title: White coat ceremony

text: Since starting in the US, several medical schools in countries outside of the United States (such as Iran, Israel, Canada, Dominican Republic, Brazil and Poland) have also started holding WCCs. The ceremony is no longer limited to medical students; starting in 1995, US pharmacy schools started holding WCCs, with the difference that most pharmacy students receive their coats at the end of their first academic year. In 2003 a survey found that the majority of US pharmacy schools hold WCCs. An Arnold P. Gold Foundation-sponsored version of the WCC, or a similar rite of passage, is currently used by 97 percent of Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)-accredited schools of medicine in the United States, and takes place at medical and osteopathic schools in 13 other countries.


title: White coat ceremony

text: In December 2006 the first white coat ceremony was held by Fatima Jinnah Dental College (FJDC), in Karachi, Pakistan.


title: White coat ceremony

text: In October 2008 the white coat ceremony was held at the VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, it was the first ceremony held in The Netherlands. In 2011 Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam also participated in holding the ceremony at their medical faculty.


title: White coat ceremony

text: On October 13, 2010, the faculty of medicine at the University of Cologne, Germany, became the first German-speaking University to integrate this ritual into its programme. Initiated by then-student representative Hormos Salimi Dafsari in Cologne, the ceremony has been spread to various German cities such as Leipzig and Halle via channels of the German Medical Students' Association (bvmd).


title: White coat ceremony

text: On April 12, 2010, the University of Queensland's (Australia) School of Pharmacy became the first in Australia to adopt the ceremony for its incoming Bachelor of Pharmacy students.


title: White coat ceremony

text: On April 29, 2011, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn was the first medical school in Poland, that has introduced the White Coat Ceremony.


title: White coat ceremony

text: In September 2011, Jagiellonian University in Kraków became the first medical school in Poland to introduce a white coat ceremony for the incoming class.


title: White coat ceremony

text: On February 28, 2011, the Faculty of Medicine at the Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro" in Novara became the first Italian medical school to introduce a white coat ceremony for its third-year students.


title: White coat ceremony

text: On October 5, 2012, the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr. T. POPA" of Iasi, Romania, became the first Romanian university to integrate this ritual, for its first-year medical students, into the symbolism of developing as a physician.


title: White coat ceremony

text: On October 8, 2012, the Medical University of Graz became the first university in Austria to celebrate a white coat ceremony of its third-year students.


title: White coat ceremony

text: On December 6, 2012, the School of Medicine at the All American Institute of Medical Sciences, Jamaica, became the first in Jamaica to introduce this ritual, for its Basic Sciences medical students.


title: White coat ceremony

text: In 2014 the Arnold P. Gold Foundation for Humanism in Medicine partnered with the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) to pilot the White Coat Ceremony at nursing schools.


title: White coat ceremony

text: On July 13, 2017, the medical school of the University Of Tripoli became the first Libyan University to introduce this event.


title: White coat ceremony

text: On September 18, 2019, the Faculty of Medicine of Tunis became the first in Tunisia to introduce this ritual in collaboration with Hygie Organization for the Promotion of Ethics.


title: Soh Chin Ann

text: Datuk Wira Soh Chin Ann (or Soh Chin Aun due to misspelling by Malaysian media; ; born 28 July 1950) is a Malaysian former footballer. He was affectionately known as "Tauke" or "Towkay" () by his teammates and fans. RSSSF and IFFHS recognised Soh as the player with the most international caps in men's football with 219 caps. He formerly held the record of all-time most appearances in FIFA international recognized matches with 195 caps.


title: Soh Chin Ann

text: Soh started his football career with Malacca in 1969. He joined Selangor in 1971 and played for them until 1978 winning six Malaysia Cup titles. He returns with Malacca in 1979 and won the League Cup title in 1983 but was inactive for two years due to one year suspension in 1985. He returns as Malacca captain in 1988 which also his last appearances in domestic league.


title: Soh Chin Ann

text: At the age of 19, Soh earned his full international caps for Malaysia at the 1969 King's Cup. In 1971, when he played in the Olympic qualifier in Seoul, South Korea, he was the youngest member of the national team at the age of 21. He participated in the 1972 Munich Olympic Games and playing all three group games. He also was the captain of the team that qualified for the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games. Unfortunately, Malaysia did not participate in boycott of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. However, because of his contribution for helping Malaysia to qualify for the Olympics, he was awarded the Ahli Mangku Negara by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. He later took part in the 1980 AFC Asian Cup, where his Malaysia was eliminated from the group stage, yet Malaysia produced one of the finest performance ever under his leadership, with the team gaining a famous 1–1 draw over powerhouse South Korea; Soh gained fame as well for having an exceptional tournament, allowing him to be named into the Team of the Tournament by the AFC, the first Southeast Asian to receive such honour, a record which would stand until the 2019 AFC Asian Cup.


title: Soh Chin Ann

text: On 11 May 1975, Soh is part of the Malaysia Selection that played against Arsenal FC in a friendly match which his team won by 2-0 at Merdeka Stadium.


title: Soh Chin Ann

text: He retired from international football in 1984 and made 252 international appearances as recorded by Football Association of Malaysia. Asian Football Confederation recognised his achievements and included him into AFC Century Club in February 1999.


title: Soh Chin Ann

text: He was appointed as the chairman of the referees' committee on 13 March 2007. He was the team manager (not head coach) of Malaysia national football team from 2007 until 2009.


title: Soh Chin Ann

text: He once tried to make it in politics by contesting to be the Member of Parliament for Kota Melaka representing Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) of Barisan Nasional (BN) in 1986 but he suffered a defeat of 17,606 votes to Lim Guan Eng of Democratic Action Party (DAP).


title: Soh Chin Ann

text: In 2016, he made a cameo appearance in "Ola Bola" as Chow Kok Keong, a character based on himself in the 1980 Moscow Olympics qualification campaign.


title: Justin Credible

text: Peter Joseph "PJ" Polaco (born October 16, 1973) is a retired American professional wrestler, best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the ring name Justin Credible. He is also known for his earlier stint with the WWF under the ring name Aldo Montoya. Polaco is a one-time world champion, having won the ECW World Heavyweight Championship once.


title: Justin Credible

text: His first major stint was in the WWF as Aldo Montoya, where he competed as a mid-carder between 1994 and 1997. He got his biggest exposure when he joined ECW in 1997 as Justin Credible and enjoyed a successful career. He began a two-month winning streak before feuding with the company's top wrestlers for the next two years. He formed Impact Players with Lance Storm in 1999 and the duo won the World Tag Team Championship twice in 2000.


title: Justin Credible

text: Later that year, he won the World Heavyweight Championship at CyberSlam and held it for five months. He remained in the title contention until the company folded in 2001 and competed in the last match of ECW. He headlined the company's flagship event November to Remember twice. He then returned to WWF as a member of X-Factor and later The Alliance during the Invasion angle.


title: Justin Credible

text: He later won the Hardcore Championship eight times before departing in 2003. He briefly returned to the renamed WWE in 2006 as part of the revived ECW brand.


title: Justin Credible

text: Polaco traveled to Alberta in 1992 to train at the Hart Brothers Training Camp, nominally run by Keith Hart. He was mainly trained by his future tag team partner, Lance Storm, and Chris Jericho, who both graduated the program the year before. After wrestling unpaid as P.J. Walker, and setting up the rings there for a time, he began working for New England-based wrestling promotions.


title: Justin Credible

text: Polaco began wrestling for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) as an enhancement talent. His first match was a loss to Lex Luger on the March 1, 1993 episode of "Monday Night Raw". He continued to wrestle sporadically in WWF throughout 1993 and 1994. He even scored an upset victory against Irwin R. Schyster on the September 20, 1993 episode of "Raw", after a distraction by Razor Ramon. He also worked a few matches as an enhancement talent in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1994.


title: Justin Credible

text: After spending nearly two years in the WWF as an enhancement talent, Polaco was hired by Pat Patterson to a full-time contract in late 1994. His Portuguese ancestry inspired the WWF to give him the soccer player character of Aldo Montoya. However the idea changed to the "Portuguese Man O' War" character since he didn't like soccer. He made his televised debut as a fan favorite on the November 14 episode of "Monday Night Raw", where he picked up a victory over The Brooklyn Brawler. He was once offered to be a part of the Million Dollar Corporation by Ted DiBiase. He refused and told him to "shove his money in his ear". His mask drew criticism by fellow wrestlers, who called it a "jockstrap". Polaco befriended The Kliq, an influential group of upper card wrestlers, after Razor Ramon offered to mentor him. Polaco made his pay-per-view debut at the 1995 Royal Rumble as a participant in the Royal Rumble match. He lasted 13 minutes until he was eliminated by eventual winner Shawn Michaels. Montoya suffered his first televised loss against Mantaur on the January 29 episode of "Action Zone". On the April 8 episode of "Superstars", Polaco defeated the Intercontinental Champion Jeff Jarrett in a non-title match, which earned him a title shot against Jarrett for the Intercontinental Championship on the April 22 episode of "Superstars", where Jarrett retained the title. Montoya appeared at the In Your House pay-per-view, where he attempted to prevent Jarrett and The Roadie from attacking Razor Ramon after a handicap match.


title: Justin Credible

text: He made only one pay-per-view appearance in 1996 at the Royal Rumble, where he participated in the Royal Rumble match, where he lasted only two minutes until he was eliminated by Tatanka. His only highlight of the year was an upset victory against Jerry Lawler on the July 27 episode of "Superstars", which he gained by pinning Lawler with Jake Roberts' "DDT" finishing move. He lost to Lawler in a rematch on the August 5 episode of "Monday Night Raw". After the match, Lawler poured Jim Beam whiskey down his throat. Throughout this time, Montoya became more of a lower card wrestler and even asked for his release in 1997 when he was only being booked twice a month. The WWF initially declined and sent him to a developmental promotion in Memphis to hone his skills, where he remained for seven weeks. He was then released on the condition that he could not work for rival promotion World Championship Wrestling, which was then luring wrestlers away from the WWF with the promise of larger salaries. Polaco was instead sent to Extreme Championship Wrestling as part of a talent exchange between WWF and ECW.


title: Justin Credible

text: Polaco joined ECW under the guidance of booker Paul Heyman, who promised to make him a star. He debuted in ECW as "PG-187" in a loss to Chris Candido on August 21, 1997. He later resumed his "PJ Walker" name. At As Good as It Gets, his character was repackaged as he shaved his head and switched to a grunge style of dress, and adopted a cocky, sneering, egomaniacal attitude. He was introduced by Jason Knight, who named him "Justin Credible" ("Just Incredible"). Credible defeated Jerry Lynn by debuting a new finisher called "That's Incredible". He began an undefeated streak which included a notable win over The Great Sasuke on the October 24 episode of "Hardcore TV". Credible suffered his first loss in ECW against Mikey Whipwreck in his pay-per-view debut at November to Remember. Credible continued his rivalry with Whipwreck, beating him in televised rematches on "Hardcore TV", while losing again at Better Than Ever.


title: Justin Credible

text: Credible quickly became a rising villain in the company and adopted Nicole Bass as his bodyguard. He began his next major feud with the company's veteran Tommy Dreamer in 1998. Credible defeated Dreamer in a first blood match at February's CyberSlam pay-per-view but lost to him in a match at Living Dangerously. Polaco was attacked by his returning nemesis Mikey Whipwreck after the match. The two resumed their rivalry as Credible defeated Whipwreck at Wrestlepalooza. During this time, Credible began a high-profile feud with Jerry Lynn as he lost to Lynn at It Ain't Seinfeld. Credible defeated Lynn in a two out of three falls match at A Matter of Respect and in a standard one-on-one match at the Heat Wave pay-per-view on August 2.


title: Justin Credible

text: In the fall of 1998, Credible renewed his feud with Tommy Dreamer. He joined forces with Jack Victory and Rod Price against Dreamer and The Gangstanators (John Kronus and New Jack) in a Philly Street Fight at the UltraClash event, where his team lost. Polaco and Victory lost to Dreamer and Jake Roberts in a tag team match at the company's premier pay-per-view event November to Remember. However, he defeated Dreamer in the first-ever Stairway to Hell match at the Guilty as Charged pay-per-view on January 10, 1999, thanks to interference by Terry Funk.


title: Justin Credible

text: In the midst of his rivalry with Tommy Dreamer, Polaco aligned himself with his mentor Lance Storm after the duo lost a three-way dance against Dreamer at House Party. Storm and Credible continued to feud with Dreamer until the duo formed a tag team at Crossing the Line called The Impact Players. They proclaimed themselves to be "New Franchise" after Shane Douglas teased his retirement but Douglas instead chose Dreamer as his successor. Impact Players were defeated by Dreamer and Douglas at Living Dangerously on March 21. Credible lost a match to Douglas at CyberSlam. The feud with Dreamer and Douglas ended when Douglas left the company in mid-1999. Following Douglas' departure, Credible faced Sid Vicious in a match at May's Hardcore Heaven, which ended in a no contest.


title: Justin Credible

text: Impact Players began dominating the roster in singles and tag team competition and quickly earned main event status by feuding with the company's top wrestlers. They defeated Jerry Lynn and Sabu at the Hostile City Showdown event in June while lost to Lynn and Rob Van Dam in the main event of Heat Wave pay-per-view on July 18. Polaco then embarked on a feud with Sabu, which culminated in a match between the two at September's Anarchy Rulz pay-per-view, which Polaco won. Impact Players' next feud was with The Sandman and the ECW World Tag Team Champions Tommy Dreamer and Raven. At November to Remember, Impact Players teamed with Rhino against Sandman, Raven and Dreamer in a losing effort.


title: Justin Credible

text: Impact Players continued their rivalry with Raven and Dreamer as they began pursuing the ECW World Tag Team Championship. On the January 7, 2000 episode of "ECW on TNN", Credible defeated Dreamer in the second Stairway to Hell match. Impact Players were booked to win the titles from Raven and Dreamer at Guilty as Charged on January 9, 2000. A month later, Impact Players dropped the titles to Dreamer and Masato Tanaka on the March 3 episode of "ECW on TNN". Shortly after, Mike Awesome and Raven won the titles from Dreamer and Tanaka. At Living Dangerously, Impact Players defeated both teams in a three-way dance to regain the World Tag Team Championship.


title: Justin Credible

text: Polaco received the biggest push of his career at the CyberSlam event on April 22, when he and Jason attacked rival Tommy Dreamer and Raven after Dreamer defeated Taz to win the ECW World Heavyweight Championship. He threw down his ECW World Tag Team Championship belt and challenged Dreamer to defend the title against him on the spot to which Dreamer agreed. Polaco defeated Dreamer to win the title after Dreamer's valet Francine turned on Dreamer. From this point, Francine became Credible's valet. Credible became a loyal ally of The Network and the top wrestler of the group. Upon winning the World Heavyweight Championship, Credible vacated his half of the World Tag Team Championship and berated his mentor and tag team partner Lance Storm, leading to a rivalry between the two. At the Hardcore Heaven pay-per-view, Credible was scheduled to defend the title against Dreamer and Storm in a three-way dance but he refused to defend the title against anyone except Storm and threatened to throw the World Heavyweight Championship. Credible defended the title against Storm in a singles match, during which he injured Storm's valet Dawn Marie with a "That's Incredible". Credible retained the title and was assaulted by Dreamer after the match. Credible successfully defended the title against Dreamer in the third Stairway to Hell match between the duo at Heat Wave.


title: Justin Credible

text: Credible represented The Network with Rhino in a tournament for the vacant World Tag Team Championship in September. They defeated The Sandman and Chilly Willy in the first round before losing to Dreamer and Jerry Lynn in the quarterfinals. Credible defended his World Heavyweight Championship against Network's Steve Corino on the September 15 "ECW on TNN", during which Corino brought Dawn Marie as his valet, who had been injured by Credible at Hardcore Heaven. Credible managed to retain the title but it stirred up problems between Credible and Corino. Credible successfully defended the title against Corino and Jerry Lynn in an elimination match on the September 29 episode of "ECW on TNN", before losing the title to Lynn at Anarchy Rulz on October 1 after being hit with his own move "That's Incredible", ending his five-month reign at 162 days.


title: Justin Credible

text: Credible competed against Lynn, Corino and The Sandman for the title in a Double Jeopardy match, the following month at November to Remember. Corino and Credible eliminated Sandman and Lynn respectively and then Corino defeated Credible to win the title. Credible faced Corino and Lynn in a three-way dance for the title at Massacre on 34th Street, where Corino retained the title. He received another opportunity for the title against Corino and Sandman in a Tables, Ladders, Chairs and Canes match at the company's final pay-per-view Guilty as Charged, where Sandman won the title. He competed against Sandman in the final match in the history of ECW on January 13, 2001, which he won but offered a rematch, which he lost to Sandman.


title: Justin Credible

text: With ECW facing imminent bankruptcy and Paul Heyman becoming unable to pay the roster, Polaco returned to the WWF in February 2001, immediately forming an alliance with X-Pac and assisting him in his pursuit of the WWF Intercontinental Championship. The duo eventually formed a stable with Albert known as X-Factor. X-Pac and Polaco tried several times to win the WWF Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. The team split when Polaco aligned himself with Paul Heyman's band of ECW insurgents and helped form The Alliance with WCW. Polaco remained on the company's "B" shows, forming a team with Raven, until Team Alliance lost at Survivor Series.


title: Justin Credible

text: Polaco was fired along with the rest of the Alliance roster (in kayfabe) by Vince McMahon until Ric Flair was able to save his job and get him drafted over to the Raw brand.


title: Justin Credible

text: On the Raw brand, Credible wrestled mostly on "Sunday Night Heat" and lost many singles matches he was in, but managed to become an eight-time Hardcore Champion. His last match on "Raw" was a squash match in which he was defeated by Batista. Polaco was released on January 20, 2003, with his final televised WWE appearance being a loss to Test on the December 8, 2002 episode of "Heat".


title: Justin Credible

text: Polaco wrestled for numerous independent promotions. He has appeared several times for Ring of Honor, where he was a member of The Carnage Crew, and for Xtreme Pro Wrestling, where he feuded with Shane Douglas. He appeared with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), forming a stable with several other ex-ECW wrestlers and reviving his feud with Jerry Lynn. He was also briefly a member of the Xtreme Horsemen in Major League Wrestling with C. W. Anderson, Steve Corino, and Simon Diamond, who were briefly managed by J. J. Dillon. In June 2005, Polaco appeared in all "Hardcore Homecoming" event. He was defeated by Jerry Lynn at June 10, by Sandman at September 15 and by Lynn again at September 18. He defeated Lynn at the final Hardcore Homecoming event in a Steel Cage match. Also, he interfered at ECW One Night Stand match between his mentor Lance Storm and Chris Jericho, attacking Jericho with a kendo stick.


title: Justin Credible

text: On November 13, 2005, Polaco, wrestling as P.J. Polaco, was announced as the "mystery opponent" for Raven on the TNA pay-per view, Genesis. Polaco lost the match after Raven hit a DDT.


title: Justin Credible

text: Credible signed a contract with the MTV "Wrestling Society X" stating that if MTV decided to turn the "one time special" into a full season, he would complete the season and would be un-able to compete anywhere else for that time period. He was released from his contract on June 5, 2006. Polaco was in the main event of the first Wrestling Society X Show, the WSX Rumble. He was the first person in the match and the last one eliminated.


title: Justin Credible

text: Polaco was rehired by World Wrestling Entertainment in June 2006. He returned to WWE television at the June 7 "WWE vs. ECW Head to Head" event as a member of the ECW brand of WWE, taking part in a 20-man battle royal. He made several appearances on "ECW on Sci Fi" before being released from his WWE contract on September 28, 2006. During his brief WWE run he won two matches, both by disqualification. He also lost to CM Punk in Punk's ECW debut match.


title: Justin Credible

text: Polaco returned to the independent circuit in 2007 using the name "Justin Time". He wrestled for the Pro Wrestling Syndicate promotion, along with fellow original ECW wrestlers Sabu, Danny Doring and Julio Dinero, as well as making appearances for the Insane Clown Posse owned Juggalo Championship Wrestling. On March 29, 2009 he became the Big Time Wrestling Champion, defeating "Hurricane" John Walters with Ric Flair as special guest referee, but Credible was stripped of the title in August of the same year.


title: Justin Credible

text: Justin is also the topic of an upcoming documentary The Price of Fame which also includes Ted DiBiase and Sean Waltman. He was inducted into the New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame on July 12, 2009. On August 8, 2010, Polaco returned to TNA to take part in the ECW-themed pay-per-view Hardcore Justice where he performed as P.J. Polaco due to the WWE owning the rights to the Justin Credible name; Polaco was defeated by Stevie Richards. Afterwards, he was assaulted by former rival The Sandman with a Singapore cane. On January 14, 2012, Credible returned to the former ECW Arena, when he was defeated by Sabu at an Evolve event in the venue's final professional wrestling match.


title: Justin Credible

text: On April 28, 2012, Polaco was scheduled to wrestle on Shane Douglas' Extreme Reunion show, but was removed from the card, as well as the building after being found "slumped over, passed out asleep" in a chair. While he begged management to be let back on the show, they denied his request and kicked him out a second time. On August 8, 2012, Chikara announced that Polaco, returning to his Aldo Montoya character, would be making his debut for the promotion in the following month's 2012 King of Trios tournament, where he would team with the 1-2-3 Kid and Tatanka as "Team WWF". In their first round match on September 14, Team WWF was defeated by The Extreme Trio (Jerry Lynn, Tommy Dreamer and Too Cold Scorpio).


title: Justin Credible

text: Polaco retired on November 20, 2015, after facing long-time rival Tommy Dreamer at a Pro Wrestling Syndicate event.


title: Justin Credible

text: In March 2017, he returned to wrestling, and teamed with The Sandman & New Jack in a winning effort at ECPW show.


title: Justin Credible

text: Polaco is of Portuguese ancestry. His parents emigrated to the United States from Portugal three years before he was born. He speaks Portuguese fluently. Peter and his wife Jill Marie Polaco (née Jurecki) were married on June 4, 1997. They have a son, Nicholas (born April 2000).


title: Tia Bajpai

text: Tia Bajpai (born Twinkle Bajpai) is an Indian singer, television and film actress. She made her film debut in 2011 with Vikram Bhatt's film "Haunted - 3D", and appeared in "" and "Baankey Ki Crazy Baraat". She also participated in "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005".


title: Tia Bajpai

text: hailing from Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh, Bajpai started her career by appearing in a few television serials and shows. She made her film and singing debut from Vikram Bhatt's horror thriller "Haunted 3D" in 2011, co-starring Mahaakshay Chakraborty, where she portrayed the character of Meera Sabharwal who is tortured by her piano teacher (played by Arif Zakaria). Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated 3.5/5 to the film.


title: Tia Bajpai

text: In 2012, Bajpai appeared in Vikram Bhatt's next horror thriller "", sequel to the 2008 film "1920", alongside Aftab Shivdasani, She portrayed the role of Smriti, a girl who is possessed by an evil spirit. The film garnered average reviews from critics, but turned out to be commercially successful.


title: Tia Bajpai

text: In 2020, Bajpai released her first international solo album "Upgrade". The music videos for the album were released on YouTube. The song called "Bon Appetit" from the album was released on 23 May and features India's first 3D animation video and has received more than a million views on YouTube. She was credited as Tia B on her album.


title: Cattleya

text: Cattleya () is a genus of orchids from Costa Rica south to Argentina. The genus is abbreviated C in trade journals.


title: Cattleya

text: Epiphytic or terrestrial orchids with cylindrical rhizome from which the fleshy noodle-like roots grow. Pseudobulbs can be conical, spindle-shaped or cylindrical; with upright growth; one or two leaves growing from the top of them. The leaves can be oblong, lanceolate or elliptical, somewhat fleshy, with smooth margin. The inflorescence is a terminal raceme with few or several flowers. Flowers have sepals and petals free from each other; the lip or labellum (lowermost petal), usually has a different coloration and shape from the rest of the flower and covers in part the flower column forming a tube. There are four polliniums (bag-like organs that contain pollen). The fruit is a capsule with many small seeds.


title: Cattleya

text: The genus was named in 1824 by John Lindley after horticulturalist William Cattley. Cattley obtained a specimen of then unnamed "Cattleya labiata" from William Swainson who had discovered the new plant in Pernambuco, Brazil, in 1817. The plant successfully bloomed under the care of Cattley and it became the type specimen from which Lindley described "C. labiata".


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Kelly Wearstler (; born November 21, 1967) is an American designer. She founded her own design firm Kelly Wearstler Interior Design (or KWID) in the mid-1990s, serving mainly the hotel industry, and now designs across high-end residential, commercial, retail and hospitality spaces. Her designs for the Viceroy hotel chain in the early 2000s have been noted for their influence on the design industry. She has designed properties for clients such as Gwen Stefani, Cameron Diaz and Stacey Snider, and served as a judge on all episodes of Bravo's "Top Design" reality contest in 2007 and 2008.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Wearstler has released five books, and her first, "Modern Glamour: The Art of Unexpected Style,"and more! was named a best seller by the "Los Angeles Times" in 2006. Other publications include "Domicilium Decoratus" and her most recent, Evocative Style in 2019. Her eponymous luxury lifestyle brand incorporates her own designs as well as pieces she finds at auction houses, and she sells her own furniture, lighting, home accessories, and objets d'art collections. Wearstler is the design partner for the Proper Hotel Group.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Wearstler is the first interior designer to be part of the MasterClass Series and the first outside designer to partner with Farrow & Ball.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: She has won numerous awards including AD 100 Hall of Fame, Time Magazine the Design 100, Elle Decor A-List Designers and Vogue Best Dressed.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Kelly Wearstler was born in 1967 in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and raised in Myrtle Beach. Her father was an engineer and her mother an antique dealer. Her mother's interest in design had a major influence on Wearstler from a young age. She would come home from school to find rooms often painted new colors. When they were young, Wearstler and her older sister would accompany their mother to thrift shops, auctions, and flea markets, which helped develop Wearstler's early interest in fashion and design. She started collecting vintage clothing at age 15 and later attended the Massachusetts College of Art in Boston, where she took architecture classes, and obtained her bachelor's degree in interior and graphic design. While paying her way through college by waitressing, she held internships at the design firms Cambridge Seven Associates in Boston and Milton Glaser in New York.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Wearstler moved to Los Angeles in her mid-twenties, hoping to work in the film industry as a set decorator. In 1992 she was a production assistant on "HouseSitter", and the following year she served as an uncredited assistant art director on "So I Married an Axe Murderer". After working small roles on several sets she decided not to pursue a film career, though the experience did lead to an interior design commission from a film producer. While working as a hostess at a Beverly Hills restaurant in 1994, she was scouted by a "Playboy" photographer and was featured as September Playmate of the Month under the name Kelly Gallagher. She used the money from the photoshoot to pay off student loans and help start her interior design business.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 1995 Wearstler opened Kelly Wearstler Interior Design, her own design firm. The following year she was introduced to real estate developer Brad Korzen, who hired her to design his house in the Hollywood Hills and several residential properties owned by Korzen's company Kor Realty Group. The first of the residences was the Avalon hotel in Beverly Hills, which re-opened in 1999 with a style described in the press as "a playful take on mid-century modernism." With apartments filled with pieces from modernist artists such as Arne Jacobsen, Eero Saarinen and George Nelson, "The New York Times" would write a decade later that "her playful, elegantly over-the-top designs for the Avalon Beverly Hills changed the look of boutique hotels around the world." In 2000, she designed the small Maison 140 hotel in Beverly Hills.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Her work on the Avalon and the Maison 140 led to a commission designing Viceroy Hotels and Resorts, a new chain of boutique hotels, which she gave an "almost theatrical" Hollywood aesthetic. The Viceroy in Palm Springs became "her most accomplished work" in 2001, and the design of the Viceroy that opened a year later in Santa Monica also earning praise in the press. By that time she was also working on the Viceroy Miami, and other notable designs include Viceroy Anguilla on the island of Anguilla and The Tides Hotel South Beach in Miami. "Elle Decor" would later write that "her luxury hotel interiors" featured "elegant bergère chairs, unexpected lacquer finishes (glistening lemon yellows, Amazon parrot greens) and old-style stately wallpapers." As of 2002 she had also completed design projects for clients such as Mercury Records, Ben Stiller, and Jeanne Tripplehorn. In 2006 Wearstler designed the restaurant and lounge, BG Restaurant, at the Manhattan Bergdorf Goodman department store.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Wearstler published her first book of design in March 2004. Titled "", it was co-written with Jane Bogart and released through Regan Books. "Publishers Weekly" wrote that the book's "large, full-bleed color photographs do justice to the variety of [Wearstler's] creations." HarperCollins published Wearstler's "Domicilium Decoratus" in 2006, a style book featuring photographs of her Beverly Hills mansion and herself dressed in evening gowns. David Colman of the "New York Times" described it as "a kind of lavish brochure for Ms. Wearstler’s vision (she has a fabric line and has carpet, furniture and china lines in the works), which involves a decadent Hollywood riposte to Martha Stewart’s stolidly tasteful East Coast domesticity."


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: With filming starting in 2006, she served as one of three primary judges on "Top Design", a reality show contest that premiered on Bravo in January 2007. Wearstler appeared in all twenty episodes before the show's end in 2008, and attracted a fair degree of attention in the press with the outfits she wore while judging. "The New Yorker" wrote in 2009 that "most people, say they watched just for Wearstler’s getups," with "The New York Times" writing that "Wearstler’s fondness for pastiche in fashion garnered a lot of attention... but those hats aren’t calculated." The latter article quoted Wearstler stating that "sometimes I might look a little crazy, but sometimes beautiful things happen. I don’t take it too seriously.’’ In 2007, she was named to "Vogue’s" Top Ten Best Dressed list, and also that year "TIME" named her to its Style & Design 100 list of international creative professionals.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In July 2007 Wearstler opened her first brick and mortar retail space in the form of a boutique in Bergdorf Goodman's home-furnishings department, and the following year her office was based in West Hollywood on La Cienega Boulevard. Also in 2008 she introduced a line of decorative home goods for Bergdorf Goodman, which was sold out of her own retail shop in the store. In late 2008 she started working on a line of jewelry, scarves, bags, and belts, with plans to expand into women's apparel at a later time. By 2009 she had designed the top suite of the Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel and a home for Stacey Snider of DreamWorks, and was in the process of decorating a large contemporary house for Gwen Stefani and Gavin Rossdale. She released her book "Hue" in early 2010, which features photography in chapters organized by color. Wrote the "Los Angeles Times" about the book, "Hollywood glamour, neoclassical ornamentation, pattern and texture prove to be Wearstler signatures, but color, she writes, 'is everything.'" In 2011 she was named to "Architectural Digest's" AD100 list, which is also dubbed the Top 100 Architecture & Interior Design list. The French version of the publication would also name her to its World's Top Interior Designers list.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: By early 2011 KWID had designed rugs for the Rug Company and fine china for Pickard China, and KWID would also for a time continue designing a line of wall treatments for F. Schumacher & Co. and exclusive bed sheets for Sferra. Wearstler announced her own eponymously named fashion line, Kelly Wearstler, in spring 2011. Her first fashion collection was four years in the making, incorporating patterns and design aesthetics seen within Wearstler's interior design work. Booth Moore of the "Los Angeles Times" said the collection had the "appearance of being handmade or one-of-a-kind, even if not." The "Wall Street Journal" called her ready-to-wear clothing and jewelry "reflections of her modern, but also classic and opulent, aesthetic," while magazine "W" described that season's fashion collection as "a bold mix-and-match collection of hand-painted blouses, cropped jackets, full-legged pants, and pouf skirts," as well as "stone-laden metal clutches and sculptural jewels" for accessorizing.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: As of July 2011 her home furnishing, clothing and accessories continued to be sold at Bergdorf Goodman, as well as through Neiman Marcus, Holt Renfrew, Net-a-Porter, and her website. Her new fashion collection debuted at those same stores in August 2011, and was shortly afterwards sold through a new flagship boutique she opened on Melrose Avenue on September 1, 2011. David A. Keeps of the "Los Angeles Times" dubbed the store "a sleek atelier where Art Deco meets 1970s Minimalism and the 1980s Italian style known as Memphis." Her winter 2011 fashion line was sold exclusively by Bergdorf Goodman, and featured ready-to-wear, clutches and jewelry. This debut season was described as having a"feminine sensibility" by Nicole Phelps of Style.com, with Phelps describing Wearstler's spring 2012 line as featuring clashing patterns and a mod-glam look. As of late 2012, Wearstler's home furnishing continued to be available in the Kelly Wearstler Boutique at Bergdorf Goodman.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Her fourth book, "Rhapsody," came out on October 12, 2012. Wearstler explained that the book is about combining varied textures, scales, and time periods, opining that mixing "antiques, vintage and contemporary design pieces and art" leads to a more "soulful" interior. According to the "Los Angeles Times", the book's photography demonstrates how some of her interiors are "kaleidoscopic confections while others have a classical elegance." The review further opined that the book is "Art Deco meets 1980s Italian design," and that it "explores how the worlds of fashion and décor merge." By that time Wearstler had also written monthly advice columns for publications such as "Domaine", "The Coveteur", "InStyle", and "The Huffington Post". In May 2014 her work studio in Los Angeles was featured in "The New York Times", and in 2015 her Malibu beachfront home was featured in a photoshoot by "Elle Decor", with "Vogue" and "In Style" following suit. "Wallpaper*" named her one of its Top 20 Interior Designers in October 2015.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 2014, Wearstler collaborated with Los Angeles-based confectioner Compartés on a line of chocolates. According to Architectural Digest, both the flavors and Wearstler's "whimsical" packaging are inspired by features and locales of Los Angeles. A second line of flavors debuted in May 2015.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In early 2015 Brad Korzen officially launched Proper Hotels, a hotel chain focused on "creating an environment that is both culturally sound and keeps some elements of the classic grand hotels intact." Wearstler was announced as interior designer for a number of upcoming Proper Hotel properties, including locations in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Santa Monica, Brooklyn, Miami, Napa Valley, and Austin, Texas. Wearstler was also commissioned to design the $800 million renovation for Westfield Century City, a shopping center in Los Angeles. According to the developers, construction will be complete by 2017.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Her clothing is no longer sold at Bergdorf Goodman or related retailers, as Wearstler no longer has a fashion collection, instead focusing on furniture, lighting, textiles and accessories sold at her flagship store and website. She continued to operate her Los Angeles boutique as of July 2015, with "Architectural Digest" writing at the time that the store "showcases the breadth and daring of her creative output." The store contains antique and modern pieces, as well as home furnishings and jewelry designed by Wearstler. The items are also available on her website.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: As of 2015 she was involved in a number of collaborations and designing lamps with the Italian furniture company Kartell. KWID also has ongoing partnerships with The Rug Company, E.J. Victor, and Pickard China, and as of 2015 she designed collections of fabrics, wall coverings, and trims for Lee Jofa, before also being sold at her boutique, website, and other stores. Kelly Wearstler Furniture Collection, described by "Elle Decor" as her "first comprehensive portfolio of furniture" was released in October 2015.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In March 2016 an "exclusive 'London edit'" of her designs debuted in Harrods, with Wearstler calling the arrangement a "dream come true." Her collection was the first Californian homeware brand to be stocked at the store. Opined "Wallpaper*", "all the pieces are imbued with personality. From the brushed copper through to the walnut that coats the inside of the furniture pieces, a particular ardour resides in the wares." In June 2016 Wearstler launched a new bridal registry featuring designer products for the home. Also in June 2016, "Elle Decor" named her to its A-List of the world's best designers for the second year in a row. In 2016, Wearstler was also the interior designer in charge of remodeling the restaurant Viviane, located in the Avalon Hotel in Beverly Hills. In the same year, she designed a New York home for former Bare Escentuals CEO Leslie Blodgett.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 2017, Wearstler's Malibu home was photographed for Melanie Acevedo's photobook The Authentics. In September 2017, Wearstler completed the interior design of the first Proper hotel in San Francisco.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 2018, Wearstler also debuted her first retail project design, a chocolate shop in Los Angeles called Compartés Chocolatier, created in partnership with Jonathan Graham.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 2019, Wearstler was the first American designer to collaborate with Georg Jensen on a six-piece home accessories collection called "Frequency." In May 2019, Wearstler announced she had designed a new collection of carpets as part of her continuing collaboration with The Rug Company. In June 2019, Wearstler launched a new line of wallpaper designs. The Santa Monica Proper Hotel with an interior designed by Wearstler also opened in July 2019. In December 2019, Wearstler debuted her new furniture collection for 2020.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: The Austin Proper Hotel designed by Wearstler opened in February 2020. The Downtown L.A. Proper hotel also designed by Wearstler is now slated to open in June 2021.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 2020, Wearstler overhauled a house on Malibu's Broad Beach that was believed to have been built by Frank A. Garbutt, co-founder of Famous Players-Lasky, which later became Paramount Pictures. At one point, the house was also owned by Carroll O’Connor.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In March 2020, Wearstler became the first instructor to teach the interior design course on the MasterClass platform. In 2021, Wearstler collaborated with Farrow & Ball to create her own collection of signature paint hues inspired by the state of California, called the California Collection.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In March 2021, Wearstler also designed a virtual garage to commemorate the launch of GMC's Hummer EV, which she said was imagined for LeBron James.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 2021, Wearstler invested in the company Block Renovation, which provides a technology based platform that helps homeowners and contractors to digitize and simplify the home renovation process. In early 2022, she became an investor and partner of the female-founded tequila brand Casa Del Sol, which was co-founded by actor Eva Longoria. In June 2022, Wearstler also became an angel investor in the startup Vergo, a Fintech company that caters to the architecture, design and building industry.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 2022, Wearstler took over "Wallpaper" magazine as a guest editor for their October 2022 issue. The magazine also did a special 20 page feature on her studio’s design work and evolution. In the same year, she partnered with Amazon on their Amazon Influencer Program where her products will be available on her Amazon Storefront.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Inspired by the strides in LED technology, Wearstler in 2022 designed a new line of designer lighting for Visual Comfort called Tech Lighting.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Wearstler has described her own design work, particularly her interior design for hotels, as "romantic" in style. "Elle Decor" wrote around 2015 that "Wearstler encapsulates contemporary sophistication and wit, with a nod to the past and a wink at the future. The mix is altogether her own and is tailored to every job."


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 2019, the Financial Times described her as "the woman who brought West Coast style to the world." In 2020, Domino Mag said her toolbox of trademarks included "peacock green and brass, painterly geometric prints, warm marble, slick lacquer, standout vintage from Ettore Sottsass to Tobia Scarpa, and—always—the earthy naturalism of her West Coast home."


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: With a style periodically described as maximalism, she has been one of several designers credited with bringing "the decorative back to interior design" and mixing modern and historical designs. "The New Yorker" opined that since the late 1990s, "her style has evolved from mid-century modern to glammed-up Hollywood Regency to an ornate, layered look inspired in part by the late Hollywood set decorator and interior designer Tony Duquette. She uses intense colors, David Hicks-like graphic patterning, and contrasting textures (lacquer, parchment, shagreen)."


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 2009 Dana Goodyear of "The New Yorker" dubbed Wearstler "the presiding grande dame of West Coast interior design," explaining that "Wearstler represents the uninhibited side of Los Angeles, the part that celebrates how far the city is from strict East Coast notions of good taste." Mayer Rus, the design and culture editor for "Los Angeles Times Magazine", stated that "I think for many people around the world Kelly's work exemplifies this fantasy of beautiful sun-baked life, glamour in California. Kelly's genius is her ability to mix elements from all different eras, styles and periods. There's a certain bravery in what she does that flirts with going over-the-top, but always stands just back from the edge."


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 2022, Wearstler partnered with UT School of Architecture’s Interior Design program, to establish the Kelly Wearstler Endowed Fund for Design Students to provide undergraduate scholarships and graduate fellowships to design students who require financial aid.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Kelly draws inspiration from many different areas of design, including fashion, architecture, graphic design, landscape design, art, and jewelry.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Wearstler credits Peggy Guggenheim and Doris Duke as being her style icons. As an interior designer, Wearstler finds influence in Modernism and old Hollywood glamour as created by Dorothy Draper and William Haines. Jacque Grange is cited as her favorite designer, in part for "the way he puts things from different periods together so beautifully," and she also names David Hicks, Mark Rothko, Ettore Sottsass, Misha Kahn, and Piero Fornasetti as among her aesthetic influences. She has furthermore cited the work of architect Aldo Rossi as an influence, as well as artists Victor Vasarely, Sheila Hicks and Yaacov Agam. Wearstler visits auction houses to collect furniture and decor for projects, as well as designing her own. She believes clutter to be a big faux pas in home decor, as well as "somebody buying all their furniture from one place. The result just looks flat; it has no depth or dimensions, like a showroom." She has also criticized the trend of "too much oversized furniture," explaining that "to create a successful design you need to play with different scales."


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Wearstler has collaborated with several emerging designers to bring more eclecticism to her projects.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: In 2021, Wearstler launched The Gallery, a curated eCommerce page on her website that promotes the products from emerging and established artists that she admires. As of October 2022, she has partnered with Hagit Pincovici, Dirk van der Kooij, Morgan Peck, Rotganzen, and Felix Muhrhofer.


title: Kelly Wearstler

text: Wearstler and her husband, Brad Korzen, married in 2002 and now have two sons, Oliver and Elliott. The family has remodeled and sold a number of houses in Southern California, including the former Beverly Hills estate of film producer Albert Broccoli, which they moved into and renovated in 2007. Continuing to work primarily out of Los Angeles, as of 2015, Wearstler and Korzen maintained homes in both Malibu and Beverly Hills. Wearstler is active on social media, and in early 2014, "Architectural Digest" included her on a list of 15 Must-Follow Designers and Architects on Instagram. "The Telegraph" also noted her Instagram account as "must follow."


title: Bryter Layter

text: Bryter Layter is the second studio album by English folk singer-songwriter Nick Drake. Recorded in 1970 and released on 5 March 1971 by Island Records, it would be his last album to feature backing musicians, as his next and final studio album, "Pink Moon", would have Drake perform all songs solo.


title: Bryter Layter

text: Like "Five Leaves Left", the album contains no unaccompanied songs: Drake was accompanied by part of the British folk rock group Fairport Convention and John Cale from The Velvet Underground, as well as Beach Boys session musicians Mike Kowalski and Ed Carter. Arranger Robert Kirby says that Drake intended the instrumentals to evoke "Pet Sounds". Initially scheduled for release in November 1970, with UK promotional copies being sent out at the time, dissatisfaction with the artwork meant that the album was held over into the New Year.


title: Bryter Layter

text: Contemporary reviews were mostly positive. In "Sounds" Jerry Gilbert called the album "superb" and said, "On their own merits, the songs of Nick Drake are not particularly strong, but Nick has always been a consistent if introverted performer, and placed in the cauldron that Joe Boyd has prepared for him, then things start to effervesce." Gilbert praised the "splendid arrangements" of Robert Kirby, and said that the songs "take time to work through to the listener, with help from the beautiful backing which every track receives". Lon Goddard of "Record Mirror" was also impressed by Drake's guitar technique and Kirby's arrangements, and "Nick isn't the world's top singer, but he's written fantastic numbers that suit strings marvellously. Definitely one of the prettiest (and that counts!) and most impressive albums I've heard ... Happy, sad, very moving." "The Disc Panel" in "Disc and Music Echo" stated that Drake "sings his own very personal songs in a strange, deep vaseline voice, probably more suited to crooning, accompanied at times by really funky backing" and called the record "an extraordinarily good hefty folk album". However, Andrew Means of "Melody Maker" described the album as "late-night coffee'n'chat music" and said, "This is a difficult album to come to any firm conclusion on", stating that the reaction depended on the listener's mood and that "the 10 tracks are all very similar – quiet, gentle and relaxing."


title: Bryter Layter

text: ""Mojo"" called the album "Certainly the most polished of his catalogue". "Alternative Press" called it "[one] of the most beautiful and melancholy albums ever recorded".


title: Bryter Layter

text: In his book "Never a Dull Moment: 1971 – The Year That Rock Exploded", David Hepworth described the song "At the Chime of a City Clock" as "the perfect soundtrack for the dispensing of a cup of tea in a polysytrene cup, marrying sound and image in a way that made me unsure whether I was watching a commercial or actually in a commercial".


title: Bryter Layter

text: In 2000, "Q" placed "Bryter Layter" at number 23 in its list of the "100 Greatest British Albums Ever". It ranked at number 14 in "NME"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s list of "The Greatest Albums of the '70s".


title: Bryter Layter

text: In 2003, the album was ranked number 245 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: Sergei Leonidovich Tikhanovsky () or Siarhiej Leanidavič Cichanoŭski (; born 18 August 1978) is a Belarusian YouTuber, video blogger, dissident and pro-democracy activist. He is considered by Amnesty International to be a prisoner of conscience. He is known primarily for his activism against the government of Belarus's long-serving president, Alexander Lukashenko. In May 2020, he announced his intention of running for the 2020 presidential election, but he was arrested two days after the announcement, and his wife Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya then ran in place of him as the main rival to Lukashenko in the contested election.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: Tikhanovsky studied at the physical and mathematical gymnasium, then graduated from the Faculty of Philology of the Francysk Skaryna Homyel State University. Later, he opened nightclubs in Homyel and Mazyr and organized concerts. He was engaged in video production, advertising and music videos.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: Tikhanovsky says he became a blogger almost by accident. He organized a farmstead near Homyel and faced bureaucratic hurdles from local, regional, and national officials, then spoke of his difficulties with journalists.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: The YouTube channel "Country for Life" () was launched in 2019 and managed to attract 140,000 subscribers during the year. The channel is dedicated to stories of ordinary Belarusians and real cases of entrepreneurs "which will help to build a country for life". Tikhanovsky shoots a video on social and political topics and talks about the problems of people – mainly in the Belarusian regions.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: Together with his team in a car with the logo "Real News", Tikhanovsky spent more than a month driving around Belarus and interviewing subscribers, who told him about the problems in the city and the country on camera. The most popular video on the channel (almost one million views as of 30 May 2020) is the story of a woman from the town of Hlybokaye about her life and her attitude toward Lukashenko. Tikhanovsky's YouTube channel also features video interviews with opposition politicians and businessmen. On trips around Belarus, Sergei Tikhanovsky was constantly followed by cars with people monitoring him, presumably employees of the Belarusian special services.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: By May 2020, Tikhanovsky's YouTube channel had garnered 140,000 subscribers; by mid-July 2020, it had reached 243,000 subscribers, more than 12 times the number of subscribers to the state-run Belarus 24 satellite channel. Independent anti-Lukashenko bloggers (including Tikhanovsky) were seen by the government as a major threat to its rule, as a media alternative to television, newspapers, and radio, which are principally controlled by the Government, and many were targeted by the authorities.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: On 9 May 2020, dozens of supporters of Sergei Tikhanovsky held an "Anti-parade" in Babruisk to express their disagreement with the Victory Day Parade in Minsk during the COVID-19 pandemic. The protest parade took the form of a protest motor rally. Police detained about 15 people after the motor rally. Sergei Tikhanovsky was detained at that moment.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: On 7 May, Sergei Tikhanovsky announced on his YouTube channel that he intended to become a candidate for President of Belarus, challenging Alexander Lukashenko and his decades long rule. Prior to this event, on 6 May, he was detained by the Belarusian militsyya (police) in the vicinity of Mahilyow; the police threatened to break the glass of Tikhanovsky's car, and failed to present a certificate to confirm that they were police officers. Prior to that, a crowd of Tikhanovsky's supporters in Mahilyow released a member of Tikhanovsky's team from the police. A day later, allies of Tikhanovsky were arrested, including a blogger from Slutsk, Uladzimier Niaronski. The vans of Tikhanovsky's team including Niaronski were chased by road police and two vans with members of the AMAP special police forces.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: After the arrests, Sergei Tikhanovsky's supporters held a series of protests throughout Belarus. According to the Radio Liberty, 20 to 30 people were detained in Homyel, the home town of Tikhanovsky. Viasna Human Rights Centre reports that at least 19 people who supported Tikhanovsky were brutally detained in Minsk.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: After his arrest, Sergei Tikhanovsky was held at a temporary detention center in Homyel, nominally due to participation in the rally in Minsk on 19 December 2019 against the integration of Belarus with Russia. He was ultimately sentenced to 15 days' imprisonment: 15 days of arrest for "participating in an unauthorized protest action" in December 2019, and 30 days for meeting subscribers to his YouTube channel in Orsha and Brest. After his detention, Tikhanovsky announced on his YouTube channel that he intended to run for president of Belarus. However, the Central Election Commission of Belarus refused to register the initiative group to nominate him.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: After the election commission refused to register Tikhanovsky's candidacy, his wife Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, decided to run herself. The initiative group of Svetlana Tikhanovskaya was successfully registered by the Central Election Commission of Belarus. Sergei Tikhanovsky became the head of the initiative group to collect signatures for Svetlana Tikhanovskaya's participation in the presidential election.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: On 20 May, Sergei Tikhanovsky was released from detention. Tikhanovsky explained that pressure from activist supporters helped to achieve his release. In an interview with him after the release, Deutsche Welle drew parallels between Tikhanovsky and both the Russian opposition leader Aleksei Navalny and the Ukrainian actor Volodymyr Zelensky, who became the president of Ukraine. RTVI also drew a parallel between Tikhanovsky and Navalny.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: Sergei Tikhanovsky began his trips around the country with pickets to collect signatures for Svetlana Tikhanovskaya. Tikhanovsky's pickets were very popular and gathered thousands of people. The queue to the picket in Minsk near Kamarouski market was half a mile. Several thousand people also attended the picket of Tikhanovsky in Homyel. Sergei Tikhanovsky announced that he was collecting signatures for fair elections in Belarus, without falsifications.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: Sergei Tikhanovsky actively uses the slogan "Stop, cockroach!" in his campaign, which is chanted by his supporters. The symbol of the Tikhanovsky's campaign is the slipper. The slogan "Stop, cockroach!" refers to the fairy tale "Cockroach" by Soviet poet Kornei Chukovsky about how the "mustached cockroach" intimidated all animals and became their ruler. Apparently, this slogan is a reference to the current leadership of Belarus. Slippers are supposedly a traditional means of pest control. Euronews journalists called the events in Belarus as "Slippers Revolution" demonstrating the quote of the Belarusian activist Franak Viachorka with this phrase.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: On 29 May 2020, Sergei Tikhanovsky and at least eight other men were arrested in the city of Hrodna, in northwestern Belarus, while collecting signatures for Svetlana Tikhanovskaya's presidential candidacy, and charged with "organization or preparation for a grave breach of public order." Footage and witness accounts show that Tikhanovsky was detained following an incident after a woman aggressively followed and touched Tikhanovsky in an apparently deliberate attempted provocation; two police officers then "joined the woman in her pursuit of Sergei Tikhanovsky" and a scuffle with police ensued. According to the Viasna Human Rights Centre, at least 13 people were detained, including two members of Svetlana Tikhanovskaya's initiative group and three aides to Sergei Tikhanovsky. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus said that they had opened a criminal case for supposed "violence against police officers." Although Belarusian officials claimed that police were injured, there is no evidence in video footage of any injury.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: In response to Sergei Tikhanovsky's detention on 29 May 2020, Svetlana Tikhanovskaya demanded the immediate release of her husband, condemning "the 'dirty' provocation" against him; declaring that "the picket was legal and peaceful in nature; and calling the arrest a politically motivated violation of her constitutional rights." Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have condemned the Belarusian authorities' arrests of Tikhanovsky and the broader crackdown by Belarusian authorities on opposition figures, journalists, and bloggers ahead of the 2020 presidential election, including arbitrary arrest and detention and pretextual criminal charges. Amnesty stated that "The arrest and prosecution of Sergei Tikhanovsky and others detained alongside him are arbitrary, unwarranted and politically motivated" and considers the group to be "prisoners of conscience, as they are detained solely for peacefully exercising their human rights."


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: On 29 September 2020, Tikhanovsky's personal Telegram account noted that his prison sentence in Zhodino had been extended by two more months. The decision was rendered without a hearing.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: On 10 October 2020, Lukashenko spoke with the imprisoned Tikhanovsky and fellow candidate Viktar Babaryka in a four-hour meeting concerning changes to the Constitution. At this time, Tikhanovsky and Babaryka remain in custody.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: On 30 November, it became known that Tikhanovsky's detention was extended for another 3 months. He is accused of a serious crime that carries a sentence of up to 12 years. Pending his conviction, he can be held in custody for up to 18 months.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: On 11 March 2021, the Investigative Committee completed its criminal case investigation against Tikhanovsky, accusing him of using his blog to advocate for the violent overthrow of the Belarusian government. He faced four criminal charges with a sentence of up to 15 years. His trial began in Minsk on 24 June and he was found guilty. In December 2021, Tikhanovsky was sentenced to 18 years in prison. Five supporters (including Ihar Losik and Mikola Statkevich) were jailed for 14 to 16 years. If he serves the full term, Tikhanovsky will be more than 60 years old at the time of his release.


title: Sergei Tikhanovsky

text: In December 2020, Tikhanovsky was named among the representatives of the Democratic Belarusian opposition, honored with the Sakharov Prize by the European Parliament.


title: Transuranium element

text: The transuranium elements (also known as transuranic elements) are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92, which is the atomic number of uranium. All of these elements are unstable and decay radioactively into other elements. With the exception of neptunium and plutonium (which have been found in trace amounts in nature), all do not occur naturally on Earth and are synthetic.


title: Transuranium element

text: Of the elements with atomic numbers 1 to 92, most can be found in nature, having stable isotopes (such as hydrogen) or very long-lived radioisotopes (such as uranium), or existing as common decay products of the decay of uranium and thorium (such as radon). The exceptions are elements 43, 61, 85, and 87; all four occur in nature, but only in very minor branches of the uranium and thorium decay chains, and thus all save element 87 were first discovered by synthesis in the laboratory rather than in nature (and even element 87 was discovered from purified samples of its parent, not directly from nature).


title: Transuranium element

text: All the elements with higher atomic numbers have been first discovered in the laboratory, with neptunium and plutonium later also discovered in nature. They are all radioactive, with a half-life much shorter than the age of the Earth, so any primordial atoms of these elements, if they ever were present at the Earth's formation, have long since decayed. Trace amounts of neptunium and plutonium form in some uranium-rich rock, and small amounts are produced during atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons. These two elements are generated from neutron capture in uranium ore with subsequent beta decays (e.g. U + n → U → Np → Pu).


title: Transuranium element

text: All elements heavier than plutonium are entirely synthetic; they are created in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators. The half lives of these elements show a general trend of decreasing as atomic numbers increase. There are exceptions, however, including several isotopes of curium and dubnium. Some heavier elements in this series, around atomic numbers 110–114, are thought to break the trend and demonstrate increased nuclear stability, comprising the theoretical island of stability.


title: Transuranium element

text: Heavy transuranic elements are difficult and expensive to produce, and their prices increase rapidly with atomic number. As of 2008, the cost of weapons-grade plutonium was around $4,000/gram, and californium exceeded $60,000,000/gram. Einsteinium is the heaviest element that has been produced in macroscopic quantities.


title: Transuranium element

text: Transuranic elements that have not been discovered, or have been discovered but are not yet officially named, use IUPAC's systematic element names. The naming of transuranic elements may be a source of controversy.


title: Transuranium element

text: So far, essentially all the transuranium elements have been discovered at four laboratories: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the United States (elements 93–101, 106, and joint credit for 103–105), the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia (elements 102 and 114–118, and joint credit for 103–105), the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Germany (elements 107–112), and RIKEN in Japan (element 113).


title: Transuranium element

text: Superheavy elements, (also known as "superheavy atoms", commonly abbreviated SHE) usually refer to the transactinide elements beginning with rutherfordium (atomic number 104). They have only been made artificially, and currently serve no practical purpose because their short half-lives cause them to decay after a very short time, ranging from a few minutes to just a few milliseconds (except for dubnium, which has a half life of over a day), which also makes them extremely hard to study.


title: Transuranium element

text: Superheavy atoms have all been created since the latter half of the 20th century, and are continually being created during the 21st century as technology advances. They are created through the bombardment of elements in a particle accelerator. For example, the nuclear fusion of californium-249 and carbon-12 creates rutherfordium-261. These elements are created in quantities on the atomic scale and no method of mass creation has been found.


title: Transuranium element

text: Transuranium elements may be utilized to synthesize other superheavy elements. Elements of the island of stability have potentially important military applications, including the development of compact nuclear weapons. The potential everyday applications are vast; the element americium is utilized in devices such as smoke detectors and spectrometers.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA) is a small political association of social democrats founded in 1972. The Socialist Party of America (SPA) had stopped running independent presidential candidates and consequently the term "party" in the SPA's name had confused the public. Replacing the socialist label with "social democrats", was meant to disassociate the ideology of SDUSA with that of the Soviet Union.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: SDUSA pursued an electoral strategy of political realignment intended to organize labor unions, civil rights organizations and other constituencies into a coalition that would transform the Democratic Party into a social democratic party. The realignment strategy emphasized working with unions and especially the AFL–CIO, putting an emphasis on economic issues that would unite working class voters. SDUSA opposed the so-called New Politics of Senator George McGovern, pointing to the rout suffered in the 1972 presidential election.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: SDUSA's organizational activities included sponsoring discussions and issuing position papers, however, it was known mainly because of its members' activities in other organizations. It included civil rights activists and leaders of labor unions such as Bayard Rustin, Norman Hill and Tom Kahn of the AFL–CIO as well as Sandra Feldman and Rachelle Horowitz of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). Internationally, the group supported the dissident Polish labor organization Solidarity and several anti-communist political movements in global hot spots.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: SDUSA's politics were criticized by former SPA Chairman Michael Harrington, who in 1972 announced that he favored an immediate pull-out of American forces from Vietnam. After losing all votes at the 1972 convention that changed the SPA to SDUSA, Harrington resigned in 1973 to form the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC), the forerunner of the Democratic Socialists of America.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: By the early 1970s, the Socialist Party of America (SPA) was publicly associated with A. Philip Randolph, the civil rights and labor union leader; and with Michael Harrington, the author of "The Other America". Even before the 1972 convention, Harrington had resigned as an Honorary Chairperson of the SPA "because he was upset about the group’s failure to enthusiastically support George McGovern and because of its views on the Vietnam War".


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: In its 1972 Convention, the SPA had two Co-Chairmen, Bayard Rustin and Charles S. Zimmerman of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU); and a First National Vice Chairman, James S. Glaser, who were re-elected by acclamation. In his opening speech to the Convention, Co-Chairman Bayard Rustin called for SDUSA to organize against the "reactionary policies of the Nixon Administration" and Rustin also criticized the "irresponsibility and élitism of the 'New Politics' liberals".


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: The party changed its name to Social Democrats, USA, by a vote of 73 to 34. Changing the name of the Socialist Party of America to Social Democrats, USA, was intended to be "realistic" as the intention was to respond to the end of the running of actual SPA candidates for office and to respond to the confusions of Americans. "The New York Times" observed that the Socialist Party had last sponsored Darlington Hoopes as candidate for President in 1956 and who received only 2,121 votes, which were cast in only six states. Because the SPA no longer sponsored party candidates in elections, continued use of the name "party" was "misleading" and hindered the recruiting of activists who participated in the Democratic Party according to the majority report. The name "Socialist" was replaced by "Social Democrats" because many American associated the term "socialism" with Marxism–Leninism. Moreover, the organization sought to distinguish itself from two small Marxist parties, the Socialist Workers Party and the Socialist Labor Party.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: During the 1972 Convention, the majority (Unity Caucus) won every vote by a ratio of two to one. The Convention elected a national committee of 33 members, with 22 seats for the majority caucus, eight seats for the Coalition Caucus of Harrington, two for the left-wing Debs Caucus and one for the independent Samuel H. Friedman. Friedman and the minority caucuses had opposed the name change.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: The convention voted on and adopted proposals for its program by a two-one vote. On foreign policy, the program called for "firmness toward Communist aggression". However, on the Vietnam War the program opposed "any efforts to bomb Hanoi into submission" and instead it endorsed negotiating a peace agreement, which should protect communist political cadres in South Vietnam from further military or police reprisals. Harrington's proposal for a ceasefire and immediate withdrawal of American forces was defeated. Harrington complained that after its convention the SPA had endorsed George McGovern only with a statement loaded with "constructive criticism" and that it had not mobilized enough support for McGovern. The majority caucus's Arch Puddington replied that the California branch was especially active in supporting McGovern while the New York branch were focusing on a congressional race.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: When the SPA changed its name to SDUSA, Bayard Rustin became its public spokesman. According to Rustin, SDUSA aimed to transform the Democratic Party into a social democratic party. A strategy of re-alignment was particularly associated with Max Shachtman.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: Some months after the convention, Harrington resigned his membership in SDUSA and he and some of his supporters from the Coalition Caucus soon formed the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC). Many members of the Debs Caucus resigned from SDUSA and some of them formed the Socialist Party USA. The changing of the name of the SPA to SDUSA and the 1973 formation of DSOC and the SPUSA represented a split in the American socialist movement.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: In domestic politics, the SDUSA leadership emphasized the role of the American labor movement in advancing civil rights and economic justice. The domestic program followed the recommendations of Rustin's article "From Protest to Politics" in which Rustin analyzed the changing economy and its implications for African Americans. Rustin wrote that the rise of automation would reduce the demand for low-skill high-paying jobs, which would jeopardize the position of the urban black working class, particularly in the Northern United States. The needs of the black community demanded a shift in political strategy, where blacks would need to strengthen their political alliance with mostly white unions and other organizations (churches, synagogues and the like) to pursue a common economic agenda. It was time to move from protest to politics, wrote Rustin. A particular danger facing the black community was the chimera of identity politics, particularly the rise of Black Power which Rustin dismissed as a fantasy of middle-class African-Americans that repeated the political and moral errors of previous black nationalists while alienating the white allies needed by the black community.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: SDUSA documents had similar criticisms of the agendas advanced by middle class activists increasing their role in the Democratic Party. SDUSA members stated concerns about an exaggerated role of middle-class peace activists in the Democratic Party, particularly associated with the "New Politics" of Senator George McGovern, whose presidential candidacy was viewed as an ongoing disaster for the Democratic Party and for the United States. In electoral politics, SDUSA aimed to transform the Democratic Party into a social democratic party.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: In foreign policy, most of the founding SDUSA leadership called for an immediate cessation of the bombing of North Vietnam. They demanded a negotiated peace treaty to end the Vietnam War, but the majority opposed a unilateral withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam, suggesting that such a withdrawal would lead to an annihilation of the free labor unions and of the political opposition. After the withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam and the victory of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Viet Cong, SDUSA supported humanitarian assistance to refugees and condemned Senator McGovern for his failure to support such assistance.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: SDUSA was governed by biannual conventions which invited the participation of interested observers. These gatherings featured discussions and debates over proposed resolutions, some of which were adopted as organizational statements. The group frequently made use of outside speakers at these events: non-SDUSA intellectuals ranged from neoconservatives like Jeane Kirkpatrick on the right to democratic socialists like Paul Berman on the left and similarly a range of academic, political and labor-union leaders were invited. These meetings also functioned as reunions for political activists and intellectuals, some of whom worked together for decades. SDUSA also published a newsletter and occasional position papers, issued statements supporting labor unions and workers' interests at home and overseas, the existence of Israel and the Israeli labor movement. From 1979–1989, SDUSA members were organized to support of Solidarity, the independent labor union of Poland.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: The organization also attempted to exert influence through endorsements of presidential candidates. The group's 1976 National Convention, held in New York City, formally endorsed the Democratic ticket of Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale and pledged the group to "work enthusiastically" for the election of the pair in November. The organization took a less assertive approach during the divisive 1980 campaign, marked as it was by a heated primary challenge to President Carter by Senator Edward Kennedy and SDUSA chose not to hold its biannual convention until after the termination of the fall campaign. The election of conservative Ronald Reagan was chalked up to the failure of the Democrats to "appeal to their traditional working class constituency".


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: Early in 1980, long-time National Director Carl Gershman resigned his position to be replaced by Rita Freedman. Freedman previously had served as organizer and chair of SDUSA's key New York local.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: SDUSA dues were paid annually in advance, with members receiving a copy of the organization's official organ, the tabloid-sized newspaper "New America". The dues rate was $25 per year in 1983.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: Following the death of the organization's "Notesonline" editor Penn Kemble of cancer on October 15, 2005, SDUSA lapsed into a state of organizational hiatus, with no further issues of the online newsletter produced or updates to the group's website made.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: Following several years of inactivity, an attempt was subsequently made to revive SDUSA. In 2008, a group composed initially mostly of Pennsylvania members of SDUSA emerged, determined to re-launch the organization. A re-founding convention of the SDUSA was held May 3, 2009, at which a National Executive Committee was elected.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: Owing to factional disagreements, a group based in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and the newly elected National Executive Committee parted company, with the former styling itself as the Social Democrats, USA – Socialist Party USA and the latter as Social Democrats, USA.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: Two additional conventions took place since the 2009 reformation, an internet teleconference on September 1, 2010, featuring presentations by guest speakers Herb Engstrom of the California Democratic Party Executive Committee and Roger Clayman, Executive Director of the Long Island Labor Federation; and a convention held August 26–27, 2012, in Buffalo, New York, with a keynote address delivered by Richard Lipsitz, executive director of Western New York Labor Federation.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: Michael Harrington charged that its "obsessive anti-communism" rendered SDUSA politically conservative. In contrast, Harrington's DSOC and DSA criticized Marxism–Leninism, but he opposed many defense-and-diplomatic policies against the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc. Harrington voiced admiration for German Chancellor Willy Brandt's "Ostpolitik" which sought to reduce Western distrust of and hostility towards the Eastern Bloc and so entice the Soviet Union reciprocally to reduce its aggressive military posture.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: SDUSA leaders have served in the administrations of Presidents since the 1980 and the service of some members in Republican administrations has been associated with controversy. SDUSA members like Gershman were called "State Department socialists" by , who wrote that the foreign policy of the Reagan administration was being run by Trotskyists, a claim that was called a "myth" by . This "Trotskyist" charge has been repeated and even widened by journalist Michael Lind in 2003 to assert a takeover of the foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration by former Trotskyists. Lind's "amalgamation of the defense intellectuals with the traditions and theories of "the largely Jewish-American Trotskyist movement [in Lind's words]" was criticized in 2003 by University of Michigan professor Alan M. Wald, who had discussed Trotskyism in his history of "the New York intellectuals". SDUSA and allegations that "Trotskyists" subverted Bush's foreign policy have been mentioned by "self-styled" paleoconservatives (conservative opponents of neoconservatism).


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: Harrington and Tom Kahn had been associated with Max Shachtman, a Marxist theorist who had broken with Leon Trotsky because of his criticism of the Soviet Union as being a totalitarian class-society after having supported Trotsky in the 1930s. Although Schachtman died in 1972 before the Socialist Party was renamed as SDUSA, Shachtman's ideas continued to influence the Albert Shanker and The American Federation of Teachers, which was often associated with SDUSA members. Decades later, conflicts in the AFL–CIO were roughly split in 1995 along the lines of the conflict between the "Shachtmanite Social Democrats and the Harringtonite Democratic Socialists of America, with the Social Democrats supporting Kirkland and Donahue and the Democratic Socialists supporting Sweeney".


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: SDUSA members supported Solidarity, the independent labor-union of Poland. The organizer of the AFL–CIO's support for Solidarity, SDUSA's Tom Kahn, criticized Jeane Kirkpatrick's "Dictatorships and Double Standards", arguing that democracy should be promoted even in the countries dominated by Soviet Communism. In 1981, leading Social Democrats and some moderate Republicans wanted to use economic aid to Poland as leverage to expand the freedom of association in 1981, whereas Caspar Weinberger and neoconservative Jeane Kirkpatrick preferred to force the communist government of Poland to default on its international payments so they would lose credibility. Kahn argued for his position in a 1981 debate with neoconservative Norman Podhoretz, who like Kirkpatrick and Weinberger opposed all credits. In 1982, Kirkpatrick called similarly for Western assistance to Poland to be used to help Solidarity.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: Some of SDUSA's former members have been called neoconservatives. Justin Vaisse listed five SDUSA associates as "second-generation neoconservatives" and "so-called Shachtmanites", including "Penn Kemble, Joshua Muravchik... and Bayard Rustin". Throughout his life, Penn Kemble called himself a social democrat and objected to being called a neoconservative. Kemble and Joshua Muravchik were never followers of Max Shachtman. On the contrary, Kemble was recruited by a non-Shachtmanite professor, according to Muravchik, who wrote: "Although Shachtman was one of the elder statesmen who occasionally made stirring speeches to us, no YPSL [Young People's Socialist League] of my generation was a Shachtmanite". Besides objecting to being called a "neoconservative", Kemble "sharply criticized the Bush administration's approach on [Iraq]. 'The distinction between liberation and democratization, which requires a strategy and instruments, was an idea never understood by the administration,' he told the "New Republic"", wrote "The Washington Post" in Kemble's obituary.


title: Social Democrats, USA

text: Joshua Muravchik has identified himself as a neoconservative. When Muravhchik appeared at the 2003 SDUSA conference, he was criticized by SDUSA members: Rachelle Horowitz, another Social Democrats, USA, luminary and an event organizer, called Muravchik's comments "profoundly disturbing"—both his use of "us and them" rhetoric and the term "evil." The existence of evil in the world was something Horowitz was happy to concede, she said from the floor. But it was a word incapable of clear political definition and thus a producer of muddle rather than clarity, zeal rather than political action. Then Herf jumped in with similar criticisms. And then Berman. And Ibrahim. And before long, more or less everyone else in the room. There was still something, it seemed, that separated them from the neocons who hovered over the proceedings both as opponents and inspirations. Muravchik wanted to pull them somewhere most of the attendees—and organizers—were unwilling to go. Among Joshua Muravchick's SDUSA critics was his own father Emanuel Muravchik (a Norman Thomas socialist). His mother was too upset with Joshua's "Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism" to attend the discussion. On the other hand, Joshua Muravchik was called a "second-generation neoconservative" by Vaisse.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: Cheryl Ford (born June 6, 1981) is an American former professional basketball player. As a member of the Detroit Shock, she won the WNBA championship three times.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: Cheryl Ford is the daughter of Bonita Ford and former NBA player Karl Malone. She has a twin brother named Daryl and is the half sister of former NFL offensive tackle Demetress Bell.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: Ford played for Summerfield High School in Summerfield, Louisiana, where she was named a WBCA All-American. She participated in the 1999 WBCA High School All-America Game, where she scored two points.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: Ford was a standout collegiate player at Louisiana Tech University. In 2003, she was named to the Associated Press' All-America Honorable Mention team. She was also named the Western Athletic Conference "Player of the Year" in 2002 and 2003.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: In 2003, Ford was drafted as the No. 3 overall pick in the first round by the Detroit Shock in the WNBA Draft.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: In just her first year in the league, Ford led the Shock from worst to the best record and a WNBA championship in 2003. She is the first player to have won the WNBA Rookie of the Year Award and a WNBA championship in the same year. Afterwards, she played for the Dallas Fury in the National Women's Basketball League (NWBL) under Coach Nancy Lieberman.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: On July 15, 2007, Ford won the WNBA All-Star Game MVP Award in Washington, D.C. when the East beat the West 103–99.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: Ford missed the rest of the 2008 WNBA season due to an anterior cruciate ligament injury in her right knee, sustained on July 22, 2008 during a game against the Los Angeles Sparks. A brawl had broken out and Ford sustained the injury while attempting to restrain her teammate.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: In January 2010, Ford signed a deal with Polish team CCC Aquapark Polkowice from 1st division league Ford Germaz Ekstraklasa (PLKK).


title: Cheryl Ford

text: Ford spent the 2011–2012 season with Beretta Famila Schio, averaging 11.3 points and 11.9 rebounds per game.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: On September 12, 2012, The Canik Belediyesi basketball club was announced as having signed Ford, as well as New York Liberty veteran Janel McCarville.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: In March 2013, she signed with the New York Liberty. She missed most of the preseason due to a left knee injury, appearing in one preseason game before being released in June.


title: Cheryl Ford

text: Ford was named to the National team representing the USA at the 2006 World Championships, held in Barueri and Sao Paulo, Brazil. The team won eight of their nine contests, but the lone loss came in the semifinal medal round to Russia. The USA beat Brazil in the final game to earn the bronze medal. Ford averaged 3.4 points per game.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: Component-based software engineering (CBSE), also called component-based development (CBD), is a branch of software engineering that emphasizes the separation of concerns with respect to the wide-ranging functionality available throughout a given software system. It is a reuse-based approach to defining, implementing and composing loosely coupled independent components into systems. This practice aims to bring about an equally wide-ranging degree of benefits in both the short-term and the long-term for the software itself and for organizations that sponsor such software.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: Software engineering practitioners regard components as part of the starting platform for service-orientation. Components play this role, for example, in web services, and more recently, in service-oriented architectures (SOA), whereby a component is converted by the web service into a "service" and subsequently inherits further characteristics beyond that of an ordinary component.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: An individual software component is a software package, a web service, a web resource, or a module that encapsulates a set of related functions (or data).


title: Component-based software engineering

text: All system processes are placed into separate components so that all of the data and functions inside each component are semantically related (just as with the contents of classes). Because of this principle, it is often said that components are "modular" and "cohesive".


title: Component-based software engineering

text: With regard to system-wide co-ordination, components communicate with each other via "interfaces". When a component offers services to the rest of the system, it adopts a "provided" interface that specifies the services that other components can utilize, and how they can do so. This interface can be seen as a signature of the component - the client does not need to know about the inner workings of the component (implementation) in order to make use of it. This principle results in components referred to as "encapsulated". The UML illustrations within this article represent provided interfaces by a lollipop-symbol attached to the outer edge of the component.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: However, when a component needs to use another component in order to function, it adopts a "used" interface that specifies the services that it needs. In the UML illustrations in this article, "used interfaces" are represented by an open socket symbol attached to the outer edge of the component.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: Another important attribute of components is that they are "substitutable", so that a component can replace another (at design time or run-time), if the successor component meets the requirements of the initial component (expressed via the interfaces). Consequently, components can be replaced with either an updated version or an alternative without breaking the system in which the component operates.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: As a rule of thumb for engineers substituting components, component B can immediately replace component A, if component B provides at least what component A provided and uses no more than what component A used.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: Software components often take the form of objects (not classes) or collections of objects (from object-oriented programming), in some binary or textual form, adhering to some interface description language (IDL) so that the component may exist autonomously from other components in a computer. In other words, a component acts without changing its source code. Although the behavior of the component's source code may change based on the application's extensibility, provided by its writer.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: When a component is to be accessed or shared across execution contexts or network links, techniques such as serialization or marshalling are often employed to deliver the component to its destination.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: Reusability is an important characteristic of a high-quality software component. Programmers should design and implement software components in such a way that many different programs can reuse them. Furthermore, component-based usability testing should be considered when software components directly interact with users.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: It takes significant effort and awareness to write a software component that is effectively reusable. The component needs to be:


title: Component-based software engineering

text: In the 1960s, programmers built scientific subroutine libraries that were reusable in a broad array of engineering and scientific applications. Though these subroutine libraries reused well-defined algorithms in an effective manner, they had a limited domain of application. Commercial sites routinely created application programs from reusable modules written in assembly language, COBOL, PL/1 and other second- and third-generation languages using both system and user application libraries.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: , modern reusable components encapsulate both data structures and the algorithms that are applied to the data structures. Component-based software engineering builds on prior theories of software objects, software architectures, software frameworks and software design patterns, and the extensive theory of object-oriented programming and the object-oriented design of all these. It claims that software components, like the idea of hardware components, used for example in telecommunications, can ultimately be made interchangeable and reliable. On the other hand, it is argued that it is a mistake to focus on independent components rather than the framework (without which they would not exist).


title: Component-based software engineering

text: The idea that software should be componentized - built from prefabricated "components" - first became prominent with Douglas McIlroy's address at the NATO conference on software engineering in Garmisch, Germany, 1968, titled "Mass Produced Software Components". The conference set out to counter the so-called software crisis. McIlroy's subsequent inclusion of pipes and filters into the Unix operating system was the first implementation of an infrastructure for this idea.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: Brad Cox of Stepstone largely defined the modern concept of a software component. He called them "Software ICs" and set out to create an infrastructure and market for these components by inventing the Objective-C programming language. (He summarizes this view in his book "Object-Oriented Programming - An Evolutionary Approach" 1986.)


title: Component-based software engineering

text: The software components are used in two different contexts and two kinds: i) using components as parts to build a single executable, or ii) each executable is treated as a component in a distributed environment, where components collaborate with each other using internet or intranet communication protocols for IPC (Inter Process Communications). The above belongs to former kind, while the below belongs to later kind.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: IBM led the path with their System Object Model (SOM) in the early 1990s. As a reaction, Microsoft paved the way for actual deployment of component software with Object linking and embedding (OLE) and Component Object Model (COM). many successful software component models exist.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: In 2021 open-source toolchain Bit provided a free infrastructure for the development and composition of components into software applications, products, services and systems.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: A computer running several software components is often called an application server. This combination of application servers and software components is usually called distributed computing. Typical real-world application of this is in, e.g., financial applications or business software.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: A component model is a definition of properties that components must satisfy, methods and mechanisms for the composition of components.


title: Component-based software engineering

text: During the last decades, researchers and practitioners have proposed several component models with different characteristics. A classification of the existing component models is given in. Examples of component models are: Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) model, Component Object Model (COM) model, .NET model, X-MAN component model, and Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) component model.