is livestreaming himself in various activities, famously including online trolling of users on the popular chatting site Omegle.


title: CatboyKami

text: Many of these clips are often shared through his personal Telegram channel. His most notorious stream was a 10-hour long meeting with American white nationalist Nick Fuentes, streamed in December 2019.


title: CatboyKami

text: Starting in mid-2020, Brookes streamed uploaded multiple videos of himself to DLive and BitChute, where he wore racist outfits, including blackface and stereotypical outfits that mocked Blacks, Asians, Latinos and Jews, along with mocking the murder of George Floyd. His activities helped inspire ex-journalist Paul Miller, known online as GypsyCrusader, who participated in many of the same activities.


title: CatboyKami

text: Brookes, along with online streamer Anthime Gionet (known online as Baked Alaska), attended a rally in Phoenix, Arizona, where he famously chanted that "we will not fall for the lies of the Jews this time. This time, we know our war is with them", referring to the theory that Donald Trump won the 2020 American elections. Later at the rally, he clashed with a group of anti-Trump activists, where a Mexican activist alleged he yelled racist catchphrases and racial slurs. One of the attendees of said rally was Jake Angeli, popularly known as the "QAnon Shaman", who later attended the 2021 storming of the US Capitol.


title: CatboyKami

text: In February 2021, one of Brookes' streams was played at a Zoom meeting on racial equality organized by Pennsylvania State University, where he depicted himself dressed up as a police officer, kneeling on a doll of George Floyd. Later, Brookes was interviewed by the FBI, which he described as a "raid".


title: CatboyKami

text: Throughout his online activities, Brookes made a large attempt to hide his real identity. In July 2021, Brookes was outed by journalist Alex Mann, who revealed his real name on an ABC radio podcast episode. Before being identified, Brookes was often referred to as "Philip Hedley".


title: Lovie Simone

text: Lovie Simone Oppong (born November 29, 1998) is an American actress, best known for her role as Zora Greenleaf in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, "Greenleaf".


title: Lovie Simone

text: Simone was born in New York City at The Bronx and raised in Orange County, New York. Here, she attended Monroe-Woodbury High School from her freshman year to senior year. Her mother is African American and her father is Ghanaian. She has a twin sister named Yuri, who's a musician that goes by Reiyo The Giant and a younger brother and sister. She studied at an acting school in New York and later appeared in a national commercial for JC Penney.


title: Lovie Simone

text: In 2016, Simone began starring in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, "Greenleaf" playing the role of Zora Greenleaf, the daughter of Kerissa (Kim Hawthorne) and Jacob Greenleaf (Lamman Rucker). Simone was originally cast as a recurring cast member, but was promoted to a series regular as of the second season. Simone later made her film debut in a supporting role opposite Jennifer Hudson in the 2018 drama film "Monster", which premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival. The following year, she appeared in two drama films that premiered at 2019 Sundance Film Festival: "Share" and played a leading role in "Selah and the Spades". Both films has received positive reviews from critics. In 2020, Simone played one of leads in writer-director Zoe Lister-Jones' horror film "", a sequel to the 1996 film "The Craft".


title: Lovie Simone

text: In 2021, Simone starred in the first season of Starz crime drama series, "". In 2022, she was cast opposite Tobias Menzies Apple TV+ limited series, "Manhunt". She starred in the period drama film "The Walk", and set to appear in the science fiction thriller "57 Seconds".


title: Twister (game)

text: Twister is a game of physical skill produced by Milton Bradley Company and Winning Moves Games USA. It is played on a large plastic mat that is spread on the floor or ground. The mat has six rows of large colored circles on it with a different color in each row: red, yellow, green, and blue. A spinner tells players where they have to place their hand or foot. The game promotes itself as "the game that ties you up in knots".


title: Twister (game)

text: A spinner is attached to a square board and is used to determine where the player has to put their hand or foot. The spinner is divided into four labeled sections: left foot, right foot, left hand, and right hand. Each of those four sections are divided into the four colors (red, yellow, green, and blue). After spinning, the combination is called (for example: "right hand yellow") and players must move their matching hand or foot to a circle of the correct color.


title: Twister (game)

text: In a two-player game, no two people can have a hand or foot on the same circle; the rules are different for more players. Owing to the scarcity of colored circles, players will often be required to put themselves in unlikely or precarious positions, eventually causing someone to fall. A person is eliminated when they fall or when their elbow or knee touches the mat.


title: Twister (game)

text: In 1964, Reyn Guyer Sr. owned and managed a design company which made in-store displays for Fortune 500 companies.


title: Twister (game)

text: Charles Foley was a respected and successful toy designer for Lakeside Industries in Minneapolis and answered an ad for an experienced toy designer by Reynolds Guyer Sr. of Guyer Company. Foley interviewed with Reyn Guyer Sr. and his son, Reyn, who were interested in product development within the toy business. After interviewing Foley, Guyer and his son discussed the possibility of starting a small division of the company in product development. His father agreed, for a short term, to support his son's idea for product development, and hired Foley, who negotiated a royalty agreement with Guyer Company for all games and toy items designed by Foley. Guyer Company agreed, and officially hired Foley. Foley hired Neil Rabens, an accomplished product design artist with an art degree from the Minneapolis School of Art and Design.


title: Twister (game)

text: The game ideas ranged from small kids' games to word games for adults. Foley had an idea for utilizing people as game pieces as part of the game idea, "a party game". Rabens had the idea to utilize a colored mat, allowing people to interact with each other, in a game idea he had developed while a student in design school. Foley saw the idea and developed the concept for having the colored dots line up in rows, and, with a spinner, created the idea for calling out players' hands and feet to the colored dots called out from the spinner. This would create a tangled-up situation between two people, and the one that falls first would lose.


title: Twister (game)

text: With the support of Reyn Guyer Sr., Charles Foley and Neil Rabens submitted, on 1966-04-14, and was granted 1969-07-08, US Pat# 3,454,279, for what was originally called "Pretzel". Foley, with his extensive experience in the toy industry, called on his good friend, Mel Taft, Sr. V.P. for Milton Bradley in 1966, for a product idea presentation. Milton Bradley embraced the idea for the "Pretzel" game but renamed the game "Twister".


title: Twister (game)

text: Twister became a success when actress Eva Gabor played it with Johnny Carson on television's "The Tonight Show" on May 3, 1966. However, in its success, it was also controversial. The company that produced it, Milton Bradley, was accused by its competitors of selling "sex in a box". That accusation is speculated to be because it was the first popular American game to use human bodies as playing pieces.


title: Twister (game)

text: In 1966, Twister was licensed to Nintendo for the Japanese market, where it was released as "Twister Game".


title: Twister (game)

text: In 1984, Hasbro acquired the Milton Bradley Company, becoming Twister's parent company. The Reyn Guyer Creative Group continues to work closely with Hasbro to develop and market new additions to the line of Twister products.


title: Twister (game)

text: Twister, much like the hula hoop, was one of the many toy fad phenomena that came about in the second half of the 20th century. Microsoft Encarta labels Twister as being an "industry phenomenon" that "captures the public's imagination, and sells in the millions". Being one of the earliest toy fads and a "national craze for a short time", Twister was a game that was able to bring all age groups together, whether children or adults. Twister, being both globally spread and highly popular, is unlike other games of its stature in the sense that it is accepted by all social classes. In an article by Richard A. Peterson (sociologist) and Albert Simkus, they state, "While the evidence of the first half of this century suggests strong links between social status and cultural taste, there is growing evidence that there is no longer a one-to-one correspondence between taste and status group membership in advanced postindustrial societies like the United States".


title: Twister (game)

text: There are publicly available instructions on how to alter a Twister game to make it accessible to color-blind individuals and to completely blind individuals.


title: Twister (game)

text: "Blindfolded Twister" is an accessible variant where there are four different tactile symbols on the mat, and the players are blindfolded and have to find a circle with the named symbol by feeling.


title: Arthur Hunnicutt

text: Arthur Lee Hunnicutt (February 17, 1910 – September 26, 1979) was an American actor known for his portrayal of wise, grizzled, and old rural characters. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in "The Big Sky" (1952). He was also known for his role in the Western television series "Sugarfoot" (1957–1961).


title: Arthur Hunnicutt

text: On February 17, 1910, Hunnicutt was born in Gravelly, Arkansas. He attended the University of Central Arkansas and Arkansas State Teachers College but dropped out when he ran out of money.


title: Arthur Hunnicutt

text: Hunnicutt gained early acting experience in stock theatre and entertained in traveling shows. An article in the September 22, 1940, issue of the "Brooklyn Daily Eagle" reported, "There isn't a decent sized medicine show traveling through Kentucky, Illinois, Georgia, Indiana or Mississippi, nor a stock company touring those states, which hasn't had the name of Arthur Hunnicutt on its programs." After eight years of such activity, in 1936 he enrolled in a drama school in Cleveland to study theatrical techniques for a year.


title: Arthur Hunnicutt

text: He moved to Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, where he joined up with a theatre company. Moving to New York City, he worked in the laundry at the Algonquin Hotel for 17 months before landing roles in Broadway productions. While touring as the lead actor in "Tobacco Road", he developed the country character he would later be typecast as throughout his career. Hunnicutt often found himself cast as a character much older than himself.


title: Arthur Hunnicutt

text: Hunnicutt's first film was "Wildcat" (1942). He appeared in a number of films in the early 1940s before returning to the stage. In 1949 he moved back to Hollywood and resumed his film career. He played a long string of supporting role characters—sympathetic, wise rural types, as in "The Red Badge of Courage" (1951), "The Lusty Men" (1952),"The Kettles in the Ozarks" (1955), "The Last Command" (1955, as Davy Crockett), "The Tall T" (1957), "Cat Ballou" (1965, as Butch Cassidy), "El Dorado" (1966) and "The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin".


title: Arthur Hunnicutt

text: In 1952, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in the Howard Hawks film "The Big Sky".


title: Arthur Hunnicutt

text: Throughout the '50s, '60s and '70s, Hunnicutt made nearly 40 guest appearances on American television programs. He made two memorable appearances on "Perry Mason" in 1963: he played orange grower Amos Kennesaw Mountain Keller in "The Case of the Golden Oranges," and prospector Sandy Bowen in "The Case of the Drowsy Mosquito." He also made guest appearances on "Bonanza", "Cheyenne", "Gunsmoke", "The Outer Limits", "The Rifleman", "", "The Andy Griffith Show"," The Wild Wild West", " Adam-12", and "The Twilight Zone". In one of his last movies, "Moonrunners" (1975)—the precursor to "The Dukes of Hazzard"—he played the original Uncle Jesse.


title: Arthur Hunnicutt

text: In his later years, Hunnicutt served as honorary mayor of Northridge, California. He developed tongue cancer.


title: Arthur Hunnicutt

text: On September 27, 1979, Hunnicutt died of cancer at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital at age 69. He was buried in the Coop Prairie Cemetery in Mansfield, Arkansas.


title: Transverse mode

text: A transverse mode of electromagnetic radiation is a particular electromagnetic field pattern of the radiation in the plane perpendicular (i.e., transverse) to the radiation's propagation direction. Transverse modes occur in radio waves and microwaves confined to a waveguide, and also in light waves in an optical fiber and in a laser's optical resonator.


title: Transverse mode

text: Transverse modes occur because of boundary conditions imposed on the wave by the waveguide. For example, a radio wave in a hollow metal waveguide must have zero tangential electric field amplitude at the walls of the waveguide, so the transverse pattern of the electric field of waves is restricted to those that fit between the walls. For this reason, the modes supported by a waveguide are quantized. The allowed modes can be found by solving Maxwell's equations for the boundary conditions of a given waveguide.


title: Transverse mode

text: Unguided electromagnetic waves in free space, or in a bulk isotropic dielectric, can be described as a superposition of plane waves; these can be described as TEM modes as defined below.


title: Transverse mode

text: However in any sort of waveguide where boundary conditions are imposed by a physical structure, a wave of a particular frequency can be described in terms of a transverse mode (or superposition of such modes). These modes generally follow different propagation constants. When two or more modes have an identical propagation constant along the waveguide, then there is more than one modal decomposition possible in order to describe a wave with that propagation constant (for instance, a non-central Gaussian laser mode can be equivalently described as a superposition of Hermite-Gaussian modes or Laguerre-Gaussian modes which are described below).


title: Transverse mode

text: Hollow metallic waveguides filled with a homogeneous, isotropic material (usually air) support TE and TM modes but not the TEM mode. In coaxial cable energy is normally transported in the fundamental TEM mode. The TEM mode is also usually assumed for most other electrical conductor line formats as well. This is mostly an accurate assumption, but a major exception is microstrip which has a significant longitudinal component to the propagated wave due to the inhomogeneity at the boundary of the dielectric substrate below the conductor and the air above it. In an optical fiber or other dielectric waveguide, modes are generally of the hybrid type.


title: Transverse mode

text: In rectangular waveguides, rectangular mode numbers are designated by two suffix numbers attached to the mode type, such as TE or TM, where "m" is the number of half-wave patterns across the width of the waveguide and "n" is the number of half-wave patterns across the height of the waveguide. In circular waveguides, circular modes exist and here "m" is the number of full-wave patterns along the circumference and "n" is the number of half-wave patterns along the diameter.


title: Transverse mode

text: The number of modes in an optical fiber distinguishes multi-mode optical fiber from single-mode optical fiber. To determine the number of modes in a step-index fiber, the V number needs to be determined: formula_1 where formula_2 is the wavenumber, formula_3 is the fiber's core radius, and formula_4 and formula_5 are the refractive indices of the core and cladding, respectively. Fiber with a V-parameter of less than 2.405 only supports the fundamental mode (a hybrid mode), and is therefore a single-mode fiber whereas fiber with a higher V-parameter has multiple modes.


title: Transverse mode

text: Decomposition of field distributions into modes is useful because a large number of field amplitudes readings can be simplified into a much smaller number of mode amplitudes. Because these modes change over time according to a simple set of rules, it is also possible to anticipate future behavior of the field distribution. These simplifications of complex field distributions ease the signal processing requirements of fiber-optic communication systems.


title: Transverse mode

text: The modes in typical low refractive index contrast fibers are usually referred to as "LP" (linear polarization) modes, which refers to a scalar approximation for the field solution, treating it as if it contains only one transverse field component.


title: Transverse mode

text: In a laser with cylindrical symmetry, the transverse mode patterns are described by a combination of a Gaussian beam profile with a Laguerre polynomial. The modes are denoted where and are integers labeling the radial and angular mode orders, respectively. The intensity at a point (in polar coordinates) from the centre of the mode is given by:


title: Transverse mode

text: where , is the associated Laguerre polynomial of order and index , and is the spot size of the mode corresponding to the Gaussian beam radius.


title: Transverse mode

text: With , the TEM mode is the lowest order. It is the fundamental transverse mode of the laser resonator and has the same form as a Gaussian beam. The pattern has a single lobe, and has a constant phase across the mode. Modes with increasing show concentric rings of intensity, and modes with increasing show angularly distributed lobes. In general there are spots in the mode pattern (except for ). The mode, the so-called "doughnut mode", is a special case consisting of a superposition of two modes (), rotated with respect to one another.


title: Transverse mode

text: The overall size of the mode is determined by the Gaussian beam radius , and this may increase or decrease with the propagation of the beam, however the modes preserve their general shape during propagation. Higher order modes are relatively larger compared to the mode, and thus the fundamental Gaussian mode of a laser may be selected by placing an appropriately sized aperture in the laser cavity.


title: Transverse mode

text: In many lasers, the symmetry of the optical resonator is restricted by polarizing elements such as Brewster's angle windows. In these lasers, transverse modes with rectangular symmetry are formed. These modes are designated with and being the horizontal and vertical orders of the pattern. The electric field pattern at a point for a beam propagating along the z-axis is given by


title: Transverse mode

text: where formula_8, formula_9, formula_10, and formula_11 are the waist, spot size, radius of curvature, and Gouy phase shift as given for a Gaussian beam; formula_12 is a normalization constant; and formula_13 is the -th physicist's Hermite polynomial. The corresponding intensity pattern is


title: Transverse mode

text: The TEM mode corresponds to exactly the same fundamental mode as in the cylindrical geometry. Modes with increasing and show lobes appearing in the horizontal and vertical directions, with in general lobes present in the pattern. As before, higher-order modes have a larger spatial extent than the 00 mode.


title: Transverse mode

text: The phase of each lobe of a is offset by radians with respect to its horizontal or vertical neighbours. This is equivalent to the polarization of each lobe being flipped in direction.


title: Transverse mode

text: The overall intensity profile of a laser's output may be made up from the superposition of any of the allowed transverse modes of the laser's cavity, though often it is desirable to operate only on the fundamental mode.


title: Isabel Sarli

text: Hilda Isabel Gorrindo Sarli (; 9 July 193525 June 2019), nicknamed Coca, was an Argentinian actress and glamour model who was known for starring in several sexploitation films by Armando Bó, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. She began her career as a model and beauty queen, becoming Miss Argentina and reaching the semi-finals of Miss Universe 1955. She was discovered by Bó in 1956 and made her acting debut the following year with "Thunder Among the Leaves", in which a controversial nude scene featuring Sarli made it the first film to feature full frontal nudity in Argentine cinema.


title: Isabel Sarli

text: As the muse and protagonist of Bó's films, Sarli became the quintessential sex symbol of her country and a popular figure worldwide. After Bó's death in 1981 Sarli virtually retired from acting until the 1990s, when she appeared in a handful of film roles and TV cameos before her death in 2019. Since the year 2000 and onwards her films have been revalued for their camp and kitsch content and are recognised as cult classics, while Sarli has established herself as a pop icon.


title: Isabel Sarli

text: Hilda Isabel Sarli Gorrindo Tito was born in Concordia, Entre Ríos Province, into a very poor family, as one of the daughters of Antonio Gorrindo and María Elena Sarli. Her father left the family when she was 3 years old. Those he had left behind, including Isabel and her mother, then moved to Buenos Aires. Her youngest sibling, and only brother, died at the age of five. Although, years later, her father tried to contact her, she refused angrily.


title: Isabel Sarli

text: Sarli trained to become a secretary and, upon completing this training, started working for a publicity agency to support her mother. Then she was offered to work as a model, at which she proved to be so successful that she ended up resigning from her secretarial work. She won an award as the "most photographed model".


title: Isabel Sarli

text: In June 1956, she met Armando Bó on a television show. He later offered her the opportunity to star in "El trueno entre las hojas (Thunder in the Leaves)." Bó convinced Sarli to be naked in a scene in which she bathed in a lake, though she had previously been told she would wear a flesh-colored body stocking. Bó likewise told Sarli they would shoot from afar and that the camera possessed no facility for magnification. The film became the first to feature full frontal nudity in Argentinian cinema. She went on to become an international Latin American star and made international headlines for the nude scene. She appeared in "Time," "Life," and "Playboy" magazines, the first Argentinian actress to accomplish that feat. Bó and Sarli became lovers and she became the primary star of his films until his death in 1981. During this time, Sarli refused many offers to work with other directors, with the exception of Leopoldo Torre Nilsson on "" and Dirk DeVilliers on "The Virgin Goddess", her only English language film.


title: Isabel Sarli

text: Bó's films were controversial at the time and most of them were banned, but this ban led them to be even more successful. Films like "Fuego" (1969) and "Fiebre" (1970) reached the American and European markets.


title: Isabel Sarli

text: She received offers to work in the United States with Robert Aldrich, along with two offers extended to her from the United Kingdom, to appear in the Hammer Film production "The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll" and the American co-production "The Guns of Navarone", but she declined them; Sarli chose to work instead in Latin America, although always under Bó's direction: she made "La Diosa Impura" in México, "Lujuria tropical" in Venezuela, "Desnuda en la arena" in Panamá, "La Burrerita de Ypacaraí" in Paraguay and "Favela" and "La Leona" in Brazil.


title: Isabel Sarli

text: Following Bó's death in 1981, Sarli retired from the cinema industry altogether but came back in the mid-‘90s for Jorge Polaco's picaresque film, "La Dama Regresa" (1996). The film was inspired largely by her life and her public image, serving as an homage of sorts. In 2009 she teamed once more with Polaco in "Arróz con Leche" for a bit part.


title: Isabel Sarli

text: In 2011 she starred in the movie "Mis días con Gloria", where she played a character based on herself. The film was her first major role since "La Dama Regresa" in 1996. In a later radio interview, Sarli said the film did not do well at the box office because of the poor promotion it had received.


title: Isabel Sarli

text: Before meeting Bó, Sarli was married to Ralph Heinlein and later divorced. Contrary to popular belief, Bó and Sarli never married. Sarli had two adopted children, Martin and Isabelita, who was her goddaughter. In June 2016, she and her daughter Isabelita were living in Martínez, Buenos Aires.


title: Isabel Sarli

text: In 2007 Argentinian film critic Diego Curubeto made the documentary "Carne sobre carne – Intimidades de Isabel Sarli" (Flesh on Flesh – Isabel Sarli's Personal Matters), with the collaboration of Isabel, Argentinian actor Gastón Pauls and Spanish director Álex de la Iglesia. It is a well-received homage that includes deleted scenes from her films, censored material, rehearsals, anecdotes and interviews.


title: Isabel Sarli

text: On 12 October 2012 it was reported that the Argentinian President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner had named Sarli as Argentinian Ambassador of Popular Culture. The "Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina", under Decree 1876/2012, stated:


title: Isabel Sarli

text: In 2010, the movie "Fuego" premiered at the Lincoln Center in New York, where it was shown with English subtitles. This showing was covered in "Time Magazine" by its then film critic Richard Corliss in his piece "Isabel Sarli: A Sex Bomb at Lincoln Center".


title: Isabel Sarli

text: The popular expression "What do you want from me?", erroneously believed to have been spoken by Sarli in the movie "Carne" (1968), has become a catchphrase in Argentina. In fact, the line was originally used for the movie "...y el Demonio creó a los hombres".


title: Isabel Sarli

text: Film director John Waters has stated several times that Isabel Sarli's movies have inspired some of his own films. In April 2018, John Waters presented "Fuego" in Argentina and met Sarli.


title: Oracle Cloud

text: Oracle Cloud is a cloud computing service offered by Oracle Corporation providing servers, storage, network, applications and services through a global network of Oracle Corporation managed data centers. The company allows these services to be provisioned on demand over the Internet.


title: Oracle Cloud

text: Oracle Cloud provides Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS), and Data as a Service (DaaS). These services are used to build, deploy, integrate, and extend applications in the cloud. This platform supports numerous open standards (SQL, HTML5, REST, etc.), open-source applications (Kubernetes, Spark, Hadoop, Kafka, MySQL, Terraform, etc.), and a variety of programming languages, databases, tools, and frameworks including Oracle-specific, Open Source, and third-party software and systems.


title: Oracle Cloud

text: Oracle's cloud infrastructure was made generally available (GA) on October 20, 2016 under the name "Oracle Bare Metal Cloud Services." Oracle Bare Metal Cloud Services was rebranded as Oracle Cloud Infrastructure in 2018 and dubbed Oracle's "Generation 2 Cloud" at Oracle OpenWorld 2018. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure offerings include the following services:


title: Oracle Cloud

text: In 2016, Oracle acquired Dyn, an internet infrastructure company. On May 16, 2018 Oracle announced that it had acquired DataScience.com, a privately held cloud workspace platform for data science projects and workloads. In April 2020, Oracle became the cloud infrastructure provider for Zoom, an online and video meeting platform. The same month, Nissan announced its migration to Oracle Cloud for its high-performance computing (HPC) workloads used for simulating the structural impacts of a car design. Xerox announced a partnership with Oracle Cloud in 2021, where Xerox will use Oracle’s cloud-computing capabilities within its business incubator.


title: Oracle Cloud

text: Oracle provides SaaS applications also known as Oracle Cloud Applications. These applications are offered across a variety of products, industrial sectors with various deployment options to adhere to compliance standards. The below list mentions Oracle Cloud Applications provided by Oracle Corporation.


title: Oracle Cloud

text: This platform is known as the Oracle Data Cloud. This platform aggregates and analyzes consumer data powered by Oracle ID Graph across channels and devices to create cross-channel consumer understanding.


title: Oracle Cloud

text: Oracle Cloud is available in 37 regions as of March 2022, including North America, South America, UK, European Union, Middle East, Africa, India, Australia, Korea, and Japan. Oracle Cloud is available as a public cloud (Oracle-managed regions); to select government agencies as an Oracle-managed government cloud in the United States (with FedRAMP High and DISA SRG IL5 compliance) and United Kingdom; and as a "private cloud" or "hybrid cloud" as an Oracle-managed database-only service or full-service dedicated region - what Oracle calls "Cloud at Customer."


title: Oracle Cloud

text: Oracle's public and government cloud is offered through a global network of Oracle-managed data centers, connected by an Oracle-managed backbone network. Oracle's Exadata Cloud at Customer leverages this network for control plane services. Oracle deploys their cloud in Regions, typically with two geographically distributed regions in each country for disaster resiliency with data sovereignty. Inside each Region are at least one fault-independent Availability Domain and three fault-tolerant Fault Domains per Availability Domain. Each Availability Domains contains an independent data center with power, thermal, and network isolation.


title: Oracle Cloud

text: Oracle Cloud hosts customer-accessible cloud infrastructure and platform services, as well as end-user accessible software as a service from these cloud regions.


title: Overtone singing

text: Overtone singing – also known as overtone chanting, harmonic singing, polyphonic overtone singing, and diphonic singing – is a set of singing techniques in which the vocalist manipulates the resonances of the vocal tract, in order to arouse the perception of additional, separate notes beyond the fundamental frequency being produced.


title: Overtone singing

text: From a fundamental pitch, made by the human voice, the belonging harmonic overtones can be selectively amplified by changing the vocal tract, i.e. the dimensions and shape of the resonant cavities of the mouth and the pharynx. This resonant tuning allows singers to create more than one pitch at the same time (the fundamental and one or more selected overtones), while usually generating a single fundamental frequency with their vocal folds.


title: Overtone singing

text: Overtone singing should not be confused with throat singing, in spite of the fact that many throat singing techniques comprise overtone singing. As mentioned, overtone singing involves the careful manipulations of the vocal tract, whereas throat singing is mostly related to the voice source.


title: Overtone singing

text: It is thought that the art of overtone singing originated in southwestern Mongolia in today's Khovd Province and Govi Altai region. Nowadays, overtone singing is found throughout the country and Mongolia is often considered the most active center of overtone singing in the world. The most commonly practiced style, called (Cyrillic: ), can be divided up into the following categories:


title: Overtone singing

text: The Tuvan way of singing overtones is based on appreciation of complex sounds with multiple layers or textures, which is how the Tuvans developed a wide range of rhythmic and melodic styles during the centuries. Most of the styles are sung with ( 'chest' + 'sing'), literally 'to sing with chest voice'. Styles include:


title: Overtone singing

text: The melodies are traditionally created by using the 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 12th, 13th and sometimes the 16th harmonics, which form the major pentatonic scale, so the 7th and 11th harmonics are carefully skipped.


title: Overtone singing

text: Tuva's neighbouring Russian regions, the Altai Republic to the west and Khakassia to the northwest, have developed forms of throat singing called kai (, "qay") or khai (, "xay"). In Altai, this is used mostly for epic poetry performance, to the instrumental accompaniment of a topshur. Altai narrators () perform in kargyraa, khöömei, and sygyt styles, which are similar to those in Tuva. They also have their own style, a very high harmonics, emerging from kargyraa. Variations of kai are:


title: Overtone singing

text: The Chukchi people of the Chukchi Peninsula in the extreme northeast of Russia also practice a form of throat singing.


title: Overtone singing

text: Tibetan Buddhist chanting is a subgenre of throat singing, mainly practiced by monks of Tibet, including Khokhonor (Qinghai) province in the Tibetan plateau area, Tibetan monks of Nepal, Bhutan, India, and various locations in the Himalayan region. Most often the chants hold to the lower pitches possible in throat singing. Various ceremonies and prayers call for throat singing in Tibetan Buddhism, often with more than one monk chanting at a time.


title: Overtone singing

text: There are different Tibetan throat singing styles, such as Gyuke ( Wylie: ), which uses the lowest pitch of voice; Dzoke ( ); and Gyer ( ).


title: Overtone singing

text: The poet-musicians of Kazakhstan and the Uzbek region of Karakalpakstan, known as , employ throat singing in their epic poetry recitations, accompanied by the dombra. singers believe that the ability to throat-sing is an innate gift of selected Kazakhs, and that it cannot be taught.


title: Overtone singing

text: Balochi Nur Sur is one of the ancient forms of overtone singing and is still popular in parts of Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan – especially in the Sulaiman Mountains.


title: Overtone singing

text: Dengbêj, the Kurdish-Yazidi style of bardic chanting, often incorporates overtones as part of the chant, and in a way which is distinct from other forms of overtone singing. There is an article 'Dengbêj - Kurdish long song and overtone singing' by Nick Hobbs in 2020 where he discusses the use of overtones in dengbêj in some detail. Dengbêj is largely a traditional style of Turkish Kurdistan and practitioners are mostly Anatolian. Dengbêj singers often also sing Kurdish folk song but overtones can rarely be heard in Kurdish traditional music outside of dengbêj.


title: Overtone singing

text: On the island of Sardinia (Italy), especially in the subregion of Barbagia, one of the two different styles of polyphonic singing is marked by the use of throat singing. This kind of choir is called "singing "a tenore"". The other style, known as "cuncordu", does not use throat singing. Cantu a Tenore is practiced by groups of four male singers, each of whom has a distinct role; the " 'oche " or "boche" (pronounced or , "voice") is the solo voice, while the " mesu 'oche " or "mesu boche" ("half voice"), "contra" ("against"), and "bassu" ("bass") – listed in descending pitch order – form a chorus (another meaning of "tenore"). "Boche" and "mesu boche" sing in a regular voice, whereas "contra" and "bassu" sings with the use of the false vocal folds, just like the Tuvan Khoomei and Kargyraa techniques. In 2005, Unesco classed the "cantu a tenore" as an intangible world heritage. The most well known groups who perform the singing a Tenore are from Bitti, Orosei, Oniferi, and Neoneli. Each town has usually more than one group, and their name is based on a specific place, or monument, and then their hometown: for example: Tenore Su Remediu(place) de Orosei(Town).


title: Overtone singing

text: The Sami people of the northern parts of Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula in Russia have a singing genre called yoik. While overtone techniques are not a defining feature of yoik, individuals sometimes utilize overtones in the production of yoik.


title: Overtone singing

text: The Bashkirs of Bashkortostan, Russia have a style of overtone singing called "özläü" (sometimes spelled "uzlyau"; Bashkort Өзләү), which has nearly died out. In addition, Bashkorts also sing uzlyau while playing the kurai, a national instrument. This technique of vocalizing into a flute can also be found in folk music as far west as the Balkans and Hungary.


title: Overtone singing

text: In Flamenco's Cante Jondo singers often include overtonal colour at the end of phrases. Perhaps originating as a way of facilitating sustain, and then becoming an appreciated ornamentation in its own right. There are many examples but Carmen Linares and Duquende often incorporate overtones.


title: Overtone singing

text: Some Thembu Xhosa women of South Africa have a low, rhythmic style of throat-singing, similar to the Tuvan Kargyraa style, that is called unngqokolo. It is often accompanied by call-and-response vocals and complicated poly-rhythms.


title: Overtone singing

text: The 1920s Texan singer of cowboy songs, Arthur Miles, independently created a style of overtone singing, similar to sygyt, as a supplement to the normal yodelling of country western music. Blind Willie Johnson, also of Texas, is not a true overtone singer according to National Geographic, but his ability to shift from guttural grunting noises to a soft lullaby is suggestive of the tonal timbres of overtone singing.


title: Overtone singing

text: Starting in the 1960s, some musicians in the West either have collaborated with traditional throat singers or ventured into the realm of throat singing and overtone singing, or both. Some made original musical contributions and helped this art rediscover its transcultural universality. As harmonics are universal to all physical sounds, the notion of authenticity is best understood in terms of musical quality. Musicians of note in this genre include Collegium Vocale Köln (who first began using this technique in 1968), Michael Vetter, Tran Quang Hai, David Hykes, Jill Purce, Jim Cole, Ry Cooder, Paul Pena (mixing the traditional Tuvan style with that of American Blues), Steve Sklar, and Kiva (specializing in jazz/ world beat genres and composing for overtone choirs). Others include composer Baird Hersey and his group Prana with Krishna Das (overtone singing and Hindu mantra), as well as Canadian songwriter Nathan Rogers, who has become an adept throat singer and teaches Tuvan throat singing in Winnipeg, Manitoba.