title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: The music video for "Live Your Life" was filmed in October 2008 in Los Angeles and was directed by Anthony Mandler. The video, using the radio edit of the song, features both T.I. and Rihanna. It plays backwards, starting with the end of T.I.'s day. In the opening scene, T.I. is shown walking along the Los Angeles River in a suit with bloody wounds culminating in the song beginning. It then goes into a series of underground shots of him with interspersed scenes of Rihanna in a dressing room. T.I. is then shown being thrown out of a car, in the Los Angeles river. The video then cuts again to the day with T.I. wearing the same suit seen earlier in the video, but undamaged. He then encounters a group of thugs whom he brawls with. The video then begins a different story arc, showing T.I. before he made his fortune, rapping in a recording studio and in front of a house playing dice and dominoes with friends. This portion of the video is interspersed with clips of the other story arc, such as showing T.I. with a briefcase full of money. He is then shown in the bathroom of a bar, before walking out into the bar passing Rihanna who has exited her dressing room. Rihanna performs on stage with a microphone while T.I. talks to a man saying "I want out."; the man replies by explaining that there is no getting out, not for him nor for the character that Rihanna plays. T.I slams the money briefcase down on the table and shows it to the man saying that "I'm done. I got myself here, I'll get myself out". Then he is seen walking into that same bar, in a flashback, with a CD in his hand. The man that T.I. spoke to earlier calls him over. This is a flashback showing T.I. trying to get a record deal. The last shot of the video takes place at around the same time as the first shot of the video. T.I. is walking down the Los Angeles River, raising his hands triumphantly in the air with a bloodied and scarred face. The song's producer, Just Blaze, is briefly seen playing pool in the bar during the second verse and final chorus.


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: T.I. performed the track with Rihanna at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards on September 7, 2008, following a solo performance of "Whatever You Like" prior. The track was included on the set list of Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth (2010–11) in a medley with Rihanna's own "Wait Your Turn", and the Jay-Z, Rihanna and Kanye West single "Run This Town". It was also performed with "Run This Town" on Rihanna's Loud Tour (2011), promotionnal tour 777 Tour (2012), Rock in Rio performance (2015) and Anti World Tour (2016).


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: In 2009, Nicki Minaj, Brinx and Busta Rhymes sampled "Live Your Life" on the song "Mind on My Money".


title: Live Your Life (T.I. song)

text: In the 2021 animated film "The Mitchells vs. the Machines", Rick Mitchell and his daughter Katie Mitchell sing in their remix.


title: 1984–85 European Cup

text: The 1984–85 season of the European Cup club football tournament was overshadowed by the Heysel Stadium disaster that happened prior to the final match. That edition was won for the first time by Juventus in a 1–0 win against defending champions Liverpool. At sporting level, with this result they became the first club to have won all three major European trophies (European Cup/UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League, and the Cup Winners' Cup), as well "a posteriori" as the one that needed the shortest amount of time to complete this (8 years).


title: 1984–85 European Cup

text: Following the disaster, English clubs received a five-year ban from entering any European competition, thus ending a period of great success for English clubs in the European Cup which had seen three clubs winning seven finals since 1977, including six successive finals up to 1982. Liverpool, English champions in 1989–90, were given an extra year's ban. There would be no English club to win the trophy until 1999, when Manchester United beat Bayern Munich 2–1.


title: African clawed frog

text: The African clawed frog ("Xenopus laevis", also known as the xenopus, African clawed toad, African claw-toed frog or the platanna) is a species of African aquatic frog of the family Pipidae. Its name is derived from the three short claws on each hind foot, which it uses to tear apart its food. The word "Xenopus" means 'strange foot' and "laevis" means 'smooth'.


title: African clawed frog

text: The species is found throughout much of Sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria and Sudan to South Africa), and in isolated, introduced populations in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. All species of the family Pipidae are tongueless, toothless and completely aquatic. They use their hands to shove food in their mouths and down their throats and a hyobranchial pump to draw or suck things in their mouth. Pipidae have powerful legs for swimming and lunging after food. They also use the claws on their feet to tear pieces of large food. They have no external eardrums, but instead subcutaneous cartilaginous disks that serve the same function. They use their sensitive fingers and sense of smell to find food. Pipidae are scavengers and will eat almost anything living, dying, or dead and any type of organic waste.


title: African clawed frog

text: These frogs are plentiful in ponds and rivers within the south-eastern portion of Sub-Saharan Africa. They are aquatic and are often greenish-grey in color. African clawed frogs have been frequently sold as pets, and sometimes incorrectly misidentified as African dwarf frogs. Albino clawed frogs are common and sold as animals for laboratories.


title: African clawed frog

text: They reproduce by fertilizing eggs outside of the female's body (see frog reproduction). Of the seven amplexus modes (positions in which frogs mate), these frogs are found breeding in inguinal amplexus, where the male clasps the female in front of the female's back legs and squeezes until eggs come out. The male then sprays sperm over the eggs to fertilize them.


title: African clawed frog

text: African clawed frogs are highly adaptable and will lay their eggs whenever conditions allow it. During wet rainy seasons they will travel to other ponds or puddles of water to search for food. During times of drought, the clawed frogs can burrow themselves into the mud, becoming dormant for up to a year.


title: African clawed frog

text: "Xenopus laevis" have been known to survive 15 or more years in the wild and 25–30 years in captivity. They shed their skin every season, and eat their own shed skin.


title: African clawed frog

text: Although lacking a vocal sac, the males make a mating call of alternating long and short trills, by contracting the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Females also answer vocally, signaling either acceptance (a rapping sound) or rejection (slow ticking) of the male. This frog has smooth slippery skin which is multicolored on its back with blotches of olive gray or brown. The underside is creamy white with a yellow tinge.


title: African clawed frog

text: Male and female frogs can be easily distinguished through the following differences. Male frogs are small and slim, while females are larger and more rotund. Males have black patches on their hands and arms which aid in grabbing onto females during amplexus. Females have a more pronounced cloaca and have hip-like bulges above their rear legs where their eggs are internally located.


title: African clawed frog

text: Both males and females have a cloaca, which is a chamber through which digestive and urinary wastes pass and through which the reproductive systems also empty. The cloaca empties by way of the vent which in reptiles and amphibians is a single opening for all three systems.


title: African clawed frog

text: African clawed frogs are fully aquatic and will rarely leave the water except to migrate to new water bodies during droughts or other disturbances. Clawed frogs have powerful legs that help them move quickly both underwater and on land. Feral clawed frogs in South Wales have been found to travel up to between locations. The feet of "Xenopus" species have three black claws on the last three digits. These claws are used to rip apart food and scratch predators.


title: African clawed frog

text: Clawed frogs are carnivores and will eat both living and dead prey including fish, tadpoles, crustaceans, annelids, arthropods, and more. Clawed frogs will try to consume anything that is able to fit into their mouths. Being aquatic, clawed frogs use their sense of smell and their lateral line to detect prey rather than eyesight like other frogs. However, clawed frogs can still see using their eyes and will stalk prey or watch predators by sticking their heads out of the water. Clawed frogs will dig through substrate to unearth worms and other food. Their tongue is unable to extend like other frogs, so clawed frogs use their hands to grab food and shovel it into their mouths.


title: African clawed frog

text: These frogs are particularly cannibalistic; the stomach contents of feral clawed frogs in California have revealed large amounts of the frog's larvae. Clawed frog larvae are filter feeders and collect nutrients from plankton, allowing adult frogs that consume the tadpoles to have access to these nutrients. This allows clawed frogs to survive in areas that have little to no other food sources.


title: African clawed frog

text: Clawed frogs are nocturnal and most reproductive activity and feeding occurs after dark. Male clawed frogs are very promiscuous and will grab onto other males and even other species of frogs. Male frogs that are grasped will make release calls and attempt to break free.


title: African clawed frog

text: If not feeding, clawed frogs will just sit motionless on top of the substrate or floating at the top with their heads sticking out.


title: African clawed frog

text: The "X. laevis" liver responds to low temperatures by increasing production of type II iodothyronine deiodinase . This in turn spurs the thyroid to increase T to increase body temperature. (This T increase also induces germ cell apoptosis, mediated through genes left over from tadpole metamorphosis.)


title: African clawed frog

text: The effects of provocation of T hormone release are broadly differentiated by where it starts: If centrally, within the mediobasal hypothalamus, then it stimulates seasonal testicular growth; if peripherally, then testicular regression and cold-season thermogenesis.


title: African clawed frog

text: In the wild, "X. laevis" are native to wetlands, ponds, and lakes across arid/semiarid regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. "X. laevis" and "X. muelleri" occur along the western boundary of the Great African Rift. The people of the sub-Saharan are generally very familiar with this frog, and some cultures use it as a source of protein, an aphrodisiac, or as fertility medicine. Two historic outbreaks of priapism have been linked to consumption of frog legs from frogs that ate insects containing cantharidin.


title: African clawed frog

text: "X. laevis" in the wild are commonly infected by various parasites, including monogeneans in the urinary bladder.


title: African clawed frog

text: "Xenopus" embryos and eggs are a popular model system for a wide variety of biological studies, in part because they have the potential to lay eggs throughout the year. This animal is widely used because of its powerful combination of experimental tractability and close evolutionary relationship with humans, at least compared to many model organisms. For a more comprehensive discussion of the use of these frogs in biomedical research, see "Xenopus".


title: African clawed frog

text: "Xenopus laevis" is also notable for its use in the first widely used method of pregnancy testing. In the 1930s, two South African researchers, Hillel Shapiro and Harry Zwarenstein, students of Lancelot Hogben at the University of Cape Town, discovered that the urine from pregnant women would induce oocyte production in "X. laevis" within 8–12 hours of injection. This was used as a simple and reliable test up through to the 1960s.


title: African clawed frog

text: In the late 1940s, Carlos Galli Mainini found in separate studies that male specimens of "Xenopus" and "Bufo" could be used to indicate pregnancy Today, commercially available hCG is injected into "Xenopus" males and females to induce mating behavior and to breed these frogs in captivity at any time of the year.


title: African clawed frog

text: "Xenopus" has long been an important tool for in vivo studies in molecular, cell, and developmental biology of vertebrate animals. However, the wide breadth of "Xenopus" research stems from the additional fact that cell-free extracts made from "Xenopus" are a premier in vitro system for studies of fundamental aspects of cell and molecular biology. Thus, "Xenopus" is the only vertebrate model system that allows for high-throughput in vivo analyses of gene function and high-throughput biochemistry.


title: African clawed frog

text: "Xenopus" oocytes are a leading system in their own right for studies of various systems, including ion transport and channel physiology. Xanthos et al 2001 uses oocytes to uncover T-box expression earlier than previously found in vertebrates.


title: African clawed frog

text: Although "X. laevis" does not have the short generation time and genetic simplicity generally desired in genetic model organisms, it is an important model organism in developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology and neurobiology. "X. laevis" takes 1 to 2 years to reach sexual maturity and, like most of its genus, it is tetraploid. It does have a large and easily manipulated embryo, however. The ease of manipulation in amphibian embryos has given them an important place in historical and modern developmental biology. A related species, "Xenopus tropicalis", is now being promoted as a more viable model for genetics.


title: African clawed frog

text: Roger Wolcott Sperry used "X. laevis" for his famous experiments describing the development of the visual system. These experiments led to the formulation of the chemoaffinity hypothesis.


title: African clawed frog

text: "Xenopus" oocytes provide an important expression system for molecular biology. By injecting DNA or mRNA into the oocyte or developing embryo, scientists can study the protein products in a controlled system. This allows rapid functional expression of manipulated DNAs (or mRNA). This is particularly useful in electrophysiology, where the ease of recording from the oocyte makes expression of membrane channels attractive. One challenge of oocyte work is eliminating native proteins that might confound results, such as membrane channels native to the oocyte. Translation of proteins can be blocked or splicing of pre-mRNA can be modified by injection of Morpholino antisense oligos into the oocyte (for distribution throughout the embryo) or early embryo (for distribution only into daughter cells of the injected cell).


title: African clawed frog

text: Extracts from the eggs of "X. laevis" frogs are also commonly used for biochemical studies of DNA replication and repair, as these extracts fully support DNA replication and other related processes in a cell-free environment which allows easier manipulation.


title: African clawed frog

text: The first vertebrate ever to be cloned was an African clawed frog in 1962, an experiment for which Sir John Gurdon was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent".


title: African clawed frog

text: Additionally, several African clawed frogs were present on the Space Shuttle Endeavour (which was launched into space on September 12, 1992) so that scientists could test whether reproduction and development could occur normally in zero gravity.


title: African clawed frog

text: "Xenopus laevis" also serves as an ideal model system for the study of the mechanisms of apoptosis. In fact, iodine and thyroxine stimulate the spectacular apoptosis of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins in amphibians metamorphosis, and stimulate the evolution of their nervous system transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog.


title: African clawed frog

text: Early work on sequencing of the "X. laevis" genome was started when the Wallingford and Marcotte labs obtained funding from the Texas Institute for Drug and Diagnostic Development (TI3D), in conjunction with projects funded by the National Institutes of Health. The work rapidly expanded to include "de novo" reconstruction of "X. laevis" transcripts, in collaboration with groups around the world donating Illumina Hi-Seq RNA sequencing datasets. Genome sequencing by the Rokhsar and Harland groups (UC Berkeley) and by Taira and collaborators (University of Tokyo, Japan) gave a major boost to the project, which, with additional contributions from investigators in the Netherlands, Korea, Canada and Australia, led to publication of the genome sequence and its characterization in 2016.


title: African clawed frog

text: "X. laevis" oocytes are often used as an easy model for the artificially induced expression of transgenes. For example, they are commonly used when studying chloroquine resistance produced by specialized transporter mutants. Even so the foreign expression tissue may itself confer some alterations to the expression, and so findings may or may not be entirely identical to native expression: For example, iron has been found by Bakouh et al 2017 to be an important substrate for one such transporter in "X. l." oocytes, but iron is merely "presumptively" involved in native expression of the same gene.


title: African clawed frog

text: Xenbase is the Model Organism Database (MOD) for both "Xenopus laevis" and "Xenopus tropicalis". Xenbase hosts the full details and release information regarding the current "Xenopus laevis" genome (9.1).


title: African clawed frog

text: "Xenopus laevis" have been kept as pets and research subjects since as early as the 1950s. They are extremely hardy and long lived, having been known to live up to 20 or even 30 years in captivity.


title: African clawed frog

text: African clawed frogs are frequently mislabeled as African dwarf frogs in pet stores. Identifiable differences are:


title: African clawed frog

text: African clawed frogs are voracious predators and easily adapt to many habitats. For this reason, they can easily become a harmful invasive species. They can travel short distances to other bodies of water, and some have even been documented to survive mild freezes. They have been shown to devastate native populations of frogs and other creatures by eating their young.


title: African clawed frog

text: In 2003, "Xenopus laevis" frogs were discovered in a pond at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. Much debate now exists in the area on how to exterminate these creatures and keep them from spreading. It is unknown if these frogs entered the San Francisco ecosystem through intentional release or escape into the wild. San Francisco officials drained Lily Pond and fenced off the area to prevent the frogs from escaping to other ponds in the hopes they starve to death.


title: African clawed frog

text: Due to incidents in which these frogs were released and allowed to escape into the wild, African clawed frogs are illegal to own, transport or sell without a permit in the following US states: Arizona, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, Vermont, Virginia, Hawaii, Nevada, and Washington state. However, it is legal to own "Xenopus laevis" in New Brunswick (Canada) and Ohio.


title: African clawed frog

text: Feral colonies of "Xenopus laevis" exist in South Wales, United Kingdom. In Yunnan, China there is a population of albino clawed frogs in Lake Kunming, along with another invasive: the American bullfrog. Because this population is albino, it suggests that the clawed frogs originated from the pet trade or a laboratory.


title: African clawed frog

text: The African clawed frog may be an important vector and the initial source of "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis", a chytrid fungus that has been implicated in the drastic decline in amphibian populations in many parts of the world. Unlike in many other amphibian species (including the closely related western clawed frog) where this chytrid fungus causes the disease Chytridiomycosis, it does not appear to affect the African clawed frog, making it an effective carrier.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: The 1999 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association’s 1998-99 season. The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs defeating the Eastern Conference champion New York Knicks 4 games to 1. Tim Duncan was named NBA Finals MVP.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: The 1999 Playoffs are memorable in that a #8 seed (the Knicks) made it to the Finals for the only time in history, and that it came after a lockout-shortened 50-game season. It also featured the Philadelphia 76ers’ and Milwaukee Bucks’ first trip to the playoffs since 1991 (coincidentally they faced each other in the opening round that year), and it was also the 76ers’ first appearance since drafting Allen Iverson with the #1 overall pick in 1996. Iverson later led the Sixers to the 2001 NBA Finals. The Bulls, despite being defending champions, missed the playoffs for the first time since 1984 (mostly due to the second retirement of Michael Jordan and the departures of Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman). They also became the first defending champion since the 1969–70 Boston Celtics to miss the playoffs.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: Although the Spurs had home-court advantage throughout the playoffs, they played more road games (nine) than home games (eight), as all their series were won on the road, which included back-to-back sweeps of the Lakers and Trail Blazers (who would meet in next year's West Finals). The Spurs won twelve straight games, and finished 15–2 for a postseason record previously equalled by the 1991 Chicago Bulls and beaten only by a 15–1 playoff record with the only loss in overtime from the Los Angeles Lakers in 2001, and by a 16–1 playoff record from the Golden State Warriors in 2017. Both of the Spurs losses came against #8 seeded teams.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: After losing their Eastern Conference Semifinal series to the Knicks, the Atlanta Hawks did not return to the playoffs until 2008.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: Game 5 of the Heat–Knicks series was the last playoff game to take place at Miami Arena. The Heat continued to host regular season games there for part of the 1999–2000 season before moving to what is now FTX Arena in January 2000.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: Game 4 of the Spurs–Lakers series was the last regulation NBA game ever played in the Great Western Forum. The Lakers played a handful of preseason games leading up to the 1999–2000 season before Staples Center (now Crypto.com Arena) became the new home of the team for that season.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: Game 5 of the Knicks–Pacers series was the last meaningful NBA game ever played at Market Square Arena.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: Game 5 of the Hawks–Pistons series is the last NBA playoff game played in a college basketball-specific arena (Georgia Tech's then-named Alexander Memorial Coliseum), and among the final NBA games played in a college basketball-specific arena. Many teams formerly played playoff games on college campuses, especially in the NBA's early days, but the increasing professionalization and ownership of arena times made the practice obsolete.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: After spending their first thirteen seasons in Sacramento in mediocrity, with no winning record and two playoff appearances in 1986 and 1996, the Kings franchise made the first of eight consecutive playoff appearances, which included a trip to the Western Conference Finals in 2002.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: Game 4 of the Lakers–Rockets series was the final postseason appearance of Charles Barkley’s Hall of Fame career. It was also the final playoff game ever held at the Compaq Center.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with each team winning one series apiece.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: This was the eighth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Hawks winning four of the first seven meetings.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: This was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Suns winning three of the first five meetings.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: This was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Rockets winning three of the first five meetings.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the 76ers winning the first meeting.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Knicks winning the first meeting.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: This was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning four of the first five meetings.


title: 1999 NBA playoffs

text: This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams, with each team winning two series apiece.


title: Runaround Sue

text: "Runaround Sue" is a rock and roll song (in a modified doo-wop style), originally a US No. 1 Hot 100 hit (No. 4 on the Hot R&B chart) for the singer Dion during 1961, after he split with the Belmonts. It was written by Dion with Ernie Maresca, and tells the story of a disloyal lover. The song ranked No. 351 on the "Rolling Stone" list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".


title: Runaround Sue

text: According to Dion, he started to put the song together at an informal party for a friend's birthday, where he started improvising lyrics and encouraged his friends to add doo-wop background harmonies to a clapping rhythm. He then took the idea to his friend, budding songwriter Ernie Maresca, and they developed the tune and lyrics together. Having recently split with the Belmonts, Dion then discovered another vocal group, the Del-Satins, and they rehearsed the song. The co-owner of Laurie Records (Gene Schwartz) liked the song, and it was recorded in summer 1961 at Bell Sound Studios in New York City.


title: Runaround Sue

text: The lyrics are sung from the point of view of a man whose former girlfriend, named Sue, was extremely unfaithful. He warns all potential lovers to avoid her at all costs, as Sue "runs around" with every guy she meets and never settles down with any man in particular. He advises: "now people let me put you wise, Sue goes out with other guys" and suggests that potential suitors should "keep away from Runaround Sue".


title: Runaround Sue

text: Dion stated in his autobiography "The Wanderer", that although his wife's name was Susan, "Runaround Sue" had nothing to do with her. Elsewhere he stated that the name Sue was of a girl he had admired from a distance, and that "her name fit the lyric line perfectly." However, during a 1990 interview with his wife on "The Oprah Winfrey Show", they presented the story that the song "was" indeed about her. In the same autobiography, he stated that the inspiration for the song came from the song "Quarter to Three" by Gary U.S. Bonds, which had recently been released.


title: Runaround Sue

text: "Runaround Sue" was covered by then 15-year-old Leif Garrett in 1977. The song was the second of four releases from his debut album, all of which became U.S. chart hits. All four songs were covers of major hits from 1959 to 1963, including Dion's two biggest hits. Of the four, "Runaround Sue" was the most successful for Garrett. In early 1978, his version reached No. 13 on "Billboard" and No. 18 on "Cash Box". The song also reached No. 15 in Canada.


title: Runaround Sue

text: Garrett was born during the chart run of Dion's original version of "Runaround Sue," in the fall of 1961. Garrett's cover of the song hit the charts the week of his 16th birthday.


title: Ether addiction

text: Addiction to ether consumption, or etheromania, is the addiction to the inhalation or drinking of diethyl ether, commonly called "ether". Studies, including that of an ether addict in 2003, have shown that ether causes dependence; however, the only symptom observed was a will to consume more ether. No withdrawal symptoms were prevalent.


title: Ether addiction

text: During the second half of the 19th century, ether was in vogue as a recreational drug in some places, becoming especially popular in Ireland, as temperance campaigners thought it was an acceptable alternative to alcohol. Indeed, until 1890, when it was classified as a poison, more than 17,000 gallons (77,000 L) of ether were being consumed in Ireland, mostly as a beverage.


title: Ether addiction

text: Addiction to ether consumption had posed a serious social problem in Poland between the two World Wars. The drinking of ether, as well as related liquids (Hoffman's drops) was commonplace and widespread foremost in the region of Upper Silesia. According to surveys conducted in the 1930s, in certain villages a large portion of pupils of public schools had regularly drunk ether. Teachers had recalled that at certain times they had to send home pupils who were under the influence of the drug. Common drinking of ether by mine workers had caused the issue of a restriction banning access by intoxicated persons to the mines (the main cause for concern was the risk of fire). Plant doctors had received a stark warning to drastically limit the purchases of ether and its mixtures for factory doctors' offices. The Catholic Church was engaged in fighting this addiction – it was often the topic of sermons, certain priests refused absolution to the addicted, and even reported their parishioners to the police. The consumption of ether was also spread in the regions of Suwałki, south-eastern Poland, the Beskidy mountains, Kujawy, Pomerania and around Częstochowa.


title: Ether addiction

text: Ether came primarily from Germany, smuggled across the border with Germany, sometimes also from Czechoslovakia. Local authorities had estimated the smugglings to amount to thousands of kilograms per year. Ether was primarily carried across the border by inhabitants living close to the border. Also, specially trained dogs were used to smuggle the ether. Both people and dogs had transported the goods in protruding metal containers which lay very close to the body and were attached to it with straps (termed "blachany" in local smuggler parlance, from the Polish word "blacha" meaning "steel sheets", from which they were made). Sometimes special compartments in cars were used, and attempts recorded include transporting ether via cable cars stretched across a border river.


title: Ether addiction

text: Ether was distributed among the villages by wagons transporting straw, as well as by travelling salesmen, organ grinders and beggars. Within the villages themselves, ether was distributed in designated places, termed "kapliczki" ("chapels" in Polish). These were places both of sale and consumption. Many accidents caused by improper handling of fire were recorded at such places.


title: Ether addiction

text: Consumption of ether had taken on diverse forms, beginning from drinking it undiluted, with a sip of water now and then. This was the most effective method; however, it also was quite dangerous: ether is very volatile, and boils at 35 degrees Celsius. It causes hiccups in its gas form, and in extreme cases it might cause the rupture of the stomach wall. Ether was usually diluted using water with a pinch of sugar, cinnamon or honey and cloves. The individual "kapliczki" had their own, heavily guarded recipes for concocting their exhilarating mixtures. Often, particularly amongst the working classes, such as miners, ether was consumed with coffee or raspberry juice.


title: Ether addiction

text: Another recorded means of consumption was by inhalation of vapor, which develops at room temperature due to ether's volatility. The risks to the gastric system inherent in imbibing ether are avoided by using inhalation, and the effects are significantly shorter-lasting.


title: Ether addiction

text: In 1923, the Polish Sejm had forbidden the sale of ether for consumption. In 1928, ether was officially classified as a drug - anti-drug legislation was extended to include it. Severe penalties - up to five years of imprisonment and high financial penalties - from that moment on were not only imposed for smuggling and trade of ether, but also for its possession.


title: Ether addiction

text: In the second half of the 1930s, media as well as government institutions had focused on the problem. In May 1936 a special conference in Katowice was called by the Polish National Committee for Drugs and Prevention of Drug Addictions functioning within the Ministry of Employment and Social Policy.


title: Ether addiction

text: The effects of ether intoxication are similar to those of alcohol intoxication, but more potent. Also, due to NMDA antagonism, the user may experience distorted thinking, euphoria, and visual/auditory hallucinations at higher doses.


title: Ether addiction

text: Ether is still sometimes consumed in border areas of Poland, Slovakia, Lithuania and Estonia (Setomaa).


title: Ether addiction

text: In Tolstoy's War and Peace (set in 1812 and published in 1869) Countess Rostova's sitting-room is described as having a strong smell of Hoffman's drops (Book 3, part 3, chapter 13).


title: Ether addiction

text: In the children's book Curious George Takes a Job, George becomes unconscious after huffing a bottle of ether while in the hospital for a broken leg


title: Ether addiction

text: In an autobiographical work French author Patrick Modiano mentions his use of ether during the early '60s and an indirect references occur in his novels. It is described as used by two characters in Georges Simenon's 1932 crime novel, "L'ombre chinoise" (English: "Maigret Mystified").


title: Ether addiction

text: Ether is referred to in Hunter S. Thompson's 1971 novel "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" for its drug effects, pointedly describing it as having the most powerful and depraved of possessions on men who take it. In fact it is seen in one of the book's most infamous quotes:


title: Ether addiction

text: We had two bags of grass, seventy-five pellets of mescaline, five sheets of high powered blotter acid, a salt shaker half full of cocaine, and a whole galaxy of multi-colored uppers, downers, screamers, laughers... and also a quart of tequila, a quart of rum, a case of Budweiser, a pint of raw ether and two dozen amyls.


title: Ether addiction

text: ... Not that we "needed" all that for the trip, but once you get locked into a serious drug collection, the tendency is to push it as far as you can.


title: Ether addiction

text: The only thing that really worried me was the ether. There is nothing in the world more helpless and irresponsible and depraved than a man in the depths of an ether binge.


title: Ether addiction

text: Thompson's descriptions of ether's effects in his novel are exaggerated and somewhat fictional, along with his invention of adrenochrome's psychedelic effects later in the book.


title: Ether addiction

text: Dr. Foster—Ruth's father, and Milkman Dead's grandfather—is described as an ether addict in Toni Morrison’s novel Song of Solomon.


title: Ether addiction

text: In the second season of the television series "Borgia", Rodrigo Borgia, named Pope Alexander VI, and his mistress become addicted to sweet oil of vitriol (a sixteenth century name for diethyl ether). Delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations plague the pope as he falls deeper into his addiction.


title: Ether addiction

text: In the sixth season of the television adaptation of "Outlander", Claire Fraser temporarily develops an addiction to ether while self-medicating for her PTSD-induced insomnia and nightmares.


title: Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross

text: The Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross is a compact crossover SUV produced by Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors since October 2017. It was previewed by the "XR-PHEV" and "XR-PHEV II" concepts, revealed in 2013 and 2015. The production version was first introduced at the 87th Geneva Motor Show in March 2017. It slots between the RVR/ASX/Outlander Sport and Outlander in Mitsubishi's crossover lineup.


title: Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross

text: The diesel variant was launched in June 2019, followed by the PHEV variant in December 2020. The diesel is not available in North America. The name of this vehicle originates from the unrelated compact sports car, the Eclipse. Unlike the original Eclipse, however, the Eclipse Cross is not assembled in the United States as Mitsubishi closed its Diamond-Star Motors plant in Normal, Illinois in February 2016. Instead, the SUV is assembled in Japan and China.


title: Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross

text: The Eclipse Cross was available in Japan, Australia, and North America from the beginning of 2018. It was released in Japan on March 1, 2018. It was also released in Mexico in the beginning of February 2019. In Mexico, it is offered in GLX, GLS and Limited trim levels.


title: Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross

text: In Indonesia, the Eclipse Cross was revealed on July 9, 2019, and was launched at the 27th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on July 18, 2019. It is only available in Ultimate trim level, in three exterior colour options: Red Diamond, Silky White and Amethyst Black. The Eclipse Cross was discontinued in Indonesia in March 2022.


title: Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross

text: For the 2020 model year in the United States, the Eclipse Cross received several changes. The base "ES" model received redesigned sixteen-inch alloy wheels and all trim levels were now available in front-wheel drive configuration, whereas only the base trim ES was available with front-wheel drive for the previous model year. SE and SEL models also received various standard safety features like forward collision mitigation. Every Eclipse Cross in the Canadian market is sold standard with Mitsubishi's S-AWC 4WD system. Canadian trim levels are the ES, SE, SEL, and top-trim GT, and all have an available 907 kg (2000 lb) towing capacity. Despite no mechanical or suspension differences, every Eclipse Cross sold in the U.S. market is rated to tow 1500 lbs (680 kg) while in the Australian market, a 1600 kg (3500 lb) towing capacity is available.


title: Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross

text: The Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross is currently offered as a petrol, diesel, and PHEV plug-in hybrid depending on the region. The petrol engines are a turbocharged 1.5-liter inline four connected to a CVT transmission with 8 simulated gear ratios and a 2.0-liter inline-four connected to a CVT with 6 simulated gear ratios. A six-speed manual is also available for front-wheel-drive models in some regions. Power output for the 4B40 1.5-liter turbo depend on the region of sale. Lowest output available is 148 hp, followed by 152 hp and 161 hp. Torque remains at 184 ft-lbs (250 Nm) and is produced from 1800 RPM to 3500 RPM. It is Mitsubishi's newest in-house engine design and is equipped with dual-port injection and Mitsubishi's MIVEC intake system. North American models are equipped with the mid-spec engine as standard while Australian models are powered by the lower 148 hp (110 Kw) spec engines. The recommended fuel is regular octane, though the manual states premium fuel may be used for increased performance and mileage depending on conditions. The 4B11 2.0-liter inline-four and 4B12 2.4-liter inline-four have been in production since 2007, with the 2.0-liter being used as the base engine in some regions, while the 2.4-liter is used as the gasoline counterpart in the PHEV version of the Eclipse Cross. The 4N14 2.2-liter inline-four diesel engine comes standard with a traditional eight-speed automatic transmission. In the Eclipse Cross it produces 175 hp and 280 ft-lb (380 Nm) of torque.


title: Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross

text: Mitsubishi sponsored the special on ABC about the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, including photographing the Eclipse Cross along with the eclipse. On that same day, the Eclipse Cross was also shown for the first time on television on "Good Morning America".


title: Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross

text: The Japan-made Eclipse Cross in its most basic Latin American configuration with 3 airbags received 4 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2019.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: The following is a list of members of the families of Archie's Gang appearing in Archie Comics. Primarily featured are the parents of Archie Andrews, Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge and Jughead Jones.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Frederick "Fred" Andrews is the father of Archie Andrews and the son of Archie's grandfather Artie Andrews. Apart from Hiram Lodge, he and his wife Mary appear more in the comics than any other parents in Archie Comics. Archie often calls him "Pop." He was somewhat overweight, and his wife often makes him go on a diet, which he dislikes. He has also lost most of his black hair. Thinning-haired, amply-contoured gentlemen appear to be common in Archie Comics (Mr. Weatherbee, Coach Kleats, Smithers, Pop Tate).


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: He works as a businessman. Although the specifics of his job are not clear, it involves an aspect of industrial automotive sales. He sometimes claims to have more skills than he has. He was conservative, has old-fashioned ideals, and is bothered by the changes in the new generation, which he must endure due to his having a teenage son. However, beneath this lies a very soft heart and he occasionally displays a sense of humor towards Archie. The two of them are close and share many father/son activities. He was portrayed by Luke Perry in the CW series "Riverdale". In the show, he was at first disapprove of Archie's interest interest in music instead of sports, but soon learn to accept it.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Luke Perry died of a stroke in March 2019 and as a result of his death, Fred was killed off-screen by a speeding car while helping someone else who had a flat tire.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Mary Andrews is a middle-aged, pleasant-mannered, red-haired woman and Archie's typical American suburban mother. In earlier years, she was portrayed with white hair and a plump figure, but given a more youthful appearance in later years as with most of the parents of the Archie characters.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Though her husband Fred was the breadwinner in earlier decades, she took a job at a real estate agency in later years. She is often the only one who can keep order among the family. Still, she is more tolerant than her husband, and she and Archie have a typical mother/son relationship. Although she is a disciplinarian and her son is always getting into trouble, she never seems to lose her temper with him. Molly Ringwald portrays Mary in the CW series "Riverdale". This version of the character is separated from Fred and resides in Chicago.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Archie's paternal grandfather appeared sporadically for years before receiving the name Artie Andrews. Sometimes his hair is white, sometimes it is orange, and sometimes it has only partly lost its color. However, his hair almost always has the same crisscross pattern as Archie (which Archie's father oddly lacks). He got his name in "Archie Digest" #239 in October 2007. Mr. Lodge showed him and Archie a classic car that looked like Archie's original jalopy. It was the car Artie had as a teenager when he looked and dressed like Archie from the 1940s. His girlfriend (and eventual wife) Bernice was nearly identical to Betty as a teenager, so when Artie said he married her, Veronica was displeased. His best friend as a teenager was Curly, who looked a lot like Jughead. In "Riverdale," he died in Fred's junior year as shown in a flashback episode.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Spotty is Little Archie's brown dog with black spots. He appeared primarily in "Little Archie", as an honorary member of the gang, so he has been known to tag along with them on their adventures. He has a close relationship with Little Archie, who often worries about him being in danger.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Spotty has made a few appearances in the main continuity, usually shown as an older, less active dog. His most recent appearance in mainstream continuity was "Archie's Double Digest" #196 in 2009.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Archie is featured with his dog, Vegas, in several Archie Comics issues. Vegas is a caramel-colored pup with a red collar.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: In the first Archie appearance (Pep Comics #22, December 1941), Betty's father is called J. B. Cooper. In one frame, he calls a portrait of his to be "in Lodge uniform". This implies that he belonged to a fraternal order (like the Masons); later in the same story, he is shown to be present when a high-wire act in which Archie was involved goes wrong. He is shown wearing said lodge uniform. J. B. Cooper is also shown to be quite a bit older than his later avatars.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: In later stories, Betty's father is shown working as a druggist and is called Hal Cooper. Although he has only a middle-class income, he is a good provider for his family. He is also a highly respected citizen, very civic-minded, and serves on the town council. He is a somewhat rotund fellow and, for a time, his hair was white and thinning. By the 1990s, he was given light brown hair with early signs of baldness. In some early stories he was seen smoking a pipe, but it has been deleted where such stories have been reprinted.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: He once believed in gender stereotypes, but in later years, he and Betty are seen sharing many activities, and he appears to be the one who introduced her to sports. Though he is sometimes frustrated with his daughter's antics, such as her obsession with Archie, he loves her very much and is proud of her achievements. Even so, he is often perplexed by the female nature, especially since his son Chic moved out and he became the only male in the Cooper household. He doesn't approve of Archie's occasional inconsideration of Betty's feelings.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Lochlyn Munro portrays Hal in the TV series "Riverdale". While he is initially portrayed as a respectable, civic-minded family provider, he is later revealed to be a controlling, vengeful persona. In the Season 1 finale, it is revealed that Hal made his then-girlfriend Alice give up her baby son for adoption while they were in high school. He has a long-standing hatred for the Blossom family, which he says is because his grandfather was murdered by a member of the Blossom family and the Blossoms stole the maple syrup business away from the Cooper family. He is enraged when his daughter Polly starts dating the Blossom's eldest son, Jason. When Polly becomes pregnant and Jason is murdered, he sends Polly to the Sisters of Quiet Mercy and blames Polly's departure on a mental breakdown spawned by Jason's abusive nature. He later steals Sherriff Keller's files on the murder as a way to clear him from suspicion. In the penultimate Season 1 episode, Hal reveals to a shocked Alice and Betty that his grandfather and the Blossom's grandfather were brothers and that he tried to keep Polly and Jason apart because they are third cousins. Although Alice initially kicks Hal out of the house in the middle of Season 1 after finding out he tried to get Polly to get an abortion, he moves back in with the family in the season finale.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: It is later revealed in the Season 2 penultimate episode that Hal is the Black Hood, a serial killer who has targeted "sinners" in Riverdale since the end of Season 1. He ended up killing 4 people including Midge Klump, Ms. Grundy, Robert Phillips (the Sugarman), and Dr. Masters. Hal claimed he wanted to "cleanse the town" after being brainwashed as a child by his parents, who made him think such thoughts after his father massacred a family of four. After failing to kill Alice, he was arrested and sent to jail.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Betty's mother Alice Cooper appears at first glance to be identical to Archie's mother Mary, except that her hair is light blonde. Betty claims to be a natural blonde, which Veronica disbelieves, but blonde hair appears to be a family trait. Alice Cooper's maiden name was Smith (in one story, her first name is given as Helen and in another, her first name was given as Millie). She and Betty appear to have the closest mother-child relationship in Archie Comics. She is also a friend of Mary Andrews and Hermione Lodge. Alice shares the same name as the American rock singer Alice Cooper.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: A very warm-hearted woman, she is always there for Betty, very proud of her, and is always willing to help with her problems. Still, she hopes that Betty will eventually outgrow her tomboy phase and embrace some of Veronica's more desirable traits (though Betty does have several traditionally feminine interests). In later years, it is implied that Alice works, but this has not been explored. Even though the Coopers seem to be comfortably Middle Class, she secretly envies the Lodge wealth a little, mainly because she wishes she could afford to buy Betty the nice things the Lodge's buy for Veronica.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Mädchen Amick portrays Alice in the CW series "Riverdale". In this version Alice is very strict and controlling with Betty, demanding only perfection from her. It is implied that this behavior started after Betty's older sister, Polly, had a mental breakdown after a bad relationship with Jason Blossom (although Betty says that Alice was the one who broke Polly; Jason only helped.) Her controlling behavior goes to extremes when Alice forbids Betty to be friends with Veronica and Archie because they are "rotten." She spies on Archie's family and reads her daughter's diary. Betty eventually told Alice not to use Polly and Jason as an excuse to not let her and Archie be together. She works as a reporter in the local newspaper (which the Cooper family owns), but she often publishes yellow journalism, and even publishes Jason Blossom's autopsy, which infuriates Cheryl's mom, Penelope. Alice openly dislikes the Lodge family and tries to shame Hermione in public. Alice's controlling nature is later attributed to her difficult life, with the startling revelation that she grew up on the Southside of Riverdale and was forced to give up her infant son for adoption when she was a teenager by her then-boyfriend Hal, making room for some sympathetic qualities. In Season 2, it was revealed that F.P. Jones was the father of her son, after a brief relationship in high school.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Betty's older sister Polly and brother Chic were introduced in "Little Archie" in the 1960s as teenagers. Polly mainly appeared in stories about her "older sister" relationship with Little Betty, while Chic mostly appeared in the adventure-based stories as Little Archie's teenage friend who could fill the role of "adult" when the plot needed a character who could drive a car, fight with the villains, etc. For years, they were not canonical characters in the mainstream Archie comics. However, by the 1990s, they had been integrated into the main continuity. Both have strawberry-blonde hair, are currently in their twenties, and are close to each other in age, but are significantly older than Betty (Polly still affectionately calls her "baby sister" on occasion). To explain why they rarely appear in the comics, it was established that Polly works as a television news reporter in San Francisco, and Chic works as a secret agent for the United States government. Both occasionally visited their family, though Polly made more appearances. Around 2005, it was revealed that Polly had accepted a job in Riverdale, and she now appears often, mainly in the "Betty" comic book.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Polly and Chic are portrayed by Tiera Skovbye and Hart Denton, respectively, in the TV series "Riverdale". In the show, it is stated that Betty and Polly are the only children of Alice and Hal. The season 1 finale reveals that Alice was pregnant in high school and that she gave a son up for adoption that should now be in his mid-20s. In the show, Polly dates Jason Blossom, whose murder is what the main storyline revolves around through the first season. During the first few episodes, Betty is not allowed to see Polly and is told that Polly is getting help after having a mental breakdown that their parents blame on Jason. It is later revealed that Polly is pregnant with twins and was sent to the Sisters of Quiet Mercy, where she eventually breaks out of and is reunited with her family. In the penultimate episode of season 1, it is discovered that Polly and Jason are third cousins. Chic makes his first appearance in the season 2 mid-season premiere. However, it was revealed that Chic was an impostor and not Betty's real brother. It was also revealed that Chic had allegedly murdered Betty's real brother, Charles Smith and that F.P. Jones was the father of Alice's son. In the Season 3 finale episode, Chic, who's now the new Gargoyle King, teams with Hal and Penelope to kill Archie, Betty, Veronica, and Jughead but was defeated by Jughead. In the same episode, Betty and Jughead meet an FBI agent (portrayed by Wyatt Nash) who turns out to be the real Charles Smith and is also both Betty and Jughead's half-brother.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Caramel is Betty's golden-haired cat. She originally appeared in "Little Archie", but would later become a frequent character in the main continuity. She continues to make occasional appearances. Betty has owned many cats (Max, Susie, Buddy, Samantha, etc.), but Caramel is the best known and the most frequently appearing.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Juniper and Dagwood are Betty's niece and nephew, but they live with Cheryl Blossom, Betty's 3rd cousin.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Jughead's dad Forsythe Pendleton Jones II is very thin, unlike Fred Andrews or Hal Cooper. He looks exactly like Jughead, except for being older and balding. One story gives his name as Victor Jones, and another as Timothy Jones. He sometimes wishes his son could be more athletic like he was as a teenager. He makes enough to provide for his family, even after the birth of his daughter. A few stories have revolved around him having trouble with his job. One story has Jughead going on an investigation due to his father snapping at him because he was doing a demeaning job due to his union being out on strike. That job turned out to be that of city park maintenance which meant cleaning up after different people. The story ends with Jughead joining him at work. However, Mr. Jones usually provides his family with a comfortable middle-class lifestyle.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Skeet Ulrich portrays Forsythe in the TV series "Riverdale". In this version he's the leader of the Southside Serpents, a well-known criminal bike gang; before that he used to work in Fred Andrew's construction company, but Fred fired him after he caught him stealing building material. His nickname in the show is 'FP'. Like Jughead and Archie, he was also a best friend of Fred in childhood and they both were in a musical band together in high school. In Season 2, it was revealed that he was the father of Alice Cooper's infant son, who she was made to give up for adoption.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Jughead's mom Gladys Jones is constantly trying to cure her son of his laziness and get him to do his chores. While Archie and Betty's mothers apparently began working following the feminist movement, Jughead's mother appears to be a stay-at-home mom. This is understandable, due to the birth of Jellybean. She was originally portrayed as very slim and had a nose just like his. In the 1990s, she was made more attractive with a nose normal in appearance, but still makes appearances with her old nose. Both parents having the same nose as Jughead causes contradiction, as Jellybean has a normal nose.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: She is also the sister of Wilma Wilkin (of "That Wilkin Boy"), as they share a brother, Uncle Herman. Jughead has visited his cousin Bingo, who in turn visited Riverdale and his Aunt Gladys.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Hot Dog is Jughead's dog, though when he first appeared, he belonged to Archie. Because of some confusion between the Archie Comics artists and the Filmation animation studio, Hot Dog switched owners frequently when he started appearing more. Hot Dog was eventually given a permanent home at Jugheads.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Hot Dog is a long-haired mutt who resembles a sheepdog. He usually thinks like a human in that his thoughts are presented in voice-over (or thought bubble in the comics) to the audience as asides where the dog's mouth does not move. Hot Dog is lazy, constantly hungry, and has a dislike for Reggie Mantle, much like Jughead. When Jughead's family objected to Hot Dog living indoors because he was covered in dirt, Dilton Doiley built Hot Dog a doghouse full of whimsical inventions, which was the kickoff plot for the miniseries "Hot Dog".


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Forsythia "Jellybean" (or "JB") Jones is a recent addition to the Archie Comics continuity. During the 1990s an attempt to reinvent Jughead Jones's character was started through a story in which Jughead's mother unexpectedly becomes pregnant. This was published in a special storyline called "Jughead's Baby Tales". The story climaxed with Jellybean's birth in "Jughead" #50.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Jellybean was officially named Forsythia after her older brother, whose real name is Forsythe. Jughead dislikes the name in any form, and continues the family tradition of referring to the person only by his/her nickname by calling the baby "Jellybean". This name came from the type of truck that crashed and caused the traffic jam in which she was born. The name also probably stems from Jughead's fabled love of food. To Reggie Mantle, whenever he mentions Jellybean's real name, "Forsythia", some kind of disaster happened to him, like his car being towed, or him slipping on a can, injuring himself, or most notably, being carried away by an elephant from the circus. Despite this, Reggie did receive a short ego boost when Jellybean said her first word, which was veggie, and Jughead and his friends thought it was Reggie leaving Jughead to think that Jellybean would become a carbon copy of Reggie.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Jellybean is friends with Veronica Lodge, whom she initially disliked because Jughead encouraged Jellybean to antagonize Veronica. In one story, Jellybean and Veronica spend too much time together, leading the Joneses to try to separate them.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: In a story called "Picture This", during a trip to the mall with Betty, Veronica wanted to have Jellybean taken to a photo studio (similar to "Glamour Shots"). Betty wasn't sure that Jellybean's parents would approve of it, but Veronica thought no harm would be done (but she sent Betty to the other side of the mall, while she put her scheme into action) and Betty finally relented after seeing the pics, which were adorable. However, this was revealed to be yet another ego-stroking plot to build Veronica up. Her scheme backfired when Jellybean was featured in the sign's picture, but not Veronica, which sent her, not surprisingly, into a temper tantrum. She demanded to be on the display, punctuating her demand by screaming that "A Lodge is NEVER cropped from a photo!" Her picture was put up, but it was a picture taken while she was throwing her tantrum, next to a sign that said "Satisfaction guaranteed or your money back"!


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Jughead adores his sister, one of the few females, aside from his mother, his grandmother, and aunts, Betty, Miss Grundy, or Miss Beazly, that he can live with. Jellybean also loves Jughead very much. Her favorite thing is one of Jughead's old beanies, that she can't go anywhere without. Another one of her favorite things is a recalled toy, although unseen, called Trevor the Too-Too Train, an obvious parody of Thomas the Tank Engine, recalled due to having too many small parts.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: She only occasionally appears in the stories and obviously conflicts with reprints of earlier stories stating or implying that Jughead is an only child. Her communication is expressed to the reader through thought balloons, though no one can understand her. Some later stories have Jellybean speaking short sentences. In one story that focuses on their parents' date from hell, Jellybean exclaims that her parents are "kissing," and later, "not kissing." Jughead is the babysitter in the story.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Jughead and Jellybean are unusual in the Archie world in that they are two of the few characters who are not "only children". Besides the Jones, the Blossom and Cooper families also have more than one child. Betty often babysits her with Jughead.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Souphead Jones is Jughead's young cousin who, except for being much shorter, looks (and often dresses) exactly like him. He is apparently the same age as Leroy and has been around as long, but doesn't appear as often. Both still appear in the occasional new story to this day. He is constantly making Jughead mad but as the years went on in the Archie comics he started to become friends with Jughead.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Grandma and Grandpa Jones are the parents of Jughead's father, Forsythe Pendleton Jones II. They appeared in the episode "The Jones Farm" on "The Archie Show" in 1968. They were depicted as an older couple that both physically resemble Jughead (including having long noses) and live in the country. In the early 1990s, Grandma Jones is reintroduced into the "Jughead" comic book series during Jughead's "new look" period where Jughead became a skateboarder ("Jughead" Vol. 2 #27-38). This version of Grandma Jones (who still bears a strong resemblance to Jughead) is a hip single woman that drives a convertible and lives in the Riverdale suburbs. She also takes guitar lessons from The Potholes (a local band that practices in her garage). She disappears once the "new look" period ends. A more traditional version of Grandma Jones appears in "Jughead" Vol. 2 #55, where Jughead's parents take him and Jellybean to the Jones farm to visit their grandparents. However, this version of Grandma Jones doesn't physically resemble Jughead. She has a normal nose, short gray hair, and a heavier body build than the prior version of Grandma Jones that appeared during the "new look" period. It is also revealed in this story that Jughead's spinster aunt Iris lives with Grandma and Grandpa Jones on the farm. Other relatives live nearby and visit the farm, including Jughead's aunt Jenny and her son Frederick, and aunt Elsie and uncle Ted with their daughter Estelle and twin sons Bobby and Billy. Jughead's aunt Sophie and her daughter Liz are later introduced in "Jughead's Double Digest" #165.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: The billionaire business tycoon Hiram Lodge is Hermione Lodge's husband and Veronica's father. He doesn't like Archie due to his clumsiness but tolerates him because he makes Veronica happy and treats her well. Mr. Lodge is also the richest and most powerful man in the small town of Riverdale.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Hermione Lodge is the wife of Hiram Lodge and mother of Veronica Lodge. Her maiden name has not been revealed. In the Riverdale Universe, it is known to be Gomez.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: According to some stories, Hermione's parents' fortune is what Mr. Lodge built on to make his fortune and business empire, being himself quite destitute (but very ambitious) before he married her. Many other stories, however, run on the assumption that both Hermione and Hiram come from money (he is actually named after the real-life old money Lodge family). The Lodges moved their family to the fictional small town of Riverdale to raise their daughter in a "normal" community. Mrs. Lodge is usually seen doing charity work and her gardening or women's club.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Often a minor character in many stories featured in Archie Comics, Hermione Lodge is a patrician but loving woman who is loyal to her family and often at a loss in dealing with the angst and attitudes of modern teenagers. She is generally portrayed as a slender, white-haired woman, but, like many of the parents of the Archie teenagers, she has been made more youthful in recent years by the writers and editors of the comic book series.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Marisol Nichols portrays Hermione in the CW series "Riverdale". Hermione grew up in Riverdale and dated Archie's father Fred. She left him to marry the wealthy Hiram Lodge and move to New York City. After her husband was arrested for fraud and embezzlement, she and Veronica moved back to Riverdale. She still has a small fortune that her husband stashed before he was arrested. She and Veronica are living in a luxury apartment building in Riverdale that Hermione owns and has a butler and doorman Smithers, still loyal to the Lodge family. She even tried to find work, by trying to get a job as a bookkeeper in her ex-boyfriend Fred Andrew's construction site, however, Fred told her he cannot hire her because of the Lodge's new reputation as money launderers. She finally gets a job as a waitress at Pop's. After Jason's memorial, Hermione ran into Fred, who tells her that the bookkeeper position in his business is still vacant so she can have the job if she wants, which she accepts in excitement.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Leroy Lodge is Veronica's young cousin who is apparently in elementary school. He is something of a troublemaker and prankster, making him resemble a younger version of Reggie. He has been a minor but consistently recurring character since the 1940s. One significant role was in "Archie's R/C Racers", where he was mainly added to give Reggie's team a sixth member and even up the teams. In that series, he often gave the reader tips on how to operate and maintain a remote-controlled vehicle.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Marcy McDermott is Veronica's nerdy cousin who comes to visit her now and then. Debuting in the early 2000s, she is a devoted fan of science fiction who enjoys comic book conventions and "Space Trek" (a parody of "Star Trek"). Veronica is a bit indifferent towards her lifestyle, but Marcy still hangs around and sometimes works as Veronica's assistant whenever needed. She has auburn hair and is a freshman at Riverdale High. Her glasses’ oddly-shaped frames reflect her fondness for science fiction.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Her mother is Veronica's single Aunt Elsie. In one story, Marcy eventually got a stepfamily when Elsie married widower Max Wells (who, unfortunately for Veronica, was the father of her new boyfriend Bryan, making them now cousins).


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Aunt Zoey is Veronica's truck driving aunt. She is a stocky woman with short black hair (with streaks of white and gray), and she is partial to plaid flannel shirts. She does not live in Riverdale, but she visits Veronica whenever her route may bring her into town.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Harper Lodge is Veronica's cousin. She is a teenage girl with long black hair with pink highlights. She visits Riverdale where she's considering attending Riverdale High. She is physically disabled and requires the use of a wheelchair to get around it. She will be revealed as bisexual.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Veronica has had a number of purebred dogs and cats over the years. When she has a dog, it is usually a poodle. Some of these include Fifi and Lucretia, the latter having ended up in a romantic relationship with Hot Dog, much to her chagrin. At the end of one story, they had a litter of puppies. Jughead and Veronica were not pleased at this, because it effectively made them "in-laws". She also briefly had a puppy named Pinky in a "Jughead" comic.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Minari, Beatrice and Smedley are some of Veronica Lodge's purebred cats. Minari has made many appearances in recent stories. Veronica is often portrayed talking to Minari when she is feeling "blue". Beatrice is Veronica's Angora and she often takes her to cat shows, in which she wins many awards. Smedley is often portrayed in the "Little Archie" comics. She was once left in the care of Little Jughead when Veronica, Betty, Reggie, and Archie try to get their families to vacation together, ending in Betty and Veronica getting stuck at a cowboy ranch while Reggie and Archie go deep-water fishing.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: In one "Little Archie" story, Mr. Lodge told how he and Smithers were childhood friends, and Smithers Sr. was the family butler. Back then, Mr. Lodge called him by the nickname Smitty.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Smithers appears in the TV series "Riverdale" portrayed by Tom McBeath. He works as a doorman in a luxury apartment building that is owned by Hermione Lodge and still loyal to Hermione and Veronica Lodge.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Reggie's father Ricky Mantle is the owner (sometimes publisher or editor-in-chief depending on the story) of the local newspaper. In the "Riverdale" TV series, Reggie's father's name has been changed to "Marty".


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Very little is known of Reggie's mother Vicky Mantle—she has appeared only a few times, such as in "Archie's Pals and Gals" #108, and when she does, she is usually only a background character. In the "Riverdale" TV series, Reggie's mother's name has been changed to "Melinda". In the 2016 "Reggie And Me" series it's revealed Reggier's mom is active in worthwhile charities but neglects her own son.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Mr. Clayton is the coach at Riverdale High. He is fair to all his students including his own son Chuck.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Ms. Clayton appears in some issues of Archie Comics. Such as posing as the Riverdale High Girls Basketball Coach and she leads them to the division championship. She is also a loving mother to her son, Chuck Clayton. She is also one of the few female African-American characters.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Chuck is the lead sports person for the football team and his dad is the coach. He is pushed very hard and in "Riverdale" is a character who gets on Betty and Veronica's bad side and spends a lot of time trying to make a new image.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Monica is Chuck Clayton's younger cousin. She is around 11 years old. Chuck used her as the model for his comic book character PowerTween (a sidekick to PowerTeen, which Chuck based on Veronica), and most of her appearances have been in stories where she is dressed as PowerTween, helping to promote Chuck's comics.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Jason Blossom is the twin brother of Cheryl Blossom. His first appearance is "Jughead" #325. He was prominently featured in the "Love Showdown" series. He is very arrogant due to his wealth and attractiveness. His hair is a somewhat darker shade of red than Cheryl's. He wears contact lenses, a fact that is revealed when he loses them due to squirts of water from a water-gun-carrying Veronica Lodge. Jason lives with his family in Pembrooke, the "rich" side of Riverdale, and refers to those who live on the other side as "Townies". He is two minutes older than his sister, a fact of which he is very proud.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: One of Jason's classmates from Pembrooke was his best friend and sidekick, Cedric. At a televised quiz program, similar to "Jeopardy!", Cedric sabotages Dilton to guarantee that Pembrooke will win the event. However, Moose manages to win for Riverdale on a sports question and then clobbers Cedric. On his way to congratulate the winners, Jason refuses to help Cedric up, showing that he, like Cheryl, has limits.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Unlike most characters introduced in the 1980s, he still makes occasional appearances. He most often appeared during the 1990s, when the "Cheryl Blossom" series was published. During that time, the Blossom twins attended Pembrooke High, a private school for rich students. He rarely appears in stories that do not feature his sister, which is why he was used less when "Cheryl Blossom" ended as a series.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Despite Jason's views, he is mainly attracted to Betty Cooper rather than Veronica Lodge, who is much closer to his social status. The two occasionally date, which sometimes makes Archie jealous. He was once seen "practicing" asking Betty out in front of a mirror. In very rare instances, he professes an interest for Veronica, Cheryl's rival. However, a possible relationship with either of them is hindered by his clique's disdain for "townies".


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: In "Archie & Friends #145", Jason and Cheryl tell the Archie Gang that they are officially at the age of 18. Although the two are rivals, Jason does seem to have a lot of respect for Archie and vice versa.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: In "Riverdale", based on the comics, Jason is portrayed by Trevor Stines. He is murdered prior to the beginning of the series and the storyline of Season 1 revolves around his murder. He dated Betty's sister Polly prior to his death and she is initially pregnant with and later gives birth to and raises their children who are twins.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Clifford and Penelope Blossom are Jason and Cheryl's parents. They were originally named Frank and Rose Blossom. Penelope is an attractive woman with the same bright red hair as Cheryl, while Clifford's hair is somewhat darker like Jason's and he has a goatee. Yet in some comics Clifford's hair is grey and balding, also Penelope's hair is shorter, darker, and curly. Created in the age of yuppies, the Blossoms were a much wealthier family than the Lodges, due to the fortune Clifford Blossom made as a software designer. In one story, Clifford's corporation went bankrupt and they were about to lose all their wealth when Mr. Lodge bought out their company to save them from poverty. However, despite their wealth, and much like the Lodges, they're down-to-earth, and not as snobby as their offspring could be.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Clifford and Penelope were instrumental in thwarting Cheryl's scheme to break up the Riverdale gang's friendships for good when they were informed of their daughter's deceit by a concerned Mr. Weatherbee. They forced her to shed her assumed identity of Shirley Merryweather and punished her by making her attend Riverdale High for the remainder of the school year.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: In "Riverdale", Clifford and Penelope are portrayed by Barclay Hope and Nathalie Boltt, respectively.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Sugar is Cheryl Blossom’s purebred Pomeranian dog. Although Cheryl may seem snobby and antagonistic at times, Sugar proves that she has a soft sentimental side. She also proves that Cheryl prefers top-breed dogs to mixed breeds like Hot Dog.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Mrs. Doiley, Dilton's mother, has made a few appearances. She appears similar to Mrs. Andrews or Mrs. Cooper, except for being a bespectacled brunette woman. This appears to be the only case where an "Archie" character's mother appears significantly more than his or her father. Though her son's inventiveness and IQ often confuses her, she is very proud of and supportive of Dilton.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Mr. Doiley hardly ever appears even in the background. He has black hair and spectacles similar to his son Dilton. One of his appearances was made when Dilton, wanting to be like Moose Mason, tries to convince his father to buy him dumbbells. In one story, Dilton found out that Mr. Doiley is actually his stepfather. None of Dilton's friends know this except for Chuck Clayton. Dilton almost ran away from home after the shock of learning it. However, Chuck made Dilton realize that Mr. Doiley loves him like a real father and that he would be heartbroken if Dilton ran away.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Tony Weatherbee is the twin brother of Riverdale Highschool's principle Waldo Weatherbee and the father of Wendy Weatherbee. Unlike his brother Waldo, Tony didn't focus on his studies. He was more interested in socializing. He did eventually go on to become a successful motorcycle customizer. Although Tony and Waldo's relationship had been strained for many years they are now getting back to being as close as they were as children. Unlike the Bee, Tony has a full head of hair (which he wears quite long) and sports a horseshoe mustache.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Wendy "WW (or Double W)" Weatherbee, created by artist Fernando Ruiz and editor Nelson Ribeiro, is the creative and eccentric niece of the principal of Riverdale High School, Waldo Weatherbee. She first appeared in "Tales From Riverdale Digest" #10. At first, Veronica thought she was too quirky, but Betty liked her. She likes to call herself WW. She likes being an individualist. She belongs to an entomology club, has an odd sense of fashion, and keeps all sorts of pets, including a tarantula named Tara and an iguana named Ike. She also has her own website of her likes and dislikes.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Once the boys found out that she was Mr. Weatherbee's niece, they avoided her. The key factor to Wendy's character is that despite her attractiveness, she has a hard time finding a date due to her relationship with the principal. Wendy once tried to get Jughead to like her in "Jughead and Friends" #12 (his individualism was just the sort of thing that interested her). Other potential love interests have included Dilton Doiley, and Bingo Wilkin; however, the stories involving these were one-off plots, no one has become her official boyfriend. Nevertheless, she and Jughead have become friends.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Her father, Tony, who is Mr. Weatherbee's twin brother, appears in "Tales From Riverdale" #28. The Weatherbee twins grew up very different. While Waldo was studious and serious, Tony was more interested in socializing and motorcycle riding. In the end, he started a family and a successful motorcycle business, but he and his brother fell out of touch due to their strained relationship. However, after Wendy was introduced, they put aside their differences and are growing close again.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Ginger Lopez's parents are Eduardo and Gloria Lopez. She also has younger twin sisters named Teresa and Eliza. Little is known about Ginger's family, although both her parents have considerable fame, Eduardo as a chef and Gloria as an animal trainer.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Ramon Rodriguez is Maria's father and for a time the vice-principal of Riverdale High. His initials earned him the affectionate nickname of "Choo-Choo". He is apparently a famous artist, as dictated in one Archie story that he is "the" Ramon Rodriguez.


title: Families of Archie's Gang

text: Chili Dog appeared in the animated "Sabrina the Teenage Witch". When "Hot Dog" was colored white, Chili Dog was colored orange. A running gag on the series is that Hot Dog and Chili Dog are in a state of war with Sabrina's cat Salem.


title: UGG (brand)

text: UGG is an American fashion company primarily known for its sheepskin boots, founded in 1978 by Australian surfer Brian Smith in Santa Monica, California. After putting on his pair of Australian sheepskin boots after a chilly late-night surf in Malibu, Smith realized sheepskin boots weren't available in the United States like they were in Australia, giving Smith the idea to create UGG. UGG specializes in footwear, ready-to-wear, accessories, and home textiles.


title: UGG (brand)

text: UGG was founded in California in 1978 by Australian surfer Brian Smith and Doug Jensen. Smith was living in Santa Monica, California after studying at UCLA's Anderson School of Management. Smith and Jensen first applied to be the United States distributors for the Western Australian sheepskin boot manufacturer, "Country Leather". Unhappy with the brand, Smith trademarked UGG. Later, family friends invested $20,000 into the venture and the group set up "Ugg Imports". In their first season in business, Ugg Imports sold 28 pairs of boots. Due to other business commitments, in 1979 Jensen handed over his share of the company to Smith. Sales steadily grew and Smith set up "Ugg Holdings Inc." and in 1985 registered a US trademark on a rams head logo with the words "Original UGG Boot UGG Australia". By 1994, 80 percent of UGG's sales were in southern Orange County, but the company gained international attention after the boots were worn by the U.S. Olympic team in Lillehammer for the 1994 Winter Olympics.


title: UGG (brand)

text: In 1995, Deckers Brands acquired Smith's business for $14.6 million and continued to expand it. During the late 1990s, UGG began experiencing double-digit sales growth as Deckers developed the company into an international brand. In 2003, UGG boots were included on Oprah Winfrey's show as part of "Oprah's Favorite Things." Afterwards, the brand received an unprecedented surge in sales. In 2006, UGG opened its first brick and mortar store in New York's SoHo neighborhood. The company opened its first international store in Japan later that same year.


title: UGG (brand)

text: UGG partnered with designer shoe brand Jimmy Choo in 2009 to launch a capsule collection combining the brands' styles. The following year, UGG debuted a collection of boots designed in collaboration with Swarovski. The company launched its first men's advertising campaign in 2011 featuring New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady in 2011. The first UGG for Men stand-alone store opened in New York in 2012. UGG reported over $1 billion (U.S) in sales for 2012. UGG products are manufactured in a number of countries, primarily China. Deckers uses two Chinese tanneries to supply the sheepskin. The tanneries in turn source the raw skins from Australia and the United Kingdom.


title: UGG (brand)

text: Its collection of home goods launched in 2013 and included products such as rugs, blankets, pillows and other home pieces. In June 2015, Ugg has announced a collaboration with Pixar. The company launched a capsule collection reflecting Pixar's film "Inside Out", and have produced Disney-themed boots featuring Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse and Tinker Bell.


title: UGG (brand)

text: In 2016, Deckers rebranded to "UGG", instead of "UGG Australia", in response to an investigation by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission because of a complaint that the reference to "Australia", in its branding of sheepskin boots manufactured in China and Vietnam, was misleading and deceptive, and therefore in breach of Australia's consumer protection and fair competition laws. Deckers now refers to the UGG brand as "Californian" rather than "Australian".


title: UGG (brand)

text: In 2020, UGG started debuting seasonal ready-to-wear collections. UGG hired a new senior design team to lead its ready-to-wear collection. The collections are mostly athlesisure, with a focus on faux fur, fleece and sherpa. The collection features men's, women's, and unisex designs.


title: UGG (brand)

text: UGG-branded sheepskin boots have been a style staple since they first appeared on Oprah Winfrey's show in her second edition of "Oprah's Favorite Things" in 2003, in which she purchased over 350 shoes for her staff and audience. The boots gained a large celebrity following and were frequently seen on notable people such as Kate Upton, Blake Lively, Kate Hudson, Cameron Diaz, Jennifer Lopez, Leonardo DiCaprio, The Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood, and Sarah Jessica Parker as Carrie Bradshaw on "Sex and the City". This exposure led to immense growth in the UGG's popularity and recognizability.


title: UGG (brand)

text: In 2013, various "Vogue" editors wrote about wearing an owning UGG-branded sheepskin boots and fashion figures Alexa Chung and André Leon Talley gave testimonials about their UGG-branded sheepskin boots.


title: UGG (brand)

text: In 1971, Shane Steadman registered the trademark "UGH-BOOT" on the Australian Trade Mark Registry, and obtained an Australian registration for "UGH" in 1982. These registrations remained valid in Australia until removed for non-use in 2006. Steadman sold his UGH brand boots widely in Australia throughout the 1970s and 1980s. This registration was subsequently sold to Ugg Holdings Inc. in early 1995. In August 1995, Deckers Brands purchased Ugg Holdings, and in 1999 registered Ugg Holdings trademarks, including the UGG AUSTRALIA label (with sun-like device), in Australia. Attempts by Deckers to stop other traders from using the "UGG" mark in Australia were challenged, ultimately leading to 2006 decisions by IP Australia to remove company's "UGH" and "UGH-BOOTS" trademarks due to non-use, finding that they had not been used during a three-year period ending one month before a removal application was submitted. The Australian trademark that contains "UGG Australia" in stylised text was maintained. But there are many other similar trade marks in Australia that contain the words "UGG Australia" along with other graphical elements. In 2016, the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission investigated Deckers because of a complaint that the reference to "Australia" in its branding was misleading and deceptive, and therefore in breach of Australia's consumer protection and fair competition laws. In response, Deckers rebranded to "UGG", instead of "UGG Australia". Deckers now refers to the UGG brand as "Californian" rather than "Australian".


title: UGG (brand)

text: Deckers continues to hold registrations for the UGG trademark in the United States, China and over 130 other countries. The validity of the UGG trademark outside of Australia has also been challenged, but courts have consistently upheld its validity. In 2004, Deckers filed a case against Koolaburra in the California federal court asserting that their use of "Ug" was trademark infringement. Koolaburra argued that the UGG trademark was invalid as being generic and obtained by fraud. In February 2005, the court ruled for Deckers stating that survey evidence clearly demonstrates that the UGG mark is not generic. There was no evidence that Smith acted with an intent to defraud the Trademark Office, and consumers would likely be confused with the similarity in "appearance, sight and sound" between "Ug" and "UGG" as the parties were marketing in direct competition with identical products. However, the court declined to rule on the validity of Deckers' Australian trademark registrations in the context of the US case.


title: UGG (brand)

text: Other UGG trademark disputes have occurred with companies including Luda Production Pty and Emu Australia, as well as local manufacturers in countries such as Turkey and China.


title: UGG (brand)

text: In August 2016, Australian senator Nick Xenophon called for international protection of the Australian footwear term "ugg".


title: UGG (brand)

text: Deckers actively enforces its trademark rights in those countries in which it has succeeded in obtaining trade mark rights to "UGG". According to Deckers' brand-protection unit, in 2009 it took down 2,500 "fake" websites, 20,000 eBay listings and 150,000 other online auction listings with 60,000 pairs of "counterfeit" UGG footwear confiscated by customs agents.


title: UGG (brand)

text: Law enforcement officials in the UK, the US and China have reported seizures of counterfeit UGG brand boots. In 2009, US customs agents confiscated 60,000 pairs of boots falsely marked with the "UGG" trade mark, and the company took action against 2500 websites that were selling fraudulent products, as well as some 170,000 listings on eBay, Craigslist and similar sites.


title: UGG (brand)

text: The National Arbitration Forum, which has been appointed by ICANN to resolve most Internet domain name disputes, has used Deckers Brands ownership of the UGG trademark in the United States as part of several decisions to direct Internet domains containing UGG to be transferred to Deckers.


title: UGG (brand)

text: Since UGG-branded sheepskin boots are one of many clothing products made from animal skin, the production of UGG-branded sheepskin boots has been the subject of criticism by the animal liberation movement. In the decade beginning in 2000, the animal rights organization PETA called for the boycott of UGG-branded boots and their replacement with alternatives not made from animal skin.


title: UGG (brand)

text: In 2007, Pamela Anderson, realizing that UGG-branded boots were made of sheepskin, wrote on her website that she does not support the brand any longer. In February 2008, the Princeton Animal Welfare Society staged a campus protest against the fur industry, particularly attacking the sheepskin industry. "Students lay in the newly fallen snow on the Frist Campus Center's North Front Lawn on Friday afternoon, feigning death, wearing coats covered with fake blood and sporting signs that read, 'What if you were killed for your coat?' "


title: UGG (brand)

text: UGG makes its footwear within its factories located in Vietnam and China. The sheepskin is primarily sourced from two tanneries in China, and the tanneries in turn source the raw skins from Australia and the United Kingdom.


title: UGG (brand)

text: In 2022, Deckers Outdoor Corporation announced that it would phase alpaca wool out of its brands by the fall of 2023.


title: Neutron moderator

text: In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, ideally without capturing any, leaving them as thermal neutrons with only minimal (thermal) kinetic energy. These thermal neutrons are immensely more susceptible than fast neutrons to propagate a nuclear chain reaction of uranium-235 or other fissile isotope by colliding with their atomic nucleus.


title: Neutron moderator

text: Water (sometimes called "light water" in this context) is the most commonly used moderator (roughly 75% of the world's reactors). Solid graphite (20% of reactors) and heavy water (5% of reactors) are the main alternatives. Beryllium has also been used in some experimental types, and hydrocarbons have been suggested as another possibility.


title: Neutron moderator

text: Neutrons are normally bound into an atomic nucleus, and do not exist free for long in nature. The unbound neutron has a half-life of 10 minutes and 11 seconds. The release of neutrons from the nucleus requires exceeding the binding energy of the neutron, which is typically 7-9 MeV for most isotopes. Neutron sources generate free neutrons by a variety of nuclear reactions, including nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Whatever the source of neutrons, they are released with energies of several MeV.


title: Neutron moderator

text: According to the equipartition theorem, the average kinetic energy, formula_1, can be related to temperature, formula_2, via:


title: Neutron moderator

text: where formula_4 is the neutron mass, formula_5 is the average squared neutron speed, and formula_6 is the Boltzmann constant. The characteristic neutron temperature of several-MeV neutrons is several tens of billions kelvin.


title: Neutron moderator

text: Moderation is the process of the reduction of the initial high speed (high kinetic energy) of the free neutron. Since energy is conserved, this reduction of the neutron speed takes place by transfer of energy to a material called a "moderator".


title: Neutron moderator

text: The probability of scattering of a neutron from a nucleus is given by the scattering cross section. The first couple of collisions with the moderator may be of sufficiently high energy to excite the nucleus of the moderator. Such a collision is inelastic, since some of the kinetic energy is transformed to potential energy by exciting some of the internal degrees of freedom of the nucleus to form an excited state. As the energy of the neutron is lowered, the collisions become predominantly elastic, i.e., the total kinetic energy and momentum of the system (that of the neutron and the nucleus) is conserved.


title: Neutron moderator

text: Given the , as neutrons are very light compared to most nuclei, the most efficient way of removing kinetic energy from the neutron is by choosing a moderating nucleus that has near identical mass.


title: Neutron moderator

text: A collision of a neutron, which has mass of 1, with a H nucleus (a proton) could result in the neutron losing virtually all of its energy in a single head-on collision. More generally, it is necessary to take into account both glancing and head-on collisions. The "mean logarithmic reduction of neutron energy per collision", formula_7, depends only on the atomic mass, formula_8, of the nucleus and is given by:


title: Neutron moderator

text: This can be reasonably approximated to the very simple form formula_10. From this one can deduce formula_11, the expected number of collisions of the neutron with nuclei of a given type that is required to reduce the kinetic energy of a neutron from formula_12 to formula_13


title: Neutron moderator

text: Some nuclei have larger absorption cross sections than others, which removes free neutrons from the flux. Therefore, a further criterion for an efficient moderator is one for which this parameter is small. The "moderating efficiency" gives the ratio of the macroscopic cross sections of scattering, formula_15, weighted by formula_7 divided by that of absorption, formula_17: i.e., formula_18. For a compound moderator composed of more than one element, such as light or heavy water, it is necessary to take into account the moderating and absorbing effect of both the hydrogen isotope and oxygen atom to calculate formula_7. To bring a neutron from the fission energy of formula_12 2 MeV to an formula_21 of 1 eV takes an expected formula_11 of 16 and 29 collisions for HO and DO, respectively. Therefore, neutrons are more rapidly moderated by light water, as H has a far higher formula_15. However, it also has a far higher formula_17, so that the moderating efficiency is nearly 80 times higher for heavy water than for light water.


title: Neutron moderator

text: "The ideal moderator is of low mass, high scattering cross section, and low absorption cross section".


title: Neutron moderator

text: After sufficient impacts, the speed of the neutron will be comparable to the speed of the nuclei given by thermal motion; this neutron is then called a thermal neutron, and the process may also be termed "thermalization". Once at equilibrium at a given temperature the distribution of speeds (energies) expected of rigid spheres scattering elastically is given by the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. This is only slightly modified in a real moderator due to the speed (energy) dependence of the absorption cross-section of most materials, so that low-speed neutrons are preferentially absorbed, so that the true neutron velocity distribution in the core would be slightly hotter than predicted.


title: Neutron moderator

text: In a thermal-neutron reactor, the nucleus of a heavy fuel element such as uranium absorbs a slow-moving free neutron, becomes unstable, and then splits ("fissions") into two smaller atoms ("fission products"). The fission process for U nuclei yields two fission products, two to three fast-moving free neutrons, plus an amount of energy primarily manifested in the kinetic energy of the recoiling fission products. The free neutrons are emitted with a kinetic energy of ~2 MeV each. Because more free neutrons are released from a uranium fission event than thermal neutrons are required to initiate the event, the reaction can become self-sustaining – a chain reaction – under controlled conditions, thus liberating a tremendous amount of energy (see article nuclear fission).


title: Neutron moderator

text: The probability of further fission events is determined by the fission cross section, which is dependent upon the speed (energy) of the incident neutrons. For thermal reactors, high-energy neutrons in the MeV-range are much less likely (though not unable) to cause further fission. The newly released fast neutrons, moving at roughly 10% of the speed of light, must be slowed down or "moderated", typically to speeds of a few kilometres per second, if they are to be likely to cause further fission in neighbouring U nuclei and hence continue the chain reaction. This speed happens to be equivalent to temperatures in the few hundred Celsius range.


title: Neutron moderator

text: In all moderated reactors, some neutrons of all energy levels will produce fission, including fast neutrons. Some reactors are more fully "thermalised" than others; for example, in a CANDU reactor nearly all fission reactions are produced by thermal neutrons, while in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) a considerable portion of the fissions are produced by higher-energy neutrons. In the proposed water-cooled supercritical water reactor (SCWR), the proportion of fast fissions may exceed 50%, making it technically a fast-neutron reactor.


title: Neutron moderator

text: A fast reactor uses no moderator, but relies on fission produced by unmoderated fast neutrons to sustain the chain reaction. In some fast reactor designs, up to 20% of fissions can come from direct fast neutron fission of uranium-238, an isotope which is not fissile at all with thermal neutrons.


title: Neutron moderator

text: Moderators are also used in non-reactor neutron sources, such as plutonium-beryllium (using the (α,n) reaction) and spallation sources (using (p,xn) reactions with neutron rich heavy elements as targets).