title: Disappearance of Morgan Nick

text: On January 15, 2002, police conducted a dig on a private piece of land in Booneville, Arkansas, after they received a tip that claimed Nick might have been buried there. The tip was "so specific" that police decided to dig; a police dog was also used in the search. Police ended the investigation at 9:30 pm and said they did not intend to return to the property.


title: Disappearance of Morgan Nick

text: On November 15, 2010, federal investigators searched a vacant house in Spiro, Oklahoma for DNA evidence that could show Nick had once been in the house. On December 18, 2017, investigators returned to the house to conduct another search after they received a tip about the case. Cadaver dogs alerted investigators to a well on the property, which they said was the "center of the investigation". The search was called off on December 19, after no evidence was found. As of 2021, new leads in Nick's disappearance continue to be received and "investigated at the local state and federal level".


title: Disappearance of Morgan Nick

text: In 1996, Colleen Nick started the Morgan Nick Foundation, which helps parents cope with the disappearances of children, and helps prevent children from going missing. Her case was shown on both "Unsolved Mysteries" and "America's Most Wanted", while Morgan's family and the foundation were featured in 2005 on "" after the family's house was damaged in a water heater explosion.


title: Disappearance of Morgan Nick

text: In August 2012, Tonya Smith and James Monhart, two previously convicted felons, were arrested for computer fraud after attempting to assume the identity of Morgan Nick.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: Min-Liang Tan or Tan Min Liang (born 5 November 1977) is a Singaporean businessman, internet entrepreneur and former lawyer. He is the co-founder, chairman, chief executive officer (CEO) and creative director of the gaming hardware company Razer Inc., as well as being the chairman and CEO of THX. He oversees the design and development of all Razer products. Tan was a lawyer before he co-founded Razer with Robert Krakoff.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: Apart from Razer, Tan is a founding member of the Open Source Virtual Reality platform, which aims to create a common standard for VR program design. The next frontier for Razer has been said to lie in the realm of virtual reality, and Tan hopes to create an entire virtual reality industry, citing that the prospects are “phenomenal” in entertainment, health care and military applications. Tan is also a board member of the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS).


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: Tan debuted in 2016 on the "Forbes" Singapore Rich List with a net worth of US$600 million and became the youngest self-made Singaporean billionaire at the age of 40 with a net worth of US$1.6 billion when Razer went public in 2017.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: Tan was born on 5 November 1977 in Singapore to Tan Kim Lee, a real estate consultant, and Low Ken Yin, a homemaker, Tan is the youngest of four children in his family.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: As a Singaporean, he is bilingual, being fluent in both English and Mandarin Chinese. Two of Tan's siblings eventually became doctors, one of whom is the renowned clinician-scientist Tan Min Han (who is also the founder, CEO and medical director of Singaporean genomic medicine company Lucence Diagnostics).


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: Tan attended Raffles Institution and Hwa Chong Junior College prior to attending university and graduated from the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law (NUS Law). Tan graduated with a Master of Laws, and was ranked top 20 in his post-graduate law class when he graduated in 2002.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: In 1999, Tan and Robert Krakoff (who was GM of kärna LLC) first met and worked together to design the world's first gaming mouse — the "Razer Boomslang".


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: In 2005, Tan and Krakoff founded Razer. Subsequently, Tan acquired the rights to the brand and officially incorporated Razer Inc, subsequently taking on the role of CEO and Creative Director of Razer.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: On March 31, 2015, Tan was appointed as a board member of Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS).


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: On November 13, 2017, Razer had their IPO and Tan became the youngest self-made Singaporean billionaire at the age of 40.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: Tan has a cult-like following worldwide and his fans have created fansites of him as well as even tattooed Tan's name on themselves. One of his fans has gone as far as tattooing Tan's face on himself.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: In December 2019 "Kotaku" published an exposé based on the statements of 14 former Razer employees, containing wide allegations that under Tan's leadership Razer celebrates a culture of fear, and that Tan himself berates, threatens and shames his staff.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: Tan was included in the "Top 10 Most Influential Leaders in Tech" in 2015 by Juniper Research. Tan was named one of "The 25 Most Creative People in Tech" by "Business Insider". He has been ranked one of the top 40 most powerful people in gaming by "Kotaku" in their "The Kotaku Power 40" list. Tan was ranked No. 1 of the 30 top Southeast Asia tech founders by TechinAsia. Tan was named the Asian of the Year in 2016 by Singaporean newspaper "The Straits Times".


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: He has won awards from his alma mater, the National University of Singapore (NUS), including their Outstanding NUS Innovator Award in 2011, and as one of their Outstanding Young Alumni in 2015.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: In March 2012, Tan contributed US$10,000 to the "Wasteland 2" Kickstarter project where he admitted it was to atone for infringing the copyright of Wasteland when he was a child. Brian Fargo replies that Tan has more than made up for his downloading of the game.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: In November 2014, Tan donated US$10,000 and did the Ice Bucket Challenge in an effort to raise funds for ALS.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: In February 2015, Tan donated £10,000 to fight Motor Neuron Disease. The donation was done via Twitch live stream subscription to ProSyndicate.


title: Min-Liang Tan

text: Tan was a backer of "Wasteland 2" and "" on Kickstarter which resulted in him being added to both games as a non-player character. He also appears in "".


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Anthony John Selvidge (born 11 January 1945), known professionally as Tony Kaye, is an English keyboardist, best known as a founding member of the progressive rock band Yes. Born into a musical family, Kaye was classically trained and intended to become a concert pianist before he developed an interest in jazz and contemporary rock and pop music. He joined several groups through the 1960s, including the Federals, Johnny Taylor's Star Combo, Jimmy Winston & His Reflections, and Bittersweet.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: From 1968 to 1971, Kaye was a member of Yes and played on their first three albums. He then formed Badger and relocated to Los Angeles in 1974, after which he toured with David Bowie and joined Detective. Kaye then played in Badfinger and is featured on their final studio album in 1981. He returned to Yes in 1983 for their most commercially successful period before he left in 1994.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Kaye has since been involved with several projects with Billy Sherwood and is a current member of CIRCA:. From 2009 to 2011, the two were also members of the supergroup Yoso with members of Toto. In 2017, Kaye was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Yes.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Kaye was born on 11 January 1945 in Leicester to Winifred and Norman. He grew up in a working-class family in north London, with four brothers.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: His grandmother was a concert pianist and his grandfather a jazz saxophonist; upon her death she left Kaye her grand piano which he played on when he was little. At age four, Kaye began formal piano lessons with Ms. Flanagan who became a strong influence on him musically and philosophically. By the time he reached eight, he had started to enjoy playing and displayed the ability to recite several classical music pieces. Kaye took part in his first concerts at twelve in solo and duet piano performances. He continued lessons until he turned eighteen. Kaye aspired to pursue study at the Royal College of Music in London to become a concert pianist, but he developed an interest in other music once he heard jazz musicians Count Basie and Duke Ellington. He was also inspired by Victor Borge. During his time at grammar school, he formed a jazz trio with friends, and at fifteen, became a member of the Leicester-based Danny Rogers Orchestra, playing four gigs a week. The leader put Kaye on a postal course in arrangement. Kaye also received lessons in the clarinet and played the instrument as part of a big band.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: After Kaye left school, he chose not to pursue classical piano due to the heavy competition and a lack of self-belief. He also wished to avoid teaching music, which led to his three-year enrolment at Leicester Art College studying advertising and design while performing in groups or the big band in his spare time. Kaye was asked to leave the college before he could graduate, a trip to Europe having left him "mixed up and dissatisfied".


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: By the early 1960s, Kaye had abandoned his classical background in favour of pop and rock music. He had moved to London, and visited The Marquee club to watch bands play, including keyboardist Graham Bond whose style became a strong influence. Kaye had acquired a Vox Continental, a transistor-based combo organ, while in the big band and until seeing Bond, had played it "like a piano".


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Kaye landed a position in The Federals through an advertisement in "Melody Maker" and played on their singles recorded between 1963 and 1967, Mainly a covers and comedy showband, the group opened for Roy Orbison for a European tour in 1965. Kaye then became a member of Yellow Passion Loaf and Johnny Taylor's Star Combo, followed by Jimmy Winston & His Reflections, also known as Winston's Fumbs. Also that year he toured Europe once more, this time with French singer Johnny Hallyday. Kaye then had a brief stint as a member of Bittersweet.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: In 1968, Kaye was invited to attend rehearsals with members of Mabel Greer's Toyshop, a London-based psychedelic rock band who were forming a new, full-time group. He was approached by bassist Chris Squire after singer Jon Anderson had met Kaye some time before and suggested him. After a successful audition, they renamed themselves Yes and began touring nationwide from August 1968. By the end of the year, the band had earned enough money to purchase a Hammond organ for Kaye. During his first tenure in Yes, Kaye played on their first three studio albums: "Yes" (1969), "Time and a Word" (1970), and "The Yes Album" (1971). The latter includes Kaye's first songwriting credit which he received on the group-written track "Yours Is No Disgrace". To promote the album, Kaye embarked on the band's first concert tour of the US in June and July 1971.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: During rehearsals for their next album, "Fragile" (1971), Kaye began to have problems with new guitarist Steve Howe who kept insisting the band expand their sound with electronic keyboards such as the Mellotron and synthesiser. Kaye disagreed with this approach and preferred organ and piano. As he frankly admitted in the 9012LIVE Interviews, Kaye was then 'fired' in August 1971 and replaced by Rick Wakeman who rerecorded some parts originally written by Kaye, including sections on "Heart of the Sunrise". Kaye later claimed Yes's manager Brian Lane gave him US$10,000 (approx. $62,000 in 2018 dollars) in exchange for all of his royalties, something Kaye later regretted.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Kaye joined several groups for the remainder of the decade. He played on the self-titled debut album by Flash, a band founded by ex-Yes guitarist Peter Banks but declined their offer to become a full-time member. Kaye then formed Badger with bassist David Foster, a friend of Jon Anderson's who also co-wrote some early Yes songs. They released "One Live Badger" (1973), recorded in concert with Jon Anderson producing, and "White Lady" (1974), recorded in New Orleans with producer Allen Toussaint featuring Jackie Lomax on vocals. Kaye also re-united with Yes bandmate Chris Squire and new Yes drummer Alan White when they appeared on the Eddie Harris album "E.H. in the U.K." (1973), playing on "I Waited for You" and "Conversations of Everything and Nothing".


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Shortly after releasing Badger's "White Lady", Kaye recalled the group "wasn't really doing anything" and decided to leave England and relocate to Los Angeles. He initially settled in Hyatt House on Sunset Boulevard next door to Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham. Kaye developed an addiction to alcohol and barbiturates during this time and underwent a successful withdrawal program, after which he remained sober. In January 1976, during a birthday party held for Kaye at the Rainbow Bar and Grill, he met David Bowie's tour manager and accepted his offer to join Bowie in Jamaica to prepare for his upcoming tour in support of "Station to Station". The Isolar – 1976 Tour reached North America and Europe from February to May 1976; Kaye is featured on the bonus live tracks on the 1990 and 2010 reissues of the album.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: In 1977, Kaye had returned to Los Angeles and joined Detective with singer Michael Des Barres. The group signed to Led Zeppelin's label Swan Song Records and toured as the opening act for Kiss. Kaye played on their two studio albums: "Detective" (1977) and "It Takes One to Know One" (1977), as well as the promotional only release, "Live from the Atlantic Studios" (1978). Around 1979, Kaye took up work in music production and management in the Los Angeles area in various capacities for around three years.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: In 1979, Kaye accepted an invitation to join Badfinger for their upcoming North American tour. He was unaware of the band's turbulent history until he read a 1998 biography on them. Despite the tour containing dates at "really shitty clubs with small audiences", Kaye proved to be a strong performer. Drummer Peter Clarke recalled that at each gig, Kaye had requested venue staff have two ice buckets, one for each hand, ready so he could put his hands in them after the show. Clarke added, "they were like balloons afterwards, just throbbing". Kaye spoke highly of the tour and the band got along well, but they lacked the right management. He resumed management work at its conclusion, but returned in late 1980 after he was chosen to play in a new line-up. Early rehearsals turned sour, and Kaye went on to bring in Richard Bryans on drums and Glenn Sherba on guitar. Kaye is featured on "Say No More", their final studio album of all new material, released in 1981.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: In 1982, Kaye was invited to form a new band with Squire, Alan White, and singer and guitarist Trevor Rabin. Much of their new material derived from a set of demos produced by Rabin that displayed a more pop-oriented and commercial style of rock music, and Squire thought of Kaye as their ideal keyboardist due to his simpler, more textural approach. Kaye accepted Squire's offer and entered rehearsals in London under the name Cinema with producer Trevor Horn for "90125". However, conflicts between Kaye and Horn led to the former's exit after several months, leaving Rabin to handle the remaining keyboard parts. By mid-1983, Jon Anderson had also joined the band as lead singer and it was decided, after some hesitation, to rename this new this lineup 'Yes'. Kaye, in the meantime, had rejoined Badfinger and gone off on a North American tour and was replaced by Eddie Jobson. When this tour ended in October, Kaye accepted an offer by management to return to Yes where he and Jobson would share keyboard duties. This, however, did not sit well with Jobson, who left shortly thereafter. "90125" had included greater use of MIDI technology, which reignited Kaye's interest in contemporary keyboards unlike the time of his first departure from Yes.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: After touring in 1988, Yes remained inactive for two years. Around this time, Kaye committed to a solo instrumental album for Cinema Records and Lee Abrams. The album was fully written, but it was recorded with a drum machine which Kaye grew tired of, and he felt the music better suited with vocals and backing musicians, so he abandoned the work. From 1990 to 1992, Kaye was a part of the eight-member formation of Yes that produced "Union" and played on the album's supporting tour. The tour marked the first time Kaye and Rick Wakeman met and worked together. In contrast to Wakeman's battery of keyboards, Kaye adopted a simpler set-up of two Yamaha KX76's. Kaye stayed with Yes for their next album "Talk", which featured the "90125" and "Big Generator" line-up and which credits Kaye on the Hammond organ only, the rest of the keyboard parts being performed by Rabin. On their 1994 tour, however, Kaye did play most keyboard parts, using master keyboards which played additional sounds and samples from racks placed beneath the stage.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Kaye remained in Yes until 1994. He was absent from the group during filming of the video to "Owner of a Lonely Heart", the lead single from "90125", shots of Jobson having been removed from the sequence as much as possible. A second video for 'Owner' featuring the band with Kaye was subsequently produced. "90125" became Yes's highest selling album which was supported by a 12-month world tour. Kaye operated a MIDI system of analogue and digital keyboards on the tour, two of which he played on stage which controlled additional samples and sound effects from 12 keyboards placed backstage that were co-handled by keyboard programmer Casey Young. His solo spot on the tour, titled "Si", is included on the live album "". Yes then recorded "Big Generator" with Kaye playing a majority of the keyboard parts with some minor assistance from Trevor Rabin. Before recording, Kaye and his technician Robby Eagle built a MIDI keyboard system to his specifications.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: In 1995, Kaye and Rabin left Yes, Kaye's offer to stay on in a management capacity having been turned down.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Between the mid-1990s and early 2000s, Kaye was largely retired from the music industry, although he did appear on a number of archival Yes releases, including "" and "The Word is Live". Kaye went on to play in the Neil Young tribute band The Neil Deal, and assisted in production duties for his wife, actress and singer Daniela Torchia.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Around 2006, Yes member Billy Sherwood asked Kaye to play on some Pink Floyd tribute albums that he was overseeing. Kaye had been out of the music industry for some time and was partly residing in the Cayman Islands. A big fan of Pink Floyd, Kaye could not refuse the offer and "got my B3 out of retirement". During the recording sessions, the pair entered discussions on forming a new band which led to the announcement of CIRCA: in 2007. Since transporting Kaye's B3 to Sherwood's studio and gigs was too difficult, Kaye plays the software synthesiser Hammond B4 from a laptop through a controller keyboard. Both formed the short lived supergroup Yoso which formed in 2009 and disbanded in 2011.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: In 2018, Kaye joined Yes on stage as a special guest for their Cruise to the Edge dates and for the American dates on their 50th Anniversary Tour.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Kaye's debut solo album, "End of Innocence", was released in September 2021. The album is a musical interpretation of his thoughts and feelings over the events surrounding September 11 attacks in 2001, and the aftermath.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Kaye is known for his more simple, more supportive style of playing and avoids long and improvised solos. Yes biographer Tim Morse named Kaye a "'gentleman of rock' for his polite demeanour and his distinguished looks". Longtime Yes producer and mixer Eddy Offord named Kaye as one of the best Hammond organists. Guitarist Steve Howe named Kaye a "good group member" and praised his contributions to Yes. Geoff Downes said he had always admired Kaye's playing and the sound he got from the Hammond.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: In 1974, Kaye left England and moved to Los Angeles, California. He has not acquired American citizenship. In 2011, he stated Sherman Oaks as his place of residence. In 2019, Kaye relocated to Sarasota, Florida.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Kaye has tinnitus in his left ear. He was once engaged to Squire's stepdaughter Carmen, but he later married actress and singer-songwriter Daniela Torchia.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Kaye is a keen tennis player and played in professional tournaments in the 1980s. Kaye began a series of small businesses apart from music. He has been involved in a number of legal actions against Yes's former manager Brian Lane over alleged unpaid royalties.


title: Tony Kaye (musician)

text: Kaye unsuccessfully auditioned for the part of the Hammond player in the mock-documentary "This Is Spinal Tap".


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: Babbitt metal or bearing metal is any of several alloys used for the bearing surface in a plain bearing.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: The original Babbitt alloy was invented in 1839 by Isaac Babbitt in Taunton, Massachusetts, United States. He disclosed one of his alloy recipes but kept others as trade secrets. Other formulations were developed later. Like other terms whose eponymous origin is long since deemphasized (such as "diesel engine" or "eustachian tube"), the term "babbitt metal" is frequently styled in lowercase. It is preferred over the term "white metal", because the latter term may refer to various bearing alloys, lead- or tin-based alloys, or zinc die-casting metal.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: Babbitt metal is most commonly used as a thin surface layer in a complex, multi-metal structure, but its original use was as a cast-in-place bulk bearing material. Babbitt metal is characterized by its resistance to galling. Babbitt metal is soft and easily damaged, which suggests that it might be unsuitable for a bearing surface. However, its structure is made up of small hard crystals dispersed in a softer metal, which makes it a metal matrix composite. As the bearing wears, the softer metal erodes somewhat, creating paths for lubricant between the hard high spots that provide the actual bearing surface. When tin is used as the softer metal, friction causes the tin to melt and function as a lubricant, protecting the bearing from wear when other lubricants are absent.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: Internal combustion engines use Babbitt metal which is primarily tin-based because it can withstand cyclic loading.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: In the traditional style of a babbitt metal bearing, a cast iron pillow block is assembled as a loose fit around the shaft, with the shaft in its approximate final position. The inner face of the cast iron pillow block is often drilled to form a key to locate the bearing metal as it is cast into place. The shaft is coated with soot as a release agent, the ends of the bearing are packed with clay, and molten metal is poured into the cavity around the shaft, initially half filling the pillow block. The bearing is stripped, and the metal trimmed back to the top surface of the pillow block. Hardened babbitt metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife or sharp chisel.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: A steel shim is inserted to protect the face of the lower bearing and to space the cap of the pillow block away from the shaft. After resealing the ends with clay, more metal is then poured to fill the cap of the pillow block through the hole in the top of the pillow block cap which will eventually be a lubrication hole.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: The two halves of the bearing are then split at the shim, the oil holes cleared of metal and oil ways are cut into the surface of the new bearing. The shaft is smeared with engineer's blue and rotated in the bearing. When the bearing is disassembled the blue fills the hollows and is rubbed off the high spots. The high spots are scraped down, and the process repeated, until a uniform and evenly distributed pattern of blue shows when the shaft is removed. The bearing is then cleaned and lubricated, and shimmed up such that the shaft is held firmly but not binding in the bearing. The bearing is then "run in" by being run heavily lubricated at low load and revolution, completing the process of exposing the hard bearing surface. After final adjustment of the shimming, a very reliable and high load capability bearing results.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: Before the advent of low cost electric motors, power was distributed through factories from a central engine via overhead shafts running in hundreds of Babbitt bearings.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: The expression a "run bearing" also derives from this style of bearing, since failure of lubrication will lead to heat build-up due to friction in the bearing, eventually leading to the bearing metal liquefying and running out of the pillow block.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: Until the mid-1950s, poured Babbitt bearings were common in automotive applications. The Babbitt was poured into the block or caps using a form. Tin-based Babbitts were used as they could stand up to the impact loads found on the connecting rods and crankshaft. The poured Babbitt bearings were kept thin. The rods and caps would have shims that could be peeled off as the Babbitt wore. Ford was known to use two .002" on each cap and Babbitt that was 86% tin, 7% copper, 7% antimony (see the KRW catalogs for the Model T). Steel shims were used as the brass shims used today tend to compress over time contributing to shorter bearing life. The poured Babbitt bearings commonly get over 50,000 miles of use before needing replacement. Poured Babbitt bearings are also known to fail gracefully, allowing the car to be driven for extended periods of time. The failed bearing is not likely to damage the crankshaft.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: In more modern practice, the crankshaft and connecting rod big end bearings in a modern automobile engine are made of a replaceable steel shell, keyed to the bearing caps. The inner surface of the steel shell is plated with a coating of bronze, which is in turn coated with a thin layer of Babbitt metal as the bearing surface.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: In many applications, rolling-element bearings, such as ball or roller bearings, have replaced Babbitt bearings. Though such bearings can offer a lower coefficient of friction than plain bearings, their key advantage is that they can operate reliably without a continuous pressurized supply of lubricant. Ball and roller bearings can also be used in configurations that are required to carry both radial and axial thrusts. However, rolling-element bearings lack the beneficial damping and shock-load capability provided by fluid-film bearings, such as the Babbitt.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: The engineering of a bearing's Babbitt lining is usually completed during the design of the machine. In selecting the proper type of Babbitt for a particular job there are a number of factors to take into consideration, the most important of which are as follows:


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: There is no doubt that if a bearing is to be highly loaded in relation to its size, a high tin alloy is desirable; whereas for much slower speed work and less heavily loaded bearings, a lead-Based Babbitt may be employed, and is far more economical.


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: 1. Surface speed of the shaft: (The number of feet traveled per minute by the shaft circumferentially.)


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: Example: Determine the surface of a 2 inch diameter shaft going 1,400 revolutions per minute (RPM)<br>


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: 2. Load bearing is required to carry: (the weight which is being exerted through the combined weights of the shaft and any other direct weights on the shaft and measured in pounds per square inch.)


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: Example: Determine the load on a bearing of a 2-inch I.D bearing, 5 inches long and carrying a weight of 3,100 lbs<br>


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: Where: W = Total weight carried by bearing, I.D = Inside diameter of bearing, L.O.B = Length of Bearing, L = Load bearing required to carry


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: While not subject to precise calculations, the following considerations must also be taken into account:


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: If the bearing has performed well in use over many years, the bearing needs simply to be rebuilt to its original specification and formulation. In this case the technician's greatest concerns are:


title: Babbitt (alloy)

text: Eco-Babbitt is an alloy of 90% Sn, 7% Zn, 3% Cu that is not technically a Babbitt metal. See Solder alloys for more information on Eco-Babbitt.


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker are two versions of the third album by the American heavy metal band Sleep. The former title was released in 1999 by The Music Cartel and the latter was released by Tee Pee Records in 2003. The music for these albums comprises an extended hour-length piece (either split into multiple shorter tracks or presented as a single track), developed over four years and recorded in 1996 under the auspices of Sleep's label at the time, London Records. When recording had completed, London was unhappy with the finished product and refused to release it, leading to Sleep's disbandment and the album surfacing on bootlegs and unauthorized indie releases in subsequent years. All versions of the album received very positive reception from music critics, who described it as a high-water mark in both the stoner metal and doom metal genres.


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: After positive reviews from the heavy metal press and the release of the album "Sleep's Holy Mountain" (1992) on Earache Records, Sleep's label announced that they would release their follow-up record. Sleep had been touring in Europe with Cathedral and in the United States with Nik Turner's version of Hawkwind in support of "Sleep's Holy Mountain" when the group felt they had to write new material. The new album was going to be an hour-long song. This song was written and practiced at sound checks, motel rooms and in friends' houses. Matt Pike said the songwriting process was long and that they were "working on [the song] for like four years. We also had two other songs that were working on that were really long, too—like 15 and 20 minutes. But we never recorded them." Al Cisneros stated that smoking cannabis was important to the song's creative process: "I was really dependent on the space I got into when I was using it, and some of the lyrics are about that...The line, 'Drop out of life [with bong in hand],' was kind of a creed at that point." The song was originally known and performed live under the title "Dopesmoker". After their tour, the group began to be interested in a Middle Eastern desert theme which led to Sleep referring to the song as "Jerusalem" during later practice sessions.


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: Sleep were ready to record the album in 1995 but did not record it until 1996 as the band was still contracted with Earache. Cisneros said that there was "about a year and half of legal wrangling between their managers and lawyers at Earache" and that Earache owner Digby Pearson "waited to make the most prime conditions for himself before he let [Sleep's] contract [go]." Sleep were in talks with both London Records and Elektra Records to release their next album. They chose to sign to London, as they were promised complete artistic freedom and more money, and since the label did not have any metal bands, Sleep felt they would receive special treatment. The members of Sleep were poor, and used the majority of money they received from London Records to cover for the debt they were in at that time.


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: The song was recorded at Record Two Studio in Comptche, California. While recording the song, it began to develop differently from the original vision. Pike stated that the "song was getting slower and slower and then it got weird. We started tripping out and second guessing ourselves." Recording the album was difficult. Pike recalled that "there was so much to memorize for that album, and we had to do it in like three different sections because a reel-to-reel only holds 22 minutes. It was really cool, but it was one of the hardest things I've ever done in my life." Sleep were in the studio for one month then went home to rehearse and returned for another month. Pike noted that they ended up with two or three different versions of the song.


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: Part of the song's signature sound is thanks to custom-built amps designed to be so loud, no one from the band was capable of going into the same room as them. More than half a dozen microphones were used to pick up the sound from the amps.


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: Within a few weeks of signing with London, the A&R member who was negotiating with Sleep had been transferred and replaced. After sending the finished album to London Records, the label told Sleep that they were not going to release the album in its current format. London Records had David Sardy remix the album but the label was still confused as to what to do with the album. Sleep refused to have the album released in any edited form which led to a deadlock between London and the band. The members of Sleep have mixed feelings whether the album should have been released in general. Cisneros felt it should not have been released, while Pike was content with its release, saying "We did all the work so why leave it sitting around?"


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: By 2009, there had been four versions of the album released: a rare London Records promotional disc, a bootleg with cover art by Arik Roper, the Rise Above/Music Cartel Records album, and a release by Tee Pee Records. The Rise Above/Music Cartel release was an unauthorized edited version, released in 1999 under the title "Jerusalem". "Jerusalem" runs at 52 minutes and is a single composition split into six identically named tracks. The version of the album titled "Dopesmoker" was released on April 22, 2003, by Tee Pee Records on compact disc and vinyl with a 63-minute running time. Cisneros spoke most positively about the 2003 "Dopesmoker" release, saying "I don't think the "Dopesmoker" thing is the exact version that we submitted, but that's the closest one that's come out of the four. If I had to pick a favorite, that would be it." Parts of the song were used in the film "Broken Flowers" by Jim Jarmusch. Jarmusch stated that he was a fan of Sleep and listed them along with Earth and Sunn O))) as an influence for creating the film: "I love these kind of visual landscapes they make, and they really inspired things for me for my film "The Limits of Control"".


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: In March 2012, Southern Lord Records announced plans for a deluxe reissue of the album, adding of the pending release that "The audio is clearer, louder, and at last brings a true representation of Sleep's hour-plus Weedian chronicle". The reissue features new artwork by the band's artist Arik Roper, a recording mastered from the original studio tapes by From Ashes Rise guitarist Brad Boatright, and a live version of the song "Holy Mountain", recorded at the I-Beam in San Francisco in 1994. This version of the album reached number 14 on the Top Heatseekers chart.


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: On August 22, 2022, Third Man Records announced the release of a remastered version of "Dopesmoker" on music streaming services on August 26, 2022, featuring "Hot Lava Man", a track that hadn't been released digitally before. Along with this digital release, a vinyl reissue of the album is set to ship on December 9, 2022, as well as a deluxe "Weedian High-Fi" vinyl pressed with "authentic cannabis leaves" which is only available to purchase at Third Man's Detroit storefront.


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: Both "Dopesmoker" and early releases of the album received positive reviews from the music press. In the December 2000 issue of "Spin" the album was referred to as "brilliant" and as a "stoner touchstone". "CMJ New Music Monthly" wrote positively about the song, saying that the "monotony rarely becomes tedious, because Al Cisneros and company are unpredictable and sensual in their drug-induced pounding of early Sabbath terrain." Online music database AllMusic gave the "Jerusalem" album four stars out of five stating that "Either version is worth investigating for adventurous metal enthusiasts, but "Dopesmoker" is clearly the final and definitive presentation of this work". In 2006, the extreme metal magazine "Decibel" included the album in their hall of fame of "extreme metal masterpieces".


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: The album continued to receive praise after the release of "Dopesmoker". Eduardo Rivadavia of online music database AllMusic gave the album four and a half stars out of five stating ""Dopesmoker" is [...] an instant doom metal classic—some might even say a masterpiece". The British music magazine "Mojo" gave the album a rating of five out of five stars proclaiming that "Dopesmoker" is "A benchmark by which all that dares call itself stoner rock must surely be judged." "Exclaim!" praised "Dopesmoker"'s production value and noted that the album was an "ultimately better version of 1999's stoner opus "Jerusalem"." Stylus Magazine's Stewart Voegtlin defined "Dopesmoker" as "a 60-minute song about the spliff, a monstrous rock ode to stinky buds". Voegtlin pointed out that London Records' refusal to "share Sleep's affection or vision, [led the band to] disbanding in disgust. Matt Pike went on to form High on Fire; Al Cisneros and Chris Hakius contemplate the universe's navel with Om." A "New York Times" critic wrote: "What seems disorienting and monochromatic at first grows richer and more rewarding upon repeated exposure. It's like a Mark Rothko painting hitting you over the head with a bag of hammers."


title: Jerusalem and Dopesmoker

text: The 2012 Southern Lord Records re-issue was also praised. On Metacritic, it has a score of 94 out of 100, based on 9 reviews. "Exclaim!" noted that this issue was "cleaner and more powerful, the guitars sound heavier, with a much larger presence, and the mesmerizing complexity of the track has been reinvigorated." Pitchfork Media gave the album an 8.5 out of 10 and listed it as one of "the best new reissues" noting that "It's an hour of adventure and momentum, where the lumber and the repetition somehow always push ahead." Consequence of Sound gave the album three and a half stars out of five, stating that "It's not for everybody, certainly; all but the biggest potheads/metalheads may burn out after so much grinding. It's no showcase for songwriting, either, but it makes up for that with heady atmosphere."


title: Salaam Remi

text: Salaam Remi Gibbs (born May 14, 1972) is a Grammy winning American record producer known for his association with Nas, Amy Winehouse, Robby, Fugees, Fergie, Estelle, Black Thought, and Miguel, and for his reggae-tinged (often referred to as "broken-bottle") approach to production.


title: Salaam Remi

text: The son of studio musician Van Gibbs, Remi first appeared on record as the keyboard player on Kurtis Blow's 1986 release "Kingdom Blow". In the late 1980s, Remi began mixing records. His first full production was in 1992, for the hip-hop group Zhigge. He worked with the Fugees and Black Sheep.


title: Salaam Remi

text: Salaam Remi has been associated with releases like Lil' Flip's "I Need Mine", Ini Kamoze's "Here Comes the Hotstepper", The Fugees' multi-platinum "The Score" LP, and Toni Braxton's "You're Makin' Me High". He produced 10 tracks on the 2002 UK sensation Ms. Dynamite's album titled "A Little Deeper", including the hugely successful lead single "Dy-Na-Mi-Tee", which had moderate crossover success in the U.S. market.


title: Salaam Remi

text: Remi contributed tracks to Jurassic 5's 2006 LP "Feedback" and Nas's 2006 album "Hip Hop Is Dead", and racked up production credits on "Frank", the platinum debut from North London soul-jazz singer Amy Winehouse. He worked on Winehouse's followup, "Back to Black", and was producing her third album that was to be released in 2011, up until her death. Remi worked with Nelly Furtado on her first Spanish language album, "Mi Plan". His projects in late 2008 included working with Jazmine Sullivan, Nas, Free, Julian Perretta, Leona Lewis and Corinne Bailey Rae.


title: Salaam Remi

text: Remi has also done film work. He worked on the soundtracks for "Office Space", "Zoolander", "The Departed", "Blood Diamond", and "Sex and the City". He also scored the Mike Tyson documentary, "TYSON", worked as executive music producer on "After the Sunset" and "Rush Hour 3", and was music supervisor and composer for a 2008 TV pilot called "Blue Blood". Salaam Remi was nominated for Non-Classical Producer of the Year at the 55th Grammy Awards, an award won by Dan Auerbach.


title: Salaam Remi

text: In 2013, Remi started his own label imprint, Louder Than Life, as a subsidiary of Sony Music, with two subimprints, Re Mi Fa Music and Flying Buddha Records. "New York: A Love Story" by Mack Wilds was the first release under Remi's label. Since 2013, Remi has released multiple projects under Louder Than Life including BoxTalk with Joell Ortiz, Northside of Linden, Westside of Slauson with Terrace Martin, and Black On Purpose featuring performances by Busta Rhymes, Nas, Jennifer Hudson, Black Thought, CeeLo Green, Mumu Fresh, Doug E. Fresh, Bilal (American singer), Teedra Moses, D-Nice, Mack Wilds, Common (rapper), Case (singer), Betty Wright, James Poyser, Stephen Marley (musician), Anthony Hamilton (musician), Syleena Johnson, Super Cat, Spragga Benz, and Chronixx.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: The 1999 Survivor Series was the 13th annual Survivor Series professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on November 14, 1999, at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. It was the second Survivor Series to held at the Joe Louis Arena after the 1991 event.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: The main event was a Triple Threat Match (a non-elimination match involving three wrestlers against each other) for the WWF Championship between Triple H, Big Show and The Rock. Big Show was a replacement for Stone Cold Steve Austin, who had been run down by a car earlier in the night (which was an angle for Austin to take time to recover from his injuries). In reality, Austin needed spinal surgery to repair damage stemming from a serious injury he sustained just over two years prior at SummerSlam 1997.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: The undercard included the New Age Outlaws defending the WWF Tag Team Championship against Al Snow and Mankind, Chyna defending the Intercontinental Championship against Chris Jericho, three four-on-four Survivor Series elimination match (including a Handicap match involving Big Show), as well as the WWF in-ring debut of Olympic gold medalist Kurt Angle.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: Survivor Series is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV), produced every November by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) since 1987. In what has become the second longest-running pay-per-view event in history (behind WWE's WrestleMania), it is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Royal Rumble, and was considered one of the "Big Five" PPVs, along with King of the Ring. The event is traditionally characterized by having Survivor Series matches, which are tag team elimination matches that typically pits teams of four or five wrestlers against each other. The 1999 event was the 13th event in the Survivor Series chronology and was scheduled to be held on November 14, 1999, at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: Survivor Series consisted of professional wrestling matches involving wrestlers from pre-existing feuds and storylines that played out on "Raw is War" and "SmackDown!" — WWF's television programs. Wrestlers portrayed a hero or a villain as they followed a series of events that built tension, and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: The main rivalry heading into the event was between Triple H, Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock over the WWF Championship. At No Mercy, Rock defeated British Bulldog in a standard wrestling match. Later that night, Rock challenged the winner of the WWF Championship Anything Goes match between Triple H and Stone Cold Steve Austin for the title. After issuing the challenge, Rock was attacked by Triple H with a sledgehammer. Later that night, Triple H defeated Austin to retain the title. On the October 18 episode of "Raw is War", Rock challenged Triple H to a match for the title at Survivor Series, because Rock was angered at the previous night's attack. Austin also issued a challenge and claimed that he deserved a title shot instead of Rock. The WWF Chairman Vince McMahon solved the situation by making a Triple Threat match between Triple H, Austin and Rock for the WWF Championship.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: Another predominant rivalry heading into the event was between New Age Outlaws (Mr. Ass and Road Dogg) and Al Snow and Mankind for the WWF Tag Team Championship. On the October 18 episode of "Raw is War", Mick Foley gave his Rock 'n' Sock Connection partner Rock, a copy of his book """". However, later that night, the same copy was discovered by Al Snow in a trashcan. He informed Foley about it. Foley confronted Rock about it. Rock denied doing so but Foley broke up the Rock 'n' Sock Connection. Later that night, Foley cost Rock and himself, the Tag Team Championship against The Hollys (Hardcore Holly and Crash Holly) by coming out for the match without wearing Mankind gear and leaving Rock to wrestle on his own. This allowed Hollys to defeat Rock and win the titles. On the October 21 episode of "SmackDown", Mankind and Rock had a match which ended in a disqualification when Val Venis interfered and attacked Mankind with his book. On the October 25 episode of "Raw is War", Mankind wrestled Triple H for the WWF Championship. Triple H was disqualified when Venis assaulted Mankind again, earning Mankind, a disqualification win. However, Al Snow came out to rescue Mankind from the assault. On the October 28 episode of "SmackDown", Mankind defeated Venis after distraction from Snow. As a result, Mankind and Snow formed a tag team. On the November 4 episode of "SmackDown!", Mankind and Snow defeated The Hollys to win the Tag Team Championship. On the November 8 episode of "Raw is War", New Age Outlaws defeated Mankind and Snow for the Tag Team Championship. This led to a title match between New Age Outlaws and Mankind and Snow for the Tag Team Championship.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: At No Mercy, Chyna defeated Jeff Jarrett in a Good Housekeeping match to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship. On the October 18 episode of "Raw is War", Chyna issued an open challenge, which was answered by Chris Jericho, whose insults prompted Chyna to attack him. Stevie Richards also got involved in Chyna and Jericho's rivalry. On the November 8 episode of "Raw is War", Jericho was scheduled to wrestle Chyna for the Intercontinental Championship at Survivor Series.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: On the October 18 episode of "Raw is War", Big Boss Man challenged Big Show to a match and agreed to defend the WWF Hardcore Championship. Big Show accepted the challenge. However, before the match Big Show left the arena to check on his father, who had reportedly died (in storyline). The report was later revealed as a plan of Boss Man. On the October 21 episode of "SmackDown", an enraged Big Show attempted to attack Boss Man but Boss Man escaped. Big Show then assaulted the police officer. On the October 25 episode of "Raw is War", Boss Man distracted Big Show during his match with Prince Albert. Albert attacked Big Show from behind and Boss Man broke Big Show's father's watch with a hammer. As a result, Boss Man and Albert formed a new alliance. On the October 28 episode of "SmackDown", Al Snow had a match with Boss Man. However, Boss Man's ally, Albert continuously interfered in the match and the two attacked Snow, leading him to challenge both men to a Hardcore match in the parking lot. Later that night, Boss Man and Albert went to the parking lot to wrestle Snow but instead of Snow, Big Show appeared. He trapped Boss Man and Albert in a car, smashed it into pieces and pushed a dumpster on the top of the car. On the November 1 episode of "Raw is War", Boss Man and Albert attacked Big Show during an interview. On the November 8 episode of "Raw is War", a tribute was paid to Big Show's father on his death. Boss Man came out and insulted Big Show and his father. On the November 11 episode of "SmackDown", footage was shown of Boss Man interrupting the funeral, attacking Big Show and ruining the grave. This led to a Survivor Series match between Big Show's team (consisting of Kai En Tai (Funaki and Taka Michinoku) and The Blue Meanie) and Boss Man's team (consisting of Prince Albert, Viscera and Mideon). On the November 14 episode of "Sunday Night Heat", Big Show attacked all of his team members, who withdrew from the team, making the match a 4-on-1 Survivor Series match.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: At No Mercy, the Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy) defeated Edge and Christian in a Ladder match, which was the final round match in a tournament for the managerial services of Terri Runnels and a prize of $100,000. On the October 18 episode of "Raw is War", New Brood disbanded their relationship with Gangrel's New Brood stable, turning face in the process, and formed an alliance with their former enemies, Edge and Christian. The Holly Cousins defended the WWF Tag Team Championship against the Hardy Boyz on the October 21 episode of "SmackDown" and against Edge and Christian on the October 25 episode of "Raw is War". In the latter match, Too Cool (Grand Master Sexay and Scotty Too Hotty) interfered, costing Edge and Christian the victory. The Hardy Boyz came out to rescue Edge and Christian and the four wrestlers cleared the ring of Too Cool and Hollys. As a result, the teams of Edge and Christian and Hardy Boyz began a rivalry with Too Cool and Hollys, as the four teams battled each other in several tag team matches and standard wrestling matches, leading to a Survivor Series match at Survivor Series.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: On the October 18 episode of "Raw is War", The Headbangers (Mosh and Thrasher) distracted The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) during their match against X-Pac and Kane, costing the Dudley Boyz the match. On the October 25 episode of "Raw is War", Dudley Boyz made fun of The Godfather's hos for being attacked by Viscera, after Viscera defeated Godfather in a "Winner Takes Hos" match. The following week on "Raw is War", The Headbangers defeated Dudley Boyz in a tag team match. On the November 11 episode of "SmackDown", Dudley Boyz defeated Godfather and D'Lo Brown. It led to a Survivor Series match pitting Dudley Boyz and Acolytes Protection Agency (Faarooq and Bradshaw) against Headbangers, Godfather and Brown.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: At No Mercy, X-Pac defeated Kane, Faarooq and Bradshaw in a Four Corners Elimination match. As a result of losing to X-Pac, Kane started showing jealousy towards X-Pac and their team started to break up. On the October 28 episode of "SmackDown", X-Pac betrayed Kane during a tag team match against Dudley Boyz by low blowing Kane and allowing Dudley Boyz to pin Kane for the win. After the match, X-Pac proclaimed that Kane did not deserve to be a member of D-Generation X, a faction that X-Pac was a part of during that time. On the November 1 episode of "Raw is War", the entirety of DX attacked Kane during a match between Kane and X-Pac. This led to a match between Kane and X-Pac at Survivor Series.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: At No Mercy, Mae Young helped her friend The Fabulous Moolah in defeating Ivory to win the WWF Women's Championship. On the October 21 episode of "SmackDown", Moolah defended the Women's Championship against Young, but Ivory interfered in the match and attacked both Moolah and Young. Jacqueline and Luna joined Ivory in the assault and Tori came out and joined Young and Moolah. On the October 25 episode of "Raw is War", Moolah decided to vacate her title and retire from professional wrestling. However, Ivory reminded Moolah of her rematch clause and easily defeated Moolah for the Women's Championship. On the November 11 episode of "SmackDown", Ivory, Jacqueline, Luna and Terri Runnels were set to wrestle Moolah, Young, Tori and Debra at Survivor Series.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: Throughout November 1999, vignettes aired that hyped the WWF debut of Kurt Angle, who had represented the United States in the 1996 Summer Olympics and won the gold medal in heavyweight freestyle wrestling. His in-ring debut was scheduled for Survivor Series.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: The pay-per-view opened with a Four-on-four Survivor Series elimination match pitting The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) and Acolytes Protection Agency (Faarooq and Bradshaw) against The Godfather, D'Lo Brown and The Headbangers (Mosh and Thrasher). Godfather's team suffered the first elimination when Bradshaw pinned Thrasher after performing a Clothesline from Hell. Mosh was eliminated next when the Dudley Boyz hit him with a 3D. Bradshaw was disqualified for hitting Brown with a chair. D-Von took advantage and tried to pin Brown, but Faarooq broke up the pin because he wanted to score the pinfall himself. As a result, Faarooq and D-Von started brawling outside the ring and were counted-out. Bubba Ray, the last remaining member of his team, was double-teamed when Godfather performed a Ho Train, followed by Brown with a Lo Down on Bubba Ray for the victory. As a result, Godfather and Brown were the survivors of their team.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: After that, Kurt Angle made his WWF in-ring debut against faced Shawn Stasiak. Stasiak dominated much of the earlier match until Angle escaped the ring and insulted the fans by telling them not to insult an Olympic Gold Medalist. However, Stasiak beat on Angle and then climbed the top rope to perform a Diving Splash, but Angle got up and caught a flying Stasiak by performing an Olympic Slam for the victory.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: Another Survivor Series elimination match pitted British Bulldog and Mean Street Posse (Rodney, Pete Gas and Joey Abs) against Val Venis, Mark Henry, Gangrel and Steve Blackman. Blackman eliminated Pete Gas after a Martial Arts Kick. Gangrel then eliminated Rodney with an Impaler. Henry hit a Big Splash on Joey Abs and eliminated him. Bulldog eliminated Gangrel by after a Superplex and Blackman after a Fisherman Suplex. Venis and Henry started double-teaming Bulldog as Henry splashed Bulldog and Venis hit a Money Shot on Bulldog for the victory. Venis and Henry were the survivors on their team.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: Next, an eight-woman tag team match pitted Ivory, Luna, Jacqueline and Terri Runnels against Mae Young, The Fabulous Moolah, Tori and Debra. The match went back and forth until Moolah performed a Scoop Slam on Ivory and splashed her to win the match.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: After that, Kane fought X-Pac. X-Pac attacked Kane from behind at the end of his signature fiery intro and had the upper hand for a good portion of the match. Kane climbed the top rope, but X-Pac dropkicked him outside the ring. Back in the ring, X-Pac hit Kane with three consecutive Spinning Heel Kicks and then attempted a Bronco Buster, but Kane avoided it and performed a Flying Clothesline and a Chokeslam on X-Pac. Kane attempted a pinfall, but D-Generation X teammate Road Dogg pulled him out of the ring. As Kane rolled back into the ring, he was hit by X-Pac's X-Factor. Kane threw X-Pac away and eventually attempted a Tombstone Piledriver, but Triple H interfered and hit Kane in the face with the WWF Championship belt, thus resulting in a disqualification victory for Kane. Kane was placed in the corner when Tori ran to the ring to stop X-Pac's Bronco Buster. She was kicked in the face as Kane fought off all of the DX members to rescue her. After the match, The Rock was trying to give an interview, but Triple H attacked him. The two brawled until they were separated by several WWF officials.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: Next, Big Show faced Big Boss Man, Prince Albert, Mideon and Viscera in a Handicap Survivor Series match. Big Show was the only member on his team because he had attacked all of his teammates prior to the event. However, he single-handedly dominated the match when he eliminated Mideon, Prince Albert and Viscera in under a minute. With all of his teammates eliminated, Boss Man left the ring and ran to the backstage and was counted-out. Big Show won the match and ran after Boss Man to the backstage.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: After the match, Triple H interrupted an interview with Stone Cold Steve Austin. Austin started chasing Triple H in the backstage area until a car drove up and ran down Austin at high speed. WWF Chairman Vince McMahon confronted Triple H, D-Generation X and WWF's head of security, but Triple H said that he was not to blame. Austin was loaded into the ambulance and removed from the WWF Championship match against Triple H and Rock.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: After that, Chyna defended the Intercontinental Championship against Chris Jericho. They immediately started attacking each other when Jericho shoved down Chyna's manager Miss Kitty. Both women then kicked Jericho to the outside of the ring as Chyna jumped out and threw Jericho into the stairs. Jericho taunted and teased Miss Kitty throughout the match and even kissed her on one occasion. Kitty started fighting Jericho as Chyna fought back with a Spear and an Irish whip into the ring post. However, Jericho quickly regained momentum and Powerbombed her for a near-fall. Jericho then attempted a Lionsault, but Chyna avoided the move and attacked Jericho. She then hit Jericho with a DDT and accidentally attacked the referee. Jericho took advantage and nailed Chyna with the championship belt. Chyna hit Jericho with a Pedigree and then attempted a Hurricanrana, but Jericho countered it into a Walls of Jericho. Jericho then placed Chyna on the top rope, but Miss Kitty distracted the referee as Chyna hit Jericho with a Low Blow and a Pedigree from the top turnbuckle to win the match and retain the Intercontinental Championship.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: Next, a Survivor Series match pitted Edge and Christian and the Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy) against Too Cool (Scotty Too Hotty and Grand Master Sexay) and the Holly Cousins (Hardcore Holly and Crash Holly). Hardcore Holly pinned Edge with a Schoolboy and Scotty pinned Matt Hardy after a Tornado DDT. Jeff Hardy pinned Scotty after a 450° Splash but was eliminated after Grand Master Sexay hit a Tennessee Jam. Christian then eliminated Grand Master Sexay after a Diving Reverse DDT and Crash Holly after an Impaler but was quickly pinned by Hardcore Holly with a Victory Roll. Hardcore Holly was the sole survivor.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: After that, the New Age Outlaws (Billy Gunn and Road Dogg) defended the WWF Tag Team Championship against Mankind and Al Snow. Mankind and Gunn started exchanging blows until the action spilled outside the ring. Back in the ring, Gunn and Road Dogg quickly tagged in each other as they hurt Snow outside the ring. After being dominated, Snow performed a Clothesline on Road Dogg and tagged in Mankind, while Road Dogg tagged in Gunn. Mankind started dominating until Gunn hit with a Fame-asser. Road Dogg then attempted a Pumphandle Drop on Mankind, but Snow hit him with a Snow Plow. Gunn then threw Al Snow into the steps and hit Mankind with a Texas Piledriver to win the match and retain the Tag Team Championship.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: In the main event, Big Show was revealed as the substitute for the hospitalized Steve Austin in the Triple Threat match against WWF Champion Triple H and The Rock. Triple H and Rock started double-teaming Big Show who fought back by clotheslined both opponents. The Rock eventually hit Big Show with a People's Elbow but Triple H attacked Rock. Big Show then hit a Sidewalk Slam on Rock and fought Triple H outside of the ring, where The Rock rejoined the fight. Triple H and The Rock suplexed Big Show onto the Spanish broadcast table and then continued to fight each other in the ring until the referee was knocked out. The Rock then threw Triple H into the top turnbuckle and hit him with a Rock Bottom. The Rock attempt a pinfall but the referee was still out. Finally, Shane McMahon came in as a replacement referee but Triple H kicked out at two. Rock eventually hit another Rock Bottom when Big Show rejoined the action, pulling McMahon out of the ring, attacking The Rock on the broadcast table and hitting Triple H with a stomp, an elbow drop and a legdrop. D-Generation X interfered in the match to help Triple H, but Vince also ran into the ring and hit Triple H with the championship belt. Big Show took advantage and chokeslammed Triple H to win the match and the WWF Championship.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: In 2014, Dylan Diot of 411Mania gave the event a rating of 5.0 [Not So Good], stating, "This show felt more like an episode of Raw than a PPV. All of the classic Survivor Series elimination matches were thrown together, a majority of the show was taken over by the Stone Cold car angle, and the wrestling wasn't all that good with only two exceptions. If [you're] a Big Show fan and want to see his crowning moment since coming to the WWF early in the year, then this show is worth a look. Otherwise, nothing to see here."


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: After Big Show won the WWF Championship at Survivor Series, he continued his rivalry with Big Boss Man. The next night on "Raw", Boss Man defeated The Rock in a Hardcore match, with help from Prince Albert, to become the number one contender for the WWF Championship. At the new December pay-per-view, Armageddon, Big Show defeated Boss Man to retain the title.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: Since Stone Cold Steve Austin was hit with a car, the WWF Chairman Vince McMahon continuously blamed Triple H and D-Generation X for the attack. On the November 18 episode of "SmackDown", DX assaulted McMahon's Corporate Stooges (Pat Patterson and Gerald Brisco). Sgt. Slaughter informed McMahon of the attack and told McMahon that Triple H had invited him to DX's locker room. McMahon went to the locker room, where Triple H warned McMahon not to make this personal. Later in the night, Triple H came down to the ring and blamed McMahon for his title loss at Survivor Series and then challenged McMahon to a match at Armageddon. Shortly after, footage was shown of backstage where the McMahon family had fallen down the stairs. On the November 22 episode of "Raw Is War", Vince destroyed a limousine carrying DX using his car. Although DX retreated, the limousine was destroyed. Later that night, police officers arrested Vince for assaulting DX; Triple H attacked the hand-cuffed Vince and later accused him of orchestrating the attack on Austin at Survivor Series. Shane McMahon came to his father's defense and informed Triple H that Vince would accept Triple H's challenge at Armageddon. On the November 29 episode of "Raw Is War", Vince's daughter Stephanie McMahon was supposed to (storyline) marry Test. The ceremony was interrupted by Triple H, who showed a video of himself and an unconscious Stephanie getting married. On the December 2 episode of "SmackDown", Triple H announced that his match against Vince at Armageddon would be a No Holds Barred match, and on the following episode of "Raw Is War" a further stipulation was added to the match. If Vince won the match, Triple H and Stephanie's marriage would be annulled but if Triple H won, he would be granted a WWF Championship match. At Armageddon, Triple H defeated Vince in a No Holds Barred match, after Stephanie betrayed Vince and helped Triple H in finishing Vince with a sledgehammer. It was later revealed that Rikishi had run over Austin on Triple H's orders.


title: Survivor Series (1999)

text: Austin later made his return at Backlash 2000 in April, where he helped The Rock defeat Triple H for the WWF Championship. This was Austin's first appearance since Survivor Series 6 months prior.


title: New River Gorge Bridge

text: The New River Gorge Bridge is a steel arch bridge long over the New River Gorge near Fayetteville, West Virginia, in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States. With an arch long, the New River Gorge Bridge was the world's longest single-span arch bridge for 26 years; it is now the fifth longest, and the longest outside of China. Part of U.S. Route 19, its construction marked the completion of Corridor L of the Appalachian Development Highway System. An average of 16,200 motor vehicles cross the bridge each day.


title: New River Gorge Bridge

text: The roadway of the New River Gorge Bridge is above the New River, making the bridge one of the highest vehicular bridges in the world; it is the third highest in the United States. When completed in 1977, it was the world's highest bridge carrying a regular roadway, a title it held until the 2001 opening of the Liuguanghe Bridge in China. Because of its height, the bridge has attracted daredevils since its construction. It is now the centerpiece of the annual "Bridge Day", during which hundreds of people, with appropriate equipment, are permitted to climb on or jump from the bridge. In 2005, the structure gained additional attention when the US Mint issued the West Virginia state quarter with the bridge depicted on one side. In 2013, the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: New River Gorge Bridge

text: Construction began on the bridge in June 1974, and was completed on October 22, 1977. The bridge was designed by the Michael Baker Company under the direction of Chief Engineer Clarence V. Knudsen and Corporate Bridge Engineer Frank J. Kempf, and executed by U.S. Steel's American Bridge Division. The final cost of construction was $37 million (equivalent to $ million in dollars). It was approximately $4 million, or $ million in dollars, over bid. It is made from COR-TEN steel. The use of COR-TEN in construction presented several challenges; notable among them was ensuring that the weld points weathered at the same rate as the rest of the steel.


title: New River Gorge Bridge

text: At the time, the bridge was the West Virginia Department of Highways' largest project in its history, important both in terms of its overall cost, and that the federal government provided 70 percent of the funding. Construction gave a boost to the state and local economy; completion improved transportation. The bridge cut the vehicle travel time from one side of the gorge to the other from about 45 minutes to 45 seconds.


title: New River Gorge Bridge

text: On August 14, 2013, the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Even though it was not yet 50 years old, it was listed for its exceptional impact on local transportation and its engineering significance.


title: New River Gorge Bridge

text: The New River Gorge Bridge is within the National Park Service's New River Gorge National Park and Preserve, which protects this portion of the New River Gorge. At the northern end of the bridge, the Park Service operates a visitor center; it has scenic overlooks and a staircase that descends part of the way into the gorge.


title: New River Gorge Bridge

text: A steel catwalk two feet (60 cm) wide runs the full length of the bridge underneath the roadway. Originally built to facilitate inspections, the catwalk is open for guided, handicapped-accessible quarter-mile "Bridge Walk" tours; visitors use safety rigging.


title: New River Gorge Bridge

text: Since its opening, the bridge has been the centerpiece of Fayette County's "Bridge Day", held the third Saturday of every October. This festival includes demonstrations of rappelling, ascending, and BASE jumping. Bungee jumping, however, has been banned during Bridge Day since 1993.


title: New River Gorge Bridge

text: The bridge is closed to vehicular traffic during the festival. Prior to the September 11 terrorist attacks, two of the bridge's four lanes were open to traffic during the festivals. Since 2001, security concerns have caused the entire span to be closed to vehicles during these events.


title: New River Gorge Bridge

text: The first person to jump off the New River Gorge Bridge was Burton Ervin, who lives in Cowen, West Virginia, and was a coal-mine foreman. Burton jumped on August 1, 1979, using a conventional parachute. Four BASE jumpers have died at the bridge, three of these during Bridge Day festivals.


title: New River Gorge Bridge

text: Probably because of its height (and lack of barriers), the bridge has regularly attracted suicide jumpers.


title: Paris–Brest

text: The round pastry, in the form of a wheel, was created in 1910 by Louis Durand, pâtissier of Maisons-Laffitte, at the request of Pierre Giffard, to commemorate the Paris–Brest–Paris bicycle race he had initiated in 1891. Its circular shape is representative of a wheel. It became popular with riders on the Paris–Brest cycle race, partly because of its energizing, high-calorie value and its intriguing name, and is now found in pâtisseries all over France.


title: One Night with the King

text: One Night with the King is a 2006 American religious epic film produced by Matt Crouch and Laurie Crouch of Gener8Xion Entertainment, directed by Michael O. Sajbel, and starring Peter O'Toole, Tiffany Dupont, John Rhys-Davies and Luke Goss.


title: One Night with the King

text: The screenplay by Stephan Blinn is based on Tommy Tenney and Mark Andrew Olsen's novel "". "One Night with the King" is a dramatization of the Biblical story of Esther, who risked her life by approaching the King of Persia to request that he save the Jewish people.


title: One Night with the King

text: Despite being a critical and commercial failure, it received a 2007 CAMIE Award for Goss' portrayal of King Xerxes.


title: One Night with the King

text: The film is set in Susa, Persia (modern-day Iran) King Xerxes holds a great feast for all the people to attend. An orphaned Jewish woman, Hadassah, longs to go to Jerusalem to see the Holy Land and prepares to leave with the caravan along with her friend, Jesse. They stop by the king's feast before he goes marching to war to avenge his father's death. Hadassah and Jesse witness the king summoning Queen Vashti. Queen Vashti was opposed to the war, desiring king Xerxes to enhance his kingdom instead. She holds her own feast in protest against the war. When the king summons her to his feast, she refuses to come, stating, "I am queen and I will not lower my dignity. Or shame my crown by wearing it before your drunk and thinly veiled war council". Because of this, king Xerxes is advised to banish her and select a more worthy queen.


title: One Night with the King

text: All beautiful unmarried women in the city of Susa are brought to Xerxes. Under the command of her overprotective cousin, Mordecai (who was one of the king's scribes and worked in the palace) Hadassah does not reveal her nationality or family and changes her name to "Esther" (after the Babylonian goddess Ishtar) she is taken in with the rest of the selected women and given cosmetics, perfumes and treatments under the care of Hegai, the king's royal eunuch. Through her quick wit, intelligence and integrity, she becomes Hegai's favorite.


title: One Night with the King

text: On their night with the king, each female candidate is allowed to bring along whatever she wishes from the harem. She goes in the evening and returns in the morning to a second harem. She will not be able to return to the king unless she pleases him and he summons her by name. During their preparation, Hegai discovers that Esther can read and listens to her reading to the other contenders. He admires her bravery. Late into the night, he brings her to king Xerxes to read to him. She starts reading from the assigned scroll and then begins telling the love story of Jacob and Rachel (from the Old Testament) he is amused and intrigued and dismisses her, saying that she shall read to him again. Esther falls in love with the king. When it is Esther's turn for her "one night with the king", she only wears what Hegai advises. She wins the king's favor by revealing her heart to him. He chooses her and crowns her queen.


title: One Night with the King

text: Meanwhile, Haman the Agagite is promoted to the highest-ranking official. He has all the king's servants at the royal gate to kneel before him. Mordecai refuses, declaring that he will only kneel before god and the king. He announces himself before Haman to be a son of Abraham, a Jew. Haman, filled with vengeance and hatred, seeks to destroy Mordecai and all his people because generations earlier; Jews persecuted his forefathers.


title: One Night with the King

text: Esther discovers the plot and breaks protocol by going before the king unsummoned, risking her life to plead for her people. The king spares her life out of his love for her. She invites the king and Haman to a banquet and there reveals her nationality and Haman's plot to kill the Jews. The king, overwhelmed by her revelation, leaves the banquet. Haman then attacks Esther. The king saves her and commands Haman be hanged on the gallows he had erected to hang Mordecai. After Haman is taken away for his execution, the king goes to Esther's side. Esther asks, "what made you come back"?. And the king responds with, "i saw the stars". Then King Xerxes kisses Esther.


title: One Night with the King

text: Mordecai is made a prince of Persia and issues a royal decree in his own name, with flashbacks of Esther being made queen and the crowd of Jews cheering in the streets. Mordecai proclaims, "i order this decree sent out under the great seal of Mordecai, Prince of Persia, a Jew".


title: One Night with the King

text: The film generally adheres to the main plot of the Biblical version. However, the film adds stylistic elements not present in the Biblical story, as well as depicting several non-Biblical minor characters.


title: One Night with the King

text: The movie's Premiere Night took place at Mann Bruins Theater in Los Angeles, California. The movie, filmed entirely in the state of Rajasthan, India, was released in theaters on October 13, 2006. During its opening weekend, it earned $4,120,497 in theaters. By the end of its theatrical run, the film had earned $13,395,961 domestically, and $13,728,450 worldwide.


title: One Night with the King

text: Jeannie Tenney wrote and sang "One Night with the King", which can be heard during the final credits. She was a co-author with her husband, Tommy Tenney (also a producer of the film), of .


title: One Night with the King

text: "The Genius Club" from writer/director Tim Chey was also released theatrically in 2006. The film's trailers showed before "One Night With The King".


title: One Night with the King

text: "One Night with the King" was released to theaters on October 13, 2006. During its opening weekend, it earned $4,120,497 in theaters. By the end of its theatrical run, the film had received $13,395,961 domestically, with $13,728,450 worldwide. Subsequent DVD sales were strong at $20,688,299, more than making up for production costs.


title: One Night with the King

text: "One Night with the King" received a generally negative reception, garnering a 19% positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 26 reviews, with an average of 4.4 out of 10.


title: One Night with the King

text: V.A. Musetto of the "New York Post", noting that, "The cinematography and sets look great, but the script is a bummer. It's overlong, overwrought and overblown."


title: One Night with the King

text: The film received better views from the Christian community. The film was awarded four Doves by the Dove Foundation and received the Dove "Family-Approved" Seal. MovieGuide has also reviewed the film fairly favourably, giving it 3 out of 4 stars, saying that "despite some minor flaws, [it] brings back the biblical epic in an entertaining, inspiring way." The movie has also been endorsed by the American Bible Society.


title: One Night with the King

text: The British Board of Film Classification granted this motion picture a PG certificate, noting that it contained "images of moderate battle violence".


title: One Night with the King

text: In the US, "One Night With The King" is also rated PG by the MPAA for violence, some sensuality and thematic elements.


title: Deceit (2021 miniseries)

text: Deceit is a British four-part television drama miniseries, based on the true story of a controversial undercover operation carried out by the Metropolitan Police in 1992. Niamh Algar stars as the undercover police officer, codenamed "Lizzie James", who attempts to entrap a suspect in a murder investigation. It premiered on Channel 4 on 13 August 2021, and all subsequent episodes were made available for streaming on All 4 that same day after broadcast. The series, written by Emilia di Girolamo and produced by Story Films, received critical acclaim.


title: Deceit (2021 miniseries)

text: In August 2020, Channel 4 Drama announced they had commissioned a new show with the working title "My Name is Lizzie", examining the investigation into the killing of Rachel Nickell in 1992.


title: Deceit (2021 miniseries)

text: Later retitled "Deceit", the show includes scenes of verbatim dialogue as part of a fictionalised retelling of events.


title: Deceit (2021 miniseries)

text: It was first shown on Channel 4 each week, starting on 13 August 2021. All four episodes were made available on the channel's streaming service All 4 after the first episode was broadcast.


title: Deceit (2021 miniseries)

text: Lucy Mangan, writing for "The Guardian", praises Algar's "phenomenal performance" and MacCormicks "magnificent and stylish" direction, and says the only problem the show has is that "it is dealing with events that are stranger than fiction." Sara Wallis from "Daily Mirror" believes that the miniseries are "not hammer-blow viewing that reconstructs grisly murders" but a more detailed account of the impact of undercover work on Sadie. During the BBC Radio 5 Live program, Algar expressed her opinion of Emilia di Girolamo's work, calling it "something unique" and "one of the most exciting dramas."


title: Deceit (2021 miniseries)

text: Sean O'Grady, writing for "The Independent", named "Deceit" "a gripping portrayal of a real-life undercover operation".


title: Ubu Roi

text: Ubu Roi (; "Ubu the King" or "King Ubu") is a play by French writer Alfred Jarry, then 23 years old. It was first performed in Paris in 1896, by Aurélien Lugné-Poe's Théâtre de l'Œuvre at the Nouveau-Théâtre (today, the Théâtre de Paris). The production's single public performance baffled and offended audiences with its unruliness and obscenity. Considered to be a wild, bizarre and comic play, significant for the way it overturns cultural rules, norms and conventions, it is seen by 20th- and 21st-century scholars to have opened the door for what became known as modernism in the 20th century, and as a precursor to Dadaism, Surrealism and the Theatre of the Absurd.


title: Ubu Roi

text: "Ubu Roi" was first performed in Paris on December 10, 1896, by Aurélien Lugné-Poe's Théâtre de l'Œuvre at Nouveau-Théâtre (today, the Théâtre de Paris), 15, rue Blanche, in the 9th arrondissement. The play – scheduled for an invited "industry" run-through followed by a single public performance the next night – caused a riotous response in the audience and denunciatory reviews in the days after. It is considered a wild, bizarre and comic play, significant for the way it overturns cultural rules, norms, and conventions. To some of those who were in the audience on opening night, including W. B. Yeats and the poet and essayist Catulle Mendès, it seemed an event of revolutionary importance, but many were mystified and outraged by the work's seeming childishness, obscenity, and disrespect. It is now seen by some to have opened the door for what became known as modernism in the 20th century. It is a precursor to Dada, Surrealism and the Theatre of the Absurd. It is the first of three stylised burlesques in which Jarry satirises power, greed, and their evil practice – in particular the propensity of the complacent bourgeoisie to abuse the authority engendered by success.


title: Ubu Roi

text: The title is sometimes translated as "King Turd"; however, the word "Ubu" is actually merely a nonsense word that evolved from the French pronunciation of the name "Hebert", which was the name of one of Jarry's teachers who was the satirical target and inspirer of the first versions of the play.


title: Ubu Roi

text: Jarry made some suggestions regarding how his play should be performed. He wanted King Ubu to wear a cardboard horse's head in certain scenes, "as in the old English theatre", for he intended to "write a "guignol"". He thought a "suitably costumed person would enter, as in puppet shows, to put up signs indicating the locations of the various scenes". He also wanted costumes with as little specific local colour reference or historical accuracy as possible.


title: Ubu Roi

text: "Ubu Roi" was followed by "Ubu Cocu" ("Ubu Cuckolded") and "Ubu Enchaîné" ("Ubu in Chains"), neither of which was performed during Jarry's 34-year life. One of his later works, a novel/essay on "pataphysics", is offered as an explanation behind the ideas that underpin "Ubu Roi". Pataphysics is, as Jarry explains, "the science of the realm beyond metaphysics". Pataphysics is a pseudo-science Jarry created to critique members of the academy. It studies the laws that "govern exceptions and will explain the universe supplementary to this one". It is the "science of imaginary solutions".


title: Ubu Roi

text: As the play begins, Ubu's wife convinces him to lead a revolution, and kills the King of Poland and most of the royal family. The King's son, Bougrelas, and the Queen escape, but the latter later dies. The ghost of the dead king appears to his son and calls for revenge. Back at the palace, Ubu, now King, begins heavily taxing the people and killing the nobles for their wealth. Ubu's henchman gets thrown into prison; who then escapes to Russia, where he has the Tsar declare war on Ubu. As Ubu heads out to confront the invading Russians, his wife tries to steal the money and treasures in the palace. She is driven away by Bougrelas, who is leading a revolt of the people against Ubu. She runs away to her husband, Ubu, who has, in the meantime, been defeated by the Russians, been abandoned by his followers, and been attacked by a bear. Ubu's wife pretends to be the angel Gabriel, in order to try to scare Ubu into forgiving her for her attempt to steal from him. They fight, and she is rescued by the entrance of Bougrelas, who is after Ubu. Ubu knocks down the attackers with the body of the dead bear, after which he and his wife flee to France, which ends the play.


title: Ubu Roi

text: The action contains motifs found in the plays of Shakespeare: a king's murder and a scheming wife from "Macbeth", the ghost from "Hamlet", Fortinbras' revolt from "Hamlet", the reneging of Buckingham's reward from "Richard III", and the pursuing bear from "The Winter's Tale". It also includes other cultural references, for example, to Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex" ("Œdipe Roi" in French) in the play's title. "Ubu Roi" is considered a descendant of the comic grotesque French Renaissance author François Rabelais and his "Gargantua and Pantagruel" novels.


title: Ubu Roi

text: The language of the play is a unique mix of slang code-words, puns and near-gutter vocabulary, set to strange speech patterns.


title: Ubu Roi

text: "The beginnings of the original Ubu", writes Jane Taylor, "have attained the status of legend within French theatre culture". In 1888, when he became a student at the Lycée in Rennes at the age of fifteen, Jarry encountered a brief farcical sketch, "Les Polonais", written by his friend Henri Morin, and Henri's brother Charles. This farce was part of a campaign by the students to ridicule their physics teacher, Félix-Frederic Hébert (1832–1917). "Les Polonais" depicted their teacher as the King of an imaginary Poland, and was one of many plays created around Père Hébé, the character that, in Jarry's hands, eventually evolved into King Ubu. "Les Polonais" was performed as a marionette play by the students at their homes in what they called the "Theatre des Phynances", named in honor of Père Hébert's lust for "phynance" (finance), or money. This prototype for "Ubu Roi" is long-lost, so the true and complete details of the authorship of "Ubu Roi" may never be known. It is clear, however, that Jarry considerably revised and expanded the play.


title: Ubu Roi

text: While his schoolmates lost interest in the Ubu legends when they left school, Jarry continued adding to and reworking the material for the rest of his short life. His plays are controversial for their scant respect to royalty, religion and society, their vulgarity and scatology, their brutality and low comedy, and their perceived utter lack of literary finish.


title: Ubu Roi

text: According to Jane Taylor, "the central character is notorious for his infantile engagement with his world. Ubu inhabits a domain of greedy self-gratification". Jarry's metaphor for the modern man, he is an antihero – fat, ugly, vulgar, gluttonous, grandiose, dishonest, stupid, jejune, voracious, greedy, cruel, cowardly and evil – who grew out of schoolboy legends about the imaginary life of a hated teacher who had been at one point a slave on a Turkish galley, at another frozen in ice in Norway and at one more the King of Poland. "Ubu Roi" follows and explores his political, martial and felonious exploits.


title: Ubu Roi

text: "There is", writes Taylor, "a particular kind of pleasure for an audience watching these infantile attacks. Part of the satisfaction arises from the fact that in the burlesque mode which Jarry invents, there is no place for consequence. While Ubu may be relentless in his political aspirations, and brutal in his personal relations, he apparently has no measurable effect upon those who inhabit the farcical world which he creates around himself. He thus acts out our most childish rages and desires, in which we seek to gratify ourselves at all cost". The derived adjective "ubuesque" is recurrent in French and francophone political debate.


title: Ubu Roi

text: Both "Ubu Cocu" and "Ubu Roi" have a convoluted history, going through decades of rewriting and, in the case of the former, never arriving, despite Jarry's exertions, at a definitive version. By the time Jarry wanted "Ubu Roi" published and staged, the Morins had lost their interest in schoolboy japes, and Henri gave Jarry permission to do whatever he wanted with them. Charles, however, later tried to claim credit, but it had never been a secret that he had had some involvement with the earliest version. The music was composed and performed at the premiere by Claude Terrasse.


title: Ubu Roi

text: The first word of the play ("merdre", the French word for "shit", with an extra "r") may have been part of the reason for the response to the play in Paris. At the end of the performance a riot broke out, an incident which has since become "a stock element of Jarry biographia". After this, "Ubu Roi" was outlawed from the stage, and Jarry moved it to a puppet theatre.


title: Ubu Roi

text: Jarry said to the audience in a curtain speech just before that first performance in Paris: "You are free to see in M. Ubu however many allusions you care to, or else a simple puppet—a school boy's caricature of one of his teachers who personified for him all the ugliness in the world".


title: Ubu Roi

text: The poet W. B. Yeats, though he did not understand French, attended the premiere with a companion who interpreted the action for him. He recalled, in his memoir "The Trembling of the Veil", his dismay that the play challenged the symbolist, spiritual-themed literature he advocated: "Feeling bound to support the most spirited party, we have shouted for the play, but that night at the Hotel Corneille I am very sad, for comedy, objectivity, has displayed its growing power once more. I say, 'After Stéphane Mallarmé, after Paul Verlaine, after Gustave Moreau, after Puvis de Chavannes, after our own verse, after all our subtle colour and nervous rhythm, after the faint mixed tints of Conder, what more is possible? After us the Savage God.'”


title: Ubu Roi

text: In 1936 Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, the great Polish modernist and prolific writer and translator created in Polish "Ubu Król czyli Polacy" ("King Ubu, otherwise, The Poles"). Some of his phraseology in the play has passed into the language. In 1990, at the invitation of the Munich Opera, Krzysztof Penderecki wrote an opera buffa on Jarry's theme entitled "Ubu Rex", staged on 8 July 1991 for the opening of the Munich Opera Festival; the opera was later mounted in Poland in 2003.


title: Ubu Roi

text: The first English translation was "Ubu Roi. Drama in Five acts followed by the Song of Disembraining", by Barbara Wright, for which she wrote the preface. It was illustrated by Franciszka Themerson and published by the Gaberbocchus Press in 1951.


title: Ubu Roi

text: In 1964 the Stockholm Puppet theatre produced a highly popular version of "Ubu Roi" directed by Michael Meschke, with scenery by Franciszka Themerson.


title: Ubu Roi

text: "Ubu Roi" was translated into Serbian in 1964 by and performed at the Atelje 212 theatre in Belgrade for the next 20 years, until Zoran Radmilović, who played Père Ubu, died. The play was so successful that it was adapted into a movie in 1973.


title: Ubu Roi

text: "Ubu Roi" was translated into Czech by Jiří Voskovec and Jan Werich as "Král Ubu", and premiered in 1928 at Osvobozené divadlo. The play was banned in Czechoslovakia after the 1968 Soviet invasion.


title: Ubu Roi

text: In 1976–1977 Oakley Hall III translated and adapted "Ubu Roi" (called "Ubu Rex") and its sequels, and directed them in New York City Off-Off-Broadway and at the Lexington Conservatory Theatre in Lexington, New York. The adaptations starred Richard Zobel, who also produced the play and created the masks for it.


title: Ubu Roi

text: In Lithuania (then part of the USSR) the play was adapted as "Karalius Ūbas" by director Jonas Vaitkus in 1983.


title: Ubu Roi

text: The play was adapted into an opera, with libretto by Michael Finnissy and Andrew Toovey and music by Toovey. It was produced by the Banff Centre Theatre, Canada, in collaboration with Music Theatre Wales, in May 1992, directed by Keith Turnbull.


title: Ubu Roi

text: A musical adaptation, "Ubu Rock", book by Andrei Belgrader and Shelly Berc, music and lyrics by Rusty Magee, premiered at the American Repertory Theater in 1995 and was remounted at ART the following year.


title: Ubu Roi

text: The play was adapted for the Czech film "Král Ubu", directed by F. A. Brabec in 1996. The film received three Czech Lion Awards.


title: Ubu Roi

text: Sherry C. M. Lindquist's adaptation was performed in Chicago, at The Public Theater in New York City, at the International Festival of Puppet Theater, and at the Edison Theater, St. Louis, Missouri, by Hystopolis Productions, Chicago, from 1996 to 1997.


title: Ubu Roi

text: Jane Taylor adapted "Ubu Roi" as "Ubu and the Truth Commission" (1998), a play addressing the emotional complexities revealed by the process of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which was formed in response to the atrocities committed during apartheid.


title: Ubu Roi

text: In Poland the play was adapted for the film "Ubu Król" (2003) by Piotr Szulkin, highlighting the grotesque nature of political life in Poland immediately after the fall of communism.


title: Ubu Roi

text: The play was translated by David Ball in "The Norton Anthology of Drama" in 2010, and performed at the University of Virginia the same year.


title: Ubu Roi

text: Inspired by the black comedy of corruption within "Ubu Roi", the Puerto Rican absurdist narrative "United States of Banana" (2011) by Giannina Braschi dramatizes, with over-the-top grotesque flourishes of "pataphysics", the fall of the American Empire and the liberation of Puerto Rico.


title: Ubu Roi

text: The play was adapted and directed by Dash Kruck as part of Vena Cava Production's 2013 mainstage season. Performed in Brisbane, Australia, the adaptation made cultural political references to Queensland's Premier Campbell Newman, even including him in the show's promotional poster.


title: Ubu Roi

text: In 2013, the international theatre company Cheek by Jowl created a French-language production of Ubu Roi, directed by Declan Donnellan and designed by Nick Ormerod. The production was presented across Europe, Russia, the United-States and Mexico. It was live-streamed worldwide from the Lincoln Center in New York on 26 July 2015. According to The New York Times "the Cheek by Jowl production asks us to see Jarry’s play through the eyes of a sulky, moody, sexually tormented adolescent, who is pitilessly judgmental of his elders."


title: Ubu Roi

text: In 2014, Toronto's One Little Goat Theatre Company produced "Ubu Mayor: A Harmful Bit of Fun", combining the "merde"-filled sensibilities of "Ubu Roi" with the internationally renowned antics, absurdities and obscenities of Toronto's mayor Rob Ford and his brother Doug.


title: Ubu Roi

text: In 2016, the play was adapted by Jared Strange into "UBU ROY: An American Tale", an updated version of the original play through the lens of the 2016 United States presidential election. The show opened November 3, 2016, in Lubbock, Texas, as the Lubbock Community Theatre's first play in their "LCT After Dark" season.


title: Ubu Roi

text: In 2020, the play was adapted and set in modern-day Tasmania, taking place on a purpose-built stage in the Cataract Gorge.


title: Ubu Roi

text: In February 2020, the Vernal & Sere Theatre staged a world-premiere adaptation in Atlanta, Georgia called "UBU", which imagined the titular character of King Ubu as a principal walking the halls of a quintessential American school and called into question the fundamental system by which the United States governs and instructs its citizenry.


title: Ubu Roi

text: Alfred Jarry is one of the few real figures to appear among the many literary characters in "Les Faux-Monnayeurs" ("The Counterfeiters", 1925), by André Gide. In Part III, Chapter 8, Jarry attends a literary banquet, where the fictional Comte de Passavant introduces him as the author of "Ubu Roi", saying of the literary set, "They have dubbed him a genius because the public have just damned his play. All the same, it's the most interesting thing that's been put on the stage for a long time".


title: Ubu Roi

text: Joan Miró used "Ubu Roi" as a subject of his 50 lithographs in 1940 called the Barcelona Series. These pictures could be Ubu Roi but they also satirise General Franco and his generals after he had won the Spanish Civil War.


title: Ubu Roi

text: In her book "Linda McCartney's Sixties: Portrait of an Era", Linda McCartney mentions that Paul had become interested in avant-garde theatre and immersed himself in the writings of Jarry. This is how McCartney discovered the word "pataphysical", which he used in the lyrics of his song "Maxwell's Silver Hammer".


title: Ubu Roi

text: The American experimental rock group Pere Ubu is named after the main character. Their 2009 album "Long Live Père Ubu!" is an adaptation of Jarry's play.


title: Ubu Roi

text: Dead Can Dance's frontman Brendan Perry makes a reference to Père Ubu in the song "The Bogus Man" (on his second solo album "Ark") with the line "Hail, Father Ubu, here comes the Grand Guignol".


title: Ubu Roi

text: The figure of Ubu Roi, particularly as depicted by Jarry in his woodcut, appears to have inspired the character Oogie Boogie in Tim Burton's animated film "The Nightmare Before Christmas".


title: Ubu Roi

text: Television producer Gary David Goldberg named his dog Ubu and his production company Ubu Productions after Ubu Roi.


title: Brad Meltzer

text: Brad Meltzer (born April 1, 1970) is an American novelist, non-fiction writer, TV show creator, and comic book author. His novels touch on the political thriller, legal thriller and conspiracy fiction genres, while he has also written superhero fiction for DC Comics and a series of short biographies of prominent people for young readers.


title: Brad Meltzer

text: In 1993, Meltzer lived in Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts with roommate, fellow comic book writer/artist Judd Winick, working in sales at "Games" magazine by day while working on his first novel by night. Afterwards Meltzer graduated from Columbia Law School, and was selected to the Columbia Law Review.


title: Brad Meltzer

text: Meltzer's books have appeared on the bestseller lists for fiction, non-fiction ("History Decoded"), advice ("Heroes for My Son" and "Heroes for My Daughter"), children's books ("I Am Amelia Earhart" and "I Am Abraham Lincoln"), and comic books ("Justice League of America"), for which he won the Eisner Award.