title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Several actors have gone on to additional fame following their work in the franchise. Marcia Cross, who would later star in "Desperate Housewives", played Kimberly Shaw in the original "Melrose Place" from its first season until its fifth. Kristin Davis joined "Melrose Place" in 1995, and starred afterward in the HBO series "Sex and the City". Additionally, Kelly Rutherford, later known for her work in the series "Gossip Girl", joined "MP" in 1996, remaining with the show until its 1999 conclusion. Carrie-Anne Moss, of "The Matrix" fame, starred in "Models Inc." throughout its duration.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Dean Cain, who would go on to star in "", appeared in "Beverly Hills, 90210" during 1992, while Eddie Cibrian, later known for his role in "Third Watch", guest-starred in 1996. Vivica A. Fox, Hilary Swank, Jessica Alba, Matthew Perry, Peter Krause, and David Arquette all appeared in the first show as well. Actor Kellan Lutz guest-starred in the fourth series throughout its first season.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Debuting on October 4, 1990, the first series initially followed the teenage lives of several friends who attended the West Beverly Hills High School: Brandon Walsh (Jason Priestley), Brenda Walsh (Shannen Doherty), Kelly Taylor (Jennie Garth), Steve Sanders (Ian Ziering), Andrea Zuckerman (Gabrielle Carteris), Dylan McKay (Luke Perry), David Silver (Brian Austin Green), Scott Scanlon (Douglas Emerson), and Donna Martin (Tori Spelling). As the series progressed, several other characters were introduced at varying points.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Originally, the series centered around the culture shock of twins Brandon and Brenda as they adjusted to the new experiences and friends that awaited them upon their family's move to Beverly Hills. As the show progressed, however, it gradually became more of an ensemble cast drama, with equal attention given to the familial issues, academic matters, career aspirations, and love lives of the other characters. One of the series' early focal points involved a briefly forbidden Brenda-Dylan relationship—along with a subsequent triangle involving Kelly. Other prominent stories included the beginning of a long relationship between Brandon and Kelly, a similar bond between Donna and David, and a rally organized on Donna's behalf in order to overturn a school ruling against her. The series ended on May 17, 2000 after 293 episodes and multiple cast changes; it is the longest-running show of the franchise to date.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Toward the end of the second season, the character Jake Hanson—an older friend and mentor to Dylan—briefly arrived for a construction job at Kelly's house. The subsequent attraction that developed between a resistant Jake (Grant Show) and a willing Kelly led into the second series of the "Beverly Hills, 90210" franchise.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Darren Star's next show, which premiered on July 8, 1992, followed the lives of several young tenants in a Los Angeles apartment complex. The relationship between Kelly and Jake was resolved over a series of episodes, with a persistent Kelly visiting Jake in L.A., and eventually letting go and returning to Beverly Hills.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Originally conceived as a fairly straight-faced drama about the personal and professional lives of people in their twenties and early thirties, "Melrose Place" began to change with the arrival of testy Amanda Woodward (Heather Locklear), whose conflicts with the generally straight-laced Alison (Courtney Thorne-Smith) over Alison's roommate Billy (Andrew Shue) quickly became the show's centerpiece. Also focused upon was the adulterous relationship between Dr. Michael Mancini (Thomas Calabro) and his colleague Kimberly Shaw (Marcia Cross), which was eventually discovered by Michael's wife Jane (Josie Bissett). The first season also introduced Jane's sister Sydney (Laura Leighton), an occasional vixen, who would become one of the most layered and prominent characters of the series.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: With the progression of the second season—which was highlighted by divorce, blackmail, revenge, character revamps, and much angst between couples—the show had begun to secure a reputation for darker, more extraordinary story lines. This kind of writing would become standard for the series throughout the remainder of its run. The series ended on May 24, 1999 after 226 episodes.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Toward the end of season 2, a somewhat mellowed Amanda was reunited with her long-estranged mother Hillary (Linda Gray), the owner of a modeling agency. This development would provide a foundation for the franchise's third story.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Debuting on June 29, 1994, "Models Inc." was produced by Spelling Television and created by Charles Pratt, Jr. and Frank South. The series followed the lives of Hillary and several of the disparate, ambitious models in the titular agency—women whom Hillary sometimes felt a maternal bond toward. Also present was Hillary's son David (Brian Gaskill), the loyal, valiant, and occasionally hot-headed vice president of the company. At the beginning of the first episode, actors Grant Show and Daphne Zuniga briefly appeared as their "Melrose Place" characters, seeing off a young model named Sarah Owens (Cassidy Rae) as she headed to the agency.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Unlike the previous two shows in the continuity, "Models Inc." did not experience any significant changes in character focus or tone. Instead, the writers chose to explore the ensemble cast from the start and immediately present the kind of story lines that had made "Melrose Place" famous. The initial focus of the series was a mystery surrounding the murder of model Teri Spencer (Stephanie Romanov), who'd announced her intentions to leave the agency. For a number of episodes throughout the first story arc, suspects included Hillary, Teri's ex-boyfriend Brian (Cameron Daddo), Teri's rival Julie (Kylie Travis), and Teri's own sister Carrie (Carrie-Anne Moss). Once the killer was revealed, the characters moved on, with their focus switching to the arrival of Stephanie Romanov's new character Monique, a model who was a nearly dead ringer for Teri. The remainder of the series largely centered around the models' growing relationships with their boyfriends and each other, while also dealing with the issues of substance abuse and the pressures of the business. Primary antagonists included several figures from the models' pasts—including a stalker, a jealous sister, and Grayson (Emma Samms), the cunning and powerful ex-wife of Monique's fiance.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: The series was canceled in March 1995. Jake Hanson, who was originally introduced in the continuity's first show, was the only character to appear in both "Beverly Hills, 90210" and "Models Inc."


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Premiering on September 2, 2008, "90210" was produced by CBS Paramount Network Television. The series introduces two siblings—Annie and Dixon Wilson (Dixon is adopted), played by Shenae Grimes and Tristan Wilds—who move to Beverly Hills with their family and enroll in West Beverly High. Like Brandon and Brenda 18 years before, Dixon and Annie meet several new friends who comprise the rest of the cast, including Erin Silver (Jessica Stroup), the half-sister of David and Kelly from the original series. The character Naomi Clark (AnnaLynne McCord) gained significant media attention throughout the first season, and was given increased focus at the onset of the second.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Among the returning characters was Kelly Taylor, who appeared in a recurring role while serving as a guidance counselor at the school. Brenda Walsh also returned in a recurring part, reuniting with Kelly and directing a school musical. Donna Martin returned as well, coming back to Beverly Hills from Japan, where she worked as a fashion designer. In addition, Joe E. Tata made guest appearances, reprising his role of Nat Bussichio, owner of the Peach Pit coffee house where Dixon worked. The series concluded in May 2013, following its fifth season.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: On January 19, 2009, "Entertainment Weekly" confirmed that Todd Slavkin and Darren Swimmer were installed as showrunners of a "Melrose Place" spin-off, which used the same title as the previous show. The series premiered on September 8, 2009. Ashlee Simpson, Shaun Sipos, Jessica Lucas, Stephanie Jacobsen, Katie Cassidy, Michael Rady, and Colin Egglesfield were cast in regular roles. Throughout 2009, it was also revealed that Laura Leighton, Thomas Calabro, Josie Bissett, Daphne Zuniga, and Heather Locklear would make appearances as their characters from the original series. The show was officially canceled on May 20, 2010.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: In 2017, Jennie Garth revealed that a possible sixth series in the franchise, a follow-up to the original show, was being officially discussed.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: In December 2018 it was reported on "Deadline Hollywood" that a reboot or a revival of "Beverly Hills, 90210" was being shopped around to different networks. The project was initially developed by Tori Spelling and Jennie Garth in conjunction with CBS Television Studios, and was first hinted at by Spelling on her Instagram page the previous March. The bulk of the original cast is attached, including Garth, Spelling, Shannen Doherty, Jason Priestley, Ian Ziering, Brian Austin Green and Gabrielle Carteris. CBS confirmed on December 18 that the project was in "early development", adding "We aren't confirming much detail except that it is an untraditional take on a reboot with some of the original cast".


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: On February 27, 2019, it was announced that a six-episode revival had been ordered by Fox. Titled "BH90210", the series was set outside of continuity and featured the cast playing "heightened versions of themselves" in an irreverent drama "inspired by their real lives and relationships with each other." The show premiered on August 7, 2019, at 9/8c on Fox.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: Several actors have portrayed more than one character throughout the continuity, many of them appearing as regulars on one series and as guest stars on another. In some cases, a performer has appeared in different roles on the same show.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: "Beverly Hills, 90210" has been called "one of the definitive shows of the 1990s." In a look back at the series, "TV Guide" labeled the program "soapy and addictive". In 1994, the series ranked No. 1 among viewers aged 18–34. The show was nominated for "Best Drama" at the Golden Globe Awards in 1992 and 1993, with Jason Priestley being nominated for "Best Performance by an Actor In A Television Series—Drama" in 1993 and 1995.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: "Entertainment Weekly"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Ken Tucker criticized the original tone of "Melrose Place" in a 1992 article, stating that "on this show, everybody's a philosopher—even more unusual, a philosopher with a cute bottom." Despite giving the series a mixed review, he admitted to being "hypnotized by it" and added that ""Melrose" is the guilty pleasure that adds some salt and sweat to summertime TV." The show received an overhaul as it advanced toward its second season, with "TV Guide" citing the "bed-hopping, backstabbing and cliffhangers" as key factors in its success, also noting the arrival of Heather Locklear's Amanda Woodward. In 1994, the series became the No. 2-rated drama among viewers aged 18–34 (behind "Beverly Hills, 90210"), with "People" magazine labeling it a "compulsively watchable, high-trash hit." Locklear and Laura Leighton were nominated for Golden Globe Awards in 1994, with Locklear receiving additional nominations from 1995 through 1997.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: In his review of "Models Inc.", Ken Tucker claimed that the show was "trying much too hard to match "Melrose" for self-consciously outrageous campiness." However, he commended the work of Kylie Travis as vixen Julie Dante. "Entertainment Weekly" also screened the series in front of young real-life models, who concluded that the show was unrealistic but addictive. The series ended in 1995, but later aired an alternate ending during a rebroadcast of the finale, bringing closure to the story lines.


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: At the time of its premiere, "90210", which marked a return for the franchise following an eight-year absence, became the highest-rated scripted debut in the history of The CW network. In the midst of its first season, the show was nominated for "Favorite New Drama" at the 2009 People's Choice Awards. Upon the completion of season 1, the show received additional nominations from the Teen Choice Awards, including "Breakout Show" and "Choice TV Show: Drama". AnnaLynne McCord was nominated for "Breakout Star Female" in the role of Naomi Clark, Tristan Wilds was placed in contention for "Breakout Star Male", and Dustin Milligan was nominated for "Choice TV Actor: Drama". Additionally, Rob Estes and Lori Loughlin were nominees for "Choice TV: Parental Unit". The following year, Shenae Grimes was nominated for "Choice TV: Female Scene Stealer". At the 2010 Breakthrough of the Year Awards, AnnaLynne McCord won in the category of "Breakthrough Standout Performance".


title: Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)

text: On September 2, 2010 (9/02/10), "Reuters.com" featured an article on the original series. Via a Twitter message the same day, Jennie Garth stated, "Love to the original cast and crew. And the new kids too."


title: Elissa (singer)

text: Elissar Zakaria Khoury (; born 27 October 1972), commonly known as Elissa (), is a Lebanese recording artist. She is one of Lebanon's most famous singers, and one of the best-known artists in the Arab world.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: She has been among the highest-selling female Middle Eastern artists since 2005. In 2005, she became the first Lebanese singer to receive the World Music Award for Best Selling Middle Eastern Artist, an award that she received again in 2006 and 2010. She has currently sold over 30 million albums worldwide. Elissa is also one of the richest celebrities in Lebanon, with a reported estimated wealth of over $40 million. As of 2019, Elissa has over 50 million followers on social media. In 2018, Elissa appeared as a judge on "", the Arab edition of "The Voice".


title: Elissa (singer)

text: Elissa was born in Deir Al-Ahmar to a Lebanese father and a Syrian mother from Wadi al-Nasara. She has three brothers Ghassan, Kamil and Jihad and two sisters Norma and Rita. Elissa was raised in the Beqaa Valley with her other siblings.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: She graduated from the Lebanese University with a degree in political science. Although she had a degree in politics, she was additionally interested in making music. Therefore, after graduating, she decided to pursue a professional career in show business and in music. To successfully combine her passion of politics and theatre, Elissa joined Le Théâtre de Dix-Heures, a Lebanese Theatrical Group.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: Elissa's musical career began in 1992, when she won the silver medal in "Studio El Fan", a Lebanese music competition.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: Her debut studio album, "Baddy Doub" (I Want to Melt Away), was released in Lebanon in late 1998 and later distributed across the Arab world by EMI Music Arabia in 1999. On the album's titular single, she collaborated with Spanish singer, Gerard Ferrer. In the same year, Elissa got her first big brand deal when shampoo brand Head & Shoulders took her on as the empowering and bold face of the company in the Middle East.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: Elissa released her second album, "W'akherta Maak" (To the End with You) in September 2000. The album included the duet "Betghib Betrouh" (You Disappear, You Go), featuring Ragheb Alama. She was the only Arabic artist to perform in front of former United States President Bill Clinton at the Stars Charity show in Dubai. In that year, she won the Murex d'Or award for Best Female Artist.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: Her third studio album, "Ayshalak" (I Live for You), was released in June 2002. For the album's titular hit single, she filmed a music video in Paris, dressed by Christian Dior. This was the first time the fashion house had worked with an Arab artist. The music video for "Ajmal Ihssas" (Best Feeling) won an Arabic Music Award for Best Video Clip in Dubai. On the same year, Elissa inaugurated Kuwait's Virgin Megastore with Sir Richard Branson. She appeared on a collaboration with Irish singer Chris de Burgh in the duet "Lebanese Nights", featured on his 2002 album "Timing is Everything".


title: Elissa (singer)

text: In December 2003, Elissa signed a four-year promotional deal with Pepsi, becoming the Middle East's brand ambassador. In January 2004, she appeared at a Pepsi press conference in London, England alongside American recording artists Beyoncé, Britney Spears and Pink. Subsequently, she shot two Pepsi advertisements with Christina Aguilera for the World Football Cup; both of which were shot in Los Angeles.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: In 2004, Elissa signed with Saudi Arabian entertainment group Rotana, under which she released her fourth studio album, "Ahla Dounya" (The Most Beautiful World) on 19 April. The album had various singles and accompanying music videos including "Koul Youm Fee Oumri" (Every Day of My Life), "Irjaa Lilshowk" (Return to Love) and "Hobak Wajaa (Inta Lameen)" (Your Love Hurts / Who Do You Belong To?). The tracks "Koul Youm Fee Oumri", "Karibli" (Come Close to Me) and "Law Nirjaa Sawa" (If We're Together Again) were featured in Pepsi advertisements. By the end of 2004, "Ahla Dounya" had sold about 3.4 million copies. In 2005, Elissa became the first Lebanese artist to ever receive a World Music Award for Best Selling Artist from the Middle East. The ceremony took place in Hollywood's Kodak Theatre. In December 2005, she received the Murex d'Or for Best Lebanese Artist and Best Video Clip for "Hobak Wajaa". Despite the huge success, Elissa revealed in an interview in 2017, she felt that this album was a step back from "Ayshalak", although it is a fan favorite.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: On 16 February 2006, she released her fifth studio album "Bastanak" (Waiting for You). The album had the hit single of the same name and "Law Taarafou" (If You Knew Him), both received accompanying music videos. Other popular songs on the album included "Kermalak" (For You), "Taa" (Come), "Fatet Sineen" (Years Went By), and "Zanbi Ana" (It's My Fault); the latter composed by Marwan Khoury. On 15 November, Elissa received her second World Music Award in a row for the sales of this album. As of 2006, "Bastanak" had sold 3.7 million copies.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: Elissa's sixth studio album "Ayami Bik" (My Days with You) was released on 18 December 2007. Including one of Elissa's bigger hits "Betmoun" (I Owe You) as well as "Awakher Al Shita" (The End of Winter), "Ayami Bik" and "Khod Balak Alaya" (Take Care of Me). "Tesada'a Bemeen" (Who Do You Believe In?), her seventh studio album, was released on 26 December 2009 and included one of her signature songs "Aa Bali Habibi" (I Want to, Darling…) and titular song "Tesada'a Bemeen". Elissa garnered her third World Music Award for "Tesada'a Bemeen". In November 2010, she was awarded the prize for "Best Arab Female Artist" in the Jordan Music Awards and the Big Apple Music Award for "Best Female Artist" in the Middle East a few days later. "Tesada'a Bemeen" received critical acclaim for its differing and darker themes and stronger vocal delivery throughout the album, including songs such as "Min Gheir Mounasba" (For No Reason), "Fi Shi Nkasar" (Something Broke) and "Eftakart" (I Remembered).


title: Elissa (singer)

text: Her eighth studio album, "Asaad Wahda" (The Happiest One), was released on 19 June 2012. The album spawned music videos for the titular song and "Teebt Mennak" (I'm Fed Up with You). The latter's video was released the following year. During the summer of 2012, Elissa released the title song for the "Maa Sabk Al Esrar" series. In December 2012, Elissa was chosen to be one of the judges of "The X Factor Arabia"; It was on the air the first four months of 2013. On 23 June 2013 Elissa received two Murex D’or awards, for the Best Lebanese Singer and Best Arabic Song for "Asaad Wahda". During the summer of 2014, Elissa released a song titled "Law" (What If), composed by Marwan Khoury.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: Elissa released her ninth studio album "Halet Hob" (A State of Love) in July 2014. The album included covers of the songs "Awel Mara" (The Very First Time) and "Helwa Ya Baladi" (My Beautiful Country). She released the first music video of "Hob Kol Hayaty" (The Love of My Life) on 12 December 2014. Elissa returned as a judge on "The X Factor" for its second season on 14 March 2015. Elissa released her cover version of "Mawtini" on 29 April 2015, along with its music video. The second video from her ninth studio album was released on 14 May 2015, for "Ya Merayti" (On Mirror). The titular song was released as the final single in early 2016. The lyric video of "Halet Hob" has amassed more than 100 million views on YouTube.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: Elissa released her tenth studio album "Saharna Ya Leil" (Keep Us Up All Night) during the summer of 2016, which included singles "Saharna Ya Leil", "Maliket El Ehsas" (Queen of Feelings) and "Aaks Elli Shayfenha" (The Opposite of What You See). Despite not being released as a single, the lyric video for "Maktooba Leek" (Destined for You) amassed over 120 million views (as of August 2019) on Rotana's official YouTube page, making it the most watched video on their channel. The following year, Elissa released a music video for "Aaks Elli Shayfenha". Directed by Angy Jammal, the video reached 3 million views during its first week of release and as of August 2019, has garnered over 60 million views on YouTube. In May 2017, Elissa announced that she is the new face of Freshlook Air Optix Colors.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: In August 2017, Elissa was featured on "Forbes" Middle East English edition's August cover and gave a concert as part of Beirut Holidays Festival 2017. On 14 August, Elissa released a remix for the song "Ana Majnouni" (I'm Crazy) which was previously released 3 years ago. "Ana Majnouni" marked the third collaboration with her brother Camil Khoury and amassed more than half a million plays during its first 2 days of release. In early September, it was announced that Elissa will be one of the new "" season 4 coaches alongside Emirati singer Ahlam, Lebanese singer Assi El Hallani, and Egyptian singer Mohamed Hamaki.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: On 11 July 2018, Elissa released the first lead single titled "Ila Kol Lli Bihibbouni" (To All Those Who Love Me) from her eleventh studio album of the same name. On 16 July 2018, Elissa dropped a promotional single from the album entitled "Krahni" (Want You to Hate Me), marking the fourth collaboration with her brother Camil Khoury who handled the song's arrangement. Camil additionally handled the arrangement for two more songs on the album: "Maridit Ehtimam" (Attention Seeker) and "Enta W Maii" (When You're With Me). All three songs are in the Lebanese dialect. "Ila Kol Lli Bihibbouni" was released on 25 July 2018. The album includes various dramatic, orchestral and emotional tracks, such as "Al Mikhfi" (Our Secret) and "Ana Wahida" (Lonely). Additionally featuring poppy songs such as "Men Inaya Di" (I'm All Yours) and also including "Wahashtouni" (How I Miss You), a cover of Warda's song of the same name.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: On 7 August 2018, Elissa released the music video for "Ila Kol Lli Bihibbouni" where in the music video, Elissa disclosed her breast cancer diagnosis in late December 2017 along with her treatment and recovery. The music video went viral and amassed more than 9 million views during its first week of release.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: On 10 August 2018, Elissa gave a concert as part of Beirut Holidays Festival 2018; among the attendees was Armenian entertainer Lubluba. She also gave a concert in Tunisia. In September 2018, the Lebanese Information Minister honored Elissa for her career. In October 2018, Elissa hinted at possible problems with label Rotana due to their exclusive deal with the Paris-based music streaming service Deezer, prompting the immediate removal of her entire discography from online digital services such as Anghami, Spotify and iTunes along with various Rotana-signed artists. On 22 April 2019 she released the music video for her song "Krahni".


title: Elissa (singer)

text: In November 2018, Elissa announced on Twitter that she had begun work on her upcoming twelfth studio album. On 18 January 2019, Elissa performed a benefit concert in Egypt. In July, she announced a partnership with makeup artist Bassam Fattouh, releasing an eyeshadow palette titled 'The Star'. On 22 July, a promotional song for Telecom Egypt's 'WE' mobile service titled "Abl Ay Had" (Without A Limit) was released and as of August 2019, gained over 15 million views on YouTube.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: On 18 August 2019, she announced her retirement from the music industry via Twitter, stating her then-upcoming twelfth studio album would be her last and describing the music industry field as "similar to the mafias." The news of her retirement shocked fans and fellow artists as #كلنااليسا (#WeAreAllElissa) began to trend on Twitter, being offered support for the singer by fans and artists alike. On 18 July 2020, she also announced her twelfth album "Sahbit Raey" (A Woman's Opinion) and released the lead single of the same name on 23 July. The album was followed by two singles titled "Hanghani Kaman Wi Kaman" and "Ahwet El Madi", which were released on 11 April and 25 May respectively and were later included in the track listing. An initial cover for the album/single with suggestive themes had caused controversy among audiences and had prompted Elissa's management to have it replaced with a different cover. The album was released exclusively on Deezer and Rotana's official YouTube channel during the Eid al-Adha season on 1 August. The album's final song features a French-language cover of "Mourir sur scène" by Egyptian-born Italian-French artist Dalida.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: In 2014, Elissa took to social media to condemn the atrocities committed by ISIS against minorities, stating "I'm Lebanese and I'm proudly Christian, shame on such people." Elissa is an outspoken advocate of women's rights in the Middle East.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: An advocate for breast cancer awareness, Elissa revealed her previously private diagnosis and defeat of an early stage of the disease with the release of her music video for "Ila Kol Elli Bihebbouni"; previously keeping it a secret from both the press and general public from her diagnosis in late 2017. The video ends with the following message: ""I've recovered, I've beaten the illness and I won... Early detection of breast cancer can save your life... Don't ignore it, face it... Do it not only for yourself, but for your loved ones."" Many applauded her for "breaking the taboo" of breast cancer awareness in the Middle East and therefore influenced and encouraged women to be checked for the disease. The hashtags #Elissa (اليسا#) and #To_All_Who_Love_Me (الى_كل_اللي_بيحبوني#) began to trend in Lebanon and surrounding countries in the Middle East. In October 2018, Elissa was chosen as an ambassador for a breast cancer awareness campaign in Beirut.


title: Elissa (singer)

text: Elissa admitted in May Chidiac Foundation conference that she was subject of bullying for her mouth on social media, but she said, "When you achieve what I achieved in life, you can come and say whatever you want."


title: Elissa (singer)

text: She is a supporter of the Lebanese Forces party and its leader Samir Geagea, backing him for the presidency before the election of Michel Aoun.


title: Lanka Premier League

text: The Lanka Premier League (abbreviated as LPL; , ) is a professional cricket league in Sri Lanka in Twenty20 format contested every year by teams representing Sri Lankan cities from 2020. The league was founded by Sri Lanka Cricket (SLC) in 2018. In August 2020, Ravin Wickramaratne, the Vice President of SLC was officially appointed as the director of the tournament.


title: Lanka Premier League

text: Originally, the first season was supposed to be held from 18 August to 10 September 2018, but postponed multiple times due to administrative issues within SLC. In June 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, SLC announced the tournament would start on 28 August 2020, with 70 overseas players showing interest in playing in the league. After being rescheduled many times due to restrictions for the pandemic, the first season began on 26 November 2020.


title: Lanka Premier League

text: Lanka Premier League second edition dates announced; it will start on 30 July and the final to be played on 22 August 2021. This was later pushed back to a start date of 19 November 2021.


title: Lanka Premier League

text: The third edition was scheduled to take place in August 2022. However, due to the ongoing Sri Lankan economic crisis and the resultant 2022 Sri Lankan protests, the tournament was postponed. Despite the player draft being held, the rights holder of the tournament the Innovative Production Group was unwilling to go ahead with the schedule due to the prevailing economic situation at the time.


title: Lanka Premier League

text: The inaugural edition of the league reached a cumulative audience of 557 million through TV, digital-social media and traditional media.


title: Lanka Premier League

text: Out of the five teams that have played in the Lanka Premier League only one team has won the competition twice. Jaffna Stallions became the champion for the inaugural season of Lanka Premier League who defeated Galle Gladiators by 53 runs in the final of the inaugural season. Jaffna Kings beat Galle Gladiators by 23 runs in the final, to win their second successive LPL title.


title: Lanka Premier League

text: The LPL is governed by the Sri Lanka Cricket. Sri Lanka Cricket is responsible for all the functions of the tournament. Members of the governing council include Sri Lanka CEO Ashley de Silva. The marketing and organisation rights of the LPL were awarded by Sri Lanka Cricket on the basis of bidding process. The present rights are held by an Indian-owned Dubai-based company, Innovative Production Group (IPG).


title: Crunchbase

text: Crunchbase is a company providing business information about private and public companies. Their content includes investment and funding information, founding members and individuals in leadership positions, mergers and acquisitions, news, and industry trends.


title: Crunchbase

text: Crunchbase was originally founded in 2007 by Michael Arrington, as a place to track the startups that parent company TechCrunch featured in articles. From 2007 to September 2015, TechCrunch maintained control of the Crunchbase database.


title: Crunchbase

text: In September 2010, AOL acquired TechCrunch and Crunchbase as one of TechCrunch's portfolio companies.


title: Crunchbase

text: In November 2013, AOL entered into a dispute with start-up Pro Populi over the company's use of the entire Crunchbase dataset in apps that Pro Populi developed despite having distributed the data under the Creative Commons CC-BY attribution license. Pro Populi was represented by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. AOL eventually conceded that Pro Populi could continue to use the dataset but adopted the CC BY-NC license for future revisions. As of August 2019, a snapshot of the 2013 dataset is still available for download under the CC-BY license on the Crunchbase website.


title: Crunchbase

text: In 2014, Crunchbase added incubators, venture capital partners, and a leaderboard feature to the startup database.


title: Crunchbase

text: In 2015, Crunchbase separated from AOL/Verizon/TechCrunch and went private. In September 2015, in conjunction with the spin out, Crunchbase announced the raise of $6.5 million in funding, followed with a round of $2 million in November. In 2016, the company rebranded from CrunchBase to Crunchbase and launched its first product: Crunchbase Pro. In April 2017, Crunchbase announced an $18 million Series B from Mayfield Fund. At the same time, Crunchbase launched two new products – Crunchbase Enterprise and Crunchbase for Applications.


title: Crunchbase

text: In October 2019, Crunchbase announced a $30 million Series C led by Omers Ventures. Existing backers Emergence, Mayfield, Cowboy Ventures and Verizon also participated.


title: Crunchbase

text: Their software includes tools for investment analytics, trend analysis, web traffic review, and marketing. They also carry news regarding startups. "Crunchbase Pro" is their in-depth search tool.


title: Suicide of Audrie Pott

text: Audrie Taylor Pott (May 27, 1997 – September 12, 2012) was a 15-year-old student at Saratoga High School in Saratoga, California, who died by suicide. She had been sexually assaulted at a party eight days earlier by three 16-year-old boys she knew, and nude pictures of her were posted online with accompanying bullying.


title: Suicide of Audrie Pott

text: On September 30, 2014, California Governor Jerry Brown signed Audrie's Law, "a bill that increases penalties and decreases privacy protections for teens convicted of sex acts on someone who is passed out from drugs or alcohol or incapable of giving consent due to a disability".


title: Suicide of Audrie Pott

text: On September 3, 2012, Pott went to a party with about ten other teenagers where she became drunk. A few kids had stolen rum, and an adult had bought them vodka at a liquor shop. Once she was drunk, she was dragged up the stairs and into a bedroom. Three or more teenagers sexually assaulted Pott there. Three 16-year-old boys whom she knew eventually pleaded guilty to and served time in juvenile hall for the sexual assault. Markers were also used to draw and write on her body, and photographs were taken and distributed via social network and MMS. In the following days, Pott was bullied by some who saw the photographs. On September 12, 2012, she killed herself by hanging.


title: Suicide of Audrie Pott

text: In April 2013, three sixteen-year-old boys were arrested in northern California on suspicion of sexual battery to Pott. Pott's parents also filed a lawsuit against the three teenagers, and in July 2013 they added a fifteen-year-old girl as a defendant in the suit, alleging she was present during the assault and later lied about it to help cover it up.


title: Suicide of Audrie Pott

text: Three teenage boys admitted in juvenile court to sexually assaulting and possessing photos of Audrie Pott, both felonies. Two of the three received 30-day sentences to be served on weekends. The other was sentenced to 45 consecutive days. Because of their ages and status as minors at the time of the incident, the three teenagers were not at first publicly identified.


title: Suicide of Audrie Pott

text: A civil case filed by Pott's parents, to decide if the boys were responsible for her death, was originally set to go to forward to trial in April 2015, but reached settlement before then. As part of the terms of settlement, two of the boys were required to verbally apologize in open court, admit again to the sexual assault, admit to their role in the death of Audrie Pott, agree to being filmed in a documentary, pay a combined $950,000, support the petition for an honorary diploma for Audrie Pott, and give ten presentations on sexual assault and sexting.


title: Suicide of Audrie Pott

text: A documentary film titled "Audrie & Daisy", about the sexual assaults and social media bullying of Audrie Pott and Daisy Coleman, premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2016.


title: Suicide of Audrie Pott

text: The case was also profiled on an episode of the Investigation Discovery show "Web of Lies" (season 5, episode 1) titled "With Friends Like These", originally aired March 13, 2018.


title: BepiColombo

text: BepiColombo is a joint mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to the planet Mercury. The mission comprises two satellites launched together: the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and Mio (Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter, MMO). The mission will perform a comprehensive study of Mercury, including characterization of its magnetic field, magnetosphere, and both interior and surface structure. It was launched on an Ariane 5 rocket on 20 October 2018 at 01:45 UTC, with an arrival at Mercury planned for on 5 December 2025, after a flyby of Earth, two flybys of Venus, and six flybys of Mercury. The mission was approved in November 2009, after years in proposal and planning as part of the European Space Agency's Horizon 2000+ programme; it is the last mission of the programme to be launched.


title: BepiColombo

text: "BepiColombo" is named after Giuseppe "Bepi" Colombo (1920–1984), a scientist, mathematician and engineer at the University of Padua, Italy, who first proposed the interplanetary gravity assist manoeuvre used by the 1974 "Mariner 10" mission, a technique now used frequently by planetary probes.


title: BepiColombo

text: "Mio", the name of the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter, was selected from thousands of suggestions by the Japanese public. In Japanese, "Mio" means a waterway, and according to JAXA, it symbolizes the research and development milestones reached thus far, and wishes for safe travel ahead. JAXA said the spacecraft will travel through the solar wind just like a ship traveling through the ocean. In Chinese and Japanese, Mercury is known as the "water star" (水星) according to "wǔxíng".


title: BepiColombo

text: Following its Earth flyby in April 2020, "BepiColombo" was briefly mistaken for a near-Earth asteroid, receiving the provisional designation .


title: BepiColombo

text: The mission involves three components, which will separate into independent spacecraft upon arrival at Mercury.


title: BepiColombo

text: During the launch and cruise phases, these three components are joined together to form the Mercury Cruise System (MCS).


title: BepiColombo

text: The prime contractor for ESA is Airbus Defence and Space. ESA is responsible for the overall mission, the design, development assembly and test of the propulsion and MPO modules, and the launch. The two orbiters, which are operated by mission controllers based in Darmstadt, Germany, were successfully launched together on 20 October 2018. The launch took place on Ariane flight VA245 from Europe’s Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. The spacecraft will have a seven-year interplanetary cruise to Mercury using solar-electric propulsion (ion thrusters) and gravity assists from Earth, Venus and eventual gravity capture at Mercury. ESA's Cebreros, Spain 35-metre ground station is planned to be the primary ground facility for communications during all mission phases.


title: BepiColombo

text: Expected to arrive in Mercury orbit on 5 December 2025, the "Mio" and MPO satellites will separate and observe Mercury in collaboration for one year, with a possible one-year extension. The orbiters are equipped with scientific instruments provided by various European countries and Japan. The mission will characterize the solid and liquid iron core ( of the planet's radius) and determine the size of each. The mission will also complete gravitational and magnetic field mappings. Russia provided gamma ray and neutron spectrometers to verify the existence of water ice in polar craters that are permanently in shadow from the Sun's rays.


title: BepiColombo

text: Mercury is too small and hot for its gravity to retain any significant atmosphere over long periods of time, but it has a "tenuous surface-bounded exosphere" containing hydrogen, helium, oxygen, sodium, calcium, potassium and other trace elements. Its exosphere is not stable as atoms are continuously lost and replenished from a variety of sources. The mission will study the exosphere composition and dynamics, including generation and escape.


title: BepiColombo

text: The stacked spacecraft will take seven years to position itself to enter Mercury orbit. During this time it will use solar-electric propulsion and nine gravity assists, flying past the Earth and Moon in April 2020, Venus in 2020 and 2021, and six Mercury flybys between 2021 and 2025.


title: BepiColombo

text: The stacked spacecraft left Earth with a hyperbolic excess velocity of . Initially, the craft was placed in a heliocentric orbit similar to that of Earth. After both the spacecraft and Earth completed one and a half orbits, it returned to Earth to perform a gravity-assist maneuver and is deflected towards Venus. Two consecutive Venus flybys reduce the perihelion near to the Sun–Mercury distance with almost no need for thrust. A sequence of six Mercury flybys will lower the relative velocity to . After the fourth Mercury flyby, the craft will be in an orbit similar to that of Mercury and will remain in the general vicinity of Mercury (see ). Four final thrust arcs reduce the relative velocity to the point where Mercury will "weakly" capture the spacecraft on 5 December 2025 into polar orbit. Only a small maneuver is needed to bring the craft into an orbit around Mercury with an apocentre of 178,000 km. The orbiters then separate and will adjust their orbits using chemical thrusters.


title: BepiColombo

text: The "BepiColombo" mission proposal was selected by ESA in 2000. A request for proposals for the science payload was issued in 2004. In 2007, Astrium was selected as the prime contractor, and Ariane 5 chosen as the launch vehicle. The initial target launch of July 2014 was postponed several times, mostly because of delays on the development of the solar electric propulsion system. The total cost of the mission was estimated in 2017 as US$2 billion.


title: BepiColombo

text: The Mercury Transfer Module (MTM) is located at the base of the stack. Its role is to carry the two science orbiters to Mercury and to support them during the cruise.


title: BepiColombo

text: The MTM is equipped with a solar electric propulsion system as the main spacecraft propulsion. Its four QinetiQ-T6 ion thrusters operate singly or in pairs for a maximum combined thrust of 290 mN, making it the most powerful ion engine array ever operated in space. The MTM supplies electrical power for the two hibernating orbiters as well as for its solar electric propulsion system thanks to two 14-meter-long solar panels. Depending on the probe's distance to the Sun, the generated power will range between 7 and 14 kW, each T6 requiring between 2.5 and 4.5 kW according to the desired thrust level.


title: BepiColombo

text: The solar electric propulsion system has typically very high specific impulse and low thrust. This leads to a flight profile with months-long continuous low-thrust braking phases, interrupted by planetary gravity assists, to gradually reduce the velocity of the spacecraft. Moments before Mercury orbit insertion, the MTM will be jettisoned from the spacecraft stack. After separation from the MTM, the MPO will provide "Mio" all necessary power and data resources until "Mio" is delivered to its mission orbit; separation of "Mio" from MPO will be accomplished by spin-ejection.


title: BepiColombo

text: The Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) has a mass of and uses a single-sided solar array capable of providing up to 1000 watts and featuring Optical Solar Reflectors to keep its temperature below . The solar array requires continuous rotation keeping the Sun at a low incidence angle in order to generate adequate power while at the same time limiting the temperature.


title: BepiColombo

text: The MPO will carry a payload of 11 instruments, comprising cameras, spectrometers (IR, UV, X-ray, γ-ray, neutron), a radiometer, a laser altimeter, a magnetometer, particle analysers, a Ka-band transponder, and an accelerometer. The payload components are mounted on the nadir side of the spacecraft to achieve low detector temperatures, apart from the MERTIS and PHEBUS spectrometers located directly at the main radiator to provide a better field of view.


title: BepiColombo

text: A high-temperature-resistant diameter high-gain antenna is mounted on a short boom on the zenith side of the spacecraft. Communications will be on the X-band and Ka-band with an average bit rate of 50 kbit/s and a total data volume of 1550 Gbit/year. ESA's Cebreros, Spain 35-metre ground station is planned to be the primary ground facility for communications during all mission phases.


title: BepiColombo

text: "Mio", or the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO), developed and built mostly by Japan, has the shape of a short octagonal prism, long from face to face and high. It has a mass of , including a scientific payload consisting of 5 instrument groups, 4 for plasma and dust measuring run by investigators from Japan, and one magnetometer from Austria.


title: BepiColombo

text: "Mio" will be spin stabilized at 15 rpm with the spin axis perpendicular to the equator of Mercury. It will enter a polar orbit at an altitude of , outside of MPO's orbit. The top and bottom of the octagon act as radiators with louvers for active temperature control. The sides are covered with solar cells which provide 90 watts. Communications with Earth will be through a diameter X-band phased array high-gain antenna and two medium-gain antennas operating in the X-band. Telemetry will return 160 Gb/year, about 5 kbit/s over the lifetime of the spacecraft, which is expected to be greater than one year. The reaction and control system is based on cold gas thrusters. After its release in Mercury orbit, "Mio" will be operated by Sagamihara Space Operation Center using Usuda Deep Space Center antenna located in Nagano, Japan.


title: BepiColombo

text: The Mercury Surface Element (MSE) was cancelled in 2003 due to budgetary constraints. At the time of cancellation, MSE was meant to be a small, , lander designed to operate for about one week on the surface of Mercury. Shaped as a diameter disc, it was designed to land at a latitude of 85° near the terminator region. Braking manoeuvres would bring the lander to zero velocity at an altitude of at which point the propulsion unit would be ejected, airbags inflated, and the module would fall to the surface with a maximum impact velocity of . Scientific data would be stored onboard and relayed via a cross-dipole UHF antenna to either the MPO or "Mio". The MSE would have carried a payload consisting of an imaging system (a descent camera and a surface camera), a heat flow and physical properties package, an alpha particle X-ray spectrometer, a magnetometer, a seismometer, a soil penetrating device (mole), and a micro-rover.


title: BepiColombo

text: As with the "Hayabusa2" mission, the BepiColombo mission is the topic of artwork. The manga artist Masayuki Ishikawa created a piece featuring the character Mercury from the manga "Madowanai Hoshi", as well as the BepiColombo spacecraft.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: The Tre Cime di Lavaredo (; ), also called the Drei Zinnen (; ), are three distinctive battlement-like peaks, in the Sexten Dolomites of northeastern Italy. They are probably one of the best-known mountain groups in the Alps. The three peaks, from east to west, are:


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: The peaks are composed of well-layered dolomites of the Dolomia Principale (Hauptdolomit) formation, Carnian to Rhaetian in age, as are many other groups in the Dolomites (e.g., the Tofane, the Pelmo or the Cinque Torri).


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: Until 1919 the peaks formed part of the border between Italy and Austria-Hungary. Now they lie on the border between the Italian provinces of South Tyrol and Belluno and still are a part of the linguistic boundary between German-speaking and Italian-speaking majorities. The Cima Grande has an elevation of . It stands between the Cima Piccola, at , and the Cima Ovest, at .


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: The Three Peaks rise on the southern edge of the extensive pinnacle plateau with the Langen Alm (La Grava Longa), an alpine plateau at around 2200 m to 2400 m, which here forms the end of the Rienz Valley (Valle della Rienza). There are three small mountain lakes, the Zinnenseen. This area north of the mountains to the peaks to the municipality of part Toblach in South Tyrol and the Natural Park Three Peaks (up to 2010 Sesto Dolomites Nature Park), the since 2009 is part of the UNESCO World Heritage.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: The ridge of the battlements, which runs in a west-east direction, forms the border with the municipality of Auronzo di Cadore in the province of Belluno, which also represents the German-Italian language border. To the northeast, this ridge continues to the 2454 m high Paternsattel (Forcella Lavaredo), where it turns north to the mountains Passportenkopf (Croda di Passaporto, 2719 m) and Paternkofel (Monte Paterno, 2744 m). In the west it sits across the Forcella Col di Mezzo (2315 m) transition to the Zinnenkuppe (Col di Mezzo, 2254 m) and on to the 2252 m high Katzenleiterkopf (Croda d'Arghena).


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: To the southwest of the Drei Zinnen, the Forcella Col di Mezzo is followed by the Plano di Longeres plateau above the Valle di Rinbianco, a side valley of the Rienz Valley. Immediately south of the western pinnacle, the Forcella di Longeres saddle (2235 m) separates the Plano di Longeres from the Vallone di Lavaredo, a side valley of the Piave valley. To the south lies the Cadini group.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: Cortina d'Ampezzo, 17 kilometers southwest, is the largest city in the area. Other larger towns are Toblach 13 kilometers northwest and Innichen 12 kilometers north.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: The most easily accessible support point around Drei Zinnen is "Rifugio Auronzo" (Auronzo hut, 2320 m). The cottage, which belongs to the Club Alpino Italiano (CAI), is located immediately south of the massif above Forcella di Longeres, and has good road connections to the tourist resort of Misurina (toll road). The cabin can be reached on foot from Lavaredodalen in the southeast.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: About one kilometer east of Rifugio Auronzo and from there via a wide hiking trail lies the privately run "Rifugio di Lavaredo" (2325 m) at the southeast foot of the Kleine Zinne.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: Northwest of the peaks is the summer-open, privately run farmhouse "Lange Alm" (also Lange Alpe) at 2296 m. One hiking trail goes from the Auronzo hut over the Forcella Col di Mezzo, another from the north comes from the Rienztal.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: CAI's Dreizinnenhütte (Rifugio Locatelli, 2438 m) is located approximately one kilometer northeast of Drei Zinnen. The cabin, which is well known for its view of the north wall, can be reached from Auronzohytta via Paternsattel on a wide hiking trail. Other access options are from Sexten through Fischleinboden from the east, and also from Sexten from the north through the Innerfeldtal and through the Rienztal from Höhlenstein (Landro) in the Höhlensteintal (Valle di Landro). From the southeast, the cabin can be reached from Lange Alm.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: The Sexten Dolomites are surrounded by other mountain ranges on all sides, and this sheltered location in the interior of the Alps provides relatively favorable climatic conditions considering the altitude. Nevertheless, when cold fronts pass the area, rapid weather changes with fog, wind and heavy rainfall can occur, even as snow, even in high summer. In shady gorges and under north walls, the snow can lie until late summer, sometimes all year round, even though there are no glaciers here.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: The alpine vegetation zone around Drei Zinnen is dominated by the raibl layer's alpine mats. The plateau around Lange Alm is one of the few areas with grazing land in the nature park. Alpines are strikingly flowery; examples of plants that thrive here are beard bell, edelweiss and Gentiana clusii. The alpine marmot is a numerous mammal; there are also hares and chamois. On the other hand, there are no ibex in the Sexten Dolomites. Of birds there are Rock ptarmigan, ravens and golden eagles, and also hubriscan often be found hunting at this altitude. Vipers, especially the black variety, can be found at the unusual (for reptiles) altitude of 2600 m.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: The vegetation on the vast clocks and on the southern flanks of the peaks is characterized by plants that are able to adapt to the constant movements of the stone clock. Examples of these are alpine cod mouth (Linaria alpina), French edible acid (Rumex scutatus), Thlaspi cepaeifolium, Potentilla nitida and alpine poppy (Papaver alpinum). In crevices are trickled Saxifraga squarrosa, cruciferous Kernera saxatilis, carnation Minuartia sedoides and the rare Paederota bonarota. In the steep, shady north walls there is hardly anyvascular plants; the most conspicuous vegetation is next to moss and low large carpets with blue-green bacteria, which appear especially on moist rock walls in the form of characteristic «ink lines». A mammal that moves all the way into the cliff areas is the snow field mouse (Chionomys nivalis). Insects (Tichodroma muraria) and alpine quays (Pyrrhocorax graculus) hunt insects here.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: The first ascent of the Cima Grande (Große Zinne) was on August 21, 1869, by Paul Grohmann with guides Franz Innerkofler and Peter Salcher. The Cima Ovest (Westliche Zinne) was first climbed exactly ten years later, on August 21, 1879, by Michel Innerkofler with G. Ploner, a tourist. The Cima Piccola (Kleine Zinne) was first climbed on July 25, 1881, by Michel and Hans Innerkofler. The routes of these three first ascents are still the normal ascent routes; the Cima Piccola's route is the most difficult of the three. A climbing route, the Dibona Kante, on the Cima Grande is named after Angelo Dibona.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: Emilio Comici was the first to climb the north face of the Cima Grande in 1933 in a party of three, after an ascent time of 3 days and 2 nights. This partly overhanging northern face is considered by climbers to be one of the great north faces of the Alps.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: Tre Cime Natural Park is named after the famous peaks. The visitor centre provides information concerning the trails, natural and man-made landscapes of the Sexten Dolomites and it is located at the former Grand Hotel in Dobbiaco.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: Numerous well-marked routes lead from the surrounding communities to and around the peaks. The most common route is from Paternkofel/Monte Paterno to the alpine hut Auronzo at 2,333 m (7,654 ft), over Paternsattel (Patern Pass) to the Locatelli alpine hut (Dreizinnenhütte) at 2,405 m (7,890 ft), and then to the peaks. There are a number of other routes as well.


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: Nearby communities include Auronzo di Cadore (in the province of Belluno, region of Veneto), Toblach/Dobbiaco, Sexten/Sesto, and the Puster Valley (in the province of Bolzano, region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol).


title: Tre Cime di Lavaredo

text: Since the front line between Italy and Austria-Hungary during World War I ran through the Tre Cime peaks, there are a number of fortifications, trenches, tunnels, iron ladders, and commemorative plaques in the area. There was intense fighting throughout the so-called "White War" between 1915 and 1917.


title: Sonic Advance

text: Development began after Sega shifted its focus to third-party software development, due to the poor performance of the Dreamcast console. Sega recruited Dimps to lead development, making the game the first in the franchise developed by the studio. While "Sonic Advance" follows a similar style of gameplay to the Sega Genesis "Sonic" games, certain concepts and designs were reused from newer games such as "Sonic Adventure" (1998). The game has been ported to Nokia's N-Gage and Android devices, and is available on the Wii U via the Virtual Console in Japan.


title: Sonic Advance

text: "Sonic Advance" received positive reviews for its graphics, character animations, and faithfulness to the original Genesis games, but was criticized for its short length and special stages. It was a major commercial success, selling 1.21 million copies in the United States and is among the GBA's bestselling games. The game was followed by two sequels also on the Game Boy Advance; "Sonic Advance 2" (2002) and "Sonic Advance 3" (2004).


title: Sonic Advance

text: "Sonic Advance" is a side-scrolling platform game reminiscent of the original "Sonic the Hedgehog" games released for the Sega Genesis. Players journey through an island to defeat Doctor Eggman, who is attempting to capture its animal population to turn them into evil robots. Players select one of four characters, each with their own unique set of moves. Sonic the Hedgehog is fastest and can perform an "insta-shield" that protects him for a moment; Tails can fly or swim for a short time; Knuckles the Echidna can glide through the air, swim above water for a few seconds and climb walls; and Amy Rose can destroy enemies using a hammer. Except for Amy, each character can defeat enemy robots by jumping and curling into a ball, or by performing a spin dash on the ground to gain speed. By entering a cheat code, players can control Sonic while Tails runs alongside him, similar to "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" (1992).


title: Sonic Advance

text: The game takes place over six levels called zones. Each zone is split into two acts, where the player must guide their selected character past enemies and obstacles such as spikes and bottomless pits to reach the end in under ten minutes. Scattered around acts are springboards, boost pads, and golden rings, which serve as a form of health; players survive hits as long as they have at least one ring, but their rings will scatter and disappear after a short period. Players collect canisters that contain power-ups such as speed shoes, elemental shields, and invincibility. The first act ends when players pass a signpost, and the second culminates in a boss fight with Eggman; after hitting him eight times, Eggman will flee and drop a capsule of captured animals. Each character starts the game with a number of lives, which are lost when they are hit with no rings in their possession, crushed, drown, fall in a bottomless pit, or exceed an act's 10-minute limit. If all lives are lost, they will receive a game over.


title: Sonic Advance

text: Special springs can be found near the top of certain acts. By jumping on them, the player can reach a special stage, where they are sent down a tube to collect rings. If they collect enough rings, the player receives a Chaos Emerald. Collecting all seven Emeralds unlocks an extra boss fight. The game also features a minigame, Tiny Chao Garden, where players can raise Chao. Players can transfer their Chao between the Tiny Chao Garden and the Chao Garden from the GameCube versions of "Sonic Adventure" and "Sonic Adventure 2". The game also features a competitive multiplayer mode, where up to four owners of the game can race to the end of a level or search for Chao.


title: Sonic Advance

text: In January 2001, Sega, facing financial troubles with the underperformance of its Dreamcast console, shifted from first to third-party software publishing, with Sony Computer Entertainment's PlayStation 2 and Nintendo's Game Boy Advance (GBA) being primary focuses. A team of developers was formed to begin development on "Sonic the Hedgehog Advance" (later renamed "Sonic Advance"), a "Sonic" game for the GBA to commemorate the series' 10th anniversary. Dimps, a studio formed by several former Neo Geo Pocket Color developers and funded by Sega, Sony, and Bandai, developed the game with assistance from Sonic Team. Sonic Team conceived the game, but was understaffed on employees familiar with the GBA hardware and so recruited Dimps. Several Dimps members worked on the critically acclaimed "Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure" (1999) for the Neo Geo Pocket Color.


title: Sonic Advance

text: The developers decided to return to a gameplay style similar to the original Genesis "Sonic" games, which Naka felt was refreshing. Despite this, they also incorporated concepts from "Sonic Adventure" (1998), such as the ability to grind on rails and the modernized character designs by Yuji Uekawa. As the "Sonic" games released for the Dreamcast allowed players to download minigames onto the Visual Memory Unit (VMU), the development team decided to expand upon this by using a similar concept with the GameCube's GBA link cable, making "Sonic Advance" one of the first games to use the cable. It also features graphical techniques such as rotation effects and Mode 7.


title: Sonic Advance

text: Sega announced "Sonic Advance" and two other GBA games on January 30, 2001. A video containing footage of the game's first level was featured at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in May 2001, and demo versions were showcased at Nintendo Space World and the Tokyo Game Show later that year. Sega released "Sonic Advance" in Japan on December 20, 2001, while THQ released it in North America on February 3, 2002. The game was released in Europe on March 8, 2002, where Infogrames handled marketing and distribution. A port for Nokia's N-Gage, "SonicN", was released worldwide on October 7, 2003. In 2005, it was compiled with "ChuChu Rocket!", "Sonic Pinball Party", and "Sonic Battle" in separate bundle packs for the GBA. The game was released on Android on November 25, 2011, and on the Wii U's Virtual Console on February 18, 2015. Both of these rereleases are exclusive to Japan.


title: Sonic Advance

text: "Sonic Advance" received "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregation website Metacritic. The game sold 1.21 million copies in the United States, making it one of the bestselling games for the GBA. It earned $36 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the 12th highest-selling game launched for the GBA, Nintendo DS or PlayStation Portable in the United States.


title: Sonic Advance

text: The game's presentation was well received. "Electronic Gaming Monthly" called "Sonic Advance" the best-looking 2D "Sonic" game. "GameSpot" praised its detailed scenery and animation, describing them as solid and faithful to the original Genesis games. "Nintendo World Report" described its use of graphical techniques as elegant, praising its anime-inspired character animations, and compared them positively to the critically acclaimed Super Nintendo Entertainment System game "Super Mario World" (1990). The game's music and audio was also praised; "GameSpot" called it comfortable and catchy. Reviewers also praised the gameplay, with many comparing it favorably to the original games. "IGN" wrote the game's new ideas, such as the ability to grind on rails, were clever and determined that "Sonic" felt better on the GBA, rather than the Genesis. "AllGame" said the game relied too much on nostalgia, but felt it was still a "winning formula" and called the game enjoyable. The game's use of the GameCube link cable was praised; "IGN" noted the replay value and variety it offered, and "GameSpot" called it interesting, and felt it made good use of the GBA's connectivity to the GameCube.


title: Sonic Advance

text: Certain elements received more mixed responses. "GameSpot" felt that "Sonic Advance" lacked polish, and criticized the difficult special stages. "IGN"s only criticism was the presence of problems from earlier games, such as "an inviting stretch of roadway that begs to have your character blaze across it at top speed, only to have a spike strip jab you in the feet somewhere in the middle". "Nintendo World Report" thought the game was too short and criticized the exclusion of the Super Sonic replay mode from earlier games. Reviews for the N-Gage version were mixed; "GameSpot" criticized its choppy frame rate and encouraged readers to buy the superior GBA version instead. "IGN" agreed and felt the N-Gage's vertical screen and omission of the multiplayer modes had a negative impact on the ported version. Overall, reviewers felt "Sonic Advance" was a solid addition to the "Sonic" franchise. "Nintendo World Report" felt the game was not perfect, but was still a game that "deserves a spot in your GBA case". "IGN" agreed, and stated the game successfully recaptured the spirit of classic "Sonic" gameplay while feeling unique and taking advantage of the GBA's capabilities.


title: Sonic Advance

text: In 2009, "Official Nintendo Magazine" named "Sonic Advance" among the best games for Nintendo consoles. Later that year, they ranked the game 75th on a list of greatest Nintendo games, calling it "the finest Sonic game since the Mega Drive golden years and remains a 2D classic. "GamesRadar" called it the 13th best "Sonic" game in 2017. The same year, "USgamer" named it the sixth best, stating that while it did not feel like the classic Genesis games, its graphics were "gorgeous", which helped make the game a standout for the franchise.


title: Sonic Advance

text: "Sonic Advance" was the first "Sonic" game released for a Nintendo console. "GamesRadar" considered this significant, as Nintendo and Sega were fierce rivals throughout the 1990s; "Sonic Advance" helped end this rivalry by "reducing Sonic's die-hard brand loyalty to a distant memory from the halcyon-toned 1990s". The two companies worked closely in the following years, collaborating for the first time in 2003 with "F-Zero GX." In 2007, both Sonic and Nintendo's mascot Mario featured in "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games". "Nintendo Power" wrote that Sonic—created as opposition to Nintendo—seemed at home on Nintendo consoles; "GamesRadar" said Sega and Nintendo were now "like old friends".


title: Sonic Advance

text: "Sonic Advance" was also the first "Sonic" game developed by Dimps. Sega continued to contract the company in following years to create many games in the series. The first of these were two sequels to "Sonic Advance"—"Sonic Advance 2" (2002) and "Sonic Advance 3" (2004). Dimps also developed the Nintendo DS games "Sonic Rush" (2005) and "Sonic Rush Adventure" (2007), the handheld versions of "Sonic Colors" (2010), "Sonic Generations" (2011), and "Sonic Lost World" (2013), and co-developed "Sonic the Hedgehog 4" (2010) and the PlayStation 2 and Wii versions of "Sonic Unleashed" (2008) with Sonic Team. Several journalists have noted that Dimps' handheld games have received consistently better reviews than Sonic Team's home console games. "GamesRadar" wrote this was because Dimps "managed to keep the spirit" of the original games alive in theirs.


title: Robin Finck

text: Robert John "Robin" Finck (born November 7, 1971) is an American guitarist. Finck is the longest-serving touring musician for Nine Inch Nails, performing with the band from 1994 to 2000, and returning in 2008. With Nine Inch Nails, Finck contributed studio performances on ‘’The Slip’’ (2008).


title: Robin Finck

text: Finck also was an official member of Guns N’ Roses from 1997 through 2008. With Guns N’ Roses, Finck wrote and recorded on the long-delayed ‘’Chinese Democracy’’ (2008), notably co-writing the single “Better”.


title: Robin Finck

text: In 2020, Finck was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Nine Inch Nails. (Guns N’ Roses were inducted in 2012, however Finck was not inducted.)


title: Robin Finck

text: Finck grew up in Marietta, Georgia and played with several unsigned bands based primarily in the Atlanta area, including acts such as Prowess, Bat Your Lashes, Sik Dik (bandmates of which included Steve "Holiday" Childress and Michael Allen, currently of The Goodies and Greg Thum), and Impotent Sea Snakes.


title: Robin Finck

text: He joined Nine Inch Nails as part of their in 1994–95 for their "Self-Destruct" and "Further Down the Spiral" tours following the departure of previous guitarist Richard Patrick. Finck appeared with Nine Inch Nails at Woodstock '94, and saw his first official release with them, the "Closer to God" single, released in 1994. Once the tour was completed, he took a job playing for the circus troupe Cirque du Soleil in the original tour of Quidam. In 1997 Finck signed a two-year contract with Guns N' Roses as the replacement for Slash (who had quit the band at the end of the previous year) and began work on what was ultimately to become the band's long delayed album "Chinese Democracy". When the two years were up the album had not been completed, although the song "Oh My God" was released on the "End of Days" soundtrack. Whether or not Finck played on the song is in dispute; GNR vocalist Axl Rose says he did while Finck himself says he did not.


title: Robin Finck

text: Finck rejoined Nine Inch Nails as the band embarked on their "Fragility v1.0" and "Fragility v2.0" tours in support of the 1999 album "The Fragile". These tours were recorded and released as the live album/DVD, "And All That Could Have Been". He also played on a studio-recorded version of "The Day the World Went Away" on the companion album "Still", which was included with the deluxe version of "And All That Could Have Been" and later made available as a standalone CD through nin.com. Shortly after the tour ended in 2000 he returned to Guns N' Roses, playing four shows with them in late 2001 followed by a brief tour of Europe and Asia in mid-2002 and a live appearance at the MTV Video Music Awards. A planned US tour was meant to continue through the remainder of 2002 but was called off by the promoter after two cancelled shows led to rioting by fans. Around this time Finck and then-bandmate Buckethead contributed to the soundtrack of the John Carpenter movie "Ghosts of Mars", playing alongside members of thrash metal group Anthrax and guitar virtuoso Steve Vai. After his touring obligations with GNR were fulfilled he joined the LedZAerial production (a performance by acrobats set to the music of the band Led Zeppelin).


title: Robin Finck

text: Finck was invited to rejoin NIN to tour in support of their 2005 album "With Teeth" but chose not to and the position was filled by Aaron North. In the summer of 2006, he toured Europe with Guns N' Roses playing in front of over 700,000 people. They finished up by touring North America for the remainder of the year, and went to Mexico, Australia and Japan in 2007.


title: Robin Finck

text: On April 4, 2008, it was announced via nin.com that Finck would be rejoining Nine Inch Nails as a member of the live band. He subsequently contributed to the Nine Inch Nails album "The Slip", earning a performance credit alongside then-band members Josh Freese and Alessandro Cortini.


title: Robin Finck

text: In November 2008 Guns N' Roses' long-awaited album "Chinese Democracy" was released. Finck has a co-writing credit on the song "Better", which was later released as a single, as well as 7 other songs on the album. He also played guitar on every track, performed 7 of the guitar solos and has additional credits for keyboards, arrangements and pre-production. He chose to remain with NIN after the album's release and, on March 21, 2009, was officially replaced as the lead guitarist of Guns N' Roses by guitarist DJ Ashba. The official Guns N' Roses website stated that "Robin continues to be part of GN'R, by virtue of Guns' history and his involvement in Chinese Democracy".


title: Robin Finck

text: Following the departure of NIN live band members Alessandro Cortini and Josh Freese at the end of 2008 Finck and bassist Justin Meldal-Johnsen re-grouped with band leader Trent Reznor and new drummer Ilan Rubin and the 4-piece band completed an 8-date tour of Australia and New Zealand between February and March 2009. Finck continued to perform with the band throughout the 2009 Nine Inch Nails/Janes Addiction (NIN|JA) tour, with shows throughout North America, and the subsequent Wave Goodbye tour through Europe and Asia. The band then returned to the US to play a series of shows.


title: Robin Finck

text: In October 2009 Finck and former Guns N' Roses bandmates Axl Rose, Tommy Stinson and Buckethead were named in a lawsuit by electronic musician Ulrich Schnauss's record labels Independiente and Domino alleging that they had committed copyright infringement by using portions of his compositions in the song "Riad 'n the Bedouins". Finck appears on the 2010 album "The Lady Killer" by artist CeeLo Green, performing guitar on the track "The Lady Killer Theme (Outro)".


title: Robin Finck

text: On March 12, 2012, Finck appeared on-stage with Guns N' Roses, performing "Better", a song he co-wrote with Axl Rose.


title: Robin Finck

text: On May 17, 2013, it was announced by Trent Reznor via his Twitter account and the nin.com home page, that Finck would be rejoining Nine Inch Nails for the 2013–14 tours. Finck has since performed with the group on each subsequent tour, although he only remains a touring member.


title: Robin Finck

text: Since 2001, Finck has been married to acrobat Bianca Sapetto, by whom he has two children. They met while working in Cirque du Soleil. Besides being a musician he also creates artwork and displays some of his own drawings and photos on his website. In 2007 he contributed artwork in the form of ink drawings to the album "Frames" by Oceansize at the request of their guitarist Gambler. In 2003, Finck was credited as one of the writers of a production called "My Birthday Party", which incorporated acrobatics, storytelling, music, acting, and clowning. The show included actor Viggo Mortensen and was performed at the Miles Memorial Playhouse in Santa Monica, California.


title: Robin Finck

text: On February 23, 2009 session drummer Josh Freese, who has been a bandmate of Finck's in both Guns N' Roses and Nine Inch Nails, announced that as part of the pricing strategy for his new solo album "Since 1972" a one-off package costing $75,000 would include "a flying trapeze lesson with Josh and Robin from NIN" followed by a visit to Robin's place afterwards where "his wife will make you raw lasagna".


title: Robin Finck

text: Finck is known for his theatrical appearance when performing, making use of makeup, costumes and clothing to enhance his stage presence. He has also been known to break out into eccentric dance moves during songs with various facial expressions. Between tours and appearances he frequently makes radical alterations to his image, and is particularly famous among fans for his many distinctive and often unusual hair styles. Axl Rose has described him as leading "one of the most different lives I know of starting with the trapeze in his backyard to the tv in his closet"


title: Robin Finck

text: Finck is closely associated with Gibson Les Paul guitars and uses different versions of the guitar that are built from a variety of woods and equipped with numerous pickup combinations (in 2006 he was photographed at the New York City Gibson Guitar showroom collecting a Custom Les Paul Standard '58 Reissue for use on tour with Guns N' Roses). Many of them have been customized and he often moves the pickup selector switch from the top of the guitar's body, as he has said the standard configuration is obstructive. After re-joining Nine Inch Nails in 2008 he began using several other guitars on stage, including Jerry Jones baritone guitars (similar in shape to Danelectro guitars), Fender Jazzmasters, Fender Telecasters and Gibson ES-355s. In 2020, Finck and Reverend Guitars unveiled a signature guitar for Finck based on Reverend's Sensei using Railhammer Chisel pickups. Finck removed the tone knob as he only uses the volume and bass contour knobs.


title: Robin Finck

text: In 2009 Finck signed with Schecter Guitar Research as an official endorsee and started using a number of Schecter guitars while touring with NIN, including custom versions of the PT Fastback and Ultra III. He also ordered a custom "Tempest Classic" guitar with gold top finish, an in-built compressor and a wah effect in place of the two tone controls. In late 2009 Schecter issued a press release which announced a limited edition Robin Finck signature guitar based on the Ultra Cure and Ultra III models was entering production. Finck is also listed as a user of Godin guitars on the company's official website and can be seen playing Godin guitars on the Nine Inch Nails live DVD "And All That Could Have Been".


title: Robin Finck

text: He uses a broad range of guitar amps (various models by Marshall Amplification and Mesa Boogie) and effects (including the BOSS DD-5 Digital Delay, Dunlop wah-wah, Devi Ever bit, the legend of fuzz, and RockTron Vodoo Valve) and is known to work very hard to re-create studio tones and textures when playing on stage. He frequently shoves the body of his guitar up against the speakers of his amplifiers during live performances to generate feedback and increased distortion. For some NIN songs he has been known to use an e-bow, as seen during the clip for "La Mer" on the "And All That Could Have Been" live DVD.


title: Robin Finck

text: While his primary role in Guns N' Roses was that of lead guitarist, Finck is credited with playing some of the electronic keyboard parts on "Chinese Democracy". Similarly, although he performs with Nine Inch Nails mainly as a guitarist he often plays other instruments on stage, including lap steel guitar (with effects pedals mounted to the body of the instrument), ukulele, mandolin and keyboards/synthesizers. He also contributes backing vocals.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: Carlos Ricardo Brathwaite (born 18 July 1988) is a cricketer from Barbados and a former captain of the West Indies Twenty20 International (T20I) team.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: Brathwaite made his T20I debut for the West Indies against Bangladesh on 11 October 2011. He made his One Day International debut seven days later in the same series.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: He made his Test debut for the West Indies in the Second Test against Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 26 December 2015.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: Needing 19 to win in the last over of the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 final against England, Brathwaite hit four consecutive sixes in the first four balls of the over to enable the West Indies to win their second World Twenty20 title. This was his debut World Cup. He was the first player for the West Indies to hit four consecutive sixes in a T20I match.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: In August 2016, Brathwaite was named the captain of the West Indies team for their Twenty20 International matches against India in Florida later that month.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: On 8 March 2018, during the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier match against Papua New Guinea at the Old Hararians in Harare, Brathwaite took his first five-wicket haul in ODIs.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: In April 2019, he was named in the West Indies' squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 22 June 2019, in the match against New Zealand, Brathwaite scored his first century in ODIs. He was caught on the boundary for what would have been a match-winning six.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: In April 2016, he made his Indian Premier League (IPL) debut for Delhi Daredevils. He spent a number of years playing domestic cricket in Ireland, with Dublin-based Leinster Cricket Club, and in 2009 he won the Bob Kerr Irish Senior Cup, defeating Donemena CC in the final.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: In January 2018, he was bought by Sunrisers Hyderabad in the 2018 IPL auction and in May was signed by Kent County Cricket Club to play in the 2018 Vitality Blast tournament in England.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: In October 2018, Cricket West Indies (CWI) awarded him a white-ball contract for the 2018–19 season. Later the same month, he was named in the squad for Khulna Titans following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League and in October captained Combined Campuses and Colleges to their first Regional Super 50 title. In December 2018, he was bought by Kolkata Knight Riders for the 2019 Indian Premier League.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: In October 2019, Brathwaite was again named as captain of Combined Campuses for the 2019–20 Regional Super50 tournament. In July 2020, he was named in the Jamaica Tallawahs squad for the 2020 Caribbean Premier League and in October was drafted by the Dambulla Viiking for the inaugural edition of the Lanka Premier League.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: Brathwaite signed for Birmingham Bears for the 2021 T20 Blast and in July 2022 was signed by the Kandy Falcons for the 2022 Lanka Premier League.


title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: Carlos Brathwaite married his longtime girlfriend Jessica Felix in June 2018. The couple have a daughter.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: Hate speech in the United States cannot be directly regulated by the government due to the fundamental right to freedom of speech protected by the Constitution. While "hate speech" is not a legal term in the United States, the U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that most of what would qualify as hate speech in other western countries is legally protected free speech under the First Amendment. In a Supreme Court case on the issue, "Matal v. Tam" (2017), the justices unanimously reaffirmed that there is effectively no "hate speech" exception to the free speech rights protected by the First Amendment and that the U.S. government may not discriminate against speech on the basis of the speaker's viewpoint.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: In academic circles, there has been debate over freedom of speech, hate speech, and hate speech legislation. Other forms of speech have lesser protection under court interpretations of the First Amendment, including commercial speech and obscenity.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: The protection of civil liberties, including freedom of speech, was not written into the original 1788 Constitution of the United States but was added two years later with the Bill of Rights, implemented as several amendments to the Constitution. The First Amendment, ratified December 15, 1791, provides (in relevant part) that "Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press". The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified on July 9, 1868, has been interpreted by the Supreme Court as extending this prohibition to laws enacted by the states.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: Some limits on expression were contemplated by the framers and have been defined by the Supreme Court of the United States.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: In 1942, the issue of group defamation was first most explicitly brought up in "Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire", which surrounded the issue of a Jehovah's Witness, Walter Chaplinsky, who verbally attacked a town marshal for restricting his use of a public sidewalk to protest organized religion by calling him a "damned fascist" and "racketeer." Later, when the court heard "Beauharnais v. Illinois", establishing the narrow traditional exception to the First Amendment covering those words which by their very utterances tend to inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: About a decade later in 1952, in "Beauharnais v. Illinois", the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the state of Illinois's group libel law, which punished expression attacking the reputation of racial, ethnic, and religious groups. The defendant was charged for distributing a leaflet that rallied white people in Chicago "to halt the further encroachment, harassment and invasion of white people, their property, neighborhoods and persons, by the Negro." Going off "Chaplinsky", the court ruled that since "libelous utterances [are not] within the area of constitutionally protected speech," it did not matter that the speech did not incite any direct harm. After the "Beauharnais" case, the Supreme Court developed a free speech jurisprudence that loosened most aspects of the free speech doctrine. Traditionally, however, if the speech did not fall within one of the categorical exceptions, it was protected speech.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: In 1969, the Supreme Court protected a Ku Klux Klan member's speech and created the "imminent danger" test to determine on what grounds speech can be limited. The court ruled in "Brandenburg v. Ohio" that: "The constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit a state to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force, or of law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action."


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: This test has been modified very little from its inception in 1969, though it was itself a modification from the earlier clear and present danger standard. Speech promoting violation of the law may still only be restricted when it poses an imminent danger of unlawful action, where the speaker has the intention to incite such action, and there is the likelihood that this will be the consequence of that speech.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: In 1992, in "R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul", the issue of targeting hate speech arose again when a group of white teenagers burned a cross in the front yard of an African-American family. The local ordinance in St. Paul, Minnesota, criminalized symbolic expressions tantamount to fighting words, arousing anger on the basis of race (among other protected classes). Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the Supreme Court, held that the ordinance was unconstitutional as it contravened the First Amendment by focusing on particular groups about whom speech was restricted. Scalia explained that "The reason why fighting words are categorically excluded from the protection of the First Amendment is not that their content communicates any particular idea, but that their content embodies a particularly intolerable (and socially unnecessary) mode of expressing whatever idea the speaker wishes to convey." Because the hate speech ordinance was not concerned with the mode of expression, but with the content of expression, it was a violation of the freedom of speech. Thus, the Supreme Court embraced the idea that speech in general is permissible unless it will lead to imminent violence. The opinion noted "This conduct, if proved, might well have violated various Minnesota laws against arson, criminal damage to property", among a number of others, none of which was charged, including threats to any person, not to only protected classes.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: In 2003, the Supreme Court decided "Virginia v. Black". In a 7-2 majority opinion written by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, the court decided that a law which criminalized public cross-burning was unconstitutional. The court noted that the law would be constitutional if the law included an element of specific intent to inspire fear of bodily harm instead of concluding that cross-burning is "prima facie" evidence of intent to intimidate. The court's analysis was based upon the First Amendment's free speech clause.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: In 2011, the Supreme Court issued their ruling on "Snyder v. Phelps," which concerned the right of the Westboro Baptist Church to protest with signs found offensive by many Americans. Snyder, the father of a soldier whose funeral was protested by Phelps' church, sued Phelps for intentional infliction of emotional distress. The issue presented was whether the First Amendment protected the expressions written on the signs from being the basis for civil liability. In an 8–1 decision the court sided with Fred Phelps, the head of Westboro Baptist Church, thereby confirming their historically strong protection of freedom of speech. The Court explained, "speech deals with matters of public concern when it can 'be fairly considered as relating to any matter of political, social, or other concern to the community' or when it 'is a subject of general interest and of value and concern to the public.'"


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: In June 2017, the Supreme Court affirmed in a unanimous decision on "Matal v. Tam" that the disparagement clause of the Lanham Act violates the First Amendment's free speech clause. The issue was about government prohibiting the registration of trademarks that are "racially disparaging". Justice Samuel Alito wrote:


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: Speech that demeans on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, disability, or any other similar ground is hateful; but the proudest boast of our free speech jurisprudence is that we protect the freedom to express "the thought that we hate". "United States v. Schwimmer", 279 U. S. 644, 655 (1929) (Holmes, J., dissenting).


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: A law that can be directed against speech found offensive to some portion of the public can be turned against minority and dissenting views to the detriment of all. The First Amendment does not entrust that power to the government's benevolence. Instead, our reliance must be on the substantial safeguards of free and open discussion in a democratic society.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: Effectively, the Supreme Court unanimously reaffirmed that there is no 'hate speech' exception to the First Amendment.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, more than 350 public universities adopted "speech codes" regulating discriminatory speech by faculty and students. These codes have not fared well in the courts, where they are frequently overturned as violations of the First Amendment. Debate over restriction of "hate speech" in public universities has resurfaced with the adoption of anti-harassment codes covering discriminatory speech.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: The speech that hostile work environment harassment law can prohibit varies case by case and is continually under scrutiny by the courts. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) states that, "Harassment is a form of employment discrimination that violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, (ADEA), and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, (ADA). Harassment is unwelcome conduct that is based on race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information." For example, in "Brown Transport Corp. v. Commonwealth", the state of Pennsylvania stated that it was religious harassment to put religious pieces in their employee newsletter and Christian-themed verses on their paychecks. In "Olivant v. Department of Environmental Protection", the New Jersey Office of Administrative Law found jokes e-mailed to a workplace department and the judge ruled the jokes to "defame and dishonor men and women based upon their gender, sexual preference, religion, skin pigmentation and national and ethnic origin," thereby making them illegal.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: AT&T aimed to regulate hate speech starting in the 1960s, when various people and groups would connect tape recorders to a phone line and when anyone would call that line, the recording would play. These types of phone lines were nicknamed "dial-a-hate". This technique was used by extremists groups like the Connecticut branch of the National Socialist White People's Party and the Ku Klux Klan. These phone lines proved to be popular as a Neo-Nazi group in Philadelphia said they received 3,800 calls per week in 1973 and a Texas branch of the Ku Klux Klan used this method all the way into 1977. Some phone lines like Let Freedom Ring became popular shows that people would call in to hear a new recording every week, much like an early form of a podcast.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: AT&T tried several times to end the "dial-a-hate" lines but phone companies and regulators said nothing could be done to shut down the recordings and courts protected them under the First Amendment. Eventually, AT&T required that the operators of the line identify themselves. Between this new AT&T policy and the growing expense of having a phone line, the "dial-a-hate" lines came to an end. Many of the groups found new and less expensive ways of promoting their agenda like sending messages through fax machines and digital bulletin boards. Eventually, the extremist group would spread their messages through the internet and social media.


title: Hate speech in the United States

text: In 1992, Congress directed the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) to examine the role of telecommunications, including broadcast radio and television, cable television, public access television, and computer bulletin boards, in advocating or encouraging violent acts and the commission of hate crimes against designated persons and groups. The NTIA study investigated speech that fostered a climate of hatred and prejudice in which hate crimes may occur. The study failed to link telecommunication to hate crimes, but did find that "individuals have used telecommunications to disseminate messages of hate and bigotry to a wide audience." Its recommendation was that the best way to fight hate speech was through additional speech promoting tolerance, as opposed to government regulation.


title: Laxman Narasimhan

text: Laxman Narasimhan (born 15 April 1967) is an Indian-American business executive who was chief commercial officer (CCO) of PepsiCo, and chief executive officer (CEO) of Reckitt. He joined Starbucks under the title "interim CEO" in October 2022, and following the transition will succeed interim CEO Howard Schultz on April 1, 2023.


title: Laxman Narasimhan

text: Narasimhan was raised in Pune, India. He earned a degree in mechanical engineering from the College of Engineering, Pune, an MA in German and International Studies from The Lauder Institute at the University of Pennsylvania, and an MBA in Finance from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.


title: Laxman Narasimhan

text: Narasimhan worked for McKinsey for 19 years until 2012, rising to director and location manager for their New Delhi office. In 2012, he joined PepsiCo, rising to chief commercial officer.


title: Laxman Narasimhan

text: Narasimhan succeeded Rakesh Kapoor as CEO of Reckitt Benckiser in September 2019, formulating a turnaround plan which was intended to rejuvenate the company "following a series of missteps and lacklustre growth that marked the final years of his predecessor". However, in September 2022 the company unexpectedly announced his resignation, citing "personal and family reasons".


title: Laxman Narasimhan

text: On September 1, 2022, Starbucks announced that Narasimhan will become the company's next CEO. He will succeed Howard Schultz, who has served as interim CEO since Kevin Johnson resigned in March 2022.


title: Laxman Narasimhan

text: Narasimhan is married, with two children, and lives in Greenwich, Connecticut. He speaks six languages.


title: Jutta Leerdam

text: Leerdam became junior world champion at the 2017 World Junior Championships in Helsinki, Finland. The following year, at the 2018 Championships in Salt Lake City, United States, she finished second behind compatriot Joy Beune.


title: Jutta Leerdam

text: During the 2017–18 season she won the ISU Junior World Cup competition in the 1000m and 1500m events. She also became Dutch junior sprint champion.


title: Jutta Leerdam

text: Leerdam was in a relationship with Dutch speed skater Koen Verweij beginning in 2017. On 1 August 2022, Leerdam announced on her Instagram page that they had broken up.


title: Chirag Patil

text: Chirag Patil (born 10 March 1987) is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi and Marathi films. He is best known for his role as Omkar in "Vazandar" (2016) directed by Sachin Kundalkar. Patil made his big screen debut with "Raada Rox" (2011), the film was directed by Rahul Thackeray and Heyramb S Khot. He made his Bollywood debut with "Chargesheet" (2011) directed by Dev Anand. He is the son of a famous Indian cricketer Sandeep Patil and played the role of his father in the movie "83" based on the 1983 Cricket World Cup win by the Indian Cricket team.


title: Moonlight Graham

text: Archibald Wright "Moonlight" Graham (November 12, 1876 – August 25, 1965) was an American professional baseball player and medical doctor who appeared as a right fielder in a single major league game for the New York Giants on June 29, 1905. His story was popularized by "Shoeless Joe", a novel by W. P. Kinsella, and the subsequent 1989 film "Field of Dreams", starring Kevin Costner, and featuring Burt Lancaster and Frank Whaley, respectively, as older and younger incarnations of Graham.


title: Moonlight Graham

text: Graham was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina, the second of ten children born to Alexander (September 12, 1844 – November 2, 1934) and Katherine B. Sloan Graham (March 8, 1855 – January 1, 1939). His brother, Frank Porter Graham, was president of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and was later a U. S. Senator. Every one of Graham's siblings also finished college.


title: Moonlight Graham

text: He played baseball at UNC, where he was also a member of the Dialectic Society, a debating organization.


title: Moonlight Graham

text: Graham went on to play baseball in the minor leagues for seven seasons, starting with the Charlotte Hornets in the Class C North Carolina League in 1902. The following year, he played with Nashua, New Hampshire's team in the Class B New England League. Graham also played for the Lowell, Massachusetts and Manchester, New Hampshire teams that season, eventually batting .240 in 89 games with seven triples. In 1904, he spent the entire season with Manchester, hitting .272 in 108 games.