title: Schooner (glass)

text: Also, since 2011, beer and cider have been permitted to be sold in glasses known by drinkers as 'schooners', though these are not defined as such in UK legislation.


title: Schooner (glass)

text: In all Australian states other than South Australia, a "schooner" is a , or three-quarters of an imperial pint pre-metrication.


title: Schooner (glass)

text: It is the most common size in New South Wales, Queensland and the Northern Territory, although it is known in other states. Some hospitality venues in Western Australia are going through a process of "schoonerification", whereby the previous culture of drinking by pints has been changed with vessels of schooner size to allay increasing costs to venues and with encouragement from the state government to curb binge drinking.


title: Schooner (glass)

text: In South Australian pubs and clubs, the term "schooner" refers to a glass with a capacity of (known as a "pot" elsewhere in Australia, or a "middy" in New South Wales and Western Australia; these were half an imperial pint pre-metrication).


title: Schooner (glass)

text: There is no legal definition of a schooner in Australia, with the volume of beer served depending on the venue. A calibrated 425 ml glass may be used and filled to the brim, resulting in a "schooner" of 375 ml of beer and 50 ml of froth.


title: Schooner (glass)

text: In Canada, a "schooner" refers to a large capacity beer glass. Unlike the Australian schooner, which is smaller than a pint, a Canadian schooner is larger. Although not standardised, the most common size of schooner served in Canadian bars is 33.3 Imp fl oz / . It is commonly a tankard-shaped glass (dimpled mug shape with handle), rather than a traditional pint glass. It shouldn't be confused with Schooner Lager, which is a regional brand of beer found only in the eastern maritime provinces of Canada.


title: Schooner (glass)

text: In most places in the United States, "schooner" refers to the shape of the glass (rounded with a short stem), rather than the capacity. It can range from .


title: Schooner (glass)

text: In the Pacific Northwest, "schooner" refers to a smaller size pour, usually 8 to 12 ounces. It's often available off-menu.


title: Mikoyan MiG-33

text: MiG-33 was the development designation of the aircraft that was eventually delivered as the MiG-29. Certain variants of the MiG-29 were designated MiG-33.


title: Mikoyan MiG-33

text: The designation MiG-33 has been associated with two different Mikoyan fighter designs. It was first employed for a single-engine, lightweight strike fighter similar in capabilities to the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon. More formally known as ""Project 33"", development work began on this design about 1980, but was cancelled in 1986 as the result of changing Soviet Air Forces requirements. More recently, the "MiG-33" designation was introduced at the 1994 Farnborough Airshow as the briefly used marketing name for the "MiG-29ME" export model of the MiG-29M Fulcrum-E, a comprehensively upgraded, fully multirole version of the MiG-29. Although only a few MiG-29M aircraft were built (and none exported), they have served as prototypes for the development of the latest, most advanced Fulcrum variant, the MiG-35.


title: Mikoyan MiG-33

text: Around 1980, the Mikoyan OKB design bureau began working on a light "strike fighter" that was intended to be a direct competitor to the F-16 Fighting Falcon. This new Mikoyan design, designated "Izdeliye 33" ("Izd 33") (and variously translated as "Article 33", "Project 33", "Product 33", or "Project R-33"), was of conventional layout and similar in appearance to the F-16. It was powered by a single Klimov RD-33 afterburning turbofan engine – the same engine used by the twin-engined MiG-29. While extensive wind tunnel testing was conducted on the design, no prototypes were built since the Soviet Air Force (VVS) dropped its support for concept about 1986. The program was one of several victims of the VVS’ changing operational needs, financial constraints, and a growing preference for multirole designs.


title: Mikoyan MiG-33

text: During the early 1990s, it became briefly popular for Sukhoi and Mikoyan to assign new designations for upgraded models to make them appear "new and improved" instead of just "improved". The VVS did not accept these marketing designations and most were soon dropped. Following Sukhoi's initiative in this approach, Mikoyan's first such offering was the "MiG-29ME", which first publicly appeared as the "MiG-33" at the 1994 Farnborough Airshow. The MiG-29ME was the export version of the "MiG-29M" (Product 9.15) "Super Fulcrum", a comprehensively upgraded, fully multirole version of the MiG-29.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: The Kościuszko Uprising, also known as the Polish Uprising of 1794 and the Second Polish War, was an uprising against the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Prussian partition in 1794. It was a failed attempt to liberate the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from external influence after the Second Partition of Poland (1793) and the creation of the Targowica Confederation.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: By the early 18th century, the magnates of Poland and Lithuania controlled the state – or rather, they managed to ensure that no reforms would be carried out that might weaken their privileged status (the "Golden Freedoms"). Through the abuse of the "liberum veto" rule which enabled any deputy to paralyze the Sejm (Commonwealth's parliament) proceedings, deputies bribed by magnates or foreign powers or those simply content to believe they were living in an unprecedented "Golden Age", paralysed the Commonwealth's government for over a century.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: The idea of reforming the Commonwealth gained traction starting from the mid-17th century. It was, however, viewed with suspicion not only by its magnates but also by neighboring countries, which were content with the deterioration of the Commonwealth and abhorred the thought of a resurgent and democratic power on their borders. With the Commonwealth Army reduced to around 16,000, it was easy for its neighbors to intervene directly (The Imperial Russian Army numbered 300,000; The Prussian Army and Imperial Austrian Army, 200,000 each).


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: A major opportunity for reform presented itself during the "Great Sejm" of 1788–92. Poland's neighbors were preoccupied with wars and unable to intervene forcibly in Polish affairs. Russia and Austria were engaged in hostilities with the Ottoman Empire (the Russo-Turkish War, 1787–1792 and the Austro-Turkish War, 1787–1791); the Russians also found themselves simultaneously fighting in the Russo-Swedish War, 1788–1790. A new alliance between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussia seemed to provide security against Russian intervention, and on 3 May 1791 the new constitution was read and adopted to overwhelming popular support.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: With the wars between Turkey and Russia and Sweden and Russia having ended, Empress Catherine was furious over the adoption of the new constitution, which she believed threatened Russian influence in Poland. Russia had viewed Poland as a "de facto" protectorate. "The worst possible news has arrived from Warsaw: the Polish king has become almost sovereign" was the reaction of one of Russia's chief foreign policy authors, Alexander Bezborodko, when he learned of the new constitution. Prussia was also strongly opposed to the new constitution, and Polish diplomats received a note that the new constitution changed the Polish state so much that Prussia did not consider its obligations binding. Just like Russia, Prussia was concerned that the newly strengthened Polish state could become a threat and the Prussian foreign minister, Friedrich Wilhelm von Schulenburg-Kehnert, clearly and with rare candor told the Poles that Prussia did not support the constitution and refused to help the Commonwealth in any form, even as a mediator, as it was not in Prussia's state interest to see the Commonwealth strengthened as it could threaten Prussia in the future. The Prussian statesman Ewald von Hertzberg expressed the fears of European conservatives: "The Poles have given the "coup de grâce" to the Prussian monarchy by voting a constitution", elaborating that a strong Commonwealth would likely demand the return of the lands Prussia acquired in the First Partition.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: The Constitution was not adopted without dissent in the Commonwealth itself, either. Magnates who had opposed the constitution draft from the start, namely Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, Seweryn Rzewuski, and Szymon and Józef Kossakowski, asked Tsaritsa Catherine to intervene and restore their privileges such as the Russian-guaranteed Cardinal Laws abolished under the new statute. To that end these magnates formed the Targowica Confederation. The Confederation's proclamation, prepared in St. Petersburg in January 1792, criticized the constitution for contributing to, in their own words, "contagion of democratic ideas" following "the fatal examples set in Paris". It asserted that "The parliament ... has broken all fundamental laws, swept away all liberties of the gentry and on the third of May 1791 turned into a revolution and a conspiracy." The Confederates declared an intention to overcome this revolution. We "can do nothing but turn trustingly to Tsarina Catherine, a distinguished and fair empress, our neighboring friend and ally", who "respects the nation's need for well-being and always offers it a helping hand", they wrote. The Confederates aligned with Catherine and asked her for military intervention. On 18 May 1792 the Russian ambassador to Poland, Yakov Bulgakov, delivered a declaration of war to Polish Foreign Minister Joachim Chreptowicz. Russian armies entered Poland and Lithuania on the same day, starting the Polish–Russian War of 1792. The war ended without any decisive battles, with a capitulation signed by Polish King Stanisław August Poniatowski, who hoped that a diplomatic compromise could be worked out.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: King Poniatowski's hopes that the capitulation would allow an acceptable diplomatic solution to be worked out were soon dashed. With new deputies bribed or intimidated by the Russian troops, a new session of parliament, known as the Grodno Sejm, took place, in fall 1793. On 23 November 1793, it concluded its deliberations under duress, annulling the constitution and acceding to the Second Partition. Russia took , while Prussia took of the Commonwealth's territory. This event reduced Poland's population to only one-third of what it was before the partitions began in 1772. The rump state was garrisoned by Russian troops and its independence was strongly curtailed. Such an outcome was a giant blow for the members of the Targowica Confederation, who saw their actions as a defense of the centuries-old privileges of the magnates, but now were regarded by the majority of the Polish population as traitors.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: The Polish military was widely dissatisfied with the capitulation, most commanders considering it premature; Tadeusz Kościuszko, Prince Józef Poniatowski and many others would criticize the king's decision and many, including Kościuszko, resigned their commission shortly afterward. After the Commonwealth defeat in that war and the rescinding of the Constitution, the Army was reduced to about 36,000. In 1794 Russians demanded a further downsizing of the army to 15,000. The dissent in the Polish Army was one of the sparks that would lead to the coming conflict.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: The King's capitulation was a hard blow for Kościuszko, who had not lost a single battle in the campaign. By mid September he was resigned to leave the country, and he departed Warsaw in early October. Kościuszko settled in Leipzig, where many other notable Polish commanders and politicians formed an émigrée community. Soon he and some others began preparing an uprising against Russian rule in Poland. The politicians, grouped around Ignacy Potocki and Hugo Kołłątaj, sought contacts with similar opposition groups formed in Poland and by spring 1793 had been joined by other politicians and revolutionaries, including Ignacy Działyński. While Kołłątaj and others had begun planning for the uprising before meeting Kościuszko, his support was a major boon for them, as he was, at that time, among the most popular individuals in the entire Poland.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: In August 1793 Kościuszko returned to Leipzig where he was met with demands to start planning for the uprising; however, he was worried that an uprising would have little chance against the three partitioners. In September he would clandestinely cross the Polish border to conduct personal observations, and to meet some sympathetic high-ranking officers in the remaining Polish Army, including general Józef Wodzicki. The preparations in Poland were slow and he decided to postpone the outbreak, and left for Italy, planning to return in February. However, the situation in Poland was changing rapidly. The Russian and Prussian governments forced Poland to again disband the majority of her armed forces and the reduced units were to be drafted into the Russian army. Also, in March the tsarist agents discovered the group of revolutionaries in Warsaw and started arresting notable Polish politicians and military commanders. Kościuszko was forced to execute his plan earlier than expected, and on 15 March 1794 he set off for Kraków.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: On 12 March 1794, General Antoni Madaliński, the commander of 1st Greater Polish National Cavalry Brigade (1,500 men) decided to disobey the order to demobilise, advancing his troops from Ostrołęka to Kraków. This sparked an outbreak of riots against Russian forces throughout the country. The Russian garrison of Kraków was ordered to leave the city and confront Madalinski, which left Kraków completely undefended, but also foiled Kosciuszko's plan to seize their weapons.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: On 24 March 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko, a veteran of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, announced the general uprising in a speech in the Kraków town square and assumed the powers of the Commander in Chief of all of the Polish forces. He also vowed


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: In order to strengthen the Polish forces, Kościuszko issued an act of mobilisation, requiring that every 5 houses in Lesser Poland delegate at least one able male soldier equipped with "carbine, pike, or an axe". Kościuszko's Commission for Order in Kraków recruited all males between 18 and 28 years of age and passed an income tax. The difficulties with providing enough armament for the mobilised troops made Kościuszko form large units composed of peasants armed with scythes, called the "scythemen".


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: To destroy the still weak opposition, Russian Empress Catherine the Great ordered the corps of Major General Fiodor Denisov to attack Kraków. On 4 April both armies met near the village of Racławice. In what became known as the Battle of Racławice Kościuszko's forces defeated the numerically and technically superior opponent. After the bloody battle the Russian forces withdrew from the battlefield. Kościuszko's forces were too weak to start a successful pursuit and wipe the Russian forces out of Lesser Poland. Although the strategic importance of the victory was close to none, the news of the victory spread fast and soon other parts of Poland joined the ranks of the revolutionaries. By early April the Polish forces concentrated in the lands of Lublin and Volhynia, ready to be sent to Russia, joined the ranks of Kościuszko's forces.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: On 17 April in Warsaw, the Russian attempt to arrest those suspected of supporting the insurrection and to disarm the weak Polish garrison of Warsaw under Gen. Stanisław Mokronowski by seizing the arsenal at Miodowa Street resulted in an uprising against the Russian garrison of Warsaw, led by Jan Kiliński, in the face of indecisiveness of the King of Poland, Stanisław II Augustus. The insurgents were aided by the incompetence of Russian ambassador and commander, Iosif Igelström, and the chosen day being the Thursday of Holy Week when many soldiers of the Russian garrison went to the churches for the Eucharist not carrying their arms. Finally, from the onset of the insurrection, the Polish forces were aided by the civilian population and had surprise on their side as they attacked many separate groups of soldiers at the same time and the resistance to Russian forces quickly spread over the city. After two days of heavy fighting the Russians, who suffered between 2,000 and 4,000 casualties out of an initial 5,000 strong garrison, were forced to leave the city. A similar uprising was started by Jakub Jasiński in Vilnius (Wilno) on 23 April and soon other cities and towns followed. The massacre of unarmed Russian soldiers attending the Easter service was regarded as a "crime against humanity" by Russians and was a cause of vengeance later, during the siege of Warsaw.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: On 7 May 1794, Kościuszko issued an act that became known as the "Proclamation of Połaniec", in which he partially abolished serfdom in Poland, granted civil liberty to all peasants and provided them with state help against abuses by the nobility. Although the new law never fully came into being and was boycotted by much of the nobility, it also attracted many peasants to the ranks of the revolutionaries. It was the first time in Polish history that the peasants were officially regarded as part of the "nation", the word being previously equivalent to "nobility".


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: Despite the promise of reforms and quick recruitment of new forces, the strategic situation of the Polish forces, which consisted of 6,000 peasants, cavalry, and 9,000 soldiers, was still critical. On 10 May the forces of Prussia (17,500 soldiers under General Francis Favrat), crossed the Polish borders and joined the 9,000 Russian soldiers operating in northern Poland. On 6 June Kościuszko was defeated in the Battle of Szczekociny by a joint Russo-Prussian force and on 8 June General Józef Zajączek was defeated in the Battle of Chełm. Polish forces withdrew towards Warsaw and started to fortify the city under directions from Kosciuszko and his 16,000 soldiers, 18,000 peasants and 15,000 burghers. On 15 June the Prussian army captured Kraków unopposed. Warsaw was besieged by 41,000 Russians under General Ivan Fersen and 25,000 Prussians under King Frederick William II of Prussia on 13 July. On 20 August, an uprising in Greater Poland started and the Prussians were forced to withdraw their forces from Warsaw. The siege was lifted by 6 September when the Prussians and Russians had both withdrawn their troops.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: Although the opposition in Lithuania was crushed by Russian forces (Vilnius was besieged and capitulated on 12 August), the uprising in Greater Poland achieved some success. A Polish corps under Jan Henryk Dąbrowski captured Bydgoszcz (2 October) and entered Pomerania almost unopposed. Thanks to the mobility of his forces, General Dąbrowski evaded being encircled by a much less mobile Prussian army and disrupted the Prussian lines, forcing the Prussians to withdraw most of their forces from central Poland. However, the Poles did not stay long in Prussian territories, and soon retreated to Central Poland.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: Meanwhile, the Russians equipped a new corps commanded by General Aleksandr Suvorov and ordered it to join up with the corps under Ivan Fersen near Warsaw. After the Battle of Krupczyce (17 September) and the Battle of Terespol (19 September), the new army started its march towards Warsaw. Trying to prevent both Russian armies from joining up, Kościuszko mobilised two regiments from Warsaw and with General Sierakowski's 5,000 soldiers, engaged Fersen's force of 14,000 on 10 October in the Battle of Maciejowice. Kościuszko was wounded in the battle and was captured by the Russians, who sent him to Saint Petersburg.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: The new commander of the uprising, Tomasz Wawrzecki, could not control the spreading internal struggles for power and ultimately became only the commander of weakened military forces, while the political power was held by General Józef Zajączek, who in turn had to struggle with both the leftist liberal Polish Jacobins and the rightist and monarchical nobility.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: On 4 November the joint Russian forces started the Battle of Praga, after the name of the right-bank suburb of Warsaw where it took place. After four hours of brutal hand-to-hand fighting, the 22,000-strong Russian forces broke through the Polish defences and Suvorov allowed his Cossacks to loot and burn Warsaw. Approximately 20,000 were murdered in the Praga massacre. Zajaczek fled wounded, abandoning the Polish army.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: On 16 November, near Radoszyce, Wawrzecki surrendered. This marked the end of the uprising. The power of Poland was broken and the following year the third partition of Poland took place, after which Austria, Russia and Prussia annexed the remainder of the country.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: After the failure of the Kościuszko Uprising, Poland ceased to exist for 123 years, and all of its institutions were gradually banned by the partitioning powers. However, the uprising also marked the start of modern political thought in Poland and Central Europe. Kościuszko's Proclamation of Połaniec and the radical leftist Jacobins started the Polish leftist movement. Many prominent Polish politicians who were active during the uprising became the backbone of Polish politics, both at home and abroad, in the 19th century. Also, Prussia had much of its forces tied up in Poland and could not field enough forces to suppress the French Revolution, which added to its success and briefly restored a Polish state.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: In the lands of partitioned Poland, the failure of the uprising meant economic catastrophe, as centuries-old economic markets became divided and separated from each other, resulting in the collapse of trade. Several banks fell and some of the few manufacturing centres established in the Commonwealth were closed. Reforms made by the reformers and Kosciuszko, aimed at easing serfdom, were revoked. All the partitioning powers heavily taxed their newly acquired lands, filling their treasuries at the expense of the local population.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: The schooling system was also degraded as the schools in those territories were given low priority. The Commission of National Education, the world's first Ministry of Education, was abolished, because the absolutist governments of the partitioning powers saw no gain in investing in education in the territories inhabited by restless Polish minorities. The creation of educational institutions in the partitions became very difficult. For example, an attempt to create a university in Warsaw was opposed by the Prussian authorities. Further, in the German and Russian partitions, all remaining centers of learning were subject to Germanisation and Russification; only in territories acquired by Austria was there relatively little governmental intervention in the curriculum. According to S. I. Nikołajew, from the cultural point of view the partitions may have given a step forward towards the development of national Polish literature and arts, since the inhabitants of partitioned lands could acquire the cultural developments of German and Russian Enlightenment.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: The conditions for the former Polish elite were particularly harsh in Russian partition. Thousands of Polish "szlachta" families who supported Kościuszo's uprising were stripped of their possessions and estates, which were awarded to Russian generals and favourites of the St. Petersburg court. It is estimated that 650,000 former Polish serfs were transferred to Russian officials in this manner. Some among the nobility, especially in Lithuanian and Ruthenian regions of the former Commonwealth, were expelled to southern Russia, where they were subject to Russification. Other nobles were denied their nobility status by Russian authorities, which meant loss of legal privileges and social status, significantly limiting any possibility of a career in administration or the military - the traditional career paths of Polish nobles. It also meant that they could not own any land, another blow to their former noble status. But for Orthodox Christian peasants of Western Ukraine and Belarus, the partition may have brought the decline of religious oppression by their formal lords, followers of Roman Catholicism.


title: Kościuszko Uprising

text: However, Orthodox Christians were only a small minority in Eastern Belarus at that time; the prevailing majority of the country's population was Eastern rite Catholics. Peasants were flogged just for mentioning the name of Kościuszko and his idea of abolishing serfdom. Platon Zubov, who was awarded estates in Lithuania, was especially infamous, as he personally tortured to death many peasants who complained about worsening conditions. Besides this, the Russian authorities conducted heavy recruiting for the Russian army among the population, which meant a practically lifelong service. Since the conditions of serfdom in former Poland due to the exploitation by nobility and arendators were already severe, discussion exists on how partitions influenced the life of common people.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: Brooksville is a city in and the county seat of Hernando County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 7,719, up from 7,264 at the 2000 census. Brooksville is home to historic buildings and residences, including the homes of former Florida Governor William Sherman Jennings and football player Jerome Brown. It is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: Brooksville, established in 1856 by the merger of the towns of Melendez and Pierceville, took its name to honor and show support for Preston Brooks, a pro-slavery congressman from South Carolina who caned and seriously injured Massachusetts Senator and abolitionist Charles Sumner.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: Brooksville is located in east-central Hernando County, north of Tampa and southwest of Ocala. The geographic center of Florida is north-northwest of Brooksville.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, Brooksville has a total area of , of which are land and , or 0.90%, are water.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: Brooksville is known for its rolling topography with elevations ranging from 100 ft to 180 ft. The highest elevation in the area is Chinsegut Hill, at 269 ft, over five and a half miles north of the city.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: As of Census 2010, there were 7,719 people, 3,504 households, and 1,927 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 3,504 occupied housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 78.7% White, 19.1% African American, 1% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 2.1% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.6% of the population, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander composed 0.2% of the population.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: There were 3,220 households, out of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.9% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% were non-families. 38.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.82.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: In the city, 22.1% of people were under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 29.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.4 males.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: The median income for a household in the city was $25,489, and the median income for a family was $31,060. Males had a median income of $29,837 versus $21,804 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,265. About 16.8% of families and 21.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.9% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: The city hosted an annual Blueberry Festival in downtown Brooksville until 2017. The Festival then moved to Plant City.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: The city has historic homes along brick streets. There is also a Native American outpost in a log cabin, the Brooksville Railroad Depot Museum, and The Hernando Heritage Museum, located in the May-Stringer House. The Historic Brooksville Walking/Driving Tour features many historic homes; a guidebook is available at the City of Brooksville website and at the main library on Howell Avenue.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: The first annual "Get Healthy Brooksville Cycling Classic" was held in 2010 and attracted cyclists from all over the state.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: The Brooksville Business Alliance has sponsored the annual Brooksville Founders Week Celebration since 2006. There is a monthly live music performance, antique car show, and other events.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: Fort DeSoto, established about 1840 to give protection to settlers from Native Americans, was located at the northeastern edge of present-day Brooksville on Croom Road about one-half mile east of U.S. Highway 41. The fort was also a trading post and a regular stop on the Concord stagecoach line which ran from Palatka to Tampa.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: The fort was built on top of a heavy bed of limestone, a fact which they were unaware of at the time. This made it exceedingly difficult to obtain water, thus causing the location to be abandoned.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: On September 12, 1842, Seminole Indians attacked the McDaniel party which was riding near the settlement known as "Chocochatti" or "Chocachatti", south of Brooksville, killing Mrs. Charlotte Crum ( Winn/Wynn; 1792–1842).


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: Brooksville was settled in 1845 by four families: the Howell family which settled the northern part of town; the Mays family which settled the eastern part of town; the Hale family on the west; and the Parsons family on the south. In the early 1840s the population shifted about to the south, where a settlement formed by the Hope and Saxon families became known as Pierceville. About this time, another community about northwest of Pierceville, named Melendez, was formed.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: In 1850 a post office was established at Melendez, which in 1855 was listed as the Capital of Benton County, now Hernando County. In 1854 it was replaced by a post office at Pierceville. Both towns were situated in the area that would become Brooksville.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: In 1856, the town of Brooksville was established by the merger of the towns of Melendez and Pierceville and served as the county seat of Hernando County. The name was chosen to honor Preston Brooks, a congressman who had caned abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner nearly to death in 1856 on the floor of the Senate after Sumner gave an anti-slavery speech and disparaged Brooks' uncle, Senator Andrew Butler.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: The Pierceville post office was renamed Brooksville in 1871. The city of Brooksville was incorporated on October 13, 1880.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: A study of lynchings recorded in Hernando County in the late 19th and early 20th centuries revealed it had one of the highest per capita rates of violence against blacks in the United States. In Brooksville, the county seat, several African-Americans were killed in the 1870s and 1920s. Arthur St. Clair, a community leader, was murdered in 1877 after he presided over an interracial marriage. After the murder, the investigation was stymied by local actions to prevent bringing to justice the white men accused in his killing.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: Around 1885, there was a brief uprising by blacks, three of whom were killed and many others wounded by whites.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: The 1920s saw a resurgence of Ku Klux Klan activity and lynchings; as a result, many black residents left the area. During the Great Depression, Brooksville suffered from a lack of currency. The school board paid teachers with chits, and Weeks Hardware "accepted chickens and sides of bacon" as payment.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: In the 1920s, Brooksville was a major citrus production area and was known as the "Home of the Tangerine".


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: In 1948, Brooksville instituted a zoning law segregating neighborhoods. Schools remained segregated until the late 1960s.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: One of the most notorious examples of racism in the city was the creation of the "Lewis Plantation and Turpentine Still", which claimed to show life in African-American rural communities, but in reality contained black residents dressing and acting in grotesque stereotypes as a means of entertaining white tourists.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: Brooksville is a residential-commercial community. There are several modern medical facilities in the area including Bayfront Health Brooksville, Oak Hill Community Hospital, and Bayfront Health Spring Hill. A campus of Pasco–Hernando State College is a mile north of the city limits. The business section includes eleven shopping centers, and Brooksville–Tampa Bay Regional Airport is south of the city. There are three city parks with walking trails, sports, and picnicking facilities, including a nine-hole golf course.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: Jerome Brown, defensive tackle for the Philadelphia Eagles was a graduate of Brooksville's Hernando High School. In June 1988, he received praise for his calm demeanor as he helped disperse a group of Ku Klux Klan protesters in Brooksville. Brown, and his 12-year-old nephew Gus, died on June 25, 1992, after Brown lost control of his car and crashed into a tree; Brown was 27 years old. In 2000, the Jerome Brown Community Center was opened in Brooksville in memory of Brown.


title: Brooksville, Florida

text: A minor controversy arose in the summer of 2010 when local media and residents brought attention to the origin of the town's name, calling it "shameful". The suggestion was made that the town should change its name in order to distance itself from its pro-slavery history. The idea was opposed by locals and not entertained by the city council. However, the city's official website did remove a page which discussed the Brooks/Sumner encounter and had cast Brooks in a positive light.


title: Dawn Mello

text: Dawn Mello (October 5, 1931 – February 16, 2020) was an American fashion retail executive and consultant and the one-time fashion director and president of Bergdorf Goodman. Subsequently she moved to Italy to manage Gucci. Later she was the president of her own firm, Dawn Mello & Associates LLC.


title: Dawn Mello

text: Dawn Mello was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, and studied at the Modern School of Fashion and Design in Boston and the Boston Museum School of Fine Arts.


title: Dawn Mello

text: She started her career as an assistant at B. Altman and Company in 1959. From 1960 to 1971, she worked at The May Department Stores Company's NY buying office.


title: Dawn Mello

text: In 1975, Mello was hired by Bergdorf's then chairman Ira Neimark to become the store's fashion director. It was during this tenure at the store that she is credited with discovering and promoting the talents and designs of Michael Kors. In the 1980s, she was a mentor to Donna Karan.


title: Dawn Mello

text: Dawn Mello was hired in November 1989 as Gucci's executive vice president and chief designer. She reduced the number of stores from +1,000 to 180 in a move to rebuild the brand’s exclusivity. She also reduced the number of items sold by Gucci from 22,000 to 7,000. She revived the Bamboo bag and the Gucci loafer. Dawn Mello hired Tom Ford to oversee Gucci women's ready-to-wear collection.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Sex appeal is often used in advertising to help sell a particular product or service. According to research, sexually appealing content, such as imagery, used for marketing does not need to pertain to the product or service in question. Rather, such content is utilized as an attempt to shape or shift brand image held by the consumer. As more companies have adopted the ad strategy of "sex sells", the prevalence of sexual campaigns has led to controversy. Consumers in society have voiced concern over the techniques and content used for titillating audiences, often stemming from the fact that such ads challenge conventional morals and cultural standards.


title: Sex in advertising

text: In contemporary mainstream advertising (e.g., magazines, online, television), sex is present in promotional content for a wide range of branded goods and services. Ads often feature provocative images of well-defined women and men in revealing outfits and postures selling products such as clothing, alcohol, beauty products, and fragrances. Brands such as Calvin Klein, Victoria's Secret, and Pepsi (just to name a few) use these images to cultivate a sexy media presence.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Whereas some brands use overtly sexual content in their ads, others do so subliminally, injecting subtle or even imperceptible cues designed specifically to influence the target audience. Also, sexual content is used to promote mainstream products not traditionally associated with sex. For example, Dallas Opera's recent reversal of its declining ticket sales has been attributed to the marketing of the more lascivious parts of its performances.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Sex in advertising relies on evolutionary processes and varies in effectiveness depending on the culture and gender of the receiver.


title: Sex in advertising

text: "Gender Advertisements", a 1979 book by Canadian social anthropologist Erving Goffman, is a series of studies of visual communication and how gender representation in advertising communicates subtle, underlying messages about the sexual roles projected by masculine and feminine images in advertising. The book is a visual essay about sex roles in advertising and the differences, as well as the symbolism implied in the depictions of men and women in advertising.


title: Sex in advertising

text: When couples are used in an advertisement, the sex roles played by each also send out messages. The interaction of the couple may send out a message of relative dominance and power, and may stereotype the roles of one or both partners. Usually the message is very subtle, and sometimes advertisements attract interest by changing stereotypical roles. For example, companies including Spotify, Airbnb, Lynx and Amazon.com have used same-sex couples in adverts. These adverts appeal to same-sex couples; and they also create the image that these companies are tolerant, allowing them to appeal to a wider consumer audience.


title: Sex in advertising

text: As many consumers and professionals are thinking people, sex may used to grab a viewer's attention but this is likely short-term success. Whether using sex in advertising is effective depends on the product. About three-quarters of advertisements using sex to sell the product are communicating a product-related benefit, such as the product making its users more sexually attractive.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Daily exposure on social media by adolescents to these types of influences can effect their development. Younger teenage girls are drawn to these ads in order to learn about romance and relationships.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Correlational studies have linked sociodemographic variables to adolescent viewing habits. This can include (but not limited to) sex, age, and even ethnicity. Adolescents who watch and listen to a lot of media are more likely than less regular audiences to consider stereotypes of sex roles on TV as realistic.


title: Sex in advertising

text: The use of physically attractive models in advertising is a form of sex in advertising. Physical attractiveness can be conveyed through facial beauty, physique, hair, skin complexion as well as by the model's inferred personality. This form of sex in advertising is effective as it draws attention and influences the overall feeling of the ad. Furthermore, such ads create an association between physical attractiveness and the product which sends a message to the consumer that buying and using the product will help them achieve that physique. The sexual arousal possibly elicited by physical attractiveness in adverts is thought to transfer onto the advertised product.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Marketers often use tactics such as sexual imagery in their advertisements to capture the consumer's attention for longer. Sex in advertising is also incorporated using hints of sexual behavior. The latter is communicated by the models using flirtatious body language, open posture and making eye contact with the viewer. Sexual behavior can also be displayed using several models interacting in a more or less sexual way. Sexual behavior in advertising is used to arouse sexual interest from the viewer. Research has shown that sexual arousal elicited by an advert subsequently affects the overall ad evaluation and the chances of future purchase.


title: Sex in advertising

text: For example, in a Guess clothing advert, while the models are physically attractive, it is their behavior such as position, posture and facial expressions that communicate sexual interest to the viewer. Women are often shown as being shorter, put in the background of images, shown in more 'feminine' poses than men, and generally present a higher degree of 'body display' than men in print advertisements.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Sexual referents are a more implicit example of sex in advertising. Sex can be invoked in advertising using sexual double entendre or innuendos. The latter rely on the viewer to interpret them. They can be words or images that while not being explicitly sexual, trigger sexual thoughts from the viewer. Elements such as lighting, music, models' behavior and camera effects can contribute towards communicating implicit sexual meaning. Sexual referents are a powerful tool as they drive viewers to create sexual thoughts and interpretations of the product.


title: Sex in advertising

text: While sexual referents are an implicit use of sex in advertising, as there may be nothing overtly sexual about them, they are placed by advertisers in the aim that viewers will interpret them as sexual. An example of sexual referents is Volkswagen's campaign for the Beetle Cabriolet. The advert pixelates the non-existent roof to the car, similar to the pixelation that occurs when female's breasts are exposed in some forms of media. Volkswagen has a history of producing tongue-in-cheek adverts, and this one serves to compare their new convertible to a woman who goes topless at a beach. It implies the car is relaxed and fun, like someone who goes topless at a beach.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Sexual embeds are a controversial form of sex in advertising. They are a powerful technique that advertising agencies do not want consumers to consciously notice. They are subliminal elements that are detected as sexual information solely at the subconscious level. Sexual embeds can take the form of objects or words that, at the subconscious level (or when occasionally consciously identified) explicitly depict sexual acts or genitalia. For example, a perfume bottle could mimic a phallic shape and its positioning could suggest sexual intercourse. Embeds are especially effective as they unconsciously trigger sexual arousal in the consumer which drives motivation and goal directed behavior such as purchase intention.


title: Sex in advertising

text: An example of this technique is a particular cake mix advertisement from Betty Crocker in which it would appear the chocolate icing on the heel of the cake has been painted to look like female genitalia. Amongst millions who viewed the commercial, very few will have noticed anything unusual; however, while this detail might not have been consciously perceived, it would have been interpreted sexually at the subconscious level. This advertisement, directed at women, puts an emphasis on the sense of touch by using words such as "moist", and on the whole the ad creates a subconscious association between the product and sexual pleasure.


title: Sex in advertising

text: After women achieved the vote in the United States, Britain and Canada in the 1920s, advertising agencies exploited the new status of women. For example, they associated driving an automobile with masculinity, power, control, and dominance over a beautiful woman sitting alongside. More subtly, they published automobile ads in women's magazines, at a time when the vast majority of purchasers and drivers were in fact men. The new ads promoted themes of women's liberation while also delineating the limits of this freedom. Automobiles were more than practical devices, they were also highly visible symbols of affluence, mobility and modernity. The ads offered women a visual vocabulary to imagine their new social and political roles as citizens and to play an active role in shaping their identity as modern women.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Research into evolution explains the use of sex in advertising and the differences between genders with different mating strategies:


title: Sex in advertising

text: It is the biological prerogative of the male to reproduce with as many females as possible, as this increases his chances of producing offspring. Because of this need to reproduce as much as possible, males search for cues which signal females are available and accessible, such as seductive behavior, as well as cues that indicate good health, including facial symmetry, shiny hair and firm breasts. Evolutionary research into female sex strategies show that women are more concerned about long term prospects and mates' resources, and less interested in typical male requirements of good health and accessibility.


title: Sex in advertising

text: This explains why sexually explicit adverts tend to be directed at male consumers, whereas products aimed at a female market typically involve romantic imagery, and males who are wealthy, intelligent or powerful.


title: Sex in advertising

text: The earliest known use of sex in advertising is by the Pearl Tobacco brand in 1871, which featured a naked maiden on the package cover. In 1885, W. Duke & Sons inserted trading cards into cigarette packs that featured sexually provocative starlets. Duke grew to become the leading American cigarette brand by 1890.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Other early forms of sex appeal in advertising include woodcuts and illustrations of attractive women (often unclothed from the waist up) adorning posters, signs, and ads for saloons, tonics, and tobacco. In several notable cases, sex in advertising has been claimed as the reason for increased consumer interest and sales.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Woodbury's Facial Soap, a woman's beauty bar, was almost discontinued in 1911. The soap's sales decline was reversed, however, with ads containing images of romantic couples and promises of love and intimacy for those using the brand. Jōvan Musk Oil, introduced in 1971, was promoted with sexual entendre and descriptions of the fragrance's sexual attraction properties. As a result, Jōvan, Inc.'s revenue grew from $1.5 million in 1971 to $77 million by 1978.


title: Sex in advertising

text: In 1991, J.K. Chemicals Group asked the Bombay office of Lintas Bombay to develop a campaign for a new condom brand. The problem was that in the late 1940s, the Nehru government had launched a major population limitation program to reduce India's birthrate. The program was very heavy-handed, using coercion, and demanding that men use condoms. The product therefore signified an oppressive governmental intrusion. The agency head hit on the idea of a pleasurable condom, "So when the user hears the brand name, he says, "Wow. It's a turn on. Not a turn off." A brainstorming session hit on the name "KamaSutra", which refers to an ancient Sanskrit treatise on lovemaking and the sculptures at temples that illustrate the positions involved. The term was known to well-educated Indians, the intended audience. Correctly predicting the huge impact the campaign would have, the agency purchased all the advertising space in the popular glamour magazine "Debonair" and filled it with erotic images of Bollywood actors and actresses promoting KamaSutra condoms. A television commercial followed featuring a steamy shower scene. The television ad was censored but the print campaign proved highly successful.


title: Sex in advertising

text: The Italian clothing company Benetton gained worldwide attention in the late 20th century for its saucy advertising, inspired by its art director Oliviero Toscani. He started with multicultural themes, tied together under the campaign "United Colors of Benetton" then became increasingly provocative with interracial groupings, and unusual sexual images, such as a nun kissing a priest.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Calvin Klein of Calvin Klein Jeans has been at the forefront of this movement to use sex in advertising, having claimed, "Jeans are about sex. The abundance of bare flesh is the last gasp of advertisers trying to give redundant products a new identity." Calvin Klein's first controversial jeans advertisement showed a 15-year-old Brooke Shields, in Calvin Klein jeans, saying, "Do you want to know what gets between me and my Calvins? Nothing." Calvin Klein has also received media attention for its controversial advertisements in the mid-1990s. Several of Calvin Klein's advertisements featured images of teenage models, some "who were reportedly as young as 15" in overly sexual and provocative poses. Although Klein insisted that these advertisements were not pornographic, some considered the campaign as a form of "soft porn" or "kiddie porn" that was exploitative, shocking, and suggestive. In 1999, Calvin Klein was the subject of more controversy when it aired advertisements of young children who were only wearing the brand's underwear. This "kiddie underwear ad campaign" was pulled only one day after it aired as a result of public backlash. A spokesperson from Calvin Klein insisted that these ads were intended "to capture the same warmth and spontaneity that you find in a family snapshot."


title: Sex in advertising

text: Film studios often make use of provocative movie posters in order to increase publicity and draw in larger audiences. One example is the iconic poster for Quentin Tarantino's 1994 film "Pulp Fiction", in which Uma Thurman lies on her front, wearing a low-cut top and stilettos and smoking a cigarette despite the fact that, in the actual movie, she wears a button-down shirt that is far less revealing.


title: Sex in advertising

text: The idea that "sex sells" has also led to film studios going a step further - rather than dressing female stars in a certain way simply to promote the movie, they base their actual costume design around this concept. For example, in the 2004 film "Catwoman", Halle Berry simply wore a black push-up bra with S&M inspired straps, heavily ripped leather trousers and heels with a cat mask and whip, which commentators said "oozed overt [...] sexuality". This costume was a move away from Catwoman's skin-tight black suit that she wears for the majority of her appearances within DC Comics and thus, despite being entirely more revealing, was actually not a popular decision among fans of the character.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Gallup & Robinson, an advertising and marketing research firm, has reported that in more than 50 years of testing advertising effectiveness, it has found the use of the erotic to be a significantly above-average technique in communicating with the marketplace, "...although one of the more dangerous for the advertiser. Weighted down with taboos and volatile attitudes, sex is a Code Red advertising technique ... handle with care ... seller beware; all of which makes it even more intriguing." This research has led to the popular idea that ""sex sells"".


title: Sex in advertising

text: Marketing strategies centered around sex have been successful. Abercrombie & Fitch used sex to market their brand in a variety of ways, including store greeters dressed only in underwear, models working in store and topless models on the bags. Employees were hired based on physical attractiveness. This strategy was aimed at teenagers and young adults, who are the most impressionable consumer group and have significant disposable income. During the late 1990s, the company produced a magazine/catalogue (magalog), featuring semi-nude or nude models. The magalog was a success, with A&F issuing over 1.5 million copies. The use of sexual branding raised their revenue from $85 million in 1993 to $1.35 billion in 2002. A&F have expressed that they will move away from sexual marketing, and focus on showcasing product and trends.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Sexuality in advertising is extremely effective at attracting the consumer's attention and once it has their attention, to remember the message. This solves the greatest problem in advertising of getting the potential buyer to look at and remember the advertisement. However, the introduction of attraction and especially sexuality into an ad often distracts from the original message and can cause an adverse effect of the consumer wanting to take action.


title: Sex in advertising

text: There are some studies that contradict the theory that sex is an effective tool for improving finances and gathering attention. A study from 2009 found that there was a negative correlation between nudity and sexuality in movies, and box office performance and critical acclaim. A 2005 research by MediaAnalyzer has found that less than 10% of men recalled the brand of sexual ads, compared to more than 19% of non sexual ads; a similar result was found in women (10.8% vs. 22.3%). It is hypothesized by that survey, that this is a result of a general numbing caused by over use of sexual stimuli in advertising.


title: Sex in advertising

text: In another experimental study conducted on 324 undergraduate college students, Brad Bushman, professor and Chair of Mass Communication at Ohio State University, examined brand recall for neutral, sexual or violent commercials embedded in neutral, sexual or violent TV programs. He found that brand recall was higher for participants who saw neutral TV programs and neutral commercials versus those who saw sexual or violent commercials embedded in sexual or violent TV programs. Other studies have found that sex in television is extremely overrated and does not sell products in ads. Unless sex is related to the product (such as beauty, health or hygiene products) there is not clear effect.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Using sex may attract one market demographic while repelling another at the same time. The overt use of sexuality to promote breast cancer awareness, through fundraising campaigns like "I Love Boobies" and "Save the Ta-tas", is effective at reaching younger women, who are at low risk of developing breast cancer, but angers and offends some breast cancer survivors and older women, who are at higher risk of developing breast cancer.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Recent research indicates that the use of sexual images of females in ads negatively affects women's interest. Research shows that females were more likely than males to be portrayed as nude, wearing sexual clothing or only a partial amount of clothing. A study from the University of Minnesota in 2013 of how printed ads with sexual content affects women clearly showed that women are not attracted to them except in the case of products being luxurious and expensive. Besides alienating women there is a serious risk that the audience in general will reduce support to organisations that uses the sexual images of women without a legitimate reason.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Further research found that men have a positive attitude to sexual adverts, whereas women have a negative response to them, this study used an advert with both a male and female. This was thought to be because women had lower average sex drives than men. Another theory for this difference is that evolution has led men to seek casual sex, contrary to women who value commitment and intimacy in the context of a sexual relationship. In adverts sex tends to be represented in its own right and not as part of a relationship leading to the difference in responses. This theory is supported by research which found that women respond less negatively to sexual adverts when it is in the context of gift giving from a man to a woman, i.e. when the sexuality of the advert is the context of commitment. Men respond more negatively to the sexual advert when it involves gift giving as it emphasizes them having to spend money in a relationship. This is in line with evolutionary theory that women value men for their resources and men value women for sex and fertility. Further research found that even in men, recall of the advert is worsened by sexual content, as they focus on breasts and legs but not on the product.


title: Sex in advertising

text: In order to be consistent, brands use standardized campaigns across various countries. Cultural differences have been found in response to sexual adverts. A 2016 study by the Korea Internet Advertising Foundation (KIAF) noted that 94.5% of South Korean high-schoolers were familiar with sex-driven ads, 83.4% of adults thought such ads have negative influence on society, and 91.2% said there are too many of such ads. A KIAF official noted that government legislation aimed to reduce such ads is not effective due to its ambiguity. Research has found that sex is used in adverts more in France than in the United States because they are more sexually liberated and so receptive to its use in advertising.


title: Sex in advertising

text: In the 21st century, the use of increasingly explicit sexual imagery in consumer-oriented print ads have become almost commonplace. Ads for jeans, perfumes and many other products have featured provocative images that were designed to elicit sexual responses from as large a cross section of the population as possible, to shock by their ambivalence, or to appeal to repressed sexual desires, which are thought to carry a stronger emotional load. Increased tolerance, more tempered censorship, emancipatory developments and increasing buying power of previously neglected appreciative target groups in rich markets (mainly in the West) have led to a marked increase in the share of attractive flesh 'on display'.


title: Sex in advertising

text: In international perspective, a 2008 comparison of nudity in television advertising in Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, South Korea, Thailand, and the United States reveals that China and the United States have the most demure ads, while Germany and Thailand exposed more of the female body. There is little variation in male undress.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Historically, sex in advertising has focused on heterosexual gender roles, but there are increasing examples of sex being used to advertise to the LGBT community. The New Zealand Aids Foundation's Love Your Condom (LYC) campaign used provocative images of males alongside captions such as "Riding hard?", "Bear hunting?" and "Going deep?", followed by the hashtag #loveyourcondom. It was hoped by using images explicitly directed towards homosexual men, their use of condoms would increase, which would help decrease rates of HIV transmission amongst gay and bisexual men. The campaign has been successful, with a 12% in new HIV infections among MSM in New Zealand.


title: Sex in advertising

text: In a 2003 study conducted at the University of Georgia’s Department of Advertising and Public Relations Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, researchers looked at sexual advertisements in magazines over the span of the last 30 years. The rate at which sex in advertising is being used increased from 15% to 27% in the advertisements that the researchers looked at. Their reasoning behind the increase is because they believe sex still sells, specifically with “low-risk products impulse purchases.” The study also mentions “alcohol, entertainment and beauty are the main product categories that use sex in advertising.


title: Sex in advertising

text: "Ad Age", a magazine delivering news, analysis, and data on marketing and media, published a list of Top 100 most effective advertising of the century, out of the 100, only eight involved use of sex. Unruly Media's viral video tracker lists the Top-20 most viewed car commercial viral videos; only one uses sex, while the No.1 spot was held by VW's "The Force" ad. The overall top-spot (across all product segments), was held by VW's "Fun Theory" campaign, the most viewed viral video as of October 2011.


title: Sex in advertising

text: The use of sex in advertising has been criticized for its tendency to reinforce sexist stereotypes. Since the late 1970s, many researchers have determined that advertisements depict women as having less social power than men, but the ways in which women are displayed as less powerful than men have evolved over time. In modern times, advertisements have displayed women's expanding roles in the professional realm and importance in business backgrounds. However, as this change occurred there has been a substantial increase in the number of images that showcase women as less sexually powerful than men and as objects of men's desire. The 2011 documentary film Miss Representation by Jennifer Siebel Newsom explores how the depiction of women in mainstream media contributes to the under-representation of women in leadership roles and other positions of influence.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Furthermore, sex in advertising has been criticized for its emphasis on the importance of physical attractiveness and role as mate. This emphasis has led men and women to value intelligence and general skills less. The rise in awareness of sexism portrayed in these types of adverts has led to stricter advertising policies. One group that enforces these rules is the Advertising Women of New York association. Adverts using highly sexual images containing nudity and unrealistic physiques can lead to self-objectification. In turn, this can lead to shame, disgust, appearance anxiety, eating disorders and depression. The increase in self-objectification caused by the use of sex in advertising has been found in women and men. The latter is not surprising with the increased sexual portrayal of men in advertising.


title: Sex in advertising

text: Sex in advertising is an accepted marketing technique however it is not unusual for it to cause backlash when it breaks social norms. In 1995, the Calvin Klein advertising campaign (see section on Calvin Klein, above) that showed teenage models in provocative poses wearing Calvin Klein underwear and jeans was deemed inappropriate and shocking. The ads were withdrawn when parents and child welfare groups threatened to protest and Hudson stores did not want their stores associated with the ads. It was reported that the U.S. Justice Department was investigating the ad campaign for possible violations of federal child pornography and exploitation laws. The Justice Department subsequently decided not to prosecute Calvin Klein for these alleged violations.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: Koba is a fictional character and the main antagonist of the "Planet of the Apes" franchise, portrayed by Toby Kebbell. Following his brief introduction in "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", where the character was portrayed by Christopher Gordon, Koba evolves into the antagonist of the sequel, "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes", and reappears posthumously as the overarching antagonist of "War for the Planet of the Apes".


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: Koba's history of abuse and torment leading him to becoming the primary antagonist of the series has been cited as one of the best, most developed and sympathetic movie villains of the 2010s.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: First appearing in Rise, Koba is a bonobo which led a life full of abuse and torment at the hands of humans. He is picked up by the company Gen-Sys to be part of a testing procedure for the ALZ-113 retrovirus developed by Will Rodman, in hopes of curing Alzheimer's. Koba impresses Rodman enough to undergo the procedure for the testing. He is mocked briefly by Rodman's superior, Steven Jacobs, by knocking on Koba's window as he is being strapped in for the procedure. Koba lies still long enough until he initiated a surprise attack that knocks chimpanzee handler Robert Franklin's mask off. While Koba is sedated, Franklin has breathed in enough of the 113 virus to become contaminated, which would begin the Simian Flu outbreak that caused humanity to die out. After the procedure, Koba shows off his newfound intelligence by writing Jacobs's name on a writing computer screen, taunting him while he plots his revenge. He is later freed from captivity by Caesar, and joins him in his attack on the Golden Gate Bridge. Koba is commanded by Caesar to lead an attack from above using the high-wire supports. He notices that Steven Jacobs's helicopter has been attacked, and has left him injured. With Caesar's permission, Koba goes over to the wreckage of the helicopter and pushes it over the edge of the bridge, killing Jacobs. Koba follows Caesar and the rest of the apes to Muir Woods Park, where he attacks Rodman, but is stopped by Caesar before he can kill him.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: In this novel, set a few weeks after the first film, Koba works hard to prove his loyalty to Caesar, while also struggling with the painful memories of his past, which are now more vivid due to his enhanced intelligence.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: Koba was born in an unnamed primate research facility, where he lived with his mother and their caregiver, Mary, who taught them Sign Language. When Koba was still young, his mother died defending him from an abusive, alcoholic handler named Roger. As a result of this incident, the facility's project funding was cut and Koba was sold to Tommy, an abusive TV producer. Tommy made Koba and his new chimpanzee friend, Milo, part of his TV show, "Monkey of the House", and would electrocute or beat them whenever they displeased him. When Koba finally tried to defend himself from Tommy's abuse, Tommy punished the bonobo by scarring his face with a knife and blinding his eye with a lit cigarette. After Tommy committed suicide due to his show being cancelled, Koba and Milo attempted to escape, only to be captured and separated by animal control officers. Koba then became a laboratory test subject, and eventually met Steven Jacobs, whom he swore revenge on after the man repeatedly mocked him as an unintelligent animal.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: Ten years later, at the start of "Dawn", Caesar and Koba are building their own civilization as humanity dies out. Koba becomes something of a brother to Caesar and is idolized by Caesar's son, Blue Eyes. Koba assists Caesar in saving Blue Eyes from a bear attack, and tells Blue Eyes not to be ashamed of his new scars from the encounter, as they show that he is strong. The next day, Koba and the other apes hear a gunshot ring throughout the forest and find Rocket's son Ash has been wounded by a group of humans with loaded guns. Caesar scares the humans into retreating, and orders Koba to follow them, where he finds a small civilization of humans that have survived the outbreak. When he returns, Koba insists on eradicating the humans for what they did to Ash and comes into conflict with Rocket for this, who insists that they must obey Caesar. Caesar and the apes march to the humans' settlement and claim that they do not want war, and that the humans must stay out of the ape's territory. Malcolm, one of the co-founders of the human's settlement, returns to the woods to make peace with Caesar in order to gain access to a hydroelectric generator at a dam in the ape's territory. Caesar allows the humans to work in the dam, granted they work unarmed, which infuriates Koba. Koba fears that if the humans get more power, they will become more dangerous, to which Caesar replies that once they finish their work they will leave. Angered, Koba points out all of his scars, referring to them as "human work". Caesar stands above Koba, who ashamedly seeks forgiveness from his king, and leaves.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: The next day, Koba and two chimpanzees Grey and Stone, sneak off to San Francisco, claiming that he was off hunting. Koba observes that the humans have enough weaponry to wipe out the apes, and attempts to go and warn Caesar, but is caught by two human guards who threaten him. Koba plays dumb to catch them off guard and walks away. Koba returns to find that Caesar is at the dam with the humans. Koba arrives and attacks Malcolm's son, Alexander. Koba prepares to attack the boy again, but is interrupted by Maurice. Koba shouts for Caesar to come out, and confronts him about his tolerance of humans. Koba begins ranting that Caesar loves humans more than apes, and the two get into a fight where Caesar nearly beats Koba to death for his insolence. Caesar stops when he remembers his code that apes must not kill other apes and relents. Koba again begs for Caesar's forgiveness, and secretly begins his plans to usurp him. Koba keeps the discovery of the guns a secret, and warns Blue Eyes that he fears for Caesar's safety due to the humans remaining in the apes' territory. Koba returns to the armory and is caught by the same two humans again. Koba again plays dumb before stealing a M4A1 assault rifle from them. Koba treats the weapon like a toy to mess with the humans before executing them both. The power is restored and the humans celebrate with the apes. Koba kills the human Carver, who had shot Ash and was flippant with the apes previously, and takes his hat and cigarette lighter as souvenirs. Koba returns to the village and has his followers set the village on fire. Koba then uses the rifle to assassinate Caesar as they both stare at each other, seemingly killing him. Koba leaves the items he took from Carver at the scene of the shooting, framing him for killing Caesar and burning down the village. Koba wages war against the humans, claiming it to be in revenge for the death of Caesar and assuming leadership of the colony.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: Koba charges into war with the rest of the male apes, killing many humans and leading to the deaths of many apes. Koba personally takes over a tank which is attacking the apes, and uses it to break down the door of the human sanctuary. Inside, Koba demands that Ash kill an unarmed man. Ash refuses, stating such an act goes against Caesar's teachings, and Koba angrily drags him up a flight of stairs and throws him off a balcony to his death. Koba insists that Caesar is dead, and the apes are to follow him. Koba orders all human survivors to be rounded up and taken prisoner, claiming that they will know life inside a cage, and imprisons Caesar's remaining sympathizers in a bus. Blue Eyes learns that Caesar is in fact alive, and frees the humans and apes loyalists from captivity singlehandedly.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: Caesar and Koba face off at the top of the high-rise of the sanctuary. Koba taunts that the apes follow him now, and that he will win the war against the humans. Caesar claims that Koba was like a brother to him, while Koba retorts that Caesar is a brother to the humans, and that Koba will free apes from tyranny. Caesar retorts that Koba engaged this war due to selfish reasoning, and that he belongs in a cage. After an explosion, Koba steals a machine gun and attempts to kill Caesar with it, killing another ape and also injuring Maurice in the process. Caesar furiously launches himself at Koba and the two apes tumble down a platform, leaving Koba dangling off the edge. Koba hypocritically pleads for his life, reciting Caesar's rule of "Ape not kill ape", thus disregarding the fact that he killed some apes himself. Caesar begins to pull Koba up before disowning him as an ape by saying "You are not ape!", and drops a horrified Koba to his death.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: By the beginning of "War", Koba's actions have sparked a fully fledged war between the apes and the human survivors – the latter of whom are being led by a ruthless militant colonel, named J. Wesley McCullough. At some point, Koba appears in a couple of flashbacks only as a hallucination to Caesar after the latter accidentally kills Winter; who had joined forces with McCullough out of fear. Koba's apparition reminds Caesar of his rule not to kill apes, which he had just inadvertently broken. Maurice compares Caesar to Koba at one point, citing his lust for revenge. Koba appears to Caesar again while he is being tortured, mocking Caesar and claiming that he cannot save the apes, and he should succumb to his injuries and join him in death. However, despite this, Caesar succeeds in freeing the apes from human captivity and later goes on to confront McCullough with the opportunity to execute him - after asserting that he is becoming like Koba.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: But in the end, Caesar renounces this by sparing his enemy; he instead watches McCullough commit suicide. However, while escaping with the apes and eliminating the pursuing humans, Caesar is mortally wounded and he later dies at the end of the movie. However, despite Caesar's death, he has succeeded in saving the ape colony and whatever left of Koba's cause was over at last.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: Despite not returning to direct the film, "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" director Rupert Wyatt expressed that he would like to see Koba become the main antagonist of the series for the future instalments. Wyatt stated, "Whereas the story of the first film plays out as a fairy tale, the next film will play out as a Shakespearean scifi drama where you'll have Caesar as the leader of this revolution, but Koba would be the one leading his own troops wanting to wipe out humans in a genocide. But Caesar is more conflicted, and maybe Caesar needs Koba's assistance in terms of the conflict. And Maurice is his advisor and he's telling him to combine forces. Caesar needs the allegiance of the two, although he doesn't believe in what Koba believes in, which is complete genocide." The characters of Dreyfus, portrayed by Gary Oldman and Carver portrayed by Kirk Acevedo, are considered to be the human counterparts to Koba in the "Dawn" storyline. Koba's name is presumably inspired by Joseph Stalin's revolutionary pseudonym, Koba.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: Kebbell had expressed interest in reprising the role for "War for the Planet of the Apes". Plans were considered to bring Koba back, as the ending of "Dawn" had left the character's fate ambiguous, with Koba's breathing being heard at the end of the film. "War" screenwriter Mark Bomback eventually decided against a physical return for Koba, and instead decided that a spiritual return would be more suitable for the storyline. Bomback stated, "If you stayed until the very end of "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes", you hear Koba's breathing. We did that to give us a tiny crack of a possibility that we could revive Koba if we wanted to. Very early on in spitballing, we realized there was nothing more to do with Koba—certainly nothing that would exceed what he had done in the last story. But we knew we wanted to keep him alive as an idea. In playing out the reality of what happened at the end of the last film, Caesar would be traumatized by having to kill his brother. That would have resonance, and we wanted to make sure that did not get lost. So the answer was that we could go inside Caesar's mind at this point and revisit Koba that way."


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: Kebbell's performance as Koba in "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" gained largely positive reviews. Many critics cited the character's sympathetic motivations due to his history of abuse as a powerful character arc. Mark Hughes from Forbes stated that Kebbell's performance as Koba truly defined the film, and compared Kebbell's performance to that of Heath Ledger's as The Joker in "The Dark Knight". ScreenRant ranked Koba as the second scariest science fiction monster of the 2010s, stating "Toby Kebbell's performance as the evil ape arguably surpassed Serkis' at times. Filled with unpredictability, Koba was the perfect foil to Caesar, who was defined by clear-headedness and a strong moral center." Koba has been seen as one of the best movie villains of the 2010s as well as one of the best accomplishments in CGI and motion capture performances.


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: Caesar is forced to take Koba's life at the end of the film, and thus breaking the rule of "ape not kill ape", has been compared on many occasions to Batman being forced to kill Harvey Dent at the end of "The Dark Knight", with the main protagonist being forced to break their fundamental moral code in order to restore peace. Koba has also been referred to on many occasions as being similar in nature to the relationship between The Joker and Batman, with The Joker often being referred to as the polar opposite of Batman, while also being his exact equal. Koba is seen as being Caesar's equal, while also being a dark reflection of everything Caesar stands for. Caesar stands for prosperity and forgiveness, where Koba stands for chaos and vengeance. Mark Hughes from Forbes made many comparisons between "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" and "The Dark Knight" in his review of "Dawn", in one instance stating, "In The Dark Knight, those voices willing to take a chance at being destroyed in order to refuse to act against the other 'side' were able to ensure the survival of both ferries full of people trapped in the Joker's diabolical test. In Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, things take a rather different direction, as you of course already know must be the case for the film to progress and for the series to continue toward its destined outcome." Hughes stated earlier in the article while comparing the performances of Andy Serkis as Caesar, and Kebbell as Koba, "Serkis provides such depth as an actor, he asserts himself even though the visual stylings of computer animation that completely transforms him into an animated ape. Here, he manages to rival his previous best performance as Gollum in The Lord of the Rings trilogy, which is a testament to Serkis’ abilities as well as the visual effects. Which should tell you just how great Kebbell must be, then, if his Koba is comparable to what Ledger's Joker represented in The Dark Knight."


title: Koba (Planet of the Apes)

text: "Dawn" director Matt Reeves's next film project, following "War for the Planet of the Apes", is a new interpretation of the Batman character, and has responded to the comparisons between the relationship between Caesar and Koba to that of Batman and The Joker stating, "I see this parallel between Caesar and Batman, really, which is this idea of these characters who are grappling with their own struggle and trying to do the right thing in an imperfect world and, so, I do really relate it to that kind of idea."


title: Enzo Scifo

text: Vincenzo "Enzo" Daniele Scifo (; born 19 February 1966) is a retired Belgian football midfielder. He has also managed the Belgium national under-21 football team and several Belgian club sides. He played for clubs in Belgium, France and Italy, where he won several domestic titles. At international level, he was a member of the Belgian national team, for which he appeared in four FIFA World Cups, being one of three Belgian players ever to do so.


title: Enzo Scifo

text: Scifo was born in La Louvière, Wallonia, to Italian parents from Sicily. He proved himself a highly promising talent in youth football and was nicknamed "Little Pelé" at his local team, where he scored 432 goals in only four seasons as a junior. Scifo joined his local club R.A.A. Louviéroise as a seven-year-old in 1973. He transferred to Belgium's most successful club, R.S.C. Anderlecht, in 1982.


title: Enzo Scifo

text: Scifo made his first team debut with R.S.C. Anderlecht in 1983, at the age of 17. After winning three Belgian First Division championships with the club, and helping the team to the 1984 UEFA Cup Final, only to lose out to Tottenham on penalties, Scifo earned a reputation as one of the most promising young stars of his generation, and moved to Italian club Internazionale in 1987 for a fee of 7.5 billion Lire. After an unsuccessful spell in Milan, which saw him manage only four league goals in 28 appearances, he moved to French club Bordeaux in 1988 where he again disappointed, and faced injuries and conflict with senior squad members. His career was revived by a successful move to Auxerre in 1989, at the age of 23, under manager Guy Roux, which led to a return to Italy with Torino in 1991; his second spell in Serie A was more successful, as he reached the 1992 UEFA Cup Final in his first season with Torino, and won the Coppa Italia the following season. Scifo then moved to AS Monaco in 1993, where he endured a similar level of success and won the French championship in 1997. He returned to Anderlecht later that year and won his fourth Belgian league title in the 1999–2000 season. He joined Charleroi in 2000, but retired later in the same season, at the age of 36, after being diagnosed with chronic arthritis. In total, Scifo scored 121 league goals in 478 official matches.


title: Enzo Scifo

text: Scifo made his senior international debut on 6 June 1984 for Belgium, in a 2–2 friendly draw against Hungary. In Belgium's opening group match of UEFA Euro 1984, on 13 June, he attracted much publicity when he helped his team to a 2–0 victory over Yugoslavia; at the age of 18 years and 115 days, he was the youngest player ever to appear in the finals at the time. Scifo featured in all three of Belgium's group matches in the tournament, as they placed third in their group and suffered a first round elimination.


title: Enzo Scifo

text: He appeared for Belgium in the 1986, 1990, 1994, and 1998 World Cups, playing sixteen games in total; he is one of only 14 players to have participated in four World Cups, and one of only three Belgian players ever to do so. Scifo helped his nation to the semi-finals of the 1986 edition of the tournament in Mexico, playing in all seven of his team's matches and scoring two goals as Belgium finished the tournament in fourth place; he was named the best young player of the tournament for his performances throughout the competition. In the 1990 edition of the tournament, held in Italy, Scifo scored a notable goal from long range in Belgium's 3-1 first round victory over Uruguay, on 17 June, held in Verona; the goal was later elected as the tenth greatest FIFA World Cup goal of the Century in a 2002 poll, with 2,935 votes. Belgium were eventually eliminated in the second round against England; four years later, at U.S.A. '94, the Belgian side were once again eliminated in the second round. Scifo retired from international football after Belgium's first round elimination in the 1998 World Cup held in France; in total he gained eighty-four international caps and scored eighteen goals.


title: Enzo Scifo

text: A highly creative midfielder with an eye for goal, Scifo was a classic number 10 playmaker who usually played as an attacking midfielder behind the strikers; he was also capable of playing as a central midfielder, where he functioned as a deep-lying playmaker, or as a wide midfielder along the right flank. Considered one of Belgium's greatest ever players, his primary traits as a footballer were his excellent vision, tactical intelligence, and technical skills, which allowed him to orchestrate his team's attacking moves from midfield; he was also highly regarded for his balance on the ball, and his ability to dribble with his head up, as well as his accurate shooting and passing ability with his right foot, which enabled him both to score goals or create chances for his teammates. However, despite his talent, he was also criticised by his managers at times for his poor defensive work-rate off the ball, his introverted character, and for being selfish and inefficient at times, in particular in his youth, as he attempted too many individual dribbling runs, rather than looking to provide a simpler pass to an open teammate. Throughout his career, his unique playing style drew comparisons with Gianni Rivera, Giancarlo Antognoni, and his idol Michel Platini.


title: Enzo Scifo

text: Scifo tried his hand at coaching with R. Charleroi S.C., joining them for the 2000–01 season. Indifferent results led to his resignation in June 2002. He later coached Tubize between 2004 and 2006, and later became head trainer of R.E. Mouscron, another Belgian League team, in 2007. On 6 June 2009, Scifo quit Mouscron due to the club's difficult financial situation.


title: Enzo Scifo

text: In May 2006, he was part of the historic first European Selection, led by former England manager Terry Venables and Josep Mª Fusté which had its début in Eindhoven in the first EFPA Match.


title: Enzo Scifo

text: Scifo returned to club football with Mons between 2012 and 2013. Between 2015 and 2016, he served as the manager of the Belgium U21 national team.


title: Sibi Malayil

text: Since the mid-1980s he has directed around forty films. He did his studies at the St. Berchmans College. Before becoming an independent director, he assisted eminent directors such as Priyadarshan and Fazil. Films such as "Chekkeranoru Chilla" (1986), "Thaniyavarthanam" (1987), "Vicharana" (1988), "Kireedam" (1989), "Dasharatham" (1989), "His Highness Abdullah" (1990), "Malayogom" (1990), "Bharatham" (1991), "Sadayam" (1992), "Kamaladalam" (1992), "Akashadoothu" (1993), "Chenkol" (1993) and "Sagaram Sakshi" (1994) are defined the way Malayalam films were made, especially in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Many of his films have screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas. It was through his film Bharatham, that Mohanlal got his first national award for best actor. Sibi Malayil is also the president of the Film Employees' Federation of Kerala (FEFKA). He is also the chairman of a film institute named NEO Film School in Kochi.


title: Sibi Malayil

text: Sibi is married to Bala. They have a son Joe and a daughter Zeba. Sibi and his family are born again Christians


title: Christopher Ciccone

text: Christopher Ciccone (born November 22, 1960) is an American artist, interior decorator, and designer in New York, Miami, and Los Angeles. He is the younger brother of singer Madonna.


title: Christopher Ciccone

text: Ciccone began his professional career as a dancer with La Groupe de La Place Royal. He was a dancer for his sister Madonna early in her career. He eventually became the art director for Madonna's Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990 and he was the tour director for her tour, The Girlie Show, in 1993. Ciccone has also directed music videos for Dolly Parton and Tony Bennett among others. In 2008, he released "The New York Times" Best Seller book, "Life with My Sister Madonna". In 2012, he launched a footwear line, Ciccone Collection.


title: Christopher Ciccone

text: Ciccone was born on November 22, 1960, in Bay City, Michigan, to Catholic parents Madonna Louise Ciccone (née Fortin) and Silvio "Tony" Ciccone. His father's parents were Italian emigrants from Pacentro while his mother was of French-Canadian descent. In 1963, Ciccone's mother died from breast cancer at age thirty. His father remarried Joan Ciccone (née Gustafson) in 1966. His siblings are Anthony (b. 1956), Martin (b. 1957), Madonna (b. 1958), Paula (b. 1959), Melanie (b. 1962), Jennifer (b. 1968), and Mario (b. 1969).


title: Christopher Ciccone

text: After graduating from high school, Ciccone attended Western Michigan University and then transferred to Oakland University where he took dance classes. In 1980, he began his career as a dancer with Le Groupe de La Place Royale in Ottawa. In 1982, he moved to New York to support his sister Madonna's career as her backup dancer. Ciccone appeared in the music video for her single "Lucky Star" in 1984 and performed on her early television performances. Around this time, he worked at the Italian boutique, Fiorucci. Ciccone always had an interest in art and in 1984, he was hired as a receptionist at the Diane Brown Gallery in SoHo, Manhattan. As Madonna's fame grew and she embarked on arena tours, Ciccone was her "dresser". He created the artwork for the 12" version of her single "Like a Prayer" in 1989. Ciccone was the art director for Madonna's Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990. He also was the tour director for her The Girlie Show tour in 1993. Ciccone stated that Madonna demeaned and underpaid him throughout their working relationship.


title: Christopher Ciccone

text: Ciccone ventured into interior design when Madonna asked him to buy furniture for her new apartment in 1985. He also designed Madonna's Upper West Side apartment in Manhattan, which was featured on the cover of "Architectural Digest" in 1991. In November 1991, he had his first solo New York art show at the Wessel + O'Connor Fine Art gallery in SoHo. He exhibited seventeen paintings with prices starting at $3,500. In 1994, Ciccone moved to Los Angeles where he indulged in the partying lifestyle and he began using cocaine. Ciccone directed the music video for Dolly Parton's single "Peace Train" and Tony Bennett's rendition of "God Bless the Child" in 1997. That year, he formed a friendship with actress Demi Moore and he was her date to the Gucci evening for AIDS Project LA.


title: Christopher Ciccone

text: Ciccone is openly gay. He stated that Madonna outed him in her interview with "The Advocate" in 1991. Their relationship became strained when she married English director Guy Ritchie in 2000. According to Ciccone, he didn't get along with Ritchie, who he claimed is homophobic. "It was...very apparent at the wedding in Scotland, just in the way that his friends made their toast with his gay references. I mean had it been any other word, you know Jew or a black person...anyone would find if ["sic"] offensive and I have a thick skin", said Ciccone. However, Ciccone's biggest rift with Madonna was over finances. In addition, Madonna appointed a different director and choreographer—Jamie King—for her Drowned World Tour 2001 and didn't tell Ciccone.


title: Christopher Ciccone

text: Ciccone befriended actress Farrah Fawcett and they bonded over their love of art. They attended "Vanity Fair"'s Oscar party together in 2002.


title: Christopher Ciccone

text: In 2008, Ciccone released his autobiography, "Life with My Sister Madonna", which debuted at No. 2 on "The New York Times" Best Seller list. The book fractured their relationship and Ciccone asserts that Madonna had him blacklisted from Hollywood. Ciccone also filmed a pilot for an interior design show called "Pardon My Decor" in 2008. He also made an appearance on the reality show, "The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency", to design a new sleeping quarter.


title: Christopher Ciccone

text: In September 2012, Ciccone debuted a footwear line, Ciccone Collection, during London Fashion Week. While doing press for his shoe collection, Ciccone revealed that he and Madonna are on "personable" terms. "We're back to being a brother and sister. I don't work for her, and it's better this way", he said.


title: Phil Spencer (television personality)

text: Philip John Edward Spencer (born 11 December 1969) is an English media personality, television presenter and journalist, best known as the co-presenter of Channel 4 property show "Location, Location, Location" along with its spin-off "Relocation, Relocation" between 2004 and 2011 alongside Kirstie Allsopp.


title: Phil Spencer (television personality)

text: Spencer was educated at Uppingham School, a co-educational independent school in the small market town of Uppingham, Rutland, in the Midlands, where he was Head Boy.


title: Phil Spencer (television personality)

text: Having studied as a surveyor in the early 1990s, Spencer decided that there was a lack of professional support available for buyers, and set himself up as a home finder. He founded property search company Garrington Home Finders Ltd in 1996. He describes himself as not the first to see this opportunity "but I was probably second or third, and Kirstie [Allsopp] was the fourth." The company entered into administration in early 2009.


title: Phil Spencer (television personality)

text: He launched the website Move iQ in 2018 to support buyers and renters in the UK property market, and tenants in the UK.


title: Phil Spencer (television personality)

text: In early 2010, Spencer partnered with co-host Kirstie Allsopp and launched a new independent production company called Raise the Roof with colleagues from IWC Media. Spencer is a director and shareholder.


title: Phil Spencer (television personality)

text: Spencer grew up in Littlebourne, Kent and lives in Hampshire, with his Australian wife Fiona, and their two sons. He is an Ambassador for SOS Children's Villages. He is a patron of St Mungos, a London homelessness charity. He is also a supporter of the Countryside Alliance.


title: Phil Spencer (television personality)

text: In August 2014, Spencer was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to the 2014 referendum on that issue.


title: Amrut (whisky)

text: Amrut is a brand of Indian single malt whisky, manufactured by Amrut Distilleries. It is the first single malt whisky to be made in India. "Amrut" (अमृत) or "amrit" is a Sanskrit word which can be translated as "nectar of the gods", "nectar of life", or "drink of the gods". The company translates it as "Elixir of Life". The brand became famous after whisky connoisseur Jim Murray gave it a rating of 82 out of 100 in 2005 and 2010. In 2010 Murray named Amrut Fusion single malt whisky as the third best in the world. John Hansell, editor of American magazine "Whisky Advocate", wrote that "India's Amrut distillery changed the way many think of Indian whisky – that it was, in the past, just cheap Scotch whisky blended with who knows what and sold as Indian whisky. Amrut is making whisky, and it's very good".


title: Amrut (whisky)

text: Amrut launched their whisky on 24 August 2004 in Glasgow. Amrut single malt whisky is sold in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and the United States.


title: Amrut (whisky)

text: Amrut Distilleries Ltd was founded in Bangalore, Karnataka in 1948 by JN Radhakrishna Rao Jagdale. The company initially manufactured Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL), and mainly supplied it to the Canteen Stores Department, as well the states of Karnataka and Kerala. The current main distillery was built in 1987. It is located on a site in Kambipura. Radhakrishna Jagdale's son Neelakanta Rao Jagdale, joined in 1972. Radhakrishna died in 1976, and his son assumed the role of chairman and managing director of the company. The company faced difficulties until the 1990s, as good equipment was not available locally. According to Neelakanta Jagdale, "The alcoholic beverages industry was not a priority in the country. Although we received help to a certain extent from the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) Mysore, we had to find our own ways to learn about improved distilling methods".


title: Amrut (whisky)

text: In 1982, Jagdale had decided to create a premium whisky from barley blended with malt, while most distillers in India were manufacturing whisky using molasses. Amrut Distilleries began using locally grown barley, in addition to molasses, and launched Prestige Blended Malt Whisky in the Canteen Stores Department in 1986. The first batch of single malt whisky was ready within 18 months. Because India had no habit of consuming single malt at the time, the company did not consider bottling it as a single malt. Instead, the whisky was blended with alcohol distilled from sugarcane to produce MaQintosh Premium Whisky. Initially, Amrut aged malt whisky for around a year before blending it. However, due to changing customer preferences, less malt whisky was being added into blended variants. The company discovered that hot weather makes whisky mature faster in India than it does in Europe or the United States. The fraction lost to evaporation during ageing, known as the angels' share, is also higher in India, at 11–12% per year, than in Scotland, where the annual evaporative loss is about 2%. Surinder Kumar, the master blender at Amrut Distilleries, has estimated that one year of barrel-ageing in India is equal to three years of ageing in Scotland. Jagdale felt that "the taste profiles were much better, almost matching some of the 12-year-old [Scotch] whiskies". The company then decided to launch their whisky in the European market.


title: Amrut (whisky)

text: In 2001, Neelakanta Rao Jagdale asked his son Rakshit Jagdale, who was pursuing an MBA course in Newcastle, England at the time, to investigate the potential of exporting their products to that country. Consultants Tatlock and Thomson Ltd of Scotland were hired to help hone the company's processes at their Bangalore distillery. Amrut Distilleries conducted blind tests of their single malt whisky in Scotland, where most consumers said they liked the drink and compared it to Speyside single malts.