title: Jack jumper ant

text: Like its relatives, the ant possesses a powerful sting and large mandibles. These ants can be black or blackish-red in colour, and may have yellow or orange legs. The ant is medium-sized in comparison to other "Myrmecia" species, where workers are typically long. Excluding mandibles, jack jumpers measure in length. The ant's antennae, tibiae, tarsi, and mandibles are also yellow or orange. Pubescence (hair) on the ant is greyish, short and erect, and is longer and more abundant on their gaster, absent on their antennae, and short and suberect on their legs. The pubescence on the male is grey and long, and abundant throughout the ant's body, but it shortens on the legs. The mandibles are long and slender (measuring ), and concave around the outer border.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: The queen has a similar appearance to the workers, but her middle body is more irregular and coarser. The queen is also the largest, measuring in length. Males are either smaller or around the same size as workers, measuring . Males also have much smaller, triangular mandibles than workers and queens. The mandibles on the male contain a large tooth at the centre, among the apex and the base of the inner border. Punctures (tiny dots) are noticeable on the head, which are large and shallow, and the thorax and node are also irregularly punctuated. The pubescence on the male's gaster is white and yellowish.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Jack jumper ants are abundant in most of Australia, being among the most common bull ant to be encountered. The ants can be found in the south-western tip of Western Australia, where it has been seen in the sand hills around Albany, Mundaring, Denmark and Esperance. The ant is rarely sighted in the northern regions of Western Australia. In South Australia, it is commonly found in the south-east regions of the state, frequently encountered in Mount Lofty (particularly the Adelaide Hills), Normanville, Hallett Cove and Aldgate, but it is not found in north-western regions. There are dense populations on the western seaboard of Kangaroo Island. Jack jumpers are widespread throughout the whole of Victoria, but the species is uncommon in Melbourne. However, populations have been collected from the suburb of Elsternwick, and they are commonly found in the Great Otway Ranges, with many nests observed around Gellibrand. In New South Wales, nests are found throughout the entire state (with the exception of north-western New South Wales), but dense populations are mostly found in the Snowy Mountains, Blue Mountains and coastal regions. The ants are widespread in the Australian Capital Territory. In Queensland, the ants are only found along the south-eastern coastlines of the state, where populations are frequently encountered in the Bunya Mountains, Fletcher, Stanthorpe, Sunshine Coast, Tamborine Mountain and Millmerran, and have been found as far north as Atherton Tablelands. The ant also resides in all of Tasmania, and their presence in the Northern Territory has not been verified.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Jack jumper ants live in open habitats, such as damp areas, forests, pastures, gardens, and lawns, preferring fine gravel and sandy soil. Colonies can also be spotted around light bushland. Their preferred natural habitats include woodlands, dry open forests, grasslands, and rural areas, and less common in urban areas. Their nests are mounds built from finely granular gravel, soil, and pebbles, measuring in diameter and can be as tall as 0.5 m (20 in) in height. Two types of nests for this species have been described, one being a simple nest with a noticeable shaft inside, the other being a complex structure surrounded by a mound. These ants use the sun's warmth by decorating their nests with dry materials that heat in a quick duration, providing the nest with solar energy traps. They decorate their nests with seeds, soil, charcoal, stones, sticks, and even small invertebrate corpses. They also camouflage their nests by covering them with leaf litter, debris, and long grass. Nests can be found hidden under rocks, where queens most likely form their colonies, or around small piles of gravel, instead. Their range in southern Australia, like other regional ant species, appears like that of a relict ant. Jack jumpers have been found in dry sclerophyll forests, at elevations ranging from , averaging . Rove beetles in the genus "Heterothops" generally thrive in jack jumper nests and raise their brood within their chambers, and skinks have been found in some nests.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Populations are dense in the higher mountain regions of Tasmania. Widespread throughout the state, their presence is known on King Island, located north-west from Tasmania. The ant prefers rural areas, found in warm, dry, open eucalypt woodlands; the climate provides the ant with isolation and warmth. This environment also produces the ant's food, which includes nectar and invertebrate prey. In suburban areas, this ant is found in native vegetation, and uses rockeries, cracks in concrete walls, dry soil, and grass to build nests. One study found suburbs with voluminous vegetation cover such as Mount Nelson, Fern Tree and West Hobart host jack jumper populations, while the heavily urbanised suburbs of North Hobart and Battery Point, do not.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Pest control of the jack jumper ant is successful in maintaining their populations around suburban habitats. Chemicals such as bendiocarb, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and permethrin are effective against them. Spraying of Solfac into nests is an effective way of controlling nests if they are in a close range of areas with considerable amounts of congestion and human activity. Pouring carbon disulfide into nest holes and covering entrances up with soil is another method of removing colonies. The Australian National Botanic Gardens have an effective strategy of marking and maintaining jack jumper nests.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Primarily diurnal, workers search for food during the day until dusk. They are active during warmer months, but are dormant during winter. Fights between these ants within the same colony is not uncommon. They are known for their aggression towards humans, attraction to movement, and well developed vision, being able to observe and follow intruders from 1 m (1.1 yd) away. This species is an accomplished jumper, with leaps ranging from . William Morton Wheeler compared jack jumper ants to "Lilliputian cavalry galloping to battle" when disturbed, due to their jumping behaviour. He further wrote that they also made a ludicrous appearance as they emerge from their nests, in a series of short hops.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: While no studies have established whether or not these ants contain alarm pheromones, their relative "Myrmecia gulosa" is capable of inducing territorial alarm using pheromones. If proven, this would explain their ability to attack "en masse". Foraging workers are regularly observed on the inflorescences of "Prasophyllum alpinum" (mostly pollinated by wasps of the subfamily Ichneumonidae). Although pollinia are often seen in the ants' jaws, they have a habit of cleaning their mandibles on the leaves and stems of nectar-rich plants before moving on, preventing pollen exchange. Whether jack jumper ants contribute to pollination is unknown.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Unlike many other ants that use scent to forage for food, jack jumpers use their sight to target their prey, using rapid movements of the head and body to focus on their prey with their enlarged eyes. Like other bull ants, they are solitary when they forage, but only workers perform this role. These ants are omnivores and scavengers, typically foraging in warmer temperatures. They deliver painful stings, which are effective in both killing prey and deterring predators. Jack jumpers have smooth stingers, thus can sting indefinitely. Jack jumper ants are skilled hunters, partially due to their excellent vision; they can even kill and devour wasps and bees. They also kill and eat other ants, such as carpenter ants ("Camponotus") and feed on sweet floral secretions and other sugar solutions. They often hunt for spiders, and sometimes follow their prey for a short distance, usually with small insects and small arthropods. Jack jumper ants, alongside "M. simillima", have been given frozen houseflies ("Musca domestica") and blowflies (Calliphoridae) as food under testing conditions. The ants have been observed to run and leap energetically at flies when they land, particularly on "Acacia" shrubs, plants, or trees. Jack jumpers and other "Myrmecia" ants prey on insects such as cockroaches and crickets.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Mature adult ants of this species mostly eat sweet substances, so dead insects they find are given to their larvae. However, larvae are only fed insects when they have reached a particular size. Workers mostly collect small insects, sap-sucking insects along with the honeydew, which is taken to their nests to feed their young. Observations have been made of fly predation by jack jumper ants; they only attack the smaller fly species and ignore larger ones.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Blindsnakes of the family Typhlopidae are known to consume "Myrmecia" broods, although smaller blindsnakes avoid them since they are vulnerable to their stings. Predatory invertebrates such as assassin bugs and redback spiders prey on jack jumpers and other "Myrmecia" ants. Thorny devils and echidnas, particularly the short-beaked echidna ("Tachyglossus aculeatus") hunt jack jumper ants, eating their larvae and eggs. Nymphs of the assassin bug species "Ptilocnemus lemur" lure these ants by trying to make the ant sting them. The jack jumper ant is a host to the parasite gregarines (Gregarinasina). Ants that host this parasite change colour from their typical black appearance to brown. This was discovered when brown jack jumpers were dissected and found to have "Gregarinasina" spores, while black jack jumpers showed no spores. If it is present in large numbers, the parasite interferes with the normal darkening of the cuticles while the ant is in its pupal stage. The cuticle softens due to the gregarine parasite.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Like every ant, the life of a jack jumper ant starts from an egg. If the egg is fertilised, the ant will be a female (diploid); if not, it will become a male (haploid). They develop through complete metamorphosis, meaning that they pass through larval and pupal stages before emerging as an adult. Cocoons that are isolated from the colony are able to shed their pupal skin before hatching, allowing themselves to advance to full pigmentation. Pupae can also eclose (emerge from their pupal stage) without assistance from other ants. Once born, jack jumper ants can identify distinct tasks, an obvious primitive trait "Myrmecia" ants are known for.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Based on observations of six worker ants, the average life expectancy of the jack jumper is around 1.3 years, but workers were shown to live as little as 1.12 years or as long as 1.6, with the queen living much longer than the workers at 10 years or more. These data give a life expectancy of 401–584 days, with an average of 474 days. Egg clumping is common, as observed in laboratory colonies. These clumps are often carried by worker ants, and these clumps would contain two to 30 eggs, without any larvae to hold them together. This confirms that eggs from jack jumper colonies do not always lie singly apart. George C. Wheeler and Jeanette Wheeler (1971) studied and described larvae collected from New South Wales and South Australia. They noted that very young larvae of the jack jumper were in length, with two types of body hair. They also described young larvae (matured from very young larvae) at , but with similar body characteristics to mature larvae, at .


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Queens are polyandrous, meaning that queens can mate more than once; queens mate with one to nine males during a nuptial flight, and the effective number of mates per queen ranges from 1.0 to 11.4. Most queen ants only mate with one or two males. If the number of available male mates increases, the number of effective matings per queen decreases. Colonies are polygynous, meaning that a colony may house multiple queens; one to four queens typically inhabit a colony, and in multiple-queen colonies, the egg-laying queens are unrelated to one another. Based on a study, 11 of the 14 colonies tested were polygynous (78.57%), showing that this is common in jack jumper colonies. When the queen establishes a nest after mating, she will hunt for food to feed her young, making her semiclaustral. Nests can hold as few as 500 ants or as many as 800 to 1,000. Excavated nests typically have populations ranging from 34 to 344 individuals. Jack jumper ant workers are gamergates, having the ability to reproduce in colonies with or without queens.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Colonies are mainly polygynous with polyandrous queens, but polyandry in jack jumper colonies is low in comparison to other "Myrmecia" ants, but it is comparable to "M. pyriformis" ants. In 1979, Craig and Crozier investigated the genetic structure of jack jumper ant colonies, and although queens are unrelated to each other, the occurrence of related queens in a single colony was possible. During colony foundation, suggestions exist of dependent colony foundation in jack jumper queens, although independent colony foundations can occur, as the queens do have fully developed wings and can fly. Isolation by distance patterns have been recorded, specifically where nests that tend to be closer to each other were more genetically similar in comparison to other nests farther away.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: As colonies closer to each other are more genetically similar, independent colony foundation is most likely associated with nuptial flight if they disperse far from genetically similar colonies they originate from. Inseminated queens could even seek adoption into alien colonies if a suitable nest site area for independent colony foundation is restricted or cannot be carried out, known as the nest-site limitation hypothesis. Some queens could even try to return to their nests that they came from after nuptial flight, but end in another nest, in association that nests nearby will be similar to the queen's birth nest.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: The jack jumper ant genome is contained on a single pair of chromosomes (males have just one chromosome, as they are haploid). This is the lowest number known (indeed possible) for any animal, a number shared with the parasitic roundworm "Parascaris equorum univalens". Jack jumper ants are taxonomically discussed as a single biological species in the "Myrmecia pilosula" species complex. The ant has nine polymorphic loci, which yielded 67 alleles.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: The earliest known account of ant sting fatalities in Australia was first recorded in 1931; two adults and an infant girl from New South Wales died from ant stings, possibly from the jack jumper ant or "M. pyriformis". Thirty years later, another fatality was reported in 1963 in Tasmania. Historical and IgE results have suggested these two species or perhaps another species were responsible for all recorded deaths.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Between 1980 and 2000, four deaths have been recorded, all in Tasmania and all due to anaphylactic shock. All known patients who died from jack jumper stings were at least 40 years old and had cardiopulmonary comorbidities. Severe laryngeal oedema and coronary atherosclerosis were detected in most of the autopsies of those who died. Most of the victims died within 20 minutes after being stung. Prior to any desensitisation program being established, the fatality rate was one person every four years from the sting.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Before venom immunotherapy, whole body extract immunotherapy was widely used due to its apparent effectiveness, and it was the only immunotherapy used on ants. However, fatal failures were reported and this led to scientists researching for alternative methods of desensitisation. Whole body extract immunotherapy was later proven to be ineffective, and venom immunotherapy was found to be safe and effective to use. Paul Clarke first drew medical attention to the jack jumper ant in 1986, and before this, there had been no history of records of allergic reactions or study on their sting venom. The identification of venom allergens began in the early 1990s in preparation for therapeutic use. Whole body extracts were first used to desensitize patients, but it was found to be ineffective and later withdrawn. Venom immunotherapy was shown to reduce the risk of systemic reactions, demonstrating that immunotherapy can be provided for ant-sting allergies.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: In 2003, Professor Simon Brown established the jack jumper desensitisation program, although the program is at risk of closure. Since the establishment of the program, no death has been recorded since 2003. However, the ant may be responsible for the death of a Bunbury man in 2011.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: The extent of the jack jumper sting problem differs among areas. Allergy prevalence rates are significantly lower in highly urbanised areas and much higher in rural areas. These ants represent a hazard towards people in the southern states of Australia, due to a high proportion of the population having significant allergies to the ant's sting. The ant is a significant cause of major insect allergies, responsible for most anaphylaxis cases in Australia, and rates of anaphylaxis are twice those of honeybee stings. One in three million annually die of general anaphalaxis in Australia alone. Over 90% of Australian ant venom allergies have been caused by the jack jumper.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: The ant is notorious in Tasmania, where most fatalities have been recorded. In 2005, over a quarter of all jack jumper sting incidents were sustained in Tasmania; excessive in comparison to its 2006 population of only 476,000 people. Jack jumper stings are the single most common cause of anaphylaxis in patients at the Royal Hobart Hospital. The ant has also been a major cause of anaphylaxis outside Tasmania, notably around Adelaide and the outskirts of Melbourne, while cases in New South Wales and Western Australia have been more distributed. One in 50 adults have been reported to suffer anaphylaxis due to the jack jumper or other "Myrmecia" ants.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: The jack jumper ant and its relatives in the genus "Myrmecia" are among the most dangerous ant genera and have fearsome reputations for their extreme aggression; "Guinness World Records" certifies the ant "Myrmecia pyriformis" as the world's most dangerous ant. The jack jumper have been compared to other highly aggressive ant species, such as "Brachyponera chinensis", "Brachyponera sennaarensis", and the red imported fire ant ("Solenopsis invicta"). The retractable sting is located in their abdomen, attached to a single venom gland connected by the venom sac, which is where the venom is accumulated. Exocrine glands are known in jack jumpers, which produce the venom compounds later used to inject into their victims. Their venom contains haemolytic and eicosanoid elements and histamines. It contains a range of active ingredients and enzymatic activity, which includes phospholipase A2 and B, hyaluronidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase. The venom of the ant also contains several peptides; one being pilosulin 1, which causes cytotoxic effects, pilosulin 2, which has antihypertensive properties and pilosulin 3, which is known to be a major allergen. Other pilosulins include pilosulin 4 and pilosulin 5. The peptides have known molecular weights. The LD (lethal dose) occurs at a lower concentration than for melittin, a peptide found in bee venom. Its LD value is 3.6 mg/kg (injected intravenously in mice).


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Loss of cell viability in the jack jumper's venom was researched through cytometry, which measures the proportions of cells that glow in the presence of fluorescent dye and 7-Aminoactinomycin D. Examinations of the rapidly reproducing Epstein–Barr B-cells showed that the cells lost viability within minutes when exposed to pilosulin 1. Normal white blood cells were also found to alter easily when exposed to pilosulin 1. However, partial peptides of pilosulin 1 were less efficient at lowering cell viability; the residue 22 N-terminal plays a critical role in the cytotoxic activity of pilosulin 1.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: 20 percent of jack jumper ants have an empty venom sac, so failure to display a sting reaction should not be interpreted as a loss of sensitivity. Substantial amounts of ant venom have been analysed to characterise venom components, and the jack jumper has been a main subject in these studies. An East Carolina University study which summarised the knowledge about ant stings and their venom showed that only the fire ant and jack jumper had the allergenic components of their venom extensively investigated. These allergenic components include peptides found as heterodimers, homodimers and pilosulin 3. Only six "Myrmecia" ants, including the jack jumper, are capable of inducing IgE antibodies. Due to the vast differentiation of venom produced in each "Myrmecia" species, and other species sharing similar characteristics to the jack jumper ant, diagnosing which ant is responsible for an anaphylactic reaction is difficult. A review of a patient's history with allergies while identifying a positive result of venom specific IgE levels helps to identify the species of ant that caused a reaction.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Reactions to the ants sting show similar symptoms to fire ant stings; namely local swelling which lasts for several days, and swelling of the lips, face and eyes may occur from a minor allergic reaction. Other common symptoms include watering of the eyes and nose, and hives or welts will begin to develop. Headaches, anxiety and flushing may also occur. Jack jumpers, bees and wasps are the most common causes of anaphylaxis from insect stings. People most commonly feel a sharp pain after these stings, similar to that from an electric shock. Some patients develop a systemic skin reaction after being stung. Localised envenomation occurs with every sting, but severe envenoming only occurs if someone has been stung many times (as many as 50 to 300 stings in adults). The heart rate increases, and blood pressure falls rapidly. Most people will only experience mild skin irritation after being stung. Those who suffer from a severe allergic reaction will show a wide variety of symptoms. This includes difficulty breathing and talking, the tongue and throat will swell up, and coughing, chest tightness, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting may occur. Others may lose consciousness and collapse (sometimes people may not collapse), and confusion. Children who get stung will show symptoms such as floppiness and paleness if a severe allergic reaction occurs.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: In individuals allergic to the venom (about 2–3% of the population), a sting sometimes causes anaphylactic shock. In comparison to other insects such as the western honeybee ("Apis mellifera") and the European wasp ("Vespula germanica"), their rates are only 1.4% and 0.6%. The annual sting exposure rates for the jack jumper ant, Western honeybee and European wasp are 12%, 7% and 2%. The median time from sting to cardiac arrest is 15 minutes, but the maximum period is around three hours. The ant allergy does not disappear; people with jack jumper allergies will most likely suffer from another allergic reaction if re-stung. Approximately 70 percent of patients with a history of systemic reaction to the ant's sting have another reaction when stung again. In comparison, systemic reaction figures for "Apis mellifera" and "Vespula germanica" after being stung show a rate of 50% and 25%. About half of these reactions were life-threatening and occurred predominantly in people who had had previous incidents with the sting. Anaphylaxis in jack jumper ant stings are not rare; 2.9% of 600 residents from semi-rural Victoria had allergic reactions to the ant's sting, according to a questionnaire. The sensitivity to stings is persistent for many years.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: In 2011, an Australian ant allergy venom study was conducted, with the goal of determining which native Australian ants were associated with ant sting anaphylaxis. It showed that the jack jumper ant was responsible for the majority of patients' reactions to stings from ants of genus "Myrmecia". Of the 265 patients who reacted to such a sting, 176 were from the jack jumper, 15 from "M. nigrocincta" and three from "M. ludlowi", while 56 patients had reacted to other "Myrmecia" ants. The study concluded that four native species of Australian ants caused anaphylaxis. Apart from "Myrmecia" species, the green-head ant ("Rhytidoponera metallica") was also responsible for several systemic reactions.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Most people recover uneventfully following a mild local reaction and up to about 3% of individuals suffer a severe localised reaction. Most individuals who suffer from severe localised reactions will most likely encounter another reaction if stung again. Fatalities are rare, and venom immunotherapy can prevent fatalities.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: If no signs of an allergic reaction are present, an ice pack or commercially available sprays are used to relieve the pain. Stingose is also recommended to treat a jack jumper sting. Other treatments include washing the stung area with soap and water, and if continuous pain remains for several days, antihistamine tablets are taken for one to three days.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Emergency treatment is needed in a case of a severe allergic reaction. Before calling for help, laying a person down and elevating the legs is suggested. Depending on a patients needs, they will be given an EpiPen or an Anapen to use in case they are stung. In a scenario of experiencing anaphylaxis, further doses of adrenaline and intravenous infusions may be required. Some with severe anaphylaxis may suffer cardiac arrest and will need resuscitation. Inhalers may additionally be used in case a victim has asthma and experiences a reaction from a sting. The use of ACE inhibitors is not recommended, as it is known to increase the risk of anaphylaxis. Medications like antihistamines, H2 blockers, corticosteroids and anti-leukotrienes have no effect on anaphylaxis.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: There are several bush remedies used to treat jack jumper stings (and any other "Myrmecia" sting). The young tips of a bracken fern provide a useful bush remedy to treat jack jumper stings, discovered and currently used by indigenous Australians. The tips are rubbed on the stung area, and may relieve the local pain after getting stung. Another plant used as a bush remedy is "Carpobrotus glaucescens" (known as angular sea-fig or pigface).


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Desensitisation (also called allergy immunotherapy) to the jack jumper sting venom has shown effectiveness in preventing anaphylaxis, but the standardisation of jack jumper venom is yet to be validated. Unlike bee and wasp sting immunotherapy, jack jumper immunotherapy lacks funding and no government rebate is available. Venom is available; however, no commercial venom extract is available that can be used for skin testing. Venom extract is only available through the Therapeutic Goods Administration Special Access Scheme.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: The Royal Hobart Hospital offers a desensitisation program for patients who have had a severe allergic reaction to a jack jumper sting. However, the program may face closure due to budget cuts. Professor Simon Brown, who founded the program, commented, "Closing the program will leave 300 patients hanging in the lurch". There is a campaign to make the program available in Victoria. The Royal Adelaide Hospital runs a small-scale program that desensitises patients to the ant's venom.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Patients are given an injection of venom under the skin in small amounts. During immunotherapy, the first dose is small, but will gradually increase per injection. This sort of immunotherapy is designed to change how the immune system reacts to increased doses of venom entering the body.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: Follow-ups of untreated people over thirty with a history of severe allergic reactions would greatly benefit from venom immunotherapy. Both rapid and slow doses can be done safely during immunotherapy. The efficacy (capacity to induce a therapeutic effect) of ant venom immunotherapy is effective in reducing systemic reactions in comparison to placebo and whole body extract immunotherapy, where patients were more likely to suffer from a systemic reaction. Ultrarush initiation of insect immunotherapy may be used, but results show higher risks of allergic reactions. Despite immunotherapy being successful, only ten percent of patients do not have any response to desensitisation.


title: Jack jumper ant

text: It is suggested that people should avoid jack jumpers, but this is difficult to do. Closed footwear (boots and shoes) along with socks reduce the chances of encountering a sting, but wearing thongs or sandals will put the person at risk. With this said, they are still capable of stinging through fabric, and can find their way through gaps in clothing. Most stings occur when people are gardening, so taking extra caution or avoiding gardening altogether is recommended. People can also avoid encountering jack jumpers by moving to locations where jack jumper populations are either low or absent, or eliminate nearby nests. Since "Myrmecia" ants have different venoms, people who are allergic to them are advised to stay away from all "Myrmecia" ants, especially to ones they have not encountered before.


title: Vidharth

text: Vidharth is an Indian actor, appearing in Tamil films. He started his career in 2001 doing uncredited roles. His first major role was in "Mynaa" (2010), which became a huge success. He has also done a film for AVM Productions titled "Mudhal Idam" (2011).


title: Vidharth

text: Vidharth joined the drama troupe, Koothu-P-Pattarai through some of his friends and began learning the nuances of acting step by step and made his on screen debut with a small role in Gautham Vasudev Menon's "Minnale" (2001). Despite believing that the small role would bring him more offers, it did not, and Vidharth continued small-time work with his drama troupe. After ten years, Prabhu solomon cast him in small role in his films, "Kokki" (2006), "Lee" (2007) and "Laadam" (2009), after seeing him in action in Koothupattarai.


title: Vidharth

text: Vidharth collaborated with Prabhu Solomon again, who gave him the lead role in his romantic drama "Mynaa" (2010). The film became the biggest success of Vidharth's career. He starred in AVM Productions' 175th production "Mudhal Idam" (2011). In "Kollaikaran" (2012), he played the role of a criminal. He also played alongside Parthiban and Vimal in "Jannal Oram" (2013) directed by Karu Pazhaniappan. In 2014, he had five releases, the most in a year in his career. He first acted alongside Ajith Kumar in the masala film "Veeram". "Venmegam" was his next release, which was said to be about the bond between an artist, played by Vidharth, and a school girl (played by Jayashree Sivadas). He then played a mini bus driver named Velpandiyan in S. P. Rajkumar's romantic comedy "Pattaya Kelappanum Pandiya". His other releases that year were "Aal", a remake of the Hindi film "Aamir" and reportedly the first Tamil film to be shot in Sikkim at the India-China border, and "Kaadu", a film based on the subject of deforestation. With regard to "Kaadu", The New Indian Express wrote that it had Vidharth's "most inspired performance post "Myna"".


title: Vidharth

text: In 2016, he had a psychological crime thriller starring "Kuttrame Thandanai". After "Mynaa", this is the career best of Vidharth as he perfectly emotes as the tunnel vision protagonist. In 2017, his films like "Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu" and "Kurangu Bommai" have been successful. Subsequently, he played supporting roles in "Magalir Mattum", "Vizhithiru" and "Kodiveeran". He played the role of Jyothika's husband in Radha Mohan's "Kaatrin Mozhi" (2018). He has received a positive response from the audience. His next films was "Vandi" (2018) and "Chithiram Pesuthadi 2" (2019).


title: Marlin Perkins

text: Richard Marlin Perkins (March 28, 1905 – June 14, 1986) was an American zoologist. He was best known as a host of the television program "Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom" from 1963 to 1985.


title: Marlin Perkins

text: Perkins was born on March 28, 1905, in Carthage, Missouri, the youngest of three sons of Joseph Dudley Perkins and Mynta Mae (née Miller) Perkins. When he was seven years old, his mother nursed him through a serious bout of pneumonia and died of the illness herself. His grieving father sent Marlin's two older brothers to private school, and Marlin was sent to his Aunt Laura's farm in Pittsburg, Kansas. He attended public school there through eighth grade. In the fall of 1919, he entered Wentworth Military Academy. There, Perkins demonstrated his fascination with snakes by keeping blue racers in his room. One afternoon, while exercising them on a lawn at the back of the barracks, he was spotted by a faculty officer and got in trouble for handling them.


title: Marlin Perkins

text: Perkins briefly attended the University of Missouri, but quit school to become a laborer at the Saint Louis Zoological Park. He rose through the ranks, becoming the reptile curator in 1928. After being hired as a curator of the Buffalo Zoological Park in Buffalo, New York, Perkins was eventually promoted to director in 1938. He then served as director at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, Illinois, from 1944 until 1962, when he returned to the St. Louis Zoo, this time as director. During his time at the Lincoln Park Zoo, Perkins joined Sir Edmund Hillary as the zoologist for Hillary's 1960 Himalayan expedition to search for the legendary Yeti.


title: Marlin Perkins

text: Perkins was the host of "Zoo Parade", a television program that originated from the Lincoln Park Zoo on NBC station WNBQ-TV (now WMAQ-TV) when he was the director there. During a rehearsal of "Zoo Parade", he was bitten by a timber rattlesnake, one of several bites from venomous snakes Perkins suffered throughout his career (over the years he was also bitten by a cottonmouth and a Gaboon viper). Although the incident occurred during a pre-show rehearsal and was not filmed, it has become something of an urban legend, with many people "remembering" seeing Perkins receive the bite on television.


title: Marlin Perkins

text: As a result of his work on "Zoo Parade", Perkins was offered the job in 1963 for which most North Americans remember him: host of the nature show "Wild Kingdom". The fame he gained in his television career allowed him to become an advocate for the protection of endangered species, and through "Wild Kingdom" he gave many Americans their first exposure to the conservation movement. Perkins also helped establish the Wild Canid Survival and Research Center (WCSRC) near St. Louis in 1971. This wolf sanctuary has been instrumental in breeding wolves for eventual re-placement into their natural habitats.


title: Marlin Perkins

text: Perkins retired from active zookeeping in 1970 and from "Wild Kingdom" in 1985 for health reasons. Perkins remained with the Saint Louis Zoo as Director Emeritus until his death on June 14, 1986, of cancer.


title: Marlin Perkins

text: Perkins received an American Education Award in 1974. He was also granted honorary doctoral degrees from the then University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri; Northland College in Ashland, Wisconsin; Rockhurst College in Kansas City, Missouri; MacMurray College in Jacksonville, Illinois; and the College of Saint Mary in Omaha, Nebraska.


title: Marlin Perkins

text: In 1990, Perkins was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. A statue of Perkins also stands in Central Park in his hometown of Carthage, Missouri.


title: Marlin Perkins

text: Perkins married his first wife, Elise More, in 1933; they were divorced in 1953. Their daughter, Suzanne, was born in 1937. Perkins married his second wife, Carol Morse Cotsworth, in 1960; they remained married until his death. Perkins died on June 14, 1986, from lymphatic cancer.


title: Initialization vector

text: In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable (SV) is an input to a cryptographic primitive being used to provide the initial state. The IV is typically required to be random or pseudorandom, but sometimes an IV only needs to be unpredictable or unique. Randomization is crucial for some encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between (potentially similar) segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the modes of operation.


title: Initialization vector

text: Some cryptographic primitives require the IV only to be non-repeating, and the required randomness is derived internally. In this case, the IV is commonly called a nonce (a number used only once), and the primitives (e.g. CBC) are considered "stateful" rather than "randomized". This is because an IV need not be explicitly forwarded to a recipient but may be derived from a common state updated at both sender and receiver side. (In practice, a short nonce is still transmitted along with the message to consider message loss.) An example of stateful encryption schemes is the counter mode of operation, which has a sequence number for a nonce.


title: Initialization vector

text: The IV size depends on the cryptographic primitive used; for block ciphers it is generally the cipher's block-size. In encryption schemes, the unpredictable part of the IV has at best the same size as the key to compensate for time/memory/data tradeoff attacks. When the IV is chosen at random, the probability of collisions due to the birthday problem must be taken into account. Traditional stream ciphers such as RC4 do not support an explicit IV as input, and a custom solution for incorporating an IV into the cipher's key or internal state is needed. Some designs realized in practice are known to be insecure; the WEP protocol is a notable example, and is prone to related-IV attacks.


title: Initialization vector

text: A block cipher is one of the most basic primitives in cryptography, and frequently used for data encryption. However, by itself, it can only be used to encode a data block of a predefined size, called the block size. For example, a single invocation of the AES algorithm transforms a 128-bit plaintext block into a ciphertext block of 128 bits in size. The key, which is given as one input to the cipher, defines the mapping between plaintext and ciphertext. If data of arbitrary length is to be encrypted, a simple strategy is to split the data into blocks each matching the cipher's block size, and encrypt each block separately using the same key. This method is not secure as equal plaintext blocks get transformed into equal ciphertexts, and a third party observing the encrypted data may easily determine its content even when not knowing the encryption key.


title: Initialization vector

text: To hide patterns in encrypted data while avoiding the re-issuing of a new key after each block cipher invocation, a method is needed to randomize the input data. In 1980, the NIST published a national standard document designated Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) PUB 81, which specified four so-called block cipher modes of operation, each describing a different solution for encrypting a set of input blocks. The first mode implements the simple strategy described above, and was specified as the electronic codebook (ECB) mode. In contrast, each of the other modes describe a process where ciphertext from one block encryption step gets intermixed with the data from the next encryption step. To initiate this process, an additional input value is required to be mixed with the first block, and which is referred to as an "initialization vector". For example, the cipher-block chaining (CBC) mode requires an unpredictable value, of size equal to the cipher's block size, as additional input. This unpredictable value is added to the first plaintext block before subsequent encryption. In turn, the ciphertext produced in the first encryption step is added to the second plaintext block, and so on. The ultimate goal for encryption schemes is to provide semantic security: by this property, it is practically impossible for an attacker to draw any knowledge from observed ciphertext. It can be shown that each of the three additional modes specified by the NIST are semantically secure under so-called chosen-plaintext attacks.


title: Initialization vector

text: Properties of an IV depend on the cryptographic scheme used. A basic requirement is "uniqueness", which means that no IV may be reused under the same key. For block ciphers, repeated IV values devolve the encryption scheme into electronic codebook mode: equal IV and equal plaintext result in equal ciphertext. In stream cipher encryption uniqueness is crucially important as plaintext may be trivially recovered otherwise.


title: Initialization vector

text: Many schemes require the IV to be "unpredictable" by an adversary. This is effected by selecting the IV at random or pseudo-randomly. In such schemes, the chance of a duplicate IV is negligible, but the effect of the birthday problem must be considered. As for the uniqueness requirement, a predictable IV may allow recovery of (partial) plaintext.


title: Initialization vector

text: Depending on whether the IV for a cryptographic scheme must be random or only unique the scheme is either called "randomized" or "stateful". While randomized schemes always require the IV chosen by a sender to be forwarded to receivers, stateful schemes allow sender and receiver to share a common IV state, which is updated in a predefined way at both sides.


title: Initialization vector

text: Block cipher processing of data is usually described as a mode of operation. Modes are primarily defined for encryption as well as authentication, though newer designs exist that combine both security solutions in so-called authenticated encryption modes. While encryption and authenticated encryption modes usually take an IV matching the cipher's block size, authentication modes are commonly realized as deterministic algorithms, and the IV is set to zero or some other fixed value.


title: Initialization vector

text: In stream ciphers, IVs are loaded into the keyed internal secret state of the cipher, after which a number of cipher rounds are executed prior to releasing the first bit of output. For performance reasons, designers of stream ciphers try to keep that number of rounds as small as possible, but because determining the minimal secure number of rounds for stream ciphers is not a trivial task, and considering other issues such as entropy loss, unique to each cipher construction, related-IVs and other IV-related attacks are a known security issue for stream ciphers, which makes IV loading in stream ciphers a serious concern and a subject of ongoing research.


title: Initialization vector

text: The 802.11 encryption algorithm called WEP (short for Wired Equivalent Privacy) used a short, 24-bit IV, leading to reused IVs with the same key, which led to it being easily cracked. Packet injection allowed for WEP to be cracked in times as short as several seconds. This ultimately led to the deprecation of WEP.


title: Initialization vector

text: In cipher-block chaining mode (CBC mode), the IV need not be secret, but must be unpredictable (In particular, for any given


title: Initialization vector

text: plaintext, it must not be possible to predict the IV that will be associated to the plaintext in advance of the generation of the IV.) at encryption time. Additionally for the output feedback mode (OFB mode), the IV must be unique.


title: Initialization vector

text: In particular, the (previously) common practice of re-using the last ciphertext block of a message as the IV for the next message is insecure (for example, this method was used by SSL 2.0).


title: Initialization vector

text: If an attacker knows the IV (or the previous block of ciphertext) before he specifies the next plaintext, he can check his guess about plaintext of some block that was encrypted with the same key before.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Structural linguistics, or structuralism, in linguistics, denotes schools or theories in which language is conceived as a self-contained, self-regulating semiotic system whose elements are defined by their relationship to other elements within the system. It is derived from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and is part of the overall approach of structuralism. Saussure's "Course in General Linguistics", published posthumously in 1916, stressed examining language as a dynamic system of interconnected units. Saussure is also known for introducing several basic dimensions of semiotic analysis that are still important today. Two of these are his key methods of syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis, which define units syntactically and lexically, respectively, according to their contrast with the other units in the system.


title: Structural linguistics

text: "Structuralism" as a term, however, was not used by Saussure, who called the approach "semiology". The term "structuralism" is derived from sociologist Émile Durkheim's anti-Darwinian modification of Herbert Spencer's organic analogy which draws a parallel between social structures and the organs of an organism which have different functions or purposes. Similar analogies and metaphors were used in the historical-comparative linguistics that Saussure was part of. Saussure himself made a modification of August Schleicher's language–species analogy, based on William Dwight Whitney's critical writings, to turn focus to the internal elements of the language organism, or system. Nonetheless, structural linguistics became mainly associated with Saussure's notion of language as a dual interactive system of symbols and concepts. The term structuralism was adopted to linguistics after Saussure's death by the Prague school linguists Roman Jakobson and Nikolai Trubetzkoy; while the term structural linguistics was coined by Louis Hjelmslev.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Structural linguistics begins with the posthumous publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's "Course in General Linguistics" in 1916, which his students compiled from his lectures. The book proved to be highly influential, providing the foundation for both modern linguistics and semiotics. Structuralist linguistics is often thought of as giving rise to independent European and American traditions due to ambiguity in the term. It is most commonly thought that structural linguistics stems from Saussure's writings; but these were rejected by an American school of linguistics based on Wilhelm Wundt's structural psychology.


title: Structural linguistics

text: In Europe, Saussure influenced: (1) the Geneva School of Albert Sechehaye and Charles Bally, (2) the Prague linguistic circle, (3) the Copenhagen School of Louis Hjelmslev, (4) the Paris School of André Martinet and Algirdas Julien Greimas, and the Dutch school of Simon Dik. Structural linguistics also had an influence on other disciplines of humanities bringing about the movement known as structuralism.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Some confusion is caused by the fact that an American school of linguistics of 1910s through 1950s, which was based on structural psychology, (especially Wilhelm Wundt's Völkerpsychologie); and later on behavioural psychology, is sometimes nicknamed 'American structuralism'. This framework was not structuralist in the Saussurean sense that it did not consider language as arising from the interaction of meaning and expression. Instead, it was thought that the civilised human mind is organised into binary branching structures. Advocates of this type of structuralism are identified from their use of 'philosophical grammar' with its convention of placing the object, but not the subject, into the verb phrase; whereby the structure is disconnected from semantics in sharp contrast to Saussurean structuralism. This American school is alternatively called distributionalism, 'American descriptivism', or the 'Bloomfieldian' school – or 'post-Bloomfieldian', following the death of its leader Leonard Bloomfield in 1949. Nevertheless, Wundt's ideas had already been imported from Germany to American humanities by Franz Boas before him, influencing linguists such as Edward Sapir.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Bloomfield named his psychological approach "descriptive" or "philosophical–descriptive;" as opposed to the historical–comparative study of languages. Structural linguists like Hjelmslev considered his work fragmentary because it eluded a full account of language. The concept of autonomy is also different: while structural linguists consider semiology (the bilateral sign system) separate from physiology, American descriptivists argued for the autonomy of syntax from semantics. All in all, there were unsolvable incompatibilities between the psychological and positivistic orientation of the Bloomfieldian school, and the semiotic orientation of the structuralists proper. In the generative or Chomskyan concept, a purported rejection of 'structuralism' usually refers to Noam Chomsky's opposition to the "behaviourism" of Bloomfield's 1933 textbook "Language"; though, coincidentally, he is also opposed to structuralism proper.


title: Structural linguistics

text: The foundation of structural linguistics is a "sign", which in turn has two components: a "signified" is an idea or concept, while the "signifier" is a means of expressing the signified. The "sign", e.g. a word, is thus the combined association of signifier and signified. The value of a sign can be defined only by being placed in contrast with other signs. This forms the basis of what later became the paradigmatic dimension of semiotic organization (i.e., terms and inventories of terms that stand in opposition to each other). This is contrasted drastically with the idea that linguistic structures can be examined in isolation from meaning, or that the organisation of the conceptual system can exist without a corresponding organisation of the signifying system.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Paradigmatic relations hold among sets of units, such as the set distinguished phonologically by variation in their initial sound "cat, bat, hat, mat, fat", or the morphologically distinguished set "ran, run, running". The units of a set must have something in common with one another, but they must contrast too, otherwise they could not be distinguished from each other and would collapse into a single unit, which could not constitute a set on its own, since a set always consists of more than one unit. Syntagmatic relations, in contrast, are concerned with how units, once selected from their paradigmatic sets of oppositions, are 'chained' together into structural wholes.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations provide the structural linguist with a tool for categorization for phonology, morphology and syntax. Take morphology, for example. The signs "cat" and "cats" are associated in the mind, producing an abstract paradigm of the word forms of "cat". Comparing this with other paradigms of word forms, we can note that, in English, the plural often consists of little more than adding an -s to the end of the word. Likewise, through paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis, we can discover the syntax of sentences. For instance, contrasting the syntagma ("I should") and ("Should I?") allows us to realize that in French we only have to invert the units to turn a statement into a question. We thus take syntagmatic evidence (difference in structural configurations) as indicators of paradigmatic relations (e.g., in the present case: questions vs. assertions).


title: Structural linguistics

text: The most detailed account of the relationship between a paradigmatic organisation of language as a motivator and classifier for syntagmatic configurations was provided by Louis Hjelmslev in his "Prolegomena to a Theory of Language", giving rise to formal linguistics. Hjelmslev's model was subsequently incorporated into systemic functional grammar, functional discourse grammar, and Danish functional grammar.


title: Structural linguistics

text: In structuralism, elements of a language are explained in relation to each other. For example, to understand the function of one grammatical case, it must be contrasted to all the other cases and, more widely, to all other grammatical categories of the language.


title: Structural linguistics

text: The structural approach in humanities follows from 19th century Geist thinking which is derived from Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's philosophy. According to such theories, society or language arises as the collective psyche of a community; and this psyche is sometimes described as an 'organism'. In sociology, Émile Durkheim made a humanistic modification of Herbert Spencer's organic analogy. Durkheim, following Spencer's theory, compared society to an organism which has structures (organs) that carry out different functions. For Durkheim a structural explanation of society is that the population growth, through an organic solidarity (unlike Spencer who believes it happens by a self-interested conduct) leads to an increase of complexity and diversity in a community, creating a society. The structuralist reference became essential when linguistic 'structuralism' was established by the Prague linguistic circle after Saussure's death, following a shift from structural to functional explanation in the social anthropology of Alfred Radcliffe-Brown and Bronisław Malinowski.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Saussure himself had actually used a modification of August Schleicher's Darwinian organic analogy in linguistics; his concept of "la langue" is the social organism or spirit. It needs to be noted that, despite certain similarities, structuralism and functionalism in humanistic linguistics are explicitly anti-Darwinian. This means that linguistic structures are not explained in terms of selection through competition; and that the biological metaphor is not to be taken literally. What is more, Saussure abandoned evolutionary linguistics altogether and, instead, defined synchronic analysis as the study of the language system; and diachronic analysis as the study of language change. With such precaution, structural explanation of language is analogous to structuralism in biology which explains structures in relation with material factors or substance. In Saussure's explanation, structure follows from systemic consequences of the association of meaning and expression. This can be contrasted with functional explanation which explains linguistic structure in relation to the "adaptation" of language to the community's communicative needs.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Hjelmslev's elaboration of Saussure's structural explanation is that language arises from the structuring of content and expression. He argues that the nature of language could only be understood via the typological study of linguistic structures. In Hjelmslev's interpretation, there are no physical, psychological or other a priori principles that explain why languages are the way they are. Cross-linguistic similarities on the expression plane depend on a necessity to express meaning; conversely, cross-linguistic similarities on the content plane depend on the necessity to structure meaning potential according to the necessities of expression."The linguist must be equally interested in the similarity and in the difference between languages, two complementary sides of the same thing. The similarity between languages is their very structural principle; the difference between languages is the carrying out of that principle in "concreto". Both the similarity and the difference between languages lie, then, in language and in languages themselves, in their internal structure; and no similarity or difference between languages rests on any factor outside language." – Louis Hjelmslev


title: Structural linguistics

text: According to André Martinet's concept of "double articulation", language is a double-levelled or doubly articulated system. In this context, 'articulation' means 'joining'. The first level of articulation involves minimally meaningful units ("monemes": words or morphemes), while the second level consists of minimally distinct non-signifying units (phonemes). Owing to double articulation, it is possible to construct all necessary words of a language with a couple dozen phonic units. Meaning is associated with combinations of the non-meaningful units. The organisation of language into hierarchical inventories makes highly complex and therefore highly useful language possible:


title: Structural linguistics

text: Louis Hjelmslev's conception includes even more levels: phoneme, morpheme, lexeme, phrase, sentence and discourse. Building on the smallest meaningful and non-meaningful elements, "glossemes", it is possible to generate an infinite number of productions:


title: Structural linguistics

text: These notions are a continuation in a humanistic tradition which considers language as a human invention. A similar idea is found in Port-Royal Grammar:


title: Structural linguistics

text: Another way to approach structural explanation is from Saussure's concept of semiology (semiotics). Language is considered as arising from the interaction of form and meaning. Saussure's concept of the bilateral sign (signifier – signified) entails that the conceptual system is distinct from physical reality. For example, the spoken sign 'cat' is an association between the combination of the sounds [k], [æ] and [t] and the concept of a cat, rather than with its referent (an actual cat). Each item in the conceptual inventory is associated with an expression; and these two levels define, organise and restrict each other.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Key concepts of the organisation of the phonemic versus the semantic system are those of opposition and distinctiveness. Each phoneme is distinct from other phonemes of the phonological system of a given language. The concepts of distinctiveness and markedness were successfully used by the Prague Linguistic Circle to explain the phonemic organisation of languages, laying a ground for modern phonology as the study of the sound systems of languages, also borrowing from Wilhelm von Humboldt.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Likewise, each concept is distinct from all others in the conceptual system, and is defined in opposition with other concepts. Louis Hjelmslev laid the foundation of structural semantics with his idea that the content-level of language has a structure analogous to the level of expression. Structural explanation in the sense of how language shapes our understanding of the world has been widely used by the post-structuralists.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Structural linguist Lucien Tesnière, who invented dependency grammar, considered the relationship between meaning and form as conflicting due to a mathematical difference in how syntactic and semantic structure is organised. He used his concept of "antinomy" between syntax and semantics to elucidate the concept of a language as a solution to the communication problem. From his perspective, the two-dimensional semantic dependency structure is necessarily forced into one-dimensional (linear) form. This causes the meaningful semantic arrangement to break into a largely arbitrary word ordering.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Those working in the generativist tradition often regard structuralist approaches as outdated and superseded. For example, Mitchell Marcus writes that structural linguistics was "fundamentally inadequate to process the full range of natural language". Holland writes that Chomsky had "decisively refuted Saussure". Similar views have been expressed by Jan Koster, Mark Turner, and other advocates of sociobiology.


title: Structural linguistics

text: Others however stress the continuing importance of Saussure's thought and structuralist approaches. Gilbert Lazard has dismissed the Chomskyan approach as passé while applauding a return to Saussurean structuralism as the only course by which linguistics can become more scientific. Matthews notes the existence of many "linguists who are structuralists by many of the definitions that have been proposed, but who would themselves vigorously deny that they are anything of the kind", suggesting a persistence of the structuralist paradigm.


title: Structural linguistics

text: In the 1950s Saussure's ideas were appropriated by several prominent figures in continental philosophy, anthropology, and from there were borrowed in literary theory, where they are used to interpret novels and other texts. However, several critics have charged that Saussure's ideas have been misunderstood or deliberately distorted by continental philosophers and literary theorists and are certainly not directly applicable to the textual level, which Saussure himself would have firmly placed within parole and so not amenable to his theoretical constructs.


title: Conduent

text: Conduent Inc. is an American business services provider company headquartered in Florham Park, New Jersey. It was formed in 2017 as a divestiture from Xerox. The company offers digital platforms for businesses and governments. , it had over 31,000 employees working across 22 countries.


title: Conduent

text: On 5 June 2016, Xerox announced that it would be spinning off its Xerox Business Services division into a wholly separate corporation, for which the name was yet to be determined. The business scope of the new company was generally understood to be essentially identical to that of former business services company Affiliated Computer Services (ACS), which Xerox had acquired six years earlier in 2010.


title: Conduent

text: On 6 October 2016, having previously announced its intent to separate into two separate companies, Xerox announced the identity of the new business services company as Conduent. It described the company's "coined name" as "inspired by the company's expertise in managing transactional relationships between their clients and their constituents".


title: Conduent

text: On 3 January 2017, Conduent formally came into existence following its separation from Xerox. At the end of the first quarter of 2017, Carl Icahn owned 9.7% of the company.


title: Conduent

text: In February 2019, Conduent sold some of its customer care contracts to Skyview Capital, which created a new business called Continuum Global Solutions LLC.


title: Conduent

text: In February 2020, Conduent announced the appointment of Clifford Skelton to become the Chief Executive Officer. Prior to the appointment, Skelton has been serving as Conduent's interim CEO for seven months. He will continue as a member of Conduent's Board of directors.


title: Conduent

text: In May 2021, Conduent settled with the United States Department of Labor to resolve allegations of discrimination in hiring during 2013–2015 under the operation of the previous company, Xerox Commercial Solutions. Conduent agreed to pay $395,000 to 1,624 Black, Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander job applicants.


title: Conduent

text: Conduent provides business services such as medical billing, patient support services, electronic toll collection, Medicaid screening, and prepaid card processing for government benefits such as welfare, Social Security, and food stamps.


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: A 91-episode anime series was produced by TV Aichi, divided into two seasons, aired in Japan from April 2003 to December 2004. The first season is composed of 52 episodes, while the second, entitled "Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch Pure", lasted for 39.


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: Lucia Nanami, the mermaid princess of the North Pacific Ocean, sets out on land to find the boy that she had saved from a tsunami wave seven years before the beginning of the story, to whom she fell in love and had entrusted her pink pearl. She eventually finds the boy: a teenage surfer named Kaito Dōmoto. However, Kaito does not recognize Lucia in her human form. She cannot directly tell Kaito who she really is; otherwise, according to mermaid legend, she would turn into bubbles and disappear. Lucia tries to convince Kaito into figuring out who she really is (since the legend doesn't say anything about the other person discovering a mermaid's true identity by him or her self).


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: At the same time, Lucia has been told that a group of water demons have invaded the sea world and she must gather six other Mermaid Princesses and their pearls to bring back the legendary goddess Aqua Regina to stop them. To fulfill this, she joins forces with Hanon and Rina, the Mermaid Princesses who came up to dry land, use their pearls, turn into singing teen idols, and use their voices as an offensive power. After the water demons fail, the Black Beauty Sisters show up to steal the show. The Mermaid Princesses believe in themselves and believe they can defeat the Black Beauty Sisters, which they do.


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: The original manga, created by Yokote with illustrations by Hanamori, began serializing in the September 2002 issue of "Nakayoshi". There are a total of 32 chapters, with final one published on the April 2005 issue of the said magazine (released March 2005). There are a total of seven "tankōbon" volumes by Kodansha, the first six containing five chapters each and final one having two. They were released between March 20, 2003 and April 30, 2005.


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: Del Rey Manga acquired the rights to publish the manga for the North American audience. It began releasing the manga in April 2006 under the title "Pichi Pichi Pitch: Mermaid Melody". The English translations of the seven volumes were released from April 25, 2006 to October 30, 2007. The seventh volume, aside from the final two chapters, also contains two preview chapters from other manga.


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: A sequel manga written and illustrated by Hanamori, titled "Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch Aqua", began serialization in the September issue of Kodansha's "Nakayoshi" magazine on August 3, 2021.


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: An anime adaptation produced by TV Aichi, We've, and Tokyu Agency, animated by Actas and Synergy Japan, and directed by Yoshitaka Fujimoto aired in Japan in two seasons. The first season, simply named "Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch" and covers manga chapters 1 to 20, aired between April 5, 2003 and March 27, 2004. They were compiled into 14 DVD volumes. The second season, "Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch Pure", which adapts events from chapters 21 to 30, was aired between April 3 to December 25, 2004. Unlike the first season, "Pure" was compiled into two DVD box sets containing a total of 11 discs.


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: ADV Films acquired the license to the anime in June 2004 for its North American release, but was eventually dropped due to difficulty in finding backers and securing a TV airing deal. While the acquisition of the license and the production of the English anime predated that of the manga, it is unknown if a release will occur. That is because as of 2009, the anime has been completely dubbed but is being held by Kodansha. In addition, some foreign dubs such as Spanish and French dubbed versions was translated from the unreleased ADV Films' English-dubbed version as a reference when Elastic Rights acquired the licensing rights to Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch from Kodansha in Spain, Portugal, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey and French-speaking Europe and Africa. Likewise, there's an alternative English dub version which it was made in Malaysia by an unknown dubbing studio for (which released the anime series in Asia outside Japan and Korea on behalf of Kodansha). It aired on TV3 in 2006 and later moved its sister channel TV9 in English with or without Malay subtitles. However, the Malaysian English dubbed version became very hard to find than the ADV's dubbed version since it never officially released to home video neither in Malaysia nor in English-speaking Asian territories.


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: A total of six theme songs were composed for the anime. The first opening theme, by Miyuki Kanbe, and the first ending theme by Asumi Nakata, are used in the first 28 episodes. For 29th to the 52nd episodes, "Rainbow Notes♪" by Kanbe and by Nakata, Hitomi Terakado, and Mayumi Asano, are the second opening and ending themes respectively. For "Pure", the opening theme is "Before the Moment" by Eri Kitamura while by Nakata, Terakado, and Asano is the ending song.


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: There are also other pieces of music used in the anime, either as battle songs performed by the Mermaid Princesses or their enemies or as insert songs. All songs listed below are compiled in several character singles, soundtrack, and vocal albums (which also include the theme songs listed above):


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: Three video games (developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Japan) were released on Nintendo's Game Boy Advance console during the original run of the anime. All the games featured multiplayer capabilities, but required each player to have his or her own copy of the game in order to play.


title: Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch

text: Reviews for the English manga have been generally unfavorable. Robert Harris of Mania.com has managed to score all of its volumes Cs and below, even going insofar as to rate its 7th and final volume an F-, making it the only manga series on site to receive such a score. Meanwhile, Anime News Network's Melissa Harper managed to only review the second volume of the manga and commented that while it has good visuals, its story is too childish in some of its elements.


title: Aslı Enver

text: Aslı Enver Gökbudak (born 10 May 1984) is a Turkish actress. She is best known for her roles in several TV series including as Mine in "Kavak Yelleri", as Ahu Kumral in "Suskunlar" and as Süreyya in "İstanbullu Gelin". She is also known for her roles in "Kayıp", "Bana Artık Hicran De", "Kardeşim Benim", "Tamam mıyız? and Babil."


title: Aslı Enver

text: Enver was born on 10 May 1984, in London, England, and lived there until she was 12 years old. Her father is a Turkish Cypriot who grew up in London and met and married Enver's mother there, while she was abroad for her studies. As a teenager, Aslı Enver won a song contest in London. She started theatre at Mujdat Gezen Art Centre in Istanbul. She studied at Pera Fine Arts High School and graduated in theatre studies from Haliç University. She had her first minor-guest role in "Uzay Sitcomu". Later, she had a part in the hit young series "Hayat Bilgisi" and played the main character "Mine Ergun" in the popular youth series "Kavak Yelleri" (a remake of "Dawson's Creek") for five seasons. She has acted in the movies "Tamam mıyız?" and "Kardeşim Benim" and starred in the TV series "Suskunlar", "Kayıp", "Bana Artık Hicran De", "Mutlu Ol Yeter" and "Kış Güneşi".


title: Aslı Enver

text: On 13 July 2012, Enver married Birkan Sokullu. On 27 August 2015, they made a statement through their lawyers and announced their divorce.


title: Aslı Enver

text: In 2015, she became close to her "Kardeşim Benim" costar, Murat Boz, with whom she started a relationship in 2016. The couple broke up in May 2017. After a few months of reconciliation, they eventually ended their relationship in April 2018. In November 2018, they announced their reconciliation after 8 months of separation. However, they broke up again in October 2019.


title: Jason McAteer

text: Jason Wynne McAteer (born 18 June 1971) is a retired professional footballer. His primary position was in centre midfield, though he was also an able right winger and full-back.


title: Jason McAteer

text: During his professional career from 1992 to 2007, McAteer played for five clubs, Bolton Wanderers, Liverpool, Blackburn Rovers, Sunderland and finally Tranmere Rovers. His transfer fees added up to £9.5 million. Born in England, he represented the Republic of Ireland national team at international level, winning 52 international caps and playing at the World Cup in 1994 and 2002.


title: Jason McAteer

text: McAteer was born in Birkenhead on the Wirral. His family were shaken by the closure of the shipyards in the 1980s, and he began the 1990s in a state of unemployment. McAteer got his big break aged 20, at local non-league team Marine, when impressing for Marine Reserves against the Bolton Wanderers A team in 1992. He had no contract with Marine, and Bolton purchased the young midfielder for £500 plus a large bag of footballs. He made his first team debut against Burnley in a Division Two game at Burnden Park on 28 November 1992, finishing on the winning side in a 4–0 triumph. He made a total of 21 appearances in the 1992–93 season for Bolton, who finished the season as runners-up and secured promotion to Division One. Bolton were FA Cup quarter-finalists in the 1993–94 season and achieved a comfortable position in Division One. During the 1994–95 season, Bolton reached the final of the Football League Cup (their first appearance in a major cup final for 37 years), but lost 2–1 to Liverpool.


title: Jason McAteer

text: McAteer and his colleagues returned to Wembley the following month on 29 May 1995, as they reached the final of the Division One playoffs having finished third in the league. Their opponents on this occasion were Reading. Reading took a 2–0 lead in the first half and led the match until the 86th minute when Bolton scored a late equaliser to make the game 2–2 and force extra-time. Bolton went on to win the match 4–3 after extra time, and McAteer was given his first chance of FA Premier League football.


title: Jason McAteer

text: Early in the 1995–96 season, McAteer joined Liverpool in a £4.5 million deal after he played against them in the 1995 Football League Cup Final for Bolton. He came close to joining Blackburn Rovers in 1995, but when Liverpool declared an interest, McAteer decided to sign for the team he had supported as a boy and turned down the then Blackburn manager Kenny Dalglish. He made his Liverpool debut on 16 September 1995 in a 3–0 win against Blackburn at Anfield, coming on as a late substitute for John Barnes.


title: Jason McAteer

text: During his time at Anfield, McAteer also filled in at right back for certain spells despite being primarily a central midfielder. He broke his leg whilst playing against Blackburn at Anfield on 31 January 1998.


title: Jason McAteer

text: He made a full recovery and on his return to the first team scored two goals against West Ham United on 2 May 1998.


title: Jason McAteer

text: He played in the 1996 FA Cup Final against Manchester United in which Liverpool lost to a single goal scored by Eric Cantona.


title: Jason McAteer

text: McAteer was part of the group of 1990s Liverpool players known as the "Spice Boys" for the tabloid attention towards their private lives. Other players named in this group included Robbie Fowler, Steve McManaman and Jamie Redknapp.


title: Jason McAteer

text: Blackburn Rovers manager Brian Kidd signed McAteer for £4 million on 27 January 1999. He signed a four-year contract with wages of £20,000 a week. Rovers were relegated that season, but McAteer would help the club to promotion back to the Premiership in 2001 during his second full season with the club. During his time with Rovers, McAteer had a vicious argument one day with manager Graeme Souness, and said of him in 2002: "He almost ruined my career and I cannot help but despise him for it."


title: Jason McAteer

text: Souness sold McAteer to Sunderland for £1 million in October 2001, on a three-year deal. He made 27 appearances that season, but was unable to prevent the Black Cats' relegation to the First Division the following season. After a double abdominal hernia operation, he played only five times between September 2002 and December 2003. In his first game back on 13 December, he took just four minutes to score away to West Ham United, albeit in a 3–2 loss. He played both legs of the play-off semi-final against Crystal Palace in May 2004 before being released at the end of the year.


title: Jason McAteer

text: In July 2004, McAteer was close to a one-year deal at newly relegated Leicester City, which was called off due to unforeseen circumstances. Days later, he signed a two-year deal with Tranmere Rovers, hoping to play out his career with his hometown club. He trained as a coach ready to embark on a career in that department after his retirement. He was made club captain by manager Brian Little, skippering the side to the League One play-off semi-finals, where they eventually lost on penalties to Hartlepool United.


title: Jason McAteer

text: He was released by Tranmere Rovers in May 2007 and announced his retirement shortly afterwards. On 15 June 2009, he was appointed assistant manager to former Liverpool teammate John Barnes at Tranmere. On 9 October, the pair were sacked after a run of just two league wins from 11 games.


title: Jason McAteer

text: McAteer qualified to play for Republic of Ireland through his grandfather who was born in County Down. He was capped 52 times between 1994 and 2004 making his debut on 23 March 1994 in a 0-0 draw against Russia in a friendly match at Lansdowne Road and was selected by manager Jack Charlton for the Republic's 1994 World Cup squad. McAteer came on as a substitute in Ireland's 1–0 group stage victory over Italy on 18 June.


title: Jason McAteer

text: McAteer played in his second World Cup in 2002. He scored the decisive goal for the Irish in a 1–0 World Cup qualifying win against the Netherlands on 1 September 2001, which helped Ireland stay on course for their place in the 2002 World Cup.


title: Jason McAteer

text: Mcateer was critical of Roy Keane after the Saipan Incident at the 2002 World Cup, saying "Everything is black or white with Roy, there is no such colour as grey. I do not always understand his rage." McAteer said that when they clashed during Sunderland's match against Manchester United in August 2002, he had said to Keane: "Put it all in your next book". Keane responded by elbowing McAteer on the side of the head.


title: Jason McAteer

text: McAteer was nicknamed "Trigger", after an "Only Fools and Horses" character of low intelligence. He said in 2005 that he cultivated this image in order to play more matches, as managers would be comfortable putting him in different positions. Anecdotes spread about McAteer's purported low intelligence, including that he had asked for a pizza to be cut into four pieces and not eight because he was not hungry; he confirmed in 2005 that this story is true.


title: Jason McAteer

text: McAteer released an autobiography, "Blood, Sweat & Jason McAteer", in 2017. In it, he said that he struggled with depression and thoughts of suicide after his football career ended.


title: Jason McAteer

text: McAteer married his first wife, Kristina Delaney, at Slane Castle in 2001. In October 2013, he married Lucy Edwards in Limerick with the reception at Dromoland Castle. McAteer said that while he was at the 2022 UEFA Champions League Final with LFC TV, his wife and 22-year-old son were assaulted and robbed amidst the chaos.


title: Jason McAteer

text: McAteer featured in EA Sports' "FIFA" video game series; he was on the cover for the International edition of FIFA Soccer 96, alongside Frank de Boer.


title: Jason McAteer

text: McAteer has regularly appeared for the Liverpool legends who play in various charity games around the world. In March 2005, he recruited friends from football and showbusiness for "Tsunami Soccer Aid" which generated over half a million pounds for Save the Children, helping survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. In May 2008, he visited Banda Aceh in Indonesia to see how the money had been used.


title: Jason McAteer

text: In 2006, McAteer became an investor in "Golf Punk" magazine, alongside former Sunderland teammates Phil Babb, Michael Gray, Thomas Sørensen and Stephen Wright, saving the publication from closure.


title: Jason McAteer

text: In April 2011, while participating in a charity football match between Darndale F.C. and Liverpool/Manchester United Legends in aid of Autism Ireland, McAteer clashed with Dublin GAA goalkeeper Stephen Cluxton. Cluxton punched McAteer and knocked him to the ground. Cluxton and McAteer were both sent off.


title: Alphonse Gangitano

text: Alphonse John Gangitano (22 April 1957 – 16 January 1998) was an Australian criminal from Melbourne, Victoria. Nicknamed the "Black Prince of Lygon Street", Gangitano was the face of an underground organisation known as the Carlton Crew. He was also an associate of alleged organised crime bosses Tom Domican (Sydney) and John Kizon (Perth).


title: Alphonse Gangitano

text: Gangitano is considered to be the second of the thirty Melbourne gangland killings between 1998 and 2010, when he was murdered in 1998. Gangitano was portrayed by Vince Colosimo in the 2008 TV series "Underbelly", and by Elan Zavelsky in the 2009 TV series "".


title: Alphonse Gangitano

text: Gangitano was born on 22 April 1957. He attended De La Salle College and Marcellin College. In later years through the 1980s and 1990s, it was later alleged that he was a co-owner of a King Street nightclub and numerous fight promotions and other ventures that went on to include horse racing and protection rackets. At the height of Gangitano's criminal career, he was earning an estimated $125,000–$200,000 a month as a high-profile member of the Carlton Crew. Unlike other criminals, Gangitano purely wanted to be a criminal from a young age.


title: Alphonse Gangitano

text: Alphonse Gangitano, Jason Moran and associate Tony Rapasarda were charged over serious assaults on several patrons at the Sports Bar nightclub in King Street, Melbourne on 19 December 1995.


title: Alphonse Gangitano

text: Moran later said of Gangitano: "He's a fucking lulu ... if you smash five pool cues and an iron bar over someone's head ... you're a fucking lulu". The attack was portrayed on "Underbelly".


title: Alphonse Gangitano

text: On the day of his death, 16 January 1998, Gangitano was reported to have had a telephone conversation with Kizon. That same day, Graham Kinniburgh drank at the Laurel Hotel in Ascot Vale with associate Lou Cozzo before driving to Gangitano's home in Templestowe. At a subsequent coroner's inquest, evidence was presented that Kinniburgh and Jason Moran were in Gangitano's home that night. Both were exempted from giving evidence at the inquest, on the grounds that their evidence might incriminate them.


title: Alphonse Gangitano

text: Kinniburgh left Gangitano's house shortly after 11 pm to purchase cigarettes at a 7-Eleven. Upon his return 30 minutes later, he found that Gangitano had been shot several times in the head in the laundry. Gangitano's "de facto" wife, Virginia, was with the body. Traces of Kinniburgh's blood were later discovered on the back flyscreen door at Gangitano's home.


title: Alphonse Gangitano

text: Kinniburgh reportedly respected the code of silence, frustrating police investigating the murder. Gangitano's pallbearers included suspected underworld figures Mick Gatto and John Kizon. Gangitano is survived by his wife and two daughters, and was widely believed to have had another child with which he had no contact to an unidentified woman.


title: Alphonse Gangitano

text: Moran allegedly pulled out a gun after an argument with Alphonse and shot him in the arm and head as he fled towards the laundry. The murder may have led to as many as 75 revenge assaults on underworld members. In 1995, Gangitano was charged with shooting dead petty criminal Gregory John Workman at 1 Wando Grove, St Kilda East; however, Gangitano never went to trial over the shooting after two witnesses retracted their statements.


title: David Batty

text: David Batty (born 2 December 1968) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.


title: David Batty

text: Batty played for Leeds United, Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United. Whilst with Leeds he was part of the team that won the old Football League Second Division and the Football League First Division in its final year before the formation of the Premier League. He would go on to lift that title itself when he was part of the Blackburn team that won the League in 1995. In total he made 438 league appearances during a 17 year career, scoring 8 goals. He was capped 42 times by the England national team. He represented the nation at UEFA Euro 1992 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup.


title: David Batty

text: Following retirement in 2004, Batty has lived his life away from the media spotlight and very rarely gives interviews about his career, it is well publicised by some of his former team mates that he cared very little for football and merely saw it as a job he did because he was good at it, as opposed to loving the sport.


title: David Batty

text: Born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, Batty made his debut for Leeds in November 1987 as an 18-year-old during a 4–2 win over Swindon Town, and quickly earned a reputation as a fiercely competitive midfielder in the mould of Leeds legend Billy Bremner. Perceived to be a bit lightweight, to build up Batty's strength Bremner would call him into his office every morning to drink sherry with a raw egg stirred into it. Batty was a key member of the Leeds team that won promotion from the second division in 1989–90, and a member of a midfield which included Gary Speed, Gary McAllister and Gordon Strachan, when Leeds won the first division championship in 1991–92. As a tireless and sometimes ruthless forager of the ball there were few equals, but there was more to his game than simply breaking up opposition attacks; having won the ball, his distribution was excellent, making him the springboard for many counterattacks. If there was one aspect missing from his game it was the lack of goals, as evidenced by cries of "shoot" from Leeds fans when Batty received the ball anywhere within the opponents half.


title: David Batty

text: In October 1993 Leeds manager Howard Wilkinson needed funds to finance the rebuilding of his team, and reluctantly accepted an offer of £2.75 million for Batty from Blackburn Rovers, who were managed by Kenny Dalglish. Wilkinson used the funds to buy Carlton Palmer for £2.6 million eight months later.


title: David Batty

text: At this point Blackburn were an emerging force in the newly created Premier League with players such as Alan Shearer and Chris Sutton. He suffered a broken foot which ruled him out of the majority of Blackburn's title-winning campaign in 1994–95, only playing five games for them that season. He refused a winners medal at the end of the season, stating that his contribution had been minimal. By the following season Batty was available to help Blackburn's Champions League campaign. However, the team failed to reach the lucrative knock-out stages; Batty's contribution to the campaign is best remembered for an incident involving himself and his teammate Graeme Le Saux, when they started fighting each other during the Champions' League game against Spartak Moscow.


title: David Batty

text: In 1996 Batty requested a transfer from Blackburn Rovers, and moved to Kevin Keegan's Newcastle United for £3.75 million.


title: David Batty

text: With Batty providing midfield bite and cover for the defence, Newcastle were able to challenge the dominant team of the day, Manchester United; Newcastle finished up as runners-up in the league to Manchester United twice (1995–96 and 1996–97). Keegan commented that it was not until he worked on the training ground with Batty on a daily basis that he realised just how good a player he was. Batty's work-rate, tackling and unselfish play for the good of the team, therefore allowing the more skilful ball-players to perform, were appreciated by manager, colleagues and fans alike. His first full-season at St. James' Park saw the departure of Keegan, with Kenny Dalglish taking over and guiding the club to another runners-up spot. However, the 1997–98 season was a disappointing one, as Newcastle could only finish 13th. They did however reach the 1998 FA Cup Final, in which Batty started. The arrival of new manager Ruud Gullit in August 1998 marked the start of a team rebuild, and Batty made the move back to Leeds United in December 1998 for £4.4 million.


title: David Batty

text: Batty rejoined a resurgent Leeds team under the management of David O'Leary; O'Leary wanted Batty to provide bite and experience for his youthful side. A rib injury picked up in his first game kept him on the sidelines for some time, but by the end of the 1998–99 season he was a regular in the Leeds team. However, in the early part of the 1999–2000 season he suffered an Achilles tendon injury, and recovery was lengthened by side effects of the drugs he had to take for the heart problems he suffered as a result of the earlier rib injury. This caused him to miss the Euro 2000 Championships.


title: David Batty

text: Batty's experience was a key factor in Leeds qualification for the UEFA Champions League, and the cup runs to the semi-finals of both the UEFA Cup and the Champions League; however, when O'Leary was sacked by Leeds in 2002 Batty found himself out of favour with subsequent managers, and in May 2004 he was released by Leeds and retired from football. He was injured in a game against former club Newcastle United on 7 January 2004. This would turn out to be the final game of his career.


title: David Batty

text: Batty's performances for Leeds resulted in his making his England debut under Graham Taylor in the 3–0 win against the Soviet Union in May 1991, aged 22. At the time of the 1998 FIFA World Cup Batty was an England regular under Glenn Hoddle, but made limited starts in the four matches England competed in and was notable, along with Paul Ince, for missing a penalty saved by Carlos Roa which prevented the team from advancing to the quarter-finals. In all Batty gained 42 caps, making his final appearance for England in the 0–0 draw with Poland in 1999, where he was sent off in the 84th minute of the game.


title: David Batty

text: Since his retirement Batty has featured in 'The Match', in which a team of former professionals faced a team of celebrities in a charity match staged at Newcastle's St James' Park ground.


title: David Batty

text: Since retirement, some of Batty's former team mates including Alan Shearer and Jeff Kenna have commented that they didn't think Batty really liked football and that he had no real interest in it, only playing the sport because he was good at it. Shearer commented that he never studied the game or watched other games and that he was always the last one into training and the first one to leave, but regardless of this he was a fierce competitor. Following his retirement in 2004, Batty shunned life in the limelight and was living in Yorkshire, he is rarely interviewed and rarely attends functions. Due to Batty's life out of the media spotlight Les Ferdinand recalled rumours that Batty was a Superbike champion under another name or that he was living in a caravan in Filey but stated "The reality is a little more mundane: Batty is simply enjoying a low-key retirement with his family in Yorkshire as he always planned to."


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: The "Beverly Hills, 90210" franchise comprises the ongoing timeline and shared characters that link the American television series "Beverly Hills, 90210" (1990); "Melrose Place" (1992); "Models Inc." (1994); "90210" (2008); "Melrose Place" (2009); and the 2019 revival "BH90210", which takes place outside of the franchise continuity.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: The continuity, which progresses in real time, was introduced in 1990 with the debut of Darren Star's teen drama "Beverly Hills, 90210", which was produced by Aaron Spelling and initially aired on the FOX television network in the United States. After this series became a worldwide success in 1991, Star expanded the franchise with 1992's "Melrose Place", a drama about young adults in Los Angeles. The third series, "Models Inc.", aired from June 1994 to March 1995.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: The fourth entry, simply titled "90210", was developed by Rob Thomas, Gabe Sachs, and Jeff Judah, and premiered on The CW on September 2, 2008. On September 8, 2009, the fifth series, a follow-up to "Melrose Place", also debuted on The CW, and concluded in April 2010.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: The franchise has been generally well received among young audiences in the United States. Some characters have appeared in multiple shows throughout the continuity. Jennie Garth, Tori Spelling, Brian Austin Green, and Ian Ziering are the only actors who appeared in their shows’ entire run, while Grant Show appeared in all three of the original series.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: On February 27, 2019, it was announced that a six-episode revival, set outside of continuity, had been ordered by FOX and that the show would be titled "BH90210". The series aired between August and September 2019.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: While planning a new teen drama in 1989–1990, FOX learned of Darren Star's interest in writing youth-oriented screenplays. Upon being hired by the network, Star created the concept and characters for the series that would eventually become "Beverly Hills, 90210". The unexpected worldwide success of this project, as well as that of the spin-off "Melrose Place", was largely credited with launching Star's career, while bringing early fortune to FOX in the process.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Aaron Spelling, whose company produced the shows, was well known for producing some of the most famous hit series on television, including "Charlie's Angels" (1976–81), "The Love Boat" (1977–86), and "Dynasty" (1981–89). Spelling would also produce the next show in the franchise, "Models Inc.", in 1994.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: "Melrose Place" was initially inspired by Star's own professional aspirations during his 20s, while "Models Inc." was born when FOX asked Spelling for an eight-part summer series. When ratings proved adequate, the show continued throughout the following television season. "Models Inc." concluded in 1995, "Melrose Place" finished in 1999, and "Beverly Hills, 90210" ended in 2000.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: In 2008, the franchise returned via the fourth production, "90210", attracting a new collection of noted creators. Rob Thomas, known for the television show "Veronica Mars", began the initial work on the project. Prior to the premiere, Thomas was succeeded by producers Jeff Judah and Gabe Sachs, both known for the series "Freaks and Geeks" and "Undeclared". During the first season, Rebecca Sinclair, who had previously worked on "Gilmore Girls" and "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", became the series' new show runner. In June 2009, a fifth production, a follow-up to "Melrose Place", was officially confirmed.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Emmy-nominated scribe Charles Rosin joined "Beverly Hills, 90210" in its first year and served as a writer and executive producer, scripting several episodes in seasons to come along with his wife Karen. Other prominent writers of the first series included John Eisendrath and Steve Wasserman.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Charles Pratt, Jr. and Frank South worked closely with Darren Star in writing early seasons of "Melrose Place", helping to set the tone of the series as it grew in popularity. Pratt and South would then create the similarly toned "Models Inc." Rebecca Sinclair wrote for "90210" during the first season prior to her promotion.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Throughout its run, the franchise has attracted several established actors, while bringing fame to others and the roles which they have portrayed. The narrative's most widely seen character is Jennie Garth's Kelly Taylor, who was instrumental in launching two spin-offs, and has been used in the most episodes throughout the continuity. Also made famous via the first program was male lead Jason Priestley, who earned Golden Globe nominations and began a directorial career via the series, and actor Luke Perry, who won acclaim and drew comparisons to James Dean. The first series brought fame to several other cast members as well.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: "Melrose Place" featured former "Dynasty" and "T.J. Hooker" star Heather Locklear, whose performance has been called one of the most prominent of the show, and also starred former child actress Alyssa Milano. "Models Inc." featured former "Dallas" actress Linda Gray, and later added "Dynasty" veteran Emma Samms. In addition, several actors known for their work in American daytime television—including Kristian Alfonso, Stephen Nichols, Jack Wagner, and Vanessa Marcil—have made appearances in the franchise.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: In 2009, singer-actress Ashlee Simpson joined the proposed fifth series of the continuity, a follow-up to "Melrose Place", as Violet Foster. It was later announced that Laura Leighton would reprise her role as Sydney Andrews (despite the character having apparently died during the original series), who was recognized by "The Hollywood Reporter" as "one of the most popular characters" from the previous show. "Friday Night Lights" actress Aimee Teegarden appeared in the fourth series, "90210", during its first season. Additionally, "90210"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Sara Foster and Shenae Grimes have revealed that they were fans of the original show while growing up.