title: Windscreen wiper

text: American inventor Mary Anderson is popularly credited with devising the first operational windscreen wiper in 1903. In Anderson's patent, she called her invention a "window cleaning device" for electric cars and other vehicles. Operated via a lever from inside a vehicle, her version of windscreen wipers closely resembles the windscreen wiper found on many early car models. Anderson had a model of her design manufactured, then filed a patent (US 743,801) on June 18, 1903 that was issued to her by the US Patent Office on November 10, 1903.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Irish born inventor James Henry Apjohn (1845–1914) patented an "Apparatus for Cleaning Carriage, Motor Car and other Windows" which was stated to use either brushes or wipers and could be either motor driven or hand driven. The brushes or wipers were intended to clean either both up and down or in just one direction on a vertical window. Apjohn's invention had a priority date in the UK of 9 October 1903.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: John R. Oishei (1886-1968) formed the Tri-Continental Corporation in 1917. This company introduced the first windscreen wiper, Rain Rubber, for the slotted, two-piece windscreens found on many of the automobiles of the time. Today Trico Products is one of the world's largest manufacturers of windscreen wipers. Bosch has the world's biggest windscreen wiper factory in Tienen, Belgium, which produces 350,000 wiper blades every day. The first automatic electric wiper arms were patented in 1917 by Charlotte Bridgwood.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Inventor William M. Folberth and his brother, Fred, applied for a patent for an automatic windscreen wiper apparatus in 1919, which was granted in 1921. It was the first automatic mechanism to be developed by an American, but the original invention is attributed by others to Hawaiian, Ormand Wall. Trico later settled a patent dispute with Folberth and purchased Folberth's Cleveland company, the Folberth Auto Specialty Co. The new vacuum-powered system quickly became standard equipment on automobiles, and the vacuum principle was in use until about 1960. In the late 1950s, a feature common on modern vehicles first appeared, operating the wipers automatically for two or three passes when the windscreen washer button was pressed, making it unnecessary to manually turn the wipers on as well. Today, an electronic timer is used, but originally a small vacuum cylinder mechanically linked to a switch provided the delay as the vacuum leaked off.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: The inventor of intermittent wipers (non-continuous, now including variable-rate wipers) might have been Raymond Anderson, who, in 1923, proposed an electro-mechanical design. (US Patent 1,588,399). In 1958, Oishei et al. filed a patent application describing not only electro-mechanical, but also thermal and hydraulic designs. (US Patent 2,987,747). Then, in 1961, John Amos, an engineer for the UK automotive engineering company Lucas Industries, filed the first patent application in the UK for a solid-state electronic design. (US patent 3,262,042).


title: Windscreen wiper

text: In 1963, another form of intermittent wiper was invented by Robert Kearns, an engineering professor at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. (United States Patent 3,351,836 – 1964 filing date). Kearns's design was intended to mimic the function of the human eye, which blinks only once every few seconds. In 1963, Kearns built his first intermittent wiper system using off-the-shelf electronic components. The interval between wipes was determined by the rate of current flow into a capacitor; when the charge in the capacitor reached a certain voltage, the capacitor would be discharged, activating one cycle of the wiper motor, and then repeating the process. Kearns showed his wiper design to the Ford Motor Company and proposed that they manufacture the design. Ford executives rejected Kearns' proposal at the time, but later offered a similar design as an option on the company's Mercury line, beginning with the 1969 models. Kearns sued Ford in a multi-year patent dispute that Kearns eventually won in court, inspiring the 2009 feature film "Flash of Genius" based on a 1993 New Yorker article that covered the legal battle.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: In March 1970, French automotive manufacturer Citroën introduced more advanced rain-sensitive intermittent windscreen wipers on its SM model. When the intermittent function was selected, the wiper would make one sweep. If the windscreen was relatively dry, the wiper motor drew high current, which would set the control circuit timer to a long delay for the next wipe. If the motor drew little current, it indicated that the glass was still wet, and would set the timer to minimize the delay.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Wipers may be powered by a variety of means, although most in use today are powered by an electric motor through a series of mechanical components, typically two 4-bar linkages in series or parallel.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Vehicles with air-operated brakes sometimes use pneumatic wipers, powered by tapping a small amount of pressurized air from the brake system to a small air operated motor mounted on or just above the windscreen. These wipers are activated by opening a valve which allows pressurized air to enter the motor.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Early wipers were often driven by a vacuum motor powered by manifold vacuum. This had the drawback that manifold vacuum varies depending on throttle position, and is almost non-existent under wide-open throttle, when the wipers would slow down or even stop. That problem was overcome somewhat by using a combined fuel/vacuum booster pump.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Some cars, mostly from the 1960s and 1970s, had variable-speed, hydraulically-driven wipers, most notably the '61–'69 Lincoln Continental, '69–'71 Lincoln Continental Mark III (but not all '70 models), and '63–'71 Ford Thunderbird. These were powered by the same hydraulic pump also used for the power steering mechanism.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: On the earlier Citroën 2CV, the windscreen wipers were powered by a purely mechanical system, a cable connected to the transmission; to reduce cost, this cable also powered the speedometer. The wipers' speed was therefore variable with car speed. When the car was stationary, the wipers were not powered, but a handle under the speedometer allowed the driver to power them by hand.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Most early wipers used a rubber blade attached to a flat metal base. But as aerodynamic and styling concerns introduced curved windshields, these proved insufficient. In 1945, John W. Anderson, founder of Trico rival Anco, filed a patent for a wiper with branched arms to keep the blade pressed uniformly against both curved and flat glass, adaptable to almost any windscreen curvature. As curved windshields became more popular and widespread, following the debut of the 1947 Studebaker Starlight Coupe, these soon became standard equipment. While they have been superseded by "beam-type" wipers with bodies made of flexible material, this type still remains the most popular.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Wiper blades are made of natural rubber, EPDM rubber (or ethylene propylene rubber) or a combination of both, as natural rubber performs better in cold weather but EPDM rubber doesn't "set" and resists better to thermal aging, UV, ozone and tearing. Some manufacturers coat them with graphite.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Most wipers are of the pivot (or radial) type: they are attached to a single arm, which in turn is attached to the motor. These are commonly found on many cars, trucks, trains, boats, airplanes, etc.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Modern windscreen wipers usually move in parallel (Fig. 1, below). However, various Mercedes-Benz models and other cars such as the Volkswagen Sharan employ wipers configured to move in opposite directions (Fig. 2), which is mechanically more complex but can avoid leaving a large unwiped corner of the windscreen in front of the front-seat passenger. A cost benefit to the auto-maker occurs when wipers configured to move in opposite directions do not need to be repositioned for cars exported to right hand drive countries such as the UK and Japan.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Another wiper design (Fig. 6) is pantograph-based, used on many commercial vehicles, especially buses with large windscreens. Pantograph wipers feature two arms for each blade, with the blade assembly itself supported on a horizontal bar connecting the two arms. One of the arms is attached to the motor, while the other is on an idle pivot. The pantograph mechanism, while being more complex, allows the blade to cover more of the windscreen on each wipe. However, it also usually requires the wiper to be "parked" in the middle of the windscreen, where it may partially obstruct the driver's view when not in use. A few models of automobile sometimes employ a pantograph arm on the driver's side and a normal arm for the passenger. The Triumph Stag, Lexus and several US makes employ this method to cover more glass area where the windscreen is quite wide but also very shallow. The reduced height of the windscreen would need the use of short wiper arms which would not have the reach to the edge of the windscreen.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: A simple single-blade setup with a center pivot (Fig. 4) is commonly used on rear windscreens, as well as on the front of some cars. Mercedes-Benz pioneered a system (Fig. 5) called the "Monoblade", based on cantilevers, in which a single arm extends outward to reach the top corners of the windscreen, and pulls in at the ends and middle of the stroke, sweeping out a somewhat "M"-shaped path. This way, a single blade is able to cover more of the windscreen, displacing any residual streaks away from the centre of the windscreen.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Some larger cars in the late '70s and early '80s, especially LH driver American cars, had a pantograph wiper on the driver's side, with a conventional pivot on the passenger side. Asymmetric wiper arrangements are usually configured to clear more windscreen area on the driver's side, and so are mostly mirrored for left and right-hand-drive vehicles (for example, Fig. 1 vs. Fig 10). One exception is found on the second generations of the Renault Clio, Twingo and Scénic as well as BMW's E60 5 Series and E63 6 Series, the Peugeot 206 and the Nissan Almera Tino, where the wipers always sweep towards the left. On right-hand-drive models, a linkage allows the right-hand wiper to move outwards towards the corner of the windscreen and clear more area.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Some vehicles are fitted with wipers (with or without washers) on the back window as well. Rear-window wipers are typically found on hatchbacks, station wagons / estates, sport utility vehicles, minivans, and other vehicles with more vertically-oriented rear windows that tend to accumulate dust. First offered in the 1940s, they achieved widespread popularity in the 1970s after their introduction on the Porsche 911 in 1966 and the Volvo 145 in 1969.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: In the 1960s, as interest in auto safety grew, engineers began researching various headlamp cleaning systems. In late 1968, Chevrolet introduced high pressure fluid headlamp washers on a variety of their 1969 models. In 1970, Saab Automobile introduced headlight wipers across their product range. These operated on a horizontal reciprocating mechanism, with a single motor. They were later superseded by a radial spindle action wiper mechanism, with individual motors on each headlamp. In 1972, headlamp cleaning systems became mandatory in Sweden.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Headlamp wipers have all but disappeared today with most modern designs relying solely on pressurized fluid spray to clean the headlights. This reduces manufacturing cost, minimizes aerodynamic drag, and complies with EU regulations limiting headlamp wiper use to glass-lensed units only (the majority of lenses today are made of plastic.)


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Most windscreen wipers operate together with a windscreen washer; a pump that supplies a mixture of water, alcohol, and detergent (a blend called windscreen washer fluid) from a tank to the windscreen. The fluid is dispensed through small nozzles mounted on the hood. Conventional nozzles are usually used, but some designs use a fluidic oscillator to disperse the fluid more effectively.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: In warmer climates, water may also work, but it can freeze in colder climates, damaging the pump. Although automobile antifreeze is chemically similar to windscreen wiper fluid, it should not be used because it can damage paint. The earliest documented idea for having a windscreen wiper unit hooked up to a windscreen washer fluid reservoir was in 1931, Richland Auto Parts Co, Mansfield, Ohio. Uruguayan racecar driver and mechanic Héctor Suppici Sedes developed a windscreen washer in the late 1930s.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Since 2012, nozzles are replaced on some cars (Tesla, Volvo XC60 2018-2021, Citroen C4 Cactus) by a system called AquaBlade, developed by the company Valeo. This system supplies the washing liquid directly from the spoiler element of the wiper blade. This system suppresses visual disturbances during driving and so reduces the reaction time of the driver in case of incident.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Some larger cars are equipped with hidden wipers (or depressed-park wipers). When wipers are switched off in standard non-hidden designs, a "parking" mechanism or circuit moves the wipers to the lower extreme of the wiped area near the bottom of the windscreen, but still in sight. For designs that hide the wipers, the windscreen extends below the rear edge of the bonnet. The wipers park themselves below the wiping range at the bottom of the windscreen, but out of sight. Late model vehicles that hide wiper blades under the windscreen need to be placed in a service position in order to lift the wiper blade from the windscreen using the wiper service position.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Some vehicles are now available with automatic or driver-programmable windscreen wipers that detect the presence and amount of rain using a rain sensor. The sensor automatically adjusts the speed and frequency of the blades according to the amount of rain detected. These controls usually have a manual override.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Rain-sensing windscreen wipers appeared on various models in the late 20th century, one of the first being the Citroën SM. , rain-sensing wipers are optional or standard on all Cadillacs and most Volkswagens, and are available on many other mainstream manufacturers.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: The rain-sensing wipers system currently employed by most car manufacturers today was originally invented and patented in 1978 by Australian, Raymond J. Noack, see U.S. Patents 4,355,271 and 5,796,106. The original system automatically operated the wipers, lights and windscreen washers.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: A common alternative design used on ships, called a clear view screen, avoids the use of rubber wiper blades. A round portion of the windscreen has two layers, the outer one of which is spun at high speed to shed water.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: High speed aircraft may use bleed air which uses compressed air from the turbine engine to remove water, rather than mechanical wipers, to save weight and drag. Effectiveness of this method also depends on water-repellent glass treatments similar to Rain-X.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: Many jurisdictions have legal requirements that vehicles be equipped with windscreen wipers. Windscreen wipers may be a required safety item in auto safety inspections. Some US states have a "wipers on, lights on" rule for cars.


title: Windscreen wiper

text: In the 1999 television commercial "Synchronicity" for the Volkswagen Jetta automobile, windscreen wipers were synchronized with events seen through the car windows, and with the song "Jung at Heart", which was commissioned for the advertising agency Arnold Worldwide and composed by Peter du Charme under the name "Master Cylinder".


title: Ernest Becker

text: Ernest Becker (September 27, 1924 – March 6, 1974) was an American cultural anthropologist and author of the 1974 Pulitzer Prize-winning book, "The Denial of Death".


title: Ernest Becker

text: Ernest Becker was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, to Jewish immigrant parents. Serving in the infantry during World War II, he would help liberate a Nazi concentration camp. Once completing his military service, Becker attended Syracuse University in New York. Upon graduation he joined the U.S. Embassy in Paris as an administrative officer.


title: Ernest Becker

text: In his early 30s, he returned to Syracuse University to pursue graduate studies in cultural anthropology, and would complete his PhD in 1960. The first of his nine books, "Zen: A Rational Critique" (1961) was based on his doctoral dissertation.


title: Ernest Becker

text: After graduating from Syracuse University in 1960, Becker began “the short 14-year period of his professional career”


title: Ernest Becker

text: as a professor and writer. Initially, he taught anthropology in the Department of Psychiatry at the Upstate Medical College in Syracuse, New York, but was summarily fired, along with other non-tenured professors, for supporting tenured Professor Thomas Szasz in a dispute with the administration over academic freedom. After a year in Italy, Becker was hired back at Syracuse University, this time in the School of Education.


title: Ernest Becker

text: In 1965, Becker acquired a lecturer position at the University of California, Berkeley in the anthropology program. However, trouble again arose between Becker and the administration, leading to his departure from the university. At the time, thousands of students petitioned to keep Becker at the school and offered to pay his salary, but the petition did not succeed in retaining Becker. In 1967, he taught at San Francisco State's Department of Psychology until January 1969 when he resigned in protest against the administration's stringent policies against student demonstrations.


title: Ernest Becker

text: In 1969, Becker began a professorship at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, where he would spend the remaining years of his academic life. During the next five years, he wrote his 1974 Pulitzer Prize-winning work, "The Denial of Death". Additionally, he worked on the second edition to "The Birth and Death of Meaning," and wrote "Escape from Evil".


title: Ernest Becker

text: Becker's insistence on interdisciplinary work, along with the fact that students flocked to his lectures, which were marked by a high level of theatricality, did not endear him to many of his colleagues. Referring to his insistence on the importance symbolism plays in the human animal, he wrote, "I have tried to correct... bias by showing how deep theatrical 'superficialities' really go."


title: Ernest Becker

text: In November 1972, Ernest Becker was diagnosed with colon cancer. Two years later, on 6 March 1974, he would pass away at the age of 49 in Burnaby, British Columbia. Shortly before his death, he participated in a series of interviews with Sam Keen for "Psychology Today".


title: Ernest Becker

text: As was mentioned above, Becker was fired from his first academic position at Upstate Medical College in Syracuse, NY before attaining tenure, as a result of a dispute the school had with "anti-psychiatrist" Thomas Szasz. For this reason, Szasz's views are sometimes imputed to Becker. However, Becker's support of Szasz was limited to the issue of academic freedom—that is, whether or not Szasz (who had tenure) had the right to teach his views to psychiatry students.


title: Ernest Becker

text: During the final decade of his relatively short life, Becker used the ideas and concepts from many different writers and thinkers to write his books and teach his classes. To list just a few of these thinkers who helped formulate many of his theories, many point to how Becker draws on the work of Søren Kierkegaard, Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Reich, Norman O. Brown, Erich Fromm, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and especially Otto Rank.


title: Ernest Becker

text: "The Birth and Death of Meaning", written in 1962 and revised in 1971, was “Becker’s first attempt to explain the human condition.” It takes its title from the concept of mankind progressing from simple-minded ape to a world of symbols and illusions, and then deconstructing those illusions through our own evolving intellect.


title: Ernest Becker

text: During this early period Becker was formulating a "fully transactional" view of mental health that eventually formed the basis for his book, "Revolution in Psychiatry" (1964). Although Szasz is cited on a few key points in this book, Becker pursues a very distinct path.


title: Ernest Becker

text: In his 1973 book "The Denial of Death", Becker came to believe that an individual’s character is essentially formed around the process of denying one's own mortality, that this denial is a necessary component of functioning in the world, and that this character-armor masks and obscures genuine self-knowledge. Much of the evil in the world, he believed, was a consequence of this need to deny death.


title: Ernest Becker

text: Becker eventually came to the position that psychological inquiry can only bring us to a distinct threshold, beyond which belief systems must be invoked to satisfy the human psyche. The reach of such a perspective consequently encompasses science and religion, even to what Sam Keen suggests is Becker's greatest achievement, the creation of the "Escape from Evil", posthumously published in 1975.


title: Ernest Becker

text: Two months following his death, Becker was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his book, "The Denial of Death" (1973), posthumously gaining him wider recognition. "Escape From Evil" (1975) was intended as a significant extension of the line of reasoning begun in "The Denial of Death", developing the social and cultural implications of the concepts explored in the earlier book. Although the manuscript's second half was left unfinished at the time of his death, it was completed from the manuscript that existed as well as from notes on the unfinished chapter.


title: Ernest Becker

text: Becker's work, particularly as expressed in his later books, "The Denial of Death" and "Escape from Evil", have had a significant impact on social psychology and the psychology of religion. "Terror management theory", an important research programme in social psychology that has spawned over 200 published studies has turned Becker's views on the cultural influence of death anxiety into a scientific theory that helps to explain such diverse human phenomena as self-esteem, prejudice, and religion.


title: Ernest Becker

text: After his death, the Ernest Becker Foundation was founded, focused on multidisciplinary inquiries into human behavior. The foundation would focus on reducing violence in human society, using Becker's basic ideas to support research and application at the interfaces of science, the humanities, social action, and religion.


title: Ernest Becker

text: "Flight From Death" (2003) is a documentary film directed by Patrick Shen, based on Becker's work, and partially funded by the Ernest Becker Foundation.


title: Arthur White (actor)

text: Arthur B. White (born 1933) is an English stage and screen actor, best known for his occasional role as the collator (police archivist) Ernie Trigg in the crime drama "A Touch of Frost", alongside his real-life younger brother David Jason. His parents were Arthur R White and Welsh-born Olwen Jones. He also appeared briefly along with his brother in two episodes of "The Darling Buds of May".


title: Arthur White (actor)

text: In 1978, White appeared as part of an underworld gang, playing the role of Freddy in an episode of the 1970s British police drama "The Professionals", the episode entitled "When the Heat Cools Off".


title: Arthur White (actor)

text: In 2007, White played Albert Fogarty in the "Heartbeat" episode ""The Dreams That Make You Dream."" In 2008, he worked with Jason again on the comic fantasy "The Colour of Magic", where he played a character called "Rerpf".


title: Arthur White (actor)

text: White has also made appearances in television series such as "Crossroads", "The Professionals", "London's Burning", "As Time Goes By", "Wycliffe" and "Family Affairs".


title: Overcooked 2

text: Overcooked 2 (stylized as Overcooked! 2) is a cooperative cooking simulation video game developed by Team17 alongside Ghost Town Games, and published by Team17. The sequel to "Overcooked!", it was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on August 7, 2018. The game was released for Amazon Luna on October 20, 2020. "Overcooked: All You Can Eat", a compilation game that includes both "Overcooked" and "Overcooked 2", was released for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S on November 12, 2020. The compilation came to Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on March 23, 2021, and on Google Stadia on May 5, 2022.


title: Overcooked 2

text: In the cooking simulator game "Overcooked 2", teams of up to four players cooperatively prepare and cook orders in absurd restaurants. Players gather, chop, and cook ingredients, combine them on plates, serve dishes, and wash dishes. Between coordinating short orders and bumping into each other's characters, the game tends to overwhelm. The sequel builds atop the original game, which was released in 2016, with new interactive levels, restaurant themes, chef costumes, and recipes. Some levels have moving floors and other obstacles that complicate the cooking process, including portals, moving walkways, and impassable fires. Other levels transition between settings and recipes, such as one that begins with preparing salads in a hot air balloon and ends crashlanded in a sushi kitchen. The sequel introduces ingredient tossing, such that players can throw items to another chef or pot from far away, and online multiplayer, in which teams can connect either across a local wireless network or through online matchmaking.


title: Overcooked 2

text: "Overcooked 2" was released on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One platforms on August 7, 2018. It was developed by Team17 alongside Ghost Town Games, and published by Team17. It was announced a month prior, at E3 2018. Atop the base game, the developers created cosmetic add-on content, such as a platypus character costume exclusive to the Nintendo Switch release and a pack of other character costumes as pre-order bonus.


title: Overcooked 2

text: "Overcooked 2" received "generally positive" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Several reviewers noted that while it didn't feel like a significant evolution of the formula established by "Overcooked!", it was a strong sequel"."


title: Overcooked 2

text: Jordan Devore of "Destructoid" called "Overcooked 2" "one of the best co-op titles around" while praising the dynamic level design and frantic gameplay while taking minor issue with the basic recipes and a lack of snappy feel in the Nintendo Switch port. Johnny Chiodini of "Eurogamer" recommended the title, writing, "Overcooked 2 may be more of an improved recipe than a completely new menu, but it remains an excellent sequel and a delightful co-op experience." and praised the increased difficulty. In comparing the title with its predecessor, Andrew Reiner of "Game Informer" praised the title for its online play and for being less frustrating due to more forgiving scoring and level gating. Michael Leri of "GameRevolution" gave the game a 9 out of 10 and praised the game's ability to consistently remain fresh with teamwork-rewarding cooperative gameplay, dynamic level mechanics, and soundtrack. Kallie Plagge of "GameSpot" praised the throwing mechanic, writing, "The new throwing mechanic, too, adds a new dimension to both strategy and the inevitable chaos without overcomplicating things." Sam Loveridge of "GamesRadar+" criticized the lack of visual clarity during chaotic bouts of gameplay and the sluggish controls while stating, "...when you're in the midst of a level, all of the frustrations melt away, because after all this is really an experience that you aim to have with friends." Mitch Vogel of "Nintendo Life" and Stephen Tailby of "Push Square" praised the improvements in presentation and performance the game made over its predecessor. Chris Schilling of "PC Gamer" criticized the chaotic interface and inconsistent level gimmicks while saying that the game felt more like an expansion than a sequel.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: Patrick Nagel (November 25, 1945 – February 4, 1984) was an American artist and illustrator. He created popular illustrations on board, paper, and canvas, most of which emphasize the female form in a distinctive style, descended from Art Deco and Pop art. He is best known for his illustrations for "Playboy" magazine and the pop music group Duran Duran, for whom he designed the cover of the best-selling album "Rio", which has been acclaimed as one of the greatest album covers of all time.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: Nagel was born in Dayton, Ohio, on November 25, 1945, but was raised and spent most of his life in the Los Angeles area. After serving in the United States Army with the 101st Airborne in Vietnam, Nagel attended the Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles in 1969, and in that same year he received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from California State University, Fullerton.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: In 1971, Nagel worked as a graphic designer for ABC Television, producing graphics for promotions and news broadcasts. The following year, he began work as a freelance artist for major corporations and magazines, including "Architectural Digest", "Harper's Magazine", IBM, ITT Corporation, MGM, "Oui", "Rolling Stone", United Artists, and Universal Studios.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: Nagel produced album covers for recording artists such as Tommy James, Charlene, Thelma Houston and Cissy Houston. Nagel's 1982 painting for the album cover of rock group Duran Duran's hit album "Rio" became one of his better known images.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: He worked for many commercial clients, including Intel, Lucky Strike cigarettes, Ballantine's Whiskey, and Budweiser.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: Nagel contributed to "Playboy" magazine between August 1975 and July 1984, with one of his paintings being published in every issue, most notably in the "Playboy Advisor, Playboy Forum" and "Playboy After Hours" columns. This helped to improve his exposure to a wider audience and encouraged the popularity of "the Nagel Woman" image. He created roughly 285 pieces of art work for Playboy during his career. In the early part of his time with Playboy he was given very specific illustration instructions, but that ended sometime between 1977 and 1978; thereafter, Nagel chose his theme and approach and submitted his work for approval before publication. In 1993, roughly nine years after Nagel's death, his widow Jennifer Dumas went into litigation with Playboy over the rights to the artwork published in the magazine. See "Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Dumas."


title: Patrick Nagel

text: In 1977, Nagel made his first poster image for Mirage Editions, with whom he printed many images, his most famous being those of "Nagel women." The "Nagel woman" was developed over time and increased in popularity after Nagel began publishing his work with "Playboy" in 1975. The women were drawn as "Nagel's ideal woman". His female figures tended to have black hair, and bright white skin. Nagel worked with many models, including "Playboy" Playmates Cathy St. George, Tracy Vaccaro and Shannon Tweed, and also painted several celebrity portraits, including those of Joan Collins and Joanna Cassidy.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: There has been much discussion about the inspiration for Nagel's style; since little is known about Nagel's art background, there is no definite answer to this.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: Art historians have speculated that he may have been influenced by Japanese-style art, but there is no specific evidence for that. His mapmaking experiences in Vietnam possibly did more to steer him into high contrast imagery than anything else.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: Nagel died February 4, 1984, after participating in a 15-minute celebrity "aerobathon" to raise funds for the American Heart Association in Santa Monica. An autopsy determined his cause of death was a heart attack, and a further autopsy revealed that Nagel had a congenital heart defect that went undetected his entire life. He was survived by his wife, Jennifer Dumas, and his daughter from a previous marriage, Carole Nagel LaVigne. Against his parents' wishes and through no direction attributable to him, Patrick Nagel was cremated and his ashes scattered over the Pacific Ocean.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: The passage of time has brought about a popular and critical reevaluation. "Completely recovered from his low period in the late '80s, his work now holds a place in the pop art tradition of Lichtenstein and Warhol," writes pop culture critic Jacob Shelton.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: Nagel's works "capture the emotional state of an era: 1980s American desire, collective materialistic aspiration, a "Less than Zero" state of mind", said Alex Israel, who Duran Duran hired to create the album art for their 2015 release "Paper Gods", which visually references Nagel's famous "Rio" cover.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: Nagel prints flooded the market in the 1980s. Nagel's manager, Karl Bornstein, president of Mirage Editions Inc., continued publication of Nagel's works after his death, including open edition prints and mass-market posters. In addition, in 1991, the FBI discovered and dismantled a counterfeiting ring which flooded the market with forged serigraphs. While this contributed to Nagel's cultural ubiquity—Nagel artwork was in a reported two million homes worldwide—it also served to exploit the brand and ultimately, dramatically lowered its value.


title: Patrick Nagel

text: By 2019, the market showed signs of a comeback, with one of his original works from 1982 selling for $112,500 at auction, nearly doubling its estimated value, while limited-run silkscreen posters can go for several thousand dollars. Nagel has also had a resurgence in the form of collaborations with mass-market brands. In 2020, fast fashion retailer Forever 21 launched an apparel collection featuring Nagel portraits.


title: Al Jefferson

text: Al Ricardo Jefferson (born January 4, 1985) is an American former professional basketball player. He was a high school All-American for Prentiss High School in Mississippi before skipping college to enter the 2004 NBA draft, where he was drafted 15th overall by the Boston Celtics. He played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Celtics, Minnesota Timberwolves, Utah Jazz, Charlotte Hornets and Indiana Pacers, earning third-team All-NBA honors in 2014 with the Hornets.


title: Al Jefferson

text: Born in Monticello, Mississippi, Jefferson attended Prentiss High School in the small nearby town of Prentiss from 2000 to 2004. After starting for his varsity team as a freshman at Prentiss, he became one of the elite players in the country as a junior, drawing the attention of both college coaches around the country, and the scouts of the NBA. In his senior year for the Bulldogs, he averaged an astounding 42.6 points, 18 rebounds and seven blocks per game as his Bulldogs team went on to lose in the Mississippi state class 3A semi-finals to Byhalia High School 88–73, in which Jefferson finished with 56 points.


title: Al Jefferson

text: Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Jefferson was listed as the No. 1 center and the No. 4 player in the nation in 2004. He had originally committed to Arkansas, but opted instead to make the jump to the NBA straight out of high school.


title: Al Jefferson

text: Jefferson was drafted with the 15th overall pick by the Boston Celtics in the 2004 NBA draft, becoming the first high school player to be drafted by the Celtics (Kendrick Perkins was drafted by the Grizzlies, then traded to Boston on draft day in the 2003 NBA draft). He played primarily as a power forward and averaged 6.7 points and 4.4 rebounds in 14.8 minutes per game during his rookie season.


title: Al Jefferson

text: Jefferson's 2005–06 season was widely considered a disappointment, mostly due to a series of ankle injuries and a torn meniscus in his right knee which limited him to playing in 59 games. He averaged 7.9 points and 5.1 rebounds in 18.0 minutes per game during his sophomore season.


title: Al Jefferson

text: In the off-season prior to the 2006–07 season, Jefferson hired a personal chef and lost about 30 pounds. After experiencing lingering pain after participating in the Las Vegas Summer League, a CAT scan revealed bone spurs. On August 2, 2006, he underwent ankle surgery to remove the bone spurs. On November 8, 2006, prior to the fourth game of the season, Jefferson had appendectomy surgery at New England Baptist Hospital and subsequently missed seven games as he returned to the lineup on November 22, 2006.


title: Al Jefferson

text: While already playing increased minutes (9.3 points and 7.0 rebounds in 22.0 minutes per game over nine games as a reserve), Jefferson's role expanded due to an injury to starting center Kendrick Perkins. With backup centers Michael Olowokandi and Theo Ratliff already on the injured list, Celtics' coach Doc Rivers started Jefferson at center on December 6, 2006 against the Memphis Grizzlies. Over the next seven games, Jefferson averaged 16.3 points and 11.1 rebounds in 33.7 minutes per game. In what some considered a breakout performance against the New Jersey Nets on December 9, 2006, he scored a career-high 29 points and grabbed 14 rebounds, which tied a career high (set on May 5, 2005 in a playoff game against the Indiana Pacers). It was the second time he had scored more than 20 points in a game. The previous occasion was on December 10, 2005 against the Dallas Mavericks where he scored 21 points. His third and fourth 20-point game came six and seven days after the second, on December 15 and December 16, when he scored 28 against the Denver Nuggets and 22 against the Charlotte Bobcats. These efforts punctuated a five-game win streak by the Boston Celtics.


title: Al Jefferson

text: On March 3, 2007, Jefferson scored a career-high 32 points to go along with 18 rebounds against the New Jersey Nets, against whom he had previously set his career high in points against earlier in the season. On March 5, Jefferson was named the NBA's Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the week starting February 26 through March 4.


title: Al Jefferson

text: On July 31, 2007, Jefferson was traded, along with Gerald Green, Ryan Gomes, Theo Ratliff, Sebastian Telfair and draft picks, to the Minnesota Timberwolves in exchange for Kevin Garnett. After landing in Minnesota, Jefferson quickly signed a large contract extension before the season. At $65 million over five years, it was satisfactory but he could have gotten a max deal. Instead he chose not to pursue one, due to "having not really proved" himself.


title: Al Jefferson

text: In his first season with the Timberwolves, Jefferson was the team's scoring leader. Playing in all 82 games, he ranked 20th in the NBA in points per game (11th in total points), averaging 21.0 points per game while shooting .500 from the field. Jefferson also defined himself as one of the premier big men in the NBA by being only one of four players to average 20 points and 10 rebounds (the others being Dwight Howard, Carlos Boozer and Antawn Jamison). Jefferson ranked 5th in the NBA in rebounding, averaging 11.1 (4th in total rebounds) and 2nd in offensive rebounds per game (3.8), only behind Tyson Chandler (4.1). Jefferson is ranked 12th in the NBA efficiency and is 3rd in the NBA in double-doubles.


title: Al Jefferson

text: In January 2008, Jefferson won Western Conference Player of the Week honors after averaging 33.3 points and 15.3 rebounds and leading the Timberwolves to a 3–1 record from January 21 to 27.


title: Al Jefferson

text: Jefferson scored a career-high 40 points against the New Jersey Nets on January 27, 2008 and repeated such a performance against the Charlotte Bobcats on April 8, 2008.


title: Al Jefferson

text: Jefferson was having a career best year, averaging 23.1 points, 11.0 rebounds and 1.7 blocks per game in the first 50 games of the season, until suffering a serious right knee injury after landing awkwardly on one leg in a game at New Orleans. Jefferson claimed that he felt a pop in his knee and the injury resulted in a complete tear to the ACL which required reconstructive surgery that ended his season. At the time the Wolves were 17–33 and showing signs of improvement, but with Jefferson out, they went 7–25 over their remaining games, and were a lottery team once again.


title: Al Jefferson

text: On January 13, 2010, Jefferson set a single-game franchise record with 26 rebounds in a triple overtime loss to the Houston Rockets. The record was later surpassed by Kevin Love in November 2010.


title: Al Jefferson

text: Coming off knee surgery, Jefferson had a solid season in 2009–10 as he played 76 games while averaging 17.1 points, 9.3 rebounds and a career-high 1.8 assists in 32.4 minutes per game.


title: Al Jefferson

text: On July 13, 2010, Jefferson was traded to the Utah Jazz for two future first round picks and center Kosta Koufos. With the chance to play alongside All-Star point guard Deron Williams, Jefferson couldn't be happier, but his first season in Utah brought numerous ups and downs. The in-season departures of Williams and coach Jerry Sloan were a shock to the system, but Jefferson didn't back away from the challenges. Instead, he saw the need for a new leader and stepped up to become part of the foundation for a young team to build on.


title: Al Jefferson

text: In what was an injury-riddled season for the Jazz, Jefferson started in all 82 games during the regular season and regained some of his explosiveness in 2011, showing he was fully recovered from the devastating knee injury he suffered in 2009. His return to form contributed 37 double-doubles during the season and 794 total rebounds – the second highest total of his career. He finished the 2010–11 season with averages of 18.6 points and 9.7 rebounds per game.


title: Al Jefferson

text: In the lockout shortened 2011–12 season, Jefferson furthered his improvement, transitioning into his role as team leader while continuing to put up the impressive numbers that have become common for him. He showed energy and tenacity all season as well as an improved defensive game, and heading into the All-Star break, many were calling for him to be selected to his first All-Star team, including Brian T. Smith of "The Salt Lake Tribune" who noted, "If the Jazz keep winning during January and Jefferson keeps producing, the eight-year veteran could finally be in the running for an All-Star spot."


title: Al Jefferson

text: Despite not receiving an All-Star selection, Jefferson ended the season tied for seventh in the league with 31 double doubles and led his team back to the playoffs. Behind Jefferson's strong season, the young Jazz finished 36-30 and secured the eighth seed in the West where they faced the San Antonio Spurs in the first round. While Jefferson did his best to contain Spurs' superstar Tim Duncan, Utah simply couldn't measure up against San Antonio. The Spurs swept the Jazz in four games and would eventually go on to reach the conference finals.


title: Al Jefferson

text: Throughout the 2012–13 season, Jefferson was the driving force for the Jazz, leading the team again in scoring and rebounding and finishing in the top ten in the league in double doubles yet again with 37 compiled throughout the course of the season. He posted a career-high 40 points late in the season against the Minnesota Timberwolves and was poised to be the catalyst for the Jazz to make a return trip to the playoffs. Unfortunately, the Jazz narrowly missed out on returning to the playoffs, falling just two games shy of the No. 8 seed with a 43–39 record. Despite the season ending early, Jefferson again established himself as a force down low and figured to be one of the most valued free agents heading into the offseason.


title: Al Jefferson

text: On July 10, 2013, Jefferson signed a three-year, $40.5 million contract with the Charlotte Bobcats. However, despite the big contract with a new team, Jefferson's arrival was delayed by a right ankle sprain that caused him to miss the entire preseason and nine of the team's first 12 games. Though he was slowed by the ankle injury, upon his return, Jefferson showed glimpses of promise while working himself back into rhythm as by the time January rolled around, he was finally healthy and ready to dominate. On January 31, 2014, Jefferson tied a career high with 40 points in a win against the Los Angeles Lakers. He continued his high level of play en route to winning the Eastern Conference Player of the Month for his performance in March 2014. He averaged 24.7 points and 10.6 rebounds while shooting 55% from the floor during the month of March, and went on to win the Eastern Conference Player of the Month for April 2014 as well.


title: Al Jefferson

text: On April 20, 2014, Jefferson suffered a plantar fasciitis injury during Game 1 of the Bobcats' first round playoff series against the Miami Heat and later missed Game 4 because of the injury. On June 4, 2014, Jefferson was named to the 2014 All-NBA third team.


title: Al Jefferson

text: After kicking back into form in 2013–14 with his best averages since 2008–09, Jefferson continued to thrive with the young, newly named Charlotte Hornets in 2014–15. On November 7, 2014, Jefferson scored a season-high 34 points in the Hornets' 122–119 double overtime win over the Atlanta Hawks to move to a record of 3–3. Despite the great win and a promising start to the season, the Hornets went on to lose the next 12 out of 13 games, with a 10-game losing streak expanding from November 15 to December 3. The team finally broke the streak on December 5 against the New York Knicks, as Jefferson recorded 16 points and 13 rebounds in the 103–102 win.


title: Al Jefferson

text: During the fourth quarter of the Hornets' 104–86 win over the Utah Jazz on December 20, Jefferson had nearly registered his third straight game with at least 20 points and 10 rebounds but left the game with six minutes remaining with a mild groin strain and did not return. In 27 minutes of action, he recorded 19 points and 10 rebounds. Despite the injury scare, Jefferson played the following game against the Denver Nuggets on December 22, recording 22 points and 7 rebounds to help the Hornets win their third straight game. His recurring groin injury flared up again on December 29 against the Milwaukee Bucks as he left the game during the fourth quarter and did not return after managing just 6 points and 8 rebounds. The Hornets went on to lose the game in overtime. He was subsequently ruled out for four weeks the following day after he was diagnosed with a strained adductor muscle in his left groin. After missing nine games with the injury, Jefferson returned on January 19, recording 8 points and 5 rebounds in a Hornets win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. Coming off the bench, it marked the first time since December 4, 2006 – a span of 544 games – that Jefferson didn't start in a game in which he played. He came off the bench for a further three games before reclaiming his starting spot on January 28 against San Antonio and subsequently recorded 17 points and 16 rebounds in a loss to the Spurs.


title: Al Jefferson

text: On March 11, in a loss to the Sacramento Kings, Jefferson left the game late in the third quarter due to a strained right calf after managing 9 points and 6 rebounds in 24 minutes of action. He returned after sitting out one game to score 10 points in a blowout loss to the Utah Jazz. On March 22, he recorded his 20th double-double of the season with 18 points and a team-high 11 rebounds in a 109–98 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves.


title: Al Jefferson

text: Jefferson averaged just 12.8 points and 7.3 rebounds over the Hornets' first four games of the 2015–16 season, with the team winning just one of those four games. He found his rhythm on November 5 against the Dallas Mavericks, recording 31 points and 9 rebounds to help lead the Hornets to a 108–94 win. On November 20, he recorded his third double-double of the season with 26 points, 10 rebounds and a season-high 5 blocks in a 113–88 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. On November 29, he exited the Hornets' game against the Milwaukee Bucks with a left calf strain with 5:09 remaining in the first quarter, and did not return.


title: Al Jefferson

text: On December 9, 2015, Jefferson was suspended without pay for five games for violating the terms of the NBA/NBPA Anti-Drug Program. He missed 11 games between December 2 and December 23 due to injury and suspension, returning to action on December 26 against the Memphis Grizzlies, coming off the bench for the first time since January 24, 2015. He finished with two points on 1-of-8 shooting and four rebounds in 17 minutes, and fouled out with 8:10 remaining in the fourth quarter. He managed just two games following his suspension before a tear in the lateral meniscus of his right knee was discovered on December 30. The injury subsequently ruled him out for six weeks. Jefferson returned to action on February 19 after missing 22 games. He scored six points and grabbed five rebounds in 23 minutes off the bench in a 98–95 win over the Milwaukee Bucks. In the team's regular season finale on April 13, Jefferson scored 26 points off the bench in a 117–103 win over the Orlando Magic, helping the Hornets finish as the sixth seed in the Eastern Conference with a 48–34 record.


title: Al Jefferson

text: In Game 2 of the Hornets' first round playoff series match-up with the Miami Heat, Jefferson scored 16 second-quarter points to finish with 25 on 12-of-17 shooting off the bench in a 115–103 loss. The Hornets went on to lose the series in seven games.


title: Al Jefferson

text: On July 9, 2016, Jefferson signed a three-year, $30 million contract with the Indiana Pacers. He made his debut for the Pacers in their season opener on October 26, 2016, recording seven points and six rebounds off the bench in a 130–121 overtime win over the Dallas Mavericks. After averaging just 5.7 points per game over the first seven games of the 2016–17 season, Jefferson scored a season-high 18 points on November 9 against the Philadelphia 76ers. On January 18, 2017, he set a new season high with 20 points against the Sacramento Kings. Two days later against the Los Angeles Lakers, Jefferson had his second straight 20-point game. Jefferson missed the final eight games of the regular season with a sprained left ankle.


title: Al Jefferson

text: On November 8, 2017, Jefferson had a 19-point effort against the Detroit Pistons. On March 15, 2018, he scored a season-high 20 points to go with a season-high 12 rebounds in a 106–99 loss to the Toronto Raptors.


title: Al Jefferson

text: In July 2018, Jefferson signed with the Xinjiang Flying Tigers of the Chinese Basketball Association. He left the team in November 2018. In 10 games, he averaged 15.1 points, 7.5 rebounds and 1.1 assists per game.


title: Al Jefferson

text: On March 23, 2019, Jefferson announced his retirement from the NBA. Earlier that month, he signed to play in the BIG3.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Lucila Godoy Alcayaga (; 7 April 1889 – 10 January 1957), known by her pseudonym Gabriela Mistral (), was a Chilean poet-diplomat, educator and humanist. In 1945 she became the first Latin American author to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature, "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world". Some central themes in her poems are nature, betrayal, love, a mother's love, sorrow and recovery, travel, and Latin American identity as formed from a mixture of Native American and European influences. Her portrait also appears on the 5,000 Chilean peso bank note.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Mistral was born in Vicuña, Chile, but was raised in the small Andean village of Montegrande, where she attended a primary school taught by her older sister, Emelina Molina. She respected her sister greatly, despite the many financial problems that Emelina brought her in later years. Her father, Juan Gerónimo Godoy Villanueva, was also a schoolteacher. He abandoned the family before she was three years old, and died, alone since estranged from the family, in 1911. Throughout her early years she was never far from poverty. By age fifteen, she was supporting herself and her mother, Petronila Alcayaga, a seamstress, by working as a teacher's aide in the seaside town of Compañia Baja, near La Serena, Chile.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: In 1904 Mistral published some early poems, such as "Ensoñaciones" ("Dreams"), "Carta Íntima" ("Intimate Letter") and "Junto al Mar" ("By the Sea"), in the local newspaper "El Coquimbo: Diario Radical", and "La Voz de Elqui" using a range of pseudonyms and variations on her civil name.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: In 1906, Mistral met a railway worker, Romelio Ureta, her first love, who killed himself in 1909. Shortly after, her second love married someone else. This heartbreak was reflected in her early poetry and earned Mistral her first recognized literary work in 1914 with "Sonnets on Death" ("Sonetos de la muerte"). She used a nom de plume as she feared that she may have lost her job as a teacher is her identity was known. Mistral was awarded first prize in a national literary contest "Juegos Florales" in the Chilean capital, Santiago. Writing about his suicide led the poet to consider death and life more broadly than previous generations of Latin American poets. While Mistral had passionate friendships with various men and women, and these impacted her writings, she was secretive about her emotional life.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: She had been using the pen name Gabriela Mistral since June 1908 for much of her writing. After winning the "Juegos Florales" she infrequently used her given name of Lucila Godoy for her publications. She formed her pseudonym from the names of two of her favorite poets, Gabriele D'Annunzio and Frédéric Mistral or, as another story has it, from a composite of the Archangel Gabriel and the mistral wind of Provence.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: In 1922, Mistral released her first book, "Desolation (Desolación)", with the help of the Director of Hispanic Institute of New York, Federico de Onis. It was a collection of poems that encompassed motherhood, religion, nature, morality and love of children. Her personal sorrow was present in the poems and her International reputation was established. Her work was a turn from modernism in Latin America and was marked by critics as direct, yet simplistic. In 1924, she released her second book, "Tenderness" ("Ternura").


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: In her adolescence, the need for teachers was so great, and the number of trained teachers was so small, especially in the rural areas, that anyone who was willing could find work as a teacher. Access to good schools was difficult, however, and the young woman lacked the political and social connections necessary to attend the Normal School: She was turned down, without explanation, in 1907. She later identified the obstacle to her entry as the school's chaplain, Father Ignacio Munizaga, who was aware of her publications in the local newspapers, her advocacy of liberalizing education and giving greater access to the schools to all social classes.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Although her formal education had ended by 1900, she was able to get work as a teacher thanks to her older sister, Emelina, who had likewise begun as a teacher's aide and was responsible for much of the poet's early education. The poet was able to rise from one post to another because of her publications in local and national newspapers and magazines. Her willingness to move was also a factor. Between the years 1906 and 1912 she had taught, successively, in three schools near La Serena, then in Barrancas, then Traiguén in 1910, and in Antofagasta in the desert north, in 1911. By 1912 she had moved to work in a "liceo", or high school, in Los Andes, where she stayed for six years and often visited Santiago. In 1918 Pedro Aguirre Cerda, then Minister of Education and a future president of Chile, promoted her appointment to direct the Sara Braun Lyceum in Punta Arenas. She moved on to Temuco in 1920, then to Santiago, where in 1921, she defeated a candidate connected with the Radical Party, Josefina Dey del Castillo, to be named director of Santiago's Liceo #6, the country's newest and most prestigious girls' school.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Controversies over the nomination of Gabriela Mistral to the highly coveted post in Santiago were among the factors that made her decide to accept an invitation to work in Mexico in 1922, with that country's Minister of Education, José Vasconcelos. He had her join in the nation's plan to reform libraries and schools, to start a national education system. That year she published "Desolación" in New York, which further promoted the international acclaim she had already been receiving thanks to her journalism and public speaking. Later she published "Lecturas para Mujeres" (Readings for Women), a collection of texts in prose and verse that celebrate the education of girls. She included works by both Latin American and European writers.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Following almost two years in Mexico she traveled to Washington D.C., where she addressed the Pan American Union, went on to New York, then toured Europe: In Madrid she published "Ternura" (Tenderness), a collection of lullabies and rondas written for an audience of children, parents, and other poets. In early 1925 she returned to Chile, where she formally retired from the nation's education system, and received a pension. It wasn't a moment too soon: The legislature had just agreed to the demands of the teachers union, headed by Mistral's rival, Amanda Labarca Hubertson, that only university-trained teachers should be given posts in the schools. The University of Chile had granted her the academic title of Spanish Professor in 1923, although her formal education ended before she was 12 years old. Her autodidacticism was remarkable, a testimony to the flourishing culture of newspapers, magazines, and books in provincial Chile, as well as to her personal determination and verbal genius.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: The poet Pablo Neruda, Chile's second Nobel Prize recipient, met Mistral when she moved to his hometown of Temuco. She read his poems and recommended reading for him. They became lifelong friends.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Mistral's international stature made it highly unlikely that she would remain in Chile. In mid-1925 she was invited to represent Latin America in the newly formed Institute for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. With her relocation to France in early 1926 she was effectively an exile for the rest of her life. She made a living, at first, from journalism and then giving lectures in the United States and in Latin America, including Puerto Rico. She variously toured the Caribbean, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, among other places.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Mistral lived primarily in France and Italy between 1926 and 1932. During these years she worked for the League for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, attending conferences of women and educators throughout Europe and occasionally in the Americas. She held a visiting professorship at Barnard College of Columbia University in 1930–1931, worked briefly at Middlebury College and Vassar College in 1931, and was warmly received at the University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, where she variously gave conferences or wrote, in 1931, 1932, and 1933.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Like many Latin American artists and intellectuals, Mistral served as a consul from 1932 until her death, working in Naples, Madrid, Lisbon, Nice, Petrópolis, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Veracruz, Rapallo, and New York City. As consul in Madrid, she had occasional professional interactions with another Chilean consul and Nobel Prize recipient, Pablo Neruda, and she was among the earlier writers to recognize the importance and originality of his work, which she had known while he was a teenager and she was school director in his hometown of Temuco.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: She published hundreds of articles in magazines and newspapers throughout the Spanish-speaking world. Among her confidants were Eduardo Santos, President of Colombia, all of the elected Presidents of Chile from 1922 to her death in 1957, Eduardo Frei Montalva, who would be elected president in 1964, and Eleanor Roosevelt.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: The poet's second major volume of poetry, "Tala", appeared in 1938, published in Buenos Aires with the help of longtime friend and correspondent Victoria Ocampo. The proceeds for the sale were devoted to children orphaned by the Spanish Civil War. This volume includes many poems celebrating the customs and folklore of Latin America as well as Mediterranean Europe. Mistral uniquely fuses these locales and concerns, a reflection of her identification as "una mestiza de vasco," her European Basque-Indigenous Amerindian background.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: On 14 August 1943, Mistral's 17-year-old nephew, Juan Miguel Godoy, killed himself. Mistral considered Juan Miguel as a son and she called him Yin Yin. The grief of this death, as well as her responses to tensions of World War II and then the Cold War in Europe and the Americas, are all reflected in the last volume of poetry published in her lifetime, "Lagar", which appeared in a truncated form in 1954. A final volume of poetry, "Poema de Chile", was edited posthumously by her partner Doris Dana and published in 1967. "Poema de Chile" describes the poet's return to Chile after death, in the company of an Indian boy from the Atacama desert and an Andean deer, the huemul. This collection of poetry anticipates the interests in objective description and re-vision of the epic tradition just then becoming evident among poets of the Americas, all of whom Mistral read carefully.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: On 15 November 1945, Mistral became the first Latin American, and fifth woman, to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. She received the award in person from King Gustav of Sweden on 10 December 1945. In 1947 she received a doctor honoris causa from Mills College, Oakland, California. In 1951 she was awarded the National Literature Prize in Chile.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Poor health somewhat slowed Mistral's traveling. During the last years of her life she made her home in the town of Roslyn, New York; in early January 1957 she transferred to Hempstead, New York, where she died from pancreatic cancer on 10 January 1957, aged 67. Her remains were returned to Chile nine days later. The Chilean government declared three days of national mourning, and hundreds of thousands of mourners came to pay her their respects.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Some of Mistral's best known poems include "Piececitos de Niño", "Balada", "Todas Íbamos a ser Reinas", "La Oración de la Maestra", "El Ángel Guardián", "Decálogo del Artista" and "La Flor del Aire". She wrote and published some 800 essays in magazines and newspapers; she was also a well-known correspondent and highly regarded orator both in person and over the radio.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Mistral's work is characterized by including gray tones in her literature; sadness and bitterness are recurrent feelings on it. These are evoked in her writings as the reflection of a hard childhood, plagued by deprivation coupled with a lack of affection in her home. However, since her youth as a teacher in a rural school, Gabriela Mistral had a great affection for children that shows throughout her writing. Religion was also reflected in her literature as Catholicism had great influence in her life. Nevertheless, she always reflected a more neutral stance regarding the concept of religion. Thus we can find the religious combined with feelings of love and piety, making her into one of the worthiest representatives of Latin American literature of twentieth century.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, the image of Gabriela Mistral was appropriated by the military dictatorship of Pinochet presenting her as a symbol of "submission to the authority" and "social order". Views of her as a saint-like celibate and suffering heterosexual woman were first challenged by author Licia Fiol-Matta who contends that she was rather a lesbian. The suspicions about her eventual lesbianism were reaffirmed with the discovery of her archive in 2007, after the death of her claimed last romantic partner, Doris Dana, in 2006. Dana had kept thousands of documents, including letters between Mistral and her various occasional female lovers. The publication of the letters she wrote to Dana herself in the volume Niña errante (2007), edited by Pedro Pablo Zegers, reaffirmed the idea that the two had a long-lasting romantic relationship that supported Mistral in her latest years. The letters were translated into English by Velma García and published by University of New Mexico Press in 2018. Regardless of these hypotheses about the claimed romance between them, Doris Dana, who was 31 years younger than Mistral, denied explicitly in her last interview that her relationship with Mistral was romantic or erotic, and described it as the relationship between a stepmother and her stepdaughter. Dana denied being lesbian and in her opinion it is unlikely that Gabriela Mistral was lesbian.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Mistral had diabetes and heart problems. Eventually she died of pancreatic cancer in Hempstead Hospital in New York City on 10 January 1957, at 67 years of age, with Doris Dana by her side.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Gabriela Mistral has been an influential part for Latin American Poetry. A powerful speech given by a member of the Swedish Academy, a Swedish writer Hjalmar Gullberg set the stage to understand the perspective and the emotions of who is Gabriela Mistral. Discussing how the first foreign verses of French poet Frédéric Mistral were not able to be understood by his own mother, Gulberg explained how the old language of troubadours became the language of poetry. Ten years later with the birth of Gabriela Mistral, the language of the poets will continue to thrive and be heard for many years to come. The voice emitted from the mouth of Gabriela Mistral was able to shake the world and create a dent to society that opened the eyes and cleared the ears of those who are willing to hear her voice.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Gullberg states, “she lifted her cry to the Heaven[1]…”, after experiencing the loss of her first love through suicide the young poet became Gabriela Mistral and her poetic words would begin to spread over all South America and other parts of the world. Since very little is known of her first love, we do know that his death helped to create Mistral's poems filled with themes of death and despair, perhaps hatred toward God. In memory of her first love and later after the loss of a nephew who she loved like a son her collection of poems titled Desolación, would begin to impact many others. The fifteenth poem found in Desolación, shed tears for the loss of a child that will never be born to that of a dead man. These tears are commonly shed from the eyes of parents who love their children but suffer having them be taken away so soon, theme of loss for those who are loved.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Themes of death, desolation and loss do not entirely fill the pages of Gabriela Mistral's books. Other themes such as love and motherhood, not just the love for her beloved railroad employee and nephew (son), were transferred to the very children she taught. It comes to no surprise that the name of her collection of songs and rounds is titled Ternura, to express her feelings of love she has for the children of her school. Printed in Madrid in 1924, her next collection of love filled words was felt and well received by four thousand Mexican children who would honor her by singing her very own collection of heart-felt words. Thanks to the hard work and profound dedication to her children she became known as the poet of motherhood.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Having lived through two world wars and many other violent wars, paved the path for a third large collection, Tala (a title that was said to mean “ravage” by Gullberg). The poems in Tala contains a mixture of sacred hymn naïve song for children, poems that talk about water, corn, salt and wine. Gullberg continues to pay homage to Gabriela Mistral, who he says has become the great singer of sorrow and motherhood for Latin America. Gabriela Mistral's wonderful collections of poems and songs have created an atmosphere that expresses her care for children and all her sorrows that she has had to endure throughout her years as a teacher and a poet for Latin America. Themes of sorrow and motherhood that can be felt with every word that is expressed in her work.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: The Venezuelan writer and diplomat who worked under the name Lucila Palacios took her nom de plume in honour of Mistral's original name.


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Several selections of Mistral's poetry have been published in English translation, including those by Doris Dana,


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: Some of Mistral's poems are translated into Nepali by Suman Pokhrel, and collected in an anthology titled "Manpareka Kehi Kavita".


title: Gabriela Mistral

text: A collection of poetry and some proses are translated in Bengali in India in 2016. The collection named Banglay Gabriela mistral, sahitye Nobel praptir 70 bochor purti upolokkhye nirbachita rachanasangraha. Gabriela mistral en Bengali Obras seleccionadas a 70 anos del Premio Nobel de Literatura.


title: Indian Police Force (web series)

text: Indian Police Force is an upcoming Indian Hindi-language cop action drama streaming web series on Amazon Prime Video. The series is created and directed by Rohit Shetty and Sushwanth Prakash. Produced by Rohit Shetty under the banner of Rohit Shetty Picturez and Reliance Entertainment. This series stars Sidharth Malhotra, Shilpa Shetty and Vivek Oberoi in the lead. The series is set in Shetty's fictional Cop Universe.


title: Indian Police Force (web series)

text: Sidharth Malhotra was cast in the titular role, and was joined by Shilpa Shetty, Vivek Oberoi and Nikitin Dheer as the leads.


title: Indian Police Force (web series)

text: The series was announced by Rohit Shetty in April 2022. The first look teaser featuring Sidharth Malhotra were unveiled in April 2022 on Amazon Prime Video.


title: Indian Police Force (web series)

text: Shilpa, Siddharth and Rohit were spotted at the Mumbai Airport before leaving for Goa, Maharashtra on 9 May 2022.


title: Indian Police Force (web series)

text: The series were primarily shot in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Goa, Greater Noida. The principal photography of the series started in mid-April 2022. The first schedule kickstarted in Goa from 12 May ended in May 2022 before Shetty left for CapeTown to shoot for .


title: Indian Police Force (web series)

text: On 18 April 2022, Amazon Prime Video announced the series officially, with a first look and teaser being released. The series was initially planned to release in 2023.


title: Paulene Stone

text: Paulene Stone (born 10 May 1941) is a British former model. She was a "Vogue" cover girl who embodied Swinging London in the 1960s.


title: Paulene Stone

text: Born in Guildford, she left school at the age of 16 to work in central London, commuting daily from her home in Goring-by-Sea. After winning a modeling competition (the prize being £100 and a three-week course at the Cherry Marshall Modelling Agency), she began her career as a model. A 1960 photo that ran in the "Daily Express" of her crouching down with a squirrel led to a contract with "Vogue" magazine and also launched the career of celebrated photographer David Bailey.


title: Paulene Stone

text: In 1963, Stone married Tony Norris, with whom she had one daughter, Sophie Harvey. The couple divorced in 1967.


title: Paulene Stone

text: In 1969, Stone gave birth to actor Laurence Harvey's only child, Domino Harvey, while he was still married to Joan Perry. Stone eventually married Harvey in 1972, the marriage lasting only a year before his sudden death from cancer in 1973.


title: Paulene Stone

text: In 1978, Paulene Stone married Peter Morton, co-founder of the Hard Rock Cafe restaurant chain, and moved to Los Angeles. They had one son, restaurateur Harry Morton. They divorced in 1986.


title: Paulene Stone

text: Stone's fourth marriage, in 1995, was to actor Mark Burns to whom she remained married until his death in May 2007.


title: Paulene Stone

text: In "Domino", the film about the life of Stone's daughter Domino, Paulene is played by actress Jacqueline Bisset. Stone, however, requested that her name not be used in the film and therefore the character was renamed Sophie Wynn.


title: Sue Holderness

text: Susan Joan Holderness (born 28 May 1949) is an English actress on both stage and screen having had appearances in "Bless This House" (1974), "The New Avengers" (1977), "Canned Laughter" (1979),


title: Sue Holderness

text: "The Sandbaggers" (1980), "The Cleopatras" and "It Takes a Worried Man" (1983), "The Brief" and "Minder"(1984), "Doctors" (2004-2014), "Still Open All Hours" (2018–2019) "EastEnders" and "The Madame Blanc Mysteries" (2021). However, she is best known for her role as Marlene Boyce in "Only Fools and Horses" from 1985 to 2003, and its spin-off "The Green Green Grass" from 2005 to 2009.


title: Sue Holderness

text: Holderness was born on 28 May 1949, in Hampstead, London. After taking her A-levels, she trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama.


title: Sue Holderness

text: She began her acting career with the Manchester 69 Theatre Company in "A Midsummer Night’s Dream", "Peer Gynt" and as Desdemona in "Catch My Soul" (Jack Good's rock-musical version of "Othello"). She has worked consistently in theatre, radio, film and television. West End plays include "The Female Odd Couple", "Why Not Stay for Breakfast", "The Male of the Species" and the highly acclaimed one-woman play "Our Kid" (based on Myra Hindley).


title: Sue Holderness

text: Holderness regularly appeared in "The Vagina Monologues" and she was in the cast of the touring play "Seven Deadly Sins Four Deadly Sinners". She has toured the country in numerous plays and worked in several repertory companies. Much of her career has been spent doing Alan Ayckbourn plays, three of which ("Relatively Speaking", "Time and Time Again", and "How the Other Half Loves") she toured with John Challis, who played Boycie to her long-suffering Marlene in "Only Fools And Horses". She played a main role in the Only fools and horses Spin-off series "The Green, Green Grass", which ran from 2005 – 2009, including four series and three Christmas Specials.


title: Sue Holderness

text: Holderness played the role of Annie in the 2010 & 2011 UK Tours of "Calendar Girls". She played Celia in the 2012 tour (Jan – May) and went back to playing Annie in the Autumn 2012 tour (Sep – December).


title: Sue Holderness

text: Television roles include Marianne in "The Sandbaggers" (two series), "Bless This House", as Pamela Huntley-Johnson in the episode "The Bells Are Ringing" (1974), as Liz in "It Takes a Worried Man" (two series), Jo in "The Brief", Cleopatra IV in "The Cleopatras"; as Laura Doolan, a wife of serial bigamist ""Confident"" Clive Cosgrove in the "Minder" episode "A Number of Old Wives Tales" (1984); episodes of "The New Avengers", "Thriller", "Sob Sisters", "Growing Pains", "Doctors", "Lime Street" with Robert Wagner, and "Murder in Suburbia". She played Rowan Atkinson's love interest, Lorraine, in "Canned Laughter", and did numerous impersonations in two series of "End of Part One". She played Maggie in "Dear John", by John Sullivan, Joan Forrester (Oscar Blaketon's former wife) in "Heartbeat" for YTV, Joan Travis in "Revelations", and Rachel's mother in "Cold Feet", also for Granada. In April 2021, she made a guest appearance in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" as Estelle.


title: Sue Holderness

text: Films include "That'll Be the Day" (1973) and "It Could Happen to You" (aka "Intimate Teenage Secrets") (1976). She also appeared in the low budget feature "Meat Draw" and "Out of Sight" for Granada.


title: Sue Holderness

text: Holderness regularly appears in pantomime. including All you need for Christmas at Fareham, hampshire in 2009.


title: Sue Holderness

text: In 2014, Holderness appeared in the BBC One medical drama Casualty as Alice Sweeney. In 2018 onwards, Holderness has appeared as Mrs Rossi in the sitcom "Still Open All Hours".


title: Sue Holderness

text: Holderness is married to Mark Piper, former executive director of the Theatre Royal, Windsor. Her adult children are Harriet a yoga instructor, and Freddie, head of history at a school in West Sussex. She has one grandchild (2018), Max. Sue is a strong supporter and ambassador for Thames Hospice.


title: Sword Oratoria

text: , or Sword Oratoria for short, is a Japanese light novel side story series, written by Fujino Ōmori and illustrated by Kiyotaka Haimura (based on the designs by Suzuhito Yasuda). The story focuses on the female character Ais Wallenstein from the parent "Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon?" series.


title: Sword Oratoria

text: The story and time-frame, just like "Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon?", takes place in the fictional city of Orario whose main feature place is the which contains an assortment of monsters from goblins to dragons. Adventurers visit the dungeon to defeat monsters and take their crystal shards, which are used to craft magic items, among other treasures; however, they can also be exchanged for the world's currency. The people of Orario join groups called , who serve a range of functions from dungeon crawling to crafting items. Each Familia is named after and serves a resident deity. In a fashion similar to role playing games, the adventurers are grouped into levels, increasing their levels and abilities according to their achievements.


title: Sword Oratoria

text: The story follows the same time-frame as "Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon?", but this time centers on the Loki Familia. It highlights events of the Loki Familia that were only mentioned in the main story, overlapping with events from it.


title: Sword Oratoria

text: A side story light novel series titled , written by Fujino Ōmori with illustrations by Kiyotaka Haimura (based on the designs by Suzuhito Yasuda), was first published on January 15, 2014. Twelve volumes have been published as of July 12, 2019. This series focuses on Ais Wallenstein as the main character.


title: Sword Oratoria

text: A manga adaptation of the light novel series, with art by Takashi Yagi, began serialization in Square Enix's "shōnen" manga magazine "Gangan Joker" from May 22, 2014. Yen Press later licensed the manga series to be released in North America.


title: Sword Oratoria

text: An anime television series adaptation of the "Sword Oratoria" light novels aired from April 14, 2017 to June 30, 2017. The series is directed by Yōhei Suzuki and written by Hideki Shirane, with animation by J.C.Staff, character designs by Shigeki Kimoto and music by Keiji Inai. The series ran for 12 episodes. Sentai Filmworks have licensed the series and simulcasted the series on Amazon Anime Strike. MVM Films will release the series in the United Kingdom. Yuka Iguchi performed for the opening theme titled "Hey World".


title: Sword Oratoria

text: The anime adaptation of "Sword Oratoria" has received mixed reviews. In a review of the first episode, Rebecca Silverman from Anime News Network gave it a B+ grade. Silverman stated that while the first episode was a good way of getting into the story's world, it did not focus on the protagonist Aiz Wallenstein as much as expected.


title: Mimi Leder

text: Miriam Leder (; born January 26, 1952) is an American film and television director and producer noted for her action films and use of special effects. She was the first female graduate of the AFI Conservatory, in 1973.


title: Mimi Leder

text: Leder was born in New York City in 1952, the daughter of Etyl, a classical pianist, and Paul Leder, a director, producer, actor, writer, and editor of such films as "My Friends Need Killing, Attack of the Giant Horny Gorilla," and "Dismember Mama". Leder was raised in Los Angeles in a Jewish household. Her mother is a Holocaust survivor from Brussels, Belgium, who was interned at Auschwitz. During childhood, her father, a low-budget independent filmmaker, introduced Mimi and her siblings to film production. Her father often dropped her off at the cinema to watch the latest films. Leder states that one of the early films that had an impact on her was Federico Fellini's "8½". She was the first woman accepted into the AFI Conservatory, where she studied cinematography.


title: Mimi Leder

text: Leder began her career as a script supervisor on a string of films, including "Spawn of the Slithis" (1978), "Dummy" (1979), "The Boy Who Drank Too Much" (1980), and "A Long Way Home" (1980), and then moved to the TV series "Hill Street Blues" (1981). After making the short film "Short Order Dreams", written and funded by her father Paul, she screened it for Steven Bochco, creator of "Hill Street Blues", and his friend Gregory Hoblit who hired her to direct an episode of "L.A. Law".


title: Mimi Leder

text: In 1988, Leder directed episodes of "Crime Story", "The Bronx Zoo", "Midnight Caller", then directed several episodes of "China Beach" (1988–91) for which she was nominated for four Emmys. She made the made-for-TV films "Woman with a Past" (1992), "House of Secrets" (1993), and "Baby Brokers" (1994), then became one of the core directors for "ER" (1994–2009). The show earned her Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series in 1995 and 1996. She returned to direct an episode of the series during its final season in 2009. She soon received a job offer from Steven Spielberg to direct the film "The Peacemaker" (1997).


title: Mimi Leder

text: Continuing to work for DreamWorks, she directed "Deep Impact" (1998) and "Pay It Forward" (2000) while simultaneously creating "Sentimental Journey" (1999), a personal love story about her parents. When asked for a reaction about her film "Deep Impact" (1998) vs. a rival movie release at the same time "Armageddon" (1998), she responded: “Michael Bay did come to my premiere, which really shocked me. And I can tell you that after — after [seeing] my film — he went and reshot the end of his.” Leder went through a period after making "Pay It Forward" where she wasn't hired to direct any feature films. “Most women who don’t have commercial success are not asked back to the party. It did not hurt me in television, but it did in features.”


title: Mimi Leder

text: Leder felt as though she had been put into a "movie jail" by Hollywood for the lack of success of "Pay It Forward".


title: Mimi Leder

text: Leder's dry spell of feature films after the release of "Pay It Forward" drove her to other pursuits in television and film. She shot nine pilots and produced six series, including "The Beast" (2001), "John Doe" (2002), "Johnny Zero" (2005), and "Vanished" (2006). Leder also made many made-for-TV movies such as "Thick as Thieves" (2009), "U.S. Attorney" (2009), and "Heavenly" (2011). In 2015, Leder was brought by HBO to direct a first-season episode of "The Leftovers" and later hired as a co-showrunner.


title: Mimi Leder

text: Leder's feature film "On the Basis of Sex", the story of Ruth Bader Ginsburg's path to become a U.S. Supreme Court Justice, was released in December 2018. It is Leder's first theatrical feature in 18 years.


title: Mimi Leder

text: Leder has one daughter, Hannah, with her husband actor Gary Werntz. Leder states she "was raised a feminist" and "was an anti-war protester all during the Vietnam War".


title: Star Wars: Battlefront (2004 video game)

text: Star Wars: Battlefront is a 2004 first and third-person shooter video game based on the "Star Wars" film franchise. Developed by Pandemic Studios and published by LucasArts, it is the first game in the "" series. It was released on September 21, 2004, for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows to coincide the release of the "Star Wars Trilogy" DVD set. It is also available for purchase on both the Xbox 360 and Xbox One through their backwards compatibility features. Aspyr released a Macintosh port in July 2005, and a cellular phone version, Star Wars Battlefront Mobile, was released November 1, 2005. A sequel, "", was released on November 1, 2005, for Windows, Xbox, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable. The game is primarily played as a conquest game, however other modes such as Galactic Conquest bring strategy elements to the title.


text: "Battlefront" features several locales from major Star Wars battles, and includes voice acting from veteran voice actors Temuera Morrison, Tom Kane, and Nick Jameson. It received generally favorable reviews from critics, averaging approximately an 80% approval rating across all platforms at aggregate websites GameRankings and Metacritic. Critics praised the multiplayer component and the ability to play a part in major Star Wars battles, however the lacking single player component and poor AI were points of concern. The game moved in excess of 4 million units in sales.


text: "Star Wars: Battlefront" encompasses battles between four main factions from both the original and prequel trilogies: the Galactic Republic and the Confederacy of Independent Systems (CIS) from the prequel era, and the Rebel Alliance and Galactic Empire from the original trilogy. In each faction, five different classes of character become available. Four main classes are similar for each faction, infantry, heavy weapons, pilot and sniper, while the fifth is unique. Each faction also has a non-playable hero character that participates in battle for a limited amount of time: Count Dooku (CIS), Mace Windu (Republic), Luke Skywalker (Rebels), and Darth Vader (Empire).


text: Gameplay in "Battlefront" is conquest-based. Each faction has an infinite amount of reinforcements, and each is given control of a set number of command posts in a given level. The object is to either eliminate enemy forces or capture and hold all command posts simultaneously for 20 seconds. Several ground and air vehicles are available on the battlefield. These range from the hulking AT-AT to the fast speeder bike and vary based on the level. There are more than 25 vehicles in-game. Some larger vehicles also function as mobile command posts, which cannot be captured, but are lost if the vehicle is destroyed. In addition, some maps have indigenous forces. These can be neutral to both factions, such as Jawas, hostile to one faction, such as Wookiees, or hostile to both factions, such as Tusken Raiders. Command posts belonging to hostile natives can also be captured to minimize their presence.


text: The Microsoft Windows and Macintosh versions of "Star Wars: Battlefront" can be played online with up to 64 players via local area network (LAN) or over the internet via GameSpy. The Xbox version can accommodate up to 32 players whilst the PlayStation 2 version only supports 16 players ,or it can be played in split screen mode with two players. The PlayStation 2 version utilizes specialized GameSpy servers, while the Xbox utilized Microsoft's Xbox Live network. Xbox online play is no longer available as the original Xbox Live servers were shut down on April 15, 2010.


text: While the game is played similarly in every mode, each is a unique scenario which utilizes mode-specific features to further extend gameplay. Three modes are presented to the player: Campaign, which serves as the game's story mode, Galactic Conquest, in which the player must conquer planets, and Instant Action, which allows the player to select the battle they wish to play and adjust settings such as reinforcements to their liking.


text: Campaign groups several battles together in a set order loosely based on the historical campaign of either the Clone Wars or the Galactic Civil War. As "" had not been released at the time, the Clone Wars campaign ends with the Battle of Kashyyyk. Footage from the five films then released are used as cutscenes between battles. The player starts the campaign as either a member of the Separatist army or an Imperial Stormtrooper. Around halfway through the chosen campaign the perspective switches to the Clone Troopers or Rebels. To maintain continuity, missions prior to the battle of Geonosis pit the Separatists against native forces only, and for the first two missions the super battle droid is unavailable, replaced with a standard battle droid.


text: In Galactic Conquest, the player uses strategy to take control of planets and dominate an area of the galaxy. First the player chooses a map configuration based on conflicts from both eras of "Star Wars" history. Some maps start both sides evenly while others favor one faction. Next, the player chooses which faction to play as. The game is played in turns, with the player starting first. The player can select an enemy-controlled or neutral planet to attack. After selecting what planet to attack, the player is able to activate a bonus from one of his already owned planets (if any). Each planet provides its own unique bonus, but must be captured before the player can use it. Bonuses help the player in battle by impeding the enemy or assisting the player's team. If one side manages to win four battles (not necessarily in a row), they gain access to their faction's Secret Base bonus. Secret Base bonuses are very powerful and can change the course of a game. They can be used on any enemy planet, except for the enemy's Secret Base. The game is completed when one faction controls all planets on the map.


text: Instant Action mode allows the players to jump right into a battle of their choice. The player can also customize a list of battles, which then can be played through in the order they have chosen, or in a random order. Players can choose between playing as the Republic, the CIS, the Empire, or the Rebels on each of the maps, except Kamino, Geonosis, Endor and Hoth, which do not allow the player to select their battle era, as these follow their canonical settings. Players can also choose whether or not they would like to have heroes fight for each side.


text: Development for "Star Wars Battlefront" began at Pandemic Studios in 2002. Greg Burrod, executive producer on "Battlefront" stated "We wanted to create an online shooter title for the Xbox, PS2, and PC which would allow for team strategy and would feature battles and worlds from every one of the six Star Wars films." Models and animations for the game were created in Softimage XSI, a 3D development application. Most characters used a common animation set and the minimal number of bones were used due to concerns with hardware limitations at that time. World environments were created with the developer's proprietary editor, ZeroEditor. The terrain-based landscape was formed using the editor's brushes to adjust height, texture application, and color shading. 3D models were then laid on this foundation along with general objective pathing for the artificial intelligence (AI). The AI used two main systems, again to ensure a minimal load on the hardware. A higher, overall objective, such as which command post to head towards, would only be calculated every few seconds per unit. Lower level objectives such as which enemy to fire on or what defensive strategy to take against incoming fire, are calculated continuously.


text: Some sounds and foley for the game were taken from "Star Wars" reference material, while others were recorded during a two-day visit to Skywalker Ranch, near Nicasio, California. The game has approximately 1,200 foley sounds that are used to convey the impression of such aspects as interaction with flora and fauna, water, and metals. Actor Temuera Morrison voiced the Clone Troopers, reprising his role from the "" film. Tom Kane voiced the character Admiral Ackbar and Yoda. Nick Jameson voiced Darth Sidious/Emperor Palpatine. Both Kane and Jameson have voiced multiple characters in the Star Wars universe, including reprisal of their respective Yoda and Palpatine roles in the 2008 series "".


text: LucasArts released an Xbox-exclusive playable demo on the Star Wars Trilogy DVD set. The demo included one level, the Battle of Endor. The game released on September 21, 2004, the same day as the Trilogy DVD set. In late 2004, Pandemic Studios released unsupported mod tools for Microsoft Windows, allowing players to create their own maps, as well as edit the weapons and characters for all sides in the game. This release is not supported by Lucasarts. A number of communities now exist solely based around creating maps and characters using these tools, and uploading them for others to download. Aspyr was contracted to port the game to Macintosh systems; it was released in July 2005 for Mac OS. On November 1, 2005, mobile developer Mikoishi and publisher THQ released "Star Wars Battlefront Mobile" for cellular phones. After eight years the GameSpy matchmaking servers were shut down on November 7, 2012. A GameSpy representative stated the service agreement between LucasArts and GameSpy had been terminated as LucasArts chose to end support on the title.


text: The game was made available through GOG and Steam on May 2, 2019 and multiplayer support was announced on May 1, 2020.


text: In the United States, "Battlefront"s computer version sold 290,000 copies and earned $2.6 million by August 2006, after its release in September 2004. It was the country's 65th best-selling computer game between January 2000 and August 2006. Combined sales of all "Battlefront" computer games released between January 2000 and August 2006 had reached 460,000 units in the United States by the latter date. By July 2006, its PlayStation 2 had sold 1.5 million copies and earned $53 million in the United States. "Next Generation" ranked it as the 31st highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined sales of "Battlefront" console releases reached 3.8 million units in the United States by July 2006. "Battlefront" ultimately sold 4 million copies by 2007.


text: Upon its release, "Star Wars: Battlefront" received generally favorable reviews from the media. It currently holds aggregate scores at Metacritic of 76/100, 82/100, and 80/100 for the PC, PlayStation 2, and Xbox versions, respectively. Fellow aggregate website GameRankings reports similar scores of 78% for the PC, 83% for the PlayStation 2, and 80% for the Xbox version. Review scores varied from a 50% approval rating to a 94% approval across the three platforms.


text: GameSpot Editor Bob Colayco praised the gameplay in general, which he compared favorably with "Battlefield 1942". He gave high marks to the versatility of playing modes, such as vehicle control and foot battle. He also praised the PC version for its extensive online play. Ivan Sulic of IGN praised the graphics, sound, general "Star Wars" setting, and online mode, but was very critical of both the AI and the single-player mode. "This is a multiplayer-centric third and first-person shooter, [which] means players who opt to stick to single player will have something to do, but won't be thrilled enough to desire extended play." He cited three major issues with the game's single player element: its easy difficulty, its lack of cohesion, and poor AI teammates and enemies. Of the AI, Sulic stated "Everyone is an idiot. The game appears to use a sort of context sensitive AI, meaning bots in the right positions will do stuff (like use turrets and vehicles and lay down cover fire), but those not immediately engaged in combat will idly stand around helping themselves to an endless breather."


text: GameSpy's Will Tuttle and Sal Accardo also praised the graphics and online mode, but they too criticized the single player campaign. "Historical Campaign [...] gets very confusing because you frequently switch sides from battle to battle", stated Tuttle. He added that it felt like the game's campaign was "tacked on to allow people without PS2 online to have fun." 1UP.com's Andrew Pfister followed suit, also praising the graphics. "Visually, "Battlefront" is exceptional. Never before have the "Star Wars" battles been so well recreated and detailed". He criticized the game's AI, however. He felt that it was too easy to defeat them, and that they often did not follow commands issued by the player. As with other reviewers, Pfister felt the single player mode was the weak point of the game, citing the PlayStation 2 version specifically for players without online access. Overall, he felt the problems with the game were outweighed by its qualities. ""Battlefront" manages to stand tall as a great game that does the best job we've yet seen of playing out the battles of the "Star Wars" movies."


text: "Computer Games Magazine" nominated "Battlefront" for its 2004 "Best Soundtrack" award, which ultimately went to "Battlefield Vietnam".


title: Stick figure

text: A stick figure, also known as a stickman, is a very simple drawing of a person or an animal, composed of a few lines, curves, and dots. On a stick figure, the head is most often represented by a circle, which can be either a solid color or sometimes embellished with details such as eyes, a mouth, or hair. The arms, legs, and torso are usually represented by straight lines. Details such as hands, feet, and a neck may be present or absent; simpler stick figures often display an ambiguous emotional expression or disproportionate limbs, however, most stick figures can be drawn with four or three fingers.