text: The 12th century was a time of significant growth in the Byzantine economy, with rising population levels and extensive tracts of new agricultural land being brought into production. Archaeological evidence from both Europe and Asia Minor shows a considerable increase in the size of urban settlements, together with a ‘notable upsurge’ in new towns. In Athens the medieval town experienced a period of rapid and sustained growth, starting in the eleventh century and continuing until the end of the twelfth century. Thessaloniki, the second city of the Empire, hosted a famous summer fair which attracted traders from across the Balkans and even further afield to its bustling market stalls. In Corinth, silk production fuelled a thriving economy. In Asia Minor, some areas had become depopulated due to Turkish raiding in the late eleventh century. Yet as the Komnenian emperors built up extensive fortifications in rural areas during the twelfth century, repopulation of the countryside took place.


title: Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty

text: Overall, given that both population and prosperity increased substantially in this period, economic recovery in Byzantium appears to have been strengthening the economic basis of the state. This helps to explain how the Komnenian emperors, Manuel Komnenos in particular, were able to project their power and influence so widely at this time.


text: The new wealth being generated during this period had a positive impact on Byzantine cultural life. In artistic terms, the twelfth century was a very productive period in Byzantine history. There was a revival in the mosaic art, and regional schools of Architecture began producing many distinctive styles that drew on a range of cultural influences.


text: Manuel's death on 24 September 1180, marked a turning point in the fortunes of the Byzantine Empire. When Manuel died, he was succeeded by his young son Alexios II Komnenos, who was under the guardianship of the empress Maria. Her conduct excited popular indignation, and the consequent disorders, amounting almost to civil war, gave an opportunity to the ambition of Manuel's estranged cousin, Andronikos I Komnenos (r. 1183–1185), son of Isaac Komnenos. Andronikos left his retirement in 1182, and marched on Constantinople with an army that (according to non-Byzantine sources) included Muslim contingents. His arrival was soon followed by a massacre of the Latin inhabitants, which was focused on the Venetian merchants who were settled in some numbers in Constantinople. He was believed to have arranged the poisoning of Alexios II's elder sister Maria the Porphyrogenita and her husband Renier of Montferrat, although Maria herself had encouraged him to intervene. The poisoner was said to be the eunuch Pterygeonites. Soon afterwards he had the empress Maria imprisoned and then killed, by Pterygeonites and the "hetaireiarches" Constantine Tripsychos. Alexios II was compelled to acknowledge Andronikos as colleague in the empire, but was then put to death; the killing was carried out by Tripsychos, Theodore Dadibrenos and Stephen Hagiochristophorites. Andronikos, by 1183 sole emperor, married Agnes of France, a child twelve years of age who had been formerly betrothed to Alexios II. Agnes was a daughter of King Louis VII of France and his third wife Adèle of Champagne. By November 1183, Andronikos associated his younger legitimate son John Komnenos on the throne.


text: Andronikos Komnenos was a man of astounding contrasts. Handsome and eloquent, the new emperor was at the same time known for his licentious exploits. He was energetic, able and determined, but also capable of terrifying brutality, violence and cruelty.


text: Andronikos began his reign well; in particular, the measures he took to reform the government of the empire have been praised by historians. In the provinces, Andronikos' reforms produced a speedy and marked improvement. Andronikos's fierce determination to root out corruption and many other abuses was admirable; under Andronikos, the sale of offices ceased; selection was based on merit, rather than favouritism; officials were paid an adequate salary so as to reduce the temptation of bribery. Every form of corruption was eliminated with ferocious zeal.


text: The people, who felt the severity of his laws, at the same time acknowledged their justice, and found themselves protected from the rapacity of their superiors. Andronikos's energetic efforts to rein in the oppressive tax collectors and officials of the empire did much to alleviate the lot of the peasantry. However, his efforts to check the power of the nobility were considerably more problematic. The aristocrats were infuriated with him, and to make matters worse, Andronikos seems to have become increasingly deranged; executions and violence became increasingly common, and his reign turned into a reign of terror. Andronikos seemed almost to seek the extermination of the aristocracy as a whole. The struggle against the aristocracy turned into wholesale slaughter, as the emperor resorted to ever more ruthless measures to shore up his regime.


text: There were several revolts, leading to an invasion by King William II of Sicily. On September 11, 1185, during his absence from the capital, Stephen Hagiochristophorites moved to arrest Isaac Angelos, whose loyalty was suspect. Isaac killed Hagiochristophorites and took refuge in the church of Hagia Sophia. He appealed to the populace, and a tumult arose which spread rapidly over the whole city.


text: When Andronikos arrived, he found that his authority was overthrown: Isaac had been proclaimed emperor. The deposed Emperor attempted to escape in a boat with his wife Agnes and his mistress, but was captured. Isaac handed him over to the city mob and for three days he was exposed to their fury and resentment. His right hand was cut off, his teeth and hair were pulled out, one of his eyes was gouged out, and, among many other sufferings, boiling water was thrown in his face. At last, led to the Hippodrome of Constantinople, he was hung up by the feet between two pillars, and two Latin soldiers competed as to whose sword would penetrate his body more deeply. He died on September 12, 1185. At the news of the emperor's death, his son and co-emperor, John, was murdered by his own troops in Thrace.


text: Andronikos I was the last of the Komnenoi to rule Constantinople, although his grandsons Alexios and David founded the Empire of Trebizond in 1204. Nevertheless, Andronikos's role in the collapse of the empire is controversial; historians disagree over the extent to which his brief reign influenced events after his death. Andonikos's coup, together with his violent death, had weakened the dynastic continuity and solidarity on which the strength of the Byzantine state had come to rely. Furthermore, his so-called 'anti-Latin' policy has been criticised by some historians as a failure, in view of the increasing hostility it caused towards Byzantium in the west. In particular, Andonikos's failure to prevent the massacre of Latins in Constantinople in 1182 has been seen as especially significant, since henceforth Byzantine foreign policy was invariably perceived as sinister and anti-Latin in the west. It has even been argued that Andronikos's attempts to crush the aristocracy were damaging to the empire's military power, since the aristocracy had become indispensable to the defences of the state. On the other hand, his reforms in the provinces were both wise and beneficial to the internal health and prosperity of the empire.


text: With the death of Andronikos, the Komnenian dynasty, having lasted 104 years, had finally come to an end. The Komnenian period was followed by the dynasty of the Angeloi, who oversaw perhaps the most crucial period in the Decline of the Byzantine Empire. The next quarter of a century would see Constantinople fall to an invading force for the first time in its history, and the final loss of the empire's 'great power' status.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: The power of the Zoan-type provides him with the ability to transform into a full-sized reindeer or a reindeer-human hybrid. A self-developed drug he calls enables him to perform even more transformations for a short time.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Rejected by his herd because of his blue nose and eating the Devil Fruit, Chopper is rescued by Drum Island's quack doctor Doctor Hiriluk. While developing a potion to create cherry blossoms when in contact with snow, Chopper is heartbroken when Hiriluk falls ill with a deadly disease. After Hiriluk's death, Doctor Kureha takes him in as his mentor. After the Straw Hats arrive at Drum Island and take Chopper with them, Kureha uses Hiriluk's potion to turn the snowy sky into cherry blossoms, fulfilling Hiriluk's life mission. When complimented, Chopper acts flustered and sometimes yells at the person who complimented him to stop trying to make him happy. A running gag within the series is when other characters mistake him as a "Tanuki", and he angrily corrects them, pointing out that he is a "Tonakai" (Japanese for "Reindeer").


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Tony Tony Chopper was created by manga artist Eiichiro Oda, the author of the manga series "One Piece" and made his first appearance in its 134th chapter, titled "Dr. Kureha", which was first published in Shueisha's "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine on May 8, 2000. In the original concept art for the Straw Hats, Chopper's default form was a bipedal reindeer with a note that he was a doctor but "an idiot otherwise." Chopper's default form would later be reworked to be smaller and cuter. When creating Chopper, Oda wanted a mascot who is both cute and very weak but also fearless.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: With Chopper's back story, Oda wanted to illustrate that one need not be blood-related to be considered family.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: According to Oda, Chopper is 17 years old (originally 15) and his birthday is December 24. When asked by a fan what the nationalities of the members of the Straw Hat Pirates would be if "One Piece" was set in the real world, Oda replied that Chopper would be Canadian.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Chopper is initially labeled a monster, leading to him to being ostracized. Chopper is very naïve, and has a tendency to believe anything told to him, even the outrageously fictitious, exaggerated lies of Usopp. Chopper loves to be complimented and is incapable of hiding his feelings. After the time-skip he embraces his status because he wants to be a “monster for Luffy."


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: The power of the Zoan-type provides Tony Tony Chopper with the ability to transform into three forms: a human, human-reindeer hybrid or his default reindeer form. In addition to his normal transformations, Chopper developed a drug he calls the , which allows him four additional transformations to use temporarily. Although the primary effects of the rumble ball only last three minutes, Chopper cannot consume a second ball for six hours without adverse effects, mainly the loss of control over his transformations during the three minutes of his second Rumble Ball. If Chopper consumes three Rumble Balls within six hours, he grows to monstrous proportions and loses all self control. This form, known as Monster Point, is extremely powerful, but also has the adverse effect of draining Chopper's life force. After the two-year timeskip Chopper is able to transform into six forms without a rumble ball and can use a rumble ball to control his Monster Point. Later with the help of their enemy and temporary prisoner Caesar Clown, Chopper was able to improve the formula and lengthen the effects of the Rumble Ball ten-fold to thirty minutes at a time.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Since Chopper is an animal who ate the Human-Human Fruit, he can converse with other animals and humans alike.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: In the original Japanese anime of "One Piece", Tony Tony Chopper's main voice actress is Ikue Ōtani. Kazue Ikura voiced Tony Tony Chopper for episodes 254–263. Brina Palencia voices Chopper in the English Funimation dub. Lisa Ortiz voiced him in the 4Kids Entertainment English dub. Emlyn Morinelli voices Chopper in Singapore’s Odex dub.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Chopper grew up on the winter island Drum, where he was an outcast among reindeer due to his blue nose. He ate the "Hito Hito no Mi" (ヒトヒトの実, Human Human Fruit), giving him the ability to speak, think, and transform into a human. This ability further alienated him from the other reindeer, and he was rejected by the herd. He grew up an outcast until taken in by the fake doctor Hiriluk, a former thief, who accepts Chopper as his son to instills within him his initial passion for medicine. After Hiriluk’s death, Chopper becomes Dr. Kureha’s assistant and learns her medical knowledge.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Luffy tries "to convince Chopper to join the crew as the ships Doctor. A frightened Chopper continues to give Luffy the slip and later explains he can’t be part of the crew because he is a monster. Luffy tells Chopper to shut up and come with them regardless, which moves Chopper to tears as he has finally found real friends, people who aren’t afraid of him."


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Chopper is the doctor of the crew and has outstanding knowledge of medicine and medical drugs, as well as the preparation of remedies and ointments from regular fruits, roots and vegetables found on most islands. Most of this he learned during his apprenticeship under Dr. Kureha or from his time at the Birdie Kingdom.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Chopper has appeared in other media besides the manga and it's television anime adaptation. He is featured in most of the "One Piece" films starting with "Movie 3: Chopper's Kingdom of Strange Animal Island", where he is the main character. He is also the main character in the ninth movie, which is a retelling of the storyline during which he was introduced.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Chopper has appeared in many "One Piece" licensed electronic video games. Though in the game, "" he is not labeled as a Straw Hat character, and has no alliance in the game. Though like the rest of the Straw Hat's, he has unlockable costumes outside of his alternate colors. In "" he is aligned with the Straw Hats. He is also a support character in "Jump Super Stars". In 2006, he is featured in the "Dragon Ball"/"One Piece"/"Naruto" crossover game "Battle Stadium D.O.N." as a playable character.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Chopper was seen in "Bokusatsu Tenshi Dokuro-chan" when Sakura mentions "reindeer who are doctors" and other things from anime, while he was freaking out in a forest. He also appears twice in the Webcomic VG Cats. Chopper and other characters also appeared in "Cross Epoch", the crossover with Dragonball Z.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: There have been various pieces of merchandise released for Chopper over the years. Various plush figures have been based on him, including many season based ones, as well as an assortment of others. There have also been many figures released of Chopper. Additionally, there have been many other pieces of merchandise based on Chopper such as cushions, clothing, towels, key chains, and clocks.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Sean Cubillas of Screen Rant ranked Chopper third on a top ten the most adorable anthropomorphic anime animals, writing, “It makes sense that the best-selling manga of all time would also have one of the cutest, talking animal characters of all time. Though berated by humans as a monster and even as an outcast by other reindeer, Tony Tony Chopper hasn't become anything less than a friendly, welcome face for all the fans. It also helps that there's just a lot of One Piece merch centered around him.” In a review, Cubillas writes "Tony Tony Chopper on design alone is already plenty iconic. He's meant to be the mascot for the series and after seeing all of the One Piece merch with his face on it, he's done a pretty good job. The scene to define him, however, comes in his backstory. After tragically losing Dr. Hiluluk to a political assassination, his own poison mushroom soup, and an undisclosed terminal illness, Chopper runs to Dr. Kureha's office waving Hiluluk's pirate flag. He begs the old woman to teach him, proclaiming that he wants to be a doctor that can cure any disease."


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: In another article, Cubillas uniquely gave Chopper two entries in his ranking of the series top ten running gags, noting "Part of the Cowardly Trio, Chopper is as up for a fight as Usopp with an actual illness. Unfortunately for him, he can't quite hide away … it's easy to understand why most characters who see him for the first time tend to think that he's a tanuki (or a raccoon dog). While Chopper has some kinship with other animals, he certainly doesn't like being mislabeled, particularly when this denotes him as the Straw Hat's pet and not as the talented doctor that he truly is."


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: An IGN review of the manga praised Chopper's character as one of the best in the series and said that he was able to be both touching and funny.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: However, Chopper's status as a mascot met with criticism by both fans and critics, who view him as too stereotypical and insufficiently developed compared to the other Straw Hats. Dyler Crews wrote, "Even before Pikachu solidified the concept of a manga and anime franchise having an adorable mascot in the '90s, the trope was already old hat. Looking to cash in on merchandising, Oda simplified Tony Tony Chopper's design to make the character resemble a plush toy. Although Oda didn't relegate Chopper to mascot status only, giving the character an essential job within the crew, Chopper's utility in the story has diminished as his marketability grew. Having the voice actor behind Pikachu didn't help either.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: Chopper ranked in the top ten during the second through seventh popularity polls. Chopper was the fourth most popular character in the second, third, and fourth Japanese popularity polls. He was ranked the seventh most popular character in the fifth and sixth Japanese popularity poll. In the first worldwide popularity poll, Chopper was ranked the sixteenth most-favorite character.


title: Tony Tony Chopper

text: The denouement of Chopper’s introduction arc was rated the ninth most heartbreaking scene in One Piece, and Chopper was involved in half of the top ten most heartbreaking scenes in the manga: the Going Merry’s funeral, Robin saying she wants to live, the Straw Hats’ departure, the Going Merry rescuing the Straw Hats, and the aforementioned denouement, when Kureha fulfills Hiriluk's dying wish by making Drum “bloom” like a Sakura tree. Jamie Lee Curtis said Chopper was her favorite character and that she would like to play Kureha in the Netflix adaptation.


title: Stewart Donald

text: Stewart Donald (born 1974/1975) is an English businessman and football administrator. Based in Witney, Oxfordshire, he is the former chairman and majority shareholder of Sunderland A.F.C. and former CEO of Bridle Insurance.


title: Stewart Donald

text: As of 2018, Donald has worked in the insurance industry "for more than 20 years". Donald and business partner Neil Fox have "acquired a string of companies". In April 2018, his net worth was an estimated £8.4 million.


title: Stewart Donald

text: In February 2010, he bought Eastleigh F.C. in the Conference South. In May 2017, with the club now one division higher in the National League, he told the "Southern Daily Echo" that he would repeat his total investment of £10 million in the club in the aim of getting them into the English Football League. He developed a reputation for being careful with money, saying that he "hit the roof" because the club were giving free bottles of water to players who would only drink half; he saved the team £500 by stopping this.


title: Stewart Donald

text: In July 2015, Donald paid £500,000 to buy a 10% stake in Oxford United, the club he had supported his whole life and previously donated to. He did not become a member of the board due to conflict of interest relating to his role at Eastleigh.


title: Stewart Donald

text: In April 2018, Donald was chosen to be the leader of a consortium offering to purchase Sunderland, who were put up for sale by billionaire owner Ellis Short after a second successive relegation to League One. He agreed to sell Eastleigh so that he could own Sunderland. On 21 May, he officially became owner of Sunderland, doing so without the consortium to speed the transition.


title: Stewart Donald

text: On 31 December 2019, news broke that Donald was reportedly trying to sell the club after 19 months of ownership, due to backlash from fans. A week later, the board stated that it would look to sell the club because "long-term success cannot be achieved by a disunited club". In an interview with Talksport in April 2020, Donald stated that he was aware that he had made mistakes during his tenure as owner and that he understood the fans dissatisfaction. He also stated his intention to still remain a minority shareholder once the club had been sold.


title: Stewart Donald

text: In an interview with BBC Radio Newcastle on 17 July 2020, Donald publicly named his asking price to purchase the club to any interested parties. He denied accusations from supporters that he was "being awkward" over the sale of the club and reaffirmed that "I know fans want me out and I'm desperately trying to get out". One day later, he stepped down as chairman of the club, while remaining owner.


title: Stewart Donald

text: On 24 December 2020, Sunderland confirmed that they had reached an agreement with prospective buyer Kyril Louis-Dreyfus – the 22-year-old son of former Olympique de Marseille owner Robert Louis-Dreyfus – for him to purchase a controlling stake in the club, subject to EFL approval. Approval was granted on 18 February 2021 and Kyril Louis-Dreyfus became chairman and majority shareholder, with Donald, Methven and Sartori remaining as minority shareholders.


title: Jerry Abbott

text: Jerry Bob Abbott (born April 8, 1942) is an American country music songwriter and record producer. He is the father of heavy metal musicians Dimebag Darrell and Vinnie Paul, both of Pantera and Damageplan.


title: Jerry Abbott

text: Jerry Abbott was born in Abilene, Texas, on April 8, 1942. He began playing the piano at age eight, and took up the guitar aged 15. He joined a local band at the age of 18 and spent a few years touring Texas, then began working as a member of resident bands in numerous nightclubs. During this time, he attended college and obtained a business degree. In 1973, Abbott was hired as a sound engineer by the owner of a local recording studio.


title: Jerry Abbott

text: Abbott was married to Norma Carolyn Abbott ("" Adkisson) from 1962 until their divorce in 1979, and the marriage produced two sons: Vincent Paul (1964-2018) and Darrell Lance (1966-2004). His sons co-founded the heavy metal band Pantera in 1981, and Abbott was the band's first manager. He also produced the group's early albums "Metal Magic" (1983), "Projects in the Jungle" (1984), "I Am the Night" (1985) and "Power Metal" (1988), at his recording studio Pantego Sound. All of these albums were released by Metal Magic Records, a label that Abbott had created under the alias Jerry Eld'n.


title: Jerry Abbott

text: After Pantera agreed to a major-label deal with Atco Records in 1989, Abbott left his role as the band's producer, though "Cowboys from Hell" (1990) and "Vulgar Display of Power" (1992) were both recorded at Pantego Sound. In Texas, Abbott also served as a producer for Texas blues artist Bugs Henderson. Abbott then moved to Nashville to become a country songwriter, and founded a new studio, Abtrax Recording. "Far Beyond Driven" (1994) was recorded at Abtrax. Abbott was successful as a songwriter and received songwriting credits for songs recorded by artists such as Emmylou Harris and Freddy Fender.


title: Jerry Abbott

text: Abbott's former wife Carolyn died from lung cancer in 1999. His younger son Darrell was murdered in 2004 and his elder son Vincent died from a heart attack in 2018. All three are buried at the Moore Memorial Gardens cemetery in Arlington, Texas.


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide or ferric oxyhydroxide is the chemical compound of iron, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula .


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: The compound is often encountered as one of its hydrates, ·"n" [rust]. The monohydrate · is often referred to as iron(III) hydroxide , hydrated iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, or Pigment Yellow 42.


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: Anhydrous ferric hydroxide occurs in the nature as the exceedingly rare mineral bernalite, Fe(OH)·"n"HO (n=0.0-0.25). Iron oxyhydroxides, , are much more common and occur naturally as structurally different minerals (polymorphs) denoted by the Greek letters α, β, γ and δ.


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: Goethite and lepidocrocite, both crystallizing in orthorhombic system, are the most common forms of iron(III) oxyhydroxide and the most important mineral carriers of iron in soils.


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: The color of iron(III) oxyhydroxide ranges from yellow through dark-brown to black, depending on the degree of hydration, particle size and shape, and crystal structure.


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: The crystal structure of β- (akaganeite) is that of hollandite or . The unit cell is tetragonal with "a"=1.048 and "c"=0.3023 nm, and contains eight formula units of FeOOH. Its dimensions are about 500 × 50 × 50 nm. Twinning often produces particles with the shape of hexagonal stars.


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: Limonite, a mixture of various hydrates and polymorphs of ferric oxyhydroxide, is one of the three major iron ores, having been used since at least 2500 BC.


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: Yellow iron oxide, or Pigment Yellow 42, is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in cosmetics and is used in some tattoo inks.


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: Iron oxide-hydroxide nanoparticles have been studied as possible adsorbents for lead removal from aquatic media.


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: Thus the oxyhydroxide can be obtained in the lab by reacting an iron(III) salt, such as ferric chloride or ferric nitrate, with sodium hydroxide:


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: In fact, when dissolved in water, pure will hydrolyze to some extent, yielding the oxyhydroxide and making the solution acidic:


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: Therefore, the compound can also be obtained by the decomposition of acidic solutions of iron(III) chloride held near the boiling point for days or weeks:


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: (The same process applied to iron(III) nitrate or perchlorate solutions yields instead particles of α-.)


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: Another similar route is the decomposition of iron(III) nitrate dissolved in stearic acid at about 120 °C.


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: The oxyhydroxide prepared from ferric chloride is usually the β polymorph (akaganeite), often in the form of thin needles.


title: Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide

text: The oxyhydroxide can also be produced by a solid-state transformation from iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate ·4.


title: Online poker

text: Online poker is the game of poker played over the Internet. It has been partly responsible for a huge increase in the number of poker players worldwide. Christiansen Capital Advisors stated online poker revenues grew from $82.7 million in 2001 to $2.4 billion in 2005, while a survey carried out by DrKW and Global Betting and Gaming Consultants asserted online poker revenues in 2004 were at $1.4 billion. In a testimony before the United States Senate regarding Internet Gaming, Grant Eve, a Certified Public Accountant representing the US Accounting Firm Joseph Eve, Certified Public Accountants, estimated that one in every four dollars gambled is gambled online.


title: Online poker

text: Traditional (or "brick and mortar", B&M, live, land-based) venues for playing poker, such as casinos and poker rooms, may be intimidating for novice players and are often located in geographically disparate locations. Also, brick and mortar casinos are reluctant to promote poker because it is difficult for them to profit from it. Though the rake, or time charge, of traditional casinos is often high, the opportunity costs of running a poker room are even higher. Brick and mortar casinos often make much more money by removing poker rooms and adding more slot machines. For example, figures from the Gaming Accounting Firm Joseph Eve estimate that poker accounts for 1% of brick and mortar casino revenues.


title: Online poker

text: Online venues, by contrast, are dramatically cheaper because they have much smaller overhead costs. For example, adding another table does not take up valuable space like it would for a brick and mortar casino. Online poker rooms also allow the players to play for low stakes (as low as 1¢/2¢) and often offer poker freeroll tournaments (where there is no entry fee), attracting beginners and/or less wealthy clientele.


title: Online poker

text: Online venues may be more vulnerable to certain types of fraud, especially collusion between players. However, they have collusion detection abilities that do not exist in brick and mortar casinos. For example, online poker room security employees can look at the hand history of the cards previously played by any player on the site, making patterns of behavior easier to detect than in a casino where colluding players can simply fold their hands without anyone ever knowing the strength of their holding. Online poker rooms also check players' IP addresses in order to prevent players at the same household or at known open proxy servers from playing on the same tables. Digital device fingerprinting also allows poker sites to recognize and block players who create new accounts in attempts to circumvent prior account bans, restrictions and closures.


title: Online poker

text: Free poker online was played as early as the late 1990s in the form of IRC poker. Planet Poker was the first online card room to offer real money games in 1998. The first real money poker game was dealt on January 1, 1998. Author Mike Caro became the "face" of Planet Poker in October 1999.


title: Online poker

text: The major online poker sites offer varying features to entice new players. One common feature is to offer tournaments called satellites by which the winners gain entry to real-life poker tournaments. It was through one such tournament on PokerStars that Chris Moneymaker won his entry to the 2003 World Series of Poker. He went on to win the main event, causing shock in the poker world, and beginning the poker boom. The 2004 World Series featured three times as many players as in 2003. At least four players in the WSOP final table won their entry through an online cardroom. Like Moneymaker, 2004 winner Greg Raymer also won his entry at the PokerStars online cardroom.


title: Online poker

text: In October 2004, Sportingbet, at the time the world's largest publicly traded online gaming company (SBT.L), announced the acquisition of ParadisePoker.com, one of the online poker industry's first and largest cardrooms. The $340 million acquisition marked the first time an online card room was owned by a public company. Since then, several other card room parent companies have gone public.


title: Online poker

text: In June 2005, PartyGaming, the parent company of the then-largest online cardroom, PartyPoker, went public on the London Stock Exchange, achieving an initial public offering market value in excess of $8 billion. At the time of the IPO, ninety-two percent of Party Gaming's income came from poker operations.


title: Online poker

text: In early 2006, PartyGaming moved to acquire EmpirePoker.com from Empire Online. Later in the year, bwin, an Austrian-based online gambling company, acquired PokerRoom.com. Other poker rooms such as PokerStars that were rumored to be exploring initial public offerings have postponed them.


title: Online poker

text: As of March 2008, there are fewer than forty stand-alone cardrooms and poker networks with detectable levels of traffic. There are however more than 600 independent doorways or 'skins' into the group of network sites. As of January 2009, the majority of online poker traffic occurs on just a few major networks, among them PokerStars, Full Tilt Poker and the iPoker Network.


title: Online poker

text: As of February 2010, there are approximately 545 online poker websites. Within the 545 active sites, about two dozen are stand-alone sites (down from 40 in March 2008), while the remaining sites are called “skins” and operate on 21 different shared networks, the largest network being iPoker which has dozens of skins operating on its network. Of all the online poker rooms PokerStars.com is deemed the world's largest poker site by number of players on site at any one time. By May 2012 PokerStars.com had increased their market share to more than 56%.


title: Online poker

text: The year 2011 is known as the infamous year of Black Friday, when the U.S Department of Justice seized the domain names of PokerStars, Full Tilt & Absolute Poker, effectively freezing the bankrolls of their player base. Full Tilt was accused by the DoJ of acting as a Ponzi scheme and scamming players out of $300 million. On the other hand, PokerStars paid $1 billion in fines immediately.


title: Online poker

text: In 2014, PokerStars became the largest publicly traded company in the industry of poker when businessman David Baazov initiated a takeover bid costing $4.9 billion.


title: Online poker

text: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a massive increase in online poker traffic. The pandemic is believed to have directed both professional and recreational players who normally prefer live poker to online platforms due to the indefinite closure of most casinos and other live gaming venues worldwide, with even many unlicensed venues shutting down. In addition, the sudden dearth of live entertainment options due to the widespread disruption of the sports and entertainment schedules around the world is believed to have resulted in more than the usual number of casual players turning to online poker as an alternative. Many operators reported traffic of double or more the previous volume, depending on the time of day.


title: Online poker

text: From a legal perspective, online poker may differ in some ways from online casino gambling. However, many of the same issues do apply. For a discussion of the legality of online gambling in general, see online gambling.


title: Online poker

text: Online poker is legal and regulated in many countries including several nations in and around the Caribbean Sea, and most notably the United Kingdom.


title: Online poker

text: In the United States, the North Dakota House of Representatives passed a bill in February 2005 to legalize and regulate online poker and online poker card room operators in the state. The legislation required that online poker operations would have to physically locate their entire operations in the state. Testifying before the state Senate Judiciary committee, Nigel Payne, CEO of Sportingbet and owner of Paradise Poker, pledged to relocate to the state if the bill became law.


title: Online poker

text: The measure, however, was defeated by the State Senate in March 2005 after the U.S. Department of Justice sent a letter to North Dakota attorney general Wayne Stenehjem stating that online gaming "may" be illegal, and that the pending legislation "might" violate the federal Wire Act. However, many legal experts dispute the DOJ's claim.


title: Online poker

text: In response to this and other claims by the DOJ regarding the legality of online poker, many of the major online poker sites stopped advertising their "dot-com" sites in American media. Instead, they created "dot-net" sites that are virtually identical but offer no real money wagering. The sites advertise as poker schools or ways to learn the game for free, and feature words to the effect of "this is not a gambling website."


title: Online poker

text: On October 13, 2006, President Bush officially signed into law the SAFE Port Act, a bill aimed at enhancing security at U.S. ports. Attached to the Safe Port Act was a provision known as the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 (UIGEA). According to the UIGEA, "unlawful internet gambling" means to place, receive, or otherwise knowingly transmit a bet or wager by means of the internet where such bet is unlawful under any law in the State in which the bet is initiated, received, or otherwise made. Thus, the UIGEA prohibits online gambling sites from performing transactions with American financial institutions. As a result of the bill, several large publicly traded poker gaming sites such as PartyPoker, PacificPoker and bwin closed down their US-facing operations. The UIGEA has had a devastating effect on the stock value of these companies. Some poker sites, such as PokerStars, Full Tilt Poker, Absolute Poker, continued to operate and remained open to US players.


title: Online poker

text: Following passage of UIGEA, former U.S. Senator Al D'Amato joined the Poker Players Alliance (PPA). Part of the PPA's mission is to protect and to advocate for the right of poker players to play online. D'Amato's responsibilities include Congressional lobbying. In April 2008, the PPA claimed over 1,000,000 members.


title: Online poker

text: Other grassroots organizations, including the Safe and Secure Internet Gambling Initiative, have formed in opposition to UIGEA, to promote the freedom of individuals to gamble online with the proper safeguards to protect consumers and ensure the integrity of financial transactions.


title: Online poker

text: On November 27, 2009, Department of the Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke announced a six-month delay, until June 1, 2010, for required compliance with the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 (UIGEA). The move blocks regulations to implement the legislation which requires the financial services sector to comply with ambiguous and burdensome rules in an attempt to prevent unlawful Internet gambling transactions.


title: Online poker

text: On July 28, 2010, the House Financial Services Committee passed H.R. 2267 by a vote of 41–22–1. The bill would legalize and regulate online poker in the United States.


title: Online poker

text: In September 2010, the Washington State Supreme Court upheld a law making playing poker online a felony.


title: Online poker

text: On April 15, 2011, in U. S. v. Scheinberg et al. (10 Cr. 336), the Federal Bureau of Investigation temporarily shut down three major poker .com websites of Full Tilt Poker, Poker Stars, and Absolute Poker, and seized several of their bank accounts. A grand jury charged 11 defendants, including the founders of the poker sites, with bank fraud, money laundering, and violating gambling laws. The prosecutors claim the individuals tricked or influenced U.S. banks into receiving profits from online gambling, an act that violated UIGEA. The same day, former Senator D'Amato released a comment on behalf of the PPA. He asserts that, "Online poker is not a crime and should not be treated as such." D'Amato made no comment on the specific charges raised but promised a response once the "full facts become available." He responded in the Washington Post on April 22. The actions by the Department of Justice were also criticized by gaming law experts, including I. Nelson Rose.


title: Online poker

text: On September 20, 2011, in response to guidance requested by the states of Illinois and New York regarding the sale of lottery tickets online, the Department of Justice issued a memorandum opinion stating that the Wire Act does not prohibit lottery sales over the internet because it deals solely with wagering on sporting contests. While this opinion does not address online poker specifically, the reasoning employed interprets the Wire Act in such a way that its provisions don't apply to the game of poker.


title: Online poker

text: On August 21, 2012, a federal judge in New York ruled that poker is not gambling under federal law because it is primarily a game of skill, not chance. The ruling resulted in the dismissal of a federal criminal indictment against a man convicted of conspiring to operate an illegal underground poker club. The judge relied in his decision largely on findings by a defense expert who analyzed Internet poker games.


title: Online poker

text: On April 30, 2013, Nevada became the first U.S. state to allow persons physically located within the state and at least 21 years of age to play poker online for money legally.


title: Online poker

text: In late October, Delaware launched its regulated online gambling market. Controlled by the Delaware Lottery, the state offers online casino games in addition to online poker.


title: Online poker

text: On February 25, 2014, Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval and Delaware Governor Jack Markell signed the first interstate poker compact, an agreement that will allow online poker players from Nevada to play for real money against players located in Delaware. The compact is limited to online poker only, as that is the only game currently permitted under Nevada law. Should more states enter into the agreement, something that is provided for under the terms of the compact, more games could be offered.


title: Online poker

text: Following an agreement between Nevada, Delaware, and New Jersey governments to allow player pooling between all three states, a three-state online poker compact went live on May 1, 2018.


title: Online poker

text: In Australia the Interactive Gambling Act was signed into law in 2001. The act makes it illegal for online poker providers to operate or advertise their services in Australia. The intention of the act was to entirely prohibit online poker, but the act itself only forbids operators based in Australia from providing their service. It did not prohibit citizens from accessing the online poker services of providers that were based overseas.


title: Online poker

text: The Interactive Gambling Amendment Bill was passed in 2017 in response to the failings of the 2001 Interactive Gambling Act. This provided a significant improvement towards ensuring consumer protection and responsible gaming in Australian citizens. This latest bill successfully forced the major poker companies to stop offering their services to Australian citizens.


title: Online poker

text: Although there are certain provisions in the law which allow licensed establishments to provide online poker services, there is no agency set up to issue any of such required licenses.


title: Online poker

text: Typically, online poker rooms generate the bulk of their revenue via four methods. First, there is the rake. Similar to the vig paid to a bookie, the rake is a fee paid to the house for hosting the game. Rake is collected from most real money ring game pots. The rake is normally calculated as a percentage of the pot based on a sliding scale and capped at some maximum fee. Each online poker room determines its own rake structure. Since the expenses for running an online poker table are smaller than those for running a live poker table, rake in most online poker rooms is much smaller than its brick and mortar counterpart.


title: Online poker

text: Second, hands played in pre-scheduled multi-table and impromptu sit-and-go tournaments are not raked, but rather an entry fee around five to ten percent of the tournament buy-in is added to the entry cost of the tournament. These two are usually specified in the tournament details as, e.g., $20+$2 ($20 represents the buy-in that goes into the prize pool and $2 represents the entry fee, de facto rake). Unlike real casino tournaments, online tournaments do not deduct dealer tips and other expenses from the prize pool.


title: Online poker

text: Third, some online poker sites also offer side games like blackjack, roulettes, or side bets on poker hands where the player plays against "the house" for real money. The odds are in the house's favor in these games, thus producing a profit for the house. Some sites go as far as getting affiliated with online casinos, or even integrating them into the poker room software.


title: Online poker

text: Fourth, like almost all institutions that hold money, online poker sites invest the money that players deposit. Regulations in most jurisdictions exist in an effort to limit the sort of risks sites can take with their clients' money. However, since the sites do not have to pay interest on players' bankrolls even low-risk investments can be a significant source of revenue.


title: Online poker

text: Many critics question whether the operators of such games - especially those located in jurisdictions separate from most of their players - might be engaging in fraud themselves.


title: Online poker

text: Internet discussion forums are rife with allegations of non-random card dealing, possibly to favour house-employed players or "bots" (poker-playing software disguised as a human opponent), or to give multiple players good hands thus increasing the bets and the rake, or simply to prevent new players from losing so quickly that they become discouraged. However, despite anecdotal evidence to support such claims, others argue that the rake is sufficiently large that such abuses would be unnecessary and foolish. Attempts at manipulative dealing could face a risk of third party detection due to increasingly sophisticated tracking software that could be used to detect any number of unusual patterns, though such analyses are not generally available in the public domain.


title: Online poker

text: Many players claim to see many "bad beats" with large hands pitted against others all too often at a rate that seems to be a lot more common than in live games. However, this could be caused by the higher hands per hour at on-line cardrooms. Since online players get to see more hands, their likelihood of seeing more improbable bad beats or randomly large pots is similarly increased.


title: Online poker

text: Many online poker sites are certified by major auditing firms like PricewaterhouseCoopers to review the fairness of the random number generator, shuffle, and payouts for some sites.


title: Online poker

text: Insider cheating occurs when a person with trusted access to the system (e.g. an employee of the poker room) uses their position to play poker themselves with an unfair advantage. This can be done without the knowledge of the site managers.


title: Online poker

text: Perhaps the first known major case came to light in October 2007, when Absolute Poker acknowledged that its integrity had been breached by an employee, who had been able to play at high stakes while viewing his opponents' hidden "hole" cards. The cheating was first brought to light by the efforts of players, whose saved histories of play showed the employee was playing as only someone who could see their opponents' cards could.


title: Online poker

text: In 2008, UltimateBet became embroiled in a similar scandal, with former employees accused of using a software backdoor to see opponents' cards. UltimateBet confirmed the allegations on May 29. The Kahnawake Gaming Commission announced sanctions against UltimateBet as a result.


title: Online poker

text: More mundane cheating involves collusion between players, or the use of multiple accounts by a single player. Collusion is not limited to online play but can occur in any poker game with three or more players. Most poker rooms claim to actively scan for such activity. For example, in 2007, PokerStars disqualified TheV0id, the winner of the main event of the World Championship of Online Poker for breaching their terms of service.


title: Online poker

text: One difference is that players do not sit near each other, removing the ability to observe others' reactions and body language. Instead, online poker players focus on opponents' betting patterns, reaction times, speed of play, use of check boxes/auto plays, opponents' fold/flop percentages, chat box, waiting for the big blind, beginners' tells, and other behavior tells that are not physical in nature. Since poker requires adaptability, successful online players learn to master the new frontiers of their surroundings.


title: Online poker

text: Another less obvious difference is the rate of play. In brick and mortar cardroooms, the dealer has to collect , shuffle, and deal the cards after every hand. Due to this and other delays common in offline casinos, the average rate of play is around thirty hands per hour. Online casinos do not have these delays. Dealing and shuffling are instantaneous, there are no delays relating to counting chips (for a split pot), and on average the play is faster due to "auto-action" buttons (where the player selects their action before their turn). It is not uncommon for an online poker table to average ninety to one hundred hands per hour.


title: Online poker

text: Online poker is cheaper to play than conventional poker. While the rake structures of online poker sites might not differ from those in brick and mortar operations, most of the other incidental expenses entailed by playing in a live room do not exist in online poker. An online poker player can play at home and incur no transportation costs to and from the poker room. Provided the player already has a computer and an Internet connection, there are no up-front equipment costs to get started. There are also considerable incidental expenses at a live poker table. Besides the rake, tipping the dealers, chip runners, servers, and other casino employees is expected, putting a further drain on a player's profits. Also, while an online player can enter and leave tables almost as they please, once seated at a live table a player must remain there until they wish to stop playing or else go back to the bottom of the waiting list. Food and beverages at casinos are expensive even compared to other hospitality establishments in the same city, let alone at home, and casino managers have little incentive to provide complimentary food or drink for poker players.


title: Online poker

text: In brick and mortar casinos, the only real way a player can increase their earnings is to increase their limit, likely encountering better opponents in the process. In the online world, players have another option: play more tables. Unlike a traditional casino where it is physically impossible to play at more than one table at a time, most online poker rooms permit this. Depending on the site and the player's ability to make speedy decisions, a player might play several tables at the same time, viewing them each in a separate window on the computer display. For example, an average profit around $10 per 100 hands at a low-limit game is generally considered to be good play. In a casino, this would earn a player under $4 an hour. After dealer tips, the "winning" player would probably barely break even before any other incidental expenses. In an online poker room, a player with the same win rate playing a relatively easy pace of four tables at once at a relatively sluggish 60 hands per hour each earns about $24/hour on average. The main restriction limiting the number of tables a player can play is the need to make consistently good decisions within the allotted time at every table, but some online players can effectively play up to eight or more tables at once. This can not only increase winnings but can also help to keep a player's income reasonably stable, since instead of staking their entire bankroll on one higher limit table they are splitting their bankroll, wins and losses amongst many lower limit tables, probably also encountering somewhat less skilled opponents in the process.


title: Online poker

text: Another important difference results from the fact that some online poker rooms offer online poker schools that teach the basics and significantly speed up the learning curve for novices. Many online poker rooms also provide free money play so that players may practice these skills in various poker games and limits without the risk of losing real money, and generally offer the hand history of played hands for analysis and discussion using a poker hand converter. People who previously had no way to learn and improve because they had no one to play with now have the ability to learn the game much quicker and gain experience from free-money play.


title: Online poker

text: The limits associated with online poker range down to far lower levels than the table limits at a traditional casino. The marginal cost of opening each online table is so minuscule that on some gambling sites players can find limits as low as $.01–$.02. By comparison, at most brick and mortar establishments the lowest limits are often $1–$2.


title: Online poker

text: Few (if any) online poker sites allow action to be taken "in the dark", while this is usually allowed and applied by players in real gaming houses. It is also not uncommon for online poker sites to not allow a player the option of showing their hand before folding if they are the giving up the pot to the last remaining bettor. This practice is also typically allowed in casinos.


title: Online poker

text: One issue exclusive to online poker is the fact that players come from around the world and deal in a variety of currencies. This is not an issue in live poker where everyone present can be expected to carry the local currency. Most online poker sites operate games exclusively in U.S. dollars, even if they do not accept players based in the United States. There are two methods by which poker sites can cater to players who do not deal with U.S. dollars on a regular basis.


title: Online poker

text: The first method is to hold players' funds in their native currencies and convert them only when players enter and leave games. The main benefit of this method for players is to ensure that bankrolls are not subject to exchange rate fluctuations against their local currencies while they are not playing. Also, most sites that use this method usually apply the same exchange rate when a player cashes out of a game as when he bought in, ensuring that players do not expend significant sums simply by entering and leaving games.


title: Online poker

text: The other method is to require players to convert their funds when depositing them. However, some sites that use this policy do accept payments in a variety of currencies and convert funds at a lower premium compared to what banks and credit card companies would charge. Others only accept payment in U.S. dollars. One benefit of this method is that a player who constantly "tops up" his chip stack to a constant level (some poker rooms have an optional feature that can perform this function automatically) does not have to worry about rounding issues when topping up with a nominal sum – these could add up over time.


title: Online poker

text: Players may also make use of ewallets, virtual wallets that will allow players to store their funds online in the currency of their choice. Using crypto poker only platforms, like SWC Poker, allows users to deposit and withdraw funds from poker platforms without worrying about further currency conversion and identity checks.


title: Online poker

text: Many online poker sites, particularly those that serve the United States, began adopting cryptocurrencies in 2013 as a means of bypassing the UIGEA. The majority of these poker rooms accept deposits in Bitcoin and then convert them to U.S. dollars, performing this process in reverse when paying out winnings. There also exist cryptocurrency-only operators who denominate their games in Bitcoin or fractions of a bitcoin, avoiding fiat currencies entirely.


title: Online poker

text: Various software applications are available for online play. Such tools include hand database programs that save, sort, and recall all hand histories played online. Scanning the active tables for known players and displaying previous statistics from hands with those players next to their name (known as a heads up display or HUD) is a common feature of these programs and is allowed by most sites. Other programs include hand re-players and odds, equity or variance calculators. Some software goes as far as to provide you with quizzes, or scan your previously played hands and flag likely mistakes.


title: Online poker

text: Many online poker sites offer incentives to players, especially new depositors, in the form of bonuses. Usually, the bonuses are paid out incrementally as certain amounts are raked by the player. For example, a site may offer a player who deposits $100 a bonus of $50 that awards $5 every time the player rakes $25. To earn the full $50 bonus sum, the player would have to rake $250 in total.


title: Online poker

text: Many online cardrooms also have VIP programs to reward regular players. Poker rooms often offer additional bonuses for players who wish to top-up their accounts. These are known as reload bonuses.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The fifth generation Ram pickup was introduced by FCA US LLC in January 2018 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The Ram 1500 and Ram Heavy Duty (HD) both have a drag area of 13 ft (1.21 m). Full LED headlamps are available as an option on most trim levels, although most models also feature LED Daytime Running Lamps (DRL's). Either black or chrome front and rear bumpers, side mirrors, and door and tailgate handles, as well as black or chrome front grilles with unique designs for each trim level are available. All front grilles now feature the "RAM" lettering (this was only available on the higher trim levels of the previous generation). A vented Sport Hood is available on select trim levels. 18-inch, 20-inch, and 22-inch aluminum-alloy wheels (styled steel for base Tradesman models) are available, depending on the trim level selected. In addition, a newly redesigned RAM "Ram's-Head" graces the tailgate, as well as the steering wheel.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The 2019 Ram 1500 is available in two different configurations: either a four-door Quad Cab (Extended Cab) with a Standard Bed, or a four-door Crew Cab with either a Short Bed or a Standard Bed. A two-door Regular Cab model is unavailable with the new Ram 1500, due to low demand for this configuration.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The Ram Heavy Duty (HD) is available in three different configurations: a two-door Regular Cab with a Long Bed, a four-door Crew Cab with either a Standard Bed or a Long Bed, or a four-door Mega Cab with a Standard Bed.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The 2019 Ram 1500 is available in Tradesman, HFE (High Efficiency), Big Horn, Rebel, Laramie, Laramie Longhorn, and Laramie Limited trim levels (addition of the Sport model for Canada only). Each trim level of the Ram 1500 features its own interior design theme, with different materials and color schemes used throughout. Ram 1500 interior designers used different types of hammers as inspiration for interior designs.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The Tradesman trim level is the most basic trim level on the Ram 1500. Its design is more basic than other trim levels, with halogen headlamps, incandescent tail lamps, and a black plastic grille. The interior contains vinyl or cloth seats and the Uconnect 3 5.0BT radio.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: More up-level than the Tradesman, the Big Horn/Lone Star comes standard with everything on the Tradesman plus fog lights, chrome grille, bumpers, and door handles, and a leather-wrapped steering wheel. The larger Uconnect 4 8.4-inch touchscreen also becomes available, with or without navigation. The Lone Star, similar to "Texas Edition" trucks offered by other manufacturers, is virtually identical to the Big Horn trim level, although the Lone Star is sold exclusively in the state of Texas, whereas the Big Horn is sold in all other states and in Canada. The Lone Star Silver comes with a chrome luxury grill, 20” Aluminum Wheels and side steps.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The North Edition adds off-road oriented features, such as Hill Descent Control and Tow Hooks, combined with body color bumpers, mirrors, and grille. With this special edition comes the Uconnect 4 8.4 touchscreen, 7-inch digital cluster display, dual zone climate control, and heated front seats and steering wheel.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: Being the off-road oriented trim level, the Ram 1500 Rebel (1500 only) offers an electronic locking rear differential, 33-inch tires, and tow hooks. It comes standard with the Uconnect 3 5.0BT radio but can be upgraded to the Uconnect 4 8.4-inch touchscreen.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The Ram 1500 Rebel 12 (leather & sound group) offers a 12" touchscreen (1500 only). Standard features include the 900-watt Harman Kardon sound system with 19 speakers and black luxury leather seats. Door speakers have unique RADAR RED grille surrounds. The Rebel 12 production began in November 2018.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The Power Wagon (2500 only) is the off-road oriented model of the Ram 2500 lineup. Equipped with standard four-wheel drive (4X4) and available in a single configuration (Crew Cab, Short Bed, with the 6.4L HEMI V8 gasoline engine), it also includes unique interior trim, a unique front grille, a unique exterior decal package (which can also be deleted, if desired by the buyer), and larger, off-road tires with unique aluminum-alloy wheels. The name "Power Wagon" refers to the first Dodge Power Wagon trucks that were produced in 1946.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The Laramie is the mid-level trim of the Ram 1500. It features LED headlamps and tail lamps as standard, heated and ventilated leather seats, a standard Uconnect 4 8.4-inch touchscreen, 7-inch digital cluster display, and a memory feature. The Uconnect 4C 12-inch touchscreen is available.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: An upgrade from the Laramie, the Laramie Longhorn features more luxurious features such as standard navigation, LED projector headlamps, chrome side steps, and genuine wood and leather in the interior. The Uconnect 4C 12-inch touchscreen is optional.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The Limited trim level is the most luxurious model of the Ram 1500 lineup. The Uconnect 4C 12-inch touchscreen is standard, as well as safety features such as blind spot monitoring, rear cross path detection, and trailer detection, and a four-corner air suspension. A 19-speaker Harman Kardon audio system is available.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The Sport is a Canada-only trim level offers a sportier look in addition to a standard Uconnect 4 8.4-inch touchscreen, 7-inch digital cluster display, and heated front seats. Although the package is not available in the United States, buyers in the U.S. market can still order styling elements from the Canadian Sport trim level on some Ram 1500 trim levels. The only engine choice in this trim is the 5.7 Hemi.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The base engine for all Ram 1500 models, regardless of trim, is the existing Pentastar V6, which produces and of torque. The engine is now equipped with the "eTorque" mild hybrid system, which uses a 0.4 kWh lithium-ion battery and a 16 horsepower electric motor and gives the truck improved fuel economy (MPG), and increased towing capacity. However in Canada, the 3.6 Pentastar is only available in the Tradesman and Big Horn trims, leaving the 5.7 Hemi as the primary powerplant, with the option of the 3.0 EcoDiesel in some models.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: Also available in all cab configurations for the Ram 1500 is the existing HEMI V8 gasoline engine with the Multi Displacement System (MDS) and VCT, producing and of torque. It is unchanged from the previous-generation Ram 1500.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: In addition to the standard HEMI gasoline V8 engine, there is also a HEMI V8 engine equipped with the eTorque mild hybrid system, which gives the truck improved fuel economy (MPG) and increased towing capacity. Like its non-eTorque counterpart, it produces and of torque. It is available on all Ram 1500 trim levels, regardless of cab configuration.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: A new, third generation EcoDiesel turbocharged diesel V6 powertrain, became available in the 2020 model year, delivering increased power, torque, and tow ratings. The same engine is used in the 2020 Jeep Gladiator (JT) and Jeep Wrangler (JL).


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: All engines in the Ram 1500 are mated to an eight-speed automatic transmission (produced by Chrysler for V6-powered models, or ZF for V8-powered models). All models are available with a choice of either two-wheel-drive (4x2) or four-wheel-drive (4x4), except for the Rebel, which is available exclusively with four-wheel-drive (4x4).


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: All Ram Heavy Duty (HD) models, regardless of cab configuration, are powered by the existing 6.4-liter HEMI V8 gasoline engine with the Multi Displacement System (MDS) and VCT, producing the same as its predecessor, although torque has been increased by to , up from of the previous model. It is mated to a ZF-sourced eight-speed automatic transmission, replacing the previously-available Chrysler-built six-speed automatic unit. The HEMI V8 is now the base engine in the Ram Heavy Duty (HD), as the previously-available base HEMI V8 has been discontinued, reserved exclusively for Ram 1500 models.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: Also available on all Ram Heavy Duty (HD) models, regardless of cab configuration (aside from the 2500 Power Wagon), is a newly-improved Cummins turbodiesel inline-6 (I6) engine, now producing (up from the previous model's ) . Torque has been increased to a maximum of torque (up from the previous model's of torque). It is mated to an Aisin-sourced heavy-duty six-speed automatic transmission, as with the previous-generation Ram Heavy Duty (HD). A manual transmission is no longer available as an option for the U.S. and Canadian market in 2019.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The Ram Heavy Duty (HD) is available with two-wheel-drive (4X2) on all models and is available with four-wheel-drive (4X4) as an option, except for the 2500 Power Wagon where four-wheel-drive (4X4) is standard.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The frame and body structures feature 98 and 54 percent high-strength low-alloy steel respectively. Innovative high-strength steels allow auto components to be made thinner, and thereby lighter. The Ram 1500 reduced its weight by nearly from the chassis. The frame alone accounts for of weight savings. The truck has lost around overall when compared to the prior generation. Aluminum is used for the hood, tailgate, engine mounts, and lower control arms.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The Ram 1500 also features the previously-available adaptive multi-level air suspension system, but the system now features additional "modes" for off-road use, as well as a mode that lowers the vehicle by to allow for easier entry and exit. The latter feature can be activated via a button on the keyless entry key fob. In addition, the Ram 1500 also features active front grille shutters, which are now driver-adjustable, as well as a lower coefficient of drag for improved aerodynamic performance.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: Also new for the 2019 Ram 1500 is a new 4X4 Off-Road Package, which includes a factory-equipped suspension lift, off-road tires, and enhanced off-road performance and handling. It is available on all trim levels, when equipped with 4X4.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: Ram is using frequency response damping (FRD) shocks as standard, allowing for more aggressive damping during cornering and braking.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: A toggle switch in the lower portion of the dashboard control parking sensor activation. The Ram 1500 gets blind spot monitoring that automatically extends down the length of a trailer when it is attached. The truck comes with a 360-degree surround view camera system providing a birds-eye view of the vehicle via four cameras. It can park perpendicular and parallel by its own by controlling steering, but braking and gear shift are still responsibly controlled by the driver.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: Both the all-new 2019 RAM 1500 and RAM Heavy Duty (HD) offer a choice of four different infotainment systems, dependent upon the trim level chosen:


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The base Uconnect 3 5.0BT radio, standard on Big Horn/Lone Star and optional on Tradesman, includes a five-inch touchscreen display, A/M-F/M Radio, Bluetooth hands-free calling and wireless audio streaming via A2DP, USB and auxiliary inputs, a rear-view backup camera display, and integrated digital compass. SiriusXM Satellite Radio can be added as an option to either trim level when this radio is selected. It is not available with either premium audio system option (see below).


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The midlevel Uconnect 4 8.4 infotainment system, standard on Rebel, Laramie and optional on Big Horn/Lone Star, adds the following features to the base Uconnect 3 5.0BT radio: an 8.4-inch touchscreen display, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration, and a USB-C input that supports USB fast charging.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The premium Uconnect 4C 8.4 w/ GPS Navigation infotainment system, standard on Laramie Longhorn and optional on Big Horn/Lone Star, Rebel, and Laramie, adds the following features to the midlevel Uconnect 4 8.4 infotainment system: Uconnect Guardian Services powered by SiriusXM, A/M-F/M HD Radio, and a high-resolution 8.4-inch touchscreen display.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The top-of-the-line Uconnect 4C 12.0 w/ GPS Navigation infotainment system, standard on Limited and optional on all models except the base Tradesman, is the largest infotainment system available in any full-size truck and adds the following features to the premium Uconnect 4C 8.4 w/ GPS Navigation infotainment system: SiriusXM 360L Satellite Radio technology, a high-resolution, twelve-inch tablet-style glass touchscreen display, and a multi-angle camera system. The user is able to "dual-wheel" the touchscreen display, for example, they are able to view both the multi-angle camera system, as well as the Apple CarPlay or Android Auto display from their smartphone, at the same time, something that cannot be done with any of the RAM's other infotainment systems. It requires one of two premium audio system options, which are standard equipment on the trim levels this system is available with.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: In addition to the four different infotainment systems available on the all-new 2019 RAM 1500 and RAM Heavy Duty (HD), there are also three different audio systems available:


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: For the 2022 model year, Ram will equip most of its 1500, 2500, 3500, 4500, and 5500 trucks with the all-new U Connect 5 infotainment suite, available in five-inch (5.0"), 8.4-inch (8.4"), and twelve-inch (12.0") sizes, which will come as standard equipment on most trim levels. The U Connect 5 infotainment suite, powered by Android, adds a built-in virtual assistant that can be activated by saying "Hey U Connect", or "Hey Ram", and wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration (in addition to their wired counterparts), as well as enhanced functionality and user customizability. Base Ram trucks will still receive the previous U Connect 3 5.0BT radio as standard equipment, though these models can also be upgraded to the 8.4-inch (8.4") U Connect 5 system.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The center console can be configured 12 different ways. An available panoramic sunroof features of area.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The RAM's newly redesigned interior promises increased head and leg room, and the most genuine leather trim used in any full-size truck (most manufacturers use vinyl or plastic on their full-size trucks when equipped with a leather-trimmed interior). In addition, the Limited includes additional stitched leather-trimmed dashboard surfaces and door panel trim and is the most luxurious full-size pickup interior available in its class. Like the previous-generation RAM, the all-new RAM uses genuine wood trim throughout their interiors. Available touchscreen infotainment system is the largest touchscreen installed in a full-size truck, and the available 900-watt, nineteen-speaker Harman/Kardon premium audio system is the highest-quality factory premium audio system available on any full-size truck. A reconfigurable Thin-Film Transistor (TFT) LCD full-color instrument cluster is also available on most trim levels.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: For the 2022 model year, Stellantis has announced a partnership with Product Red, and each brand will release a (RED)-branded vehicle. For 2022, Ram will offer a (RED) Edition 1500, which will be based on the top-of-the-line Limited trim level and share its features. Special features on the (RED) Edition 1500 will include special exterior badging, black-finished wheels, and unique interior details. Proceeds from each (RED) Edition 1500 sold will be donated to the Product Red Foundation. In addition, Ram will release a line of special-edition (RED)-themed merchandise, which includes coolers, plaid shirts, work gloves, and T-shirts.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The Ram 1500 is built at the Sterling Heights Assembly Plant in Sterling Heights, Michigan. FCA has retooled the plant to handle the 2019 Ram 1500. Previously, the plant produced the Chrysler 200, which ended production after the 2017 model year. The Ram 1500 Classic continues to be built at both Saltillo Truck Assembly in Saltillo, Mexico and Warren Truck Assembly in Warren, Michigan. Ram Heavy-Duty (HD) models are produced at Saltillo Truck Assembly in Saltillo, Mexico.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The 2022 Ram was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), and the top trim of the Crew Cab version received a "Top Safety Pick" award:


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: The 2019 Ram Heavy Duty was revealed at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit on January 14, 2019.


title: Ram Pickup (fifth generation)

text: For the 2019 model year, FCA discontinued the 6 speed G56 manual transmission in 6.7 Cummins equipped trucks. The only remaining heavy duty Ram truck with a manual transmission is the Mexican market Ram 4000 which can be optioned with a Tremec 5-speed manual mated exclusively with the 5.7L Hemi V8 engine.


title: Memory B cell

text: In immunology, a memory B cell (MBC) is a type of B lymphocyte that forms part of the adaptive immune system. These cells develop within germinal centers of the secondary lymphoid organs. Memory B cells circulate in the blood stream in a quiescent state, sometimes for decades. Their function is to memorize the characteristics of the antigen that activated their parent B cell during initial infection such that if the memory B cell later encounters the same antigen, it triggers an accelerated and robust secondary immune response. Memory B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell membrane, identical to the one on their parent cell, that allow them to recognize antigen and mount a specific antibody response.


title: Memory B cell

text: In a T-cell dependent development pathway, naïve follicular B cells are activated by antigen presenting follicular B helper T cells (T) during the initial infection, or primary immune response. Naïve B cells circulate through follicles in secondary lymphoid organs (i.e. spleen and lymph nodes) where they can be activated by a floating foreign peptide brought in through the lymph or by antigen presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs). B cells may also be activated by binding foreign antigen in the periphery where they then move into the secondary lymphoid organs. A signal transduced by the binding of the peptide to the B cell causes the cells to migrate to the edge of the follicle bordering the T cell area.


title: Memory B cell

text: The B cells internalize the foreign peptides, break them down, and express them on class II major histocompatibility complexes (MHCII), which are cell surface proteins. Within the secondary lymphoid organs, most of the B cells will enter B-cell follicles where a germinal center will form. Most B cells will eventually differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells within the germinal center. The Ts that express T cell receptors (TCRs) cognate to the peptide (i.e. specific for the peptide-MHCII complex) at the border of the B cell follicle and T-cell zone will bind to the MHCII ligand. The T cells will then express the CD40 ligand (CD40L) molecule and will begin to secrete cytokines which cause the B cells to proliferate and to undergo class switch recombination, a mutation in the B cell's genetic coding that changes their immunoglobulin type. Class switching allows memory B cells to secrete different types of antibodies in future immune responses. The B cells then either differentiate into plasma cells, germinal center B cells, or memory B cells depending on the expressed transcription factors. The activated B cells that expressed the transcription factor Bcl-6 will enter B-cell follicles and undergo germinal center reactions.


title: Memory B cell

text: Once inside the germinal center, the B cells undergo proliferation, followed by mutation of the genetic coding region of their BCR, a process known as somatic hypermutation. The mutations will either increase or decrease the affinity of the surface receptor for a particular antigen, a progression called affinity maturation. After acquiring these mutations, the receptors on the surface of the B cells (B cell receptors) are tested within the germinal center for their affinity to the current antigen. B cell clones with mutations that have increased the affinity of their surface receptors receive survival signals via interactions with their cognate T cells. The B cells that do not have high enough affinity to receive these survival signals, as well as B cells that are potentially auto-reactive, will be selected against and die through apoptosis. These processes increase variability at the antigen binding sites such that every newly generated B cell has a unique receptor.


title: Memory B cell

text: After differentiation, memory B cells relocate to the periphery of the body where they will be more likely to encounter antigen in the event of a future exposure. Many of the circulating B cells become concentrated in areas of the body that have a high likelihood of coming into contact with antigen, such as the Peyer's patch.


title: Memory B cell

text: The process of differentiation into memory B cells within the germinal center is not yet fully understood. Some researchers hypothesize that differentiation into memory B cells occurs randomly. Other hypotheses propose that the transcription factor NF-κB and the cytokine IL-24 are involved in the process of differentiation into memory B cells. An additional hypothesis states that the B cells with relatively lower affinity for antigen will become memory B cells, in contrast to B cells with relatively higher affinity that will become plasma cells.


title: Memory B cell

text: Not all B cells present in the body have undergone somatic hypermutations. IgM+ memory B cells that have not undergone class switch recombination demonstrate that memory B cells can be produced independently of the germinal centers.


title: Memory B cell

text: Upon infection with a pathogen, many B cells will differentiate into the plasma cells, also called effector B cells, which produce a first wave of protective antibodies and help clear infection. Plasma cells secrete antibodies specific for the pathogens but they cannot respond upon secondary exposure. A fraction of the B cells with BCRs cognate to the antigen differentiate into memory B cells that survive long-term in the body. The memory B cells can maintain their BCR expression and will be able to respond quickly upon secondary exposure.


title: Memory B cell

text: The memory B cells produced during the primary immune response are specific to the antigen involved during the first exposure. In a secondary response, the memory B cells specific to the antigen or similar antigens will respond. When memory B cells reencounter their specific antigen, they proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells, which then respond to and clear the antigen. The memory B cells that do not differentiate into plasma cells at this point can reenter the germinal centers to undergo further class switching or somatic hypermutation for further affinity maturation. Differentiation of memory B cells into plasma cells is far faster than differentiation by naïve B cells, which allows memory B cells to produce a more efficient secondary immune response. The efficiency and accumulation of the memory B cell response is the foundation for vaccines and booster shots.


title: Memory B cell

text: The phenotype of memory cells that prognosticate plasma cells or germinal center cells fate has been discovered  few years ago. Based on expression microarray comparisons between memory B cells and naïve B cells, it was identified that there are several surface proteins, such as CD80, PD-L2 and CD73 that are only expressed on the memory B cells, so they also serve to divide this cells in multiple phenotypic subsets. Moreover, it has been shown that the memory cells that express CD80, PD-L2 and CD73 are more likely to become plasma cells. On the other hand, the cells which don´t have these type of markers are more likely to form germinal center cells. The IgM  memory B cells do not express CD80 or CD73, whereas IgG express them. Moreover, IgG are more likely to differenciate into antibody-secreting cells.


title: Memory B cell

text: Memory B cells can survive for decades, which gives them the capacity to respond to multiple exposures to the same antigen. The long-lasting survival is hypothesized to be a result of certain anti-apoptosis genes that are more highly expressed in memory B cells than other subsets of B cells. Additionally, the memory B cell does not need to have continual interaction with the antigen nor with T cells in order to survive long-term.


title: Memory B cell

text: However, it is true that the lifespan of individual memory B cells remains poorly defined, although they have a critical role in long-term immunity. In one study using a B cell receptor (BCR) transgenic system (it was a H chain transgenic mouse model which lacked secreted Ig, so it didn´t deposit Ag-containing immune complexes), it was shown that the number of memory B cells remain constant for a period of around 8–20 weeks after the immunization. It was also estimated that the half-life of memory B cells was between 8–10 weeks, after doing an experiment in which the cells were treated in vivo with bromodeoxyuridine. In other experiments in mouse, it has been shown that the lifespan of memory B cells is at least 9 times greater than the lifespan of a follicular naïve B cell.


title: Memory B cell

text: Memory B cells are typically distinguished by the cell surface marker CD27, although some subsets do not express CD27. Memory B cells that lack CD27 are generally associated with exhausted B cells or certain autoimmune conditions such as HIV, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis.


title: Memory B cell

text: Because B cells have typically undergone class switching, they can express a range of immunoglobulin molecules. Some specific attributes of particular immunoglobulin molecules are described below:


title: Memory B cell

text: It is important to mention the importance of integration of signalling pathways related to the recepetors of BCRs and TLRs in order to modulate the production of the antibodies by the expansion of the memory B cells. Therefore, there are different factors that provide the information in order to secret different types of antibodies. It has been demonstrated that the production of specific-IgG1, anaphylactic-IgG1 and total-IgE depends on the signal produce by TLR2 and Myd88. Moreover, the signal produce by TLR4 when it is stimulated by natterins (protein obtained from "T. nattereri" fish venom) accelerates the synthesis of the antibody IgE acting as an adjuvant, as it was shown in an in vivo experiment with mice.


title: Memory B cell

text: The receptor CCR6 is generally a marker of B cells that will eventually differentiate into MBCs. This receptor detects chemokines, which are chemical messengers that allow the B cell to move within the body. Memory B cells may have this receptor to allow them to move out of the germinal center and into the tissues where they have a higher probability of encountering antigen.


title: Memory B cell

text: It has been shown that memory B cells have high level expression of CCR6 as well as an increased chemotactic response to the CCR6 ligand (CCL20) in comparison with naïve B cells. Nevertheless, the primary humoral response and the maintenance of the memory B cells are not affected in CCR6-deficient mice. However, there is not an effective secondary response  from the memory B cells when there is a reexposure of the antigen if the cells do not express CCR6. Therefore we can confirm that CCR6 is essential for the ability of memory B cells to be recalled to their cognate antigen as well as for the appropriate anatomical positioning of these cells.


title: Memory B cell

text: This subset of cells differentiates from activated B cells into memory B cells before entering the germinal center. B cells that have a high level of interaction with T within the B cell follicle have a higher propensity of entering the germinal center. The B cells that develop into memory B cells independently from germinal centers likely experience CD40 and cytokine signaling from T cells. Class switching can still occur prior to interaction with the germinal center, while somatic hypermutation only occurs after interaction with the germinal center. The lack of somatic hypermutation is hypothesized to be beneficial; a lower level of affinity maturation means that these memory B cells are less specialized to a specific antigen and may be able to recognize a wider range of antigens.


title: Memory B cell

text: T-independent memory B cells are a subset called B1 cells. These cells generally reside in the peritoneal cavity. When reintroduced to antigen, some of these B1 cells can differentiate into memory B cells without interacting with a T cell. These B cells produce IgM antibodies to help clear infection.


title: Memory B cell

text: T-bet B cells are a subset that have been found to express the transcription factor T-bet. T-bet is associated with class switching. T-bet B cells are also thought to be important in immune responses against intracellular bacterial and viral infections.


title: Memory B cell

text: Vaccines are based on the notion of immunological memory. The preventative injection of a non-pathogenic antigen into the organism allows the body to generate a durable immunological memory. The injection of the antigen leads to an antibody response followed by the production of memory B cells. These memory B cells are promptly reactivated upon infection with the antigen and can effectively protect the organism from disease.


title: Memory B cell

text: Long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells are responsible for the long-term humoral immunity elicited by most vaccines. An experiment has been carried in order to observe the longevity of memory B cells after vaccination, in this case with the smallpox vaccine (DryVax), which was selected due to the fact that smallpox was eradicated, so the immune memory to smallpox is a useful benchmark to understand the longevity of the immune memory B cells in the absence of restimulation. The study concluded that the specific memory B cells are maintained for decades, indicating that the immunological memory is long-lived in the B cell compartment after a robust initial antigen exposure.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: Fally Ipupa N'simba (born December 14, 1977), known by his stage name Fally Ipupa, is a Congolese singer-songwriter, dancer, philanthropist, guitarist and producer. From 1999 until 2006, he was a member of Quartier Latin International, the music band formed in 1986 by Koffi Olomidé.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: His first solo album was "Droit Chemin" released in 2006, which went on to sell over 100,000 units, and his second album "Arsenal de Belles Melodies" was released in 2009. In 2007, Fally Ipupa won the Kora Awards for Best Artist or Group from Central Africa.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: In 2010, Fally Ipupa won the MTV Africa Music Awards 2010 for Best Video for "Sexy Dance" and Best Francophone Artist. He won the urban awards for Best African Artist.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: Fally Ipupa was nominated in the Best Live Act category at the MTV Africa Music Awards 2014. He released an album named "Power "Kosa Leka"" in 2013.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: On October 10, 2022, Fally Ipupa's album "Tokooos" was certified Gold by SNEP in France, 5 years after its release.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: Fally Ipupa Nsimba was born on December 14, 1977 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo in a large family. Having been raised in a Catholic family, he began singing in the church choir. In adolescence, he began his musical career in various small groups in Kinshasa, and in the mid-1990s his voice attracted attention and he eventually joined local groups, including "New City" or "New Covenant". In the late 1990s, he joined the nationally recognized "Latent Talent", with whom he recorded his first album.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: In the late 1990s he joined Quartier Latin International founded by Koffi Olomide. Ipupa became "conductor of the orchestra". Ipupa included his composition "Eternelement" in the "Force de frappe" album. He was also known for duets with Koffi Olomide in "Effrakata" specially the track "Effervescent" in 2001. As with many other Congolese stars, the public liked to have nicknames for artists and soon he was called "Di Caprio", "Anelka" and "The Great One". With success in the orchestra, he also promoted his own solo projects including his own album "Droit Chemin","Arsenal des Belles mélodies ", Power, Tokos and Control. He has been involved in the planning of the commemoration of the band's 30th anniversary, despite having quit the band in 2006.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: In 2006, he released his first solo album "Droit Chemin", produced by David Monsoh Obouo of Music. He collaborated with Maddy Munan, Krys, Mokobé of 113 and Ben J of Neg 'Marrons, including songs like Liputa, Orgasy and Sopeka emerging in the DR Congo and other parts of Africa. He got a gold record for having sold more than 100,000 copies.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: Fally has received numerous awards and nominations: he won the Césaire music Male Artist of the Year, in Paris, two "Black Music Awards" for Male Artist of the Year, Best clip in Benin, and Male Artist of the year in Ivory Coast.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: Three years after the release of Droit Chemin (Straight Path), Ipupa released a second album of 16 tracks called Arsenal De Belles Melodies (French for "arsenal of beautiful melodies") acronymed as "A2BM." It was the second album by Ipupa to be produced by David Monsoh. In this album, Olivia Longott, American singer (former member of G-Unit by 50 Cent ) was featured on the lead single "Chaise Électrique" and dancehall artist Krys was featured on "Sexy Dance" for the second consecutive time after the success of "Droit Chemin Remix".


title: Fally Ipupa

text: He won his second gold drive through this album with over 100,000 copies sold, including 40,000 in one week, a record for a Congolese artist.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: He has won numerous trophies, such as: 3 Ndule awards 2010 ("Best Album", "Best Video" and "Best Song"), "Micro Gold", "Best Artist Central Africa" in the Soundcity Music Video Awards (SMVA 2010), Double Mama in the MTV Africa Music Awards 2010, Best Francophone Artist, Best Music Video: "Sexy Dance", four trophies in the Moamas Awards, two Okapi Awards 2011, appointed Nostalgies Music Awards 2012.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: Ipupa collaborated with Bigg masta G (Muana Mboka) on the "Ndoki" remix. The instrumental for the remix was modified and parts of Ipupa's vocals was cut out of the song and replaced by Bigg masta G's rap parts. The cover of the remix shows the word "Ndoki" between Ipupa and Bigg masta G. Congolese rumba singer MJ30, Poison Mobutu & Mami Wata also made a remix of the song. On MJ30's remix, Fally Ipupa's vocals are completely excluded; instead, MJ30 herself sings the chorus.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: The official video for the song "Ndoki" garnered more than 150,000 views on YouTube in less than a week (a record for a Congolese artist). May 14, 2013, Fally won the trophy for "Best African Artist" at the first edition of Trace Urban Music Awards.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: Ipupa signed a contract for three albums (World Version) in April 2013 with Universal (Label AZ). This signified the steady rise in the encompassing of African music by the label. Of particular note is the featuring of American rapper, Eve, in the track "Sex'plosif", during the show Guest Star Trace TV in February 2013.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: Ipupa participated in MTV Africa All Stars on May 18, 2013 at Moses Mabhida stadium in Durban. He also participated in the project "Doc Agric", towards the development of good agricultural practices in Africa to ratings of several African artists D'banj and Tiken Jah Fakoly.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: On May 5, 2014, Ipupa posted his new title track "Original" on his Facebook page and YouTube channel. In the video, the singers Zouk Lynnsha and Fanny J are featured dancing to the song, as well as basketball player "OKC Thunder"'s Serge Ibaka. This track includes scenes from Ipupa's previous live shows in the African cities: Kinshasa, Brazzaville, Dakar, Douala, Abidjan, Luanda and others. The song's rhythm highlights the folk style of African music, especially the Ecuador DRC music style. The song reached the milestone of 1 million views in three months on YouTube. The song is noted for revolutionizing the ndombolo genre of music,which had been experiecing a slow decline due to emigration of Congolese artistes to Europe.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: Fally Ipupa won the Best Artist category for Central Africa in the "Afrimma" Awards held in Dallas in July 2014. He then travelled to Washington, D.C. as part of the US-Africa Summit meeting, for which President Obama had invited 47 African leaders for the period August 4 to 6, 2014. According to the White House, this meeting was convened to strengthen ties between Africa and the United States. A dozen African artists were selected to attend, including Fally Ipupa, the only invited artist from Central Africa.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: In July 2017, Ipupa released his fourth album "Tokooos" which is his first urban album. A year after this, he made a comeback to the traditional Congolese rumba and Ndombolo with his fifth album "Control" released in November 2018.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: In December 2020, Ipupa released his sixth album "Tokooos II" which is his second urban album which contains 16 songs in the digital edition and 22 songs on physical edition, including 4 features with Dadju, Naza (rapper), Ninho and M. Pokora.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: On February 25, 2022, Fally Ipupa released Tokooos 2 Gold, the reissue of his Tokooos album released a year earlier, with 15 additional titles which are added to the list of 26 songs released in the Tokooos 2 album.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: Fally Ipupa announced this October 17, 2022 on the set of the French television channel France 24, the release of his 7th Solo album entitled Formula 7.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: To celebrate his ten-year career, Fally Ipupa announced on February 29, 2016 his concert at the Martyrs stadium for June 25, 2016, with a capacity of 80,000 seats. After months of promotion, the event is canceled by the municipal authorities of the city of Kinshasa for the reason of the renovation works in the enclosure of the stadium.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: After his concert at the Accor Arena on February 28, 2020, he again announces a concert at the Martyrs stadium for April 18, 2020. This time the concert will be postponed due to confinement and sanitary conditions related to COVID-19.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: On March 1, 2022, he announced on social networks his concert for October 29. He begins a world tour from June 4 to October 3 with concerts in Angola, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands via Congo Brazzaville before going through Canada and the United States. On October 29, he delivered his concert in front of more than 120,000 spectators. On stage, he is accompanied by singer Charlotte Dipanda, his former colleagues from the Latin Quarter, Gaz Mawete and Awilo Longomba. Producers Dany Synthé and Seysey also made the trip. Claudy Siar and Juliette Fievet give him in front of the Congolese public, the gold record of his album Tokooos certified in France on October 10, 2022 by SNEP with more than 50,000 sales.


title: Fally Ipupa

text: At least eleven people died on Saturday, October 29, in a stampede during singer Fally Ipupa's concert in Kinshasa's largest stadium, according to the Deputy Divisional Commissioner of the Congolese National Police (PNC) and Chief of Police.