title: Susannah Corbett

text: Born in Marylebone in London, Corbett is the daughter of actor Harry H. Corbett (known for the BBC Television sitcom "Steptoe and Son") and his second wife Maureen (née Blott). She attended Moira House School in Eastbourne, East Sussex, and trained as an actor at East 15 Acting School, Debden, Loughton, Essex.


title: Susannah Corbett

text: In 1991, Corbett had a small role (credited as "Lady in coach") in the adventure film "". She made her television debut in November that year, in an episode of the ITV comedy-drama series "Minder".


title: Susannah Corbett

text: Her first major role came on ITV in 1993, in an episode of the third series of "Peak Practice", as a cystic fibrosis sufferer. She is best known for her role as Ellie Pascoe, wife of one of the title characters, Peter Pascoe, in "Dalziel and Pascoe", a BBC television drama series based on Reginald Hill's Dalziel and Pascoe novels. She appeared in the series regularly between 1996 and 2000, returning for a guest appearance in 2005.


title: Susannah Corbett

text: She then returned to "Peak Practice" to play Kerri Davidson, the physiotherapist, for three series. Corbett appeared in "Holby City" during October 2015.


title: Susannah Corbett

text: She began to write picture books for her children, and her first published work, "Dragon's Dinner", was published on 20 August 2009. A second book, "One Cool Cat", was published in spring 2011. She has also written the life story of her father, "Harry H. Corbett: The Front Legs of the Cow", which was published in March 2012.


title: Brant Bjork

text: Brant Bjork (born March 19, 1973) is an American musician, singer, songwriter and record producer. He is perhaps best known as the drummer and founder of the influential Californian stoner rock band Kyuss. Bjork played in Vista Chino, along with former Kyuss vocalist John Garcia, up until October 2014, at which point Nick Oliveri announced that there was a falling out and that Bjork and Garcia would continue working on their solo projects. Bjork is currently the guitarist and co-founder of the stoner rock power trio, Stöner. He is one of the more notable figures in the stoner rock and Palm Desert scene and maintains a prolific solo career with over a dozen released albums.


title: Brant Bjork

text: While still in high school, Bjork got together with friends Chris Cockrell, Nick Oliveri, Josh Homme and John Garcia in 1987 to form a band called Katzenjammer. At Bjork's prompting, the band would soon be renamed Sons of Kyuss for a single EP, named after "The Sons of Kyuss" monsters in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, and then later shortened to Kyuss. The band relocated to Los Angeles in 1990 and signed to Chameleon Records, releasing their debut album, "Wretch" in September 1991. They were then picked up by the major label Elektra Records, becoming the first desert rock band to achieve international success. Bjork was a major creative force in Kyuss, contributing a substantial portion of the band's songwriting, including standout tracks like "Green Machine" and "50 Million Year Trip (Downside Up)". In 1994, Bjork left the band following the release of "Welcome to Sky Valley", frustrated at guitarist Homme's growing reluctance to play the songs he was contributing to the band.


title: Brant Bjork

text: After leaving Kyuss, Bjork would go on to play with several different bands, as well as founding the independent label El Camino Records (later Duna Records). Through his label, Bjork would release albums that he was musically involved in, such as hardcore punk band De-Con's 1995 album "Balls for Days", on which he played drums. Bjork would also release and produce stoner rock band Solarfeast's 1995 debut "Gossamer". Bjork would later go on to join former Kyuss bandmate, Josh Homme, in his Palm Desert musical collective series, The Desert Sessions. He would play a mixture of guitar, bass, drums, and percussion on various tracks on the 1997 releases "" and "", as well as 1999's "" and "".


title: Brant Bjork

text: Bjork briefly moved to Santa Cruz to play guitar for hardcore punk band LAB in 1997 (made up of the remaining members of '80s punk band BL'AST!), playing on their 1997 release, the 7" EP "Burning Leaf/Chihuahua". He would also play guitar for Fatso Jetson during 1997–1998, including on their 1998 "Jailbreak" 7" split EP with stoner rock band Fu Manchu.


title: Brant Bjork

text: Bjork was playing with another former member of Kyuss, Nick Oliveri, in Oliveri's metal band Mondo Generator. Joining in 1997, Bjork's drumming would feature on the 2000 LP "Cocaine Rodeo", and the 2003 LP "A Drug Problem That Never Existed". He would tour with the band until leaving in 2004. Bjork also appeared on the live DVD, 2004's "Use Once and Destroy Me", as well as later releases featuring the Bjork-era line-up, in including the 2006 7" single "I Never Sleep" and the 2008 "Australian Tour EP".


title: Brant Bjork

text: Having produced their debut album "No One Rides for Free" in 1994, Bjork would officially join Fu Manchu with the release of their critically acclaimed 1997 album "The Action Is Go". Bjork would continue to play on every Fu Manchu recording until his departure following the release of 2001's "California Crossing", including the LPs "Eatin' Dust" and "King of the Road".


title: Brant Bjork

text: Bjork began recording his first solo album, 1999's "Jalamanta", in February of that year. Bjork performed all instruments, including guitar and vocals. He would also perform guitar and vocals in the short-lived stoner rock band Ché – a side-project collaboration with former Kyuss and Queens of the Stone Age drummer Alfredo Hernández and former Unida bassist Dave Dinsmore. Ché released their only album, "Sounds of Liberation", in October 2000. Bjork's next album, 2002's "Brant Bjork & the Operators", named for Bjork's fictional backing band, 'the Operators', was recorded in November 2000 with Bjork again performing vocals and most instruments. He would continue to be the sole performer, except for a few guest spots, on 2003's "Keep Your Cool" and 2004's "Local Angel".


title: Brant Bjork

text: Bjork would form the band Brant Bjork and the Bros in 2003, featuring guitarist Mike Pygmie, bassist Dylan Roche, and drummer Michael Peffer, with Bjork performing vocals and additional guitar. They toured Europe in October 2003, performing a mixture of Bjork's solo material and Ché's "Sounds of Liberation". Pygmie was replaced by Scott "Cortez" Silverman for further touring in Europe and North America in 2004. This line-up went on to record the 2005 double album "Saved by Magic". The album featured a return to the sound of Bjork's earlier sound from his "Jalamanta"/"Sounds of Liberation" era.


title: Brant Bjork

text: 2006 saw the release of "Sabbia", a feature film "visual soundtrack" by filmmaker Kate McCabe, featuring Bjork's music. Brant Bjork and the Bros would go on to record another album, 2007's "Somera Sól", with Alfredo Hernández replacing Michael Peffer on drums. In the same year, Bjork released his fifth solo album, "Tres Dias", an acoustic album featuring reinterpretations of older songs, as well as some new material. The title of the album ("Three Days") comes from the purported amount of time that Bjork claimed it took to record it at producer Tony Mason's house in Joshua Tree, California.


title: Brant Bjork

text: Bjork reported in 2007 that he had ended his label, Duna Records, citing that it took too much time and energy to run. Bjork soon created a new label, Low Desert Punk Recordings, and the Duna Records website now functions as a Brant Bjork community fansite and forum. The first release on the new label was Bjork's 2008 album, "Punk Rock Guilt", made up of recordings from December 2005 referred to as the "New Jersey Sessions". This release was followed up with the 2010 album "Gods & Goddesses". Recorded in LA in 2009, "Gods & Goddesses" was the first Brant Bjork solo album not to be primarily recorded by Bjork himself. Instead, Bjork recorded with a new line-up of musicians including guitarist Brandon Henderson, former Yawning Man bassist Billy Cordell, and former Mondo Generator drummer Giampaolo Farnedi.


title: Brant Bjork

text: In March 2014, Bjork announced that he would tour Australia in May with his backing band, the 'Low Desert Punks', consisting of bassist Dave Dinsmore, guitarist Bubba Dupree, and Tony Tornay on drums. He would later announce a New Zealand tour with dates in June. In November, an album, "Black Power Flower" was released on Napalm Records under the name Brant Bjork and the Low Desert Punk Band.


title: Brant Bjork

text: In June 2018, Bjork announced his new album, "Mankind Woman". The album released on September 14, 2018, on Heavy Psych Sounds. Mankind Woman was noted for its "smoother and more laid back" style and psychedelic influences, compared to Bjork's previous work. The album was produced by Bubba Dupree, also serving as guitarist throughout. Another notable feature was the shared lead vocals between Bjork and long-time friend Sean Wheeler, who also performed as special guest on the subsequent Mankind Woman album tour in North America and Europe. Brant Bjork handpicked Danish The Sonic Dawn as his European tour support, echoing the psychedelic touches of "Mankind Woman".


title: Brant Bjork

text: In April 2019, a new solo record entitled "Jacoozzi" was released. Originally recorded in 2010 and then shelved, "Jacoozzi" is an instrumental album, featuring jazz and funk influences with break beats. Bjork explains the material was improvisation meant to lead up to a new solo record. But Vista Chino started up around that time and thus the album was shelved. It was released on April 5, 2019, on Heavy Psych Sounds.


title: Brant Bjork

text: In May 2019, a 'remixed and remastered' reissue of Jalamanta was announced, set for release on September 13, 2019, on Heavy Psych Sounds, 20 years after the album's initial release. The remix was done by Tony Mason, who also did the original mix, and the remastering was done by John McBain at JPM Mastering, San Francisco.


title: Brant Bjork

text: In October 2022, Bjork released his sixteenth solo album, "Bougainvillea Suite", on Heavy Psych Sounds. Bjork has described the album as "bittersweet" since it is his last record to be recorded in his studio in Joshua Tree. The album features contributions from his Stöner bandmates.


title: Brant Bjork

text: In November 2010, it was announced that Bjork was forming Kyuss Lives! with Bruno Fevery on guitar, Nick Oliveri on bass and John Garcia on vocals. The band undertook a European, Australian and New Zealand tour from March to May 2011. In November 2012, Kyuss Lives! announced that they had changed their name to Vista Chino.


title: Brant Bjork

text: In early 2020, Bjork formed the stoner rock trio, Stöner, alongside Oliveri and Ryan Güt, touring member for Bjork's live band.


title: Brant Bjork

text: In 2022, the band released their sophomore album, "Totally...", and are currently on tour in support of the album.


title: Brant Bjork

text: In the early days of Kyuss, Brant would reverse his sticks to get more power. Towards the end of his stint with Kyuss, Brant used Zildjian Rock Sticks.


title: Brant Bjork

text: During his time with Fu Manchu, Brant used various Ludwig drum kits, including the kit he used in Kyuss, but primarily used a blonde maple Ludwig with a 26x16 kick, 14x14 tom and a 18x18 floor tom.


title: Brant Bjork

text: His sticks varied from 5b's or 2b's from Vater, Vic Firth or Pro-mark turned upside down for maximum power.


title: House of Bourbon-Parma

text: The House of Bourbon-Parma () is a cadet branch of the Spanish royal family, whose members once ruled as King of Etruria and as Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Guastalla, and Lucca. The House descended from the French Capetian dynasty in male line. Its name of Bourbon-Parma comes from the main name (Bourbon) and the other (Parma) from the title of Duke of Parma. The title was held by the Spanish Bourbons as the founder was the great-grandson of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma.


title: House of Bourbon-Parma

text: The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered on the city of Parma.


title: House of Bourbon-Parma

text: In 1556, the second Duke, Ottavio Farnese, was given the city of Piacenza, becoming thus also Duke of Piacenza, and so the state was thereafter properly known as the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza.


title: House of Bourbon-Parma

text: The Habsburgs only ruled until the conclusion of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, when it was ceded back to the Bourbons in the person of Philip of Spain, Charles's younger brother. As duke Philip, he became the founder of the House of Bourbon-Parma.


title: House of Bourbon-Parma

text: In 1814, the duchies were restored under Napoleon's Habsburg wife, Marie Louise, who was to rule them for her lifetime. The duchy was renamed the duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla.


title: House of Bourbon-Parma

text: After Marie Louise's death in 1847, the duchy was restored to the Bourbon-Parma line, which had been ruling the tiny duchy of Lucca. As part of the return the Duchy of Guastalla was transferred to the Duchy of Modena. The Bourbons ruled until 1859, when they were driven out by a revolution following the Sardinian victory in their war against Austria.


title: House of Bourbon-Parma

text: The duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla and the duchy of Lucca joined with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the duchy of Modena to form the United Provinces of Central Italy in December 1859, and were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia in March 1860.


title: House of Bourbon-Parma

text: The House of Bourbon continues to claim the title of duke of Parma to this day. Carlos-Hugo (Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne in the 1970s) held the title from 1977 to his death. His son now claims the title.


title: House of Bourbon-Parma

text: During the French ownership of the Duchy of Parma, the title of "Duke of Parma" was used as an honorary form and style. From 1808, the title was used by Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès. He kept the style of "Duke of Parma" until 1814. Only in 1847 was the actual title restored to the Bourbons, after a period of being held by Marie Louise of Austria, who was a Habsburg and the second wife of Napoleon I.


title: Tea processing

text: Tea processing is the method in which the leaves from the tea plant "Camellia sinensis" are transformed into the dried leaves for brewing tea.


title: Tea processing

text: The categories of tea are distinguished by the processing they undergo. In its most general form, tea processing involves different manners and degrees of oxidation of the leaves, stopping the oxidation, forming the tea and drying it.


title: Tea processing

text: The innate flavor of the dried tea leaves is determined by the type of cultivar of the tea bush, the quality of the plucked tea leaves, and the manner and quality of the production processing they undergo. After processing, a tea may be blended with other teas or mixed with flavourants to alter the flavor of the final tea. When producing black, pu'erh and oolong teas there is an additional purpose of processing: to encourage oxidization, which further develops flavour and aroma compounds.


title: Tea processing

text: The history of tea processing corresponds intimately with the role that tea played in Chinese society and the preferred methods of its consumption in ancient Chinese society. The domestication of tea and the development of its processing method likely began in the area around what is now Southwest China, Indo-Burma, and Tibet. Variations of these processing techniques are still used in modern tea processing albeit being far more mechanized.


title: Tea processing

text: Ancient Chinese society first encountered the tea plant in what is now south-eastern China and processed it as an additional medicinal herb for use in Chinese herbology. The processing technique used to process fresh tea leaves was to immediately steam the fresh tea leaves and dry them for preservation, which is the most ancient Chinese form of tea leaf processing known to date. This processing method was perfected near the end of the Han Dynasty (206BCE – 220CE) and produced a dried tea that would be classified today as "green tea" and quite similar to modern Japanese sencha. For consumption, dried tea leaves were either decocted with water and other herbs, or ground into a powder to be taken straight, or suspended in a liquid in the manner of matcha.


title: Tea processing

text: With the increase of tea's use in Chinese herbology, production methods changed, where the processed green tea leaves were not immediately dried after steaming. Rather the steamed tea leaves were first pulverized into a paste form, with the paste then formed in molds and slowly dried into brick tea, a technique well described by Lu Yu in his work "The Classic of Tea". Tender leaves and leaf buds were generally not used, as older mature tea leaves were preferred for tea production. Some tea bricks were also produced from mature whole leaves, which typically required the use of a cooked rice slurry (米湯) to bind the tea brick together. The preference of producing tea in brick form possibly stems from the fact that it can be more easily transported and stored.


title: Tea processing

text: The use of steam in fixation (殺青) of tea leaf enzymes is an important step in processing tea, with the leaves quickly cooled down and then undergoing further processing. The less tightly controlled methods of it in the past resulted in the creation of "yellow tea" when the tea leaves were over-steamed for fixation or were not quickly spread out, doused with water and cooled. Although green tea was the most popular in Lu Yu's time, he personally considered yellow tea to be superior to green.


title: Tea processing

text: Even when the leaves were quickly cooled, if they are left in piles (渥堆) for too long before processing, the leaves will begin to undergo microbial fermentation to produce "post-fermented tea". This technique is somewhat similar to composting, albeit tightly controlled, and still used in the production of Liu'an tea (安徽六安籃茶) and was more recently introduced for the production of the "ripe" type Pu-erh tea. The production of tea in brick forms and their storage also resulted in another type of post-fermented tea, which was produced by aging. The long transport and storage times of the day unwittingly allowed the tea bricks to undergo prolonged exposure to the elements and to various microflora, which resulted in the aging, oxidation, and fermentation of green brick teas. A brick of green tea that had been stored and aged into post-fermented tea was charred over charcoal to rid it of the layer of detritus, dust, and shiny multicoloured growths before being broken down into a powder, cooked, and then consumed. By the end of the Tang Dynasty (618–907CE) green, yellow, and post-fermented tea was commonly used in China and moved from purely being used in herbology to becoming a beverage drunk for pleasure.


title: Tea processing

text: The Tang Dynasty was also the period when oolong tea was first developed in the Fujian province. It was originally produced in thin brick form, known then under the name "Beiyuan" tea (北苑茶). The importance of the withering process for producing oolong tea was described by poet Huang Furen (皇甫冉) in his poem "送陸鴻漸棲霞寺采茶", which indicated that the processing of tea leaves is not a simple task, requiring the scaling of steep cliffs to pick the choicest leaves and the withering of the leaves under the sun and warm winds ("采茶非采菉，遠遠上層崖。布葉春風暖，盈筐白日斜...").


title: Tea processing

text: White tea (白茶) was also developed in the Fujian province with its first mentions in the Song Dynasty document "Treatise on Tea", where the delicate buds used for producing white tea, the difficulty in producing it, its taste, and its rarity were lauded. The production method of white tea was described by Ming Dynasty author Tian Yiheng (田艺蘅) in "Zhuquan Xiaopin" (煮泉小品) (produced in the 33rd year of the Jiajing Emperor) regarding Fuding white tea (福鼎白茶). In this work, he stated that tea buds that have undergone fixation by panning over flames (as with green tea) are second to white tea that was simply allowed to dry under the sun, since it's more natural in taste and lacks flavours imparted by the smoke and flames. ("芽茶以火作者为次，生晒者为上, 亦更近自然，且断烟火气耳")


title: Tea processing

text: The technique for producing black tea was first developed during the late Ming Dynasty in Wuyishan, Fujian, either resulting from the over-oxidation of tea-leaves during the manufacture of oolong tea or indirectly from the methods of manufacturing green and white teas. In the early 1600s, tea producers in the Wuyi Mountains began kneading the sun-withered tea leaves to macerate them, then allowed them to dry under the sun, thus reaching full oxidation and producing "Gongfu" black tea (工夫紅茶). When there was insufficient sun and temperatures were low, the withered leaves would be processed indoors in warmed rooms and allowed to fully oxidize, then smoked dry over pine fires thus producing lapsang souchong. According to oral traditions of the region, the discovery of Lapsang Souchong processing was due to military troops passing through a Wuyishan tea factory during the last years of the Ming Dynasty, causing delays to tea leaf processing thus resulting in a completely oxidized leaf that the producer salvaged by drying over a fire built from pine branches. By the Qing Dynasty, both Lapsang Souchong and Gongfu black tea were well recognized in China and noted in "Records on Yiwu mountain" (武夷山志) by the scholar Dong Tiangong (董天工).


title: Tea processing

text: Although each type of tea has a different taste, smell, and visual appearance, tea processing for all tea types consists of a very similar set of methods with only minor variations. Without careful moisture and temperature control during its manufacture and life thereafter, fungi will grow on tea. This form of fungus causes real fermentation that will contaminate the tea and may render the tea unfit for consumption.


title: Tea processing

text: Tea is traditionally classified based on the degree or period of oxidation or fermentation the leaves have undergone:


title: Shantanu Moitra

text: Shantanu Moitra (born 22 January 1968) is an Indian score composer, musician and pianist who has composed songs for the Hindi film industry, and is most known for his scores in the films "Parineeta" (2005), "Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi" (2005), "Lage Raho Munnabhai" (2006) and "3 Idiots" (2009), and private albums, "Mann ke Manjeere" and "Ab ke Saawan" sung by Shubha Mudgal. In 2014, he received the National Film Award for Best Music Direction (Background Score) for "Na Bangaaru Talli".


title: Shantanu Moitra

text: Shantanu was born in Lucknow, where his father came from a Bengali musical family. He was very young when he moved to Delhi with his family, where initially he lived in Patel Nagar in West Delhi, and studied at Springdales School, Pusa Road. There, he was the leader and singer of a band, and in 1982, the band hosted the school's first rock show. "What was even better was receiving an award in school for my contribution to music at a time when my school, Springdales in Delhi, didn't usually give awards for music. When I look back now, I think the award instilled huge confidence in me," he said.


title: Shantanu Moitra

text: They also received musical training from urban-folk singer, Sushmit Bose, a Springdales alumnus, who would occasionally drop in and teach them. Later he moved to Chittaranjan Park in South Delhi.


title: Shantanu Moitra

text: Moitra started his career as a client servicing executive at an ad agency, while music remained a hobby. He started composing music for advertising jingles accidentally, when he was asked to compose a jingle at the last minute by Pradeep Sarkar, then the Creative Head of the agency. The jingle was "Bole mere lips. I love Uncle Chipps" for the chips brand Uncle Chipps, which became an instant hit. He later composed several jingles for Pradeep Sarkar, and several advertising brands.


title: Shantanu Moitra

text: This led to composing music for Indipop albums that were hits including "Ab ke Saawan", "Mann ke Manjeere: an album of women's dreams for Breakthrough", and "Sapna Dekha Hai Maine" (2003) for Shubha Mudgal.


title: Shantanu Moitra

text: Moitra moved to Mumbai in 2002, when he started working for Sudhir Mishra's "Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi", his first signed film. He soon formed a team with lyricist Swanand Kirkire, starting with the song "Bawara Mann..". Even before "Parineeta" was made, he had created a song called "Raath Hamari To", sung by Chitra, which Vidhu Vinod Chopra the producer of "Parineeta heard", and subsequently on his recommendation, he went on do his first Bollywood project- "Parineeta" (2005), directed by Pradeep Sarkar.


title: Shantanu Moitra

text: Moitra gained recognition with his music in "Parineeta" (2005). His music was critically acclaimed and he received a nomination for the Filmfare Best Music Director Award. That same year he won the Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent. In 2009, he composed the score for his first Bengali film, "Antaheen".


title: Shantanu Moitra

text: He was also a judge for two seasons of "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla", a regional spinoff of the show "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa".


title: Shantanu Moitra

text: He also wrote the book "Ferari Mon - Memories by Santanu Moitra" in Bengali, published by Sudhangshu Sekhar Dey, Dey's Publishing.


title: Shantanu Moitra

text: Shantanu also undertook a 100-day journey across the Himalayas in 2016 along with Dhritiman Mukherjee which was documented and published on YouTube called “100 days in Himalayas” produced by Roundglass.


title: UD Trucks

text: UD Trucks Corporation (UDトラックス株式会社, "UD Torakkusu Kabushikigaisha") is a Japanese company whose principal business is the manufacturing and sales of diesel trucks, buses, bus chassis and special-purpose vehicles. Its headquarters are located in Ageo, Saitama, Japan. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Isuzu since 2021. Until 2010, the company was known as Nissan Diesel.


title: UD Trucks

text: The UD name was originally used for the company's Uniflow Diesel Engine (a two-stroke diesel engine), developed in 1955, but is now marketed as meaning "Ultimate Dependability".


title: UD Trucks

text: In December 1935, Nihon Diesel Industries, Ltd, in Kawaguchi, Japan on the outskirts of Tokyo was established under the leadership of Kenzo Adachi, where he purchased diesel engine schematics from a Krupp-Junkers patent. The company started production of KD-series 2-cycle diesel engines after entering into partnership and technology exchange with Friedrich Krupp AG. In November 1939, to test the durability of the LD1 truck, the company went on a test drive across Japan. The drive went to the villages of Hakone, Osaka, Kyoto, Gero, Ikaho, Niigata and Aizu before returning to Kawaguchi. The route was on very primitive mountain roads and very rural conditions. The truck returned 13 days later on November 20 without incurring any failure, and soon the trucks reliability became known. In 1940 production of 4.5-ton-payload TT6 series trucks started, and in 1942 the company was now known as Kanega-Fuchi Diesel Co., Ltd. In development of 7.5-ton-payload TN93 series trucks, featuring the largest payload capacity in the Japanese market, and the nation's first monocoque-type BR3 series buses with rear-mounted engines.


title: UD Trucks

text: In 1950 Minsei Diesel Industries, Ltd. was spun off from Minsei Industries; and the company was on the way to becoming a comprehensive transport equipment manufacturer. In 1955 the UD name was born, when Minsei Diesel Industries introduced a range uniflow-scavenging 2-cycle diesel engine. Of course, the UD stood for "Uniflow Diesel", named after the engine they had invented for use in their trucks. The production of various trucks and buses with 81 kW (110 PS) UD3, 110 kW (150 PS) UD4 and 169 kW (230 PS) UD6 engines began. In 1957 the development of Japan's first RFA series air-suspension buses and 10-ton-payload 6TW10 series trucks called "Jumbo" in overseas markets began.


title: UD Trucks

text: In 1960, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. acquired Minsei Diesel, and was renamed Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd. Forward-control trucks and truck tractors were also introduced. In 1963, there was the initial production of compact 4-cycle 40 kW (55PS) SD20 and 44 kW (60PS) SD22 diesel engines. 70 to 80-ton crane-carrier truck series were also introduced to the line-up. 1969 saw the introduction of 4-cycle 136 kW (185PS) PD6 and 99 kW (135 PS) ND6 diesel engines for heavy-duty vehicles. Diesel products were sold in Japan at a separate dealership sales channel called "Nissan Diesel." In 1969, the 780-series replaced the 680-series bonneted truck.


title: UD Trucks

text: In 1971 the heavy Nissan Diesel C-series arrived, being replaced by the second generation in 1979. 1972 saw the marketing of V-type 206 kW (280 PS) RD8 and 257 kW (350 PS) RD10 diesel engines. In 1973, light-duty trucks were produced for the Nissan Motor Company.


title: UD Trucks

text: In 1982 there was the introduction of new forward-control cab for the CWA52/45 series trucks (sold as the Nissan Diesel Resona in Japan), CKA-T series truck tractors and ultra-modern U(A)21, U(A)31, RA51 series buses. As of 1985 the company had a wide range of light-, medium- and heavy-duty trucks, as well as buses and special-purpose vehicles such as crane carriers. In 1989 there was an agreement with IVECO of Italy to jointly develop low-pollution diesel engines.


title: UD Trucks

text: In 1992 Nissan Diesel Philippines Corp. started manufacturing deluxe coaches in cooperation with Jonckheere Bus & Coach NV/SA of Belgium. In 1995 Nissan Diesel produced its two millionth vehicles since commencing production in May 1950. 1996 brought about the establishment of PT Astra Nissan Diesel Indonesia, a joint venture company with Marubeni Corporation and Astra International, and the Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd, a joint venture company with Sumitomo Corporation and Dongfeng Motor Corporation.


title: UD Trucks

text: In 2000 Nissan Diesel introduced new heavy-duty trucks in Japan and Asian countries. It also acquired the sales operation from Nissan Diesel Sales Co., Ltd. In 2003, Nissan Motor and Nissan Diesel reached a basic agreement on a light-duty truck joint venture. There was also the signing of development assistance contract for air suspension of buses with China's Dongfeng Motor Corporation.


title: UD Trucks

text: Nissan Diesel was purchased by the Volvo Group in 2007, becoming a subsidiary. After the transaction between Nissan Motor and Volvo, Nissan Diesel's business relations with Nissan Motors continued as normal and the Nissan Diesel and UD brand names remained unchanged. Volvo also acquired the truck division of Renault in 2001.


title: UD Trucks

text: Starting from 2007, the OEM supply agreement between Nissan Diesel and Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation became effective, with both companies supplying engines to each other for use in new buses, and supplying some buses to each other with the partner's badge.


title: UD Trucks

text: On 1 February 2010, Nissan Diesel changed its name to UD Trucks. At the same time Nissan Diesel Trucks Japan, a 100% owned sales company of UD Trucks in Japan, changed its name to UD Trucks Japan.


title: UD Trucks

text: On September 12, 2012, UD Trucks of North America announced that it will no longer be part of the North American truck market. Reasons given for this decision was a combination of factors, including the continued shrinking of the cab-over-engine market segment and the accelerating cost of regulatory compliance.


title: UD Trucks

text: In 2013, UD Trucks launched the UD Quester at Bangkok, a new heavy-duty truck for developing countries.


title: UD Trucks

text: In 2014, UD Trucks merged with UD Trucks Japan. That same year, Volvo's Volvo Buses started to market UD buses in India. The first model for that market, the UD SLF, was introduced in 2015.


title: UD Trucks

text: In 2016, UD Trucks started selling the Kazet, a new light-duty for the Japanese market that is supplied by Mitsubishi Fuso. In December of that year, it sold its stake in Dongvo (previously Dongfeng Nissan Diesel), a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Group, which was renamed as Dongfeng Nengdi.


title: UD Trucks

text: In 2017, UD Trucks launched new versions of the Quon and Condor trucks. The Condor, a medium-duty truck, is supplied by Isuzu as part of an OEM agreement, mainly for the Japanese market. The company also launched a new Croner and the light-duty Kuzer, both aimed at developing countries.


title: UD Trucks

text: In December 2019 Volvo signed a non-binding memorandum of understanding to form a strategic alliance with Isuzu. As part of the agreement, Volvo plans to eventually transfer UD Trucks to Isuzu. In October 2020, the sale agreement became binding.


title: UD Trucks

text: UD Trucks are marketed in over 60 countries. Some of the main markets are Japan, South Africa, Australia, Asia and the Middle East.


title: UD Trucks

text: UD Trucks Southern Africa's head office and assembly plant is in Rosslyn, Gauteng and includes a competency development centre. There are 36 UD Trucks dealers and service agents in South Africa and another 30 in other southern African countries, including Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.


title: UD Trucks

text: UD Trucks ceased its Japanese bus production in 2011, but in 2014 launched a new series of UD Buses for the Indian market.


title: .cc

text: .cc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, an Australian territory. It is administered by a United States company, VeriSign, through a subsidiary company, eNIC, which promotes it for international registration as "the next .com". The .cc domain was originally assigned to eNIC in October 1997 by the IANA; eNIC manages the TLD alongside SamsDirect Internet.


title: .cc

text: The .cc domain is preferred by many cricket and cycling clubs, as well as churches and Christian organizations, since "CC" can be an abbreviation for "Christian Church" or "Catholic Church". Some open-source/open-hardware projects, such as the Arduino project, use a .cc for their home pages, since "CC" is also the abbreviation for "Creative Commons", whose licenses are used in the projects. Business owners in Southern Massachusetts are rapidly adopting Cape Cod CC domains for local identity. Canadian Club whiskey has also used .cc domains for marketing purposes.. It is also used for some community colleges, though other domains, such as .edu, are more popular.


title: .cc

text: A number of second-level domain names are also maintained by CoCCA, including "com.cc", "net.cc", "edu.cc", and "org.cc".


title: .cc

text: These are not official hierarchies of .cc, but domains owned by companies who offer free subdomain registration.


title: .cc

text: The co.cc URL has been known to host spammers, who create spam blogs, or "splogs", often with nonsense names. Due to such spamming, in July 2011 Google removed over 11 million .co.cc websites from its search results. Legitimate sites (per Google's Webmaster Guidelines) on the .co.cc subdomain could send a reconsideration request to Google to have their specific site excluded from the ban.


title: .cc

text: The abundance of cheap .co.cc domains had also been used by those who sold fake "anti-virus" programs.


title: .cc

text: From 2012 to 2014, the co.cc website and name servers were not online. There was no formal statement by the company, but they did stop accepting new registrations some time before they closed.


title: .cc

text: In 2018, co.cc was listed for sale for US$500,000.00. As of 2019, co.cc is registered to and in use by another entity.


title: Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence

text: Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence is the sixth full-length studio album by progressive metal band Dream Theater, released as a double-disc album on January 29, 2002 through Elektra Records. Excluding the "A Change of Seasons" EP, it is the first Dream Theater album to feature a title track. It is also their second longest studio album to date, after "The Astonishing" (2016). All songs from it have been played live.


title: Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence

text: Influences for the album's writing and recording, according to the authors, include Metallica's "Master of Puppets", Radiohead's "OK Computer" (and also a Radiohead bootleg Portnoy brought in), Pantera's "Far Beyond Driven" and the song "Mouth for War", Megadeth's "Rust in Peace", U2's "Achtung Baby", Tool's "Ænima", Nine Inch Nails' "The Downward Spiral", Soundgarden's "Superunknown", Alice in Chains' "Dirt", Kevin Gilbert's "Thud", King's X's "Faith Hope Love" and Galactic Cowboys' "Space in Your Face", Béla Bartók, Rage Against the Machine's "The Battle of Los Angeles", and Maria Tipo's "Chopin Nocturnes".


title: Computational thinking

text: Computational thinking (CT) is the mental skill to apply concepts, methods, problem solving techniques, and logic reasoning, derived from computing and computer science, to solve problems in all areas, including our daily lives. In education, CT is a set of problem-solving methods that involve expressing problems and their solutions in ways that a computer could also execute. It involves automation of processes, but also using computing to explore, analyze, and understand processes (natural and artificial).


title: Computational thinking

text: The history of computational thinking as a concept dates back at least to the 1950s but most ideas are much older. Computational thinking involves ideas like abstraction, data representation, and logically organizing data, which are also prevalent in other kinds of thinking, such as scientific thinking, engineering thinking, systems thinking, design thinking, model-based thinking, and the like. Neither the idea nor the term are recent: Preceded by terms like algorithmizing, procedural thinking, algorithmic thinking, and computational literacy by computing pioneers like Alan Perlis and Donald Knuth, the term "computational thinking" was first used by Seymour Papert in 1980 and again in 1996. Computational thinking can be used to algorithmically solve complicated problems of scale, and is often used to realize large improvements in efficiency.


title: Computational thinking

text: The phrase "computational thinking" was brought to the forefront of the computer science education community in 2006 as a result of a "Communications of the ACM" essay on the subject by Jeannette Wing. The essay suggested that thinking computationally was a fundamental skill for everyone, not just computer scientists, and argued for the importance of integrating computational ideas into other subjects in school. The essay also said that by learning computational thinking, children will be better in many everyday tasks—as examples, the essay gave packing one's backpack, finding one's lost mittens, and knowing when to stop renting and buying instead. The continuum of computational thinking questions in education ranges from K–9 computing for children to professional and continuing education, where the challenge is how to communicate deep principles, maxims, and ways of thinking between experts.


title: Computational thinking

text: For the first ten years computational thinking was a US-centered movement, and still today that early focus is seen in the field's research. The field's most cited articles and most cited people were active in the early US CT wave, and the field's most active researcher networks are US-based. Dominated by US and European researchers, it is unclear to what extent can the field's predominantly Western body of research literature cater to the needs of students in other cultural groups.


title: Computational thinking

text: The characteristics that define computational thinking are decomposition, pattern recognition / data representation, generalization/abstraction, and algorithms. By decomposing a problem, identifying the variables involved using data representation, and creating algorithms, a generic solution results. The generic solution is a generalization or abstraction that can be used to solve a multitude of variations of the initial problem.


title: Computational thinking

text: Another characterization of computational thinking is the "three As" iterative process based on three stages:


title: Computational thinking

text: The four Cs of 21st-century learning are communication, critical thinking, collaboration, and creativity. The fifth C could be computational thinking which entails the capability to resolve problems algorithmically and logically. It includes tools that produce models and visualize data. Grover describes how computational thinking is applicable across subjects beyond science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) which include the social sciences and language arts.


title: Computational thinking

text: Since its inception, the 4 Cs have gradually gained acceptance as important elements of many school syllabi. This development triggered a modification in platforms and directions such as inquiry, project-based, and more profound learning across all K–12 levels. Many countries have introduced computer thinking to all students. The United Kingdom has CT in its national curriculum since 2012. Singapore calls CT "national capability". Other nations like Australia, China, Korea, and New Zealand embarked on massive efforts to introduce computational thinking in schools. In the United States, President Barack Obama created this program, Computer Science for All to empower this generation of students in America with the proper computer science proficiency required to flourish in a digital economy. Computational thinking means thinking or solving problems like computer scientists. CT refers to thought processes required in understanding problems and formulating solutions. CT involves logic, assessment, patterns, automation, and generalization. Career readiness can be integrated into academic environments in multiple ways.


title: Computational thinking

text: The "algoRithms" part of CT has also been referred to as the "fourth R", where the others are Reading, wRiting, and aRithmetic.


title: Computational thinking

text: Similar to Seymour Papert, Alan Perlis, and Marvin Minsky before, Jeannette Wing envisioned computational thinking becoming an essential part of every child's education. However, integrating computational thinking into the K–12 curriculum and computer science education has faced several challenges including the agreement on the definition of computational thinking, how to assess children's development in it, and how to distinguish it from other similar "thinking" like systems thinking, design thinking, and engineering thinking. Currently, computational thinking is broadly defined as a set of cognitive skills and problem solving processes that include (but are not limited to) the following characteristics (but there are arguments that few, if any, of them belong to computing specifically, instead of being principles in many fields of science and engineering)


title: Computational thinking

text: Current integration computational thinking into the K–12 curriculum comes in two forms: in computer science classes directly or through the use and measure of computational thinking techniques in other subjects. Teachers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) focused classrooms that include computational thinking, allow students to practice problem-solving skills such as trial and error. Valerie Barr and Chris Stephenson describe computational thinking patterns across disciplines in a 2011 ACM Inroads article However Conrad Wolfram has argued that computational thinking should be taught as a distinct subject.


title: Computational thinking

text: There are online institutions that provide a curriculum, and other related resources, to build and strengthen pre-college students with computational thinking, analysis and problem-solving.


title: Computational thinking

text: Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh has a Center for Computational Thinking. The Center's major activity is conducting PROBEs or PROBlem-oriented Explorations. These PROBEs are experiments that apply novel computing concepts to problems to show the value of computational thinking. A PROBE experiment is generally a collaboration between a computer scientist and an expert in the field to be studied. The experiment typically runs for a year. In general, a PROBE will seek to find a solution for a broadly applicable problem and avoid narrowly focused issues. Some examples of PROBE experiments are optimal kidney transplant logistics and how to create drugs that do not breed drug-resistant viruses.


title: Computational thinking

text: The concept of computational thinking has been criticized as too vague, as it's rarely made clear how it is different from other forms of thought. The inclination among computer scientist to force computational solutions upon other fields has been called "computational chauvinism". Some computer scientists worry about the promotion of computational thinking as a substitute for a broader computer science education, as computational thinking represents just one small part of the field. Others worry that the emphasis on computational thinking encourages computer scientists to think too narrowly about the problems they can solve, thus avoiding the social, ethical and environmental implications of the technology they create. In addition, as nearly all CT research is done in the US and Europe, it is not certain how well those educational ideas work in other cultural contexts.


title: Computational thinking

text: A 2019 paper argues that the term "computational thinking" (CT) should be used mainly as a shorthand to convey the educational value of computer science, hence the need of teaching it in school. The strategic goal is to have computer science recognized in school as an autonomous scientific subject more than trying to identify "body of knowledge" or "assessment methods" for CT. Particularly important is to stress the fact that the scientific novelty associated with CT is the shift from the "problem solving" of mathematics to the "having problem solved" of computer science. Without the "effective agent", who automatically executes the instructions received to solve the problem, there would be no computer science, but just mathematics. Another criticism in the same paper is that focusing on "problem solving" is too narrow, since "solving a problem is just an instance of a situation where one wants to reach a specified goal". The paper therefore generalizes the original definitions by Cuny, Snyder, and Wing and Aho as follows: "Computational thinking is the thought processes involved in modeling a situation and specifying the ways an information-processing agent can effectively operate within it to reach an externally specified (set of) goal(s)."


title: Computational thinking

text: Many definitions of CT describe it only at skill level because the momentum behind its growth comes from its promise to boost STEM education. And, the latest movement in STEM education is based on suggestions (by learning theories) that we teach students experts' habits of mind. So, whether it is computational thinking, scientific thinking, or engineering thinking, the motivation is the same and the challenge is also the same: teaching experts' habits of mind to novices is inherently problematic because of the prerequisite content knowledge and practice skills needed to engage them in the same thinking processes as the experts. Only when we link the experts' habits of mind to fundamental cognitive processes can we then narrow their skill-sets down to more basic competencies that can be taught to novices. There have been only a few studies that actually address the cognitive essence of CT. Among those, Yasar (Communications of ACM, Vol. 61, No. 7, July 2018) describes CT as thinking that is generated/facilitated by a computational device, be it biological or electronic. Accordingly, everyone employs CT, not just computer scientists, and it can be improved via education and experience. Yasar founded the first undergraduate degree program in computational science in 1998; an NSF-supported program that fueled the advancement in computational thinking education long before the seminal paper by Wing in 2006. In 2003, he testified before the US Congress about the virtue of a computational approach to STEM education. In his work, he describes not only the cognitive essence of CT, but he also links it to both scientific thinking and engineering thinking.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: Yorkshire Tea is a black tea blend produced by the Bettys & Taylors Group since 1977. It is the most popular traditional black tea brand sold in the UK. In 1886 Charles Edward Taylor Founded CE Taylor & Co., later shortened to "Taylors", the company was purchased by 'Betty's Tea Rooms' which today forms Bettys & Taylors Group. Taylors of Harrogate is still based in Harrogate, Yorkshire, in the first 'Betty's' tea room.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: The group is still owned by the family of Bettys' founder, Fredrick Belmont and is currently chaired by Lesley Wild. The company is one of the few remaining family tea and coffee merchants in the country, whilst competing with the British-owned PG Tips (Ekaterra) and Tetley (Tata), where Yorkshire Tea is now the most purchased tea brand in the UK, overtaking Twinings (a division of Associated British Foods) and Typhoo.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: Yorkshire Tea uses varieties of tea grown in India, Sri Lanka, and Kenya, blended to form eight blends:


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: Yorkshire Tea introduced Biscuit Brew, a malty flavoured tea, to its range in 2018 and Toast and Jam Brew in 2020.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: The Yorkshire Tea brand is being extended to include a range of cakes, biscuits, and fruit loaves, sold as being complementary to drinking tea by its parent company The Bettys & Taylors Group, which owns cookery schools and tea rooms.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: Charles Edward Taylor and his brother created their company, CE Taylor & Co., in 1886 which was later shortened to "Taylor's". The brothers later opened "Tea Kiosks" in the Yorkshire towns of Harrogate and Ilkley, and in 1962, local tea room competitor 'Betty's' took over 'Taylor's', renamed it 'Taylors of Harrogate' and formed the Bettys & Taylors Group, which is still owned by the family of Fredrick Belmont, who founded 'Bettys Tea Rooms'. The Group now uses the 'Bettys' and 'Taylors' brands in a number of industries including Yorkshire Tea and Taylors Coffee Merchants under the 'Taylors of Harrogate' name and Bettys Tea Rooms, Bettys Cookery School and Bettys Confectionery under the 'Bettys' brand.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: Yorkshire Tea as a brand was launched in 1977, originally conceived as a "Yorkshire blend for Yorkshire people". In the early days different blends were created and sold for different regions of Yorkshire where the hardness / softness of the water varied. Over time, and as the scale of the brand grew to be fully national, the product has evolved to one single blend in the standard orange-coloured pack. However, it retains a hard water variant in green-coloured packs to cater for those who live in hard water areas of the UK.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: When Safeway was taken over by West Yorkshire-based Morrisons in 2004, commentators in the London press noted the amount of shelf space in one former Safeway store that was suddenly given over to Yorkshire Tea.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: By 2015, Yorkshire Tea was the third best-selling tea brand in Britain behind Tetley and PG Tips. By September 2017, it was the second best-selling brand behind PG Tips after having overtaken Tetley on sales in the traditional "black tea" market. In November 2019, it was revealed that Yorkshire Tea was now the number one selling brand of tea in the United Kingdom with 28% of the traditional black tea market.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: In 2007, a new TV campaign was created using the line "Try It, You'll See", voiced by Bill Nighy. Starting in 2017, an advertising campaign featuring prominent Yorkshire celebrities in a version of the area for which they're known, such as Michael Parkinson conducting employment interviews, the Kaiser Chiefs playing the hold music for incoming telephone calls and Sean Bean giving motivational speeches to workers.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: Yorkshire Gold is mentioned in the popular Showtime TV series "Homeland" as a favourite of protagonist Sergeant Nicholas Brody. Ian Brabbin, tea buyer at Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate said: We were both surprised and delighted to discover that Yorkshire Gold has been given such a starring role in "Homeland" and are looking forward to seeing the show when it arrives on our screens here later in the year. We are no strangers to the small screen – Yorkshire Tea has also made a cameo appearance on "Friends", not to mention our ever growing band of celebrity fans such as Noel Gallagher and Alan Carr.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: Also on the celebrity fan list are Russell Crowe, who posted on Twitter about the beverage in 2012, and who visited Yorkshire Tea's headquarters in Harrogate whilst touring with his band. Other aficionados include Martha Reeves, who was also featured on the social media site holding Yorkshire Tea paraphernalia, and Patrick Stewart who indicated Yorkshire Gold was his favourite tea during a Reddit Ask Me Anything session.


title: Yorkshire Tea

text: In 2013, Yorkshire Tea entered a sponsorship agreement with the England and Wales Cricket Board of the England cricket team until October 2015. As an official supporter of the Grand Départ of the 2014 Tour de France in Yorkshire, Yorkshire Tea produced a 30g special edition sample pack rebranded as Yorkshire Thé. As well as the name change, the orange on the usual box was replaced with yellow. On the hard water variety of the special edition Yorkshire Thé packaging the band remained green.


title: Hideaki Itō

text: Ito is best known for starring in the hit franchise "Umizaru" film series which consistently topped the Japanese box office of the year. He has also head-lined many other major Japanese films such as Takashi Miike's "Sukiyaki Western Django" (2007) and "Lesson of the Evil (2012)" and is featured in many others.


title: Hideaki Itō

text: Hideaki Ito was born in a hospital in Nagasaki. His family includes his father, mother and a younger sister. He lived in Tokyo when he was a child, and moved back to his hometown of Gifu when he was 4 years old. He was frail, sick and diagnosed with chronic kidney disease when he was in kindergarten. He began to be hospitalized for a long time. After attending elementary school, he was discharged and hospitalized continuously.


title: Hideaki Itō

text: Ito is good at sports. His hobbies include horse riding, diving, surfing, skiing, skydiving, etc. He is qualified as a professional dive instructor. He likes manga, anime, video games. He is also a fan of "Star Wars".


title: Hideaki Itō

text: In October 2014, Hideaki Ito published a marriage announcement and registered his marriage with a woman on the 24th.


title: Nuba peoples

text: The Nuba people are indigenous inhabitants of central Sudan. Nuba are various indigenous ethnic groups who inhabit the Nuba Mountains of South Kordofan state in Sudan, encompassing multiple distinct people that speak different languages which belong to at least two unrelated language families. In 2011 when Southern part of Sudan become independent State as a country with Sovereignty, Nuba is currently living in the Southern part of Sudan. Estimates of the Nuba population vary widely; the Sudanese government estimated that they numbered 2.07 million in 2003.


title: Nuba peoples

text: The term should not be confused with the Nubians, an unrelated ethnic group speaking the Nubian languages living in Northern Sudan and Southern Egypt, although the Hill Nubians, who live in the Nuba Mountains, are also considered part of the Nuba peoples.


title: Nuba peoples

text: The Nuba people reside in the foothills of the Nuba Mountains. Villages consist of family compounds, and the men's ("Holua") in which unmarried men sleep.


title: Nuba peoples

text: A family compound consists of a rectangular compound enclosing two round mud huts thatched with sorghum stalks facing each other called a "shal". The "shal" is fenced with wooden posts interwoven with straw. Two benches run down the each side of the "shal" with a fire in the middle where families will tell stories and oral traditions. Around the "shal" is the much larger yard, the "tog" placed in front. The fence of the "tog" is made of strong tree branches as high as the roof of the huts. Small livestock like goats and chickens and donkeys are kept in the tog. Each compound has tall conical granaries called "durs" which stand on one side of the "tog". At the back of the compound is a small yard where maize and vegetables like pumpkin, beans and peanuts are grown.


title: Nuba peoples

text: The Nuba people speak various languages not closely related to each other. Most of the Nuba people speak one of the many languages in the geographic Kordofanian languages group of the Nuba Mountains. This language group is primarily in the major Niger–Congo language family. Several Nuba languages are in the Nilo-Saharan language family.


title: Nuba peoples

text: Over one hundred languages are spoken in the area and are considered Nuba languages, although many of the Nuba also speak Sudanese Arabic, the common language of Sudan.


title: Nuba peoples

text: The Nuba people are primarily farmers, as well as herders who keep cattle, chickens, and other domestic animals. They often maintain three different farms: a garden near their homes where vegetables needing constant attention, such as onions, peppers and beans, are grown; fields further up the hills where quick growing crops such as red millet can be cultivated without irrigation; and farms farther away, where white millet and other crops are planted.


title: Nuba peoples

text: A distinctive characteristic of the Nubas is their passion for athletic competition, particularly traditional wrestling. The strongest young men of a community compete with athletes from other villages for the chance to promote their personal and their village’s pride and strength. In some villages, older men participate in club- or spear-fighting contests. The Nubas’ passion for physical excellence is also displayed through the young men’s vanity—they often spend hours painting their bodies with complex patterns and decorations. This vanity reflects the basic Nuba belief in the power and importance of strength and beauty.


title: Nuba peoples

text: The primary religion of many Nuba people is Islam, with some Christians, and traditional shamanistic beliefs also prevailing. Men wear a sarong and occasionally a skull cap. Young men remain naked, while children wear only a string of beads. Older women and young women wear beads and wrap a sarong over their legs and sometimes a cloak tie on the shoulder. Both sexes practice scarification and circumcision for boys and female genital mutilation for girls. Men shave their heads, older men wear beards, women and girls braid their hair in strands and string it with beads.


title: Nuba peoples

text: The majority of the Nuba living in the east, west and northern parts of the mountains are Muslims, while those living to the south are either Christians or practice traditional animistic religions. In those areas of the Nuba mountains where Islam has not deeply penetrated, ritual specialists and priests hold as much control as the clan elders, for it is they who are responsible for rain control, keeping the peace, and rituals to ensure successful crops. Many are guardians of the shrines where items are kept to insure positive outcomes of the rituals (such as rain stones for the rain magic), and some also undergo what they recognize as spiritual possession.


title: Nuba peoples

text: In the 1986 elections, the National Umma Party lost several seats to the Nuba Mountains General Union and to the Sudan National Party, due to the reduced level of support from the Nuba Mountains region. There is reason to believe that attacks by the government-supported militia, the Popular Defense Force (PDF), on several Nuba villages were meant to be in retaliation for this drop in support, which was seen as signaling increased support of the SPLA. The PDF attacks were particularly violent, and have been cited as examples of crimes against humanity that took place during the Second Sudanese Civil War


title: Nuba peoples

text: The Nuba people reside in one of the most remote and inaccessible places in all of Sudan, the foothills of the Nuba Mountains in central Sudan. At one time the area was considered a place of refuge, bringing together people of many different tongues and backgrounds who were fleeing oppressive governments and slave traders.


title: Nuba peoples

text: The Nuba Mountains mark the southern border of the sands of the desert and the northern limit of good soils washed down by the Nile River. Many Nuba, however, have migrated to the Sudanese capital of Khartoum to escape persecution and the effects of Sudan’s civil war. Most of the rest of the 1,000,000 Nuba people live in villages and towns of between 1,000 and 50,000 inhabitants in areas in and surrounding the Nuba mountains. Nuba villages are often built where valleys run from the hills out on to the surrounding plains, because water is easier to find at such points and wells can be used all year long. There is no political unity among the various Nuba groups who live on the hills. Often the villages do not have chiefs, but are instead organized into clans or extended family groups with village authority left in the hands of clan elders.


title: Nuba peoples

text: After some earlier incursions by the SPLA, the Second Sudanese Civil War started full scale in the Nuba Mountains when the Volcano Battalion of the SPLA under the command of the Nuba Yousif Kuwa Mekki and Abdel Aziz Adam al-Hillu entered the Nuba Mountains and began to recruit Nuba volunteers and send them to SPLA training facilities in Ethiopia. The volunteers walked to Ethiopia and back and many of them perished on the way.


title: Nuba peoples

text: During the war, the SPLA generally held the Mountains, while the Sudanese Army held the towns and fertile lands at the feet of the Mountains, but was generally unable to dislodge the SPLA, even though the latter was usually under supplied. The Governments of Sudan under Sadiq al-Mahdi and Omar al-Bashir also armed militias of Baggara Arabs to fight the Nuba and transferred many Nuba forcibly to camps.


title: Nuba peoples

text: In early 2002 the Government and the SPLA agreed on an internationally supervised ceasefire. International observers and advisors were quickly dispatched to Kadugli base camp and several deployed into the mountains to co-located with SPLA command elements. The base camp at Kauda for several observers included Swiss African advisor, French diplomat, an Italian and an American former US Army officer.


title: Nuba peoples

text: At that time, Abdel Aziz Adam al-Hillu was the governor of Nuba Mountains. During the course of the following months, relief supplies from the UN were air dropped to stem the starvation of many in Nuba Mountains.


title: Nuba peoples

text: The ceasefire in Nuba Mountains was the foundation for the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in January 2005. This fragile peace remains in force, but infighting in the south, plus the Government of Sudan involvement in Darfur have resulted in issues which may break the peace agreement.


title: Nuba peoples

text: Southern Sudan voted for secession from Sudan in the Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011. This provision was agreed to in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). The secession victory established the formation of a new country, South Sudan, from the southern portion of Sudan. However, conflict between Northern and Southern forces, and against the Nuba peoples, renewed again in the region in 2011 — see Sudan–SPLM-N conflict (2011) for detailed information.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: Sources disagree as to the current population of Eritrea, with some proposing numbers as low as 3.6 million and others as high as 6.7 million. Eritrea has never conducted an official government census.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The nation has nine recognized ethnic groups. According to SIL Ethnologue, Tigriniya make up about 60% of the population; the Tigre people, who also speak a Semitic language, constitute around 30% of residents. Most of the rest of the population belong to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking communities of the Cushitic branch. Additionally, there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking ethnic minorities and other smaller groups.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The two most followed religions are Christianity (47%-63% of the total population) and Islam (37%-52%).


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: Eritrea's population comprises nine recognized ethnic groups, most of whom speak languages from the Ethiopian Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. The East African Semitic languages spoken in Eritrea are Tigre, Tigrinya, and the newly recognized Dahlik. Other Afro-Asiatic languages belonging to the Cushitic branch are also widely spoken in the country. The latter include Afar, Beja, Blin, and Saho.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: In addition, languages belonging to the Nilo-Saharan language family (Kunama and Nara) are spoken as a mother tongue by the Kunama and Nara Nilotic ethnic minorities that live in the north and northwestern part of the country. The Rashaida speak Arabic, while there are also a number of Italians who speak their native Italian language.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The majority of the Tigrinya inhabit the highlands of Eritrea; however, migration to other parts of the country has occurred. Their language is called Tigrinya. They are the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting about 55% of the population. The predominantly Tigrinya populated urban centers in Eritrea are the capital Asmara, Mendefera, Dekemhare, Adi Keyh, Adi Quala and Senafe, while there is a significant population of Tigrinya in other cities including Keren, and Massawa.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: They are 92% Christians, (of which 90% are of the Eritrean Orthodox faith, 5% Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic (whose mass is held in Ge'ez as opposed to Latin), and 5% belonging to various Protestant and other Christian denominations, the majority of which belong to the (Lutheran) Evangelical Church of Eritrea).


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The Tigre reside in the western lowlands in Eritrea. Many also migrated to Sudan at the time of the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict and lived there since. They are a nomadic and pastoralist people, related to the Tigrinya and to the Beja people. They are a predominantly Muslim nomadic people who inhabit the northern, western, and coastal lowlands of Eritrea, where they constitute 30% of local residents. Some also inhabit areas in eastern Sudan. 95% of the Tigre people adhere to the Islamic religion Sunni Islam, but there are a small number of Christians among them as well (often referred to as the Mensaï in Eritrea). Their language is called Tigre.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The Rashaida are one of Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups. They represent around 2% of the population of Eritrea. The Rashaida reside in the northern coastal lowlands of Eritrea and the northern eastern coasts of Sudan. They are predominantly Muslim and are the only ethnic group in Eritrea to have Arabic as their communal language, specifically the Hejazi dialect. The Rashaida first came to Eritrea in the 19th century from the Arabian Coast.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The Jeberti people in Eritrea trace descent from early Muslim adherents. The term "Jeberti" is also locally sometimes used to generically refer to all Islamic inhabitants of the highlands. The Jeberti in Eritrea speak Arabic and Tigrinya. They account for about 8% of the Tigrinya speakers in the nation.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: According to the CIA, the Afar constitute under 8% of the nation's population. They live in the Debubawi Keyih Bahri Region of Eritrea, as well as the Afar Region in Ethiopia, and Djibouti. They speak the Afar language as a mother tongue, and are predominantly Muslim. Afars in Eritrea number about 600,000 individuals, the smallest population out of the countries they reside in. In Djibouti, there are about 780,000 group members, and in Ethiopia, they number approximately 2,100,000.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The Saho represent 4% of Eritrea's population. They principally reside in the Debubawi Keyih Bahri Region and the Northern Red Sea Region of Eritrea. Their language is called Saho. They are predominantly Muslim, although a few Christians known as the Irob live in the Debub Region of Eritrea and the Tigray region of Ethiopia.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The Bilen in Eritrea represent around 2% of the country's population. They are primarily concentrated in the north-central areas, in and around the city of Keren, and south towards Asmara, the nation's capital. Many of them entered Eritrea from Kush (central Sudan) in the 8th century and settled at Merara, after which they went to Lalibela and Lasta. The Bilen then returned to Axum in Ethiopia's Tigray Province, and battled with the natives; in the resulting aftermath, the Bilen returned to their main base at Merara. The Bilen include adherents of both Islam and Christianity. They speak the Bilen as a mother tongue. Christian adherents are mainly urban and have interbred with the Tigrinya who live in the area. Muslim adherents are mainly rural and have intermingled with the adjacent Tigre.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The Beja in Eritrea, or Hedareb, constitute under 5% of local residents. They mainly live along the north-western border with Sudan. Group members are predominantly Muslim and communicate in Hedareb as a first or second language. The Beja also include the Beni-Amer people, who have retained their native Beja language alongside Hedareb.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: According to the CIA, the Kunama constitute around 2% of Eritrea's population. They mainly live in the country's Gash Barka Region, as well as in adjacent parts of Ethiopia's Tigray Region. Many of them reside in the contested border village of Badme. Their language is called Kunama. Although some Kunama still practice traditional beliefs, most are converts to either Christianity (Roman Catholic and Protestant) or Islam.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The Nara represent under 5% of the nation's population. They principally reside along the south-western border with Sudan and Ethiopia. They are generally Muslim, with a few Christians and some practising their indigenous beliefs. Their language is called Nara.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: A few monolingual Italian Eritreans remain. As of 2008, they were estimated at 900 people, down from around 38,000 residents at the end of World War II.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: People in Eritrea practice various religions. According to the Pew Research Center (2010), 62.9% of the population are Christian, mostly followers of Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo, and to a lesser extent, Roman Catholicism, with the second-largest religion being Muslims. In general, most local residents who adhere to Christianity live in the Maekel and Debub regions, whereas those who follow Islam predominantly inhabit the Anseba, Northern Red Sea, Southern Red Sea and Gash-Barka regions. A few adherents of traditional faiths can also be found, particularly in the lowlands.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: Sources disagree as to the current population of Eritrea, with UN DESA proposing a low estimate of 3.6 million for 2021 and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa proposing a high estimate of 6.7 million for 2019. Eritrea has never conducted an official government census. In its 2019 data release, UN DESA described why its estimate was much lower than earlier estimates, stating, "The decrease is due to the availability of new official population estimates for several years (population count in 2000, official estimates up to 2018) that contribute to lower the size of the population in the recent years, as well as to revised past estimates since 1950."


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: In the 2010s, worsening conditions fueled migration pressure, with Eritreans trying to reach Europe illegally. The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs expects Eritrean population growth to accelerate to 1.8% per year from 2020-2030, vs. 1.1% per year from 2010-2020.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2020 was 41.1%, 54.3% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 4.5% were 65 or older.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) Population Division published its "UN DESA 2019 Revision" ("World Population Prospects 2019") data release based on several data samples, including the 1995 and 2002 Demographic and Health Surveys (1995 DHS, 2002 DHS) and the 2010 "Population and Health Survey" (2010 PHS), since a full census had not been carried out in Eritrea .


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The 1995 DHS survey was carried out in Eritrea by the Eritrean National Statistics Office (NSO) and Macro International Inc., collecting data by interviewing 5,054 women aged 15–49 and 1,114 men aged 15–59, chosen to be a statistically representative sample, from September 1995 to January 1996.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: The 2002 DHS survey was carried out by the NSO (renamed as the "National Statistics and Evaluation Office"), with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and ORC Macro, collecting data with interviews of 8,754 women in Eritrea in the 15–49 age range, in what was considered to be a statistically representative sample of the full population. Key findings of the survey included a drop from 1995 to 2002 of fertility from 6.1 to 4.8 children per woman; improved knowledge of contraception; a drop in post-neonatal mortality; improved antenatal care; a doubling of the full vaccination rate for 12–23 month old babies from 41 to 76 percent; 38 percent of children under five years old were chronically malnourished or stunted; and near universal knowledge of HIV and AIDS.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: In 2010, the NSO, supported by the Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies, published a "Population and Health Survey" (EPHS2010), based on a survey covering 34,423 households by choosing 900 areas around Eritrea, 525 rural and 375 urban, and randomly selecting 40 households in each cluster. Interviews aimed to include all women aged 15–49 and men aged 15–59 who were either residents or visitors in any selected household on the night preceding the interview. Key findings compared to the 1995 DHS survey included a decrease in early childhood mortality, increased children's vaccination, decreased maternal death, and a "wide gap between knowledge and use of family planning".


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR) (1995 DHS, Table 3.1; 2002 DHS, Table 4.1;)


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: In 2015, there was a major outflow of emigrants from Eritrea. "The Guardian" attributed the emigration to Eritrea being "a totalitarian state where most citizens fear arrest at any moment and dare not speak to their neighbours, gather in groups or linger long outside their homes", with a major factor being the conditions and long durations of conscription in the Eritrean Army. At the end of 2018, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that about 507,300 Eritreans were refugees who had fled Eritrea. Factors corresponding to emigration include the "lack of political, religious and social freedom", economic reasons and indefinite military service. Young people choosing to flee Eritrea often keep their plans secret from their families in order to decrease their families' stress and risk of being fined or imprisoned. Payment to people smugglers is typically made when a refugee arrives in Libya and provides the smugglers with a telephone number of a diaspora contact who is expected to pay. Several refugees given educational opportunities while residing in refugee camps in Ethiopia felt that they lacked long-term life opportunities beyond obtaining academic degrees, motivating them to attempt further emigration to Europe.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: During the first four half decades of the twenty-first century, UN DESA Population Division, in its "2019 Revision" of "World Population Prospects", estimated that Eritrea had 227 thousand more immigrants than emigrants during 2000–2005 (more people arrived than left), and had net outflows afterwards, with 80 thousand net emigrants during 2005–2010, 246 thousand during 2010–2015 and 199 thousand during 2015-2020.


title: Demographics of Eritrea

text: Tigrinya 55%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Kunama 2%, Rashaida 2%, Bilen 2%, other (Afar, Beni-Amer, Nera) 5% (2010 est.)


title: Stephen Silas

text: Stephen Silas (born August 6, 1973) is an American basketball coach who is the head coach for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is the son of NBA star player and head coach Paul Silas.


title: Stephen Silas

text: He worked under his father at the Charlotte Hornets from 2000 to 2002, New Orleans Hornets from 2002 to 2003, and the Cleveland Cavaliers from 2003 to 2005. He also served as an advance scout for the Washington Wizards during the 2005–06 season, and as an assistant coach for the Golden State Warriors from 2006 to 2010, before leaving to rejoin his father in Charlotte where he worked from 2010 until 2018.


title: Stephen Silas

text: At the time of his hiring as an assistant with the Hornets on June 5, 2000, he was the youngest assistant in the NBA at the age of 27.


title: Stephen Silas

text: Silas was born in Boston, and grew up in Boston and New York City. He graduated from Brown University in 1996 with bachelor's degrees in sociology and management. While studying, he played four seasons for the university's basketball team. After graduation and before joining the NBA, Silas spent three years as the assistant executive director of the National Basketball Retired Players Association (NBRPA) in Providence, Rhode Island.


title: Stephen Silas

text: Silas assisted the Hornets to the playoffs in the 2013–14 and 2015–16 seasons and during the 2013–14 season, the Hornets finished with the second highest number of single season wins in franchise history (43). During the 2011–12 season, on several occasions Silas served as the head coach for the Charlotte Bobcats.


title: Stephen Silas

text: Prior to joining the Bobcats, Silas spent more than five years coaching with the Golden State Warriors. He has been an NBA assistant coach and scout for more than 10 years. He did not only work with his father, but also worked for legendary Hall of Fame coach Don Nelson. With the Warriors, Silas concentrated on the development of perimeter players as well as game preparation and managing the team's offensive and defensive playbook. One of these perimeter players included the two-time MVP Stephen Curry. He also served as the head coach for the Warriors' Summer League entry in Las Vegas.


title: Stephen Silas

text: Prior to joining the Warriors, Silas served as an advance scout for the Washington Wizards during the 2005–06 season after spending five seasons on the coaching staffs of his father, Paul Silas, with the Cleveland Cavaliers and both Hornets' franchises. Silas served as an assistant coach for the Cavaliers from 2003 to 2005, where he worked closely with LeBron James and was responsible for individual skill work, player development, game preparation, pre-game walkthroughs as well as the management and development of the technology and NBA scouting systems for the coaching staff. Silas also served as head coach for the Cavaliers 2003 Summer League teams in Boston and Orlando.


title: Stephen Silas

text: Silas also spent three seasons as an assistant coach with the Charlotte Hornets prior to joining the Cavaliers. Silas originally joined the Hornets in the summer of 1999 as an advance and college scout, scouting nearly 200 NBA and college games in that role. He also served as the head coach for the Hornets Summer League squad at the 2002 Orlando Summer Pro League. In addition to his work with NBA teams, Silas coached at the 2003 and 2007 NBA Pre-Draft camps.


title: Stephen Silas

text: In 2010, he joined the Charlotte Bobcats after his father became interim head coach of the team. At the end of the 2015–16 season, Silas emerged as a leading candidate to fill the head coaching position for the Houston Rockets.


title: Stephen Silas

text: On December 4, 2017, Silas filled in as head coach of the Hornets when Steve Clifford became ill, and continued to do so until Clifford returned on January 16, 2018.


title: Stephen Silas

text: On October 30, 2020, Silas was named the head coach for the Houston Rockets, this marked Silas first time getting the job of a head coach. Silas and the Rockets started out the 2020–21 season with a 11-10 record, but when Rockets forward Christian Wood injured his right knee in a win against the Memphis Grizzlies on February 4, 2021, Silas and his Rockets started to struggle, going on a 20 game losing streak. Unfortunately for Silas and the Rockets, in his first season, they had to play a league-record 30 players due to various injuries and trades, even playing with only seven or eight players for some games near the end of the season, and they finished with a league-worst 17–55 record. In the following 2021–22 season, Silas and the Rockets were once again at the bottom of the Western Conference, finishing with a 20–62 record.


title: Stephen Silas

text: Internationally, Silas has worked at many camps and clinics across the globe to help promote the game of basketball and the NBA. Recently, he served as coach at the Korea Development Camp in Seoul, working in conjunction with the NBA and Korean Basketball League. In 2008, he served as a coach at the NBA's Basketball Without Borders camp in Africa, as well as in Beijing during the summer of 2005. And in 2004, he represented the NBA Coaches Association at the Dirk Nowitzki Basketball Academy in Berlin, Germany.


title: Tycho (musician)

text: Scott Hansen (born February 7, 1977), known professionally as Tycho ( ), is an American musician, record producer, composer, and songwriter based in San Francisco. He is also known as ISO50 for his photographic and design work. His music blends multiple stylistic components, including downtempo guitar, analogue synthesis, and ambient elements such as breathing and found sounds of weather broadcasts and dialogue.


title: Tycho (musician)

text: Tycho's first EP, titled "The Science of Patterns", was released in 2002. The first Tycho album, "Past Is Prologue," was released in 2006. At this time Tycho was a solo project created by Hansen.


title: Tycho (musician)

text: Tycho signed to Mom+Pop and Ninja Tune in 2019 but has also released music on Ghostly International, Merck Records and Gammaphone Records. The fourth studio album, "Epoch", received a nomination for Best Dance/Electronic Album in the 2017 Grammy Awards.


title: Tycho (musician)

text: Tycho received a second Grammy nomination for Best Dance/Electronic Album for his fifth studio album, "Weather", in the 2020 Grammy Awards. In February 2020, Tycho released "Simulcast", an instrumental version of "Weather" he previously promised fans.


title: Tycho (musician)

text: Hansen's music project Tycho is influenced by and has been compared to artists such as DJ Shadow, Ulrich Schnauss and Boards of Canada. His music captures the sound of lo-fi analog media while remaining both progressive and futuristic in composition and style. Themes of nostalgia, longing, childhood and the natural world are interspersed throughout Tycho's work. Brief interludes or vignettes also feature in his earlier work. In "Past Is Prologue", Hansen includes excerpts from broadcasts accompanied by atmospherics to capture a specific moment or mood. His music is characterized by a mixture of electronic synths, live instrumentation, and vintage sound clips.


title: Tycho (musician)

text: Until the release of the album "Dive", Hansen worked as a solo artist and used the digital audio workstation, Cakewalk Sonar, to work with analog, virtual analog hardware, digital hardware and VSTI synthesizers as well as samples derived from live instrumentation, played by Hansen himself. While creating the album, he switched over to REAPER, a more dynamic program which he credits with allowing him to finish "Dive". The album tour had a live band for the first time, hybridizing the electronic music experience with the dynamic energy of a performance featuring live instrumentation. After touring, Hansen decided to permanently open up the solo project, and work both on tour and in the studio alongside two other band members, Zac Brown on bass guitar and guitar and Rory O'Connor on drums. When performing, all the guitars are live, played either by Hansen or Brown. Bass guitar is also always live, with the exception of the song "Hours". Drums are played live by O'Connor, and lead synthesizers are also live. Hansen often plays guitar while triggering samples with his foot. His goal is to find the balance between the fluid nature of a live show with artists playing physical instruments and the precision and ability to stay true to the album of electronic music.


title: Hawaizaada

text: Hawaizaada () is a 2015 Indian Hindi drama film written, directed and produced by Vibhu Puri along with Reliance Entertainment. Inspired by the biography of Shivkar Bapuji Talpade, the film stars Ayushmann Khurrana, Mithun Chakraborty and Pallavi Sharda. Talpade, a resident of Bombay, is claimed to have constructed and flown an unmanned, heavier-than-air aircraft in 1895. Contemporary accounts of a successful flight do not exist, and no reliable historical records document its existence. The film depicts Talpade successfully conducting a manned flight. It was released on 30 January 2015. The film was declared tax-free in Uttar Pradesh.


title: Hawaizaada

text: During the era of the British Raj, a happy-go-lucky school drop-out named Shivkar Bapuji Talpade (Ayushmann Khurrana), a.k.a. Shivi, falls in love with a local stage dancer named Sitara (Pallavi Sharda). This makes Shivi's father throw him out of the house. Shivi bumps into a crazy scientist, Pandit Subbaraya Shastri (Mithun Chakraborty). Shastri is constantly being chased by British soldiers for his weird experiments, but unbeknownst to them, Shastri is secretly building a flying machine. Seeing Shivi's great knowledge of the Vedas, Shastri shares with Shivi a secret book of ancient Indian aeronautics, which he is using to build an aeroplane. Shastri offers to let Shivi be his assistant, but Shivi refuses. Shivi later proposes to Sitara, but Sitara resists on the grounds that society will not accept their marriage. She goes away to Hyderabad.


title: Hawaizaada

text: Heartbroken, Shivi goes back to Shastri and accepts his offer to assist him. Together they work for several months on the flying machine, but they fail again and again. On running out of funds, they ask a local king to sponsor their experiments. Finally, they manage to build a small aeroplane and have a successful unmanned test flight in the presence of eyewitnesses — but it crashes within a few seconds. Shivi later learns that Sitara is back in Bombay, living in poverty and debt. In order to get Sitara out of debt, Shivi sells Shastri's secret book to a British officer. Feeling betrayed, Shastri does not survive this trauma and dies. Shastri's death makes Shivi feel so guilty that he (along with Sitara and Shivi's nephew Narayan) decides to fulfill Shastri's dream.


title: Hawaizaada

text: In his quest to build a perfect flying machine, Shivi goes to Banaras to meet a guru, to whom Shastri used to refer. The guru gives Shivi a code, "4121", which helps Shivi figure out that mercury will be the best fuel for his engine, since in Hindi the word for "mercury" () looks like the number 4121. Before Shivi can complete his machine, British officers arrest him on a complaint made by his brother. After being rescued by a freedom fighter, Shivi finally takes the aircraft to the beach. Before the soldiers can arrest him, Shivi flies away with Sitara, thus becoming the first people to ride in a flying machine.


title: Hawaizaada

text: The film was originally titled "Bambai Fairytale". Interested in creating a realistic 1895 setting, the filmmakers re-created an entire city from scratch in Gondal, Gujarat. The team also recreates several antiques. Director Vibhu Puri stated in an interview, "Many artefacts that we read about aren’t available in this day and age. So, we used our imagination and recreated them. We even designed the plane based on how it was described in the books."


title: Hawaizaada

text: The makers of "Hawaizaada" recreated a plane from scratch as Puri wanted to depict Shivkar Talpade's first plane in all authenticity. For this, the team of "Hawaizaada" did extensive research on the products used in ancient times for making the plane that is shown in the film. The team used velvet, wood and canvas that was available at that time including all natural colors in painting the plane, and had to create about 25–30 models before finalizing the plane for the film. From these samples, only 2 small planes will be seen in the film. Also, In order to maintain the authenticity of the era and avoid fabrication, the makers kept every single detail in mind to re-create the plane.


title: Hawaizaada

text: The team was keen to install the plane at Girgaon Chowpatty, as that was where Shivkar Talpade’s first plane had taken off. But since the makers denied permissions from the authorities, the sequence was shot at Versova Beach in Mumbai.


title: Hawaizaada

text: Nearly 3,000 technicians had worked in this film for almost two years. The director insisted to bring "magical realism" for the audience.


title: Hawaizaada

text: Ayushmann Khurrana learned Marathi lines for the film, based on the character of Marathi-scientist Shivkar Bapuji Talpade.


title: Hawaizaada

text: Director Puri and his team did many look tests for Ayushmann Khurrana and Mithun Chakraborty, and the former tried on nine different hairstyles for this film. Sahil Kochhar, was the costume designer of the film. He and his team designed outfits according to the fabrics and colours available in that era. They made sure we didn’t use any nylon outfits as it had not been invented then. Similarly, the colour pink wasn't used then.


title: Hawaizaada

text: Subhash K. Jha gave the film 4.5 stars out of 5, and stated "Hawaizaada, a film that soars into the skies with its overweening ambitions and miraculously manages to stay airborne as it chronicles the life a man who wanted to fly." "The Times of India" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stating "Hawaizaada works because this story about India’s unsung hero needs to find its place. But this realm depends heavily on performances – the histrionics could be several notches higher." Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, stating that "The film is an interesting idea that never takes flight." Anupama Chopra gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, stating "Vibhu has designed Hawaizaada to be an all-purpose vehicle that has romance, comedy and drama . But the writing is flat and the telling, clumsy. Ayushmann, who is in nearly every frame, trembles with fervour. Mithun matches him. The respite here is Pallavi Sharda, who lifts this film."


title: Hawaizaada

text: Bollywood Hungama gave it 1.5 out of 5 stars stating that "If you watch the film with a feeling that you will be transported into the world of invention of the first ever man made "desi" flight, then, take our word for it that, you will be sorely disappointed, because the film actually is an extravagant 'costume musical'. The film barely touches upon anything that's got to do with the story pertaining to the first manmade Indian flight and is far away from reality. It is instead loaded with melodrama. At the end of the film, one really feels sorry for the film's producer because the over-expense was just not needed!" Koimoi gave the same rating noting the work of the design team in recreating the 1800s, but faulted the script for focusing on a fictional love story and too many songs rather than the historical story of the aeroplane's flight. Then stated that "Hawaizaada turned out to be a sheer disappointing watch. It has a yawn-inducing storyline which makes it difficult to watch even as it drags for over two hours. It is low on historical knowledge and even the execution is not top notch."


title: Hawaizaada

text: The film grossed on the opening day, with on Saturday and on Sunday, with grossing on the opening week. Then facing a drop on Monday, grossing , total up to in 4 days. The film grossed in the first week, in the second week and in the third week, it grossed 80,470 at the box office. Bollywood Hungama reported US$13,440 as the earnings for the first weekend. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, the film closing collections were .


title: Hawaizaada

text: The soundtrack of "Hawaizaada" features ten songs with three of them were composed by Rochak Kohli and four by Mangesh Dhakde. Actor Ayushlmann Khurrana had composed and sung a popular ghazal of Mirza Ghalib, "Dil-E-Nadaan" which is sung by Jagjit Singh. He practised hard for singing and composing the number, and he composed it in overnight during the film's shoot. The song also has a reprise version, which is also composed and sung by Khurrana along with Shweta Subram. Vishal Bhardwaj was invited as a guest composer for the song "Dil Todne Ki Masheen" which is sung by Rekha Bharadwaj. The background score for the film is composed by Monty Sharma. Lyrics for all the songs, have been written by director Vibhu Puri.


title: David Paton

text: David Paton (; born 29 October 1949) is a Scottish bassist, guitarist and singer. He first achieved success in the mid-1970s as lead vocalist and bassist of Pilot, who scored hits with "Magic", "January", "Just a Smile" and "Call Me Round" before splitting in 1977. Paton is also known for his work in the original lineup of The Alan Parsons Project (1975-1985), and for working with acts such as Kate Bush, Camel and Elton John.


title: David Paton

text: Born Edinburgh, Scotland, Paton grew up in the south-eastern suburb of Gilmerton, Edinburgh, where he attended Liberton High School. His first band was called 'The Beachcombers' and they signed a recording contract in 1968 with CBS Records. They changed their name to The Boots and published their first single, "The Animal In Me". This was soon followed by "Keep Your Lovelight Burning", but after about two years, the band split because of financial problems in 1970. He then replaced a guitarist in the Bay City Rollers for a short period of time but never recorded with them. After leaving them in October 1970, he became a member of another Band called 'Fresh', which changed their name to Christyan and published a single, "Nursery Lane", in 1971. While still playing with the band, he took a job as a musician in a nightclub called Tiffanys where he met Ian Bairnson.


title: David Paton

text: In 1973, Paton was a co-founder of Pilot. With Ian Bairnson, Billy Lyall and Stuart Tosh, they recorded several demos with EMI Records and recorded their first album "From the Album of the Same Name" which was published in 1974. On it was included their first major hit, "Magic" and Bairnson, who was still not an official member of the band, joined them after the recording of the first album. They released their second album "Second Flight" in 1975, and its single "January" topped the UK Singles Chart for three weeks, ironically beginning week ending 1 February. and it was followed in 1976 by their third, "Morin Heights" which was recorded at Le Studio in Morin Heights in Quebec, Canada, and produced by Roy Thomas Baker.


title: David Paton

text: The same year, he and Bairnson started working with producer Alan Parsons and published a first album under the name "Alan Parsons Project", "Tales of Mystery & Imagination". Paton played bass and sang with the band until the 1986 album "Stereotomy" as he continued to work with other artists as a session musician. He also played on the first two albums by Kate Bush in 1978, "The Kick Inside" and "Lionheart".


title: David Paton

text: In the 1980s, Paton was known for his work with Camel and Elton John in studio albums and touring around the world. Other credits include bass guitar and backing vocals for several albums by Fish, as well as Rick Wakeman in the 1990s, such as "The Classical Connection", "African Bach", "Softsword", "The Classical Connection 2" and "Prayers". In 1984, he was a member of Keats. In 1985, he participated to the original score for the movie "Ladyhawke" which was written, composed and played by Andrew Powell and produced by Alan Parsons.


title: David Paton

text: His first solo album was released in 1991, titled "Passions Cry" (under the name of Davie Paton), and the second album "Fragments" in 1996, that was also under the same name. In 1980, Paton already recorded an album with the title "No Ties No Strings" at the Abbey Road Studios, which was never released. In 2003, however, the album "The Search" was released, which was a new recording of the "lost album" from 1980. In the following years, David Paton released other solo albums.


title: David Paton

text: Paton also appeared solo in the Countdown Spectacular 2 concert series in Australia, between August and September 2007, as a performer and musical director.