title: Single source of truth

text: An MDM system can act as the source of truth for any given entity that might not necessarily have an alternative "source of truth" in another system. Typically the MDM acts as a hub for multiple systems, many of which could allow (be the source of truth for) updates to different aspects of information on a given entity. For example, the CRM system may be the "source of truth" for most aspects of the customer, and is updated by a call centre operator. However, a customer may (for example) also update their address via a customer service web site, with a different back-end database from the CRM system. The MDM application receives updates from multiple sources, acts as a broker to determine which updates are to be regarded as authoritative (the Golden Record) and then syndicates this updated data to all subscribing systems. The MDM application normally requires an ESB to syndicate its data to multiple subscribing systems.


title: Single source of truth

text: While the primary purpose of a data warehouse is to support reporting and analysis of data that has been combined from multiple sources, the fact that such data has been combined (according to business logic embedded in the data transformation and integration processes) means that the data warehouse is often used as a "de facto" SSOT. Generally, however, the data available from the data warehouse are not used to update other systems; rather the DW becomes the "single source of truth" for reporting to multiple stakeholders. In this context, the Data Warehouse is more correctly referred to as a "single version of the truth" since other versions of the truth exist in its operational data sources (no data originates in the DW; it is simply a reporting mechanism for data loaded from operational systems).


title: Single source of truth

text: In event oriented architectures, it has become increasingly common to find an implementation of the Event Sourcing pattern which consists of going to store the system state as an ordered sequence of state changes. To do this, you need an Event Store, a particular type of database designed to hold all the events that change the state of the system. The event store in an Event Sourcing + Command Query Responsibility Separation + Domain Driven Design + Messaging architecture is in fact a "single source of truth", with the additional advantage that it can also act as an Enterprise Service Bus as it can be put into I listen directly to the event store for status changes as everyone passes by. In addition, by saving all the events, it also plays the role of Data Warehouse. As a last advantage, it has that through this system the Shared Database pattern can be implemented, another technique not mentioned to obtain a single source of truth.


title: Single source of truth

text: In software design, the same schema, business logic and other components are often repeated in multiple different contexts, while each version refers to itself as "Source Code". To address this problem, the concepts of SSOT can also be applied to software development principles using processes like recursive transcompiling to iteratively turn a single source of truth into many different kinds of source code, which will match each other structurally because they are all derived from the same SSOT.


title: Single source of truth

text: In cases where storing data centrally and managing it in reference locations is impractical, such as in B2B software data ecosystems where there are multiple sources of truth, companies use a DSD system. This system plays air traffic controller to provide a veneer of central data management and control by pushing updates to and enforcing data accuracy in the locations where it is stored.


title: Single source of truth

text: Adoption of a single source of truth execution model is on the rise in the energy sector, where the technological advancements brought about by Industry 4.0 have enabled operators to improve field productivity. With an accessible SSOT for an industrial asset, owners are able to maximize worker efficiency by providing wireless mobility that enables on-demand access to verifiable field data, engineering drawings and inventory and communications with centralized operations experts.


title: Back in Black (song)

text: "Back in Black" is a song by Australian rock band AC/DC. It was released as the second US single from their seventh album of the same name in 1980 through Atlantic Records. It is notable for its opening guitar riff. The song was written as a tribute to their former singer Bon Scott, who died in February 1980. In 1981, it reached number 37 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In 2012, it reached number 65 in Australia and number 27 in the United Kingdom.


title: Back in Black (song)

text: In January 2018, as part of Triple M's "Ozzest 100", the 'most Australian' songs of all time, "Back in Black" was ranked number 22.


title: Back in Black (song)

text: Known for its opening guitar riff, the song was AC/DC's tribute to their former singer Bon Scott. His replacement Brian Johnson recalled to "Mojo" magazine in 2009 that when the band asked him to write a lyric for this song, "they said, 'it can't be morbid – it has to be for Bon and it has to be a celebration. He added: "I thought, 'Well no pressure there, then' (laughs). I just wrote what came into my head, which at the time seemed like mumbo, jumbo. 'Nine lives. Cats eyes. Abusing every one of them and running wild.' The boys got it though. They saw Bon's life in that lyric."


title: Back in Black (song)

text: In a retrospective piece on "Back in Black", "Metal Hammer" magazine hailed the song's riff as one of the greatest riffs ever and wrote, "There are rock songs that appeal to metal fans. And there are metal songs that appeal to rock fans. Then there is Back in Black – a rock and metal song that appeals to everybody, from dads to dudes, to little old ladies beating noisy kids over the heads with their sticks – and it all hangs on that monumental, no-nonsense, three-chord monster of a riff." Will Byers from "The Guardian" said "AC/DC's judicious use of space" in the song helped make it a "classic metal anthem".


title: Back in Black (song)

text: The song was ranked No. 4 by VH1 on their list of the 40 Greatest Metal Songs. In 2009, it was named the second-greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1. The song was also ranked No. 187 on "Rolling Stone"s list of 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The same magazine has also ranked the song No. 29 on their list of "The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time", and wrote of the song in an accompanying piece: "Angus and Malcolm Young's dual-guitar masterpiece is the platonic ideal of hard rock." In 2020, "The Guardian" ranked the song number three on their list of the 40 greatest AC/DC songs, and in 2021, "Kerrang" ranked the song number four on their list of the 20 greatest AC/DC songs.


title: Back in Black (song)

text: In 2010, this song sat at No. 2 in Triple M Melbourne's Ultimate 500 Rock Countdown in Australia. The Top 5 were all AC/DC songs.


title: Back in Black (song)

text: As a single, "Back in Black" peaked in the U.S. at No. 37 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in 1981 as well as at No. 51 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart, which debuted in March 1981. "Back in Black" received the RIAA's Master Ringtone Sales Award (Gold and Platinum) in 2006 and reached 2× Platinum status in 2007. It officially charted on the UK charts after 31 years in release; peaking in at no. 27 because of the band's music becoming available on iTunes. It also reached no. 1 on the UK Rock Charts in the same week.


title: Back in Black (song)

text: In 1984, the Beastie Boys sampled "Back in Black" without permission for their song "Rock Hard". In 1999, when they wished to include it on an upcoming CD compilation release, they sought permission but AC/DC refused. Mike D of the Beastie Boys quoted Malcolm Young's reason for refusing as: Nothing against you guys, but we just don't endorse sampling.


title: Back in Black (song)

text: Two live versions of the song later appeared on both versions of the album "Live", as well as the Australian tour edition of "Stiff Upper Lip". It has been covered by a number of artists, including Living Colour and Shakira. In 2007, Troy "Trombone Shorty" Andrews & Orleans Avenue recorded live at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival. In 2017, Muse performed the song at the Reading Festival with Brian Johnson on vocals; this was Johnson's first performance in almost two years, as he was previously ordered to halt live performances in order to prevent further hearing damage.


title: You're No Good

text: "You're No Good" is a song written by Clint Ballard Jr., first performed by Dee Dee Warwick for Jubilee Records in 1963 with production by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It has since been covered by many artists, including charting versions by Betty Everett in 1963, The Swinging Blue Jeans in 1964, and Linda Ronstadt in 1974, whose version was a number 1 hit in the United States.


title: You're No Good

text: In the lyrics, the singer tells her ex that she's glad they broke up because he's "no good." We learn in the second stanza that she also broke up a previous relationship with a man who was "gentle and true." In a twist of fate, she wouldn't blame him if he said to her that she's no good.


title: You're No Good

text: Betty Everett's version for Vee-Jay Records of Chicago became the first hit version, in November 1963. The single peaked at number 51 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and at number 5 on "Cashbox's R&B Locations" chart.


title: You're No Good

text: Vee-Jay's head A&R man Calvin Carter found the song while visiting New York City in search of material for his label's roster and he originally intended to cut "You're No Good" with Dee Clark but, he recalled: "when I went to rehearsal with the tune, it was so negative, I said, 'Hey, guys don't talk negative about girls, because girls are the record buyers. No, I better pass on that.' So I gave the song to Betty Everett." During the playback of Everett's track her label-mates the Dells "were sitting on the wooden platform where the string players would sit... just stomping their feet on this wooden platform to the beat of the song as it was playing back... I told the engineer 'Let's do it again, and let's mic those foot sounds, 'cause it really gave it a hell of a beat.' So we did that, and boom, a hit."


title: You're No Good

text: In the UK The Swinging Blue Jeans had the hit version of "You're No Good" reaching number 3 in the summer of 1964. Sue Johnston, then personal assistant to Peter Brown, was dating Swinging Blue Jeans drummer Norman Kuhlke and claims that she brought "You're No Good" to the attention of the Swinging Blue Jeans. Their version also charted in France at number 26 and was successful enough regionally in the US to reach number 97 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: You're No Good

text: Linda Ronstadt began performing "You're No Good" to close her live shows in early 1973, after her band member Kenny Edwards suggested it to her. She first included it in her setlist while opening for Neil Young. Ronstadt gave an early televised performance of "You're No Good" on an episode of "The Midnight Special", broadcast December 21, 1973.


title: You're No Good

text: Ronstadt recorded her album "Heart Like a Wheel" with producer Peter Asher in the summer of 1974 at the Sound Factory; "You're No Good" was a last-minute choice for recording, and while the song was Ronstadt's suggestion, Asher recalls: "It was an odd coincidence. She’d been doing the song already, and it was always a favorite song of mine...the version I fell in love with [being by] the Swinging Blue Jeans". The original backing track intended for Ronstadt's version of "You're No Good" was recorded July 1, 1974. According to Bob Warford, a guitarist in Ronstadt's touring band who played on the July 1 track, "They were trying to do an R&B version of the song, which was actually closer to the way we did it live than to the released version. We played it at a faster tempo live, which we did on that recording [ie. of July 1]." Ronstadt vetoed the July 1 arrangement; she recalls: "It was just the wrong groove for me. I don’t think I knew how to phrase around [the players], certainly no fault of theirs. They were fantastic."


title: You're No Good

text: The final recording of the Ronstadt version of "You're No Good" was made July 5, 1974. Ronstadt would recall: "Ed Black, who played six-string guitar and pedal steel, started to play a rhythm riff on his Les Paul. Kenny Edwards...the bass player...echoed the riff in octaves. Andrew Gold added a sparse drum track, giving me a basic track to sing over. We did a few takes, picked one we liked, and then Andrew, who always played guitars and keyboards went to work with Peter (Asher) and began to work up layers of guitar, piano and percussion tracks." Ronstadt recalls that during a playback after several hours of work, Val Garay, the engineer, accidentally erased Andrew Gold's guitar solo from the track, necessitating Asher and Gold's reconstructing that solo from scratch,


title: You're No Good

text: In late August 1974 a string arrangement - by Gregory Rose - was added to the track at AIR Studios. According to a "Classic Tracks" article by Matt Hurwitz at MixOnline.com: "It ends with a strong, long held note, which Asher conceived, executed by Garay with a slow riding of the level on the string faders during the final mix."


title: You're No Good

text: Capitol Records was unsure whether to release "You're No Good" or "When Will I Be Loved" as the lead single off "Heart Like a Wheel", only deciding to release "You're No Good" a week after the album's release.


title: You're No Good

text: Linda Ronstadt's version of "You're No Good" became the song's most successful cover. The track ascended to number 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated February 15, 1975. "You're No Good" was also an international hit for Ronstadt, reaching number 15 in Australia, number 17 in the Netherlands, and number 24 in New Zealand. The B-side of "You're No Good", "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)," originally sung by Hank Williams, also charted and was simultaneously a number 2 C&W hit for Ronstadt. "When Will I Be Loved" was then issued as the follow-up single.


title: You're No Good

text: Buoyed in part by the success of "You're No Good", the album "Heart Like a Wheel", which was released in late 1974, was a major success, eventually going double platinum and topping the Billboard album chart. It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year.


title: You're No Good

text: The success of "You're No Good" set a precedent for Ronstadt's single releases which over the next five years would virtually all be remakes of classic rock and roll songs.


title: You're No Good

text: In a 1983 interview with the Los Angeles Times, Ronstadt expressed reservations about the recordings she had made during her 1970s heyday, specifically citing "You're No Good": "I thought the production on 'You're No Good' was very good but [that] I didn't sing it very well. As a song it was just an afterthought. It's not the kind of song I got a lot of satisfaction out of singing."


title: You're No Good

text: It was featured in the 2022 comedy-adventure-action film "", when Gru (the titular character) played the record as a key to the lair of the "Vicious 6".


title: You're No Good

text: Artists who have covered "You're No Good" include: Pat Carroll, Julie London, Elvis Costello, Dusty Springfield, Ike & Tina Turner, Reba McEntire, Van Halen, Lee Aaron, and Weyes Blood. International artists covering the song have included Rita Hovink (in Dutch) and Les Kelton (in French), both in 1964.


title: Jim Bouton

text: James Alan Bouton (; March 8, 1939 – July 10, 2019) was an American professional baseball player. Bouton played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a pitcher for the New York Yankees, Seattle Pilots, Houston Astros, and Atlanta Braves between 1962 and 1978. He was also a best-selling author, actor, activist, sportscaster and one of the creators of Big League Chew.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton played college baseball at Western Michigan University, before signing his first professional contract with the Yankees. He was a member of the 1962 World Series champions, appeared in the 1963 MLB All-Star Game, and won both of his starts in the 1964 World Series. Later in his career, he developed and threw a knuckleball.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton authored the 1970 baseball book "Ball Four", which was a combination diary of his 1969 season and memoir of his years with the Yankees, Pilots, and Astros.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton was born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Gertrude (Vischer) and George Hempstead Bouton, an executive. He grew up as a fan of the New York Giants in Rochelle Park, New Jersey, where he lived until the age of 13. He lived with his family in Ridgewood, New Jersey until he was 15, when his family relocated to Homewood, Illinois. Bouton enrolled at Bloom High School, where he played for the school's baseball team. Bouton was nicknamed "Warm-Up Bouton" because he never got to play in a game, serving much of his time as a benchwarmer. Bloom's star pitcher at that time was Jerry Colangelo, who later would become owner of the Arizona Diamondbacks and Phoenix Suns. In summer leagues, Bouton did not throw particularly hard, but he got batters out by mixing conventional pitches with the knuckleball that he had experimented with since childhood.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton attended Western Michigan University, and pitched for the Western Michigan Broncos baseball team. He earned a scholarship for his second year. That summer, he played amateur baseball, catching the attention of scouts. Yankees scout Art Stewart signed Bouton for $30,000.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton signed with the Yankees as an amateur free agent in 1959. After playing in minor league baseball, Bouton started his major league career in 1962 with the Yankees, where his tenacity earned him the nickname "Bulldog." By this time, he had developed a formidable fastball. He also came to be known for his cap flying off his head at the completion of his delivery to the plate, as well as for his uniform number 56, a number usually assigned in spring training to players designated for the minor leagues. (Bouton later explained that he had been assigned the number in 1962 when he was promoted to the Yankees, and wanted to keep it as a reminder of how close he had come to not making the ball club. He wore number 56 throughout most of his major league career.)


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton appeared in 36 games during the 1962 season, including 16 starts, and had a win–loss record of 7–7. He did not play in the Yankees' 1962 World Series victory over the San Francisco Giants, although he had originally been slated to start Game 7. When the game was postponed a day because of rain, Ralph Terry pitched instead. Bouton went 21–7 and 18–13 in the next two seasons, and appeared in the 1963 All-Star Game.


title: Jim Bouton

text: A memorable duel between Bouton and Don Drysdale of the Los Angeles Dodgers occurred in Game 3 of the 1963 World Series before a crowd of 55,912 at Dodger Stadium. Drysdale pitched a three-hit shutout in a 1–0 victory, Bouton giving up just four hits for the Yankees. The only run scored in the first inning on a walk, wild pitch and single by Tommy Davis that bounced off the pitching mound.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton won both his starts in the 1964 World Series. He beat the St. Louis Cardinals 2–1 with a complete-game six-hitter on October 10 on a walk-off home run by Mickey Mantle, then won again on October 14 at Busch Stadium, 8–3, backed by another Mantle homer and a Joe Pepitone grand slam. He was 2–1 with a 1.48 ERA in World Series play.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton's frequent use by the Yankees during these years (he led the league with 37 starts in 1964 in addition to pitching in that year's World Series) probably contributed to his subsequent arm troubles. In 1965, an arm injury slowed his fastball and ended his status as a pitching phenomenon. Relegated mostly to bullpen duty, Bouton began to throw the knuckleball again, in an effort to lengthen his career. By 1968, Bouton was a reliever for the minor league Seattle Angels.


title: Jim Bouton

text: In October 1968, Bouton joined a committee of American sportsmen who traveled to the 1968 Summer Olympics, in Mexico City, to protest the involvement of apartheid South Africa.


title: Jim Bouton

text: In 1969, the expansion Seattle Pilots signed Bouton and used him almost exclusively out of the bullpen. On May 16, he pitched three innings of hitless, scoreless relief at Fenway Park. The Pilots scored six in the top of the 11th inning to earn him the win, even though other Seattle relievers gave five runs back in the bottom of the 11th. Bouton earned another win in July against the Red Sox with 1 innings of relief, again not allowing a hit. Over 57 appearances with the Pilots, he compiled a 2–1 record with a 3.91 ERA.


title: Jim Bouton

text: The Pilots traded him to the Houston Astros in late August, where Bouton had a 4.11 ERA in 16 appearances.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Around 1968, sportswriter Leonard Shecter, who had befriended Bouton during his time with the Yankees, approached him with the idea of writing a season-long diary. Bouton agreed; he had taken some notes during the 1968 season with a similar goal.


title: Jim Bouton

text: The diary that became "Ball Four" chronicled Bouton's experiences the next year with the Pilots. The diary also followed Bouton during his two-week stint with the triple-A Vancouver Mounties in April, and after his trade to the Houston Astros in late August. "Ball Four" was not the first baseball diary (Cincinnati Reds pitcher Jim Brosnan had written two such books), but it became more widely known and discussed than its predecessors.


title: Jim Bouton

text: The book was a frank, insider's look at professional sports teams, covering the off-the-field side of baseball life, including petty jealousies, obscene jokes, drunken tomcatting of the players, and routine drug use, including by Bouton himself. Upon its publication, baseball commissioner Bowie Kuhn called "Ball Four" "detrimental to baseball", and tried to force Bouton to sign a statement saying that the book was completely fictional. Bouton, however, refused to deny any of "Ball Four"'s revelations. Some teammates never forgave him for disclosing information given to him in confidence, and naming names. The book made Bouton unpopular with many players, coaches, and officials on other teams as well; he was informally blacklisted from baseball.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton's writings about Mickey Mantle's lifestyle were most notorious, though they comprise few pages of "Ball Four" and much of the material was complimentary. For example, when Bouton got his first shutout win as a Yankee, he describes Mantle laying a "red carpet" of white towels leading directly to Bouton's locker in his honor.


title: Jim Bouton

text: The controversy and book sales enabled Bouton to write a sequel, "I'm Glad You Didn't Take It Personally", in which he discussed both the controversies and reactions to "Ball Four", and the end of his original pitching career and his transition to becoming a New York sportscaster.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton retired midway through the 1970 season, shortly after the Astros sent him down to the minor leagues. After a handful of unsatisfactory appearances, Bouton left baseball to become a local sports anchor for New York station WABC-TV, as part of "Eyewitness News"; he later held the same job for WCBS-TV. In 1973, Bouton published a collection of manager tales, including one by Bouton himself about Joe Schultz his manager with the Seattle Pilots. Bouton also became an actor, playing the part of Terry Lennox in Robert Altman's "The Long Goodbye" (1973), plus the lead role of Jim Barton in the 1976 CBS television series "Ball Four", which was loosely adapted from the book and was canceled after five episodes. Decades later, Bouton would also have a brief one-line cameo as a pitching coach in the 2010 James L. Brooks film "How Do You Know".


title: Jim Bouton

text: By the mid-1970s, a cult audience saw the book "Ball Four" as a candid and comic portrayal of the ups and downs of baseball life. Bouton went on the college lecture circuit, delivering humorous talks on his experiences. He authored a sequel, "I'm Glad You Didn't Take It Personally", and later updated the original book with a new extended postscript that provided a ten-year update, dubbed "Ball Five".


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton launched his comeback bid with the Portland Mavericks of the Class A Northwest League in 1975, compiling a 5–1 record. He skipped the 1976 season to work on the TV series, but he returned to the diamond in 1977 when Bill Veeck signed him to a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox. Bouton was winless for a White Sox farm club; a stint in the Mexican League and a return to Portland followed.


title: Jim Bouton

text: In 1978, Ted Turner signed Bouton to a contract with the Atlanta Braves. After a successful season with the Savannah Braves of the Class AA Southern League, he was called up to join Atlanta's rotation in September, and compiled a 1–3 record in five starts. His winding return to the majors was chronicled in a book by sportswriter Terry Pluto, "The Greatest Summer." Bouton also detailed his comeback in a 10th anniversary re-release of his first book, titled "Ball Four Plus Ball Five", as well as adding a "Ball Six", updating the stories of the players in "Ball Four", for the 20th anniversary edition. All were included (in 2000) as "Ball Four: The Final Pitch", along with a new coda that detailed the death of his daughter and his reconciliation with the Yankees.


title: Jim Bouton

text: After his return to the majors, Bouton continued to pitch at the semi-pro level for a Bergen County, New Jersey team called the Emerson-Westwood Merchants, among other teams in the Metropolitan Baseball League in northern New Jersey, while living in Teaneck, New Jersey.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Once his baseball career ended a second time, Bouton became one of the inventors of "Big League Chew", a shredded bubblegum designed to resemble chewing tobacco and sold in a tobacco-like pouch. He also co-authored "Strike Zone" (a baseball novel) and edited an anthology about managers, entitled "I Managed Good, But Boy Did They Play Bad" (published 1973). His most recent book is "Foul Ball" (published 2003), a non-fiction account of his attempt to save Wahconah Park, a historic minor league baseball stadium in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Although Bouton had never been officially declared "persona non grata" by the Yankees or any other team as a result of "Ball Four"'s revelations, he was excluded from most baseball-related functions, including Old-Timers' Games. It was rumored that Mickey Mantle himself had told the Yankees that he would never attend an Old-Timers' Game to which Bouton was invited. Later, Mantle denied this charge during an answering-machine message to Bouton after Mantle's son Billy had died of cancer in 1994 – Mantle was acknowledging a condolence card Bouton had sent.


title: Jim Bouton

text: In June 1998, Bouton's oldest son Michael wrote an open letter to the Yankees which was published in "The New York Times", in which Michael described the agony of his father following the August 1997 death of Michael's sister Laurie at age 31. By juxtaposing the story of Yogi Berra's self-imposed exile with that of his father's "de facto" banishment, Michael created a scenario where not only were the Yankees placed under public pressure to invite his father back, but the article paved the road to reconciliation between Yankees owner George Steinbrenner and Berra.


title: Jim Bouton

text: In July 1998, Bouton, sporting his familiar number 56, received a standing ovation when he took the mound at Yankee Stadium.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton and his first wife Bobbie had two children together, Michael and Laurie, and adopted a Korean orphan, Kyong Jo. Kyong Jo later changed his name to David. Bobbie and Bouton divorced in 1981. In 1983, Bouton's ex-wife teamed up with Nancy Marshall, the former wife of pitcher Mike Marshall, to write a tell-all book called "Home Games." In response to the book's publication, Bouton commented:


title: Jim Bouton

text: We all have the right to write about our lives, and she does, too. If the book is insightful, if it helps people, I may be applauding it.


title: Jim Bouton

text: I'm sure most of the things she says are true. I smoked grass, I ran around, I found excuses to stay on the road. It got so bad that I smoked grass to numb myself. It took me a year to where my brain worked again. I no longer think of grass as harmless. We were in the death throes of a marriage. She should ask herself how did she not see these things.


title: Jim Bouton

text: In 1997, Laurie was killed in a car accident at age 31. Bouton later married Paula Kurman. They had six grandchildren.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton promoted the Vintage Base Ball Federation to form vintage clubs and leagues internationally, to codify the rules and equipment of its 19th-century origins, and to organize competitions.


title: Jim Bouton

text: Bouton died at home on July 10, 2019, after weeks of hospice care for cerebral amyloid angiopathy, at age 80.


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: Hyalophora cecropia, the cecropia moth, is North America's largest native moth. It is a member of the family Saturniidae, or giant silk moths. Females have been documented with a wingspan of five to seven inches (160 mm) or more. These moths can be found all across North America as far west as Washington and north into the majority of Canadian provinces. Cecropia moth larvae are most commonly found on maple trees, but they have also been found on cherry and birch trees among many others. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of "Systema Naturae".


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: Like other members of the giant silk moth family, the cecropia moth lacks functional mouth parts and a digestive system. Due to this, they survive approximately two weeks.


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: To find a mate, the female cecropia moth emits pheromones which the male detects with its sensitive antennae. Male cecropia moths can detect these pheromones from up to a mile away, although a male may fly up to 7 miles while searching for a female. Mating typically begins early in the morning hours and lasts until the evening.


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: After mating, the female will lay up to one hundred eggs. These eggs are a mottled reddish brown and are usually found on either side of a host leaf. These eggs will eventually hatch into tiny black caterpillars.


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: There are typically five larval instars (developmental stages), each lasting approximately one week. The first instar larvae are black. Their coloration is due to small black hairs growing from tubercles (small projections) all over their body. These larvae feed upon many common trees and shrubs including maple, birch, and apple. As the caterpillars grow larger into the second larval instar, they become yellow green. During the third, fourth, and fifth instars, the cecropia moth becomes rather large and bluish green. At these final stages, the tubercles become blue, yellow or orange, depending on location on the body, while the black hairs are eventually lost. The caterpillars reach maturity in autumn and are about long.


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: Once the caterpillars reach maturity, they spin large brown cocoons longways on trees or wooden structures. They will then emerge as adults in the first two weeks of seasonally warm weather in early summer. "Hyalophora cecropia" moths are univoltine, having only one generation per year.


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: Upon reaching adulthood, their size is variable. They are usually quite large, with a wingspan of about . The cecropia moth's wings are brownish with red near the base of the forewing. There are crescent-shaped spots of red with whitish centers on all wings, but are larger on the hindwings. All wings have whitish coloration followed by reddish bands of shading beyond the postmedial line that runs longitudinally down the center of all four wings. The body is hairy, with reddish coloring on the anterior, and fading to reddish/whitish. The abdomen has alternating bands of red and white.


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: Parasitoids, such as some species of wasps and flies, lay their eggs in or on the young caterpillars. The eggs then hatch into larvae, which consume the internal organs and muscles of the caterpillars. The parasitoid releases chemicals that override the regulatory mechanisms of the caterpillar. Once the parasitoid has grown enough, it induces the caterpillar to pupate. Once the caterpillars pupate, the parasitoid larvae themselves pupate, killing the cecropia pupa.


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: Squirrels also consume the pupae of cecropia moths, which can decrease the populations significantly.


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: "Compsilura concinnata", introduced to North America to control invasive European gypsy moths, is a particular threat to the native North American cecropia moth.


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: The original description of the insect juvenile hormone by Carroll Williams in "Nature" in 1956 is from the cecropia silkworm. This large insect had enough juvenile hormone in its abdomen to permit extraction of detectable amounts from a single specimen.


title: Hyalophora cecropia

text: In August 2012, a cecropia moth caterpillar was accidentally imported from Ontario to St. John's, Newfoundland, via a shipment of dogwood shrubs. Cecropia are not native to the latter province. Within 48 hours of its arrival the caterpillar began spinning a cocoon; it wintered at the federal Agriculture and Agri-Food research facility in St. John's, whence it had been transferred by the owner of the importing company. On May 29, 2013, the predominantly black and red female moth — named Georgina by the facility's staff — emerged from her cocoon with a roughly wingspan. After allowing Georgina to complete her natural lifespan, researchers planned to pin and preserve her for future study.


title: Tayshia Adams

text: Tayshia Adams (born September 4, 1990) is an American television personality and television host. She received national recognition after appearing as a contestant on season 23 of "The Bachelor" and the sixth season of "Bachelor in Paradise". On November 5, 2020, Adams replaced Clare Crawley as the Bachelorette on season 16 of "The Bachelorette". Adams co-hosted "The Bachelorette" season 17 and 18.


title: Tayshia Adams

text: Adams was raised in Newport Beach, California by her parents Rosario and Desmond Adams. Her father is African-American and her mother is Mexican; Adams identifies as bi-racial. She has three siblings and was a Girl Scout for 12 years. Adams attended Concordia University Irvine and graduated in 2012 with a bachelor's degree in biology. During her first week of college in 2008, she was run over by a truck, saying: "I had to relearn how to walk in the hospital and missed about two and a half, three months of school. After about two years, I finally got to the point where I could walk 'normally' and not have chronic pain when I sat down." In 2011, Adams was hit by a distracted driver on the highway and she suffered from chronic pain for five years after the accident. Adams credits physical therapy for her recovery.


title: Tayshia Adams

text: Adams has gained a large social media following on Instagram. Adams is an influencer and has shared messages and advertisements on social media for various companies such as car manufacturer Hyundai, deodorant brand Secret and hair care brand Conair. She is an ambassador for several brands, including Maybelline and Fabletics.


title: Tayshia Adams

text: In October 2021, Adams launched a clothing collection with Amaryllis Apparel called "Amaryllis x Tayshia". The collection consists of 17 pieces, including tops, skirts, jackets, jeans and blouses. The collection was designed for "the girl on the go" and was priced between $39.99 and $149.99. On March 8, 2022, she announced her partnership with athletics brand Asics. In September 2022, Adams teamed up with Conair and Scünci and created a collection of hair accessories and tools sold at Walmart. The collection called "Tayshia by Conair", consists of 33 hair accessories, five hair brushes and combs, five hair tools and one mirror.


title: Tayshia Adams

text: Adams has graced the covers of numerous luxury lifestyle and fashion magazines such as "Modeliste" and "Locale". She has also appeared in pictorials for "Cosmopolitan", "Marie Claire" and "Women's Health".


title: Tayshia Adams

text: Adams was a guest co-host on "E! Daily Pop" from March 24 to March 30, 2022. Adams hosted the MTV Movie & TV Awards: Unscripted award show on June 5, 2022. On July 31, 2022, she competed against Matt James on game show "The $100,000 Pyramid".


title: Tayshia Adams

text: Adams made her debut in The Bachelor franchise in 2019 when she appeared on Colton Underwood's season of "The Bachelor". Adams was one of the final two contestants, alongside Hannah Godwin, both of whom were eliminated when Underwood decided to end the show to pursue Cassie Randolph.


title: Tayshia Adams

text: After her elimination from "The Bachelor", Adams appeared on season six of "Bachelor in Paradise" in August 2019, where she started dating fellow contestant John Paul Jones. The two split in September 2019, prior to the show's finale. After the finale, Adams and Jones rekindled their relationship when she traveled to Saint Michaels, Maryland, to "see if he would be willing to give their relationship another chance." They dated for a few weeks before ending their relationship again in late October 2019.


title: Tayshia Adams

text: In 2020, Adams was chosen as the replacement for Clare Crawley on season 16 of "The Bachelorette" after Crawley's exit, making this the first American "Bachelorette" season to have its lead replaced. In the season finale, Adams chose Zac Clark, an addiction specialist from New Jersey, over runner-up Ben Smith, and the couple became engaged to marry.


title: Tayshia Adams

text: On March 13, 2021, it was announced that Adams will co-host season 17 of "The Bachelorette" alongside fellow former Bachelorette Kaitlyn Bristowe. On May 17, 2021, Adams accepted the award for "Best Dating Show" on "The Bachelorette"'s behalf at the MTV Movie & TV Awards: Unscripted ceremony. In June 2021, "Marie Claire" called her "a longtime "Bachelor Nation" fan favorite." In 2021, Adams hosted two podcasts, "Bachelor Happy Hour" and "Click Bait with Bachelor Nation." After a successful run co-hosting The Bachelorette Season 17, "Adams and Bristowe have received a warm reception as co-hosts, garnering positive feedback from Bachelor Nation on social media," leading to Adams being announced as the co-host for The Bachelorette season 18 with a multi-year option to extend beyond the two seasons she has co-hosted of "The Bachelorette" franchise this far. In January 2022, Adams was replaced by Tia Booth as the co-host of "Click Bait with Bachelor Nation" podcast.


title: Tayshia Adams

text: In 2015, Adams married Josh Bourelle; they divorced in 2017. In 2020, after meeting on "The Bachelorette", she became engaged to Zac Clark. The couple broke up in November 2021.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Hendra Setiawan (born 25 August 1984) is an Indonesian badminton player. He is an Olympic Games gold medalist, four-time World Champion, two-time Asian Games gold medalist, and two-time All England champion. With these achievements, Setiawan has collected all major individual titles in badminton. He is considered to be one of the greatest men's doubles players in badminton history.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan was ranked first in the men's doubles with two different partners. Together with Markis Kido, he achieved the world no. 1 in September 2007, and with Mohammad Ahsan in November 2013. He has collected six gold medals at the Southeast Asian Games with the acquisition of 3 in the men's doubles, and 3 in the team event. Teamed-up with Kido, he won the men's doubles titles at the 2005 and 2009 Asian Championships; the 2006 World Cup; the 2007 World Championships; the 2008 Olympic Games; and the 2010 Asian Games.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan had also played in the mixed doubles discipline, and his best result was in 2010 Indonesia Open, finishing as runner-ups with his partner Anastasia Russkikh from Russia. He made a new strong partnership with Mohammad Ahsan at the end of 2012. They had won numerous prestigious titles including the 2013, 2015 and 2019 World Championships; the gold medal in 2014 Asian Games, winning the All England twice, and winning three times at the BWF Superseries Finals. Setiawan holds the record as the oldest player who won the World Championships title, at the age of 35.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Hendra Setiawan was born in Pemalang, Central Java to Ferry Yugianto and Kartika Christyaningrum. He is the youngest of three siblings. Setiawan became interested in badminton when he saw his father playing the sport, and he took up the sport at the age of seven, training at the Sinar Mutiara Tegal club. After graduating from middle school, Setiawan decided to move to Jakarta, train in the Jaya Raya club, and continue his education at the Ragunan Sports School.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan began his international journey at the 2001 Asian Junior Championships, where he won the bronze medals in the boys' team and mixed doubles events. He then claimed the boys' team gold medal in the 2002 Asian Junior Championships, where the Indonesian team beat South Korea in the final. In the individual event, Setiawan was defeated in the semi-finals and won the bronze medals in the boys' doubles with Riyadi, and also in the mixed doubles with Devi Sukma Wijaya. He played at the 2002 World Junior Championships held in Pretoria, South Africa, and the Indonesia team won the bronze medal after beating Thailand 3–1 in the bronze medal play-off. At the age of seventeen, Setiawan partnered with Joko Riyadi to reach the finals of the 2002 Singapore Satellite, and the duo finished runner-up to Donny Prasetyo and Denny Setiawan.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: In 2003, Setiawan made his debut with Markis Kido at the Asian Championships, finishing as runner-up, thus winning a silver medal. He then won his first gold medal with the Indonesian team at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games in Vietnam. Setiawan reached his first IBF Grand Prix finals in the 2004 Denmark Open, but he and Kido were defeated by the home pairing of Lars Paaske and Jonas Rasmussen in straight games.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: In 2005, Setiawan and Kido were qualified to compete in the top tournaments, as they had accumulated enough ranking points to do so. They won their first Grand Prix title in the Indonesia Open, beating their senior compatriots Sigit Budiarto and Candra Wijaya in the final. The duo also crowned as Asian Champion after winning the 2005 Asian Badminton Championships held in India. In November–December, Setiawan took part in his second Southeast Asian Games, and won a gold medal in the men's doubles with Kido and a silver in the men's team event.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan made his first appearance in the Thomas Cup in 2006. The Indonesian men's team eventually finished 3rd, losing to China in the semi-finals 0–3. At the 2006 Indonesia Open, ranked 14th in the world, Setiawan and Kido advanced to the final of the 2006 Indonesia Open after beating Jung Jae-sung and Lee Yong-dae of South Korea in the semi-finals. They were unable to defend their title after being defeated by the 2000 Olympic champions, Tony Gunawan and Candra Wijaya in the final. Bouncing back from the loss, they later won their first title of the year in the Hong Kong Open. At the 2006 World Championships, Setiawan and Kido lost in the quarter-finals to England's Robert Blair and Anthony Clark. This was their second loss to Blair and Clark, where earlier in the year they were also beaten in the second round of the All England Open. In October, Setiawan and Kido, then ranked 9th in the world, won the China Open by beating reigning World champions Cai Yun and Fu Haifeng in the final in striaght games. Setiawan and Kido then claimed the 2006 World Cup, beating the Malaysian pairing of Lin Woon Fui and Fairuzizuan Tazari in the final. He competed in the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, but lost in the semi-finals of both the men's doubles with Kido and in the men's team, settling for bronze medals in both events.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Beginning without winning any tournaments in early 2007, in August, Setiawan and Kido won the World Championships title in August, defeating Jung Jae-sung and Lee Yong-dae in the final, 21–19, 21–19 in striaght games. Prior to the World Championships, their best achievement in the first half of 2007 was being the runner-up at the China Masters. After the World Championships, they reached the semi-finals in the Japan Open and won the Chinese Taipei Open. These wins propelled Setiawan and Kido to world number 1 on the BWF World Rankings. Later in 2007, Setiawan and Kido managed to defend their title in the China and Hong Kong Opens. They also reached semi-finals in the Macau and Denmark Opens, but they were defeated by Malaysian pair Koo Kien Keat and Tan Boon Heong in both tournaments. Setiawan and Kido had never won a single match to Koo and Tan since their first meeting in January 2007 at the Malaysia Open, and the head-to-head record between the pairs stood at 0–4. Setiawan then made his third appearance at the Southeast Asian Games in Thailand, and helped Indonesia win the men's team gold. Setiawan then won his second men's doubles gold medal at the Games with Kido, defeating Hendri Saputra and Hendra Wijaya in the final.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan and his partner, Markis Kido, opened the 2008 season by winning the Malaysia Open. Unfortunately, in the following tournaments, they were defeated in the early rounds, namely in the Korea and All England Opens. They then reached the final of the Swiss Open, but lost to Korean pair Jung Jae-sung and Lee Yong-dae in rubber games. Setiawan played at the Thomas Cup held in Jakarta, but he and Indonesia team lost 0–3 in the semi-finals match against South Korea. Later in August, Setiawan and Kido participated in the Beijing Olympics games, managing to make it to the finals. The finals were held on 17 August, the Independence Day of Indonesia. In the final, Setiawan and Kido won the gold medal, beating the home pair of Cai Yun and Fu Haifeng in three games, 12–21, 21–11, 21–16.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: After the Olympics, Setiawan and Kido won the next three tournaments in a row, the China Masters, Denmark Open, and the French Open. Their tournament streak came to an end when they lost to arch-rivals Koo Kien Keat and Tan Boon Heong in the quarter-finals of the Hong Kong Open. They then topped the BWF Super Series ranking and qualified to compete at the Super Series Masters Finals held in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.They finished in the semi-finals after being defeated by Jung Jae-sung and Lee Yong-dae of South Korea.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan started the 2009 season as the semi-finalists in the Malaysia Open with his partner Kido who was injured at the time. As the only Indonesian participant in the 2009 Asian Championships held in Suwon, South Korea, Setiawan and Kido managed to win their second Asian Championships title, beating local favorites Ko Sung-hyun and Yoo Yeon-seong in the final. In May, Setiawan competed at the Sudirman Cup in Guangzhou, China. Since Kido still had an injury, Setiawan paired with Mohammad Ahsan in the semi-finals match against South Korea. However, Setiawan and Ahsan lost to Jung Jae-sung and Lee Yong-dae in the tie decider, losing 9–21, 19–21 in striaght games. Indonesia lost to South Korea 1–3 overall. In June, they reached the finals of the Singapore Open and reached the semi-finals of the Indonesia Open. After skipping the 2009 BWF World Championships, Setiawan and Kido won their second title of the year at the Japan Open. Later, they successfully defended their title at the French Open. Despite being ranked second in the BWF Super Series rankings, Setiawan and Kido chose to skip the Super Series Masters Finals to prepare for the upcoming Southeast Asian Games. Setiawan and Kido then won their third men's doubles gold medal at the Southeast Asian Games, and also helped Indonesia to defend their gold medal in the men's team event. Prior to the Southeast Asian Games, Setiawan and Kido had submitted their resignation letters to Badminton Association of Indonesia, and chose to train at their club, Jaya Raya Jakarta.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan began the 2010 season as an independent player, and competed in the National Championships in January. He and Kido, who also left the national team, won the National Championships title. Setiawan and Kido played at the All England Open, and finished in the semi-finals, their best performance while competing in that tournament at the time. They the nwere called to join the national team training center to compete in the Thomas Cup. Indonesia finished runner-up at that competition after losing to China in the final. While competing in the men's doubles with Kido, Setiawan started a new partnership in the mixed doubles with Anastasia Russkikh of Russia. His debut with Russkikh did not go well, since they were eliminated in the qualifying round of the Singapore Open. He and Kido also lost in the semi-finals to the Chinese Taipei pair of Fang Chieh-min and Lee Sheng-mu. Setiawan and Russkikh then started to gain traction after reaching the finals of the Indonesia Open, but they failed to win the title after being defeated by the Polish pair of Robert Mateusiak and Nadieżda Zięba.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan finally won his first international title of the year with Kido at the Malaysia Grand Prix Gold. He and his partner, Kido, beating Hendra Aprida Gunawan and Alvent Yulianto in the final. Setiawan and Kido competed at the BWF World Championships in Paris, and won a bronze medal after being defeated by Cai Yun and Fu Haifeng in the semi-finals. At the Europe tour in October–November, Setiawan and Kido finished runner-up at the Denmark Open and semi-finals at the French Open. In the mixed doubles with Russkikh, the duo lost in the first round in Denmark, and in the quarter-finals in France. Setiawan and Kido later won the gold medal in the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, China after beating Koo Kien Keat and Tan Boon Heong. Saving 2 match points in the second set, they won 16–21, 26–24, 21–19, winning their first Asian Games gold. Setiawan and Kido ended the 2010 season as finalists in the Hong Kong Open. This qualified them to compete at the Super Series Finals which would be held in January 2011.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: In 2011, Setiawan and his partner, Markis Kido competed at the 2010 BWF Super Series Finals. They were forced to withdraw from the competition after Setiawan sustained knee injuries in a group match. Setiawan then had a title drought in 2011, where he never won any tournaments that year either in the men's doubles with Kido or in the mixed doubles with Russkikh. His best performance at that year was only as semi-finalists in the men's doubles at the Indonesia, Japan and Denmark Open; as well as being semi-finalists in the mixed doubles at the All England Open. Setiawan and Kido then competed at the Southeast Asian Games, helping the Indonesia men's team to defend their gold medal. In the men's doubles event however, Setiawan and Kido failed to defend their title, winning a silver medal after losing to Mohammad Ahsan and Bona Septano in the final. Setiawan-Kido then closed the 2011 season ranked as world number 10.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: In 2012, apart from competing with Kido in the men's doubles, Setiawan also played in the mixed doubles with new partner Vita Marissa. Setiawan and Marissa started their debut in Europe tour in February-March, but gave undesiring results after losing in the early rounds at the German, All Angland and Swiss Opens. His best achievements with Marissa were reaching the quarter-finals at the Singapore Open. In men's doubles, Setiawan and Kido clinched the men's doubles title at the Australia and Singapore Open. However, they did not obtain enough points to compete at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Setiawan then splitted up with Kido at the end of 2012. Later, Setiawan decided to rejoin the Indonesia national training center, and paired up with a new partner, Mohammad Ahsan, which he had previously been paired with in team competitions and international tournaments. They made their individual event debut at the Denmark Open, and finished as the semi-finalists after being defeated by Shin Baek-cheol and Yoo Yeon-seong of Korea.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: In 2013, Setiawan and Mohammad Ahsan won their first title as a pair in the Malaysia Open, beating the Korean pair of Ko Sung-hyun and Lee Yong-dae in the final. They later won five tournaments in a row, starting in the Australia Open in April; the Indonesia and Singapore Opens in June, with another victory against Ko and Lee in both tournaments; the BWF World Championships in August; and later at the Japan Open in September. At the World Championships, they won the title without dropping a single set to their opponents on the way to the final. Their winning streak were then stopped by Ronald Alexander and Selvanus Geh in the quarter-finals of the Indonesia Grand Prix Gold. They then suffered back-to-back losses to Lee yong-dae with his new partner, Yoo Yeon-seong, in the final of the Denmark Open, first round of the China Open, and in the semi-finals of the Hong Kong Open. In December, they clinched the season-ending tournament title, the BWF Superseries Finals, defeating Koreans Kim Gi-jung and Kim Sa-rang in straight games. For their achievements in 2013, Setiawan and Ahsan took the number one position in the BWF world ranking in November 2013.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: In March 2014, Setiawan and Ahsan won the All England Open after beating the Japanese paring of Hiroyuki Endo and Kenichi Hayakawa in the final. This was their first All England title for both Setiawan and Ahsan as a pair. Later, they were included in the Indonesian squad at the 2014 Thomas Cup in New Delhi. At the Thomas Cup, Setiawan and Ahsan won their first match against Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong, leading Indonesia to a 3–2 win in the quarter-finals tie against South Korea. Indonesia was then defeated by Malaysia in the semi-finals. Setiawan and Ahsan again lost to Lee and Yoo in the finals of the Japan and Indonesia Opens. They then recorded their second win over the Korean pair Lee and Yoo in the men's doubles final of the 2014 Asian Games, claiming Setiawan's second Asian Games gold. In November, Setiawan and Ahsan won the Hong Kong Open. They later played at an invitational tournament, named "Glory to the King", and won the men's doubles title after beating the home pair of Bodin Isara and Pakkawat Vilailak in the final.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan and Ahsan won three titles in 2015, the Malaysia Open, BWF World Championships, and at the Dubai World Superseries Finals. They defeated Lee Yong-dae and Yoo Yeon-seong in the final of the Malaysia Open in April. At the Asian Championships, they failed to captured the title, losing to Lee and Yoo in the final in a close rubber game. At the Sudirman Cup, in the semi-final, Setiawan and Ahsan, defeated the four-time World Champions Cai Yun and Fu Haifeng in their opening match, but China took the next 3 matches to win 3–1 in their overall tie. Setiawan and Ahsan then lost in the semi-finals of the Indonesia and Chinese Taipei Opens. The duo then won their second World Championships title as a pair (third for Setiawan), after winning the 2015 BWF World Championships in their home country. They defeated Lee and Yoo in straight games in the semi-finals and in the final, they defeated the Chinese pair of Liu Xiaolong and Qiu Zihan 21–17, 21–14. After the World Championships, they were unable to win a title for the rest for the year, with their best results being semi-finalists at the French Open and Hong Kong Open. Setiawan and Ahsan won their second season-ending title at the Dubai World Superseries Finals after defeating Chai Biao and Hong Wei in the final.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan opened the 2016 season by winning the Thailand Masters with Mohammad Ahsan. He played at the Asia Team Championships, and led the Indonesia team to the finals. In the finals, Indonesia won the title after beating Japan in the final. Later, Setiawan and Ahsan competed at the Thomas Cup, and the team finished runner-up to Denmark. In August, Setiawan made his second appearance at the Olympic Games by competing in Rio 2016. Partnering with Ahsan as the second seed, the duo were eliminated in the group stage. While competing in 2016 with Ahsan, the pair's performance showed a decline compared to previous years, resulting in the Badminton Association of Indonesia deciding to split up the pair in the end of the 2016 season, each of them focusing on their individual careers with different partners. Setiawan tried to pair up with Rian Agung Saputro and Berry Angriawan, but the pairs did not perform up to standard and failed to deliver results. On 14 November, Setiawan announced his retirement from the national team, and left the team on 1 December.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: After leaving the national team and playing as an independent player, he partnered up with his former rival, Tan Boon Heong, from Malaysia in 2017. They reached a career-high-rank of 20th on 30th November 2017. The only final the duo made was in the Australian Open, where they lost to Takeshi Kamura and Keigo Sonoda of Japan, 17–21, 19–21. They split up after Setiawan was denied by PBSI of playing together with Tan in the 2018 World Championships.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: In 2018, Setiawan rejoined the Indonesia national training squad as an internship player. He first paired with Rian Agung Saputro to compete at the Indonesia Masters, but the duo were defeated by their compatriots Marcus Fernaldi Gideon and Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo in the second round. Setiawan and Saputro also played at the 2018 Asia Team Championships, where Indonesia thrashed China 3–1 to retain the title. Later in February, Setiawan reunited with Mohammad Ahsan and played at the India Open, and they were beaten again by Gideon and Sukamuljo in the semi-finals. To collect BWF ranking points, Setiawan and Ahsan participated at the lower-graded Malaysia International Challenge, and emerged victorious after defeating the home pair of Aaron Chia and Soh Wooi Yik in the final. At the 2018 Thomas Cup, the Indonesia men's team failed to win the title after losing out to China 1–3 in the semi-finals. In July, Setiawan and Ahsan won the Singapore Open by beating Ou Xuanyi and Ren Xiangyu of China in the finals. In the rest of 2018 tournaments, Setiawan and Ahsan best results were being semi-finalists in the Denmark, Fuzhou China, and the Hong Kong Opens. The duo qualified to compete at the World Tour Finals, but at that tournament, they were eliminated in the group stage. He and his partner ended the 2018 season ranked as world number 9.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan and Ahsan were one of the most dominant pairs in the 2019 season, where they entered 11 finals and became the first men's doubles pair to win 3 major titles in a year. Their achievements started at the Indonesia Masters, when the duo finished runner-up to their junior compatriots Gideon and Sukamuljo. The first victory came at the All England Open, when they defeated Malaysia's Aaron Chia and Soh Wooi Yik in the final. This was their second All England title as a pair. They then lost in the finals of the Singapore Open to Takeshi Kamura and Keigo Sonoda of Japan. Setiawan and Ahsan captured their second World Tour title of the year at the New Zealand Open when they beat Japanese pairing of Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe in the final in a close rubber game. Setiawan also participated in his fifth Sudirman Cup, and took the bronze medal after Indonesia being defeated by Japan in the semi-finals. In July, they reached two finals, the Indonesia Open and Japan Open, both being runner-ups after losing to Gideon and Sukamuljo in both tournaments. In late August, Setiawan captured his fourth World Championships title. He and Ahsan defeated the up and coming Japanese duo Takuro Hoki and Yugo Kobayashi in the final. The final was held on Setiawan's birthday, making him the oldest player to have won a World Championships title at the age of 35 years and 0 days. These results also took them to move up to second place in the BWF rankings. Later in the final of the China and Denmark Opens, they became runner-ups again after losing to Gideon and Sukamuljo. Setiawan and Ahsan have never won a match against Gideon and Sukamuljo in the last 5 meetings in 2019. In the final of the Hong Kong Open, they lost to the Korean pair of Choi Sol-gyu and Seo Seung-jae. At the end of the year, Setiawan and Ahsan defeated Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe, 24–22, 21–19 in straight games to win the BWF World Tour Finals.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan and his partner, Mohammad Ahsan opened the 2020 season as semi-finalists in the Malaysia Masters. They then reached the finals of the Indonesia Masters, but still were unable to overcome Gideon and Sukamuljo and lost in straight games. At the All England Open, the duo were unable to defend the title after losing in the quarter-finals to Hiroyuki Endo and Yuta Watanabe. In January 2021, Setiawan and Ahsan competed at the 2020 Asian Leg tournament held in Thailand. They first reached the quarter-finals in the Yonex Thailand Open, and then finished as semi-finalists in the Toyota Thailand Open. The duo qualified to play at the BWF World Tour Finals, and reached the final after being able to avenge the defeat to the Korean pair Choi Sol-gyu and Seo Seung-jae from the Yonex Thailand Open, but lost the finals to the Chinese Taipei pair Lee Yang and Wang Chi-lin who previously beat them at the Toyota Thailand Open. In July 2021, Setiawan made his third appearance at the Summer Olympics, at Tokyo 2020. Competing with Mohammad Ahsan as the 2nd seeds, he finished fourth after being defeated by Malaysia's Aaron Chia and Soh Wooi Yik in the bronze medal match. In October, at Aarhus, Denmark, Setiawan finally added the Thomas Cup to his grand list of achievements, where the Indonesian team beat China in the final 3–0, claiming Indonesia's first title in 19 years. Their best results in the rest of 2021 season were reaching the quarter-finals in the French Open and the Hylo Open.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan and Ahsan began the 2022 season as finalists in the India Open. In March, they stormed into their third All England final, losing to compatriots Muhammad Shohibul Fikri and Bagas Maulana in the final. At the Korea Open, they lost in the semi-finals to Seo Seung-jae and Kang Min-hyuk. They then reached their second final of the year in the Malaysia Masters, but lost to compatriots Fajar Alfian and Muhammad Rian Ardianto in the final in straight games. Later in August, Setiawan and Ahsan entered their fourth BWF World Championships final as a pair. They lost to Malaysia's Aaron Chia and Soh Wooi Yik in straight games, 19–21, 14–21, after initially leading 19–16 in the first game, losing in 40 minutes.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan has two older sisters Silvia Anggraeni and Ivone Anggraeni. Silvia Anggraeni is married to a former Indonesian badminton player Hendrawan.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan married Sandiani Arief on 9 October 2011, and the ceremony was held at the JW Marriott Jakarta. His wife gave birth to twin babies named Richard Heinrich Setiawan and Richelle Hillary Setiawan on 19 February 2014. Hendra and his wife welcomed another baby boy named Russell Howard Setiawan on 26 July 2017.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Setiawan also has a personal Youtube channel, where he uploads vlogs with fellow Indonesian players on the World Tour and family vlogs with his wife and kids. His channel has 214,000 subscribers as of November 2022.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011. Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix was sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation from 1983 to 2006.


title: Hendra Setiawan

text: Men's doubles results against World Superseries finalists, World Superseries Finals semifinalists, World Championships semifinalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists paired with:


title: Everyday carry

text: Everyday carry (EDC) or every-day carry is a collection of useful items that are consistently carried on person every day. The main reasons for having EDC are utility (usefulness), self-sufficiency, and preparedness: to help individuals improve simple everyday problem solving, from the mundane (opening packages, minor repairs) to possible emergency situations such as first aid or self-defense. Some of the most common EDC items are watches, pens, wallets, car and home key rings, mobile phones, flashlights, multi-tools, tissues, medications, and personal care items.


title: Everyday carry

text: The choice and priority/ranking of which items to carry, and how or where to carry them, vary according to each person's needs depending on their occupation, avocations, lifestyle, and similar factors of everyday life. Goals include being able to solve everyday problems more efficiently and to be an asset instead of a liability or helpless bystander when a problem arises.


title: Everyday carry

text: While often distributed among pockets in everyday clothing, carry options are frequently expanded by the addition of clothing accessories like a fanny pack, purse, small daypack, sunglasses, bracelets, or even footwear like long boots or a vest with pockets. How EDC items are stored, though, depends on the purpose and intentions for their use.


title: Everyday carry

text: The optimization of everyday carry (kit/layouts and carry modes) has become an internet subculture, but the basic concepts are useful to everyone. Designing and revising one's EDC does not have to be a hobby in itself, although it can become one for EDC enthusiasts. When it does, it overlaps with collecting, as many EDC enthusiasts are drawn into collecting EDC items in the quest for finding which one works best for their current EDC needs (or a set of scenarios, such as a light-duty day, a heavy-duty day, a weekend day versus a work day, and so on). The collecting of tools takes on an art appreciation component as fans appreciate the design cues, material choices, and craftsmanship that went into each model of tool, including trade-offs of costs versus benefits for each aspect of it. "The best tool is the one that you have on you when you need one," is a common aphorism which argues against excessive optimization of the tools carried, due to diminishing returns.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: , originally called , is a Japanese martial art that first became widely known in the early 20th century under the headmastership of Takeda Sōkaku. Takeda had extensive training in several martial arts (including Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū and Sumo) and referred to the style he taught as "Daitō-ryū" (literally, "Great Eastern School"). Although the school's traditions claim to extend back centuries in Japanese history there are no known extant records regarding the "ryū" before Takeda. Whether Takeda is regarded as either the restorer or the founder of the art, the known history of Daitō-ryū begins with him. Takeda's best-known student was Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of Aikido.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Daitō-ryū (also known as simply Aiki-jūjutsu) is mostly considered to be a fighting style created by the Seiwa Minamoto clan, and handed down from generation to generation. It was Shinra Saburo Minamoto Yoshimitsu the one who compiled all its teachings around the 11th century. Shinra Saburō Minamoto no Yoshimitsu (新羅 三郎 源 義光, 1045–1127) was a Minamoto clan samurai and member of the Seiwa Genji (the branch of the Minamoto family descended from the 56th imperial ruler of Japan, Emperor Seiwa). Yoshimitsu studied and researched the techniques handed down in his family in more detail. It is also believed that Yoshimitsu dissected the corpses of men killed in battle, studying their anatomy for the purpose of learning techniques for joint-locking and atemi-waza (nerve striking). Daitō-ryū takes its name from the mansion that Yoshimitsu lived in as a child, called , in Ōmi Province (modern day Shiga Prefecture).


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Yoshimitsu eventually settled down in Kai Province (modern day Yamanashi Prefecture), and passed on what he learned within his family. Ultimately, Yoshimitsu's great-grandson Nobuyoshi adopted the surname "Takeda", which has been the name of the family to the present day. The Takeda family remained in Kai Province until the time of Takeda Shingen (武田 信玄, 1521–1573). Shingen opposed Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga in their campaign to unify and control all of Japan. With the death of Shingen and his heir, Takeda Katsuyori (武田 勝頼, 1546–1582), the Takeda family relocated to the Aizu domain (an area comprising the western third of modern-day Fukushima Prefecture).


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Though these events caused the Takeda family to lose some of its power and influence, it remained intertwined with the ruling class of Japan. More importantly, the move to Aizu and subsequent events profoundly shaped what would emerge as Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu in the 19th century. One important event was the adoption of Tokugawa Ieyasu's grandson, Komatsumaru (1611–1673), by Takeda Kenshoin (fourth daughter of Takeda Shingen). Komatsumaru devoted himself to the study of the Takeda family's martial arts, and was subsequently adopted by Hoshina Masamitsu. Komatsumaru changed his name to Hoshina Masayuki (保科 正之), and in 1644 was appointed the governor of Aizu. As governor, he mandated that all subsequent rulers of Aizu study the arts of Ono-ha Ittō-ryū (which he himself had mastered), as well as the art of "oshikiuchi", a martial art which he developed for shogunal counselors and retainers, tailored to conditions within the palace. These arts became incorporated into and combined with the Takeda family martial arts.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: According to the traditions of Daitō-ryū, it was these arts which Takeda Sokaku began teaching to non-members of the family in the late 19th century. Takeda had also studied swordsmanship and spearmanship with his father, Takeda Sokichi, as well as Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū as an "uchi-deshi" (live-in student) under the renowned swordsman Sakakibara Kenkichi. During his life, Sokaku traveled extensively to attain his goal of preserving his family's traditions by spreading Daitō-ryū throughout Japan.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Takeda Sokaku's third son, Tokimune Takeda (武田 時宗 "Takeda Tokimune", 1916–1993), became the headmaster of the art following Sokaku's death in 1943. Tokimune taught what he called , an art that included the sword techniques of the Ono-ha Ittō-ryū along with the traditional techniques of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu. It was also under Tokimune's headmastership that modern "dan" rankings were first created and awarded to the students of Daitō-ryū. Tokimune Takeda died in 1993 leaving no official successor, but a few of his high-ranking students, such as Katsuyuki Kondo (近藤 勝之 "Kondō Katsuyuki", 1945–) and Shigemitsu Kato, now head their own Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu organizations.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: "Aiki-jūjutsu" can be broken into three styles: jujutsu (hard); aiki no jutsu (soft); and the combined aikijujutsu (hard/soft). Modern Japanese jujutsu and aikido both originated in aikijujutsu, which emphasizes "an early neutralization of an attack". Like other forms of jujutsu, it emphasizes throwing techniques and joint manipulations to effectively subdue or injure an attacker. Of particular importance is the timing of a defensive technique either to blend or to neutralize an attack's effectiveness and to use the force of the attacker's movement against him. Daitō-ryū is characterized by ample use of "atemi", or the striking of vital areas, to set up jointlocking or throwing tactics.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Some of the art's striking methods employ the swinging of the outstretched arms to create power and to hit with the fists at deceptive angles, as may be observed in techniques such as the atemi that sets up "gyaku ude-dori" (reverse elbow lock). Tokimune Takeda regarded one of the unique characteristics of the art to be its preference for controlling a downed attacker's joints with one's knee to leave one's hands free to access weapons or to deal with the threat of other attackers.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Currently, there are a number of organizations that teach Daitō-ryū, each tracing their lineage back to Takeda Sokaku through one of five of his students. Those five students are: Takeda Tokimune, the progenitor of the Tokimune branch; Takuma Hisa (久 琢磨 "Hisa Takuma", 1895–1980), of the Hisa branch; Kōdō Horikawa (堀川 幸道 "Horikawa Kōdō", 1894–1980), of the Horikawa branch; Yukiyoshi Sagawa ("Sagawa Yukiyoshi", 1902–1998), of the Sagawa branch, and Somekichi Kobayashi (1901–1999), of the Kobayashi branch.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: The Tokimune branch descends from the teachings of Tokimune Takeda, the son of Takeda Sokaku, and designated successor of Daitō-ryū upon the father's death. When Tokimune died, he had not appointed a successor; there are two main groups that carry on his teachings.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: The first group is led by Katsuyuki Kondō, who began his training under Tsunejiro Hosono and continued training under Kōtarō Yoshida (吉田 幸太郎 "Yoshida Kōtarō", 1883–1966) for a time, before being introduced to Tokimune. On the basis of the high level teaching licenses Kondo was granted by Tokimune, his followers represent his school as the Daitō-ryū "mainline". Kondo has done much to increase the visibility of the art by hosting seminars both in Tokyo and abroad, especially in Europe and the United States. In the last years many Branches were created all over the world. The biggest groups are located in Italy (under Alex Muracchini and Luca Canovi), Russia (under Evgeny Bodrenko and Stanislav Kopin), Netherlands (Robert Breedveld,Niels van Willigen, Anton Brandregt, and Ilse van der Hoeven), Slovakia (under Stephan Kurilla). In the USA there are also several Branch dōjōs such as Derek Steel in Philadelphia, Mark Sumi in Los Angeles and Jose Garrido in the New York City Metro area. In the United Kingdom there is a study group in Suffolk (under Oran Redmond). Australia study group is led by Rachael Crompton in Sidney. Switzerland’s study groups are led by Pascal Badan (Lausanne) and Selahattin Ak (Zürich).


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: The second group from the Tokimune branch is headed by Shigemitsu Kato and Gunpachi Arisawa, who are long-time students and teachers from Tokimune's original Daitokan headquarters in Hokkaidō. This organization is called the . They maintain a smaller organization in Hokkaidō, with strong connections to practitioners in Europe (especially Italy), the United States, and Brazil.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: The second major branch of Daitō-ryū is represented by students of Takuma Hisa. His students banded together and founded the . They have a wealth of materials in the form of film and still photographs, taken at the Asahi Newspaper "dōjō", recording the Daitō-ryū techniques taught to them, first by Morihei Ueshiba and then later by Takeda Sokaku directly. One of their major training manuals, called the "Sōden", features techniques taught to them by both masters.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: The Takumakai represents the second largest "aiki-jūjutsu" organization. The current director is Mori Hakaru assisted by honorary director is Chiba Tsugutaka, and the manager is Kobayashi Kiyohiro. Chiba Tsugutaka, who proposed the idea of naming the organization "Takumakai", also spent some time training at the Daito-kan in Hokkaido under Takeda Tokimune.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: In the 1980s, led by Shogen Okabayashi ("Okabayashi Shogen", born 1949-2018), who was sent by the elderly Hisa to train under the headmaster, the Takumakai made a move to implement the forms for teaching the fundamentals of the art as originally established by Tokimune Takeda. This move upset some preservers of Hisa's original teaching method, leading to the formation of a new organization called the Daibukan, founded by a long term student of Hisa, Kenkichi Ohgami ("Ōgami Kenkichi", born 1936). Later, in order to implement greater changes to the curriculum, Okabayashi himself chose to separate from the Takumakai and formed the Hakuho-ryu.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: The Horikawa branch descends from the teachings of Kōdō Horikawa. A few organizations have been formed based on his teachings.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: The was founded by students of Horikawa, whose distinctive interpretation of "aiki" movements can be seen in the movements of his students. The Kodokai is located in Hokkaidō and is headed by Yusuke Inoue ("Inoue Yasuke", born 1932). Both Inoue's father and his main teacher, Horikawa, were direct students of Takeda Sokaku. Inoue received his teaching license ("Menkyo Kaiden") in accordance with Horikawa's final wishes.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: There are two major teachers who branched off from the Kodokai to establish their own traditions. The first was Seigō Okamoto (岡本 正剛 "Okamoto Seigō", 1925-2015) who founded the . His interpretation of "aiki" and minimal movement throws. The organization has a great following abroad, especially in the United States and Europe. Another group was that of Katsumi Yonezawa (米沢 克巳 "Yonezawa Katsumi", 1937–1998), who founded his own organization, called the . In the early 1970s, while Yonezawa was still a senior teacher at the Kodokai, he was the first person to bring Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu to the United States and Canada. The Bokuyōkan is currently run by his son Hiromitsu Yonezawa ("Yonezawa Hiromitsu"), headquartered in Hokkaidō, with a following at the Yonezawa "dojo" and several branches in the United States, as well as a "dojo" in Germany.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: The last major group consists of students of Yukiyoshi Sagawa (佐川 幸義, "Sagawa Yukiyoshi", 1902–1998), who was once considered to be the successor to Takeda Sokaku (should Tokimune not have survived World War II). Sagawa ran only a single "dojo" and taught a relatively small number of students. He began studying Daitō-ryū under Takeda Sokaku in 1914 after first learning the art from his father, Sagawa Nenokichi (1867–1950), who was also a student of Sokaku and a holder of a "Kyōju Dairi" (teaching license) in the system. Although considered by many to be one of the most accomplished students of Sokaku, Yukiyoshi Sagawa received the "kyoju dairi" in 1932—but did not receive the "menkyo kaiden" (certificate of mastery) of the system's secrets, as during the time he practised under Takeda Sokaku, the highest licence was not the "menkyo kaiden". Sagawa often served as a teaching assistant to Takeda and traveled with him to various locations in Japan teaching Daito-ryu. He further developed the art of applying Aiki and is said to have remained powerful until very late in life, and – as a consequence of the success of "Transparent Power" – was featured in a series of articles in the Aiki News magazines prior to his death in 1998.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Tatsuo Kimura (木村 達雄 "Kimura Tatsuo", born 1947), a former mathematics professor at the University of Tsukuba and a senior student of Sagawa, ran a small "aiki-jūjutsu" study group at that institution. He retired from his professorship there in June 2013, and has retired from public instruction of Daito Ryu. He now privately instructs a small group of students. He has written two books about his training under Sagawa: "Transparent Power" and "Discovering Aiki".


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Daisuke Nagano, a descendant of Narimasa Nagano and noted Master of Asayama Ichiden Ryu under Yukio Nakamura and senior student of Sagawa, taught at Koikikawa Dojo near Tokyo and often taught United States military servicemen stationed in Okinawa in the 1970s. In the 1997 a branch dedicated to Nagano sensei's teachings called "Nagano Ryu Heihou Kyokai" was founded by his most senior student Jamie Ellerbe.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Somekichi Kobayashi, a descendant of Hirohito Kobayashi, ran only a small "dojo" and taught a relatively small number of students. He began studying Daitō-ryū under Takeda Sokaku in 1923. Kobayashi went many times to France giving clinics at La Baule Martial Arts Camps with Fukami Sensei Judo Coach of the French Team. One of his students , Jean-Luc Moreau Kudan, headmaster and cofounder of this style, started to study with him in France and many times in Japan. To enlarge his view and knowledge, Jean-Luc Moreau also studied different martial arts (Judo, Karate, Kendo, Ko-Budo…) under other great teachers such as: Ichiro Abe, 10th Dan (Kodokan), Head Kata Instructor at the Kodokan , Minoru Mochizuki, (1907-2003) – Founder of Yoseikan Budo Aikido, Hiroo Mochizuki, (1936-) – Current Head of Yoseikan Budo Aikido, , Taiji Kase, (1929 – 2004) – 9th Dan Shotokan Karate, Tadashi Abe, (1926-1984) – Pioneer of Aikido in France and Europe , Takeda Tokimune, (1915-1993) – 36th Soke, Daito-Ryu AikiJujutsu, Gozo Shioda, (1915-1994) – Founder of Yoshinkan Aikido.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Tokimune Takeda, speaking on the same subject during an interview explained in more detail about the concept of "aiki":


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Daitō-ryū techniques involve both jujutsu and "aiki-jūjutsu" applications. Techniques are broken up into specific lists which are trained sequentially; that is, a student will not progress to the next "catalogue" of techniques until he/she has mastered the previous one. Upon completion of each catalogue, a student is awarded a certificate or scroll that lists all of the techniques of that level. These act as levels of advancement within the school, and was a common system among classical Japanese martial arts schools before the era of belts, grades, and degrees.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: The first category of techniques in the system, the "shoden waza", is not devoid of "aiki" elements, though it emphasizes the more direct jujutsu joint manipulation techniques. The second group of techniques, the "aiki-no-jutsu", tends to emphasize the utilization of one's opponent's movement or intention in order to subdue him/her—usually with a throwing or a pinning technique. A list of the catalogues in the Tokimune branch's system and the number of techniques contained within follows:


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Officially, the Daitō-ryū system is said to comprise thousands of techniques, divided into "omote" and "ura" (literally, 'front' and 'back' versions), but many of these could be seen as variations upon the core techniques. In addition, Sokaku and Tokimune awarded scrolls denoting certain portions of the curriculum, such as techniques utilizing the long and short sword.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: To the list above, the Takumakai adds the "Daito-ryu Aiki Nito-ryu Hiden". The Takumakai also makes substantial use of the photographic documents of techniques taught at the Asahi Newspaper "dojo" by Morihei Ueshiba and Takeda Sokaku, which are compiled into a series of 11 training manuals called the "Sōden".


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: The significant interest in this martial art, which has much in common with the many less popular classical Japanese jujutsu schools, is probably due largely to the success of Takeda Sokaku's student Morihei Ueshiba, and the art that he founded, aikido. Aikido is practised internationally and has hundreds of thousands of adherents. Many of those interested in aikido have traced the art's origins back to Daitō-ryū, which has increased the level of interest in an art which was otherwise virtually unknown a few decades before.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: Aikido's influence was significant even in its early years, prior to World War II, when Ueshiba was teaching a more overtly combative form closer to Daitō-ryū. One of the main conduits of the influence of Ueshiba's pre-war aiki-jūjutsu was Kenji Tomiki, founder of Shodokan Aikido. Tomiki was already ranked 5th "dan" in judo when he began studying under Ueshiba. Today's "goshin jutsu kata", or "forms of self defense" (created in 1956 by a team of experts after Kanō Jigorō's death, and thus not belonging to original judo), preserve these teachings, as does Tomiki's own organization of Shodokan Aikido.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: The concept of "aiki" is an old one, and was common to other classical Japanese schools of armed combat. There are some other styles of Japanese jujutsu that use the term "aiki-jūjutsu", but there are no records of its use prior to the Meiji era. Many modern schools influenced by aikido presently utilize the term to describe their use of aikido-like techniques with a more combative mindset.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: There are a number of martial arts in addition to aikido which appear, or claim, to be descended from the art of Daitō-ryū or the teachings of Takeda Sōkaku. Among them are: the Korean martial art of hapkido founded by Choi Yong-sool, who claims to have been trained under Takeda Sokaku; Choi gave two versions of his story, one in 1962 and another completely different one in 1982. Hakkō-ryū founded by Okuyama Yoshiharu, who trained under Takeda Sokaku; and Shorinji Kempo, founded by Nakano Michiomi (later known as So Doshin), who is known to have trained under Okuyama. Additionally, Icho-ryū – an offshoot designed for police defense is practiced widely in Washington state. Many techniques from Hakko-ryu are similar to the techniques of Daitō-ryu. Certain styles of Karate also use joint manipulation and locking techniques.


title: Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

text: American Yoshinkan Aiki Jujutsu was founded by Hasaka Yutashi, who grew up in the martial arts, first learning Jujutsu from his father. Over time, he began development of what would later become American Yoshinkan Aiki Jujutsu (named in 1999), although he still remained an active student of the arts. It is not fully clear how long he would he would study Daito Ryu with Horikawa Kodo during the 1960s and '70s but there is a strong Daito presence within this Jujutsu art. Hasaka must have also studied Yoshinkan Aikido briefly with Shioda Gozo at some point within his lifetime due to the very distinct footwork with in then art. Shioda was a fellow student of Horikawa around 1977-78 after Horikawa visited his Tokyo dojo, and so Hasaka sensei had the opportunity to pick up information and techniques during his visit. However, Shioda would have the most impact and influence so greatly that his art became the inspiration for the name.


title: English irregular verbs

text: The English language has many irregular verbs, approaching 200 in normal use—and significantly more if prefixed forms are counted. In most cases, the irregularity concerns the past tense (also called "preterite") or the past participle.


title: English irregular verbs

text: The other inflected parts of the verb—the third person singular present indicative in "-[e]s", and the present participle and gerund form in "-ing"—are formed regularly in most cases. There are a few exceptions: the verb "be" has irregular forms throughout the present tense; the verbs "have", "do", and "say" have irregular "-[e]s" forms; and certain defective verbs (such as the modal auxiliaries) lack most inflection.


title: English irregular verbs

text: The irregular verbs include many of the most common verbs: the dozen most frequently used English verbs are all irregular. New verbs (including loans from other languages, and nouns employed as verbs) usually follow the regular inflection, unless they are compound formations from an existing irregular verb (such as "housesit", from "sit").


title: English irregular verbs

text: Irregular verbs in Modern English are typically derived from verbs that followed more regular patterns at a previous stage in the history of the language. In particular, many such verbs derive from Germanic strong verbs, which make many of their inflected forms through vowel gradation, as can be observed in Modern English patterns such as "sing–sang–sung". The regular verbs, on the other hand, with their preterites and past participles ending in "-ed", follow the weak conjugation, which originally involved adding a dental consonant ("-t" or "-d"). Nonetheless, there are also many irregular verbs that follow or partially follow the weak conjugation.


title: English irregular verbs

text: For information on the conjugation of regular verbs in English, as well as other points concerning verb usage, see English verbs.


title: English irregular verbs

text: Most English irregular verbs are native, derived from verbs that existed in Old English. Nearly all verbs that have been borrowed into the language at a later stage have defaulted to the regular conjugation. There are a few exceptions, however, such as the verb "catch" (derived from Old Northern French "cachier"), whose irregular forms originated by way of analogy with native verbs such as "teach".


title: English irregular verbs

text: Most irregular verbs exist as remnants of historical conjugation systems. When some grammatical rule became changed or disused, some verbs kept to the old pattern. For example, before the Great Vowel Shift, the verb "keep" (then pronounced /keːp/, slightly like "cap", or "cape" without the glide) belonged to a group of verbs whose vowel was shortened in the past tense; this pattern is preserved in the modern past tense "kept" (similarly "crept", "wept", "leapt", "left"). Verbs such as "peep", which have similar form but arose after the Vowel Shift, take the regular "-ed" ending.


title: English irregular verbs

text: The force of analogy tends to reduce the number of irregular verbs over time, as irregular verbs switch to regular conjugation patterns (for instance, the verb "chide" once had the irregular past tense "chid", but this has given way to the regular formation "chided"). This is more likely to occur with less common verbs (where the irregular forms are less familiar); hence it is often the more common verbs (such as "be", "have", "take") that tend to remain irregular. Many irregular verbs today have coexisting irregular and regular forms (as with "spelt" and "spelled", "dreamt" and "dreamed", etc.).


title: English irregular verbs

text: In a few cases, however, analogy has operated in the other direction (a verb's irregular forms arose by analogy with existing irregular verbs). This is the case with the example of "catch" given above; others include "wear" and "string", which were originally weak verbs, but came to be conjugated like the similar-sounding strong verbs "bear" and "swing".


title: English irregular verbs

text: In American English, the regular forms of verbs account for more than 90% of instances, whereas British English has a regular form frequency of 69% according to a 1991 study.


title: English irregular verbs

text: The verb forms described in this article are chiefly those that are accepted in standard English; many regional dialects have different irregular forms, such as American English "sneak"–"snuck" and "dive"-"dove" as opposed to standard "sneaked" and "dived" respectively. In particular, it is fairly common in some types of non-standard speech to use (standard) past tenses as past participles, and vice versa; e.g. "have went" instead of "have gone" in Southern American English.


title: English irregular verbs

text: The irregular verbs of Modern English form several groups with similar conjugation pattern and historical origin. These can be broadly grouped into two classes – the Germanic weak and strong groups – although historically some verbs have moved between these groups. There are also a few anomalous cases: the verbs "be" and "go", which demonstrate suppletion; the verb "do"; and the defective modal verbs.


title: English irregular verbs

text: Many irregular verbs derive from Germanic strong verbs, which display the vowel shift called ablaut, and do not add an ending such as "-ed" or "-t" for the past forms. These sometimes retain past participles with the ending "-[e]n", as in "give–gave–given" and "ride–rode–ridden", but in other cases this ending has been dropped, as in "come–came–come" and "sing–sang–sung". This verb group was inherited from the parent Proto-Germanic language, and before that from the Proto-Indo-European language. It was originally a system of regular verbs, and in Old English and modern German the system remains more or less regular; however in Modern English relatively few verbs continue to follow such a pattern, and they are classed as irregular.


title: English irregular verbs

text: Verbs that retain a strong-type inflection in modern English and add "-[e]n" in the past participle include "bear", "beat", "beget", "bite", "blow", "break", "choose", "cleave", "draw", "drive", "eat", "fall", "fly", "forbid", "forget", "forsake", "freeze", "get" (but with past participle "got" in British English), "give", "grow", "know", "lie", "ride", "rise", "see", "shake", "shear", "slay", "smite", "speak", "steal", "stride", "strive", "swear", "take", "tear", "throw", "tread", "wake", "weave", and "write".


title: English irregular verbs

text: Those that do not add "-[e]n" in the usual past participle include "become", "begin", "bind", "burst", "cling", "come", "drink", "fight", "find", "fling", "grind", "hang", "hold", "let", "ring", "run", "seek", "shed", "shine", "shit", "shoot", "shrink", "sing", "sink", "sit", "slide", "sling", "slink", "slit", "spin", "spring", "stand", "sting", "stink", "strike", "swim", "swing", "win", "wind" and "wring".


title: English irregular verbs

text: The verbs "sow" and "swell" are now usually regular in the past tense, but retain the strong-type past participles "sown" and "swollen". Other verbs retain participles in "-n" for certain adjectival uses and distinguish them from other usage in perfect tenses ("He is drunk" vs "drunken sailor", "The shirt has shrunk" vs "shrunken hands" or "The ship was sunk" vs "sunken cheeks"). The participle in "-n" may sometimes be limited to certain specific usage, as in "molten" used only to refer to metals (compare "molten steel" vs "melted butter"). Sometimes the connection between the infinitive and the adjective (i.e. originally the past participle form) is not perceived as obvious any more, e.g. "seethe – sodden". The verb "crow" is now regular in the past participle, but the strong past tense "crew" is sometimes used.


title: English irregular verbs

text: Some originally weak verbs have taken on strong-type forms by analogy with strong verbs. These include "dig", "dive" (when "dove" is used as the past tense), "hide", "prove" (when "proven" is used as the past participle), "saw" (past participle "sawn"), "sew" (past participle "sewn"), "show" (past participle "shown"), "spit", "stick", "strew", "string", and "wear" (analogy with "bear").


title: English irregular verbs

text: For indication of the groups of strong verbs the listed words belong to, see the table at List of English irregular verbs.


title: English irregular verbs

text: Some other irregular verbs derive from Germanic weak verbs, forming past tenses and participles with a "-d" or "-t" ending (or from originally strong verbs that have switched to the weak pattern). The weak conjugation is also the origin of the regular verbs in "-ed"; however various historical sound changes (and sometimes spelling changes) have led to certain types of irregularity in some verbs. The main processes are as follows (some verbs have been subject to more than one of these).


title: English irregular verbs

text: For weak verbs that have adopted strong-type past tense or past participle forms, see the section above on strong verbs. More information on the development of some of the listed verbs can be found at List of irregular verbs.


title: English irregular verbs

text: Apart from the modal verbs, which are irregular in that they do not take an "-s" in the third person (see above), the only verbs with irregular present tense forms are "be", "do", "have" and "say" (and prefixed forms of these, such as "undo" and "gainsay", which conjugate in the same way as the basic forms).