title: Dorking

text: The Dorking Group of Artists, established in 1947, exhibits locally twice a year, in Betchworth and at Denbies. The Arts Society Dorking promotes local art appreciation and the preservation of the town's artistic heritage.


title: Dorking

text: The three-day Leith Hill Musical Festival for local, amateur choral societies, founded in 1905, takes place at the Dorking Halls each year. Ralph Vaughan Williams was the Festival Conductor until 1953, a post currently held by Jonathan Willcocks.


title: Dorking

text: Each day features a different group (or division) of choirs, which compete against each other in the morning and then combine to give a concert in the evening. Following the tradition established by Vaughan Williams, the "Messiah" by Handel and the "St Matthew" and "St John Passions" by J. S. Bach are frequently performed.


title: Dorking

text: After the death of Vaughan Williams in 1958, the festival committee commissioned David McFall to design a bronze bas relief likeness of the composer: one cast was placed in St Martin's Church and another in the Dorking Halls.


title: Dorking

text: Strawberry Studios South was opened in 1976, in a former cinema in South Street, by Graham Gouldman and Eric Stewart of the band 10cc. They recorded the album, "Deceptive Bends" there. Other artists also worked at the Studios, including Paul McCartney, who recorded part of "Ebony and Ivory" (a duet with Stevie Wonder) there. The English rock band, The Cure, recorded at Rhino Studios at Pippbrook Mill.


title: Dorking

text: "The Battle of Dorking", a novella written by Lt. Col. Sir George Tomkyns Chesney in 1871, was set in the town. Describing a fictional invasion and conquest of Britain by a German-speaking country, it triggered an explosion of what came to be known as invasion literature.


title: Dorking

text: Benjamin Disraeli wrote part of his political novel "Coningsby" while staying at Deepdene between 1841 and 1844. The novel was subsequently dedicated to his host, Henry Thomas Hope. The fourth chapter of "A Fool's Alphabet" by novelist Sebastian Faulks, published in 1992, is set in the town.


title: Dorking

text: A football game was played annually in Dorking on Shrove Tuesday between two teams representing the eastern and western halves of the town. The match began at 2pm outside the gates to St Martin's Church and lasted until 6pm. After a particularly riotous game in 1897, the local magistrates declared that the tradition was in breach of the Highway Act 1835 and 50 participants were fined. Arrests were also made after local townsfolk attempted to stage the match in 1898, 1899 and 1903. The local newspaper declared the custom extinct in 1907.


title: Dorking

text: Dorking F.C. was formed in 1880 and moved to Meadowbank in 1956. The stadium was condemned as unsafe in 2013 and for the next three years, the club shared grounds, first at Horley and then Westhumble. Dorking F.C. closed in 2017.


title: Dorking

text: Dorking Wanderers F.C. was founded in 1999. The team played its home games at Westhumble for ten seasons from 2007, before moving to the refurbished Meadowbank Stadium in July 2018.


title: Dorking

text: Dorking rugby football club was founded in 1921. Initially its home matches were played at Meadowbank, but it moved the following year to Pixham. In 1972 the club relocated to the Big Field at Brockham as tenants of the National Trust, which had acquired the field in 1966. In the 2019–20 season, the 1st XV played in the London and South East Premier division. Notable former players include Elliot Daly, George Kruis and Kay Wilson.


title: Dorking

text: Rob Walker's privateer racing team was based at Pippbrook Garage in London Road from 1947 to 1970. The team won nine Grands Prix and their drivers included Stirling Moss (1958–1961) and Graham Hill (1970). Walker's contribution to motorsport and to Dorking was celebrated on the centenary of his birth in October 2018 with a parade of classic cars through the town centre.


title: Dorking

text: Dorking Cycling Club was founded in 1877 and by the 1890s was organising camps for amateur cyclists from across the south east of England. The club was refounded in 2011 and organises a programme of weekly rides for members. The 2012 Summer Olympic cycling road races passed through Dorking en route to Box Hill.


title: Dorking

text: Dorking and Mole Valley Athletics Club is based at Pixham Sports Ground. They host the annual "Dorking Ten" road race starting from Brockham Green.


title: Dorking

text: The weekly Mole Valley Parkrun has taken place at Denbies Wine Estate since March 2018. The vineyard also hosts the annual Run Bacchus marathon. The annual UK Wife-Carrying Race takes place at The Nower.


title: Dorking

text: Denbies Wine Estate, to the north of Dorking, is one of the largest wine producers in the UK. The vineyard, which covers some , was first planted in 1986 on the site of Bradley Farm, part of the Denbies estate. The winery and visitor centre were opened in 1993.


title: Dorking

text: Dorking Museum was opened in West Street in January 1976. The building had previously been an iron foundry, which had opened in the 1820s and closed after World War II. The museum houses a wide range of historical artefacts, as well as fossils and mineral samples from the Dorking area. Permanent displays explain the history of the town from prehistoric times to the present day, and the building also hosts temporary exhibitions, often connected with significant anniversaries of events such as World War I.


title: Dorking

text: The museum was fully refurbished between 2008 and 2012 and was short-listed for the Museums Heritage Awards in 2013.


title: Dorking

text: The caves in South Street are thought to have been excavated in four distinct phases. Firstly, three wells, the largest of which has the date 1672 inscribed on its wall, were sunk vertically from Butter Hill above. The upper level, a network of four caverns which intersects the wells, was dug in the late 17th or early 18th centuries. These caves are linked by a staircase to the lowest level, a circular chamber which may have been used by religious dissenters, approximately below ground level. In Victorian times, the larger caverns were adapted for use as wine cellars. The current entrance to the caves dates from 1921.


title: Dorking

text: The South Street caves were sold to Dorking UDC in 1921 and were leased by the council to various local wine merchants until the 1960s. The Dorking and Leith Hill Preservation Society first opened the caves for public tours in the 1970s. Dorking Museum assumed responsibility for running tours in May 2015. Prince Edward visited the caves in March of the same year.


title: Dorking

text: Several National Trust properties are close to Dorking, including Box Hill, Leith Hill, Polesden Lacey and Ranmore Common.


title: Dorking

text: Cotmandene is a area of common land to the east of the town centre (the name is thought to mean "the heath of the poor cottages"). During the Middle Ages it was used by commoners to graze pigs. The first almshouses on the north side of Cotmandene was built in 1677 and were given endowments in 1718 and 1831. They were rebuilt in 1848 and again in 1961.


title: Dorking

text: Cricket matches were played on the heath during the 18th century and are recorded in Edward Beavan's 1777 poem "Box Hill". A painting entitled "A Cricket Match on Cotmandene, Dorking" by the artist James Canter, dating to around 1770, is now held by the Marylebone Cricket Club. In the 19th century, a funfair took place at the same time as the Ascension Day livestock fair in the town centre. In 1897, to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk (who was lord of the manor of Dorking) gave Cotmandene to the Urban District Council (UDC) on the condition that it was "to remain a perpetual ornament and pleasure to the town".


title: Dorking

text: Deepdene was a country house to the west of Dorking. Its name derives from the narrow natural amphitheatre in the former grounds, most likely formed by erosion of the sandstone hillside by spring water. The gardens were first laid out by Charles Howard in the 1650s and both the diarist, John Evelyn, and John Aubrey recorded visits there in the second half of the 17th century. The grounds include a mausoleum in which owners Thomas Hope and Henry Thomas Hope are buried.


title: Dorking

text: In the late 19th century, the property began a period of decline accelerated by the bankruptcy of the owner, Lord Francis Hope, in 1896. Much of the estate was sold for housebuilding in the early 20th century. In 1943, the terrace and garden were purchased by the Dorking and Leith Hill Preservation Society (chaired by Ralph Vaughan Williams) and transferred to the UDC, however the house was demolished in 1969. In the mid-2010s, the garden was restored and was reopened to the public as the "Deepdene Trail".


title: Dorking

text: The Glory Wood (the highest point in Dorking) is an area of primarily deciduous woodland to the southeast of the town centre. The southern part is known as "Devil's Den" and contains mainly oak with an area of coppiced sweet chestnut.


title: Dorking

text: The Glory Wood was promised to the town in 1927 by Lord Francis Hope, on the condition that it was not to be built upon. The land was to have been transferred to the UDC in July 1929, however Hope withheld the gift until 1934, in protest at the published route of the Dorking Bypass through the Deepdene estate.


title: Dorking

text: Meadowbank is a park on the north side of the Pipp Brook. In medieval times, it was part of the lordship lands and later became part of the Denbies estate. By the start of the 20th century, it was the grounds of large private house (also called "Meadowbank"). The house and grounds were purchased by Dorking UDC in 1926, with the intention of building 150 council houses, however owing to financial constraints, the Council instead decided to sell the western third for development. The Parkway estate was completed in 1935.


title: Dorking

text: The park was landscaped in the decade before World War II and included the Pippbrook Mill mill pond, which was given to the town in 1934. From 1954, Meadowbank became the permanent home of Dorking Football Club until 2014. Dorking Wanderers F.C. moved to the refurbished ground in 2018.


title: Dorking

text: The Nower is an area of open grassland, which rises above Dorking to the west of the town centre. Together with the adjacent Milton Heath, it forms a nature reserve owned by Mole Valley District Council and is managed by Surrey Wildlife Trust.


title: Dorking

text: The Nower was given to the town in 1931 by Charles Barclay, the owner of the Bury Hill estate, although it had been accessible to visitors since Victorian times. Views over Dorking may be enjoyed from "The Temple", which dates from the early 19th century.


title: Dorking

text: Dorking Cemetery was opened in 1855 on farmland that had been purchased from the Deepdene estate. Two chapels were built for funeral services, one for Anglicans (with a rectangular floor plan) and one (with an octagonal floor plan) for non-conformists. Both were designed by Henry Clutton and were constructed from flint with stone dressings. An entrance lodge on Reigate Road was also provided. Originally the area of the cemetery was , but was enlarged to between 1884 and 1923.


title: Dorking

text: The English novelist George Meredith and Victoria Cross recipient Charles Graham Robertson are among those buried there.


title: Dorking

text: The Art Deco Dorking Halls building, designed by the architect Percy W. Meredith for the Leith Hill Musical Festival (LHMF), was opened in 1931. The Grand Hall was intended to be used for performances of the Passions by J. S. Bach, but two smaller halls (the Masonic and Martineau) were also constructed as part of the same complex. During World War II, the building was used by the Meat Marketing Board and the Army, and it was then sold to Dorking UDC. A major refurbishment was undertaken by Mole Valley District Council between 1994 and 1997. The Martineau Hall houses the Premier Cinema.


title: Dorking

text: Pippbrook House, a Gothic country house to the north east of the town centre, was designed as a private residence for William Henry Forman by George Gilbert Scott in 1856. The house and surrounding were bought by the UDC in December 1930, for use as administrative offices. The UDC's successor, MVDC, opened purpose-built offices in the grounds in 1984, which enabled the local public library to move into the space vacated. The library relocated to St Martin's Walk in the town centre in 2012. In 2020, MVDC announced plans to develop Pippbrook House as a "community hub and start-up business centre".


title: Dorking

text: The first building to be recorded on the site of the White Horse Hotel was granted to the Knights Templar by John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, in around 1287. When the Templars were suppressed in 1308 by order of Pope Clement V, the property was confiscated and passed to the Knights of the Order of St John. For much of the late medieval period, it was known as the "Cross House" and in the 16th century it was the residence of the parish priest.


title: Dorking

text: The property became an inn in around 1750 (by which time it was known as "The White Horse"), a few years before the opening of the Epsom to Horsham turnpike road. Most of the current hotel was built during the 18th century (including the timber-framed frontage which faces the High Street), however some parts date from the 15th and 16th centuries. Famous guests have included Charles Dickens who wrote his novel The Pickwick Papers, whilst resident in the mid-1830s. Further additions were made to the hotel in the 19th century, which is protected today by a Grade II listing.


title: Dorking

text: The galvanised metal sculpture of a Dorking cockerel by the artist Peter Parkinson was erected on the Deepdene roundabout in 2007. The statue pays homage to the historical importance of the town's poultry market. The cockerel is a frequent target of yarn bombing and can be seen dressed in hats, scarves and other items of clothing.


title: Dorking

text: The two statues outside the Dorking Halls were designed by William Fawke. The statue of architect and master builder Thomas Cubitt was installed in 1995. The statue of Ralph Vaughan Williams was donated by Sir Adrian White and was unveiled in 2001.


title: Dorking

text: The sculpture of two cyclists at the Pixham End roundabout was unveiled in July 2012, less than two weeks before the Olympic road race events were routed through Dorking. The installation was designed by the artist Heather Burrell, and just over half of the cost was donated by members of the public, each of whom is represented by an oak leaf on either the cyclists' torsos or the bicycle wheels.


title: Dorking

text: There are two sculptures by the artist Lucy Quinnell in the town: the first, a metal arch commemorating the writer and philosopher Grant Allen, was installed at the entrance to Allen Court in 2013; the second, depicting the "Mayflower" sailing westwards towards the New World, was commissioned by Mole Valley District Council and was unveiled in West Street in 2021.


title: Dorking

text: The town war memorial, in South Street, was dedicated in 1921 "in memory of Dorking men who fell in the Great War". Designed by the architect Thomas Braddock, it was constructed from dressed Portland stone. The memorial was modified in 1945 to commemorate those who had died in World War II, with the addition of the wings at each side. At the base, a verse from 1 Samuel is inscribed: "They were a wall unto us both by night and by day." The names of 264 people who died in the two conflicts (both military personnel and civilians) are recorded, including seven women. The memorial is protected by a Grade II listing.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: Slavery had already existed in Ireland for centuries by the time the Vikings began to establish their coastal settlements, but it was under the Norse-Gael Kingdom of Dublin that it reached its peak, in the 11th century.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: Gaelic raiders kidnapped and enslaved people from across the Irish Sea for two centuries after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire destabilised Roman Britain; Saint Patrick was kidnapped by Gaelic raiders.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: In the Brehon Laws, Senchus Mór [Shanahus More] and the Book of Acaill [Ack'ill], a "daer fuidhir" ("servile inferior") was a name applied to all who did not belong to a clan, whether born in the clan territory or not. This was the lowest of the three classes of the non-free people. This class also was sub-divided into saer and daer, the daer fuidhirs being the class most closely resembling slaves. Even this lowest condition was not utterly hopeless; promotion was possible, and in constant operation. Therefore all families did not remain permanently in this kind of servitude but had the possibility of gradually rising from a lower to a higher degree according to a certain scale of progress, unless they committed some crime which would arrest that progress and cast them down again further.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: From the 9th to the 12th century Viking/Norse-Gael Dublin in particular was a major slave trading center which led to an increase in slavery. In 870, Vikings, most likely led by Olaf the White and Ivar the Boneless, besieged and captured the stronghold of Dumbarton Castle ("Alt Clut"), the capital of the Kingdom of Strathclyde in Scotland, and the next year took most of the site's inhabitants to the Dublin slave markets.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: When the Vikings established early Scandinavian Dublin in 841, they began a slave market that would come to sell thralls captured both in Ireland and other countries as distant as Spain, as well as sending Irish slaves as far away as Iceland, where Gaels formed 40% of the founding population, and Anatolia. In 875, Irish slaves in Iceland launched Europe's largest slave rebellion since the end of the Roman Empire, when Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson's slaves killed him and fled to Vestmannaeyjar. Almost all recorded slave raids in this period took place in Leinster and southeast Ulster; while there was almost certainly similar activity in the south and west, only one raid from the Hebrides on the Aran Islands is recorded.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: Slavery became more prevalent throughout Ireland the 11th century as port cities built up by Vikings flourished, with Dublin becoming the biggest slave market in Western Europe. Its main sources of supply were the Irish hinterland, Wales and Scotland. The Irish slave trade began to decline after William the Conqueror consolidated control of the English and Welsh coasts around 1080, and was dealt a severe blow when the Normans abolished slavery in 1102. The 1171 Council of Armagh freed all Englishmen and women who were enslaved in Ireland. It was clear from the Decree of the Council of Armagh that English were selling their children as slaves. "For the English people hitherto throughout the whole of their kingdom to the common injury of their people, had become accustomed to selling their sons and relatives in Ireland, to expose their children for sale as slaves, rather than suffer any need or want."


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: As was true for societies across Europe, Asia, & Africa during this time, there were individuals with Irish ancestry who became involved with the Atlantic slave trade between 1660 and 1815. Librarian Liam Hogan has described how Anglo-Irish merchants profited from the trade, mostly indirectly as provisioners.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: In more direct involvement for example, William Ronan worked for the Royal African Company and rose to become chairman of the committee of merchants at Cape Coast Castle on the Gold Coast (modern Ghana), running one of the world's largest slave markets between 1687 and 1697. Antoine Walsh, a Frenchman of Irish descent and prominent Jacobite based in Nantes, used his wealth generated from the slave trade to finance the Jacobite rising of 1745. Benjamin McMahon worked for eighteen years as an overseer on Jamaican plantations, later becoming an abolitionist and writing about his experiences. Tralee-born Irishman David Tuohy emigrated to Liverpool and became a captain on slave ships before settling down in the city to manage his business activities, which included the slave trade. Felix Doran (1708–1776) was an Irish Catholic, born in Ireland and moved to Liverpool where he became very wealthy from the slave trade, financing at least 69 slave voyages.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: Several Caribbean Islands have significant Irish communities descended from indentured servants deported from Ireland by colonial British authorities following the 15th & 16th century Plantations of Ireland, with the like of Montserrat once hosting large Irish owned and run Sugar plantations that were dependent of Slave labour.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: Prominent US Civil Rights campaigner, Jesse Jackson, acknowledges his descent from a “Scots-Irish” (i.e. colonial settlers from Britain who arrived in Ireland in the 17th century during the crown’s Plantation of Ulster) plantation owner, in South Carolina.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: A “Scots-Irish” slave-owning great-great grandfather of US Senator Mitch McConnell also came to the US from Britain’s Plantation of Ulster. McConnell brought this family history during the 2020 United States presidential election campaign to liken himself to Barack Obama.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: The UCL Legacies of British Slavery database identifies the Irish Slave owners, compensated by the British Government, on abolition of Legal Slavery, in the British Empire.


title: Slavery in Ireland

text: The US Department of State criticised Ireland in 2018 for "not meeting the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking"; types of modern slavery and forced labour include prostitution, trawler fishing and domestic service.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: The Blood on Satan's Claw is a 1971 British supernatural horror film directed by Piers Haggard and starring Patrick Wymark, Linda Hayden, and Barry Andrews. Set in early 18th-century England, it follows the residents of a rural village whose youth fall under the influence of a demonic presence after a local farmer unearths a mysterious deformed skull buried in a field.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: The screenplay for the film was originally written by Robert Wynne-Simmons as an anthology of horror stories set in a small village, and had the working title of "Satan's Skin". After director Haggard was hired for the project, he and Wynne-Simmons reworked the screenplay into a singular cohesive narrative. Principal photography took place in 1970, mainly in the Chiltern Hills region of England.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: "The Blood on Satan's Claw" premiered in New York City in April 1971, and was subsequently released in London on 16 July 1971. It was met with middling reviews from critics, and underperformed at the box office. In the intervening years, however, the film has gained a cult following, and has been cited by several film scholars as a progenitor of the folk horror genre, along with its contemporaries "Witchfinder General" (1968) and "The Wicker Man" (1973).


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: In a rural village in early 18th-century England, farmer Ralph Gower uncovers a deformed skull with one intact eye and strange fur. He insists that the local judge looks at it, but it mysteriously vanishes. The judge disregards the incident, crediting it to Ralph's superstitious fears. Meanwhile, Peter Edmonton brings his fiancee, Rosalind Barton, to meet his aunt, Mistress Banham, with whom the judge is staying. Mistress Banham and the judge disapprove of the match and arrange for Rosalind to sleep in a disused attic room. Rosalind begins screaming during the night and injures Banham when she investigates, causing her to fall mysteriously ill.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Despite Peter’s protests, the judge arranges to have Rosalind committed; as she is led out, Peter glimpses a monstrous claw in place of her hand. Meanwhile, three children find a claw, from the deformed body from which the skull presumably came, while playing next to a field. That evening, Mistress Banham disappears. Convinced that the house contains evil, Peter sneaks into the attic room at night and is attacked by a creature with a furred claw. He tries to hack it with a knife but, when the judge bursts in, he finds that Peter has severed his own hand. Though sceptical of supernatural involvement, the judge borrows a book on witchcraft. The next day, the judge departs for London, leaving the pompous and slow-witted Squire Middleton in charge, but promises to return.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Mark, one of the three children, is lured out by his classmates, who are playing truant from their scripture classes so they can play ritualistic games in a ruined church under their ringleader, Angel Blake. Mark is tricked into playing a lethal game of blind man's buff and his body is hidden in his family's woodshed. Angel Blake attempts to seduce the curate, Reverend Fallowfield. When he resists, she tells him that Mark is dead and 'had the devil in him, so we cut it out'. At Mark's funeral, Angel's father speaks to the squire, accusing the curate of attempting to molest his daughter and of potentially killing Mark.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Mark's sister, Cathy, is gathering flowers for his grave when two boys attack and bind her under the pretence of a game. Ralph, who has been courting her, hears her scream but cannot find her. The boys lead Cathy to Angel, who marches her in a procession with the other children to the ruined church, where they perform a Black Mass to the demon Behemoth, who appears as a furred beast. The children tear Cathy’s dress to reveal fur on her back. All the children have been growing these patches of fur, which have been flayed from their bodies to restore the demon’s physical form. The cult ritualistically rape and murder Cathy, and flay the fur from her back. Ralph finds her body in the church and carries her to the Squire, who releases Fallowfield but is unable to arrest Angel, who has vanished.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Ralph finds men attempting to drown a girl named Margaret, whom they suspect of witchcraft. He rescues her and finds fur on her leg. He convinces a doctor to remove it, but when Margaret wakes she proves to be a committed servant of the devil and flees. The judge returns and sets dogs to track her. Margaret seeks out Angel, but Angel abandons her when she realises she no longer bears a piece of the demon’s skin.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Margaret is caught and, interrogated by the judge, reveals that the cult will meet at the ruined church to complete the ritual to rebuild the demon’s body. The judge assembles a mob to destroy the cult and demon. Ralph, whose leg has sprouted fur, awakens in the church surrounded by the cult. He nearly flays the fur from his legs in a trance before the mob attack. In the ensuing violence, Angel is killed and the judge kills the demon with a sword, ending the curse on Ralph and returning him to normal.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Actress Roberta Tovey has an uncredited role as the coven member who lures Padbury's character to her death.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: The film was originally envisioned by screenwriter Robert Wynne-Simmons as an anthology of three loosely connected but separate stories set in a Victorian era village, at the request of Tigon British Film Productions. The disparate stories included one involving a woman locked in an attic by her abusive aunt; a group of children who uncover a monstrous carcass in a field; and a man who cuts off his own hand, which is possessed by a demon. Each of the stories were connected by an overarching narrative of the pastoral village being infiltrated by various evil forces. Wynne-Simmons's screenplay was inspired in part by the Manson Family and the Mary Bell child murders. He later elaborated:


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Tigon executives ultimately opted to have Wynne-Simmons transpose the story to an early-eighteenth-century farming community, having felt that the Victorian Era had been exhausted by various genre films. Wynne-Simmons stated that he was specifically asked by the producers to include a number of elements from the studio's previous film, "Witchfinder General", such as the "Book of Witches" as well as the sequence in which Margaret is ducked in a body of water by locals who suspect she is a witch. "This had to be included because it had been so successful in "Witchfinder General", so they wanted to repeat it," he recalled. "I didn't mind that so much, as it did show the incredible stupidity of people at the time." Additionally, several other changes were mandated by Tigon, including a redraft of the ending, which originally had the Judge enlisting a militia to murder the entire village to eradicate the cult. Tigon executives deemed this ending too bleak, and it was replaced with a finale in which the demon is defeated, and the villagers are spared.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Director Piers Haggard was hired to direct the project, and worked with Wynne-Simmons to retool the screenplay from its anthology format to a singular, cohesive narrative. Summarizing the screenplay, Haggard commented in 2003:


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: By Haggard's account, the film's original working title was "The Devil’s Touch", which was subsequently changed to "Satan's Skin".


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Haggard says Linda Hayden had to be used as she was under contract to Tony Tenser. Tamara Ustinov, the daughter of actor Peter Ustinov, was cast in part because of her name. The role of the judge was originally offered to Peter Cushing, who declined it due to his wife's illness; Christopher Lee was considered, but his fee was too high for the budget so Patrick Wymark was cast instead. The film was Wymark's last English language film and was released three months after his death.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Filming began on 14 April 1970 on an initial budget of £75,000, which expanded to £82,000. The shoot lasted approximately eight weeks, and mainly took place in the small village of Bix Bottom, Oxfordshire, located in the Chiltern Hills. The ruined church that figures prominently is the old Saint James Church in Bix Bottom, which had been abandoned in 1875. Prior to its appearance in "The Blood on Satan's Claw", the church had been used as a location in "The Witches" (1966).


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: The scene in which the villagers hold a funeral for Mark Vespers was shot in the village of Hurley, while portions of the woodland sequences were filmed in the Warburg Nature Reserve and Black Park near Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire. Additionally, some filming took place at Pinewood Film Studios.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Several of the younger cast members, particularly Hayden, Ustinov, and Richard Williams, recalled that Haggard's direction was concise and that the shoot operated smoothly.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: The film was shot by cinematographer Dick Bush. When devising the film's visual elements, Haggard was influenced by the works of Ingmar Bergman, particularly "The Seventh Seal" (1957) and "The Virgin Spring" (1960). Haggard adopted a "painterly" style for the film, marked by low camera angles that cast the actors on high landscapes against open skies.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Anthony Ainley, who plays a curate who Linda Hayden's character attempted to seduce, once said in an interview, "When it came to doing the nude scene where Angel comes into the rectory at night and disrobes this was done at least three times and Linda was spot on with every take...she was a total professional with a refined sense of the erotic unusual for her age...I believe she was only 17 at the time."


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: The film's score was composed by Marc Wilkinson, an Australian composer who had previously worked alongside Haggard at the National Theatre. "[He] had a wonderful command of strange sounds," said the director. "He wasn't somebody who would ever give you a stock sound. And I think he absolutely excelled himself. It's certainly one of the best scores I've ever had for a film."


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: "The Blood on Satan's Claw" was acquired by the American distribution company, Cannon Films, who released it theatrically in the United States in the spring of 1971, with a New York City opening taking place on 15 April 1971. It went on to screen frequently in the American drive-in theater circuit throughout the remainder of 1971.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: In its native England, the film was passed by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) with an X rating, and premiered in London on 16 July 1971. Under ten seconds of cuts were mandated by the BBFC, though some sequences were optically darkened, including the scene in which a nude Angel attempts to seduce the Curate. According to screenwriter Wynne-Simmons, a shot of Angel performing oral sex on the demon was also significantly truncated and darkened, though a brief portion of it appears in the final cut of the film. For its release in England, Tigon British Film Distributors secured the New Victoria Cinema to screen the film, which accommodated 2,600 guests. However, following low ticket sales, the film was pulled from the theatre after showing for only one week.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: Upon its theatrical release, "The Blood on Satan's Claw", reviews from film critics ranged from favourable to middling. Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" praised the performances in the film, adding that it has "a good deal of the quality of an H. P. Lovecraft work, in the vulnerability of even its heroic characters, as well as in its pastoral landscape that contains the threat of "eeveel" within every sun-dappled glade. Most particularly, it contains Lovecraft's perfectly straightfaced acceptance of a universe whose natural order may, at any time, be overturned by supernatural disorder."


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 70% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: "The Blood on Satan's Claw" first received a VHS release in the United States in 1985 by Paragon Video Productions. It was re-released in this format in 1993 by MGM Home Entertainment. In 2005, it was released by Anchor Bay Entertainment in a Region 2 box set along with several other Tigon British Film Distributors films, including "Witchfinder General", "The Beast in the Cellar", and others.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: The British label Odeon Entertainment released "The Blood on Satan's Claw" on Blu-ray in 2013. In May 2019, the England-based Screenbound Pictures issued a DVD and limited edition Blu-ray featuring a new restoration of the film. In November 2019, Severin Films followed with another limited edition Blu-ray, along with a bonus CD of the original score, limited to 3,000 units.


title: The Blood on Satan's Claw

text: In the years since its release, "The Blood on Satan's Claw" has earned a small cult following. In his 2010 BBC documentary series "A History of Horror", writer and actor Mark Gatiss referred to the film as a prime example of the subgenre of "folk horror", grouping it with 1968's "Witchfinder General" and 1973's "The Wicker Man", each films that revolve around superstitions and folklore of Britain. Gatiss was featured in a spoken-word adaptation of the film, alongside Linda Hayden (playing a different role to the one she played in the film), released by Audible.com in 2018.


title: Fabric softener

text: A fabric softener (American English) or fabric conditioner (British English) is a conditioner that is applied to laundry during the rinse cycle in a washing machine to reduce harshness in clothes that are dried in air after machine washing. In contrast to laundry detergents, fabric softeners may be regarded as a kind of after-treatment laundry aid.


title: Fabric softener

text: Machine washing puts great mechanical stress on textiles, particularly natural fibers such as cotton and wool. The fibers at the fabric surface are squashed and frayed, and this condition hardens while drying the laundry in air, giving the laundry a harsh feel. Adding a liquid fabric softener to the final rinse (rinse-cycle softener) results in laundry that feels softer.


title: Fabric softener

text: In the US and UK laundry is mostly dried in mechanical dryers, and the tumbling of the laundry in the dryer has its own softening effect. Therefore, fabric softeners in the US and UK are used rather to impart antistatic properties and a pleasant smell to the laundry. Fabric softeners are usually either in the form of a liquid, which is added to the washing machine during the rinse cycle (either by the machine itself or through use of a dispensing ball); or as a dryer sheet which is added to the moist laundry at the beginning of the dryer cycle. Liquid fabric softeners can be added manually during the rinse cycle or automatically if the machine has a dispenser designed for this purpose. Liquid fabric softeners may also be poured onto a piece of laundry to be dried, such as a wash cloth, and it will be distributed as the laundry is tumbled.


title: Fabric softener

text: Fabric softeners coat the surface of a fabric with chemical compounds that are electrically charged, causing threads to "stand up" from the surface and thereby imparting a softer and fluffier texture. Cationic softeners bind by electrostatic attraction to the negatively charged groups on the surface of the fibers and neutralize their charge. The long aliphatic chains then line up towards the outside of the fiber, imparting lubricity.


title: Fabric softener

text: Fabric softeners impart antistatic properties to fabrics, and thus prevent the build-up of electrostatic charges on synthetic fibers, which in turn eliminates fabric cling during handling and wearing, crackling noises, and dust attraction. Also, fabric softeners make fabrics easier to iron and help reduce wrinkles in garments. In addition, they reduce drying times so that energy is saved when softened laundry is tumble-dried. Additionally, they can also impart a pleasant fragrance to the laundry.


title: Fabric softener

text: Early cotton softeners were typically based on a water emulsion of soap and olive oil, corn oil, or tallow oil. Softening compounds differ in affinity to various fabrics. Some work better on cellulose-based fibers (i.e., cotton), others have higher affinity to hydrophobic materials like nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, etc. New silicone-based compounds, such as polydimethylsiloxane, work by lubricating the fibers. Manufacturers use derivatives with amine- or amide-containing functional groups as well. These groups improve the softener's binding to fabrics.


title: Fabric softener

text: As softeners are often hydrophobic, they commonly occur in the form of an emulsion. In the early formulations, manufactures used soaps as emulsifiers. The emulsions are usually opaque, milky fluids. However, there are also microemulsions, where the droplets of the hydrophobic phase are substantially smaller. Microemulsions provide the advantage of increased ability of smaller particles to penetrate into the fibers. Manufacturers often use a mixture of cationic and non-ionic surfactants as an emulsifier. Another approach is a polymeric network, an emulsion polymer.


title: Fabric softener

text: In addition to fabric softening chemicals, fabric softeners may include acids or bases to maintain optimal pH for absorption, silicone-based anti-foaming agents, emulsion stabilizers, fragrances, and colors.


title: Fabric softener

text: Rinse-cycle softeners usually contain cationic surfactants of the quaternary ammonium type as the main active ingredient. Cationic surfactants adhere well to natural fibers (wool, cotton), but less so to synthetic fibers. Cationic softeners are incompatible with anionic surfactants in detergents because they combine with them to form a solid precipitate. This requires that the softener be added in the rinse cycle. Fabric softener reduces the absorbency of textiles, which adversely affects the function of towels and microfiber cloth.


title: Fabric softener

text: Formerly, the active material of most softeners in Europe, the United States, and Japan, was distearyldimethylammonium chloride (DSDMAC) or related quat salts. Due to their poor biodegradability, such tallow-derived compounds were replaced by the more labile ester-quats in the 1980s and 1990s.


title: Fabric softener

text: Conventional softeners, which contain 4–6% active material, have been partially replaced in many countries by softener concentrates having some 12–30 % active material.


title: Fabric softener

text: Anionic softeners and antistatic agents can be, for example, salts of monoesters and diesters of phosphoric acid and the fatty alcohols. These are often used together with the conventional cationic softeners. Cationic softeners are incompatible with anionic surfactants in detergents because they combine with them to form a solid precipitate. This requires that they be added in the rinse cycle. Anionic softeners can combine with anionic surfactants directly. Other anionic softeners can be based on smectite clays. Some compounds, such as ethoxylated phosphate esters, have softening, anti-static, and surfactant properties.


title: Fabric softener

text: As with soaps and detergents, fabric softeners may cause irritant dermatitis. Manufacturers produce some fabric softeners without dyes and perfumes to reduce the risk of skin irritation. Fabric softener overuse may make clothes more flammable, due to the fat-based nature of most softeners. Some deaths have been attributed to this phenomenon, and fabric softener makers recommend not using them on clothes labeled as flame-resistant.


title: All the Stars

text: "All The Stars" is a song recorded by American rapper Kendrick Lamar and American singer SZA. Written by Lamar, SZA, Sounwave, and Al Shux and produced by the latter two, the song was released on January 4, 2018, as the lead single to the of the film "Black Panther". Its release coincided with Top Dawg Entertainment's announcement that its president, Anthony "Top Dawg" Tiffith, and Lamar himself would be producing the "Black Panther" soundtrack album. Marvel Studios confirmed the news and revealed that Lamar was hand-picked by "Black Panther"s director, Ryan Coogler, to produce the soundtrack album. The song appeared in the movie during the end credits. It also appeared on the radio of the video game "Forza Horizon 4".


title: All the Stars

text: "All The Stars" received numerous accolades and nominations including a nomination for Best Original Song at the 76th Golden Globe Awards and the 91st Academy Awards, as well as receiving four nominations at the 61st Grammy Awards including Record of the Year and Song of the Year.


title: All the Stars

text: "All The Stars" won Best Song at the African-American Film Critics Association, while its video won Best Visual Effects at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: All the Stars

text: Lamar first hinted at his involvement with the "Black Panther" soundtrack album in the music video for his song "Love", released on December 22, 2017. In the video, at about 1:54 into the song, a clapperboard is shown with the words "B.Panther Soundtrack Coming Soon". Lamar subsequently announced his involvement on January 4, 2018, along with the release of "All The Stars".


title: All the Stars

text: Upon its release, Lamar announced his praise for "Black Panther" and its director, Ryan Coogler, writing "the magnitude of [the] film showcases a great marriage of art and culture. I'm truly honored to contribute my knowledge of producing sound and writing music alongside Ryan and Marvel's vision."


title: All the Stars

text: "All The Stars" received positive reviews from critics. Jon Blistein of "Rolling Stone" praised the song, calling Lamar's verse "defiant" and SZA's verse "enthralling" and "filled with vocal turns". However, Sheldon Pearce of "Pitchfork" gave the song a negative review, calling it "generic" and "pales in comparison to [Lamar and SZA's] recent works". Pearce further wrote that the song is "full of heavy-handed plotting and everyman cliches" and is "so nondescript that it reeks of compromise, devoid of personality or any true vision." Although Pearce complimented Lamar and SZA's performances and the "slick production", he ultimately wrote that "'All the Stars' is uncharacteristically conservative for these two stars, all in service of a bigger picture."


title: All the Stars

text: In the week ending January 20, 2018, "All The Stars" debuted at number 43 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. During its fifth week on the chart, it managed to rise to number 31 on the Hot 100, and in the week ending March 3, 2018, the single reached number seven on the Hot 100. It is Lamar's second top ten hit on the chart in 2018, following his collaboration with The Weeknd on "Pray for Me", which reached number seven in early February. It also became SZA's second top ten hit on the chart following her collaboration with Maroon 5 on the hit single "What Lovers Do". On the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, "All The Stars" debuted at number 19 and stayed in the top 20 for three weeks. In its fifth week, it rose to number five on the chart.


title: All the Stars

text: Worldwide, the song peaked at number one in Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, and Slovakia. The song reached the top ten in Australia, Canada, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.


title: All the Stars

text: The music video for the song was filmed in January 2018 and released to Lamar's Vevo channel on YouTube on February 6, 2018. It was directed by Dave Meyers and the Little Homies. As of April 2021, the video has over 290 million views.


title: All the Stars

text: The video features themes and images of Afrocentrism and Afrofuturism, referencing the visual language of the film. The beginning of the video references to the Middle Passage, with appearances of Fulani hats, La Sape, Pantsula, Kufi caps, traditional African masks, and Kandake at the end. The video also features a sequence where Lamar walks alongside several panthers referencing the Black Panther soundtrack album.


title: All the Stars

text: In February 2018, British-Liberian artist Lina Iris Viktor claimed that images of her 24-karat gold patterned artwork were used in the music video without her permission. A settlement agreement was reached in principle on December 20.


title: 2021–22 Colorado Avalanche season

text: The 2021–22 Colorado Avalanche season was the 43rd season for the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise that joined the league in 1979, 26th playing season since the franchise relocated from Quebec prior to the start of the 1995–96 NHL season, and 50th season overall, including their play in the World Hockey Association (WHA), where the franchise was established in 1972.


title: 2021–22 Colorado Avalanche season

text: On April 5, 2022, the Avalanche clinched a playoff berth after a 6–4 win against the Pittsburgh Penguins. On April 16, the Avalanche clinched the Central Division along with the top seed in the Western Conference after a 7–4 win against the Carolina Hurricanes. They went on to earn 119 points, breaking the franchise record set in 2000-01.


title: 2021–22 Colorado Avalanche season

text: On June 6, the Avalanche swept the Edmonton Oilers to advance to their first Stanley Cup Finals since 2001. On June 26, 2022, the Avalanche won their third Stanley Cup and first since 2001 after they defeated the two-time defending champion Tampa Bay Lightning in the Stanley Cup Finals, in six games.


title: 2021–22 Colorado Avalanche season

text: Denotes player spent time with another team before joining the Avalanche. Stats reflect time with the Avalanche only.


title: 2021–22 Colorado Avalanche season

text: Below are the Colorado Avalanche's selections at the 2021 NHL Entry Draft, which was held on July 23 and 24, 2021, virtually via video conference call from the NHL Network studios in Secaucus, New Jersey, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: Stanislav "Stan" Grof is a Czech-born psychiatrist who has been living in the United States since the 1960s. Grof is one of the principal developers of transpersonal psychology and research into the use of non-ordinary states of consciousness for purposes of psychological healing, deep self-exploration, and obtaining growth and insights into the human psyche. Grof received the VISION 97 award granted by the Foundation of Dagmar and Václav Havel in Prague on October 5, 2007. On the other hand, Grof has been criticized by the skeptic group Český klub skeptiků Sisyfos in the Czech Republic for furthering what they view as nonscientific psychology. He is the only person to have been awarded the anti-prize Erratic Boulder Award twice in that country.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: Grof received his M.D. from Charles University in Prague in 1957 and then completed his Ph.D. in medicine at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1965, training as a Freudian psychoanalyst at this time. In 1967 he was invited by Joel Elkes to work as a clinical and research fellow at the Henry Phipps Clinic, a part of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, United States, and went on to become Chief of Psychiatric Research for the Spring Grove Experiment at the Research Unit of Spring Grove State Hospital (later part of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center where he worked with Walter Pahnke and Bill Richards among others. In 1973 he was invited to the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California, and lived there until 1987 as a scholar-in-residence, developing his ideas and conducting monthlong workshops cohosted by Christina Grof and other luminaries in the field of transpersonal psychology, shamanism, and new-paradigm science.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: As founding president of the International Transpersonal Association (founded in 1977), he went on to become distinguished adjunct faculty member of the Department of Philosophy, Cosmology, and Consciousness at the California Institute of Integral Studies, a position he remains in .


title: Stanislav Grof

text: Grof featured in the film "Entheogen: Awakening the Divine Within", a 2006 documentary about rediscovering an enchanted cosmos in the modern world.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: In 2020, the documentary "The Way of the Psychonaut" was released, which explores Grof's lifework and contributions to transpersonal psychology.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: Grof is known in scientific circles for his early studies of LSD and its effects on the psyche—the field of psychedelic therapy. Building on his observations while conducting LSD research and on Otto Rank's theory of birth trauma, Grof constructed a theoretical framework for prenatal and perinatal psychology and transpersonal psychology in which experiences in psychedelic sessions and other holotropic states are understood as being influenced by biographical material, fetal and perinatal experiences, and a range of transpersonal phenomena. Over time, this theory developed into what Grof called an "expanded cartography of the human psyche." Following the suppression of legal LSD use in the early 1970s, Grof went on to discover that deep layers of the unconscious could be explored without drugs by using a combination of deep and rapid breathing, evocative music, focused bodywork, and mandala drawing. Originally termed "Holotropic Breathwork," he now uses the term Grof® Breathwork to describe this breathwork technique he codeveloped with Christina Grof.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: Grof distinguishes between two modes of consciousness: the "hylotropic" and the "holotropic". The hylotropic mode relates to "the normal, everyday experience of consensus reality". We need to be in this here-and-now mode of consciousness to function successfully and fulfill our responsibilities in the material world. In order to find higher meaning in life and solve our deepest problems, we need to periodically enter the holotropic mode of consciousness. Holotropic states help to aim our psyches toward wholeness and the totality of existence. The holotropic is characteristic of non-ordinary states of consciousness such as meditative, mystical, or psychedelic experiences. According to Grof, contemporary psychiatry often categorizes these non-ordinary states as pathological. Grof connects the hylotropic to the Buddhist conception of namarupa ("name and form"), the separate, individual, illusory self. He connects the holotropic to the Hindu conception of Atman-Brahman, the divine, true nature of the self. Thus he is not concerned to explore the concept or state of being of non-self, despite its putative transcendental power.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: In the late 1970s Grof proposed a psychological hypothesis to explain the near-death experience (NDE). According to Grof the NDE reflects memories of the birth process with the tunnel representing the birth canal. Susan Blackmore claimed the hypothesis is "pitifully inadequate to explain the NDE. For a start the newborn infant would not see anything like a tunnel as it was being born." The psychologist Chris French has written "the experience of being born is only very superficially similar to the NDE" and the hypothesis has been refuted as it is common for those born by caesarean section to experience a tunnel during the NDE. Michael Shermer also criticized the hypothesis "there is no evidence for infantile memories of any kind. Furthermore, the birth canal does not look like a tunnel and besides the infant's head is normally down and its eyes are closed." An article in the peer-reviewed APA journal "Psychology of Consciousness" suggested that Grof's patients may have experienced false memories of birth and before birth. However, more recent research has confirmed many of Grof's findings regarding the validity of both perinatal and transpersonal experiences in holotropic states.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: Stanislav Grof has researched the effects of psychedelic substances, which he states can also be induced by non-pharmacological means. Grof has developed an "expanded cartography of the psyche" based on his clinical work with psychedelics, which describes the "basic types of experience that become available to an average person" when using psychedelics or "various powerful non-pharmacological experiential techniques".


title: Stanislav Grof

text: According to Grof, traditional psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy uses a model of the human psyche that is limited to postnatal biography and the Freudian individual unconscious. This model does not account for the experiences and observations from holotropic states of consciousness, which activate "deep unconscious and superconscious levels of the human psyche". These levels include:


title: Stanislav Grof

text: "Deep self-exploration" starts for many people with unspecific sensory experiences. They are a sensory barrier that one has to pass through.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: The next level is the recollective-biographical level and the individual unconsciousness. These involve the personal biography, and unresolved emotional issues. In "experiential work" this autobiographical material is fully relived. Relevant memories and associated fantasy material may emerge as a single episode or a condensed series of experiences - all of which share a similar emotion or sensation - which Grof calls COEX systems. According to Grof, many COEX memory systems have roots in the biographical layer of the psyche, with the deepest layer being some aspect of the birth process. Other COEXs have components in the biographical and perinatal layers, with even deeper roots extending into the transpersonal realms. Memories of physical traumas, such as serious illnesses, accidents, and injuries, form an integral part of this level of the psyche.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: Grof found that when self-exploration continues, individuals in holotropic states begin to face powerful experiences based on the human confrontation with death and reliving of birth; he called these experiences perinatal.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: According to Grof, the reliving of emotional and physical pain can become so intense that journeyers can identify with "the pain of entire groups of unfortunate people, all of humanity, or even all of life". This is accompanied with "dramatic physiological manifestations."


title: Stanislav Grof

text: Grof further observed that perinatal experiences tend to emerge in four distinct clusters of experience, which he called the "Basic Perinatal Matrices" or "BPMs". These are "hypothetical dynamic matrices governing the processes related to the perinatal level of the unconsciousness". The four BPMs are based on: I) the period of late gestation, II) the onset of labor with the cervix still closed, III) the slow propulsion down the birth canal with the cervix now open and, IV) the crowning, completed birth and situation in the delivery room. As well as these obstetric components, each perinatal matrix contains resonant themes from nature, history, mythology, and the archetypal realm which share with that stage of birth the same emotional and sensory qualities.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: This is the original symbiotic unity of the fetus with the maternal organism. Elements of this state can be accompanied with, or alternate with, experiences of a lack of boundaries and obstructions, such as the ocean and the cosmos. The extreme expression of the sacred and spiritual quality of BPM I is the experience of cosmic unity and the unio mystica.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: This matrix starts with the onset of labor. The intrusion of chemicals and the pressures of labor change the situation in the womb, and "interrupt the fetus' blissful connection with the mother and alter its pristine universe." Accessing this layer gives rise to strong feeling of "no escape". When experiencing this level, the sense of loneliness and helplessness is overwhelming.


title: Stanislav Grof

text: This matrix is connected with the move of the fetus through the birth channel. It involves a struggle for survival. When experiencing this layer, strong aggression and demonic forces are encountered. Biographical memories associated with this matrix include struggles, fights, and


title: Stanislav Grof

text: This matrix is related to the stage of delivery, the actual birth of the child. The build up of tension, pain and anxiety is suddenly released. The symbolic counterpart is the "Death-Rebirth Experience", in which the individual may have a strong feeling of impending catastrophe, and may be desperately struggling to stop this process. The transition from BPM III to BPM IV may involve a sense of total annihilation:


title: Stanislav Grof

text: According to Grof what dies in this process is "a basically paranoid attitude toward the world which reflects the negative experience of the subject during childbirth and later." When experienced in its final and most complete form,


title: Brandon Tatum

text: Brandon Orlando Tatum is an American conservative political commentator, former police officer and former football player.


title: Brandon Tatum

text: Born in Fort Worth, Texas, Tatum was an All-American football player in high school. His father, Bobby Tatum, was a captain in the Fort Worth Fire Department. His great uncle, Jack Tatum, was an Ohio State All-American, NFL All-Pro, and a Super Bowl champion with the Oakland Raiders Tatum was featured in the US-Army All-American Game, which showcases the top 78 high school football players in the nation. Tatum committed to playing on a full athletic scholarship from the University of Arizona in 2004. Tatum played at Arizona for five years and entered the NFL Draft in 2010.


title: Brandon Tatum

text: After going undrafted in the NFL Draft, Tatum became a police officer in Tucson, Arizona. He rose to prominence in early 2016 for a viral video which featured him at a campaign rally for presidential candidate Donald Trump. Following the rally, he said in the video that he felt unsafe because of those who protested against the event. He went viral a second time in September 2017 for a video in which he expressed his opposition to players "taking the knee" during the national anthem at NFL football games.


title: Brandon Tatum

text: Tatum resigned from the Tucson Police Department in October 2017 to join Liftable Media — a conservative content producer that owns and operates The Western Journal and The Conservative Tribune. He then served as director of urban engagement for the conservative action group Turning Point USA, before founding his own media company in late 2019.


title: Brandon Tatum

text: He runs a YouTube channel called "The Officer Tatum" with over 2.18 million subscribers. As of December 2022, he has accumulated over 463 million total views.


title: Brandon Tatum

text: Tatum has also appeared as a guest on Candace Owens's PragerU show "The Candace Owens Show" as well as her "The Daily Wire" political podcast "Candace" as a panelist.


title: Brandon Tatum

text: Along with Owens, Tatum founded Blexit, an organization meant to persuade the black American population to leave the Democratic Party. The name Blexit is a combination of the words "black and "exit".


title: Brandon Tatum

text: In May 2022, Tatum began hosting a national talk radio program, "The Officer Tatum Show", distributed by Salem Radio Network.


title: Alicia (album)

text: Alicia is the seventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Alicia Keys. It was released by RCA Records on September 18, 2020. Written and produced largely by Keys, the album also features songwriting and production contributions from Swizz Beatz, Ryan Tedder, Johnny McDaid, Ed Sheeran, and The-Dream, among others. Keys collaborated with more artists on the recording than in her previous albums, enlisting vocalists such as Sampha, Tierra Whack, Diamond Platnumz, Snoh Aalegra, and Jill Scott for certain tracks.


title: Alicia (album)

text: "Alicia"s mostly low-tempo and melodically subtle music reconciles the experimental direction of "Here" with her earlier work's bass drum-driven R&B and piano-based balladry. Throughout, individual songs incorporate sounds from a wide range of other genres, including orchestral pop, progressive soul, funk, ambient, country, and Caribbean music. Thematically, they explore identity as a multifaceted concept, sociopolitical concerns, and forms of love within the framework of impressionistic lyrics, personal narratives, and self-knowledge. Keys has described the album as therapeutic and reflective of greater introspection in herself, expressing ideas and feelings of hope, frustration, despair, ambivalence, and equanimity shared in her memoir "More Myself" (2020), which was written during "Alicia"s recording.


title: Alicia (album)

text: The album was originally scheduled to be released on March 20, 2020, then May 15, before being delayed indefinitely in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was marketed with an extended traditional rollout campaign that featured various media appearances by Keys and the release of seven singles, including the Miguel duet "Show Me Love", "Time Machine", "Underdog", and "So Done" (with Khalid). After a surprise announcement of its impending release in September, "Alicia" debuted at number four on the "Billboard" 200 in its first week and became Keys' eighth top-10 record in the US, while charting in the top 10 in several other countries.


title: Alicia (album)

text: A critical success, "Alicia" received praise for Keys' nuanced vocal performances and the music's accessibility, while her thematic messages were considered balanced, healing, and timely against the backdrop of unfolding world events. The singles "Good Job" and "Perfect Way to Die" resonated especially with the importance of essential workers during the pandemic and with the 2020–2021 racial unrest over police brutality in the US, respectively. The album also won the Grammy Award for Best Immersive Audio Album at the 2022 Grammy Awards. In further support of the album, Keys embarked on Alicia + Keys World Tour, which was postponed from 2020 and 2021 due to the pandemic.


title: Alicia (album)

text: In 2016, singer-songwriter Alicia Keys released her sixth studio album "Here", a raw departure from the more sophisticated and anthemic R&B music of her first five albums. Sung with tougher vocals and against edgy sounds from hip hop, funk, and jazz, Keys' topical lyrics for the album explored themes beyond the uncertain romantic relationships that predominated her earlier music, such as sexuality, addiction, poverty, and environmental degradation. In another departure from her perfectionist inclinations, the singer stopped wearing makeup that year. After "Here"s release, she took a break from recording music and served as a coach on the singing competition series "The Voice". She took a leave of absence from the show's 13th season in 2017 to focus on making "Alicia".


title: Alicia (album)

text: Keys reportedly returned to Oven Studios, her personal studio in New York City, to record "Alicia". However, several other studios were later credited for its recording, including NYC's Jungle City Studios, where recording for 14 of the album's 15 tracks took place. The studio was founded by Ann Mincieli, Keys' longtime recording engineer and studio director who also engineered much of "Alicia". The album was produced primarily by Keys, with alternating contributions from an assorted group of record producers and songwriters, including her husband Swizz Beatz, Ludwig Göransson, Ed Sheeran, Tory Lanez, and The-Dream.


title: Alicia (album)

text: For certain songs, Keys collaborated with guest vocalists such as Tierra Whack, Jill Scott, Miguel, Sampha, and Khalid. A few songs had been originally recorded for "Here", including the Sampha duet "3 Hour Drive" (recorded in 2015) and "Love Looks Better", which underwent various unsuccessful takes with different producers before Keys revisited the song on her own with contributions from Ryan Tedder. "It was Alicia, in the end", as Mincieli recounts, "pulling few pieces from Ryan and added ["sic"] some things on her own for you to hear her lyrics, vocals, and emotions without all the scratches, scribbles, stutters, and production that was overtaking the song". By May 2017, the album had been almost "halfway" finished, according to Keys.


title: Alicia (album)

text: During "Alicia"s recording, Keys wrote her memoir "More Myself: A Journey" (2020), reflecting on her life and career up to that point. In its final chapter, she explained how the album's creative process encouraged more collaborations than in her earlier recordings, when she had preferred to work alone from fear of being misunderstood, controlled, and vulnerable as an artist. She continued writing the memoir into May 2019, by which time the album was being completed. The singer said that working on both projects served as "the best therapy" ever for her, lending her a greater sense of artistic freedom and desire to collaborate with others.


title: Alicia (album)

text: Musically, "Alicia" continues in the experimental manner of "Here" while revisiting the distinctive piano-based balladry and bass drum-driven R&B of Keys' earlier work. Altogether, "Alicia" is described by "The Line of Best Fit" as a collection of "orchestral pop, acoustic soul, and jittery contemporary R&B". In comparison to "Here", Shakeena Johnson of "Clash" says it is "less pop and more R&B". Although deeming it often a work of contemporary R&B, Helen Brown of "The Independent" believes the album conveys traditional soul melodies "through some stranger – and certainly more eclectic – sounds than [Keys has] tried before". However, it avoids emphatic hooks and motifs typical of her past music. Instead, the album's "subtly melodic soul" experiments are embellished with ambient, electro, and textured sounds from music sequencers, according to A. D. Amorosi of "Variety", who adds that "Alicia" is "still a singer and pianist's album" but one that renders Keys' instrument in new forms. The music throughout has largely subtle and downtempo dynamics, except for "Love Looks Better", which is produced in a loftier pop-soul style. According to "The New York Times" chief pop critic Jon Pareles, the music "often hollows itself out around her, opening deep bass chasms or surrounding sparse instrumentation with echoey voids".


title: Alicia (album)

text: The album's direction, which Keys describes as "genreless", is oriented toward evoking a particular mood rather than conforming to a singular genre. In the process, individual songs incorporate elements of particular styles, including progressive soul ("Truth Without Love"), old-fashioned funk ("Time Machine"), dance-pop ("Authors of Forever"), Caribbean folk music ("Underdog"), dub ("Wasted Energy"), hip hop ("Me x 7"), downtempo R&B ("Show Me Love"), folk and country ("Gramercy Park"), and chamber music ("Perfect Way to Die"). Keys says that "Time Machine" is influenced specifically by the funk rock band Funkadelic. "Me x 7" has upbeat, sparsely produced rhythms in the manner of its guest mumble rapper Tierra Whack's solo work. A section of "Alicia"s middle tracks substitute Keys' piano for acoustic guitar within a more free-form style of neo soul. On "Jill Scott" (titled after its guest vocalist), Keys sings in a high register vocal similar to the characteristic style of Scott, who provides a brief spoken word interlude.


title: Alicia (album)

text: "Alicia" is described by Keys in "More Myself" as "a musical exploration of identity – both my own and ours collectively". Continuing in the socially-conscious thematic vein of "Here", her impressionistic lyrics and personal narratives throughout the album make sociopolitical connections between the singer's view of herself and the world around her. The album's pervading theme of self-knowledge departs from the thematic focus that had made Keys popular in the past, specifically her meditations on romantic relationships, strong families, and female empowerment. "Alicia" explores and conceptualizes identity similarly to "More Myself", mirroring different dimensions of her relationship to people as a whole; as Keys explains, "what makes us up to be who we are, and the expectations that are put upon us mostly from outside sources – societally or from your family, or from those people that you love, or yourself".


title: Alicia (album)

text: For Keys, writing "Alicia" encouraged greater introspection and acceptance of her dichotomous identity, the calm and rational side of which she had largely shown up to that point. "I never realized how much I relied on only one side", she explains. "How much I had hidden away the parts that expressed anger, rage, sensuality, or vulnerability." Reflecting on this theme in "More Myself", she calls herself "strong and fierce and brave, no doubt", before qualifying that, "I'm also someone who has found myself on the bathroom floor, boo-hooing and feeling vulnerable. I'm also the woman who doesn't always know how to rise to my feet and take the next step." In Pareles' observations, the singer advocates equanimity throughout the album, "but it's often tinged with ambivalence", reflecting "misgivings, recriminations and regrets" shared in her memoir. Similarly, "musicOMH" journalist Nick Smith observes feelings of "hope, despair, frustration and even ambivalence" in her narratives.


title: Alicia (album)

text: "Alicia" opens with "Truth Without Love", which puts forth the idea that truth in society has become "elusive". The next song, "Time Machine", addresses fears of introspection and advocates the pursuit of free thought, rather than longing for the past, as a means to achieve peace of mind. "Underdog" is an ode to "young teachers", "student doctors", and "single mothers waiting on a check to come". Subsequent tracks advocate more positive pleas for hope and change in the world, such as "Authors of Forever". The lyrics to that song promote unity and an understanding of the multifaceted nature in individuals, with Keys reasoning in the lyrics that, "We're here to make meanin' for as long we're breathin' / And it's alright / Whoever you are / It's alright". She regards the track as representative of the album's themes,


title: Alicia (album)

text: A more desperate sense of hope features in the album's closing series of unadorned piano-and-vocal performances, "Perfect Way to Die" and "Good Job", which thematize police brutality and essential work, respectively. The former is written from the perspective of a mother in grief over her son, who was shot to death by the police, while the latter is written in tribute to "the mothers, the fathers, the teachers that reach us", and other people simply trying to get through an ordinary day. The bonus-track ballad "A Beautiful Noise", featuring Brandi Carlile, advocates voter turnout in the context of a social movement.


title: Alicia (album)

text: Among "Alicia"s love songs, "3 Hour Drive" has Keys and Sampha each lamenting a lover's separation over a descending chord progression. "Show Me Love" and "Love Looks Better" express more confident relations between lovers. Both the waltz-like "Gramercy Park" and the Khalid duet "So Done" feature Keys trying to make peace with having struggled to appease the expectations of other people, with the latter expressing a departure from "fighting myself, going to hell" in favor of "living the way that I want".


title: Alicia (album)

text: Keys revealed the album's title in a December interview with "Billboard" and formally announced "Alicia" the following month by posting a release date of March 20, 2020, and the cover art to her Instagram account. In March 2020, online retailers were listing "Alicia" for pre-order with a new release date of May 15. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic (declared later in March), Keys became among the many high-profile recording acts and adherents of traditional rollout campaigns to delay their albums, joining Lady Gaga, Willie Nelson, and Sam Smith. The pandemic's closure of physical retailers and distribution systems impacted veteran recording artists especially, as their fans tended to be older and more likely to still purchase CDs and vinyl records. On September 14, 2020, Keys announced on Twitter that "Alicia" would be released in four days; Nick Smith of "musicOMH" later compared the manner of its release to that of a surprise album.


title: Alicia (album)

text: On December 18, Keys released a bonus tracks edition of the album, which included a remix of "Wasted Energy" and "A Beautiful Noise". On July 30, 2021, RCA released "ALICIA: The Selects" for streaming. It featured in the following order: "Time Machine", "3 Hour Drive", "Show Me Love", "Authors of Forever", "So Done", "You Save Me", and "Love Looks Better".


title: Alicia (album)

text: On September 17, 2019, Keys debuted the album's lead single, "Show Me Love", and its accompanying music video at Dolby Soho in New York City. The first live performance of the track took place that weekend as part of her set at the 2019 iHeartRadio Music Festival. In November, Keys was joined by Miguel, Pedro Capó, and Farruko at the 20th Annual Latin Grammy Awards for a medley of a Spanish version of the song and "Calma" (2018). On November 20, "Time Machine" was released as the next single. In January, Keys also returned as host for the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, where she was joined by Brittany Howard in a performance of "Underdog" (released as "Alicia"s third single on January 9). Keys also performed "Underdog" on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show".


title: Alicia (album)

text: Keys also made promotional appearances in Europe, including a guest spot on the radio station NRJ in Paris on February 4, 2020, and a concert at Bush Hall in London on February 7, where she performed "Time Machine", "Show Me Love" and "Underdog", among other songs. Further promotional efforts in the UK included Keys' performance of "Underdog" in February 2020 on both "The Graham Norton Show" and the Live Lounge segment on BBC Radio 1, where she also performed "Time Machine". In Germany, Keys was interviewed for news programme "heute-journal".


title: Alicia (album)

text: On March 29, Keys performed an acoustic rendition of "Underdog" at the "iHeart Living Room Concert for America". Prior to the pandemic's declaration, the song had ascended on the record charts and become Keys' most successful single since "Girl on Fire". In April, the singer appeared on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" via video call, where she discussed the album's extended delay and her memoir, which had been published the previous month. She also performed a cover of the Flo Rida song "My House" (2015), with lyrics altered to reflect the collective feelings of listeners living under the COVID-19 lockdowns.


title: Alicia (album)

text: "Alicia"s next single was "Good Job", released on April 23, 2020. It was accompanied with a press release written by Keys, dedicating the song to essential workers and other ordinary people dealing with the pandemic. "Whether you're on the front lines at the hospitals, balancing work, family, and homeschool teaching, delivering mail, packages, or food, or facing other personal difficulties because of COVID-19 ... You are seen, loved, and deeply appreciated", she wrote. "Rolling Stone" magazine's Jon Blistein found the song's message especially resonant against the backdrop of the pandemic. "Perfect Way to Die" was released as the next single on June 19, coinciding with Juneteenth and amid weeks of civil unrest across the US in response to police brutality against African Americans. While posting the single on her Twitter account, Keys commented on its relevancy and condemned "the destructive culture of police violence" as senseless as the song's titular phrase. "Sometimes I don't have the words and music is the only thing that can speak", she went on to say. "I hope this speaks to you." She performed "Good Job" and "Perfect Way to Die" on CNN's global town hall broadcast and at the 2020 BET Awards, respectively. The former song was also used as the musical theme to a social media campaign produced by "CNN Heroes" in recognition of individuals' humanitarian efforts during the pandemic, which Keys said had given the song new meaning: "It's almost like the song was written for this and I didn't know it."


title: Alicia (album)

text: In June 2020, Keys premiered "Gramercy Park" during her first-ever appearance on NPR's Tiny Desk Concerts, alongside performances of "Underdog", "Show Me Love", and "Fallin'" (2001). On August 11, "Show Me Love" and "Underdog" were both certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting sales of at least 500,000 units for each single. Two more singles were then released: "So Done" on August 14 and "Love Looks Better" on September 10. The latter was debuted by Keys that same day at the NFL Network 2020 Kickoff concert, where she also performed a cover of "Lift Every Voice and Sing".


title: Alicia (album)

text: During its first week of release, she made appearances on "Good Morning America" and at the iHeartRadio Music Festival. She also headlined the virtual concert " American Express Unstaged" to coincide with the album's worldwide release on September 18. Further promotional appearances by the singer included a week-long engagement on "The Late Late Show with James Corden" from September 21 to 24, an appearance on "The One Show" on September 24. In Australia, Keys appeared on "A Current Affair" on October 1. On October 14, Keys appeared on "The Kelly Clarkson Show" to talk about the album and performed at the 2020 "Billboard" Music Awards. Keys appeared on the Japanese TV show "Sukkiri" on October 20th.


title: Alicia (album)

text: Keys performed the televised concert special "Alicia Keys Rocks New Year's Eve", pre-recorded in Los Angeles and broadcast by BBC One on December 31, 2020. She had been scheduled to embark on Alicia – The World Tour, with the tour itinerary beginning in June in the UK and continuing through Europe into mid July, followed by a US leg through late September. However, it was delayed into 2021 due to the pandemic, and on May 17, 2021, Keys announced on Twitter that the tour was postponed again for 2022.


title: Alicia (album)

text: "Alicia" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 77, based on 12 reviews. AnyDecentMusic? assigned it a score of 7.2 out of 10, based on the site's assessment of the critical consensus.


title: Alicia (album)

text: Reviewing for "The Times", chief music critic Will Hodgkinson hailed "Alicia" as "songs in the key of modern life from R&B royalty" and welcomed Keys' return to the sophisticated sounds of her first album, "Songs in A Minor" (2001). Nick Levine, writing for "NME", was impressed by the cohesive musical feel throughout and the skill behind Keys' ballads, which he said emanate well-intentioned positive energy and empathic political engagement. He also believed that the album's postponed release amid the pandemic made the subject matter more timely and therapeutic for listeners. "Slant Magazine"s Sal Cinquemani also applauded the content and compared it to "the most effective political pop", saying Keys "strikes a careful balance between hope and despair". While highlighting the more radically styled collaborations in "Wasted Energy" and "Me x 7", he concluded that "Alicia" is "at once her most accessible and forward-minded album in years". In "Rolling Stone", Jon Dolan regarded it as among Keys' "most musically engaging" records and cited her strong suit to be coping ballads such as "Perfect Way to Die" and "Good Job". "Generosity tempered with humility is a rare and welcome look", he wrote of the singer. "It takes knowledge of self, care for others, truth through a lens of love, to get it right." Expanding on Levine and Dolan's points, "Atwood Magazine"s Josh Weiner said that the repeated delays had not dated the record's musical qualities while recent events in the world had "rendered it an especially powerful and timely release", particularly in the case of the last two songs. "Great art sure does have a way of gaining even more meaning and impact as time goes on", he concluded.


title: Alicia (album)

text: Several reviewers highlighted Keys' singing on "Alicia". In "The Sunday Times", Dan Cairns said the compositions are on-par with the "classic" songwriting of her earliest albums and that they accentuate her vocals, which he described as "soaring, swooping, scatting, richly nuanced, deploying full-throated passion and pin-drop restraint". "The Arts Desk" journalist Joe Muggs singled out Keys' performances on "Perfect Way to Die", "Wasted Energy", and "Time Machine", where her "multi-octave range is put to fantastic use harmonizing with herself". While observing a few instances of flashy singing techniques elsewhere, he speculated whether the album as a whole hints at "a Keys album where she drops the showbiz and kicks out the jams the whole way through". AllMusic reviewer Andy Kellman found "Alicia" to be performed "with some of her most nuanced vocals", but was less impressed by the material, the best of which he felt had already been released as singles. Ultimately, he deemed it "Keys' most moderate work, seemingly hedged with an objective to appeal to as many listeners as possible". "Mojo" magazine's James McNair griped about Keys' altruistic politics being "at times a tad cloyingly expressed" on an album otherwise impressive for her "exquisitely malleable voice, slickly inventine production tics, and winning vocal support" from artists such as Sampha and Diamond Platnumz.


title: Alicia (album)

text: For the 2021 NAACP Image Awards, "Alicia" was nominated in the category of Outstanding Album, while earning Keys a nomination for Outstanding Female Artist. "Jill Scott" and "So Done" received nominations for Outstanding Duo, Group or Collaboration in its subcategories of traditional and contemporary song, respectively. "Alicia" also received Grammy Award nominations in the categories of Best Immersive Audio Album (dedicated to recordings released in surround sound formats) and Song of the Year (for "A Beautiful Noise", which appeared on "Alicia"s digital edition); these were presented on April 3, 2022, at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards, where the album won for Best Immersive Audio Album.


title: Alicia (album)

text: In the week of September 27, 2020, "Alicia" entered the US "Billboard" 200 chart at the number-four position on the basis of 62,000 album-equivalent units. The recorded units included 51,000 traditional album sales, 10,000 streaming-equivalent units (or 13.6 million in on-demand streams of album tracks), and 1,000 track-equivalent units (sales of individual tracks). It was Keys' eighth album to reach the top 10 of the chart and, according to "Billboard", received a sales boost from "a concert ticket/album sale redemption offer with her upcoming US tour". In the UK, "Alicia" became her eighth album to chart within the top 40, debuting at number 12 on the Official Albums Chart, while in Canada, it debuted at number two and was her highest-charting release since "As I Am" reached the same position in 2007. In its second week on the "Billboard" 200, "Alicia" registered a drop of one-hundred-and-four places, falling to number 108. Altogether, the album spent three weeks on the chart.


title: Adam D'Angelo

text: Adam D'Angelo (born August 21, 1984) is an American internet entrepreneur. He is best known as the co-founder and CEO of Quora, based in Mountain View, California. He was chief technology officer of Facebook, and also served as its vice president of engineering, until 2008. In June 2009, he started Quora. He invested $20 million of his own money into Quora as part of their Series B round of financing. He is a member of the board of directors of OpenAI.


title: Adam D'Angelo

text: Adam D'Angelo attended Phillips Exeter Academy for high school. There, he developed the Synapse Media Player (a music suggestion software) along with Mark Zuckerberg and others.


title: Adam D'Angelo

text: In 2002, he attended California Institute of Technology, where he graduated with a B.S. in Computer Science.


title: Adam D'Angelo

text: In 2004, while attending college, D'Angelo also created the website BuddyZoo, which allowed users to upload their AIM buddy list and compare them with those of other users. The service also generated graphs based on the buddy lists.


title: Adam D'Angelo

text: In 2001, he was placed eighth at the USA Computing Olympiad as a high school student and he won a silver medal at the 2002 International Olympiad in Informatics.


title: Adam D'Angelo

text: ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest (ICPC): California Institute of Technology Beavers (team of 3), World Finalists 2003, 2004; North American Champions 2003; World Finals Silver Medals 2004; World Finals co-coach 2005.


title: Adam D'Angelo

text: In 2005, he was one of the top 24 finalists in the Algorithm Coding Competition of the Topcoder Collegiate Challenge.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: Jeffrey Adam Rosen (born April 2, 1958) is an American lawyer who served as the acting United States attorney general from December 2020 to January 2021 and as the United States deputy attorney general from 2019 to 2020. Before joining the Department of Justice, he was a senior partner at the law firm Kirkland & Ellis and was the United States deputy secretary of transportation.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: Rosen was born to a Jewish family in Boston and grew up in Brockton, Massachusetts. Rosen attended Brockton High School, where he was editor of the high school newspaper. His parents were not college graduates, but he has said that they wanted him to become one.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: He graduated from Northwestern University with a Bachelor of Arts in economics in 1979 after serving as president of the student council in his third and final year of college. He then graduated "magna cum laude" from Harvard Law School, receiving his Juris Doctor in 1982. Other notable political figures from his Harvard Law School class included future US Attorney General, Alberto Gonzales (2005-2007), future Massachusetts Gov. Deval Patrick, and future Rhode Island US Senator Jack Reed.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: Rosen joined Kirkland & Ellis in 1982 as an associate in the firm's Washington DC office. Rosen became a partner in 1988, at age 30.  He served in several management roles thereafter, and was elected to the firm's global management committee in 1999, at age 41. He handled complex business litigation for major companies like GM, AOL, Netscape, Marriott, and others.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: After his public service, he returned to Kirkland & Ellis in 2009, and in total worked there for nearly 30 years. In 2017, he returned to federal government service, serving as deputy secretary of the Department of Transportation. In May 2019, he moved to the Department of Justice as deputy attorney general, and from December 24, 2020, to January 20, 2021, as acting attorney general. As of July 2021 he is a nonresident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. In May 2022, he was appointed to chair Virginia's Commission to Combat Antisemitism.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: Beginning in 1996, through 2003,  Rosen was also an adjunct professor at Georgetown University Law Center, where he taught Professional Responsibility (Legal Ethics).


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: From 2015 to 2016, Rosen served as the elected Chair of the American Bar Association's Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: From 2003 to 2006, after unanimous confirmation by the US Senate, Rosen was appointed general counsel at the United States Department of Transportation and acted as counsel for then-Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta. Mineta had previously been President Clinton's Secretary of Commerce, and he was the only Democrat in the George W. Bush Cabinet.  He was also the first Asian-American member of a President's Cabinet.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: During those years, Rosen oversaw the wide-ranging activities of more than 400 lawyers, while also playing a senior management role in a department with a total budget of approximately $60 billion. Among other things, Rosen led DOT regulatory reform efforts, to achieve regulatory objectives in more efficient and less costly ways.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: In 2005–2006, Rosen was also designated as the government's representative on the Amtrak Board of Directors. While serving as General Counsel at DOT, Rosen also testified before Congress on numerous occasions on a wide range of subjects, including Amtrak.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: In 2006, Rosen moved to the White House Office of Management and Budget, where he was general counsel and senior policy advisor until 2009. At OMB, he reported to the Budget director, Rob Portman, who later became US Senator from Ohio.  At OMB, Rosen had a wide portfolio, assisting Portman with agency budgets and appropriations, and advising Portman and President Bush about regulatory issues and executive orders. He later published a journal article about "Putting Regulators on a Budget".


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: In 2008, President Bush nominated Rosen to become a federal judge in Washington D.C. The American Bar Association reported to then-Senate Judiciary Committee chairman Patrick Leahy that their evaluation had unanimously given Rosen their highest rating. Because it was an election year, with the opposition party in control of the Senate, the Senate Judiciary Committee failed to give his nomination a hearing and vote, and the nomination lapsed at the end of the year.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: During the 2012 Presidential election, media accounts indicated that Rosen was likely to be considered for a role in a new administration had Governor Romney defeated President Obama. Nonetheless, during the Obama Administration, Rosen was then appointed as a Public Member of the Administrative Conference of the United States. During the Biden Administration, Rosen was again appointed to the Administrative Conference of the United States.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: In 2016, President Obama nominated Rosen to serve on the Board of Governors of the US Postal Service. He was unanimously approved in the Senate Homeland Security Committee, but that nomination did not received a full Senate vote before the election, and after the 2016 election he received a different nomination.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: On May 16, 2017, Rosen was confirmed as United States Deputy Secretary of Transportation by a 56–42 vote. There, he served under Secretary Elaine Chao.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: During his tenure, he chaired DOT's New and Emerging Technologies Council (NETT) formed by Elaine Chao and was a member of FAA's Management Advisory Council. Rosen also helped to lead DOTs efforts to safely enable the use of drones in the airspace, including in FAA's drone pilot program. He also had DOT issue updated guidelines on automated or “self-driving” cars and trucks.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: On February 19, 2019, President Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate Rosen for the position of United States Deputy Attorney General, succeeding Rod Rosenstein upon his departure from the Department of Justice. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on May 16 by a vote of 52–45. His nomination to become the second-highest law enforcement official was unusual, as Rosen had no previous prosecutorial experience. Attorney General William Barr had urged Trump to choose Rosen as his deputy. Rosen was sworn in on May 22, 2019.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: "The Wall Street Journal" described Rosen as having "kept a relatively low profile both within the department and in public."


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: Rosen is reported to have guided numerous initiatives, including an antitrust review of online technology platforms, criminal and civil opioids enforcement and legislation, counter-UAS measures to facilitate the safe use of drones, redress of pandemic-related fraud, and reform of regulatory and administrative law, among others. He also oversaw efforts to address investigations and prosecutions of overseas cyber hackers and foreign trade secret theft, and to address hate crimes, including those involving anti-semitism.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: In June 2019, Rosen sent a letter to New York state prosecutors inquiring into the case of Paul Manafort and indicating that he would be monitoring where Manafort would be held in custody. Shortly thereafter, federal prison officials informed New York state prosecutors that Manafort would not be held in Rikers Island. Current and former prosecutors described this decision as unusual, because most individuals held in custody while awaiting federal trial are held in Rikers Island, a prison with a reputation for violence and mismanagement.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: The Washington Post claimed that, in late 2019, Rosen stalled a probe of former Department of Interior head Ryan Zinke. Federal prosecutors proposed to move forward with possible criminal charges against Zinke over the accuracy of his recollections concerning his involvement in blocking two Native American tribes from operating a casino near an MGM Resorts International gambling facility, and Rosen and others reportedly assessed that more work would be needed before such a case could properly proceed. But in the summer of 2021, the Biden Justice Department determined not to prosecute.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: In February 2020, Rosen presented oral argument to the U.S. Supreme Court in a case involving prison inmate litigation (Lomax v. Ortiz-Marquez). Rosen and the government prevailed in a unanimous opinion written by Justice Kagan.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: On September 16, 2020, Rosen announced indictments of Chinese hackers, a group known as “Wicked Panda” or “APT-41”, who had targeted more than 100 makers of videogames, universities, and others.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: In October 2020, Rosen announced that the Justice Department had filed an antitrust monopolization lawsuit against Google. Rosen had handled antitrust litigation in private practice, including a case against Microsoft,  and took a lead role in DOJ’s investigation of Google.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: Rosen oversaw the Justice Department's resolution of criminal and civil investigations with opioid manufacturer Purdue Pharma. In his statement he said the company would plea guilty to conspiracy to defraud the United States and violate the FDA Act and two other charges, with no individual facing charges


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: On December 25, 2020, an explosion occurred in Nashville, TN. With Attorney General Barr having departed,  Rosen reportedly was briefed on the incident and directed that all DOJ resources be made available to assist in the investigation.


title: Jeffrey A. Rosen

text: Near the end of December 2020, a Pakistani court ordered the release of Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, the main suspect in the 2002 kidnapping and murder of Daniel Pearl, a Wall Street Journal reporter. Rosen announced that the United States stands ready to take custody of Sheikh to stand trial in the U.S., adding that the Pakistan “rulings reversing his conviction and ordering his release are an affront to terrorism victims everywhere”.